Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(3), 475 - 80 {The colonization of the upper respiratory tract and the bacteremic phases of enzootic pneumonia of calves}; Schulz G et al.; Twenty calves, following their re-accommodation on a calf raising unit, were tested twelve days for presence of Pasteurellae and mycoplasms on the mucosa of the nasal pharynx and in blood . The same microorganisms were searched for in another 65 calves, yet, only at the beginning of pneumonia . Tests were applied to 19 calves for presence of chlamydia in the blood . The nasopharynx of all 20 calves was colonised by Pasteurellae, whereas mycoplasms were detected only in few cases . Neither Pasteurellae nor mycoplasms were isolated by blood culturing, though chlamydia were found in concomitance with pneumonia in three of 13 evaluable cases. Avian Dis, 1990 Jan-Mar, 34(1), 163 - 73 Monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059; Khosraviani M et al.; Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against serotype 3:A, P-1059 strain of Pasteurella multocida . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen those hybridomas producing antibodies to either a surface protective (2.5 S) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen . MAbs 6EE11, D7H10, E11E3, and C11H2 were positive against 2.5 S antigen, and two of them, E11E3 and C11H2, were positive for the LPS antigen . MAbs 6EE11 and D7H10 reacted with a major protein band of molecular weight of 35,500, whereas E11E3 and C11H2 recognized a band with a molecular weight of 12,500 of the 2.5 S antigen . Treatment of the 2.5 S antigen with periodic acid abolished epitopes reacting with E11E3 but not with 6EE11 . MAb 6EE11 did not recognize any band in Western blot after proteinase K treatment of the 2.5 S antigen, whereas antibody activity of E11E3 did not change . MAb 6EE11 reacted with serotypes 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, and with M-9 strains in the immunofluorescence test . MAb E11E3 was positive only with serotype 3 or 10 strains, excluding M-9 strain . Electron microscopic studies with P-1059 strain indicated that antigens binding to 6EE11 and/or E11E3 were present in the capsule. Mol Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 4(1), 107 - 17 Tn7 inserts in both orientations at a single chromosomal location and apparently forms cointegrates in Pasteurella multocida; Nnalue NA; Pasteurella multocida transconjugants isolated after mating with Escherichia coli strains that carry one or the other of two Tn7-containing suicide plasmids, pRKTV5 and pUW964 (pRKTV5::Tn5), were analysed . These plasmids have the ColE1 replication origin and were thus expected to deliver transposons but not be maintained as free replicons in Pasteurella . Five out of six transconjugants selected for acquisition of Tn7 from E . coli (pRKTV5) had simple insertions of the transposon, in either orientation, at a single chromosomal location, while the sixth had pRKTV5 integrated at the same location . By contrast, all of 27 transconjugants selected for acquisition of either Tn7 or Tn5 from E . coli (pUW964) maintained pUW964 . Of seven subsequently examined at the molecular level, all had pUW964 (in one case, a deletion derivative) integrated at the same location as the Tn7 insertions obtained with pRKTV5 . A copy of Tn7 was present at each boundary between the integrated plasmids (pRKTV5 or pUW964) and the chromosome in each strain . The two copies of Tn7 at either end of an integrated plasmid were either in the same (six cases) or in opposite (two cases) orientations with respect to each other . These seem to be products of replicative transposition by Tn7 but can also derive from conservative mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990 Jan, 87(1), 123 - 7 Pasteurella multocida toxin: potent mitogen for cultured fibroblasts; Rozengurt E et al.; Native Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is shown to be an extremely potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts . Half-maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis was obtained at concentrations of 1 and 2 pM for recombinant PMT (rPMT) and PMT, respectively . The degree of rPMT-induced DNA synthesis was comparable to that elicited by 10% fetal bovine serum and, moreover, was observed in the complete absence of other factors . Cell proliferation was also enhanced by rPMT . The toxin was also a potent mitogen for BALB/c and NIH 3T3 cells, 3T6 cells, and tertiary mouse embryo or human fibroblasts . The mitogenic activity of rPMT was heat-labile . A polyclonal antiserum to PMT inhibited DNA synthesis when added early, but not late, during treatment of the Swiss 3T3 cells with rPMT . A similar time-dependent action of methylamine was also observed . Furthermore, transient exposure of the cells to rPMT at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, resulted in a stimulation of DNA synthesis . Thus, toxin action may require cell entry and processing via an acidic compartment . The toxin, at mitogenic concentrations, caused a large increase in the production of inositol phosphates . In contrast, rPMT did not increase the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in Swiss 3T3 cells . The basis of rPMT action may afford a unique insight into molecular signaling events involved in the control of cell proliferation. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(2), 301 - 10 {The effect of local and systemic immunization of suckling pigs on bronchoalveolar clearance and on intrabronchial infections with Pasteurella multocida}; Muller G et al.; In vivo investigations of bactericidal bronchoalveolar clearance of weaning pigs locally or systemically immunized with Pasteurella antigens exhibited clearly distinctive results, as early as 3 days after the last immunization . They differed from controls by significant increase in the elimination of the homologous Pasteurella multocida A wild strain . That increase in the clearance remains for 21 days and is specific only to the immunized capsular type . There are no relations of this result to the cytological findings of the lavage fluids and to results of the intrabronchial challenge infection . Frequency and severity of pneumonias were reduced by as little as 3 aerogenic immunizations with Pasteurella mutants. Acta Vet Hung, 1990, 38(3), 211 - 5 The pathology of experimental respiratory infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits; Glavits R et al.; Groups of female New Zealand White rabbits, 8-10 weeks old, were inoculated intranasally with three different Pasteurella multocida serotypes (A:3, A:4 and A:12) or one of three Bordetella bronchiseptica strains of rabbit origin . Seven out of 18 rabbits died of experimental infection with P . multocida . B . bronchiseptica killed 3 out of the 8 animals inoculated with it . Deaths occurred between 3 and 6 days postinoculation (PI) . In the rabbits that died of P . multocida inoculation, necropsy and histology revealed severe pleuritis with the accumulation of a remarkable amount of fibrinopurulent exudate in the thoracic cavity, serous rhinitis and tracheitis, acute hepatitis with necrotic foci in the parenchyma, and atrophy of the lymphoid organs and tissues . Rabbits killed 10 days PI developed only subacute serous rhinitis and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues . Rabbits that died of B . bronchiseptica inoculation showed acute serous rhinitis, acute catarrhal-fibrinopurulent pneumonia and mild pleuritis . As opposed to P . multocida inoculated animals, hepatitis and atrophy of the lymphoid tissues were not characteristic of these rabbits . Rabbits killed 10 days PI developed subacute purulent and necrotic pneumonia with remarkable macrophage proliferation, involving all lobes, and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues. Acta Vet Hung, 1990, 38(3), 203 - 10 Immunopathological changes in mice caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida; Magyar T et al.; The immunopathological changes induced by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida, toxigenic phase I Bordetella bronchiseptica and its phase III variant were studied . Four groups of mice, each containing 21 animals, were inoculated intravenously with sublethal doses of B . bronchiseptica as follows: group 1: phase I toxigenic B . bronchiseptica whole-cell suspension (WCS); group 2: phase III B . bronchiseptica WCS; group 3: phase I B . bronchiseptica sonicated extract (SE); and group 4: phase III B . bronchiseptica SE . The fifth group received SE of toxigenic P . multocida . Lymphatic organs, lungs, livers and testes from three mice per group were examined histologically on every second day of a two-week period . In the spleen of mice, where the so-called lienotoxic effect manifested itself (groups 1, 3, 4 and 5), the percentile proportion of lymphoblasts significantly decreased in both the B and the T cell dependent areas . The lymph nodes also showed a reduction in the number of lymphoblasts . The reduction in spleen mass was partly attributable to a drastic decrease in the number of megakaryocytes and of blast cells participating in physiological extramedullary haematopoiesis in the red pulp . Opposite changes were demonstrable in group 2 the mice of which showed splenic hypertrophy. J Vet Diagn Invest, 1990 Jan, 2(1), 59 - 62 Isolation of Pasteurellaceae from bovine abortions; Ward AC; A 2-year study was conducted to determine the incidence of Pasteurellaceae in abortion samples submitted for diagnostic evaluation . A total of 687 cases, including 623 with fetal tissues and/or stomach contents and 302 with placenta and/or uterine discharge, were evaluated . Pasteurellaceae were isolated on a nonselective medium from 9 (1.5%), 14 (2.8%), 13 (12.1%), and 42 (17.4%) of the fetal tissues, stomach contents, uterine discharges, and placentas, respectively . A total of 35 (19.9%) of 176 placental samples cultured on both a selective medium for Pasteurellaceae and a nonselective medium were positive for Pasteurellaceae . Fifteen (42.9%) of these isolates were detected only on the selective medium, whereas 5 (14.2%) were detected only on the nonselective medium and 15 (42.9%) grew on both media . Placentitis of different severity was evident in 13 (68.4%) of the 19 placentas from which Pasteurellaceae were isolated in the absence of other known abortifacient agents. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Dec, 50(12), 2162 - 7 Immunoperoxidase evaluation of pneumonic lesions induced by Pasteurella multocida in calves; Haritani M et al.; To evaluate the relationship between pneumonic lesions and distribution of bacteria, lungs from calves inoculated with Pasteurella multocida were examined histologically by use of immunoperoxidase technique . Pneumonic lesions fundamentally consisted of broncho-pneumonia with fibrinopurulent pleuritis . The lesions were confirmed to be associated with inoculated P multocida, using the immunoperoxidase technique . The P multocida antigen was detected not only in the bacterial clusters in the lesions, but also in the cytoplasm of infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages . Further, immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the inoculated bacteria generally were phagocytosed and digested by neutrophils. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1989 Dec, 37(10), 1099 - 101 {Actinobacillus ureae meningitis . Apropos of a case}; Morlat P et al.; A case of Actinobacillus ureae meningitis in a 52 year old man with an history of chronic sinusitis and previous skull fractures is reported . Actinobacillus ureae, called for a long time Pasteurella ureae, is a rare cause of meningitis as shown by a short review of the literature (eight cases reported) . We have searched the bacteria in the rhinopharynx of the patient's four dogs: this search was unsuccessful in agreement with the literature data which has not yet established an animal host for Actinobacillus ureae. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Dec 1, 102(12), 414 - 7 {Infection-limited disease factors in cattle}; Dirksen G; The following infectious diseases of cattle can be included in the group of the so-called infectious 'factors disease': certain respiratory diseases, in particular enzootic bronchopneumonia (EBP, 'shipping fever'), trichophytia, some parasitic skin diseases and internal parasitoses, certain types of calf enteritis, special forms of mastitis and of genital infections and possibly others . As is discussed in the paper EBP is a typical multifactorial infectious disease in cattle . The role of Pasteurella spp . in the pathogenesis of EBP is shown on the basis of recent investigations in young beef cattle . When performing research on such diseases there arises the following difficulty: for biological, technical and financial reasons it is hardly possible to test the whole spectrum of the viral and bacterial germs presumably involved as well as the whole complex of influencing factors in the animal and in its environment . Such restrictions therefore reduce the value of clinical or experimental studies . Nevertheless, the systematic investigations of such factors which possibly are significant, have proven useful . Some examples are mentioned. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, 1989 Dec, 51(6), 1137 - 41 Immunoperoxidase evaluation of pneumonic lesions in calves naturally infected with Pasteurella haemolytica; Haritani M et al.; Immunoperoxidase technique was applied for pathological study on naturally occurring pneumonic tissues of calves from which Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated . Multifocal necrosis occurred in the lungs of 25 out of 42 calves (59.5%) and P . haemolytica antigen was detected in 22 out of the 25 calves (88.0%) . The calves were divided into 3 groups according to the number of P . haemolytica isolated . The positive rate of the bacterial antigen detected by the technique was 66.6% (28/42) on the average, reaching up to 85.7% (18/21) in the group from which the largest number of P . haemolytica was isolated. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1989 Dec, 21(6), 1275 - 9 Management of human and animal bite wounds; Goldstein EJ; Bite wounds, usually by dogs, cats, and human beings, affect one of two Americans during his or her lifetime and 1 to 2 million Americans annually . Despite the relative frequency of bite wounds, there are few prospective studies to define optimal care; consequently, diverse methods are used . In this article I review the incidence, bacteriology, clinical spectrum, complications, and treatment of animal and human bite wounds . The spectrum of pathogenic bacteria that cause bite infections is broader than is generally appreciated and includes both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria . Pasteurella multocida is found in only 20% to 25% of dog bite wounds . In choosing empiric antimicrobial therapy, clinicians must consider the diverse causative bacteria and their characteristic susceptibility patterns . Liberal irrigation and elevation of the injured part are also cornerstones of therapy . Early, aggressive medical and surgical management can minimize, if not prevent, complications. Infect Immun, 1989 Dec, 57(12), 3907 - 13 Cloning and expression of the Pasteurella multocida toxin gene, toxA, in Escherichia coli; Petersen SK et al.; A chromosomal DNA library of a toxigenic type D strain of Pasteurella multocida subsp . multocida was established in Escherichia coli . From this library two clones, SPE308 and SPE312, were identified by using a monoclonal antibody against the osteoclast-stimulating P . multocida toxin (PMT) . Extracts of these clones showed cytopathic activity identical to that of extracts of toxigenic P . multocida . The recombinant plasmids, pSPE308 and pSPE312, directed the synthesis of a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 143,000 which could be specifically detected by anti-PMT antibody . The recombinant toxin, which was located in the cytoplasm of E . coli, was purified by affinity chromatography with immobilized monoclonal antibody and was shown to react in a manner identical to that of PMT in a quantitative structural test using a series of monoclonal antibodies as well as in all quantitative functional tests used, i.e., tests for dermonecrotic activity and mouse lethality and the embryonic bovine lung cell test for cytopathic activity . The gene encoding this toxic activity was named toxA and was found to be present in the chromosome of toxigenic strains only of P . multocida . A probe spanning the toxA gene therefore has potential in the diagnosis and surveillance of progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs. Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1989 Dec, 38(6), 321 - 9 {Microbiological diagnosis of microorganisms tentatively designated as "SP organisms"}; Aldova E et al.; The authors describe the biochemical characteristics of two strains described as "SP organism" . This microorganism incertae sedis resembles from the biochemical aspect (oxidase+, mannite-, dextrose+ with gas) the species Pasteurella aerogenes; contrary to the latter it does not break down urea and differs also as regards the morphology of colonies, which on blood agar are coarser; it also has a higher content of G + C in DNA than Pasteurella . It is a pathogen of rodents . The authors describe two isolates, the first is obviously an incidental finding from the faeces of a 5-year-old girl who was symptom-free, the second is from the contents of an abscess of a nutria . For comparison also biochemical characteristics of known aerogenic pasteurellae and Pasteurella-like strains are given. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Dec, 23(3-4), 385 - 8 Serum complement activity and serum enzymes in rats after a subcutaneous injection of toxin prepared from Pasteurella multocida type D; Thurston JR et al.; Toxin produced by Pasteurella multocida type D was investigated for its effect on serum complement and serum biochemistry in rats . Rats were given a sublethal single subcutaneous injection of D toxin equivalent to 0.2 microgram/kg of body weight . Serum obtained 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-treatment was tested for complement activity, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) . Serum complement titers were significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) at all times after injection of toxin compared to rats injected with diluent and tested at the same intervals . Bilirubin was decreased but both control and D toxin-treated rats had low concentrations of bilirubin in their sera . The other biochemical constituents measured had no consistent pattern that would indicate liver damage in the rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 Dec, 33(12), 2142 - 3 In vitro activities of cefcanel and some other cephalosporins against Pasteurella multocida; Holst E et al.; Thirty-five strains of Pasteurella multocida from humans and animals were tested for susceptibility to five cephalosporins by a broth dilution method . Cefcanel showed high activity against all isolates (MIC and MBC, less than or equal to 0.64 micrograms/ml) . The corresponding figure for cefaclor and cefuroxime was 2.56 micrograms/ml . Cefadroxil and cephalexin were the least active compounds tested. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Dec, 50(12), 2042 - 8 Cytologic and bacteriologic evaluation of tracheobronchial aspirates from clinically normal foals; Crane SA et al.; Thirty-eight tracheobronchial aspirates (TBA) were collected from twenty 1 to 6-month-old foals, which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract or other infectious disease . We collected TBA from 9 of the foals 3 times when they were approximately 8, 16, and 24 weeks old . Aspirates were examined cytologically after staining with modified Wright-Giemsa, Gram, toluidine blue, and prussian blue stains . Aerobic bacterial culturing was performed on all aspirates . Of the 20 initial TBA, 4 (20%) were normal cytologically on the basis of previously defined criteria for TBA from clinically normal horses, 6 (30%) had a high percentage of eosinophils (greater than 5%), 8 (40%) were classified as indicative of subacute inflammation, and 2 (10%) were classified as indicative of acute inflammation . Nine (45%) were positive for mast cells and none were positive for hemosiderin-laden macrophages (hemosiderophages) . Of the 9 foals from which samples were collected at 16 and 24 weeks of age, results were similar, except for an increase in the number of TBA classified as indicative of chronic inflammation (33% and 22% respectively) and the number positive for hemosiderophages (33% and 88%, respectively) . One TBA was considered nondiagnostic because of pharyngeal contamination . Culturing of 12 of the 37 aspirates (32%) yielded a potential microbial pathogen . Only 2 were positive cultures from the same foal . The following organisms were isolated: beta-hemolytic Streptococci spp (4), Actinobacillus/Pasteurella spp (4), Rhodococcus equi (2), unidentified nonenteric Gram-negative rod (1), and Escherichia coli (1) . Thirty-four of the 37 aspirates (92%) yielded light growth of various organisms considered to be nonpathogenic and normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract. Vet Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 21(2), 177 - 84 Serum resistance is correlated with encapsulation of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida; Hansen LM et al.; Encapsulated avian strains of Pasteurella multocida possessing an A-type capsule were shown to be resistant to the bactericidal action of turkey serum, whereas unencapsulated variants as well as other unencapsulated strains were not . Removal of the capsule from serum-resistant strain P1059-1 resulted in this strain becoming susceptible to the bactericidal effects of turkey serum . Since complement was consumed when encapsulated or unencapsulated strain P1059-1 was incubated in turkey serum, we conclude that the capsule acts to shield the outer membrane rather than prohibiting the generation of an effective membrane attack complex. J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 135 ( Pt 12), 3345 - 52 Transfer and properties of some natural and suicide replicons in Pasteurella multocida; Nnalue NA et al.; We tested the transfer of several plasmids and transposons from Escherichia coli to Pasteurella multocida by filter mating . Two plasmids, pRKTV5 (pRK2013::Tn7) and pUW964 (pRKTV5::Tn5), were derived from pRK2013--a narrow-host-range plasmid with the broad-host-range IncP conjugation genes . Most P . multocida transconjugants obtained with pRKTV5 had Tn7 insertions in the chromosome but some had insertions of the whole plasmid . By contrast, all the transconjugants obtained with pUW964 had insertions of this plasmid or a deleted variant . pUW964 mediated low-frequency transfer of Tn7 or chromosomal markers between P . multocida strains . Broad-host-range IncP plasmid RP4 (RK2) did not yield selectable transconjugants in P . multocida but two plasmids derived by Tn5 insertion into a kanamycin-sensitive derivative of RP4 did yield transconjugants . pSUP1011, a narrow-host-range p15A replicon with the RP4 mob region allowing mobilization by the IncP conjugation genes also yielded transconjugants while several other plasmids tested did not transfer markers to P . multocida. Vet Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 21(2), 147 - 54 Efficacy of a live Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of experimentally induced bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Chengappa MM et al.; Seventeen Holstein-Friesian calves weighing an average of 139.8 +/- 13.5 (mean +/- standard deviation) kg were used in a study to determine the efficacy of a live vaccine containing of Pasteurella multocida A:3 and Pasteurella haemolytica A:1 . Eleven calves received the vaccine by intramuscular injection in the right shoulder, whereas six calves received vaccine diluent and served as non-vaccinated controls . Fourteen days following vaccination (Day 15) all calves were inoculated deep intranasally with 3.6 X 10(7) TCID50 bovine herpes virus-1 . On Day 16, calves were stressed by transports, and on Day 17 calves were challenged intratracheally with P . multocida A:3 . On Day 22 calves were euthanized and necropsied, and tissues were collected for pathological and microbiological evaluations . Scores were assigned to each calf based on the severity of observed clinical signs . Macroscopic lung lesions were expressed as percentage of tissue involved relative to the total lung tissue of a calf . Plasma fibrinogen concentration, rectal temperature, serum antibody level, microscopic appearance of lung, and microbiologic results were also recorded for analyses . The control calves had significantly higher clinical-sign scores (P less than 0.05) and more severe gross lesions (P less than 0.05) than the vaccinated calves . Although the vaccinated calves had a slight increase of immunoglobulins M and G classes, the differences were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05, P greater than 0.05) . The results of the study indicate that the live Pasteurella vaccine is effective against experimental P . multocida infection in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1989 Dec, 12(4), 444 - 50 Chemoprophylaxis and immunity to parasitic bronchitis in cattle--a field experiment comparing topical ivermectin and an oxfendazole intraruminal device; Jacobs DE et al.; Seeder calves infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus were used to contaminate a field divided into three similar paddocks . Twenty-four autumn-born calves were allocated to three matched groups; one group was given topical ivermectin treatments (0.5 mg/kg) at 3, 8 and 13 weeks after turnout (Day 0); each member of a second group was given an oxfendazole pulse-release intraruminal device (OPRB) at turnout; while a third group was kept as untreated controls to monitor the natural epidemiological pattern of events . Severe pasteurella pneumonia exacerbated by lungworm infection occurred in the controls after Day 24 . Two died and repeated doses of antibiotic and anthelmintic therapy were necessary to save the remainder . Clinical signs were much milder in the ivermectin and OPRB groups and resolved with only a single dose of antibiotic . The OPRB group excreted some lungworm larvae at this time, but none was detected in the faeces of the ivermectin group during the grazing season . At housing, five calves from each group and four lungworm-naive calves were challenged with D . viviparus larvae . The infection became patent in all challenge-control calves, but no larvae were passed by any of the trial animals . Post-mortem worm-counts revealed percentage takes for the challenge controls, trial controls, ivermectin and OPRB groups of 16.7, 0.01, 0.9 and 0.2, respectively . All trial groups had therefore developed a substantial immunity. Infect Immun, 1989 Dec, 57(12), 3816 - 22 A high-molecular-weight fraction of smooth lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella serotype O1:K20 contains a unique O-antigen epitope and determines resistance to nonspecific serum killing; McCallum KL et al.; The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen side chains of Klebsiella serotype O1 have been studied by using mutants selected by resistance to a Klebsiella bacteriophage designated O1-A . Two classes of LPS mutants were identified . The major group (90%) synthesized rough LPS . The remaining 10% of the mutants produced a novel LPS profile that lacked the highest-molecular-weight O-substituted molecules (HMW-LPS) but still produced lower-molecular-weight O-substituted species (LMW-LPS) . By using antisera raised against mutant Klebsiella strains and antiserum specific for Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 4, it was demonstrated that HMW-LPS and LMW-LPS contain shared epitopes . HMW-LPS also contained an epitope absent in LMW-LPS . This unique epitope was recognized by a monoclonal antibody (O1-52.6) and appears to be responsible for the serological cross-reaction between the O antigens of Klebsiella O1 and Escherichia coli O19 . This HMW-LPS epitope was present in eight other Klebsiella O1 isolates which were examined . Electron microscopy demonstrated that HMW-LPS excluded overlying capsular polysaccharide for a distance of 25 to 40 nm . The distance was reduced to 10 to 18 nm in strains which synthesized only LMW-LPS and to zero in rough LPS strains . The HMW-LPS of Klebsiella O1 was shown to be an important virulence determinant, since this molecule was responsible for the resistance of the bacterium to nonspecific, complement-mediated serum killing. J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 135 ( Pt 11), 2885 - 90 A plasmid which can be transferred between Escherichia coli and Pasteurella haemolytica by electroporation and conjugation; Craig FF et al.; Three broad-host-range plasmids (pRK290, pSa4 and pKT230) and one native Pasteurella haemolytica plasmid (pPH33) were used in transformation experiments with P . haemolytica strains T179 (serotype A1), Y216 (serotype A2) and its capsular-deficient variant Y216/NS1 . No transformants were detected with either heat-shock or freeze-thaw techniques . However, by electroporation, all P . haemolytica strains were transformed by pPH33 but not by pRK290 or pSa4 . The highest frequency obtained was 91 x 10(4) transformants per microgram of pPH33 DNA with P . haemolytica strain Y216/NS1 . Although pPH33 itself was non-transmissible by conjugation, it could be mobilized from Escherichia coli, using the transfer function of the IncP plasmid pRK2013, into P . haemolytica at a frequency of 0.3-2.2 x 10(-3) per recipient cell. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Nov 1, 102(11), 387 - 9 {Atrophic rhinitis of swine--a multifactorial disease?}; Schoss P; Atrophic rhinitis is caused by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida strains . The infection is supported by Bordetella bronchiseptica and other widespread agents and by non-infectious factors damaging the nasal epithelium . The term "infectious multifactorial disease" means in German, that ubiquitous low-virulent agents cause disease when intensified by non-infectious factors . Atrophic rhinitis does not belong to this group but is an infectious disease, caused by a specific agent and influenced by several factors. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Nov 1, 102(11), 364 - 71 {Infectious factor diseases in domestic small animals (carnivorous and herbivorous fur animals, wool and meat rabbits}; Loliger HC et al.; Infectious factorial diseases of domesticated small animals are infection dependent diseases, whose pathogenesis is finally activated by additional, secondary factors, that influence the multiplying and spreading of latent and clinical symptomless infective agents present in the animals . These factorial diseases are not autonomous infectious processes, but only special types and courses of diseases by secondary activated infective agents . Secondary factors may be of exogenous origin (housing, climate, feeding, managing) or may arise by endogenic processes (immunity, resistance disregulations a.o.) . In fur bearing animals and rabbits infectious factorial diseases arise by activation of latent, symptomless infections of mucosal membranes in the nose and oral cavity, in the intestinal tract, in the descending urinary tract and on the external skin . The majority of infection activating secondary factors go back on wrong housing conditions, extreme climate, malnutrition and simultaneous infections, but also animal specific situations and immunosuppression may influence the activation of latent infections . - Typical factorial diseases in fur bearing animals and rabbits are: the infectious coryza (Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica) in rabbits, the Coli-dysentery and the enterotoxemia in rabbits and herbivorous fur animals, the ascending infections of urinary tract, particular in young male minks, and the different types of microbial dermatitis in all small animals . - In the prevention and control of infectious factorial diseases the improvement of housing and living conditions as well as feeding the animals with species conforming and nonobjectionable food are most important and essential measures. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Nov, 42(11), 1673 - 83 Structure-activity studies of 20-deoxo-20-amino derivatives of tylosin-related macrolides; Kirst HA et al.; Reductive amination of the C-20 aldehyde group of tylosin and related macrolides yielded a large series of derivatives with potentially useful antibiotic properties . Evaluation of these new compounds was conducted on the basis of: 1) Broad antimicrobial spectrum in vitro, with particular emphasis on inhibition of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica; 2) in vivo efficacy, especially when given orally, against P . multocida in experimental infections in chicks; and 3) bioavailability after oral administration to laboratory animals . The most useful activity was found within a series of derivatives produced by reductive amination of desmycosin with secondary amines. Vet Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 21(1), 57 - 66 Purification and characterization of a 94-kDa Pasteurella haemolytica antigen; Nelson SL et al.; A 94-kDa antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica Serotype 1, which was previously shown to elicit serum and nasal secretion antibody response to the bacterium, was purified and characterized . The antigen was purified by high performance liquid chromatography utilizing ion exchange, then size exclusion columns . It was a membrane protein that was copurified with 6-7% lipopolysaccharide . It had an isoelectric point of 4.6 . Most other serotypes of P . haemolytica possessed a similar antigen. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Nov, 47(3), 355 - 8 Comparison of methods for the sampling and isolation of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from the nasal cavity of pigs; Chanter N et al.; The efficacy of detecting toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from nasal swabs of slaughtered and live pigs was assessed . The isolation of toxigenic P multocida from nasal cavities of slaughtered bacon pigs from two herds with atrophic rhinitis was reduced by immersion in the hot water tank by 25 per cent and 75 per cent . Individual sows from one of the infected herds were repeatedly swabbed to find the best method of isolating toxigenic P multocida . Toxigenic P multocida were isolated from 50 per cent of cotton swabs inoculated on to selective medium the same day . After 24 hours in the post, 45 per cent of cotton swabs placed in transport medium, 38 per cent of alginate swabs dissolved in transport medium and inoculated into mice, and 36 per cent of the dissolved swabs inoculated directly on to selective medium yielded toxigenic P multocida . These bacteria were isolated from only 25 per cent of cotton swabs held in transport medium at 10 degrees C for 48 hours to simulate prolonged postage times; from slaughtered pigs a similar reduction in isolation was seen with swabs kept for 24 or 48 hours . The reduced isolation caused by a delay before culture was associated with an overgrowth of other flora . The development of this flora was prevented by storage of swabs at 4 degrees C in the laboratory or by the use of cool boxes for postage. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Nov, 36(9), 674 - 80 Protection by toxoid-induced antibody of gnotobiotic piglets challenged with the dermonecrotic toxin of Pasteurella multocida; Frymus T et al.; A crude dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) type D was prepared by repeated sonication and freezing . It was sterilized by filtration . A toxoid was then made and pigs were hyperimmunized with it to get an antiserum . A control serum was obtained by hyperimmunization of pigs with a preparation derived from nontoxigenic P.m . type D in the same manner as the toxoid . Three gnotobiotic piglets were injected with the antiserum . This resulted in neutralization indices (NI) of 25 in their sera, as tested on mice . Three litter-mated controls were given the control serum . Their NI remained 1 . All piglets were challenged intramuscularly 4 times, every third day, with 30 mouse LD50 of the DNT . When euthanized 15 days after the last DNT administration no snout lesions were found in passively immunized piglets, whereas control animals showed severe turbinate atrophy and other changes typical for atrophic rhinitis . The next experiment was identical to the previous one except for the challenge, which was given intranasally (4 times 300 mouse LD50) . Also in this case circulating antitoxin protected the piglets from damage of the nasal turbinates caused by the DNT. J Bacteriol, 1989 Nov, 171(11), 5955 - 62 Regulation of expression of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant; Strathdee CA et al.; The Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant is composed of four contiguous genes encoded on the same DNA strand and denoted lktCABD, in the order of their genetic organization . To gain a better understanding of the expression and regulation of the leukotoxin, the transcripts and promoters of the lkt determinant were mapped . Northern (RNA) blot analysis revealed two sets of transcripts . One set was 3.7 and 3.4 kilobases long, encoded lktCA, and comprised approximately 90% of the transcripts, whereas the other set was 7.4 and 7.1 kilobases long and encoded lktCABD . Two promoters were present, and each had features similar to the Escherichia coli consensus promoter sequences . Both promoters were located upstream from lktC; they were separated by 258 base pairs, as mapped by primer extension analysis . These results suggest a mechanism of expression similar to that of the related E . coli hemolysin . Transcription initiated upstream from lktC at either promoter and continued through lktC and lktA to a rho-independent transcriptional termination signal in the lktA-lktB intercistronic region . This signal attenuated expression by terminating 90% of transcription to generate the 3.7- and 3.4-kilobase lktCA transcripts . The remaining readthrough transcription generated full-length 7.4- and 7.1-kilobase lktCABD transcripts . Expression of the leukotoxin was greatly reduced by growth at 30 degrees C, pH 6.5, and Fe2+ limitation . These conditions also modulated the expression of a number of other secreted proteins, which suggests that all of these secreted proteins are controlled by the same regulatory mechanism. Carbohydr Res, 1989 Oct 31, 193, 241 - 8 Structures of neutral glycans isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of reference strains for Serratia marcescens serogroups O16 and O20; Oxley D et al.; Neutral polymers have been isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of the reference strains for Serratia marcescens O16 and O20, serogroups which exhibit significant cross-reactivity . Both organisms produce a galactan with the disaccharide repeating-unit shown, and which apparently accounts for the serological observations . The same galactan has also been reported as the O4-specific polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica . In S . marcescens O16, the galactan is apparently accompanied by a polymer of 2-substituted beta-D-ribofuranosyl residues. Vet Rec, 1989 Oct 28, 125(18), 453 - 6 Parainfluenza 3 vaccination of sheep; Rodger JL; Outbreaks of pneumonia associated with Pasteurella haemolytica have occurred in sheep in the area of Perthshire served by this practice, and on some farms the disease has been an important annual cause of loss . Serological evidence was obtained that parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus might be implicated as a predisposing factor to pasteurellosis . A live attenuated PI3 virus vaccine licensed for use in cattle was given intranasally to ewes on one farm . Many sheep seroconverted and outbreaks of pneumonia were negligible around the subsequent lambing time . The protection of the flock appeared to last for one season only . Subsequently ewes and lambs on other farms were vaccinated and on these farms there were fewer deaths than expected due to pasteurellosis. Aust Vet J, 1989 Oct, 66(10), 318 - 21 Toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida in New South Wales pig herds--prevalence and factors associated with infection; Gardner IA et al.; Between March and July 1987, a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida infection in New South Wales pig herds . Toxigenic type D P . multocida was isolated from the nasal cavities of pigs in one (2%) of 50 randomly selected herds . Toxigenic isolates were also recovered from 2 (8%) of a separate group of 25 herds that had purchased pigs from a known infected piggery in South Australia (herd SA) . Snout abnormalities were present in 9.4%, 3.2% and 1.8% of grower pigs in the 3 affected herds . Isolation of toxigenic P . multocida was significantly associated (p less than 0.0001) with the occurrence of clinically affected pigs in the herd . Purchase of at least 5 pigs from herd SA was associated with an elevated risk (p less than 0.05) of isolation of toxigenic P . multocida. Environ Res, 1989 Oct, 50(1), 184 - 94 Pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica and immune responses in mice following exposure to titanium dioxide; Gilmour MI et al.; The effects of dust inhalation on immune responses in mice to aerosolized Pasteurella haemolytica were investigated . Animals exposed to titanium dioxide dust (TiO2) at a respirable aerosol concentration of approximately 20 mg m-3 for 20 hr per day, before or after aerosol vaccination, had impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance relative to animals kept in clean air . Additionally, lymphocytes from the local (mediastinal) lymph nodes had depressed responses to bacterial antigen in vitro in mice exposed to dust immediately after vaccination . However, there were no differences in the splenic lymphocyte responses between groups, while serum antibody responses were low and variable . A second experiment showed that aerosol vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals, which were exposed to a respirable aerosol concentration of TiO2 at 20 mg m-3 immediately after inoculation with a bacterial aerosol, had impaired clearance compared to their respective controls maintained in clean air. Environ Res, 1989 Oct, 50(1), 157 - 72 The effect of titanium dioxide inhalation on the pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in the mouse; Gilmour MI et al.; Four inhalation exposure chambers were designed and built in which up to 80 mice per chamber could be accommodated . Exposure for several weeks to an inert inorganic particulate aerosol of titanium dioxide at a respirable aerosol concentration of 20 mg m-3 impaired the clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in proportion to the duration of exposure . Other groups exposed to a lower respirable concentration of 2 mg m-3 exhibited similar clearance rates relative to mice maintained in clean air . A recovery experiment showed that inhalation of TiO2 at 20 mg m-3 for 10 days impaired bacterial clearance at least 10 days after cessation of exposure to TiO2. Infect Immun, 1989 Oct, 57(10), 3210 - 3 Immunoserological comparison of 104-kilodalton proteins associated with hemolysis and cytolysis in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Escherichia coli; Devenish J et al.; A homologous polyclonal antibody was produced in a rabbit to the 104-kilodalton (kDa) protein hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 strain CM-5 . In immunoblots, this antibody recognized a similar 104-kDa protein produced in culture supernatants by A . pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 to 12 and taxon "Minor group" in addition to Pasteurella haemolytica, Actinobacillus suis, and alpha-hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli (but only weakly in the latter two organisms) . These results were reproduced by using a mouse monoclonal antibody to the CM-5 104-kDa protein hemolysin, except that the monoclonal antibody bound more strongly to the alpha-hemolysin produced by E . coli, only weakly to the 104-kDa protein produced by "Minor group," and not at all to any extracellular antigens produced by A . suis . Pigs experimentally infected with A . pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 to 10 and A . suis produced an antibody that recognized the 104-kDa hemolysin produced by CM-5 . A pig challenged with a "Minor group" strain did not have such antibodies . Rabbit antiserum produced against the leukotoxin of P . haemolytica and alpha-hemolysin-producing E . coli also recognized the CM-5 hemolysin, but the latter only weakly . The hemolytic activity produced by CM-5 in culture supernatant was neutralized strongly by the pig serum to serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and 10 and A . suis, only partially by serotype 8 antiserum and the rabbit antiserum to P . haemolytica leukotoxin, and not all by the antiserum to serotypes 3, 4, and 7 and "Minor group" and the E . coli alpha-hemolysin . These results indicate that a similar but not identical 104-kDa protein is produced in vitro and in vivo by all serotypes of A . pleuropneumoniae and may be related to cytolysins produced by other gram-negative bacteria. Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 820 - 2 Pasteurella multocida infection in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica); Glisson JR et al.; Three flocks of Japanese quail, approximately 75,000 birds each, experienced acute high mortality beginning at 24 to 28 days of age . Gross lesions were absent or were composed of either multifocal small pale areas on livers and spleens or lungs slightly darker in color than normal . Histopathology revealed multifocal splenic and hepatic necrosis and interstitial pneumonia . Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3,4, was isolated from affected tissues . The quail were successfully treated with chlortetracycline, and the organism was apparently eliminated from the premises by thorough cleaning, disinfection, and insect and rodent control . Experimental studies showed Japanese quail to be highly susceptible to disease caused by the P . multocida isolated from the affected flocks. Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 816 - 9 Fowl cholera in broilers; Sander JE et al.; Pasteurella multocida, the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, was isolated from six broiler flocks in Georgia during summer 1988 . The flocks ranged in age from 20 to 46 days, represented four companies, and spanned a distance of 50 miles . Increased mortality and lameness were the clinical signs present in all affected flocks . Bacterial isolation and agar gel precipitation for somatic antigen serotyping revealed that three of the cases were caused by serotype 1,3, two by serotype 3,4, and one by serotype 3 . To prove the virulence of these organisms, two isolates were selected to challenge 5-week-old broilers . Mortality and lameness resulted from this challenge, and P . multocida was reisolated. Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 809 - 15 Pasteurella anatipestifer infections in California turkey flocks: circumstantial evidence of a mosquito vector; Cooper GL; Outbreaks of Pasteurella anatipestifer infections in California turkey flocks were investigated and found to have a seasonal distribution, with a peak incidence in fall, coinciding with peak Culex mosquito populations . An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that mosquitoes may serve as vectors for P . anatipestifer infections in turkeys . Four 7-week-old turkey poults were exposed for 7 days to mosquitoes captured from turkey barns during a field outbreak of P . anatipestifer serotype 1 infection . One turkey developed serum antibodies to serotype 1, detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, and was resistant to an intravenous inoculation of P . anatipestifer serotype 1 at 4 weeks postexposure . Giemsa-stained blood smears from this bird and from three 7-week-old turkeys inoculated intravenously with P . anatipestifer revealed the presence of rod-shaped bacteria in or on the surface of host erythrocytes . No such rod-shaped bodies were found on erythrocytes of an uninoculated control turkey. Can J Vet Res, 1989 Oct, 53(4), 371 - 7 Induction of pulmonary antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica following intraduodenal stimulation of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue in cattle; Bowersock TL et al.; The induction of pulmonary antibodies to a bacterial antigen following intraduodenal (D) stimulation of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) was investigated . Six calves were divided into two groups of three calves each . The GALT-primed calves received an ID dose of live Pasteurella haemolytica A1 followed by a subcutaneous (SC) dose of killed P . haemolytica . The sham-primed calves received an ID dose of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS) followed by a SC dose of killed bacteria . Serum and pulmonary lavage fluids were collected weekly from each calf and assayed for titers of leukotoxin neutralizing antibodies (LNA), as well as IgG and IgA (lavage fluids only) to P . haemolytica . The GALT-primed calves responded to the ID stimulation by bacteria with increased serum IgG . The sham-primed calves had no change in antibody titers following ID stimulation . The GALT-primed calves had increased serum IgG, lavage IgG and IgA and increased LNA titers in both lavage fluids and serum following the SC dose of killed bacteria . The sham-primed calves demonstrated only an increase in serum IgG following the SC inoculation . A challenge study to evaluate if antibodies induced by GALT stimulation could reduce pulmonary lesions was performed using six calves divided into two groups . One group received an ID dose of P . haemolytica followed two weeks later by a SC dose of killed P . haemolytica . The sham vaccinated calves received an ID dose of PBSS followed in two weeks by a SC dose of killed bacterin . Calves were challenged by an intrapulmonary dose of live P . haemolytica A1 eleven days after the SC inoculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 27(10), 2190 - 4 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis of the immunoglobulin G response to whole-cell and lipooligosaccharide antigens of Pasteurella pneumotropica in laboratory mice with latent pasteurellosis; Manning PJ et al.; The immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to whole-cell and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) antigens of Pasteurella pneumotropica was evaluated in mice with latent pasteurellosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblots . Antibodies to cell wall proteins of P . pneumotropica also reacted with several protein antigens from isolates of Actinobacillus spp . and other pasteurellae . Conversely, antibodies to LOS antigens of P . pneumotropica demonstrated no cross-reactivity with LOSs of other Pasteurella or Actinobacillus species . IgG to cell wall proteins was detected initially by ELISA 4 weeks after experimental oronasal inoculation of specific-pathogen-free mice; antibody to LOSs was first detected 7 weeks after infection and at that time exceeded titers to other cell wall antigens . Naturally infected conventional mice from a colony with endemic latent pasteurellosis had high IgG titers to P . pneumotropica antigens at 8 to 10 weeks of age, and, as in the experimentally infected mice, antibody to LOSs predominated . Thus, LOSs of P . pneumotropica can be used as an ELISA or immunoblot antigen to detect serospecific antibodies in laboratory mice with latent pasteurellosis. J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 27(10), 2169 - 74 Pasteurella caballi, a new species from equine clinical specimens; Schlater LK et al.; The name Pasteurella caballi is proposed for a group of organisms represented by 29 strains isolated from respiratory and other infections in horses . P . caballi strains are gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonmotile, fermentative rods with the key characteristics of the genus Pasteurella . These strains differed from other Pasteurella species in that all were aerogenic and catalase negative, and some strains produced acid from myo-inositol and L-rhamnose . The levels of DNA relatedness of 28 P . caballi strains with labeled DNA from the proposed type strain averaged 91 and 85% (hydroxyapatite method at 55 and 70 degrees C) . P . caballi was 13 to 53% related to strains representing 22 other species of the family Pasteurellaceae . The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA of four strains was 41 to 42 mol% . The type strain is 83851 (=ATCC 49197). Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 609 - 14 Practical application of nucleic acid techniques to avian disease problems; Purchase HG; A workshop in which 17 practicing scientists participated was intended to address primarily people who use or could use biotechnology in their work and was confined to five techniques . Endonuclease fingerprinting and mapping involved cleaving nucleic acid with a specific restriction enzyme and separating the nucleic acid fragments by electrophoresis . Field and vaccine isolates of Pasteurella multocida could be distinguished; Salmonella enteritidis could be divided into three groups; chlamydia could be grouped into seven groups; and vaccinia, quail pox, and fowl pox could be clearly distinguished . Preparation of nucleic acid probes involved producing large amounts of labeled oligonucleotides, usually of unknown sequence . Successful probes had been made for infectious bursal disease virus, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus . In Southern, Northern, and dot blotting, either DNA or RNA fragments were placed on or transferred to a solid substrate and probed . The procedure was able to detect infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Marek's disease virus . In situ hybridization involved applying a labeled probe to frozen or fixed sections or to intact cells . In Polymerase chain reaction, two primers, some distance apart, were annealed to a denatured target DNA . Repeated cycles of DNA synthesis with a thermostable polymerase, denaturing, and reannealing resulted in great amplification of a rare sequence . After 30 cycles, a rare gene sequence could be amplified more than 10(6) times . It was used successfully to detect minute quantities of influenza virus and infectious bursal disease virus, and the process was used to facilitate DNA sequencing of coccidiosis gene segments. J Vet Diagn Invest, 1989 Oct, 1(4), 299 - 304 In vitro assessment of the efficacy of erythromycin in combination with oxytetracycline or spectinomycin against Pasteurella haemolytica; Burrows GE et al.; The effects of combining erythromycin (Ery) with oxytetracycline (Oxy) or spectinomycin (Sp) on Pasteurella haemolytica were evaluated in vitro using the chessboard (checkerboard) technique . These combinations were selected because all are drugs widely used in bovine respiratory disease treatment, and they represent possible sequential or complementary mechanisms of action . Using the recommended breakpoints of greater than 4 micrograms/ml for Ery, 16 micrograms/ml for Oxy, and 32 micrograms/ml for Sp, of the 33 P . haemolytica isolates, 32 were resistant to Oxy, 27 to Sp, and 14 to Ery . Based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index, Ery and Oxy in combination were synergistic or additive against 32 of 33 isolates . The combination of Ery and Sp was synergistic or additive against 27 of 33 isolates . No instances of antagonism were seen . When the effects were considered within the context of therapeutically achievable serum/tissue concentrations, the effects of Ery and Oxy in combination were only marginal . Thus, against P . haemolytica isolates, Ery and Sp appeared to represent an effective antimicrobial combination, whereas Ery and Oxy were only of marginal efficacy as a combination. J Biol Chem, 1989 Sep 15, 264(26), 15451 - 6 Analysis of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin gene . Delineation of unique features and comparison to homologous toxins; Lally ET et al.; Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin has been implicated as a virulence factor in human infections . To initiate delineation of leukotoxin structure/function relationships, molecular cloning of the leukotoxin gene was carried out . When an A . actinomycetemcomitans genomic DNA library in lambda EMBL3 was screened using a 1.3-kilobase pair restriction fragment containing a portion of the leukotoxin gene, 13 positive recombinants were identified . One recombinant, designated lambda OP8, containing a 16-kilobase pair insert was selected for detailed study . Lysates from lambda OP8, but not control lysates, exhibited leukotoxic activity with target cell specificity identical to the native toxin . Western blots identified the recombinant-produced toxin as a 125-kDa protein doublet identical in mobility to the native toxin . Restriction enzyme and extensive DNA analyses demonstrated that the leukotoxin gene showed strong homology to two other toxins produced by Escherichia coli and Pasteurella haemolytica . As in the other two species, the A . actinomycetemcomitans toxin is contained in a cluster of four genes in which the A gene encodes the toxin and the products of the B, C, and D genes are involved in posttranslational modification of the toxin and its membrane insertion and secretion . The target cell specificity of the A . actinomycetemcomitans toxin differs from the other two toxins and is restricted to human and some non-human primate cells of the monomyelocytic lineage . The A . actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin is not secreted but remains associated with the bacterial membrane, possibly through a hydrophobic domain at the carboxyl terminus which distinguishes it from the E . coli and P . haemolytica toxins. Lab Anim Sci, 1989 Sep, 39(5), 406 - 10 Infection with and antibody response to Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in immature rabbits; Glass LS et al.; At 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age rabbits were cultured for Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica from the paranasal sinuses, trachea, middle ears, lungs and liver . Sera were tested for antibodies (IgG) against P . multocida and B . bronchiseptica . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from all ages of rabbits, and B . bronchiseptica was isolated from rabbits 4 to 10 weeks old . The sinuses were colonized most often, followed by the trachea, middle ears and lungs . No bacteria were isolated from the liver . The number of rabbits with antibodies against both bacteria decreased between 2 and 6 weeks of age, indicating a fall in maternal antibodies, and increased between 6 and 8 weeks of age, suggesting an active humoral response. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1633 - 7 Direct effects of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide on bovine pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro; Paulsen DB et al.; Bovine pulmonary artery cells in cell culture were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype Al . This resulted in severe membrane damage, which caused a time- and dose-dependent release of lactate dehydrogenase that was first detected 4 hours after exposure and reached a maximal mean release of 67% after 24 hours of exposure to 1 micrograms of LPS/ml . Mean release of 51chromium followed by a similar pattern and reached a maximum of 61% following 24 hours of exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml . Morphologically, endothelial cells responded to LPS by marked cell membrane retraction, the formation of numerous cytoplasmic blebs, and ruffling of the cell membrane . Subsequently, the cells became round and detached . Cell detachment reached a mean of 95% following 8 hours of exposure to 1 micrograms of LPS/ml . These studies demonstrated that P haemolytica LPS is capable of causing direct damage to bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, which may be important in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1557 - 65 Interaction between Pasteurella haemolytica, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and bovine viral diarrhea virus; Clarke CR et al.; A study was designed to develop and define a sc tissue chamber as a suitable device for establishing a soft-tissue infection model in cattle and to use this model to study the interaction between Pasteurella haemolytica, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) . Thermoplastic tissue chambers were implanted in the paralumbar fossae of 20 calves . At 35 days after implantation, calves were allotted to 4 groups of equal size and the calves in 2 groups were inoculated intratracheally with a New York-1 strain of BVDV . At 45 days after implantation, all chambers were inoculated with a 6-hour culture of P haemolytica serotype 1 . Starting 36 hours after bacterial inoculation, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim was administered IV once a day to half of the virus-inoculated calves and to half of those calves that had not been exposed to virus . Inoculation of P haemolytica into tissue chambers resulted in the establishment of a localized soft-tissue infection, characteristic of pneumonic pasteurellosis . Despite the maintenance of chamber antimicrobial concentrations that exceeded minimal bactericidal concentrations established in vitro, the infections were not sterilized . This lack of efficacy was associated with decreased pH and increased protein concentrations in chamber fluids after inoculation . Infection with BVDV, which is thought to depress host defenses, had no effect on the response of P haemolytica to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim administration . Observation of responsive antibody titers, bacterial phagocytosis, and high leukocyte viability within P haemolytica-infected chambers documented functional host defenses within tissue chambers. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1551 - 6 Effect of Pasteurella haemolytica infection on the distribution of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into tissue chambers implanted subcutaneously in cattle; Clarke CR et al.; A study was designed to determine the effect of Pasteurella haemolytica infection on the rate and extent of penetration of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into tissue chambers implanted SC in cattle . Thermoplastic tissue chambers were implanted SC in 6 calves . At 35 days after implantation, sulfadiazine (25 mg/kg of body weight) and trimethoprim (5 mg/kg) were administered IV to 5 of the calves . Chamber fluid and blood samples were collected from each animal at various time intervals for 24 hours after administration . Ten days later, all chambers were inoculated with P haemolytica serotype 1 . At 36 hours after inoculation, a second pharmacokinetic study was conducted, using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim . Drug doses and sampling schedules were identical to those used prior to inoculation . A histologic study of infected chamber tissue was conducted, using the calf not included in the pharmacokinetic studies . Disposition curves of antimicrobials in serum and chamber fluid were well described by 2-compartment and 1-compartment pharmacokinetic models, respectively . Inoculation of P haemolytica into tissue chambers was accompanied by marked changes in the composition of chamber fluid . Increased total protein and albumin concentrations, decreased pH, and disruption of chamber tissue vasculature were associated with a significant increase in the penetration of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into infected tissue chambers, compared with that in noninfected chambers . This increased penetration was accompanied by increases in the apparent volume of distribution for sulfadiazine and trimethoprim. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1460 - 5 Atrophic rhinitis in New Zealand white rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida; DiGiacomo RF et al.; Atrophic rhinitis was detected in New Zealand White rabbits when upper respiratory tract disease was evaluated during a vaccine field trial for the prevention of pasteurellosis . Of 52 adult rabbits euthanatized and necropsied, 26 (50%) had evidence of turbinate atrophy . Atrophy was detected in 77% of rabbits with Pasteurella multocida infection only, 71% of rabbits with concurrent P multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica infections, and 6% of rabbits with B bronchiseptica infection only . Grossly, turbinate atrophy was characterized by a mild to severe loss or diminution in the maxilloturbinates . Histologically, turbinate bones were small and irregular in thickness and had numerous osteoclasts and osteoblasts . A neutrophilic exudate filled the nasal passages, and infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes were detected in the mucosa and submucosa of the nasal turbinates . Rhinitis was significantly (P less than 0.001) associated with turbinate atrophy . Isolates of P multocida from rabbits with turbinate atrophy were serotype A:12. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 185 - 9 Experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia in calves; Gourlay RN et al.; Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the lungs of calves that died on a farm in the south of England . This organism was inoculated experimentally into 13 calves by the intratracheal route: in all but two of the calves mild clinical disease resulted and at necropsy, three or four days later, pneumonic consolidation involving up to 22 per cent of the lung was observed . P multocida was isolated from all but two of the lungs . Of two calves inoculated intravenously with P multocida, one showed mild clinical disease and slight pneumonic consolidation at necropsy and the other remained normal . Control calves inoculated intratracheally and intravenously with sterile broth showed no signs of illness and no pneumonic consolidation . Histologically the lung lesions comprised a fibrinous bronchopneumonia with variable sized areas of coagulative necrosis, extensive deposition of fibrin and massive dilatation and oedema of the interlobular and pleural lymphatics . It is concluded that P multocida should receive more recognition as a primary pathogen. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 158 - 63 Pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefoperazone given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes to unweaned calves; Soback S et al.; Cefoperazone pharmacokinetics were studied in unweaned calves . The antibiotic was administered to 10 calves intravenously, to eight calves intramuscularly at 20 mg kg-1 and to 10 calves intramuscularly at 20 mg kg-1 together with probenecid at 40 mg kg-1 . Serum concentration versus time data were analysed by non-compartmental methods based on the statistical moment theory . The intravenous data were also fitted by a linear, open two-compartment model . The terminal halflife of cefoperazone was 127.9 +/- 28.2 min (mean +/- SD) after intravenous and 136.9 +/- 19.6 min after intramuscular administration . The t1/2 was increased to 257.3 +/- 127.3 min by the co-administration of probenecid . The total body clearance was 8.16 +/- 1.60 ml min-1 kg-1 and the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.713 +/- 0.167 litre kg-1 . The mean residence time values were 87.2 +/- 10.6 min after intravenous and 140.3 +/- 20.6 min after intramuscular injection and were increased to 264.5 +/- 99.8 min by the co-administration of probenecid . The estimated mean absorption time was 53.1 min and the estimated bioavailability after intramuscular administration was 76.3 per cent . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values of cefoperazone ranged from 0.5 to 2 micrograms ml-1 for Escherichia coli, salmonella groups C, D and E and Pasteurella multocida isolates . Salmonella group B strains appeared to be highly resistant to cefoperazone with MIC90 greater than 32 micrograms ml-1 . There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic variables calculated by statistical moment theory or compartmental analysis indicating central compartment output of cefoperazone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Br Vet J, 1989 Sep-Oct, 145(5), 483 - 93 Laboratory assessment of protection given by experimental Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccine; Timms LM et al.; An experimental, inactivated P . anatipestifer type 'G' vaccine was produced containing 10(9) CFU/0.5 ml and aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (25% final concentration) . From comparative pathogenicity studies of field isolates type 'A', 'D' and 'G', the 'G' serotype was selected as being most virulent and suitable for challenge . Vaccination trials, in the laboratory, showed that a single subcutaneous inoculation (0.5 ml) of the above vaccine at 14 days provided the best protection against challenge up to 5 weeks of age . During the course of investigations, maternal antibodies were encountered in ducklings up to the age of 6 days and natural resistance to infection in adults from 5 weeks upwards . Evidence has also been provided of cross antigen-antibody reactions detected in the ELISA, between the 'A', 'D' and 'G' serotypes . A threefold 'protective index' system is described which provides a very sensitive measurement of effective vaccination. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1566 - 9 Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime given alone and combination with probenecid to unweaned calves; Soback S et al.; Ceftazidime pharmacokinetic values were studied in unweaned calves given the antibiotic alone or in combination with probenecid . Ceftazidime was administered IV to 9 calves at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight and IM (10 mg/kg) to 8 calves, to 7 calves (10 mg/kg plus probenecid {40 mg/kg}), and to 9 calves (10 mg/kg plus probenecid {80 mg/kg}) . Serum concentration-vs-time data were analyzed, using noncompartmental methods based on statistical moment theory . The data for IV ceftazidime administration also were fitted by use of a linear, open 2-compartment model . The mean (+/- SD) terminal half-life was 138.7 +/- 23.6 minutes and 126.3 +/- 10.5 minutes after IV and IM administrations, respectively . The mean residence time was 167.3 +/- 21.1 minutes and 201.4 +/- 16.8 minutes after IV and IM administrations, respectively . Coadministeration of probenecid did not affect the terminal half-life or mean residence time values . The total body clearance was 1.75 +/- 0.26 ml/min/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.294 +/- 0.064 L/kg . The estimated mean absorption time was 34.1 minutes . There were no significant differences between the mean residence time calculated by statistical moment theory or by compartmental analysis, indicating central compartment output of ceftazidime . The 90% minimal inhibitory concentration values of ceftazidime determined for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pasteurella multocida, and P haemolytica isolates ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.1 micrograms/ml. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 277 - 9 Evaluation of bovine antibody responses to haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine; Johnson RB et al.; ELISA and immunoblotting techniques were used to examine the humoral immune response to Pasteurella multocida, in bovine sera from Indonesia and Malaysia . Elevated levels of antibody to a crude lipopolysaccharide preparation were found in vaccinated animals . In addition to the response to lipopolysaccharide, antibodies from the vaccinated cattle strongly labelled five to six of the 40 protein bands in this organism. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 203 - 7 Acute phase response in calves following infection with Pasteurella haemolytica, Ostertagia ostertagi and endotoxin administration; Conner JG et al.; The concentrations of bovine acute phase proteins were monitored in plasma following experimental infection with Pasteurella haemolytica and Ostertagia ostertagi and after endotoxin administration . Raised levels of haptoglobin, alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor and seromucoid were detected after pasteurella infection and endotoxin administration . Ceruloplasmin levels increased after endotoxin administration but not during pasteurella infection . Raised levels of the four acute phase proteins were found in eight of 19 calves infected with ostertagia but showed a variable pattern and did not correlate with plasma pepsinogen increases . Bovine alpha 1 antichymotrypsin and alpha 2 macroglobulin were identified as acute phase reactants. J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Aug, 67(2), 171 - 5 Characterization of some previously unclassified Pasteurellaceae isolated from hamsters; Krause T et al.; Bacteria isolated from purulent processes on the jaws of European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) and from intestinal inflammatory processes in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), bred as laboratory animals have been shown to be phenotypically similar but not identical with Pasteurella pneumotropica . Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization studies indicate that with one exception, the strains represent two new species of the family Pasteurellaceae . In the absence of a close genomic relatedness to members of the genera Actinobacillus or Pasteurella or allied organisms, however, the two new taxa are described without any formal designation . The one exception was identified as Actinobacillus capsulatus, a species not previously isolated from hamsters. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Aug, 50(8), 1244 - 9 Bovine serum and nasal secretion immunoglobulins against Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 antigens; Nelson SL et al.; Experimental intranasal inoculation of cattle with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 resulted in a group that shed the bacteria in their nasal secretions (colonized) and a group that did not shed (uncolonized) . After inoculation, antibody titers in serum and nasal secretions against the total P haemolytica increased significantly, and the proportions of total antibody against specific P haemolytica antigens changed so that the proportion directed against the 94- and 62-kD antigens increased . Prior to inoculation, the proportion of total antibody in the serum against 94- and 62-kD antigens of P haemolytica was higher in calves that remained uncolonized than in those that became colonized with P haemolytica after exposure . Antibody specificity of serum and nasal secretions differed in the relative amounts directed against each P haemolytica antigen . The specificity against P haemolytica antigens differed between IgG and IgA isotypes of serum and nasal secretions, with IgA being directed against fewer antigens than was IgG. J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Aug, 27(8), 1847 - 53 Use of an rRNA probe and restriction endonuclease analysis to fingerprint Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys and wildlife; Snipes KP et al.; Twenty-five isolates of the bacterium Pasteurella multocida were characterized (fingerprinted) phenotypically and genotypically in order to compare the abilities of various techniques to differentiate strains for epidemiologic studies of fowl cholera . Isolates were obtained over a 16-month period from turkeys dying from fowl cholera (six outbreak flocks) and from wildlife captured on premises with a history of the disease . The characteristics compared included (i) serotype, (ii) subspecies, (iii) antibiogram, (iv) presence of plasmid DNA, (v) restriction endonuclease analysis patterns of whole-cell DNA, and (vi) ribotype . Ribotyping, a method of highlighting DNA restriction site heterogeneity by using an rRNA probe, worked well for differentiating the strains of P . multocida when the majority of the other techniques could not . Ribotyping results correlated directly with and confirmed results obtained from restriction endonuclease analysis . Ribotyping demonstrated the presence of up to three strains of P . multocida in one outbreak flock, recurrence of a single strain in five of the flocks over an 11-month period, and the presence of common strains in turkeys and wildlife on the premises. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1253 - 67 Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin (tilmicosin, EL-870) and related cyclic amino derivatives; Debono M et al.; A series of 20-deoxo-20-cyclic (alkylamino) derivatives of tylosin, desmycosin, macrocin and lactenocin was prepared by reductive amination of the C-20 aldehyde group . The majority of the compounds were prepared using metal hydrides (sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium borohydride) as the reducing agents and a suitable cyclic alkylamine . Subsequently, a more convenient procedure was developed using formic acid as a reducing agent . The C-20 amino derivatives prepared from desmycosin exhibited good in vitro antimicrobial activity against Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida (MIC range of 0.78 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml) as well as Mycoplasma species (MIC range of 0.39 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml) . Several derivatives showed excellent oral efficacy against infections caused by P . multocida in chicks . One of these derivatives, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin (tilmicosin or EL-870) was selected for development as a therapeutic agent for pasteurellosis in calves and pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Aug, 22(1), 53 - 65 Serum IgG and IgM antibody response in cattle to antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica; Mosier DA et al.; The serum IgG and IgM antibody responses of 48 cattle vaccinated with live Pasteurella haemolytica (LIVE), formalin-killed P . haemolytica in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), or formalin-killed P . haemolytica in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (ALH) to a variety of P . haemolytica antigens were evaluated . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine the sequential and day 21 IgG and IgM antibody responses to whole P . haemolytica (WB), a capsular carbohydrate-protein subunit (CPS) extracted from the organism, P . haemolytica capsular carbohydrate (CC), and P . haemolytica leukotoxin (LT) . LIVE and FIA vaccinates developed generally higher IgG and IgM responses to all antigens compared to ALH vaccinates . LIVE vaccinates developed IgG responses to LT which were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than all other vaccinates . In contrast, FIA vaccinates developed significantly higher IgG responses to CPS than all other vaccinates . On the basis of the ELISA results, similar or cross reacting antigenic sites were present in preparations containing surface antigens (WB, CPS and CC), but not LT . Disease resistance, as determined by experimental lesions induced in the 48 calves by transthoracic challenge with P . haemolytica, was significantly greater in the LIVE and FIA vaccinates compared with ALH vaccinates . No significant difference in resistance was detected between LIVE and FIA vaccinates . Lesions in ALH vaccinates were not significantly different than those in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls . Increased IgG responses to all antigens were significantly associated with resistance to experimental disease; however, IgG responses to CPS were most highly correlated with resistance . The only IgM response which was significantly correlated with resistance was the response to CPS . These studies indicate that serum IgG antibody responses to various surface antigens of P . haemolytica, as well as LT, can enhance resistance to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis . Serum IgM responses, however, do not appear to play a major role in resistance to experimental disease. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Aug, 50(8), 1297 - 301 Infection of the middle nasal meatus of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1; Frank GH et al.; Eight healthy nonstressed calves were inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1, by instilling a broth culture into the middle nasal meatus of the left nostril . The inoculated left nostrils shed P haemolytica from the ventral nasal meatus at a steady rate for a mean of 7 days, whereas the uninoculated right nostrils of the same calves shed P haemolytica sporadically and in lower concentrations . The duration, frequency, and concentration of P haemolytica shed from the inoculated nostrils was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than from the nostrils of other healthy calves that had been exposed by instilling the culture into the ventral nasal meatus of both nostrils in a previous study . The concentration of antibodies (IgG, IgA, and IgM) to P haemolytica increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in serum and nasal secretions after exposure . Four weeks after initial P haemolytica exposure, calves were exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and became clinically ill . Four calves were induced to shed P haemolytica from both nostrils by the virus infection; thus, they were harboring the bacterium and were susceptible to active recolonization . Four calves were not induced to shed P haemolytica . The apparent reason was not that they were resistant to active colonization, but that they were no longer harboring the bacterium, because they became active shedders after they were reinfected with P haemolytica. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1989 Jul 15, 51(1), 169 - 73 Secretion of the Pasteurella leukotoxin by Escherichia coli; Chang YF et al.; Nucleic acid sequence analysis has indicated that the leukotoxin determinant from Pasteurella haemolytica is related to the hemolysin determinant from E . coli . The cloning and expression in E . coli of the lktCA genes has been previously reported, but the existence of leukotoxin secretory genes equivalent to hlyBD has not been documented . In this report we demonstrate that a 4.0 kb segment of P . haemolytica genomic DNA distal to the lktA gene, when expressed in trans to the previous cloned lktCA genes, allow the synthesis and secretion of active leukotoxin from E . coli . Complementation analysis using the cloned hlyB and hlyD genes indicates that this secretory locus derived from P . haemolytica contains two genes which we designate, by analogy, lktB and lktD. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Jul, 21(3-4), 279 - 92 Chemotactic response of bovine neutrophils to Pasteurella haemolytica culture fluid; Brunner CJ et al.; Bovine neutrophil chemotactic activity was detected in the supernatant fluid of logarithmic phase cultures of P . haemolytica serotype 1 . The chemoattractant was produced under culture conditions suitable for P . haemolytica leukotoxin production . An inverse correlation existed between the leukotoxin LC50 and the chemotactic activity in the culture fluid . Elimination of leukotoxin activity by heating, dilution or ultrafiltration, exposed the chemotactic activity in the culture fluid . The chemoattractant was partially resistant to heating (60 degrees C, 30 min), and had an apparent molecular weight greater than 100,000 . Detection of chemotactic activity in both the concentrate and filtrate after XM300 filtration suggested that there might be more than one component with chemotactic activity or else that polymerization was occurring . Production of a potent neutrophil chemoattractant by P . haemolytica may explain the rapid infiltration of neutrophils that occurs during the early stages of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Jul, 36(5), 385 - 90 Changes in the relative concentrations of surfactant phospholipids in young pigs with experimental pneumonia; Sachse K; Lung lavage fluids of 23 young pigs were investigated prior to and after experimental infection with Pasteurella multocida . Comparison of the phospholipid patterns showed an increase in the relative concentration of phosphatidylinositol and a decrease in that of phosphatidylglycerol in the diseased animals . The phosphatidylcholine-to-phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol-to-phosphatidylethanolamine ratios were used as parameters to characterize the changing patterns . The reductions in these ratios following infection were found to be useful indicators of bacterial pneumonia . Immunization did not affect the characteristic variations . A rapid screening procedure involving solid-phase extraction, one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and densitometric scanning of the plates was used. Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 506 - 10 Relationship between anti-Pasteurella multocida antibody titers after CU vaccination and survival after challenge; Schlink GT et al.; The relationship between serum anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies and survival rates after challenge was determined in turkeys vaccinated one or more times with the live avirulent Clemson University (CU) vaccine and then challenged with a virulent isolate (9481) of P . multocida in the drinking water . A microtiter agglutination test for assaying anti-P . multocida serum antibodies demonstrated a highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between the serum antibody titer 1 week after the initial or single vaccination and the survival rate after challenge, and a significant (P less than 0.01) correlation between the antibody titer immediately before challenge and the survival rate after challenge . A highly significant (P less than 0.0001) correlation was also observed between the antibody titer before vaccination and the survival rate after challenge . This relationship was considered the result of an anamnestic response by the CU vaccine to a previous sensitization by antigens of other microbial organisms, probably in the intestine and similar antigenically to P . multocida . In contrast, a significant (P less than 0.05) but negative correlation was seen between the antibody titer 1 week after challenge and the survival rate . This relationship was thought to be the result of a marked stimulation of the antibody titer by the systemic infection of P . multocida that subsequently killed the turkeys. Am J Vet Res, 1989 Jul, 50(7), 1166 - 9 Serum and tissue concentrations of erythromycin in calves with induced pneumonic pasteurellosis; Burrows GE et al.; The effects of pneumonia on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin administered IM and the tissue concentration changes with time were evaluated in 2-month-old calves . Pneumonia was induced by injection of Pasteurella haemolytica cultures through the thoracic wall into each lung . Six days prior to induction of pneumonia, erythromycin (15 mg/kg) was administered in a single IM dose . Erythromycin was administered again 48, 72, and 96 hours after injection of P haemolytica . On the third day of erythromycin administration (96 hours), the calves were serially euthanatized in groups of 4 calves each at 2, 5, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the final dose was given . Tissue concentrations of erythromycin in kidney, liver, lung, muscle, CSF, and serum were determined . Neither the serum concentrations nor the overall pharmacokinetic values were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) changed by pneumonia . The concentrations of erythromycin were maximal at 5 hours for liver, muscle, and serum and at 8 hours for CSF, kidney, and lung . Serum and muscle concentrations were similar, whereas concentrations in CSF were lower than in serum and higher in kidney, liver, and lung . The lung/serum ratios were approximately 2.5 to 3 at 8 through 24 hours after IM administration . The peak concentration in lung was approximately 6 micrograms/g at 8 hours. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Jul, 47(1), 84 - 9 Effect of a new macrolide antibiotic (tilmicosin) on pneumonia experimentally induced in calves by Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica; Gourlay RN et al.; Two gnotobiotic calves were treated once with tilmicosin (20 mg kg-1) six hours before they were infected by the intratracheal route with Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 . This treatment prevented colonisation of the lungs by P haemolytica and considerably reduced colonisation by M bovis, and the clinical scores and the extent of pneumonic consolidation, compared with two untreated gnotobiotic calves, both of which had to be killed in extremis for humanitarian reasons within 24 hours of infection . In a second experiment, 10 conventionally reared calves were similarly exposed to infection and, at the onset of clinical disease, five were treated once with tilmicosin (20 mg kg-1) . Colonisation by P haemolytica and M bovis, the clinical scores and extent of pneumonic consolidation were suppressed or greatly reduced in the treated compared with the untreated calves, one of which had to be killed in extremis two days after infection . It was concluded that tilmicosin had a beneficial effect. Res Vet Sci, 1989 Jul, 47(1), 48 - 53 Interactions between Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of pigs; Chanter N et al.; Three strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica were compared for their ability to assist colonisation of the nasal cavity of gnotobiotic pigs by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida . Toxigenic P multocida (counted in nasal washings) colonised the cavity in large numbers in pigs previously infected with a cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica (B58), whereas it colonised only in small numbers in those previously infected with B65, a phenotypic phase III variant of B58 . Toxigenic P multocida colonised pigs infected with a non-cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica (PV6) in fewer numbers than were seen in pigs infected with the cytotoxic phase I strain but in greater numbers than in pigs infected with the phase III strain . The turbinates of pigs infected with the cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica and toxigenic P multocida were most severely affected and those in pigs infected with the non-cytotoxic phase I strain and toxigenic P multocida were moderately reduced in size . The turbinates of pigs infected with the phase III strain and toxigenic P multocida were slightly reduced in size except for one piglet whose turbinates were severely affected . Pigs infected with the non-cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica alone showed no signs of atrophy and their turbinates were used to calculate reductions (per cent) in those infected with P multocida . The reduction (per cent) in size of turbinates and total numbers of P multocida isolated from the nasal washings of each pig were linearly related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Can J Vet Res, 1989 Jul, 53(3), 355 - 62 The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies, to seven putative respiratory pathogens, on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves in Ontario; Martin SW et al.; During 1983-85, 279 calves requiring treatment for bovine respiratory disease and 290 comparison (control) animals from 15 different groups of feedlot calves were bled on arrival and again at 28 days postarrival . Their sera were then analyzed for antibodies to seven putative respiratory pathogens . On arrival, the prevalences of indirect agglutination titers to Pasteurella haemolytica, P . haemolytica cytotoxin, Mycoplasma bovis and M . dispar were greater than 50%, the prevalence of titers to bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) was approximately 40%, and the prevalences of titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) were all below 25% . Seroconversion during the first month after arrival occurred in more than half the calves to P . haemolytica cytotoxin, PIV3 and RSV . Seroconversion of agglutination titers to P . haemolytica, Mycoplasma and BVDV occurred in about 40% of calves, and seroconversion to IBRV was infrequent (less than 5%) . Initial titers were negatively correlated to subsequent titer changes within organism . Initial titers, and titer changes between organisms were essentially independent . Light calves had an increased risk of being selected for treatment for respiratory disease . Seroconversion to P . haemolytica cytotoxin, RSV and BVDV were predictive of respiratory disease cases, explaining approximately 69% of all respiratory disease cases in the feedlots . It was not possible to accurately predict weight gain or relapse from the serological data. Can J Vet Res, 1989 Jul, 53(3), 295 - 300 Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine; Cowart RP et al.; A total of 163 pigs from nine farrow-to-finish herds representing various levels of atrophic rhinitis (AR) were selected for postslaughter examination of AR and pneumonia . Nasal swabs and lungs were cultured for detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida . Seventy-three pigs were examined at eight weeks of age and 90 contemporaries at six months of age . Mean AR scores were 1.21 and 1.11 for the eight week and six month old pigs, respectively (0 = normal, 3 = severe) . In individual pigs increasing AR score was related to increasing pneumonia score in eight week old pigs but not in six month old hogs . In eight week old pigs, B . bronchiseptica and P . multocida were isolated more frequently from pigs with higher AR scores . From nasal swabs of six month old hogs, Bordetella was almost never recovered while Pasteurella was frequently isolated score . Toxigenic type DP . multocida was isolated from nasal cultures of only seven (4%) pigs and from lung cultures of only one pig . Pasteurella was never isolated from lungs of the eight week old pigs and Bordetella never from the six month old hogs . The isolation rate of P . multocida, predominantly type A, from lungs of six month old pigs increased from 11% in grossly normal lungs to 86% in lungs with severe pneumonia . Pigs from one herd free from lesions of AR and pneumonia were also examined; type AP . multocida was isolated from nasal cultures of one of six eight week old pigs . Somatic antigens of P . multocida were determined for 94 nasal and 20 lung isolates . Somatic serovar 3 was found in 93% of the nasal isolates and in all lung isolates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Res Vet Sci, 1989 Jul, 47(1), 1 - 10 The evolution of vaccines for bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Mosier DA et al.; Since the early 1900s bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis has been recognised as a major economic problem to European and North American cattle industries . Initial attempts to prevent the disease were complicated by incomplete knowledge of the causative organisms . Despite some early reports of vaccine-induced protection against disease, initial vaccines were of questionable protective value . From the late 1950s to the 1970s Pasteurella haemolytica and P multocida bacterins were the primary type of vaccine used commercially and experimentally . When viruses, most notably bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and parainfluenza-3 virus, were found to be associated with bovine respiratory disease, viral vaccines were used in attempts to prevent pneumonic pasteurellosis . Combinations of bacterins and viral vaccines were also developed and evaluated . Collectively, bacterins, viral vaccines and bacterin-virus combinations did not consistently reduce disease in experimental trials or field use . By the 1980s some studies using live vaccines were reportedly successful in reducing the incidence of pneumonic pasteurellosis . Current experimental studies revolve around the identification and incorporation of specific Pasteurella species antigen extracts into vaccines . The efficacy of these new extract vaccines is yet to be determined. J Comp Pathol, 1989 Jul, 101(1), 87 - 99 Histological changes in lungs of calves exposed to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica; Jericho KW; An experiment was designed to study the interaction of Pasteurella haemolytica with an attenuated bovine herpesvirus 1 in calves . Low titre of the virus culture used for aerosol exposure failed to produce measurable interaction . However, the experiment provided the first opportunity to study the light-microscopic changes in lungs of calves (n = 3) to a low-dose exposure (5-min aerosol) of P . haemolytica A1 from a fresh 5-h log-phase culture . The histopathological study was confined to tissue exposed to only P . haemolytica . A limited macroscopic pneumonia was produced in ventral parts of cranial lobes . Four days after exposure, a typical reaction featured four zones . Zone 1a at the centre with acute inflammatory processes and necrosis of phagocytic cells was surrounded by a broad band of compacted, largely necrotic macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) in alveoli of zone 1b . Necrosis was confined to zone 1 . Zone 2a frequently occupied the remainder of the lobule with irregular distribution of congestion, oedema with a fibrinous component, and infiltration by numerous PMNL, macrophages and other mononuclear inflammatory cells . The narrow zone 2b was located between zones 1b and 2a and had oedema with a fibrinous component, numerous fibrocytes, few inflammatory cells and empty capillaries . It is suggested that zone 2 served to isolate zone 1 by surrounding it with nonfunctional tissue . The pathogenicity of P . haemolytica is discussed for uncompromised lungs and lungs compromised by virulent BHV1 infection. Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 497 - 501 In vivo studies with dimethyldithiocarbamate, a possible new antimicrobial for use against Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry; Delap SK et al.; Dimethyldithiocarbamate (DmDTC), the carbamate analogue, was tested for therapeutic efficacy in a series of in vivo challenge trials using 5- and 10-week-old white leghorn chickens . Challenge organisms were Pasteurella multocida X-73, Escherichia coli O1:K1, and Aspergillus fumigatus . Birds were evaluated for survival rates, lesion scores, and the rate at which the bacteria or mold could be reisolated following challenge . Results showed DmDTC to be ineffective against P . multocida and E . coli at the treatment levels and in the form used in these trials, but DmDTC significantly reduced lesion scores and inhibited the rate of isolation of A . fumigatus compared with untreated infected birds. Vet Rec, 1989 Jul 1, 125(1), 7 - 11 Protection against progressive atrophic rhinitis by vaccination with Pasteurella multocida toxin purified by monoclonal antibodies; Foged NT et al.; Pasteurella multocida toxin was purified by affinity chromatography and inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde before use as a single component vaccine against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs . Twenty pregnant gilts which were vaccinated twice before farrowing with either low or high doses of the purified toxoid, developed dose-dependent positive serum and colostrum titres to the toxin and, unlike the progeny of 10 untreated control gilts, the offspring of the vaccinated gilts also had serum titres . These titres could be measured in blood samples taken for more than eight weeks from birth for most pigs born to gilts vaccinated with low doses and more than 12 weeks for pigs born to gilts vaccinated with high doses of the vaccine . All the piglets were inoculated intranasally with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic P multocida . The clinical and post mortem examinations of snouts revealed a significant reduction in the frequency and degree of conchal atrophy in the two groups of pigs from the vaccinated gilts compared with the pigs from control gilts . Clinically 90 per cent of the snouts of pigs born to vaccinated gilts appeared normal whereas only 28 per cent of the snouts of control pigs were not shortened or deviated at eight weeks of age . At slaughter 11 per cent of the pigs born to vaccinated gilts and 81 per cent of the control pigs had severe turbinate atrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 1401 - 2 Pasteurella haemolytica-like bacterium from a progressive granuloma of cattle in Brazil; Ribeiro GA et al.; Three strains of a Pasteurella haemolytica-like bacterium were isolated from lesions of a progressive granuloma of cattle in southern Brazil . Their characteristics and their differentiation from P . haemolytica varieties and Actinobacillus lignieresii are described . The name "Pasteurella granulomatis" is proposed for this apparently new taxon. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 742 - 6 {A case of chronic bronchitis with Pasteurella multocida possibly resulting from infection from a bird}; Nakajima M et al.; A 60-year-old woman was admitted to our division for further evaluation of fever and purulent sputa . In sputum cultures performed when the patient had complained of an increase in symptoms on three occasions during the previous 6 months, Pasteurella multicoida was usually detected . Based on the fact that the bacteria had been detected from the patient's sputa after feeding a macaw, but was not detected after treatment of the bird with OFLX, a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection by P . multocida was made . Clinical symptoms and laboratory data of the patient were markedly improved after treatment with cefaclor (750 mg/d) . The bacteria in this case were sensitive toward many antibiotics . This case was considered to be the first case of bird-mediated Pasteurella infection. Vet Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 20(2), 173 - 80 Biochemical and serological properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 strains isolated from swine; Fodor L et al.; The biochemical and serological properties of 21 strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 isolated from haemorrhagic necrotic pleuropneumonia of swine were examined . For serologic typing, the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and the double gel-diffusion tests were used . On the basis of their soluble surface antigens, our A . pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 isolates could be assigned to two proposed serotypes . Serotype 1 comprised 11 strains and serotype 2 comprised 10 strains . All strains contained two surface antigen components . In the strains belonging to serotype 1, one of the antigens was identical with the serotype-specific antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica T4 . Both antigens of serotype 2 strains proved to be type-specific . Four strains received from Switzerland, including the holotype strain of A . pleuropneumoniae biotype 2, and three strains isolated from swine in the G.D.R . belonged to serotype 2 . Both the double gel diffusion and the IHA tests detected a 2-way cross-reaction between biotype 1, serotype 2 and biotype 2, serotype 2 strains of A . pleuropneumoniae, which could be eliminated using cross-absorbed sera. Vet Rec, 1989 May 13, 124(19), 508 - 9 Prevention of haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffaloes and cattle with a live vaccine; Myint A et al.; Young cattle and buffaloes were vaccinated subcutaneously and intradermally with a live vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida serotype B:3,4 . Twelve months after vaccination three of five young cattle in the subcutaneously vaccinated group and three of four in the intradermally vaccinated group were protected against serotype B:2 challenge . Eleven buffaloes vaccinated subcutaneously and two vaccinated intradermally survived the same challenge 13 months after vaccination. Vet Microbiol, 1989 May, 20(1), 73 - 8 Comparing different isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica from beef calves using their in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity patterns; Shoo MK; In vitro studies, using disc diffusion and agar dilution techniques, were carried out to compare susceptibilities to selected antimicrobial agents of 30 isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica from healthy calves and 30 isolates from calves with transit fever . There was no difference in susceptibility patterns between isolates from healthy calves and isolates from diseased calves or between isolates of serotype A1 and isolates of serotype A2 . Penicillin resistance was associated with production of beta-lactamase. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 May, 36(3), 199 - 202 Antigenic relationship between the dermonecrotic toxins produced by Pasteurella multocida type D and type A; Frymus T et al.; Crude dermonecrotic toxins (DNT) were prepared from Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) type D and type A strains isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis . Rabbits were immunized with the DNT of P.m . type D . This serum neutralized the DNT of P.m . type A to the same degree as the homologous one both in vitro (cytopathogenicity for tissue culture cells) and in vivo (mouse lethality and dermonecrotic activity in guinea pig). Vet Microbiol, 1989 May, 20(1), 79 - 87 Resistance of some capsular serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida to rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis; Rush HG; The mechanism of resistance of Capsular Type D strains of Pasteurella multocida to killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was studied using an in vitro assay that differentiates intra- from extracellular bacteria . Two Capsular Type D strains (3761 and 3766), resistant to killing by rabbit PMN, and one Type A strain (R1), susceptible to PMN destruction, were compared . After combining opsonized bacteria and PMN, the Capsular Type D Strains 3761 and 3766 remained extracellular while the Capsular Type A Strain R1 was internalized by PMN . Thus, both Type D strains were resistant to phagocytosis by rabbit PMN. Vet Pathol, 1989 May, 26(3), 253 - 9 Evidence that blood-borne infection is involved in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Thomas LH et al.; Five calves were inoculated intravenously with 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) of Pasteurella haemolytica A1; the mean score for pneumonic consolidation 3 days post-inoculation was 28%, and the mean clinical score was 7.8 . Five calves inoculated intratracheally with 10(9) cfu of the same strain of P . haemolytica had comparable scores (34% and 8.8) . Histological lesions of fibrinous pneumonia were similar in all calves . P . haemolytica was recovered from all but one of the affected lungs . From one calf killed in extremis 3 hours after intravenous inoculation, numbers of bacteria recovered from lung were 1,000-fold greater than from liver and spleen . A similar difference in bacterial numbers was also obtained from a gnotobiotic calf killed in extremis, 12 hours after intravenous inoculation of 10(8) cfu P . haemolytica . Evidence from these experiments supports the hypothesis that the blood-borne route is important in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet Pathol, 1989 May, 26(3), 231 - 7 Acute airsacculitis in turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida; Ficken MD et al.; Thirty female turkeys, inoculated into the caudal thoracic air sacs with Pasteurella multocida were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation (PI) . The air sac reacted rapidly and intensely with exudation of heterophils . Circulating leukocyte and thrombocyte numbers remained normal except for an absolute lymphopenia by 6 hours PI . P . multocida was initially isolated from blood at 3 hours PI . Total cell counts increased markedly in air sac lavage fluids by 1.5 hours PI and continued to increase until 6 hours PI . Heterophils predominated in lavage fluids (greater than 94%), with macrophages comprising the remaining cells . Microscopically occasional heterophils were present within air sac blood vessels and perivascularly by 0.5 hour PI . They became more numerous by 1.5 and 3 hours PI when transepithelial migration into the air sac lumen was seen . By 6 hours PI, there was diffuse, severe swelling of air sac epithelium and mesothelium, and bacteria were located in air sac interstitium . Ultrastructurally, endothelial and air sac epithelial cells were swollen and vacuolated Interdigitating processes of air sac epithelial cells were separated . These results indicate that air sacs can be the portal of entry for P . multocida into the systemic circulation, probably via damaged air sac epithelium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 May, 33(5), 670 - 3 Resistance to antimicrobial agents and prevalence of R plasmids in Pasteurella multocida from turkeys; Hirsh DC et al.; One hundred fifty-three isolates of Pasteurella multocida, representing the causative agent of 95% of all known outbreaks of fowl cholera occurring in California meat and breeder turkeys from August 1985 through February 1987, were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents . Of the 153 isolates, 6 were shown to be resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents . Of the six resistant isolates, five contained R plasmids . All but one of the R plasmids were small (6 to 7 megadaltons) and nonconjugative, encoding resistance to tetracycline or kanamycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides; the other was large (70 megadaltons) and conjugative, transferring resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline to P . multocida and Escherichia coli . The three plasmids encoding resistance to tetracycline alone appeared identical. J Natl Med Assoc, 1989 May, 81(5), 609 - 10, 614 Pasteurella multocida corneal ulcer following a baseball injury; Robinson JD et al.; Pasteurella multocida is an ubiquitous organism that can be isolated from a variety of animals and birds . It is an infrequent ocular pathogen but can cause infection as a result of injury or animal exposure . This article reports a case of P multocida corneal ulcer following a baseball injury. J Anim Sci, 1989 May, 67(5), 1350 - 9 Effects of parenteral selenium and vitamin E on performance, health and humoral immune response of steers new to the feedlot environment; Droke EA et al.; Five trials with steers new to the feedlot environment were conducted to determine the effects of one or two i.m . injections of selenium (Se) and(or) vitamin E (Vit E) on performance, health status and serum antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica vaccination . In all trials, performance and average number of days sick per steer were not affected (P greater than .05) by single injection of Se and(or) Vit E . In Trial 1, 26 steers (avg initial wt 267 kg) were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E or 2) 25 mg Se (as Na2SeO3) plus 340 IU Vit E (as {d}-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) . P . haemolytica serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers on d 7 and 14 were greater (P less than .05) for steers receiving 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E . In Trial 2, 141 steers (avg initial wt 204 kg) were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E, 2) 25 mg Se, 3) 340 IU Vit E or 4) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E . Serum IgG titers were greater (P less than .05) only for Treatment 4 on d 6 . Trial 3 was conducted using 107 steers and the same treatments as in Trial 2 . By d 14, titers for treatment 4 were greater (P less than .05) than those for Treatments 1 or 3, but not greater than those for Treatment 2 . In Trial 4, serum IgG titers were unaffected (P greater than .05) when 48 steers (avg initial wt 248 kg) were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E, 2) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E 14 d prior to shipping or 3) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E 14 d prior to shipping, plus repeat injection on day of arrival at the feedlot . In Trial 5, 107 steers were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E, 2) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E or 3) 50 mg Se plus 680 IU Vit E . Serum IgG titers increased linearly (P less than .01) due to treatment on d 7, 13 and 20 and a quadratic response (P less than .05) was observed on d 27 . In these trials, serum antibody response to P . haemolytica vaccination was enhanced with the combination of Se and Vit E; however, performance and health status were not affected. Am J Vet Res, 1989 May, 50(5), 762 - 8 Antibody complement-dependent bacteriolysis in experimentally induced pasteurellosis in mice; McVey DS et al.; Affinity-purified bovine immunoglobulin isotypes were bacteriolytic for Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (PHA-1) . This bacteriolysis was specific and complement-dependent . The IgM and IgG1 were the most active isotypes in the classic complement cascade . These isotype