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| Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jul, (7), 74 - 8 {Characteristics of bacteriophages used in the detection of disturbances in the synthesis of the O-antigen polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri}; Lycheva TA; A study was made of the sensitivity spectra of various strains of Sh . flexneri and R-mutants of various chemotypes to bacteriophages used for lysotyping of shigellae and to some bacteriophages specific of the R-mutants of salmonellae and E . coli . As a result of study there was selected and characterized a collection of bacteriophages specific of the S-strains and R-mutants of shigellae of different chemotypes, which could be used in genetic and immunochemical investigations. Immunology, 1975 Jun, 28(6), 1051 - 9 Serum factors capable of opsonizing Shigella for phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils; Reed WP; Twenty-five Shigella strains were tested for their susceptibility to phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) . The studies identified several serum factors that could participate in opsonization . The strains varied remarkably in their susceptibility to killing when heat-stable opsonins were employed, but all strains were killed when exposed to heat-labile opsonins and PMN . The heat-stable opsonin was shown to be IgG, whereas IgM was ineffective in the absence of complement, and 11S IgA was never effective . Heat labile opsonization required immunoglobulin as well as complement, but IgM was the only immunoglobulin demonstrated to participate in this reaction . The alternative C3 activating pathway is required for efficient heat-labile opsonization of Shigella, but some opsonization also appeared to occur through the C1-C4-C2 pathway of C3 activation. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1975 Jun, 8(2), 137 - 41 Colicin typing of Shigella sonnei isolated in Northern Taiwan; Hsu WH et al.; Eighty-eight strains of Shigella sonnei isolated in northern Taiwan during the period of 1970-1974, were studied for their colicin types by a modified method of Abbott and Shannon . As a result, 67(76%) typable and 21(24%) non-typable strains were found . The prevalent colicin types of S . sonnei in northern Taiwan were types 15(52%) and 6(15%), followed by types 8(3%), 11(3%) and 12(3%) . Other types were not found. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1975 Jun, 6(2), 251 - 6 Epidemiologic investigation of an outbreak of Shiga bacillus dysentery in an island population; Khan M et al.; An epidemic of dysentery broke out in St . Martin island during May through July 1973 . The epidemic was caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 . The dysentery could not be controlled by conventional antibiotics and other antidysenteric drugs . The average attack rate was 32.9% . The age specific attack rate was highest in the age group 1-4 years (52.2%) . The attack rates were higher in smaller families . The rates were not greatly different amongst people using different sources of water . The overall death rate was 2.1% . The overall infection-to-death rate was 6.4% but amongst children less than a year old, it was 41.1% . A common source outbreak was unlikely . The higher attack rate in smaller families suggested limited possibility of person to person spread . No particular water source could be implicated with higher attack rate . Flies may have played an active role in transmission. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jun, (6), 101 - 8 {Comparative importance of different transmission factors in the spread of acute intestinal infections}; Khazenson LB; The authors generalized literature data on a comparative epidemiological significance of individual ways of transmission in the spread of escherichiasis, shigelloses, salmonelloses and cholera . Resistance of the corresponding causative agents to the factors of external environment and the action of gastric juice were considered . Data on concentrations of different enteropathogenic agents in the feces of patients, convalescents and healthy carriers were compared with the observations on doses causing the disease in man . On the basis of analysis a conclusion was drawn on a different significance of water, food and domestic ways of infection in the spread of various etiological forms of acute intestinal infections. J Virol, 1975 Jun, 15(6), 1498 - 503 Conditions critical for optimal visualization of bacteriophage adsorbed to bacterial surfaces by scanning electron microscopy; Wendelschafer-Crabb G et al.; The potential of scanning electron microscopy as a tool for the detection of viruses on cell surfaces has been studied using bacteriophage P1 adsorbed to Shigella dysenteriae as a model system . Viral particles were readily detectable by scanning electron microscopy on the surface of infected cells which were fixed with glutaraldehyde followed by postfixation in OsO4 and prepared by critical point drying . The virus-studded surface of the infected cells differed markedly from the relatively smooth surfaces of uninfected control cells . Examination of the same preparations with transmission electron microscopy revealed numerous viral particles adsorbed to the surfaces of infected cells, whereas the control cells were free of viruses as expected . Glutaraldehyde fixation alone did not preserve the surface detail of infected cells: cells adsorbed with viruses were not distinguishable from control cells by scanning electron microscopy although by transmission electron microscopy viruses could be visualized . Air drying from water or absolute alcohol resulted in unsatisfactory preservation as compared to the appearance of infected cells prepared by the critical point method . Thus, scanning electron microscopy is capable of resolving viral particles on cell surfaces, but detection of these particles is completely dependent both on the method of fixation and on the technique of drying used. Antibiotiki, 1975 Jun, 20(6), 533 - 7 {Observations on the sensitivity to antibiotics of the Shigella isolated from patients in 1966-1973}; Garanin BA; Sensitivity to levomycetin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, monomycin, neomycin and erythromycin of 3766 strains of Shigella isolated from dysentery patients within 1966-1973 was determined with the method of standard discs . The strains proved to be resistant to tetracycline (94.3-99.4 per cent), streptomycin (85.1-94.9 per cent) and levomycetin (69-93.1 percent) . By present the dysentery bacilli have preserved their sensitivity to monomycin (88.2 per cent) and neomycin (98.2 per cent) . Cultures insensitive or slightly sensitive to erythromycin predominated . Strains with multiple resistance amounted to 79 per cent, including 82.5 per cent of Shigella Sonne, 51.8 per cent of Shigella Flexneri and 35.9 percent of Newcastle bacteria. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 49 - 52 {Characteristics of serological group O144:K? Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases}; Kiseleva BS et al.; A study of 14 strains of E . coli belonging to serological group O144: K? isolated in clinical dysentery (bacteriologically unconfirmed), from contacts in the foci of clinical dysentery and acute enteric disease of unknown etiology, and also in prophylactic examination, was made . Among these cultures there were strains with shigella characteristics . Along with the serological type O144: K?: H--described earlier there was determined serological type O144: K?: H4 differing in the enzymatic activity and the absence of the capacity to produce shigellae keratoconjunctivitis . The cultures of the given serological type were isolated in the focus of bacteriologically-undeciphered acute intestinal disease, this pointing to their possible etiological role . In the light of the aforesaid escherichia of the O144: K? serologically groups could be referred to the enteropathogenic ones; in this connection it is necessary to prepare preparations for their serological identification. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 44 - 8 {Data on the biological characteristics of serological group O4 Escherichia isolated in acute intestinal diseases}; Drobyshevskaia EI et al.; A study was made of 155 strains of E . coli of the O4 serological group isolated from sick children and adults during group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases), from persons who came in contact with them, and also from healthy persons during prophylactic examination; three standard cultures were examined as well . Along with strains with a typical enzymatic activity there were strains which produced retarded lactose fermentation and also gas-free, immobile and lysin-negative strains resembling Shigellae . Eight biochemical types were determined among E . coli 04 . A study of the antigenic structure by cross agglutinin adsorption indicated identicity of the strains by O-antigen and their difference by the K- and H-antigens . Circulation of E . coli of serological types O4: K12(L): H1,O4: K3(L): H5,O4: K3(L): H12,04: K12(L): H40,04: K52(L): H4, and O4: K12(L) HII was revealed; the first two serological types prevailed . Serological types of O4: K3(L):H12, O4: K12(L): HI and O4: K12(L): H40, isolated in cases of group and sporadic acute intestinal diseases were described for the first time. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1975 May-Jun, 68(3), 262 - 6 {Bacteriological and epidemiological considerations on shigelloses in South Vietnam (1969-1973)}; Nguyen-Van-Ai et al.; During the period from 1969 to 1973, a rectal swabs from 13.943 diarrhea patients of all ages were examined by bacteriological surveys . From these specimens, 981 strains of Shigella were isolated . The most commonly encounted were Shigella flexneri 2 . All of strains of Shigella isolated were highly resistant to Aureomycin, Tetracyclin, Terramycin, Novobiocin and Chloramphenicol . There has been an increase in the development of multiresistance of Shigella . Colimycin and Streptomycin were the most effective antibiotics . The greatest number of Shigella were isolated among children under 2 years and during the driest months (March, April, May, June). J Infect Dis, 1975 May, 131 Suppl, S33 - 9 The pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea . V . Relationship of shiga enterotoxin, neurotoxin, and cytotoxin; Keusch GT et al.; The biological activity of the enterotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae 1 was compared with that of a well-studied 20-year-old partially purified preparation of neurotoxin from the same organism . Enterotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and cytotoxicity were present to an equivalent extent in both preparations . Human convalescent antisera and experimental rabbit antisera had equal toxin-neutralizing antibody to the cytotoxic activity in these toxin preparations . Multiple protein bands were present in each toxin studied . Two separate HeLa cell fractions could be obtained by Sephadex gel filtration chromatography, isoelectric focusing in a sucrose gradient, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Only one of these fractions (isoelectric at pH 7.2) was associated with enterotoxicity and neurotoxicity . The second smaller-molecular-weight fraction, which was isoelectric at pH 6.1, possessed only cytotoxic activity . These data suggest that Shiga enterotoxin and neurotoxin are closely related proteins and, indeed, may be identical . The nature of the cytotoxin with pH 6.1 is not clear, although it may be a subunit of the larger toxin that is capable of acting directly on the HeLa cell. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 78 - 82 {Obtaining purified preparations of individual Shigella newcastle K- and O-antigens by using an ultracentrifugation method}; Petrukhin VG et al.; A modified method of obtaining the purified K- and O-antigens of Sh . newcastle with the use of ultracentrifugation is described . Serologically individual K- and O-antigens were obtained and their chemical composition was studied . Polysaccharide of the K-antigen consisted of the galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, rhamnose xylose and hexosamine; it contained no heptoses . The O-antigen contained galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, heptose and hexosamine; in difference to K-antigen was equal to 150000--160000 . Thus, the K- and the O-antigen differed not only in the electrophoretic and diffuse mobility and immunological specificity, but also in the chemical composition. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 May, (5), 37 - 41 {Study of the role of type-specific antigen in the process of Shigella flexneri interaction with epithelial cell and macrophage cultures}; Bondarenko VM et al.; Epithelial cells of the HEp-2 line infected in parallel by genetically connected strains of Sh . flexneri, differing in the capacity to synthesize the type antigen were studied morphologically . The type antigen proved to show no significant influence on the penetration of dysentery bacilli into the cell . A study of the process of phagocytosis of the mentioned strains by a culture of peritoneal macrophages of guinea pig demonstrated that the presence of a type antigen communicated to the bacteria some selective advantages within the macrophages increasing their resistance to the action of the digestive enzymes. Am J Epidemiol, 1975 Apr, 101(4), 323 - 32 Waterborne shigellosis at a public school; Baine WB et al.; In November 1972 an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness occurred at a public school in Stockport, Iowa . One hundred ninety-four (72%) of 269 pupils and 14 (16%) of 23 staff members were affected . The etiologic agent was a strain of Shigella sonnei resistant to multiple antimicrobials . Waterborne transmission of shigellosis was documented epidemiologically and by isolation of the organism from the school water system . Ninety-seven (14%) of 698 of the students' household contacts developed diarrhea, and possible secondary cases also occurred in 3 (9%) of 32 household contacts of school staff. Infect Immun, 1975 Apr, 11(4), 685 - 91 Phage conversion of Shigella flexneri group antigens; Gemski P Jr et al.; A temperate phage, designated Sf6, has been isolated from Shigella flexneri 3a . Characterization of Sf6 revealed that it possesses the capacity for converting the S . flexneri 3,4 group antigen complex to group factor 6 . Serological studies and chemical analysis of lipopolysaccharide from converted strains suggest that group factor 6 is a reflection of an acetylation of the preexisting 3,4 antigen complex . Evidence is provided that the 3,4 group antigen complex functions, at least in part, as a cell surface receptor site for Sf6 adsorption. Antibiotiki, 1975 Apr, 20(4), 365 - 9 {Prodigiosin in the overall therapy of dysentery and in the prevention of intrahospital viral respiratory infection in children}; Zlatkovskaia NM et al.; Prodigiozan was tested in complex therapy of children with acute dysentery . Comparison of clinical symptoms, specific immunogenesis and child sanation periods from Shigella in the child groups treated (80) and non-treated (74) with prodigiozan showed that prodigiozan lowered the rate of intrahospital acute respiratory virus infection, provided more favourable dysentery progression, more tensed specific immunity and the patient clearance from Shigella. Carbohydr Res, 1975 Apr, 40(02), 365 - 72 Selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages: studies with the O-specific polysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae type 3; Dmitriev BA et al.; Treatment of the O-specific polysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae Type 3 with hydrazine in the presence of hydrazine sulphate resulted in quantitative N-deacetylation with the formation of a modified polysaccharide containing free amino groups . Oxidation of the modified polysaccharide with periodate did not destroy the 2-amino-2-deoxygalactose residues, thus indicating that they were substituted at position 3 . Acid hydrolysis of the modified polysaccharide afforded 3-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactose, which was identified as the N-acetyl derivative . Deamination of the modified polysaccharide with nitrous acid cleaved the 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranosyl linkages to give a pentasaccharide as the major product, which appeared to be the modified chemical repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide. JAMA, 1975 Mar 17, 231(11), 1159 - 61 Antimicrobial resistance of Shigellae isolated in Michigan; Gordon RC et al.; Patterns of antimicrobial resistance were studied for 213 strains of shigellae isolated in rural and urban areas of Michigan by quantitative techniques: 66% of these organisms were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, cephalexin, or chloramphenicol or had multiple resistance to various combinations of these antibiotics . The incidence of resistant organisms was higher in the Detroit-Wayne County area, which is the most urban part of the state . Nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid were noted to be quite effective in vitro against shigellae and perhaps warrant further clinical study as potential agents for therapy of shigellosis, especially in view of the appearance of isolates with multiple resistance . Sulfamethoxazole alone was effective against only 62% of the Shigella isolates tested, but mixture with trimethoprim in a 20:1 ratio yielded a highly active in vitro combination. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1975 Mar, 58(2), 283 - 92 Microbiological methods . Methodology for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli; Mehlman IJ et al.; Pathogenic biotypes of Escherichia coli grow poorly at temperatures greatly different from that of the host . Percentages quantitatively recovered at 42.0, 44.0, 44.5, and 45.5 degrees C in lauryl tryptose broth were 100, 76, 76, and 42, respectively . Corresponding values for 175 strains of varied origin were 98, 89, 82, and 65% . Maximal growth temperature is dependent upon medium . Lauryl tryptose and elevated coliform broths were equivalent in the recovery of small inocula (100 cells/ml) at 41.5-44.5 degrees . MacConkey, enteric enrichment, and Gram-negative broths were inhibitory at corresponding values . Growth at elevated temperature in nutrient broth is enhanced by carbohydrate . Standard lactose enrichment media fail to recover slow lactose fermenters . An acidified glutamic acid medium was unsuitable for recovery of E . coli . The data suggest modification of standard temperatures for the recovery of pathogenic biotypes . Previously recommended analytical methods have been simplified and supplemented . The enhancement of motility in indole-nitrite broth at 35 degrees C is recommended . A 4-tube semiquantitative test is offered for tentative identification of somatic and capsular antigens . Inclusion of Alkalescens-Dispar strains is warranted by their pathogenic behavior . Examination in Shigella and Alkalescens-Dispar sera is required to cover the dysentery-like biotypes . Pathogenic potential cannot be inferred from serotype. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1975 Mar, 8(1), 12 - 9 Shigella strains associated with infantile diarrhea in the Kaohsiung area; Peng CF; In 1969 and 1974, 375 Shigella strains were isolated in the Kaohsiung area, and their serotypes and in vitro susceptibility to antimicorbial agents were studied . In 1969, 249 (16.2%) strains were isolated from 1,476 specimens collected from infantile and young children dirrheal cases, whereas 126 strains (11.6%) were isolated from 1,086 specimens in 1969 . The isolation rates were higher in May (21.2%), October (20.8%), April (20.6%), August (19.7), November (18.8%) and January (18.5%), than in other months (10.2%-18.0%) . Higher incidences of shigellosis appeared in May (22.3%) and April (17.9%) than in the other months during 1974 . Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri type 2 were most predominant and there was a tendency of increase in number for the former in 1974 . From the colicine typing of S . sonnei, it was found that type 8 (40.6%), type 6 (23.4%), and type 12 (17.2%) were the commonly occurring strains associated with the infantile diarrheal disease in the Kaohsiung area . Susceptibility study showed that the resistant rates of S . flexneri to chlroamphenicol (85.5%), streptomycin (81.9%), and tetracycline (61.3%) were much higher than to ampicillin (16.1%), nalidixic acid (14.6%), colistin (4.2%), kanamycin (4.2%), gentamicin (2.8%), cephaloridine (2.4%), and frazolidone (0%) . Resistant rates of S . sonnei to 10 antimicrobial agents were as follows: chloramphenicol, 85.9%; tetracycline, 70.2%; streptomycin, 69.9%; nalidixic acid, 16.4%; ampicillin, 13.3%; colistin, 6.3%; kanamycin, 3.9%; gentamicin, 2.5%; cephaloridine, 0%; and frazolidone, 0%. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Mar, 0(3), 31 - 6 {The role of the ability of Sh . flexneri to synthesize pili of the common type in the development of dysenteric infections}; Bondarenki VM et al.; HEp-2 epithelial cells infected with isogenic Sh . flexneri strains characterized by capacity to synthesize common pili (confirmed by electron microscopy) were studied . It was shown that although pili promoted an earlier adhesion of shigellae to the cells, they were not very significant for the penetration and intracellular development of dysentery bacilli in the epithelium . The use of bacteria labeled with 3H-glucose offers a possibility of an objective rapid and precise determination of the capacity of the microbes to adhere to the cell surface. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Feb-Mar, 126(2), 187 - 92 {Antigenic relationships between "Levinea amalonatica" and "Shigella dysenteriae" and "boydii" (author's transl)}; Van Oye E et al.; Twenty-eight strains among thirty-five Levinea amalonatica show O antigenic relationships with Shigella as follows: with S . dysenteriae 3 (5 strains), S . dysenteriae 4 (1 strain), S . dysenteriae 5 (3 strains), S . dysenteriae 7 (11 strains), S . boydii 6 (7 strains), and with both S . boydii 15 and S . dysenteriae 8 (1 strain) . These strains do not induce purulent keratogenous conjunctivitis in Guinea pigs as Shigella do. J Med Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 8(1), 195 - 8 Enteropathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides; Sanyal SC et al.; Aeromonas hydrophila was enteropathogenic in ligated ileal loops of rabbits, causing a fluid accumulation of 1-0 - 2-0 ml per cm of gut length . Gut reaction could be produced with an inoculum as low as 10-4 viable bacteria . There was no difference in the nature of the positive reactions given by strains isolated from diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal children and adults and from water . Plesiomonas shigelloides, on the other hand, did nt cause a significant gut reaction . A . hydrophila multiplied in the ileal loop by about 10-5 wheras P . shigelloides did so at only 10-2-3 . These experiments on a animal model thus indicated the enteropathogenic nature of A . hydrophilia, but no definite conclusion could be drawn from this study on P . shigelloides. Am J Epidemiol, 1975 Feb, 101(2), 165 - 75 Shigellosis at sea: an outbreak aboard a passenger cruise ship; Merson MH et al.; Between June 23 and June 30, 1973, 90% of 650 passengers and at least 35% of 299 crew members experienced a diarrheal illness during a 7-day Caribbean cruise aboard a passenger cruise liner . Symptoms were consistent with shigellosis, and Shigella flexneri 6, Boyd 88 biotype, was isolated from rectal swabs taken from 8 to 35 ill passengers and 33 of 294 crew members . Epidemiologic evidence incriminated the ship's water, including ice, as the probable vehicle of transmission, and elevated coliform counts were found in potable water samples obtained aboard the vessel at the peak of the outbreak . Potential sources of contamination of the vessel's potable water supply were investigated, and improvements in the loading and chlorination of potable water were recommended. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Feb, (2), 19 - 24 {Genetic control of the ability of Sh . flexneri to produce a lethal effect on macrophages . I . Study of the possible extrachromosomal nature of the cyt+-determinant}; Bondarenko VM et al.; It was shown that cyt+-determinant could not be eliminated when the Sh . flexneri cultures were treated with ethidium bromide under the regimen providing the elimination of the F'lac-factor in a part of shigellae population . The cytotoxic Sh . flexneri strains which acquired the R-factor transmitted the multiple drug resistance to the cyt minus -strain of Sh . flexneri, but not the cyt+-properties . There was found no correlation between the cytoxicity of the Sh . flexneri strains and their capacity to mobilize the nontransmissive STr-ex-episome in the triple cross experiments . The results obtained were in favour of the chromosomal nature of cyt+-determinants controlling the capacity of Sh . flexneri to produce the lethal action on the macrophages. Johns Hopkins Med J, 1975 Feb, 136(2), 65 - 70 Shiga bacillus dysentery associated with marked leukocytosis and erythrocyte fragmentation; Rahaman MM et al.; Granulocytic leukemoid reactions (white blood cell counts greater than 50,000 with myelocytes and promyelocytes in the peripheral blood) were documented in 15 per cent of 273 patients with dysentery due to Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 (Shiga bacillus) in Bangladesh . Peak granulocytosis occurred during the second week of illness, when the children were commonly afebrile and diarrhea had ceased or was subsiding . More than half of the patients with leukemoid reactions subsequently developed a fall in hematocrit associated with striking erythrocyte fragmentation on blood smears . Thrombocytopenia occurred during the period of hemolysis in most . Transient oliguric renal failure developed in several patients . Most made a complete recovery . The pathogenesis of the syndrome and the reason for its high incidence were not determined. Gastroenterology, 1975 Feb, 68(2), 309 - 17 Comparison of secretory and histological effects of shigella and cholera enterotoxins in rabbit jejunum; Steinberg SE et al.; The purpose of this study was to compare the actions of shigella toxin and cholera toxin to determine if mucosal damage is a prerequisite for shigella toxin-induced secretion . The secretory response to maximal doses of cholera toxin and shigella toxin were compared . The maximal rate of secretion and the electrolyte and protein concentration of the intestinal fluid were similar for both toxins . On the other hand, the time of onset after exposure to the toxin was 105 min for shigella toxin and 15 to 30 min for cholera toxin . In addition, cholera toxin-induced secretion was associated with depletion of goblet cell mucus, whereas no change was seen in association with the response to shigella toxin . Other than goblet cell depletion, there were no histological differences between loops secreting in response to cholera toxin and to shigella toxin . Finally, the secretory effect of the toxins are not additive . These studies suggest that, in spite of apparent differences in the patterns of secretory response to the two toxins, they may share a rate-limiting step in the secretory process. Gastroenterology, 1975 Feb, 68(2), 270 - 8 Pathophysiology of Shigella diarrhea in the rhesus monkey: intestinal transport, morphological, and bacteriological studies; Rout WR et al.; In contrast to the "toxigenic diarrheas" caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli, the site and mechanism of fluid loss in shigellosis are unknown . The occurrence of watery diarrhea in shigellosis suggests involvement of the small bowel . Therefore, jejunal, ileal, and colonic water and electrolyte transport was studied in Shigella flexneri 2a-infected monkeys . Infected animals fell into three groups: dysentery alone, diarrhea alone, or diarrhea and dysentery . In controls, net water, sodium, and chloride absorption was seen in the jejunum, ileum, and colon . All infected animals demonstrated diminished colonic absorption or net colonic secretion . In monkeys with dysentery alone, this was the only transport defect observed . In contrast, animals with diarrhea either alone or in combination with dysentery, exhibited net jejunum secretion . Ileal transport was normal in all animals . A severe colitis with intramucosal shigellae was seen in all symptomatic animals . In the jejunum or ileum, however, morphological changes were minimal and bacterial invasion was not seen . Therefore, unlike the "toxigenic" diarrheas," shigellosis is both a small and large intestinal disease . Mucosal invasion of the colon is essential to the development of a morphological and transport defect . Dysentery results from a colonic transport defect, while diarrhea is secondary to jejunal secretion superimposed on the defect in colonic absorption. Arch Dis Child, 1975 Feb, 50(2), 149 - 52 Fatal infections in protein-calorie malnourished children with thymolymphatic atrophy; Purtilo DT et al.; The clinicopathological features of 25 children who died with protein-calorie malnutrition were studied . All but four subjects were found at necropsy to have nutritional thymectomy and all but 3 died of infectious diseases . The infectious agents were chiefly intracellular micro-organisms including miliary tuberculosis, Herpes simplex, varicella, measles, Pneumocystis carinii, and Plasmodium falciparum . Staphylococcal infections, salmonellosis, shigellosis, strongyloidiasis, and hookworm were other significant infectious agents . Nutritionally acquired defective immunity, especially cell-mediated immunity, probably permitted these infectious agents to multiply and to disseminate widely. N Z Med J, 1975 Jan 22, 81(532), 57 - 8 Diarrhoea: a traveller's tale; Faoagali JL; Travellers' diarrhoea is a result of travelling overseas . Proper diagnosis can only be made when a full microbiological investigation is carried . A case due to Shigella flexneri is described. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Jan 15, 50(3), 539 - 47 Somatic antigen of Shigella dysenteriae type 3 . Structural features of specific polysaccharide chain; Dmitriev BA et al.; On mild acid hydrolysis of lipolysaccharide from Shigella dysenteriae type 3 the O-specific polysaccharide (hapten) was obtained which appeared to be acidic branched hexosaminoglycan . The repeating unit of this polysaccharide represents a pentasaccharide composed of two D-galactose residues, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-glucose and unidentified acidic component . On the basis of methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis and chromic anhydride oxidation it is concluded that the structure of the chemical repeating unit of polysaccharide is (see article) where Glcp is glucopyranose, Galp is galactopyranose, Galf is galactofuranose, GalNAcp is 2-acetamido-2-deoxygalactopyranose and where the configuration of galactofuranoside glycosidic linkage and the structure of the acidic monosaccharide A are not known. Lancet, 1975 Jan 11, 1(7898), 88 - 90 Shigellosis in day-care centres; Weissman JB et al.; Increasing numbers of outbreaks of shigellosis in day-care centres have been reported to the Center for Disease Control since 1972 . Investigations reveal certain unique epidemiological features of shigellosis in this setting . Attack-rates tend to be higher than in outbreaks in primary schools, and epidemiologically these outbreaks resemble those in custodial institutions . Person-to-person transmission is the usual mode of spread; secondary spread within households is common, and there may also be significant spread to the community at large . Preventive measures should be directed at children, staff, and the day-care centre environment . Control of outbreaks may require closing the centre and must include separation of infected and uninfected persons, judicious use of antibiotics, and correction of deficiencies in hygiene and health education . Improved surveillance of shigellosis in day-care centres will be an aid in efforts toward controlling this increasingly important public-health problem. Acta Microbiol Pol A, 1975, 7(4), 221 - 8 Changes in the biochemical properties of Shigella flexneri la as a result of recombination with Escherichia coli K12; Mroz E et al.; The fermentative properties of recombinants obtained after conjugation between E . coli K12 HfeC and S . flexneri la Lac Phe mutant were investigated . The recombinants showed the antigenic structure of S . flexneri but their biochemical characteristics differed from the properties typical for this genus . The recombinants were found to acquire the ability to ferment several carbohydrates not degraded by the S . flexneri recipient strain. Arkh Patol, 1975, 37(5), 30 - 4 {Intracellular parasitism of Shigella in patients with dysentery}; Kolesnikova AF et al.; Bioptic specimens of the mucosa of the distal portion of the colon in patients with dysentery, caused by Flexner and Sonne shigellas, were studied by luminescent-serological and electron-microscopy methods . In the cells with unchanged ultrastructure no shigellas were detected . Intracellular localization of shigellas was observed only in cases of deep irreversible alterations in the ultrastructure of the cells. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1975, 19(3), 356 - 74 Some immunochemical and chemical aspects of S and R Shigella dysenteriae 1 endotoxins; Sourek J et al.; Endotoxins of S and R forms of Shigella dysenteriae 1 were prepared by NaCl-Na citrate extraction, purified by gel chromatography on Sephadex G 200 and on Sepharose 4B and subjected to immunochemical and chemical analysis . The toxins contained 25--30% of lipids, 40--50% of carbohydrates and 14--24% of protein . The lipid and protein moieties of the lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes exhibited no significant difference, whereas the sugar moieties differed markedly (both qualitatively and quantitatively), in relation to the growth form of the culture . The lipid moiety, which consists at least of 22 fatty acids, has the greatest relative content (approx . 50%) of behenic acid, 22:0, and palmitic acid, 16:0 (approx . 11%) . In the protein moiety, at least 16 amino acids were determined; these amino acids were identical in both endotoxin types, but their total content was higher in the R form, giving an R:S ratio of 1.7 +/- 0.2 . The sugar moiety consists of galactose, glucosamine and either rhamnose (in S endotoxin) or aldoheptose (in R endotoxin) . The difference of the chemical composition of the sugar moiety is believed to account for the diametric difference in the immunochemical character, in particular the different behaviour in the electric field, of both endotoxin types . The average content of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid was determined as 0.5% for both S and R endotoxin . Trace amounts of O-phosphorylethanolamine were found . Individual aspects of the chemical and immunochemical analysis are discussed in detail. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 122 - 5 {The anodic-moving thermolabile antigen (ATA) of gram-negative bacteria: its occurrence in rough mutants of shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli(author's transl)}; Seltmann G et al.; The thermolabile antigen (ATA) moving to the anode, discovered by us (9) and also described by LARSSON et al . (8), could be detected in Ra-, Rb-, Re- and Rd-mutants of Sh . flexneri and, in smaller amounts, in Rd- and Re- mutants of E . coli O8:K27:H . So it proves to be different from KUNIN'S common antigen (7) . Our results lead to the conclusion that ATA is located in a more inner part of the bacterial cell wall and is fixed by noncovalent linkages. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 116 - 21 Studies on the energetic metabolism of Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli hybrids devoid of penetration ability . II . Oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity; Radoutcheva T et al.; Oxygen uptake and dehydrogenase activity are studied with lac+ kcpminus hybrids of Shigella flexneri, being avirulent to the eyes of guinea pigs, because of having lost ability for penetration in epithelial cells . These strains were obtained by hybridization of the virulent strain Shigella flexneri 222 5 a with the Hfr strain Escherichia coli K-12 P4x . It is established that lac+ kcp minus hybrids are characterized by significant decrease of respiratory activity . This decrease is outlined as a tendency studying O2 uptake and is extremely well expressed studying the dehydrogenase activity . The tests being performed with these hybrids show that the loss of virulence and connected with it the loss of the ability for penetration is related to a decrease of the respiratory activity of these bacteria which supply a part of the energy needed for their viability. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 230(3), 343 - 6 Studies on the energetic metabolism of Shigella flexneri times Escherichia coli hybrids devoid of penetration ability I . Glycolysis; Radoutcheva T et al.; The aerobic and anaerobic (in presence of KCN) glycolysis is studied of avirulent hybrids of Shigella flexneri according to the keratoconjunctivitis test of Sereny with genetic characteristics lac-+kcp-minus devoid of penetration ability . It is established that lac-+kcp-minus hybrids which have lost their ability to penetrate the cells due to replacement of KCP-gene of the chromosome of donor strain E . coli K-12 P4 times, are characterized with a steep decrease of their glycolitic activity in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions . The data shows that the loss of penetrate ability of the Shigella flexneri hybrids correlates with the decrease of their glycolitic ability. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1975, 22(2), 153 - 6 Transfer of E1 and V colicinogenic factors to Shigella flexneri; Csiszar K; From Escherichia coli strains, ColE1-ML and ColV-K94 factors were transferred to a virulent Shigella flexneri 2a strain at 1-2% frequency . S . flexneri ColV+ and ColE1+V+ produced Col- segregants . The ColE1 factor was stably incorporated into S . flexneri . The ColV+ culture lost its virulence to the guinea pig eye. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jan, (1), 105 - 8 {Sensitivity of different strains of E . coli and Shigella to the inhibitory action of Ploskirev's bactoagar}; Balakleets VS et al.; A study was made of the sensitivity of 190 strains of E . coli and 107 strains of Shigellae of different serological types to the inhibitory action of Ploskirev's bactoagar on the capacity of these bacteria to form colonies . The strains under study proved to be nonhomogenous in this respect: between different strains of E . coli there were revealed 10-, 100- and even 1000-fold differences by this property; the differences between Shigellae strains were less marked--in over 90% of Shigellae strains the capacity to form colonies was depressed less than 4-fold . Only with the aid of some of E . coli and Shigellae strains was it possible to detect differences between the tested 20 commercial Ploskirev's bactoagar batches . Apparently, the use in practical bacteriological laboratories of accidental strains of local origin for control of Ploskirev's bactoagar could not aid in improving the quality of the medium, and consequently bacteriological diagnosis of infections. Acta Microbiol Pol A, 1975, 7(1), 3 - 9 Observations on the serologic changes in the recombinants in Shigella flexneri Serotype 4a; Lagowska-Zlotorzycka M et al.; Studies on the antigenic composition of 84 diagnostic strains of S . flexneri serotype 4a and their Lac+ recombinants from a cross with E . coli HfrC were carried out . Considerable differentiation of agglutination reaction was found both in original material and in recombinants . An interesting group included recombinants which completely lost their capability to agglutinate with sera specific for type and group antigens and preserved only the capability to agglutinate in the polyvalent serum of S . flexneri subgroup . One of them (recombinant 140 Lac+) had been subject to detailed serological analysis and was shown to acquire as a result of recombination a new antigen appearing neither in any flexneri subgroup serotype, nor in dysenteriae and boydii subgroups . This antigen is of thermostable character. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1975, 161(2), 89 - 97 Antibiotic sensitivity of two Aeromonas and nine Pseudomonas species; Nord CE et al.; An agar dilution method was used to determine the in vitro sensitivity of different Pseudomonas and Aeromonas species to sulphonamide, tetracycline, colistin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amplicillin, carbenicillin, and cephalothin . P . aeruginosa was generally sensitive to carbenicillin, colistin, tobramycin, and gentamicin . P . putida and P . fluorescens were generally resistant to beta-lactam antibodies but sensitive to gentamicin and tobramycin . P . cepacia and P . maltophilia were mostly resistant to colistin, gentamicin and tobramycin . Other Pseudomonas species were usually more sensitive to the antibodies tested . Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila were mostly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics but sensitive to other antibiotics, while strains of A . shigelloides were very sensitive to all antibiotics tested. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 259 - 68 The influence of some cations on bacterial endotoxins: copper; Sourek J et al.; In the course of its isolation and purification, bacterial endotoxin may be contaminated by some inorganic cations . The present study was concerned with Cu-2+ contamination of the lipopolysaccharide-protein complex (LPS) extracted from Shigella dysenteriae 1 S and R strains . The Cu-2+ contamination level of LPS prepared by Raynaud's method and partly purified through Sephadex G200 and Sepharose 4B was in the range of 1-5 mug Cu-2+/mg LPS . Crude Raynauds extract, similarly as LPS prepared by Westphal's method without subsequent purification, contained 0.02-0,1 mug Cu-2+/mg LPS . The linkage of Cu-2+ to LPS was relatively weak; the Cu-2+ content could be substantially reduced, viz . to 0.05-0.1 mug/mg, by dialysis against solutions of suitable complex-forming agents (EDTA, DL-alpha alanine) . Neither a grossly augmented (up to 60 mug/mg) nor a lowered Cu-2+ concentration (0.02 mug/mg) had any appreciable influence on the toxicity or other biological properties of LPS . Attention is drawn to this ability of LPS to bind and again readily release a relatively large amount of Cu-2+ and the possibility that this ability is utilized by the bacterial cell in Cu-2+ transport through the cell membrane. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1975, 19(1), 10 - 6 Behaviour and indicator value of some microorganisms under conditions of soil contamination by pesticides; Yurovskaya EM; The comparative effect of two organophosphorus pesticides (chlorophos and metaphos) on Escherichia coli, an enterococcus and Shigella organisms present in chernozem, podzolic, and loamy soils was investigated . A considerable level of resistance of the test organisms to the insecticides was established . This was expressed by their behaviour only changing on contamination of the soil samples with the insecticides in amounts considerably exceeding those used in natural conditions . Escherichia coli stand much closer to Shigella organisms than the enterococcus does as regards resistance to the insecticides studied . This allows Escherichia coli to be evaluated as an organism of hygienic value under conditions of soil contamination by pesticides . The enterococcus, in the present concrete case, was a less indicator microorganism than was Escherichia coli. Genetika, 1975, 11(10), 61 - 6 {The influence of several prophages on the genetic behavior of Flexner dysentery bacteria}; Petrovskaia VG et al.; In conjugation experiments of Escherichia coli K-12 Hfr strains and converted clones of Shigella flexneri var . y(-:3,4) that had acquired the capacity to synthesize type of antigens IV or V it is confirmed that the locus linked to lac-pro region in Sh . flexneri chromosome called Tp locus is a site of an attachment of prophages responsible for certain type specific antigens . Lac+ hybrids of the clone converted by phage IV lost the type specific antigen IV with the frequency comparable with the loss of the aforementioned antigen by wild strains of Sh . flexneri ser 4 in similar experiments carried out previously (90,8% and 97% respectively) . Lac+ hybrids of the clones converted by phage V did not lose the type antigen that corresponded to the behaviour of wild strains of serotype 5b (V: 7,8) with double lysogenicity . It was shown that the clones converted by the aforementioned phage V had acquired an immunity not only to phage V, but to phage 7,8 as well . An independent segregation of immunity to phages V and 7,8 in lac+ hybrids of the converted clone was observed . It indicates that donor strain NTCC 595/52 carries two prophages, V and "defect" 7,8 (not expressing factor 7,8) . A maintenance of antigen V observed in lac+ hybrids of the converted clone in this case confirms previous suggestions that an attachment of prophage 7,8 creates a state of some inhomology in this region disturbing the recombination process . The converting phage V isolated from the strain NTCC 595/52 is probably recombinant . An analysis of the hybrid classes allows to suggest the following approximate order of markers of the prophage on the chromosome of the converted clone: aV--imm V--imm 7,8--lac. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1975, 23(3), 309 - 13 Comparative serologic analysis of Lac+ recombinants of serotypes 2a, 2b, 5a and variant Y of Shigella flexneri; Kolodynski J et al.; The serologic structure of Lac+ recombinants of 2a, 2b, 5a and var . Y serotypes of Sh . flexneri was compared . Rec . 2a Lac+, rec . 2b Lac+ and rec . Y Lac+ were shown to be identified, and rec . 5a Lac+ was found to differ from those mentioned in that it was deficient in determinants for 3,4 group antigen complex . Furthermore, the paper discusses the presumable genetic mechanisms of the described variability. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1975, 23(3), 305 - 8 Immunochemical studies on the serotype of Shigella flexneri and its recombinant; Lugowski C et al.; Chemical and serologic analysis of polysaccharides of Shigella flexneri 2b and its recombinant revealed complete defect of the gene responsible for type II specificity as a result of recombination . At the same time, function of the gene in the same locus responsible for 7,8 group specificity was partially inhibited . Attenuation of group antigen 7,8, associated with partial uncovering of the structure of the basic chain, causes appearance of a distinct 3,4 group antigen . Changes of this type in Shigella flexneri have not been described hitherto. Indian Pediatr, 1968 Jan, 5(1), 1 - 16 Trends in the treatment of acute diarrhoeas in infancy; Udani PM et al.; PIP: Focus is on studies of acute diarrheal diseases that have been conducted at the Pediatric Center in Bombay, India and at other Indian centers . The objective is to present the picture of acute diarrheal disease in infancy as seen in a large developing country like India . Of a total admission of 16,252 cases over a 5-year period, 2835 were of acute diarrhea, constituting 17.3% of the total admissions . 89.1% of these cases occurred under age 2; 10.9% were in the age group of 3-12 years . There were 440 deaths in 2835 cases, i.e . the mortality rate in diarrhea was 15.5%, but it varied from 12-19% in a 5-year period . Of a total of 2088 deaths due to all cases in a 5-year period, diarrhea was responsible for 21% . Bacteriological and virological studies in a series of 642 cases studied throughtout India showed pathogenic organisms in 19.7% to 69.7% of cases and non-pathogenic organisms 15.2% to 80.3% . Bacteriological and virological studies of the stools revealed presence of specific type of E . coli in majority, and shigella, strepto- and staphylococci in a few cases . The incidence of malnutrition is very high in acute diarrhea and the importance of correction of nutritional deficits cannot be over stressed . The great hope lies in prevention of diarrhea by improvement in nutrition of children, prevention of malnutrition, improved sanitation, environmental conditions and health education . Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1965 Nov, 14(6), 1057 - 61 Studies of diarrheal disease in Central America . VII . Treatment of preschool children with paromomycin and sulfamethoxypyridazine under field conditions in a Guatemalan highland village; Ascoli W et al.; PIP: 2 antimicrobial agents, paromomycin, an antibiotic, and a sulfonamide, sulfamethoxypyridazine, were tested as supplement therapeutic treatment together with rehydration and nursing care in 535 cases of acute diarrheal disease in a Guatemalan highland village . All cases were under 5 years of age . 417 cases were bacteriologically tested, and 18% suffered from a recognized bacterial pathogen (Shigella or E . coli) and 82% were not . Cases occurred in 2 villages in the period from October 1960-December 1961 . In 1 village, patients were treated with the antimicrobial agents in addition to general medical care; in the other, cases were treated with family nursing and folk remedies only . The general death rate from all causes was lower in the village where general medical care was provided . Deaths from acute diarrheal disease were relatively few in both villages . An annual mortality from diarrheal disease of 7.7 per 1000 children in the treated community and of 17.3 in the untreated community was reported . The difference, however, was attributed mostly to general supportive measure, especially rehydration and nursing care . In vitro, paromomycin was very effective, but it did not prove so clinically . The sulfonamide was effective against only 61% of Shigella strains in vitro, and the clinical result was somewhat less .
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