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In Vitro Activities of Ravuconazole and Four Other Antifungal Agents against Fluconazole-Resistant or -Susceptible Clinical Yeast Isolates. Manuel Cuenca-Estrella, 2004.The activities of ravuconazole and four other antifungal agents were tested against a collection of 1,796 clinical yeast isolates, including fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant strains . Ravuconazole was active against the majority of fluconazole-resistant isolates; but for 102 of 562 (18%) resistant isolates, mainly Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans, ravuconazole MICs were  1 µg/ml .
A Phage Protein Confers Resistance to the Lactococcal Abortive Infection Mechanism AbiP. Susana Domingues, 2004.Phage bIL66M1 is sensitive to the lactococcal abortive infection mechanism AbiP . No spontaneous AbiP-resistant variant could be obtained at a frequency of <10–10 . However, AbiP-resistant variants were readily obtained during infection with both bIL66M1 and the highly homologous AbiP-resistant phage bIL170 . Gain of AbiP resistance was due to the acquisition of the e6 gene from bIL170 . Plasmid Transfer from Pseudomonas putida to the Indigenous Bacteria on Alfalfa Sprouts: Characterization, Direct Quantification, and In Situ Location of Transconjugant Cells. Lars Mølbak, 2003.The transfer of the plasmids pJKJ5 and TOL (pWWO) from Pseudomonas putida to the indigenous bacterial community on alfalfa sprouts was studied . Tagging with fluorescent protein markers allowed direct quantification of the introduced donor bacteria and of indigenous bacteria that had received the plasmids . The sprouts were observed for 9 days; during this time alfalfa seeds, inoculated with donor bacteria, developed to edible and subsequently decaying sprouts . The first transconjugants were detected on day 6 after donor inoculation and occurred at frequencies of 3.4 x 10-4 and 2.0 x 10-6 transconjugant cells per donor cell for pKJK5::gfp and TOL::gfp, respectively . Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the sprouts were heavily colonized with donors and that most transconjugants were located around the hypocotyl and root areas . Randomly selected members of the indigenous bacterial community from both inoculated and uninoculated sprouts, as well as a representative part of the community that had received the plasmids, were characterized by polymorphisms of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA) spacer regions between the 16S and 23S genes, followed by partial 16S rDNA sequencing . This showed that the initially dominating genera Erwinia and Paenibacillus were gradually replaced by Pseudomonas on the fully developed sprouts . Transconjugants carrying either of the investigated plasmids mainly belonged to the genera Pseudomonas and Erwinia. The numbers of transconjugant cells did not reach detectable levels until 6 days after the onset of germination, at which point these species constituted the majority of the indigenous bacteria . In conclusion, the alfalfa sprouts provided an environment that allowed noteworthy frequencies of plasmid transfer from P . putida in the absence of selective pressure that could favor the presence of the investigated plasmids .
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