Pasteurella

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(3), 475 - 80
{The colonization of the upper respiratory tract and the bacteremic phases of enzootic pneumonia of calves}; Schulz G et al.; Twenty calves, following their re-accommodation on a calf raising unit, were tested twelve days for presence of Pasteurellae and mycoplasms on the mucosa of the nasal pharynx and in blood . The same microorganisms were searched for in another 65 calves, yet, only at the beginning of pneumonia . Tests were applied to 19 calves for presence of chlamydia in the blood . The nasopharynx of all 20 calves was colonised by Pasteurellae, whereas mycoplasms were detected only in few cases . Neither Pasteurellae nor mycoplasms were isolated by blood culturing, though chlamydia were found in concomitance with pneumonia in three of 13 evaluable cases.

Avian Dis, 1990 Jan-Mar, 34(1), 163 - 73
Monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens of Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059; Khosraviani M et al.; Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed against serotype 3:A, P-1059 strain of Pasteurella multocida . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen those hybridomas producing antibodies to either a surface protective (2.5 S) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen . MAbs 6EE11, D7H10, E11E3, and C11H2 were positive against 2.5 S antigen, and two of them, E11E3 and C11H2, were positive for the LPS antigen . MAbs 6EE11 and D7H10 reacted with a major protein band of molecular weight of 35,500, whereas E11E3 and C11H2 recognized a band with a molecular weight of 12,500 of the 2.5 S antigen . Treatment of the 2.5 S antigen with periodic acid abolished epitopes reacting with E11E3 but not with 6EE11 . MAb 6EE11 did not recognize any band in Western blot after proteinase K treatment of the 2.5 S antigen, whereas antibody activity of E11E3 did not change . MAb 6EE11 reacted with serotypes 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, and with M-9 strains in the immunofluorescence test . MAb E11E3 was positive only with serotype 3 or 10 strains, excluding M-9 strain . Electron microscopic studies with P-1059 strain indicated that antigens binding to 6EE11 and/or E11E3 were present in the capsule.

Mol Microbiol, 1990 Jan, 4(1), 107 - 17
Tn7 inserts in both orientations at a single chromosomal location and apparently forms cointegrates in Pasteurella multocida; Nnalue NA; Pasteurella multocida transconjugants isolated after mating with Escherichia coli strains that carry one or the other of two Tn7-containing suicide plasmids, pRKTV5 and pUW964 (pRKTV5::Tn5), were analysed . These plasmids have the ColE1 replication origin and were thus expected to deliver transposons but not be maintained as free replicons in Pasteurella . Five out of six transconjugants selected for acquisition of Tn7 from E . coli (pRKTV5) had simple insertions of the transposon, in either orientation, at a single chromosomal location, while the sixth had pRKTV5 integrated at the same location . By contrast, all of 27 transconjugants selected for acquisition of either Tn7 or Tn5 from E . coli (pUW964) maintained pUW964 . Of seven subsequently examined at the molecular level, all had pUW964 (in one case, a deletion derivative) integrated at the same location as the Tn7 insertions obtained with pRKTV5 . A copy of Tn7 was present at each boundary between the integrated plasmids (pRKTV5 or pUW964) and the chromosome in each strain . The two copies of Tn7 at either end of an integrated plasmid were either in the same (six cases) or in opposite (two cases) orientations with respect to each other . These seem to be products of replicative transposition by Tn7 but can also derive from conservative mechanisms.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990 Jan, 87(1), 123 - 7
Pasteurella multocida toxin: potent mitogen for cultured fibroblasts; Rozengurt E et al.; Native Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is shown to be an extremely potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts . Half-maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis was obtained at concentrations of 1 and 2 pM for recombinant PMT (rPMT) and PMT, respectively . The degree of rPMT-induced DNA synthesis was comparable to that elicited by 10% fetal bovine serum and, moreover, was observed in the complete absence of other factors . Cell proliferation was also enhanced by rPMT . The toxin was also a potent mitogen for BALB/c and NIH 3T3 cells, 3T6 cells, and tertiary mouse embryo or human fibroblasts . The mitogenic activity of rPMT was heat-labile . A polyclonal antiserum to PMT inhibited DNA synthesis when added early, but not late, during treatment of the Swiss 3T3 cells with rPMT . A similar time-dependent action of methylamine was also observed . Furthermore, transient exposure of the cells to rPMT at 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, resulted in a stimulation of DNA synthesis . Thus, toxin action may require cell entry and processing via an acidic compartment . The toxin, at mitogenic concentrations, caused a large increase in the production of inositol phosphates . In contrast, rPMT did not increase the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in Swiss 3T3 cells . The basis of rPMT action may afford a unique insight into molecular signaling events involved in the control of cell proliferation.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1990, 44(2), 301 - 10
{The effect of local and systemic immunization of suckling pigs on bronchoalveolar clearance and on intrabronchial infections with Pasteurella multocida}; Muller G et al.; In vivo investigations of bactericidal bronchoalveolar clearance of weaning pigs locally or systemically immunized with Pasteurella antigens exhibited clearly distinctive results, as early as 3 days after the last immunization . They differed from controls by significant increase in the elimination of the homologous Pasteurella multocida A wild strain . That increase in the clearance remains for 21 days and is specific only to the immunized capsular type . There are no relations of this result to the cytological findings of the lavage fluids and to results of the intrabronchial challenge infection . Frequency and severity of pneumonias were reduced by as little as 3 aerogenic immunizations with Pasteurella mutants.

Acta Vet Hung, 1990, 38(3), 211 - 5
The pathology of experimental respiratory infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in rabbits; Glavits R et al.; Groups of female New Zealand White rabbits, 8-10 weeks old, were inoculated intranasally with three different Pasteurella multocida serotypes (A:3, A:4 and A:12) or one of three Bordetella bronchiseptica strains of rabbit origin . Seven out of 18 rabbits died of experimental infection with P . multocida . B . bronchiseptica killed 3 out of the 8 animals inoculated with it . Deaths occurred between 3 and 6 days postinoculation (PI) . In the rabbits that died of P . multocida inoculation, necropsy and histology revealed severe pleuritis with the accumulation of a remarkable amount of fibrinopurulent exudate in the thoracic cavity, serous rhinitis and tracheitis, acute hepatitis with necrotic foci in the parenchyma, and atrophy of the lymphoid organs and tissues . Rabbits killed 10 days PI developed only subacute serous rhinitis and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues . Rabbits that died of B . bronchiseptica inoculation showed acute serous rhinitis, acute catarrhal-fibrinopurulent pneumonia and mild pleuritis . As opposed to P . multocida inoculated animals, hepatitis and atrophy of the lymphoid tissues were not characteristic of these rabbits . Rabbits killed 10 days PI developed subacute purulent and necrotic pneumonia with remarkable macrophage proliferation, involving all lobes, and hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues.

Acta Vet Hung, 1990, 38(3), 203 - 10
Immunopathological changes in mice caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida; Magyar T et al.; The immunopathological changes induced by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida, toxigenic phase I Bordetella bronchiseptica and its phase III variant were studied . Four groups of mice, each containing 21 animals, were inoculated intravenously with sublethal doses of B . bronchiseptica as follows: group 1: phase I toxigenic B . bronchiseptica whole-cell suspension (WCS); group 2: phase III B . bronchiseptica WCS; group 3: phase I B . bronchiseptica sonicated extract (SE); and group 4: phase III B . bronchiseptica SE . The fifth group received SE of toxigenic P . multocida . Lymphatic organs, lungs, livers and testes from three mice per group were examined histologically on every second day of a two-week period . In the spleen of mice, where the so-called lienotoxic effect manifested itself (groups 1, 3, 4 and 5), the percentile proportion of lymphoblasts significantly decreased in both the B and the T cell dependent areas . The lymph nodes also showed a reduction in the number of lymphoblasts . The reduction in spleen mass was partly attributable to a drastic decrease in the number of megakaryocytes and of blast cells participating in physiological extramedullary haematopoiesis in the red pulp . Opposite changes were demonstrable in group 2 the mice of which showed splenic hypertrophy.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1990 Jan, 2(1), 59 - 62
Isolation of Pasteurellaceae from bovine abortions; Ward AC; A 2-year study was conducted to determine the incidence of Pasteurellaceae in abortion samples submitted for diagnostic evaluation . A total of 687 cases, including 623 with fetal tissues and/or stomach contents and 302 with placenta and/or uterine discharge, were evaluated . Pasteurellaceae were isolated on a nonselective medium from 9 (1.5%), 14 (2.8%), 13 (12.1%), and 42 (17.4%) of the fetal tissues, stomach contents, uterine discharges, and placentas, respectively . A total of 35 (19.9%) of 176 placental samples cultured on both a selective medium for Pasteurellaceae and a nonselective medium were positive for Pasteurellaceae . Fifteen (42.9%) of these isolates were detected only on the selective medium, whereas 5 (14.2%) were detected only on the nonselective medium and 15 (42.9%) grew on both media . Placentitis of different severity was evident in 13 (68.4%) of the 19 placentas from which Pasteurellaceae were isolated in the absence of other known abortifacient agents.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Dec, 50(12), 2162 - 7
Immunoperoxidase evaluation of pneumonic lesions induced by Pasteurella multocida in calves; Haritani M et al.; To evaluate the relationship between pneumonic lesions and distribution of bacteria, lungs from calves inoculated with Pasteurella multocida were examined histologically by use of immunoperoxidase technique . Pneumonic lesions fundamentally consisted of broncho-pneumonia with fibrinopurulent pleuritis . The lesions were confirmed to be associated with inoculated P multocida, using the immunoperoxidase technique . The P multocida antigen was detected not only in the bacterial clusters in the lesions, but also in the cytoplasm of infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages . Further, immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the inoculated bacteria generally were phagocytosed and digested by neutrophils.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1989 Dec, 37(10), 1099 - 101
{Actinobacillus ureae meningitis . Apropos of a case}; Morlat P et al.; A case of Actinobacillus ureae meningitis in a 52 year old man with an history of chronic sinusitis and previous skull fractures is reported . Actinobacillus ureae, called for a long time Pasteurella ureae, is a rare cause of meningitis as shown by a short review of the literature (eight cases reported) . We have searched the bacteria in the rhinopharynx of the patient's four dogs: this search was unsuccessful in agreement with the literature data which has not yet established an animal host for Actinobacillus ureae.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Dec 1, 102(12), 414 - 7
{Infection-limited disease factors in cattle}; Dirksen G; The following infectious diseases of cattle can be included in the group of the so-called infectious 'factors disease': certain respiratory diseases, in particular enzootic bronchopneumonia (EBP, 'shipping fever'), trichophytia, some parasitic skin diseases and internal parasitoses, certain types of calf enteritis, special forms of mastitis and of genital infections and possibly others . As is discussed in the paper EBP is a typical multifactorial infectious disease in cattle . The role of Pasteurella spp . in the pathogenesis of EBP is shown on the basis of recent investigations in young beef cattle . When performing research on such diseases there arises the following difficulty: for biological, technical and financial reasons it is hardly possible to test the whole spectrum of the viral and bacterial germs presumably involved as well as the whole complex of influencing factors in the animal and in its environment . Such restrictions therefore reduce the value of clinical or experimental studies . Nevertheless, the systematic investigations of such factors which possibly are significant, have proven useful . Some examples are mentioned.

Nippon Juigaku Zasshi, 1989 Dec, 51(6), 1137 - 41
Immunoperoxidase evaluation of pneumonic lesions in calves naturally infected with Pasteurella haemolytica; Haritani M et al.; Immunoperoxidase technique was applied for pathological study on naturally occurring pneumonic tissues of calves from which Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated . Multifocal necrosis occurred in the lungs of 25 out of 42 calves (59.5%) and P . haemolytica antigen was detected in 22 out of the 25 calves (88.0%) . The calves were divided into 3 groups according to the number of P . haemolytica isolated . The positive rate of the bacterial antigen detected by the technique was 66.6% (28/42) on the average, reaching up to 85.7% (18/21) in the group from which the largest number of P . haemolytica was isolated.

J Am Acad Dermatol, 1989 Dec, 21(6), 1275 - 9
Management of human and animal bite wounds; Goldstein EJ; Bite wounds, usually by dogs, cats, and human beings, affect one of two Americans during his or her lifetime and 1 to 2 million Americans annually . Despite the relative frequency of bite wounds, there are few prospective studies to define optimal care; consequently, diverse methods are used . In this article I review the incidence, bacteriology, clinical spectrum, complications, and treatment of animal and human bite wounds . The spectrum of pathogenic bacteria that cause bite infections is broader than is generally appreciated and includes both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria . Pasteurella multocida is found in only 20% to 25% of dog bite wounds . In choosing empiric antimicrobial therapy, clinicians must consider the diverse causative bacteria and their characteristic susceptibility patterns . Liberal irrigation and elevation of the injured part are also cornerstones of therapy . Early, aggressive medical and surgical management can minimize, if not prevent, complications.

Infect Immun, 1989 Dec, 57(12), 3907 - 13
Cloning and expression of the Pasteurella multocida toxin gene, toxA, in Escherichia coli; Petersen SK et al.; A chromosomal DNA library of a toxigenic type D strain of Pasteurella multocida subsp . multocida was established in Escherichia coli . From this library two clones, SPE308 and SPE312, were identified by using a monoclonal antibody against the osteoclast-stimulating P . multocida toxin (PMT) . Extracts of these clones showed cytopathic activity identical to that of extracts of toxigenic P . multocida . The recombinant plasmids, pSPE308 and pSPE312, directed the synthesis of a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 143,000 which could be specifically detected by anti-PMT antibody . The recombinant toxin, which was located in the cytoplasm of E . coli, was purified by affinity chromatography with immobilized monoclonal antibody and was shown to react in a manner identical to that of PMT in a quantitative structural test using a series of monoclonal antibodies as well as in all quantitative functional tests used, i.e., tests for dermonecrotic activity and mouse lethality and the embryonic bovine lung cell test for cytopathic activity . The gene encoding this toxic activity was named toxA and was found to be present in the chromosome of toxigenic strains only of P . multocida . A probe spanning the toxA gene therefore has potential in the diagnosis and surveillance of progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs.

Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 1989 Dec, 38(6), 321 - 9
{Microbiological diagnosis of microorganisms tentatively designated as "SP organisms"}; Aldova E et al.; The authors describe the biochemical characteristics of two strains described as "SP organism" . This microorganism incertae sedis resembles from the biochemical aspect (oxidase+, mannite-, dextrose+ with gas) the species Pasteurella aerogenes; contrary to the latter it does not break down urea and differs also as regards the morphology of colonies, which on blood agar are coarser; it also has a higher content of G + C in DNA than Pasteurella . It is a pathogen of rodents . The authors describe two isolates, the first is obviously an incidental finding from the faeces of a 5-year-old girl who was symptom-free, the second is from the contents of an abscess of a nutria . For comparison also biochemical characteristics of known aerogenic pasteurellae and Pasteurella-like strains are given.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Dec, 23(3-4), 385 - 8
Serum complement activity and serum enzymes in rats after a subcutaneous injection of toxin prepared from Pasteurella multocida type D; Thurston JR et al.; Toxin produced by Pasteurella multocida type D was investigated for its effect on serum complement and serum biochemistry in rats . Rats were given a sublethal single subcutaneous injection of D toxin equivalent to 0.2 microgram/kg of body weight . Serum obtained 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-treatment was tested for complement activity, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) . Serum complement titers were significantly elevated (P less than 0.05) at all times after injection of toxin compared to rats injected with diluent and tested at the same intervals . Bilirubin was decreased but both control and D toxin-treated rats had low concentrations of bilirubin in their sera . The other biochemical constituents measured had no consistent pattern that would indicate liver damage in the rats.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 Dec, 33(12), 2142 - 3
In vitro activities of cefcanel and some other cephalosporins against Pasteurella multocida; Holst E et al.; Thirty-five strains of Pasteurella multocida from humans and animals were tested for susceptibility to five cephalosporins by a broth dilution method . Cefcanel showed high activity against all isolates (MIC and MBC, less than or equal to 0.64 micrograms/ml) . The corresponding figure for cefaclor and cefuroxime was 2.56 micrograms/ml . Cefadroxil and cephalexin were the least active compounds tested.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Dec, 50(12), 2042 - 8
Cytologic and bacteriologic evaluation of tracheobronchial aspirates from clinically normal foals; Crane SA et al.; Thirty-eight tracheobronchial aspirates (TBA) were collected from twenty 1 to 6-month-old foals, which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract or other infectious disease . We collected TBA from 9 of the foals 3 times when they were approximately 8, 16, and 24 weeks old . Aspirates were examined cytologically after staining with modified Wright-Giemsa, Gram, toluidine blue, and prussian blue stains . Aerobic bacterial culturing was performed on all aspirates . Of the 20 initial TBA, 4 (20%) were normal cytologically on the basis of previously defined criteria for TBA from clinically normal horses, 6 (30%) had a high percentage of eosinophils (greater than 5%), 8 (40%) were classified as indicative of subacute inflammation, and 2 (10%) were classified as indicative of acute inflammation . Nine (45%) were positive for mast cells and none were positive for hemosiderin-laden macrophages (hemosiderophages) . Of the 9 foals from which samples were collected at 16 and 24 weeks of age, results were similar, except for an increase in the number of TBA classified as indicative of chronic inflammation (33% and 22% respectively) and the number positive for hemosiderophages (33% and 88%, respectively) . One TBA was considered nondiagnostic because of pharyngeal contamination . Culturing of 12 of the 37 aspirates (32%) yielded a potential microbial pathogen . Only 2 were positive cultures from the same foal . The following organisms were isolated: beta-hemolytic Streptococci spp (4), Actinobacillus/Pasteurella spp (4), Rhodococcus equi (2), unidentified nonenteric Gram-negative rod (1), and Escherichia coli (1) . Thirty-four of the 37 aspirates (92%) yielded light growth of various organisms considered to be nonpathogenic and normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 21(2), 177 - 84
Serum resistance is correlated with encapsulation of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida; Hansen LM et al.; Encapsulated avian strains of Pasteurella multocida possessing an A-type capsule were shown to be resistant to the bactericidal action of turkey serum, whereas unencapsulated variants as well as other unencapsulated strains were not . Removal of the capsule from serum-resistant strain P1059-1 resulted in this strain becoming susceptible to the bactericidal effects of turkey serum . Since complement was consumed when encapsulated or unencapsulated strain P1059-1 was incubated in turkey serum, we conclude that the capsule acts to shield the outer membrane rather than prohibiting the generation of an effective membrane attack complex.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 135 ( Pt 12), 3345 - 52
Transfer and properties of some natural and suicide replicons in Pasteurella multocida; Nnalue NA et al.; We tested the transfer of several plasmids and transposons from Escherichia coli to Pasteurella multocida by filter mating . Two plasmids, pRKTV5 (pRK2013::Tn7) and pUW964 (pRKTV5::Tn5), were derived from pRK2013--a narrow-host-range plasmid with the broad-host-range IncP conjugation genes . Most P . multocida transconjugants obtained with pRKTV5 had Tn7 insertions in the chromosome but some had insertions of the whole plasmid . By contrast, all the transconjugants obtained with pUW964 had insertions of this plasmid or a deleted variant . pUW964 mediated low-frequency transfer of Tn7 or chromosomal markers between P . multocida strains . Broad-host-range IncP plasmid RP4 (RK2) did not yield selectable transconjugants in P . multocida but two plasmids derived by Tn5 insertion into a kanamycin-sensitive derivative of RP4 did yield transconjugants . pSUP1011, a narrow-host-range p15A replicon with the RP4 mob region allowing mobilization by the IncP conjugation genes also yielded transconjugants while several other plasmids tested did not transfer markers to P . multocida.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 Dec, 21(2), 147 - 54
Efficacy of a live Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of experimentally induced bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Chengappa MM et al.; Seventeen Holstein-Friesian calves weighing an average of 139.8 +/- 13.5 (mean +/- standard deviation) kg were used in a study to determine the efficacy of a live vaccine containing of Pasteurella multocida A:3 and Pasteurella haemolytica A:1 . Eleven calves received the vaccine by intramuscular injection in the right shoulder, whereas six calves received vaccine diluent and served as non-vaccinated controls . Fourteen days following vaccination (Day 15) all calves were inoculated deep intranasally with 3.6 X 10(7) TCID50 bovine herpes virus-1 . On Day 16, calves were stressed by transports, and on Day 17 calves were challenged intratracheally with P . multocida A:3 . On Day 22 calves were euthanized and necropsied, and tissues were collected for pathological and microbiological evaluations . Scores were assigned to each calf based on the severity of observed clinical signs . Macroscopic lung lesions were expressed as percentage of tissue involved relative to the total lung tissue of a calf . Plasma fibrinogen concentration, rectal temperature, serum antibody level, microscopic appearance of lung, and microbiologic results were also recorded for analyses . The control calves had significantly higher clinical-sign scores (P less than 0.05) and more severe gross lesions (P less than 0.05) than the vaccinated calves . Although the vaccinated calves had a slight increase of immunoglobulins M and G classes, the differences were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05, P greater than 0.05) . The results of the study indicate that the live Pasteurella vaccine is effective against experimental P . multocida infection in calves.

J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1989 Dec, 12(4), 444 - 50
Chemoprophylaxis and immunity to parasitic bronchitis in cattle--a field experiment comparing topical ivermectin and an oxfendazole intraruminal device; Jacobs DE et al.; Seeder calves infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus were used to contaminate a field divided into three similar paddocks . Twenty-four autumn-born calves were allocated to three matched groups; one group was given topical ivermectin treatments (0.5 mg/kg) at 3, 8 and 13 weeks after turnout (Day 0); each member of a second group was given an oxfendazole pulse-release intraruminal device (OPRB) at turnout; while a third group was kept as untreated controls to monitor the natural epidemiological pattern of events . Severe pasteurella pneumonia exacerbated by lungworm infection occurred in the controls after Day 24 . Two died and repeated doses of antibiotic and anthelmintic therapy were necessary to save the remainder . Clinical signs were much milder in the ivermectin and OPRB groups and resolved with only a single dose of antibiotic . The OPRB group excreted some lungworm larvae at this time, but none was detected in the faeces of the ivermectin group during the grazing season . At housing, five calves from each group and four lungworm-naive calves were challenged with D . viviparus larvae . The infection became patent in all challenge-control calves, but no larvae were passed by any of the trial animals . Post-mortem worm-counts revealed percentage takes for the challenge controls, trial controls, ivermectin and OPRB groups of 16.7, 0.01, 0.9 and 0.2, respectively . All trial groups had therefore developed a substantial immunity.

Infect Immun, 1989 Dec, 57(12), 3816 - 22
A high-molecular-weight fraction of smooth lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella serotype O1:K20 contains a unique O-antigen epitope and determines resistance to nonspecific serum killing; McCallum KL et al.; The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen side chains of Klebsiella serotype O1 have been studied by using mutants selected by resistance to a Klebsiella bacteriophage designated O1-A . Two classes of LPS mutants were identified . The major group (90%) synthesized rough LPS . The remaining 10% of the mutants produced a novel LPS profile that lacked the highest-molecular-weight O-substituted molecules (HMW-LPS) but still produced lower-molecular-weight O-substituted species (LMW-LPS) . By using antisera raised against mutant Klebsiella strains and antiserum specific for Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 4, it was demonstrated that HMW-LPS and LMW-LPS contain shared epitopes . HMW-LPS also contained an epitope absent in LMW-LPS . This unique epitope was recognized by a monoclonal antibody (O1-52.6) and appears to be responsible for the serological cross-reaction between the O antigens of Klebsiella O1 and Escherichia coli O19 . This HMW-LPS epitope was present in eight other Klebsiella O1 isolates which were examined . Electron microscopy demonstrated that HMW-LPS excluded overlying capsular polysaccharide for a distance of 25 to 40 nm . The distance was reduced to 10 to 18 nm in strains which synthesized only LMW-LPS and to zero in rough LPS strains . The HMW-LPS of Klebsiella O1 was shown to be an important virulence determinant, since this molecule was responsible for the resistance of the bacterium to nonspecific, complement-mediated serum killing.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 135 ( Pt 11), 2885 - 90
A plasmid which can be transferred between Escherichia coli and Pasteurella haemolytica by electroporation and conjugation; Craig FF et al.; Three broad-host-range plasmids (pRK290, pSa4 and pKT230) and one native Pasteurella haemolytica plasmid (pPH33) were used in transformation experiments with P . haemolytica strains T179 (serotype A1), Y216 (serotype A2) and its capsular-deficient variant Y216/NS1 . No transformants were detected with either heat-shock or freeze-thaw techniques . However, by electroporation, all P . haemolytica strains were transformed by pPH33 but not by pRK290 or pSa4 . The highest frequency obtained was 91 x 10(4) transformants per microgram of pPH33 DNA with P . haemolytica strain Y216/NS1 . Although pPH33 itself was non-transmissible by conjugation, it could be mobilized from Escherichia coli, using the transfer function of the IncP plasmid pRK2013, into P . haemolytica at a frequency of 0.3-2.2 x 10(-3) per recipient cell.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Nov 1, 102(11), 387 - 9
{Atrophic rhinitis of swine--a multifactorial disease?}; Schoss P; Atrophic rhinitis is caused by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida strains . The infection is supported by Bordetella bronchiseptica and other widespread agents and by non-infectious factors damaging the nasal epithelium . The term "infectious multifactorial disease" means in German, that ubiquitous low-virulent agents cause disease when intensified by non-infectious factors . Atrophic rhinitis does not belong to this group but is an infectious disease, caused by a specific agent and influenced by several factors.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1989 Nov 1, 102(11), 364 - 71
{Infectious factor diseases in domestic small animals (carnivorous and herbivorous fur animals, wool and meat rabbits}; Loliger HC et al.; Infectious factorial diseases of domesticated small animals are infection dependent diseases, whose pathogenesis is finally activated by additional, secondary factors, that influence the multiplying and spreading of latent and clinical symptomless infective agents present in the animals . These factorial diseases are not autonomous infectious processes, but only special types and courses of diseases by secondary activated infective agents . Secondary factors may be of exogenous origin (housing, climate, feeding, managing) or may arise by endogenic processes (immunity, resistance disregulations a.o.) . In fur bearing animals and rabbits infectious factorial diseases arise by activation of latent, symptomless infections of mucosal membranes in the nose and oral cavity, in the intestinal tract, in the descending urinary tract and on the external skin . The majority of infection activating secondary factors go back on wrong housing conditions, extreme climate, malnutrition and simultaneous infections, but also animal specific situations and immunosuppression may influence the activation of latent infections . - Typical factorial diseases in fur bearing animals and rabbits are: the infectious coryza (Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica) in rabbits, the Coli-dysentery and the enterotoxemia in rabbits and herbivorous fur animals, the ascending infections of urinary tract, particular in young male minks, and the different types of microbial dermatitis in all small animals . - In the prevention and control of infectious factorial diseases the improvement of housing and living conditions as well as feeding the animals with species conforming and nonobjectionable food are most important and essential measures.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Nov, 42(11), 1673 - 83
Structure-activity studies of 20-deoxo-20-amino derivatives of tylosin-related macrolides; Kirst HA et al.; Reductive amination of the C-20 aldehyde group of tylosin and related macrolides yielded a large series of derivatives with potentially useful antibiotic properties . Evaluation of these new compounds was conducted on the basis of: 1) Broad antimicrobial spectrum in vitro, with particular emphasis on inhibition of Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica; 2) in vivo efficacy, especially when given orally, against P . multocida in experimental infections in chicks; and 3) bioavailability after oral administration to laboratory animals . The most useful activity was found within a series of derivatives produced by reductive amination of desmycosin with secondary amines.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 Nov, 21(1), 57 - 66
Purification and characterization of a 94-kDa Pasteurella haemolytica antigen; Nelson SL et al.; A 94-kDa antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica Serotype 1, which was previously shown to elicit serum and nasal secretion antibody response to the bacterium, was purified and characterized . The antigen was purified by high performance liquid chromatography utilizing ion exchange, then size exclusion columns . It was a membrane protein that was copurified with 6-7% lipopolysaccharide . It had an isoelectric point of 4.6 . Most other serotypes of P . haemolytica possessed a similar antigen.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Nov, 47(3), 355 - 8
Comparison of methods for the sampling and isolation of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from the nasal cavity of pigs; Chanter N et al.; The efficacy of detecting toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from nasal swabs of slaughtered and live pigs was assessed . The isolation of toxigenic P multocida from nasal cavities of slaughtered bacon pigs from two herds with atrophic rhinitis was reduced by immersion in the hot water tank by 25 per cent and 75 per cent . Individual sows from one of the infected herds were repeatedly swabbed to find the best method of isolating toxigenic P multocida . Toxigenic P multocida were isolated from 50 per cent of cotton swabs inoculated on to selective medium the same day . After 24 hours in the post, 45 per cent of cotton swabs placed in transport medium, 38 per cent of alginate swabs dissolved in transport medium and inoculated into mice, and 36 per cent of the dissolved swabs inoculated directly on to selective medium yielded toxigenic P multocida . These bacteria were isolated from only 25 per cent of cotton swabs held in transport medium at 10 degrees C for 48 hours to simulate prolonged postage times; from slaughtered pigs a similar reduction in isolation was seen with swabs kept for 24 or 48 hours . The reduced isolation caused by a delay before culture was associated with an overgrowth of other flora . The development of this flora was prevented by storage of swabs at 4 degrees C in the laboratory or by the use of cool boxes for postage.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Nov, 36(9), 674 - 80
Protection by toxoid-induced antibody of gnotobiotic piglets challenged with the dermonecrotic toxin of Pasteurella multocida; Frymus T et al.; A crude dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) type D was prepared by repeated sonication and freezing . It was sterilized by filtration . A toxoid was then made and pigs were hyperimmunized with it to get an antiserum . A control serum was obtained by hyperimmunization of pigs with a preparation derived from nontoxigenic P.m . type D in the same manner as the toxoid . Three gnotobiotic piglets were injected with the antiserum . This resulted in neutralization indices (NI) of 25 in their sera, as tested on mice . Three litter-mated controls were given the control serum . Their NI remained 1 . All piglets were challenged intramuscularly 4 times, every third day, with 30 mouse LD50 of the DNT . When euthanized 15 days after the last DNT administration no snout lesions were found in passively immunized piglets, whereas control animals showed severe turbinate atrophy and other changes typical for atrophic rhinitis . The next experiment was identical to the previous one except for the challenge, which was given intranasally (4 times 300 mouse LD50) . Also in this case circulating antitoxin protected the piglets from damage of the nasal turbinates caused by the DNT.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Nov, 171(11), 5955 - 62
Regulation of expression of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant; Strathdee CA et al.; The Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant is composed of four contiguous genes encoded on the same DNA strand and denoted lktCABD, in the order of their genetic organization . To gain a better understanding of the expression and regulation of the leukotoxin, the transcripts and promoters of the lkt determinant were mapped . Northern (RNA) blot analysis revealed two sets of transcripts . One set was 3.7 and 3.4 kilobases long, encoded lktCA, and comprised approximately 90% of the transcripts, whereas the other set was 7.4 and 7.1 kilobases long and encoded lktCABD . Two promoters were present, and each had features similar to the Escherichia coli consensus promoter sequences . Both promoters were located upstream from lktC; they were separated by 258 base pairs, as mapped by primer extension analysis . These results suggest a mechanism of expression similar to that of the related E . coli hemolysin . Transcription initiated upstream from lktC at either promoter and continued through lktC and lktA to a rho-independent transcriptional termination signal in the lktA-lktB intercistronic region . This signal attenuated expression by terminating 90% of transcription to generate the 3.7- and 3.4-kilobase lktCA transcripts . The remaining readthrough transcription generated full-length 7.4- and 7.1-kilobase lktCABD transcripts . Expression of the leukotoxin was greatly reduced by growth at 30 degrees C, pH 6.5, and Fe2+ limitation . These conditions also modulated the expression of a number of other secreted proteins, which suggests that all of these secreted proteins are controlled by the same regulatory mechanism.

Carbohydr Res, 1989 Oct 31, 193, 241 - 8
Structures of neutral glycans isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of reference strains for Serratia marcescens serogroups O16 and O20; Oxley D et al.; Neutral polymers have been isolated from the lipopolysaccharides of the reference strains for Serratia marcescens O16 and O20, serogroups which exhibit significant cross-reactivity . Both organisms produce a galactan with the disaccharide repeating-unit shown, and which apparently accounts for the serological observations . The same galactan has also been reported as the O4-specific polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica . In S . marcescens O16, the galactan is apparently accompanied by a polymer of 2-substituted beta-D-ribofuranosyl residues.

Vet Rec, 1989 Oct 28, 125(18), 453 - 6
Parainfluenza 3 vaccination of sheep; Rodger JL; Outbreaks of pneumonia associated with Pasteurella haemolytica have occurred in sheep in the area of Perthshire served by this practice, and on some farms the disease has been an important annual cause of loss . Serological evidence was obtained that parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus might be implicated as a predisposing factor to pasteurellosis . A live attenuated PI3 virus vaccine licensed for use in cattle was given intranasally to ewes on one farm . Many sheep seroconverted and outbreaks of pneumonia were negligible around the subsequent lambing time . The protection of the flock appeared to last for one season only . Subsequently ewes and lambs on other farms were vaccinated and on these farms there were fewer deaths than expected due to pasteurellosis.

Aust Vet J, 1989 Oct, 66(10), 318 - 21
Toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida in New South Wales pig herds--prevalence and factors associated with infection; Gardner IA et al.; Between March and July 1987, a study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with toxigenic type D Pasteurella multocida infection in New South Wales pig herds . Toxigenic type D P . multocida was isolated from the nasal cavities of pigs in one (2%) of 50 randomly selected herds . Toxigenic isolates were also recovered from 2 (8%) of a separate group of 25 herds that had purchased pigs from a known infected piggery in South Australia (herd SA) . Snout abnormalities were present in 9.4%, 3.2% and 1.8% of grower pigs in the 3 affected herds . Isolation of toxigenic P . multocida was significantly associated (p less than 0.0001) with the occurrence of clinically affected pigs in the herd . Purchase of at least 5 pigs from herd SA was associated with an elevated risk (p less than 0.05) of isolation of toxigenic P . multocida.

Environ Res, 1989 Oct, 50(1), 184 - 94
Pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica and immune responses in mice following exposure to titanium dioxide; Gilmour MI et al.; The effects of dust inhalation on immune responses in mice to aerosolized Pasteurella haemolytica were investigated . Animals exposed to titanium dioxide dust (TiO2) at a respirable aerosol concentration of approximately 20 mg m-3 for 20 hr per day, before or after aerosol vaccination, had impaired pulmonary bacterial clearance relative to animals kept in clean air . Additionally, lymphocytes from the local (mediastinal) lymph nodes had depressed responses to bacterial antigen in vitro in mice exposed to dust immediately after vaccination . However, there were no differences in the splenic lymphocyte responses between groups, while serum antibody responses were low and variable . A second experiment showed that aerosol vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals, which were exposed to a respirable aerosol concentration of TiO2 at 20 mg m-3 immediately after inoculation with a bacterial aerosol, had impaired clearance compared to their respective controls maintained in clean air.

Environ Res, 1989 Oct, 50(1), 157 - 72
The effect of titanium dioxide inhalation on the pulmonary clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in the mouse; Gilmour MI et al.; Four inhalation exposure chambers were designed and built in which up to 80 mice per chamber could be accommodated . Exposure for several weeks to an inert inorganic particulate aerosol of titanium dioxide at a respirable aerosol concentration of 20 mg m-3 impaired the clearance of Pasteurella haemolytica in proportion to the duration of exposure . Other groups exposed to a lower respirable concentration of 2 mg m-3 exhibited similar clearance rates relative to mice maintained in clean air . A recovery experiment showed that inhalation of TiO2 at 20 mg m-3 for 10 days impaired bacterial clearance at least 10 days after cessation of exposure to TiO2.

Infect Immun, 1989 Oct, 57(10), 3210 - 3
Immunoserological comparison of 104-kilodalton proteins associated with hemolysis and cytolysis in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Actinobacillus suis, Pasteurella haemolytica, and Escherichia coli; Devenish J et al.; A homologous polyclonal antibody was produced in a rabbit to the 104-kilodalton (kDa) protein hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 strain CM-5 . In immunoblots, this antibody recognized a similar 104-kDa protein produced in culture supernatants by A . pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 to 12 and taxon "Minor group" in addition to Pasteurella haemolytica, Actinobacillus suis, and alpha-hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli (but only weakly in the latter two organisms) . These results were reproduced by using a mouse monoclonal antibody to the CM-5 104-kDa protein hemolysin, except that the monoclonal antibody bound more strongly to the alpha-hemolysin produced by E . coli, only weakly to the 104-kDa protein produced by "Minor group," and not at all to any extracellular antigens produced by A . suis . Pigs experimentally infected with A . pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 to 10 and A . suis produced an antibody that recognized the 104-kDa hemolysin produced by CM-5 . A pig challenged with a "Minor group" strain did not have such antibodies . Rabbit antiserum produced against the leukotoxin of P . haemolytica and alpha-hemolysin-producing E . coli also recognized the CM-5 hemolysin, but the latter only weakly . The hemolytic activity produced by CM-5 in culture supernatant was neutralized strongly by the pig serum to serotypes 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and 10 and A . suis, only partially by serotype 8 antiserum and the rabbit antiserum to P . haemolytica leukotoxin, and not all by the antiserum to serotypes 3, 4, and 7 and "Minor group" and the E . coli alpha-hemolysin . These results indicate that a similar but not identical 104-kDa protein is produced in vitro and in vivo by all serotypes of A . pleuropneumoniae and may be related to cytolysins produced by other gram-negative bacteria.

Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 820 - 2
Pasteurella multocida infection in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica); Glisson JR et al.; Three flocks of Japanese quail, approximately 75,000 birds each, experienced acute high mortality beginning at 24 to 28 days of age . Gross lesions were absent or were composed of either multifocal small pale areas on livers and spleens or lungs slightly darker in color than normal . Histopathology revealed multifocal splenic and hepatic necrosis and interstitial pneumonia . Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3,4, was isolated from affected tissues . The quail were successfully treated with chlortetracycline, and the organism was apparently eliminated from the premises by thorough cleaning, disinfection, and insect and rodent control . Experimental studies showed Japanese quail to be highly susceptible to disease caused by the P . multocida isolated from the affected flocks.

Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 816 - 9
Fowl cholera in broilers; Sander JE et al.; Pasteurella multocida, the etiologic agent of fowl cholera, was isolated from six broiler flocks in Georgia during summer 1988 . The flocks ranged in age from 20 to 46 days, represented four companies, and spanned a distance of 50 miles . Increased mortality and lameness were the clinical signs present in all affected flocks . Bacterial isolation and agar gel precipitation for somatic antigen serotyping revealed that three of the cases were caused by serotype 1,3, two by serotype 3,4, and one by serotype 3 . To prove the virulence of these organisms, two isolates were selected to challenge 5-week-old broilers . Mortality and lameness resulted from this challenge, and P . multocida was reisolated.

Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 809 - 15
Pasteurella anatipestifer infections in California turkey flocks: circumstantial evidence of a mosquito vector; Cooper GL; Outbreaks of Pasteurella anatipestifer infections in California turkey flocks were investigated and found to have a seasonal distribution, with a peak incidence in fall, coinciding with peak Culex mosquito populations . An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that mosquitoes may serve as vectors for P . anatipestifer infections in turkeys . Four 7-week-old turkey poults were exposed for 7 days to mosquitoes captured from turkey barns during a field outbreak of P . anatipestifer serotype 1 infection . One turkey developed serum antibodies to serotype 1, detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, and was resistant to an intravenous inoculation of P . anatipestifer serotype 1 at 4 weeks postexposure . Giemsa-stained blood smears from this bird and from three 7-week-old turkeys inoculated intravenously with P . anatipestifer revealed the presence of rod-shaped bacteria in or on the surface of host erythrocytes . No such rod-shaped bodies were found on erythrocytes of an uninoculated control turkey.

Can J Vet Res, 1989 Oct, 53(4), 371 - 7
Induction of pulmonary antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica following intraduodenal stimulation of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue in cattle; Bowersock TL et al.; The induction of pulmonary antibodies to a bacterial antigen following intraduodenal (D) stimulation of the gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) was investigated . Six calves were divided into two groups of three calves each . The GALT-primed calves received an ID dose of live Pasteurella haemolytica A1 followed by a subcutaneous (SC) dose of killed P . haemolytica . The sham-primed calves received an ID dose of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS) followed by a SC dose of killed bacteria . Serum and pulmonary lavage fluids were collected weekly from each calf and assayed for titers of leukotoxin neutralizing antibodies (LNA), as well as IgG and IgA (lavage fluids only) to P . haemolytica . The GALT-primed calves responded to the ID stimulation by bacteria with increased serum IgG . The sham-primed calves had no change in antibody titers following ID stimulation . The GALT-primed calves had increased serum IgG, lavage IgG and IgA and increased LNA titers in both lavage fluids and serum following the SC dose of killed bacteria . The sham-primed calves demonstrated only an increase in serum IgG following the SC inoculation . A challenge study to evaluate if antibodies induced by GALT stimulation could reduce pulmonary lesions was performed using six calves divided into two groups . One group received an ID dose of P . haemolytica followed two weeks later by a SC dose of killed P . haemolytica . The sham vaccinated calves received an ID dose of PBSS followed in two weeks by a SC dose of killed bacterin . Calves were challenged by an intrapulmonary dose of live P . haemolytica A1 eleven days after the SC inoculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 27(10), 2190 - 4
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis of the immunoglobulin G response to whole-cell and lipooligosaccharide antigens of Pasteurella pneumotropica in laboratory mice with latent pasteurellosis; Manning PJ et al.; The immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to whole-cell and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) antigens of Pasteurella pneumotropica was evaluated in mice with latent pasteurellosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblots . Antibodies to cell wall proteins of P . pneumotropica also reacted with several protein antigens from isolates of Actinobacillus spp . and other pasteurellae . Conversely, antibodies to LOS antigens of P . pneumotropica demonstrated no cross-reactivity with LOSs of other Pasteurella or Actinobacillus species . IgG to cell wall proteins was detected initially by ELISA 4 weeks after experimental oronasal inoculation of specific-pathogen-free mice; antibody to LOSs was first detected 7 weeks after infection and at that time exceeded titers to other cell wall antigens . Naturally infected conventional mice from a colony with endemic latent pasteurellosis had high IgG titers to P . pneumotropica antigens at 8 to 10 weeks of age, and, as in the experimentally infected mice, antibody to LOSs predominated . Thus, LOSs of P . pneumotropica can be used as an ELISA or immunoblot antigen to detect serospecific antibodies in laboratory mice with latent pasteurellosis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 27(10), 2169 - 74
Pasteurella caballi, a new species from equine clinical specimens; Schlater LK et al.; The name Pasteurella caballi is proposed for a group of organisms represented by 29 strains isolated from respiratory and other infections in horses . P . caballi strains are gram-negative, oxidase-positive, nonmotile, fermentative rods with the key characteristics of the genus Pasteurella . These strains differed from other Pasteurella species in that all were aerogenic and catalase negative, and some strains produced acid from myo-inositol and L-rhamnose . The levels of DNA relatedness of 28 P . caballi strains with labeled DNA from the proposed type strain averaged 91 and 85% (hydroxyapatite method at 55 and 70 degrees C) . P . caballi was 13 to 53% related to strains representing 22 other species of the family Pasteurellaceae . The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA of four strains was 41 to 42 mol% . The type strain is 83851 (=ATCC 49197).

Avian Dis, 1989 Oct-Dec, 33(4), 609 - 14
Practical application of nucleic acid techniques to avian disease problems; Purchase HG; A workshop in which 17 practicing scientists participated was intended to address primarily people who use or could use biotechnology in their work and was confined to five techniques . Endonuclease fingerprinting and mapping involved cleaving nucleic acid with a specific restriction enzyme and separating the nucleic acid fragments by electrophoresis . Field and vaccine isolates of Pasteurella multocida could be distinguished; Salmonella enteritidis could be divided into three groups; chlamydia could be grouped into seven groups; and vaccinia, quail pox, and fowl pox could be clearly distinguished . Preparation of nucleic acid probes involved producing large amounts of labeled oligonucleotides, usually of unknown sequence . Successful probes had been made for infectious bursal disease virus, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus . In Southern, Northern, and dot blotting, either DNA or RNA fragments were placed on or transferred to a solid substrate and probed . The procedure was able to detect infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Marek's disease virus . In situ hybridization involved applying a labeled probe to frozen or fixed sections or to intact cells . In Polymerase chain reaction, two primers, some distance apart, were annealed to a denatured target DNA . Repeated cycles of DNA synthesis with a thermostable polymerase, denaturing, and reannealing resulted in great amplification of a rare sequence . After 30 cycles, a rare gene sequence could be amplified more than 10(6) times . It was used successfully to detect minute quantities of influenza virus and infectious bursal disease virus, and the process was used to facilitate DNA sequencing of coccidiosis gene segments.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1989 Oct, 1(4), 299 - 304
In vitro assessment of the efficacy of erythromycin in combination with oxytetracycline or spectinomycin against Pasteurella haemolytica; Burrows GE et al.; The effects of combining erythromycin (Ery) with oxytetracycline (Oxy) or spectinomycin (Sp) on Pasteurella haemolytica were evaluated in vitro using the chessboard (checkerboard) technique . These combinations were selected because all are drugs widely used in bovine respiratory disease treatment, and they represent possible sequential or complementary mechanisms of action . Using the recommended breakpoints of greater than 4 micrograms/ml for Ery, 16 micrograms/ml for Oxy, and 32 micrograms/ml for Sp, of the 33 P . haemolytica isolates, 32 were resistant to Oxy, 27 to Sp, and 14 to Ery . Based on the fractional inhibitory concentration index, Ery and Oxy in combination were synergistic or additive against 32 of 33 isolates . The combination of Ery and Sp was synergistic or additive against 27 of 33 isolates . No instances of antagonism were seen . When the effects were considered within the context of therapeutically achievable serum/tissue concentrations, the effects of Ery and Oxy in combination were only marginal . Thus, against P . haemolytica isolates, Ery and Sp appeared to represent an effective antimicrobial combination, whereas Ery and Oxy were only of marginal efficacy as a combination.

J Biol Chem, 1989 Sep 15, 264(26), 15451 - 6
Analysis of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin gene . Delineation of unique features and comparison to homologous toxins; Lally ET et al.; Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin has been implicated as a virulence factor in human infections . To initiate delineation of leukotoxin structure/function relationships, molecular cloning of the leukotoxin gene was carried out . When an A . actinomycetemcomitans genomic DNA library in lambda EMBL3 was screened using a 1.3-kilobase pair restriction fragment containing a portion of the leukotoxin gene, 13 positive recombinants were identified . One recombinant, designated lambda OP8, containing a 16-kilobase pair insert was selected for detailed study . Lysates from lambda OP8, but not control lysates, exhibited leukotoxic activity with target cell specificity identical to the native toxin . Western blots identified the recombinant-produced toxin as a 125-kDa protein doublet identical in mobility to the native toxin . Restriction enzyme and extensive DNA analyses demonstrated that the leukotoxin gene showed strong homology to two other toxins produced by Escherichia coli and Pasteurella haemolytica . As in the other two species, the A . actinomycetemcomitans toxin is contained in a cluster of four genes in which the A gene encodes the toxin and the products of the B, C, and D genes are involved in posttranslational modification of the toxin and its membrane insertion and secretion . The target cell specificity of the A . actinomycetemcomitans toxin differs from the other two toxins and is restricted to human and some non-human primate cells of the monomyelocytic lineage . The A . actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin is not secreted but remains associated with the bacterial membrane, possibly through a hydrophobic domain at the carboxyl terminus which distinguishes it from the E . coli and P . haemolytica toxins.

Lab Anim Sci, 1989 Sep, 39(5), 406 - 10
Infection with and antibody response to Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in immature rabbits; Glass LS et al.; At 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age rabbits were cultured for Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica from the paranasal sinuses, trachea, middle ears, lungs and liver . Sera were tested for antibodies (IgG) against P . multocida and B . bronchiseptica . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from all ages of rabbits, and B . bronchiseptica was isolated from rabbits 4 to 10 weeks old . The sinuses were colonized most often, followed by the trachea, middle ears and lungs . No bacteria were isolated from the liver . The number of rabbits with antibodies against both bacteria decreased between 2 and 6 weeks of age, indicating a fall in maternal antibodies, and increased between 6 and 8 weeks of age, suggesting an active humoral response.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1633 - 7
Direct effects of Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide on bovine pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro; Paulsen DB et al.; Bovine pulmonary artery cells in cell culture were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype Al . This resulted in severe membrane damage, which caused a time- and dose-dependent release of lactate dehydrogenase that was first detected 4 hours after exposure and reached a maximal mean release of 67% after 24 hours of exposure to 1 micrograms of LPS/ml . Mean release of 51chromium followed by a similar pattern and reached a maximum of 61% following 24 hours of exposure to 10 micrograms of LPS/ml . Morphologically, endothelial cells responded to LPS by marked cell membrane retraction, the formation of numerous cytoplasmic blebs, and ruffling of the cell membrane . Subsequently, the cells became round and detached . Cell detachment reached a mean of 95% following 8 hours of exposure to 1 micrograms of LPS/ml . These studies demonstrated that P haemolytica LPS is capable of causing direct damage to bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, which may be important in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1557 - 65
Interaction between Pasteurella haemolytica, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and bovine viral diarrhea virus; Clarke CR et al.; A study was designed to develop and define a sc tissue chamber as a suitable device for establishing a soft-tissue infection model in cattle and to use this model to study the interaction between Pasteurella haemolytica, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) . Thermoplastic tissue chambers were implanted in the paralumbar fossae of 20 calves . At 35 days after implantation, calves were allotted to 4 groups of equal size and the calves in 2 groups were inoculated intratracheally with a New York-1 strain of BVDV . At 45 days after implantation, all chambers were inoculated with a 6-hour culture of P haemolytica serotype 1 . Starting 36 hours after bacterial inoculation, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim was administered IV once a day to half of the virus-inoculated calves and to half of those calves that had not been exposed to virus . Inoculation of P haemolytica into tissue chambers resulted in the establishment of a localized soft-tissue infection, characteristic of pneumonic pasteurellosis . Despite the maintenance of chamber antimicrobial concentrations that exceeded minimal bactericidal concentrations established in vitro, the infections were not sterilized . This lack of efficacy was associated with decreased pH and increased protein concentrations in chamber fluids after inoculation . Infection with BVDV, which is thought to depress host defenses, had no effect on the response of P haemolytica to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim administration . Observation of responsive antibody titers, bacterial phagocytosis, and high leukocyte viability within P haemolytica-infected chambers documented functional host defenses within tissue chambers.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1551 - 6
Effect of Pasteurella haemolytica infection on the distribution of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into tissue chambers implanted subcutaneously in cattle; Clarke CR et al.; A study was designed to determine the effect of Pasteurella haemolytica infection on the rate and extent of penetration of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into tissue chambers implanted SC in cattle . Thermoplastic tissue chambers were implanted SC in 6 calves . At 35 days after implantation, sulfadiazine (25 mg/kg of body weight) and trimethoprim (5 mg/kg) were administered IV to 5 of the calves . Chamber fluid and blood samples were collected from each animal at various time intervals for 24 hours after administration . Ten days later, all chambers were inoculated with P haemolytica serotype 1 . At 36 hours after inoculation, a second pharmacokinetic study was conducted, using sulfadiazine and trimethoprim . Drug doses and sampling schedules were identical to those used prior to inoculation . A histologic study of infected chamber tissue was conducted, using the calf not included in the pharmacokinetic studies . Disposition curves of antimicrobials in serum and chamber fluid were well described by 2-compartment and 1-compartment pharmacokinetic models, respectively . Inoculation of P haemolytica into tissue chambers was accompanied by marked changes in the composition of chamber fluid . Increased total protein and albumin concentrations, decreased pH, and disruption of chamber tissue vasculature were associated with a significant increase in the penetration of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim into infected tissue chambers, compared with that in noninfected chambers . This increased penetration was accompanied by increases in the apparent volume of distribution for sulfadiazine and trimethoprim.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1460 - 5
Atrophic rhinitis in New Zealand white rabbits infected with Pasteurella multocida; DiGiacomo RF et al.; Atrophic rhinitis was detected in New Zealand White rabbits when upper respiratory tract disease was evaluated during a vaccine field trial for the prevention of pasteurellosis . Of 52 adult rabbits euthanatized and necropsied, 26 (50%) had evidence of turbinate atrophy . Atrophy was detected in 77% of rabbits with Pasteurella multocida infection only, 71% of rabbits with concurrent P multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica infections, and 6% of rabbits with B bronchiseptica infection only . Grossly, turbinate atrophy was characterized by a mild to severe loss or diminution in the maxilloturbinates . Histologically, turbinate bones were small and irregular in thickness and had numerous osteoclasts and osteoblasts . A neutrophilic exudate filled the nasal passages, and infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes were detected in the mucosa and submucosa of the nasal turbinates . Rhinitis was significantly (P less than 0.001) associated with turbinate atrophy . Isolates of P multocida from rabbits with turbinate atrophy were serotype A:12.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 185 - 9
Experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia in calves; Gourlay RN et al.; Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the lungs of calves that died on a farm in the south of England . This organism was inoculated experimentally into 13 calves by the intratracheal route: in all but two of the calves mild clinical disease resulted and at necropsy, three or four days later, pneumonic consolidation involving up to 22 per cent of the lung was observed . P multocida was isolated from all but two of the lungs . Of two calves inoculated intravenously with P multocida, one showed mild clinical disease and slight pneumonic consolidation at necropsy and the other remained normal . Control calves inoculated intratracheally and intravenously with sterile broth showed no signs of illness and no pneumonic consolidation . Histologically the lung lesions comprised a fibrinous bronchopneumonia with variable sized areas of coagulative necrosis, extensive deposition of fibrin and massive dilatation and oedema of the interlobular and pleural lymphatics . It is concluded that P multocida should receive more recognition as a primary pathogen.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 158 - 63
Pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefoperazone given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes to unweaned calves; Soback S et al.; Cefoperazone pharmacokinetics were studied in unweaned calves . The antibiotic was administered to 10 calves intravenously, to eight calves intramuscularly at 20 mg kg-1 and to 10 calves intramuscularly at 20 mg kg-1 together with probenecid at 40 mg kg-1 . Serum concentration versus time data were analysed by non-compartmental methods based on the statistical moment theory . The intravenous data were also fitted by a linear, open two-compartment model . The terminal halflife of cefoperazone was 127.9 +/- 28.2 min (mean +/- SD) after intravenous and 136.9 +/- 19.6 min after intramuscular administration . The t1/2 was increased to 257.3 +/- 127.3 min by the co-administration of probenecid . The total body clearance was 8.16 +/- 1.60 ml min-1 kg-1 and the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.713 +/- 0.167 litre kg-1 . The mean residence time values were 87.2 +/- 10.6 min after intravenous and 140.3 +/- 20.6 min after intramuscular injection and were increased to 264.5 +/- 99.8 min by the co-administration of probenecid . The estimated mean absorption time was 53.1 min and the estimated bioavailability after intramuscular administration was 76.3 per cent . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values of cefoperazone ranged from 0.5 to 2 micrograms ml-1 for Escherichia coli, salmonella groups C, D and E and Pasteurella multocida isolates . Salmonella group B strains appeared to be highly resistant to cefoperazone with MIC90 greater than 32 micrograms ml-1 . There were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic variables calculated by statistical moment theory or compartmental analysis indicating central compartment output of cefoperazone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Br Vet J, 1989 Sep-Oct, 145(5), 483 - 93
Laboratory assessment of protection given by experimental Pasteurella anatipestifer vaccine; Timms LM et al.; An experimental, inactivated P . anatipestifer type 'G' vaccine was produced containing 10(9) CFU/0.5 ml and aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (25% final concentration) . From comparative pathogenicity studies of field isolates type 'A', 'D' and 'G', the 'G' serotype was selected as being most virulent and suitable for challenge . Vaccination trials, in the laboratory, showed that a single subcutaneous inoculation (0.5 ml) of the above vaccine at 14 days provided the best protection against challenge up to 5 weeks of age . During the course of investigations, maternal antibodies were encountered in ducklings up to the age of 6 days and natural resistance to infection in adults from 5 weeks upwards . Evidence has also been provided of cross antigen-antibody reactions detected in the ELISA, between the 'A', 'D' and 'G' serotypes . A threefold 'protective index' system is described which provides a very sensitive measurement of effective vaccination.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Sep, 50(9), 1566 - 9
Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime given alone and combination with probenecid to unweaned calves; Soback S et al.; Ceftazidime pharmacokinetic values were studied in unweaned calves given the antibiotic alone or in combination with probenecid . Ceftazidime was administered IV to 9 calves at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight and IM (10 mg/kg) to 8 calves, to 7 calves (10 mg/kg plus probenecid {40 mg/kg}), and to 9 calves (10 mg/kg plus probenecid {80 mg/kg}) . Serum concentration-vs-time data were analyzed, using noncompartmental methods based on statistical moment theory . The data for IV ceftazidime administration also were fitted by use of a linear, open 2-compartment model . The mean (+/- SD) terminal half-life was 138.7 +/- 23.6 minutes and 126.3 +/- 10.5 minutes after IV and IM administrations, respectively . The mean residence time was 167.3 +/- 21.1 minutes and 201.4 +/- 16.8 minutes after IV and IM administrations, respectively . Coadministeration of probenecid did not affect the terminal half-life or mean residence time values . The total body clearance was 1.75 +/- 0.26 ml/min/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 0.294 +/- 0.064 L/kg . The estimated mean absorption time was 34.1 minutes . There were no significant differences between the mean residence time calculated by statistical moment theory or by compartmental analysis, indicating central compartment output of ceftazidime . The 90% minimal inhibitory concentration values of ceftazidime determined for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pasteurella multocida, and P haemolytica isolates ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.1 micrograms/ml.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 277 - 9
Evaluation of bovine antibody responses to haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine; Johnson RB et al.; ELISA and immunoblotting techniques were used to examine the humoral immune response to Pasteurella multocida, in bovine sera from Indonesia and Malaysia . Elevated levels of antibody to a crude lipopolysaccharide preparation were found in vaccinated animals . In addition to the response to lipopolysaccharide, antibodies from the vaccinated cattle strongly labelled five to six of the 40 protein bands in this organism.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Sep, 47(2), 203 - 7
Acute phase response in calves following infection with Pasteurella haemolytica, Ostertagia ostertagi and endotoxin administration; Conner JG et al.; The concentrations of bovine acute phase proteins were monitored in plasma following experimental infection with Pasteurella haemolytica and Ostertagia ostertagi and after endotoxin administration . Raised levels of haptoglobin, alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor and seromucoid were detected after pasteurella infection and endotoxin administration . Ceruloplasmin levels increased after endotoxin administration but not during pasteurella infection . Raised levels of the four acute phase proteins were found in eight of 19 calves infected with ostertagia but showed a variable pattern and did not correlate with plasma pepsinogen increases . Bovine alpha 1 antichymotrypsin and alpha 2 macroglobulin were identified as acute phase reactants.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1989 Aug, 67(2), 171 - 5
Characterization of some previously unclassified Pasteurellaceae isolated from hamsters; Krause T et al.; Bacteria isolated from purulent processes on the jaws of European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) and from intestinal inflammatory processes in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), bred as laboratory animals have been shown to be phenotypically similar but not identical with Pasteurella pneumotropica . Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization studies indicate that with one exception, the strains represent two new species of the family Pasteurellaceae . In the absence of a close genomic relatedness to members of the genera Actinobacillus or Pasteurella or allied organisms, however, the two new taxa are described without any formal designation . The one exception was identified as Actinobacillus capsulatus, a species not previously isolated from hamsters.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Aug, 50(8), 1244 - 9
Bovine serum and nasal secretion immunoglobulins against Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 antigens; Nelson SL et al.; Experimental intranasal inoculation of cattle with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 resulted in a group that shed the bacteria in their nasal secretions (colonized) and a group that did not shed (uncolonized) . After inoculation, antibody titers in serum and nasal secretions against the total P haemolytica increased significantly, and the proportions of total antibody against specific P haemolytica antigens changed so that the proportion directed against the 94- and 62-kD antigens increased . Prior to inoculation, the proportion of total antibody in the serum against 94- and 62-kD antigens of P haemolytica was higher in calves that remained uncolonized than in those that became colonized with P haemolytica after exposure . Antibody specificity of serum and nasal secretions differed in the relative amounts directed against each P haemolytica antigen . The specificity against P haemolytica antigens differed between IgG and IgA isotypes of serum and nasal secretions, with IgA being directed against fewer antigens than was IgG.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Aug, 27(8), 1847 - 53
Use of an rRNA probe and restriction endonuclease analysis to fingerprint Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys and wildlife; Snipes KP et al.; Twenty-five isolates of the bacterium Pasteurella multocida were characterized (fingerprinted) phenotypically and genotypically in order to compare the abilities of various techniques to differentiate strains for epidemiologic studies of fowl cholera . Isolates were obtained over a 16-month period from turkeys dying from fowl cholera (six outbreak flocks) and from wildlife captured on premises with a history of the disease . The characteristics compared included (i) serotype, (ii) subspecies, (iii) antibiogram, (iv) presence of plasmid DNA, (v) restriction endonuclease analysis patterns of whole-cell DNA, and (vi) ribotype . Ribotyping, a method of highlighting DNA restriction site heterogeneity by using an rRNA probe, worked well for differentiating the strains of P . multocida when the majority of the other techniques could not . Ribotyping results correlated directly with and confirmed results obtained from restriction endonuclease analysis . Ribotyping demonstrated the presence of up to three strains of P . multocida in one outbreak flock, recurrence of a single strain in five of the flocks over an 11-month period, and the presence of common strains in turkeys and wildlife on the premises.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1253 - 67
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin (tilmicosin, EL-870) and related cyclic amino derivatives; Debono M et al.; A series of 20-deoxo-20-cyclic (alkylamino) derivatives of tylosin, desmycosin, macrocin and lactenocin was prepared by reductive amination of the C-20 aldehyde group . The majority of the compounds were prepared using metal hydrides (sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium borohydride) as the reducing agents and a suitable cyclic alkylamine . Subsequently, a more convenient procedure was developed using formic acid as a reducing agent . The C-20 amino derivatives prepared from desmycosin exhibited good in vitro antimicrobial activity against Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida (MIC range of 0.78 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml) as well as Mycoplasma species (MIC range of 0.39 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml) . Several derivatives showed excellent oral efficacy against infections caused by P . multocida in chicks . One of these derivatives, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin (tilmicosin or EL-870) was selected for development as a therapeutic agent for pasteurellosis in calves and pigs.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Aug, 22(1), 53 - 65
Serum IgG and IgM antibody response in cattle to antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica; Mosier DA et al.; The serum IgG and IgM antibody responses of 48 cattle vaccinated with live Pasteurella haemolytica (LIVE), formalin-killed P . haemolytica in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), or formalin-killed P . haemolytica in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (ALH) to a variety of P . haemolytica antigens were evaluated . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine the sequential and day 21 IgG and IgM antibody responses to whole P . haemolytica (WB), a capsular carbohydrate-protein subunit (CPS) extracted from the organism, P . haemolytica capsular carbohydrate (CC), and P . haemolytica leukotoxin (LT) . LIVE and FIA vaccinates developed generally higher IgG and IgM responses to all antigens compared to ALH vaccinates . LIVE vaccinates developed IgG responses to LT which were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than all other vaccinates . In contrast, FIA vaccinates developed significantly higher IgG responses to CPS than all other vaccinates . On the basis of the ELISA results, similar or cross reacting antigenic sites were present in preparations containing surface antigens (WB, CPS and CC), but not LT . Disease resistance, as determined by experimental lesions induced in the 48 calves by transthoracic challenge with P . haemolytica, was significantly greater in the LIVE and FIA vaccinates compared with ALH vaccinates . No significant difference in resistance was detected between LIVE and FIA vaccinates . Lesions in ALH vaccinates were not significantly different than those in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls . Increased IgG responses to all antigens were significantly associated with resistance to experimental disease; however, IgG responses to CPS were most highly correlated with resistance . The only IgM response which was significantly correlated with resistance was the response to CPS . These studies indicate that serum IgG antibody responses to various surface antigens of P . haemolytica, as well as LT, can enhance resistance to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis . Serum IgM responses, however, do not appear to play a major role in resistance to experimental disease.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Aug, 50(8), 1297 - 301
Infection of the middle nasal meatus of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1; Frank GH et al.; Eight healthy nonstressed calves were inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1, by instilling a broth culture into the middle nasal meatus of the left nostril . The inoculated left nostrils shed P haemolytica from the ventral nasal meatus at a steady rate for a mean of 7 days, whereas the uninoculated right nostrils of the same calves shed P haemolytica sporadically and in lower concentrations . The duration, frequency, and concentration of P haemolytica shed from the inoculated nostrils was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than from the nostrils of other healthy calves that had been exposed by instilling the culture into the ventral nasal meatus of both nostrils in a previous study . The concentration of antibodies (IgG, IgA, and IgM) to P haemolytica increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in serum and nasal secretions after exposure . Four weeks after initial P haemolytica exposure, calves were exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and became clinically ill . Four calves were induced to shed P haemolytica from both nostrils by the virus infection; thus, they were harboring the bacterium and were susceptible to active recolonization . Four calves were not induced to shed P haemolytica . The apparent reason was not that they were resistant to active colonization, but that they were no longer harboring the bacterium, because they became active shedders after they were reinfected with P haemolytica.

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1989 Jul 15, 51(1), 169 - 73
Secretion of the Pasteurella leukotoxin by Escherichia coli; Chang YF et al.; Nucleic acid sequence analysis has indicated that the leukotoxin determinant from Pasteurella haemolytica is related to the hemolysin determinant from E . coli . The cloning and expression in E . coli of the lktCA genes has been previously reported, but the existence of leukotoxin secretory genes equivalent to hlyBD has not been documented . In this report we demonstrate that a 4.0 kb segment of P . haemolytica genomic DNA distal to the lktA gene, when expressed in trans to the previous cloned lktCA genes, allow the synthesis and secretion of active leukotoxin from E . coli . Complementation analysis using the cloned hlyB and hlyD genes indicates that this secretory locus derived from P . haemolytica contains two genes which we designate, by analogy, lktB and lktD.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Jul, 21(3-4), 279 - 92
Chemotactic response of bovine neutrophils to Pasteurella haemolytica culture fluid; Brunner CJ et al.; Bovine neutrophil chemotactic activity was detected in the supernatant fluid of logarithmic phase cultures of P . haemolytica serotype 1 . The chemoattractant was produced under culture conditions suitable for P . haemolytica leukotoxin production . An inverse correlation existed between the leukotoxin LC50 and the chemotactic activity in the culture fluid . Elimination of leukotoxin activity by heating, dilution or ultrafiltration, exposed the chemotactic activity in the culture fluid . The chemoattractant was partially resistant to heating (60 degrees C, 30 min), and had an apparent molecular weight greater than 100,000 . Detection of chemotactic activity in both the concentrate and filtrate after XM300 filtration suggested that there might be more than one component with chemotactic activity or else that polymerization was occurring . Production of a potent neutrophil chemoattractant by P . haemolytica may explain the rapid infiltration of neutrophils that occurs during the early stages of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Jul, 36(5), 385 - 90
Changes in the relative concentrations of surfactant phospholipids in young pigs with experimental pneumonia; Sachse K; Lung lavage fluids of 23 young pigs were investigated prior to and after experimental infection with Pasteurella multocida . Comparison of the phospholipid patterns showed an increase in the relative concentration of phosphatidylinositol and a decrease in that of phosphatidylglycerol in the diseased animals . The phosphatidylcholine-to-phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol-to-phosphatidylethanolamine ratios were used as parameters to characterize the changing patterns . The reductions in these ratios following infection were found to be useful indicators of bacterial pneumonia . Immunization did not affect the characteristic variations . A rapid screening procedure involving solid-phase extraction, one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and densitometric scanning of the plates was used.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 506 - 10
Relationship between anti-Pasteurella multocida antibody titers after CU vaccination and survival after challenge; Schlink GT et al.; The relationship between serum anti-Pasteurella multocida antibodies and survival rates after challenge was determined in turkeys vaccinated one or more times with the live avirulent Clemson University (CU) vaccine and then challenged with a virulent isolate (9481) of P . multocida in the drinking water . A microtiter agglutination test for assaying anti-P . multocida serum antibodies demonstrated a highly significant (P less than 0.001) correlation between the serum antibody titer 1 week after the initial or single vaccination and the survival rate after challenge, and a significant (P less than 0.01) correlation between the antibody titer immediately before challenge and the survival rate after challenge . A highly significant (P less than 0.0001) correlation was also observed between the antibody titer before vaccination and the survival rate after challenge . This relationship was considered the result of an anamnestic response by the CU vaccine to a previous sensitization by antigens of other microbial organisms, probably in the intestine and similar antigenically to P . multocida . In contrast, a significant (P less than 0.05) but negative correlation was seen between the antibody titer 1 week after challenge and the survival rate . This relationship was thought to be the result of a marked stimulation of the antibody titer by the systemic infection of P . multocida that subsequently killed the turkeys.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Jul, 50(7), 1166 - 9
Serum and tissue concentrations of erythromycin in calves with induced pneumonic pasteurellosis; Burrows GE et al.; The effects of pneumonia on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin administered IM and the tissue concentration changes with time were evaluated in 2-month-old calves . Pneumonia was induced by injection of Pasteurella haemolytica cultures through the thoracic wall into each lung . Six days prior to induction of pneumonia, erythromycin (15 mg/kg) was administered in a single IM dose . Erythromycin was administered again 48, 72, and 96 hours after injection of P haemolytica . On the third day of erythromycin administration (96 hours), the calves were serially euthanatized in groups of 4 calves each at 2, 5, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the final dose was given . Tissue concentrations of erythromycin in kidney, liver, lung, muscle, CSF, and serum were determined . Neither the serum concentrations nor the overall pharmacokinetic values were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) changed by pneumonia . The concentrations of erythromycin were maximal at 5 hours for liver, muscle, and serum and at 8 hours for CSF, kidney, and lung . Serum and muscle concentrations were similar, whereas concentrations in CSF were lower than in serum and higher in kidney, liver, and lung . The lung/serum ratios were approximately 2.5 to 3 at 8 through 24 hours after IM administration . The peak concentration in lung was approximately 6 micrograms/g at 8 hours.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Jul, 47(1), 84 - 9
Effect of a new macrolide antibiotic (tilmicosin) on pneumonia experimentally induced in calves by Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica; Gourlay RN et al.; Two gnotobiotic calves were treated once with tilmicosin (20 mg kg-1) six hours before they were infected by the intratracheal route with Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 . This treatment prevented colonisation of the lungs by P haemolytica and considerably reduced colonisation by M bovis, and the clinical scores and the extent of pneumonic consolidation, compared with two untreated gnotobiotic calves, both of which had to be killed in extremis for humanitarian reasons within 24 hours of infection . In a second experiment, 10 conventionally reared calves were similarly exposed to infection and, at the onset of clinical disease, five were treated once with tilmicosin (20 mg kg-1) . Colonisation by P haemolytica and M bovis, the clinical scores and extent of pneumonic consolidation were suppressed or greatly reduced in the treated compared with the untreated calves, one of which had to be killed in extremis two days after infection . It was concluded that tilmicosin had a beneficial effect.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Jul, 47(1), 48 - 53
Interactions between Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of pigs; Chanter N et al.; Three strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica were compared for their ability to assist colonisation of the nasal cavity of gnotobiotic pigs by toxigenic Pasteurella multocida . Toxigenic P multocida (counted in nasal washings) colonised the cavity in large numbers in pigs previously infected with a cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica (B58), whereas it colonised only in small numbers in those previously infected with B65, a phenotypic phase III variant of B58 . Toxigenic P multocida colonised pigs infected with a non-cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica (PV6) in fewer numbers than were seen in pigs infected with the cytotoxic phase I strain but in greater numbers than in pigs infected with the phase III strain . The turbinates of pigs infected with the cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica and toxigenic P multocida were most severely affected and those in pigs infected with the non-cytotoxic phase I strain and toxigenic P multocida were moderately reduced in size . The turbinates of pigs infected with the phase III strain and toxigenic P multocida were slightly reduced in size except for one piglet whose turbinates were severely affected . Pigs infected with the non-cytotoxic phase I strain of B bronchiseptica alone showed no signs of atrophy and their turbinates were used to calculate reductions (per cent) in those infected with P multocida . The reduction (per cent) in size of turbinates and total numbers of P multocida isolated from the nasal washings of each pig were linearly related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Can J Vet Res, 1989 Jul, 53(3), 355 - 62
The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies, to seven putative respiratory pathogens, on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves in Ontario; Martin SW et al.; During 1983-85, 279 calves requiring treatment for bovine respiratory disease and 290 comparison (control) animals from 15 different groups of feedlot calves were bled on arrival and again at 28 days postarrival . Their sera were then analyzed for antibodies to seven putative respiratory pathogens . On arrival, the prevalences of indirect agglutination titers to Pasteurella haemolytica, P . haemolytica cytotoxin, Mycoplasma bovis and M . dispar were greater than 50%, the prevalence of titers to bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) was approximately 40%, and the prevalences of titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) were all below 25% . Seroconversion during the first month after arrival occurred in more than half the calves to P . haemolytica cytotoxin, PIV3 and RSV . Seroconversion of agglutination titers to P . haemolytica, Mycoplasma and BVDV occurred in about 40% of calves, and seroconversion to IBRV was infrequent (less than 5%) . Initial titers were negatively correlated to subsequent titer changes within organism . Initial titers, and titer changes between organisms were essentially independent . Light calves had an increased risk of being selected for treatment for respiratory disease . Seroconversion to P . haemolytica cytotoxin, RSV and BVDV were predictive of respiratory disease cases, explaining approximately 69% of all respiratory disease cases in the feedlots . It was not possible to accurately predict weight gain or relapse from the serological data.

Can J Vet Res, 1989 Jul, 53(3), 295 - 300
Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine; Cowart RP et al.; A total of 163 pigs from nine farrow-to-finish herds representing various levels of atrophic rhinitis (AR) were selected for postslaughter examination of AR and pneumonia . Nasal swabs and lungs were cultured for detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida . Seventy-three pigs were examined at eight weeks of age and 90 contemporaries at six months of age . Mean AR scores were 1.21 and 1.11 for the eight week and six month old pigs, respectively (0 = normal, 3 = severe) . In individual pigs increasing AR score was related to increasing pneumonia score in eight week old pigs but not in six month old hogs . In eight week old pigs, B . bronchiseptica and P . multocida were isolated more frequently from pigs with higher AR scores . From nasal swabs of six month old hogs, Bordetella was almost never recovered while Pasteurella was frequently isolated score . Toxigenic type DP . multocida was isolated from nasal cultures of only seven (4%) pigs and from lung cultures of only one pig . Pasteurella was never isolated from lungs of the eight week old pigs and Bordetella never from the six month old hogs . The isolation rate of P . multocida, predominantly type A, from lungs of six month old pigs increased from 11% in grossly normal lungs to 86% in lungs with severe pneumonia . Pigs from one herd free from lesions of AR and pneumonia were also examined; type AP . multocida was isolated from nasal cultures of one of six eight week old pigs . Somatic antigens of P . multocida were determined for 94 nasal and 20 lung isolates . Somatic serovar 3 was found in 93% of the nasal isolates and in all lung isolates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Jul, 47(1), 1 - 10
The evolution of vaccines for bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Mosier DA et al.; Since the early 1900s bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis has been recognised as a major economic problem to European and North American cattle industries . Initial attempts to prevent the disease were complicated by incomplete knowledge of the causative organisms . Despite some early reports of vaccine-induced protection against disease, initial vaccines were of questionable protective value . From the late 1950s to the 1970s Pasteurella haemolytica and P multocida bacterins were the primary type of vaccine used commercially and experimentally . When viruses, most notably bovine herpesvirus 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and parainfluenza-3 virus, were found to be associated with bovine respiratory disease, viral vaccines were used in attempts to prevent pneumonic pasteurellosis . Combinations of bacterins and viral vaccines were also developed and evaluated . Collectively, bacterins, viral vaccines and bacterin-virus combinations did not consistently reduce disease in experimental trials or field use . By the 1980s some studies using live vaccines were reportedly successful in reducing the incidence of pneumonic pasteurellosis . Current experimental studies revolve around the identification and incorporation of specific Pasteurella species antigen extracts into vaccines . The efficacy of these new extract vaccines is yet to be determined.

J Comp Pathol, 1989 Jul, 101(1), 87 - 99
Histological changes in lungs of calves exposed to an aerosol of Pasteurella haemolytica; Jericho KW; An experiment was designed to study the interaction of Pasteurella haemolytica with an attenuated bovine herpesvirus 1 in calves . Low titre of the virus culture used for aerosol exposure failed to produce measurable interaction . However, the experiment provided the first opportunity to study the light-microscopic changes in lungs of calves (n = 3) to a low-dose exposure (5-min aerosol) of P . haemolytica A1 from a fresh 5-h log-phase culture . The histopathological study was confined to tissue exposed to only P . haemolytica . A limited macroscopic pneumonia was produced in ventral parts of cranial lobes . Four days after exposure, a typical reaction featured four zones . Zone 1a at the centre with acute inflammatory processes and necrosis of phagocytic cells was surrounded by a broad band of compacted, largely necrotic macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) in alveoli of zone 1b . Necrosis was confined to zone 1 . Zone 2a frequently occupied the remainder of the lobule with irregular distribution of congestion, oedema with a fibrinous component, and infiltration by numerous PMNL, macrophages and other mononuclear inflammatory cells . The narrow zone 2b was located between zones 1b and 2a and had oedema with a fibrinous component, numerous fibrocytes, few inflammatory cells and empty capillaries . It is suggested that zone 2 served to isolate zone 1 by surrounding it with nonfunctional tissue . The pathogenicity of P . haemolytica is discussed for uncompromised lungs and lungs compromised by virulent BHV1 infection.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jul-Sep, 33(3), 497 - 501
In vivo studies with dimethyldithiocarbamate, a possible new antimicrobial for use against Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry; Delap SK et al.; Dimethyldithiocarbamate (DmDTC), the carbamate analogue, was tested for therapeutic efficacy in a series of in vivo challenge trials using 5- and 10-week-old white leghorn chickens . Challenge organisms were Pasteurella multocida X-73, Escherichia coli O1:K1, and Aspergillus fumigatus . Birds were evaluated for survival rates, lesion scores, and the rate at which the bacteria or mold could be reisolated following challenge . Results showed DmDTC to be ineffective against P . multocida and E . coli at the treatment levels and in the form used in these trials, but DmDTC significantly reduced lesion scores and inhibited the rate of isolation of A . fumigatus compared with untreated infected birds.

Vet Rec, 1989 Jul 1, 125(1), 7 - 11
Protection against progressive atrophic rhinitis by vaccination with Pasteurella multocida toxin purified by monoclonal antibodies; Foged NT et al.; Pasteurella multocida toxin was purified by affinity chromatography and inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde before use as a single component vaccine against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs . Twenty pregnant gilts which were vaccinated twice before farrowing with either low or high doses of the purified toxoid, developed dose-dependent positive serum and colostrum titres to the toxin and, unlike the progeny of 10 untreated control gilts, the offspring of the vaccinated gilts also had serum titres . These titres could be measured in blood samples taken for more than eight weeks from birth for most pigs born to gilts vaccinated with low doses and more than 12 weeks for pigs born to gilts vaccinated with high doses of the vaccine . All the piglets were inoculated intranasally with Bordetella bronchiseptica and toxigenic P multocida . The clinical and post mortem examinations of snouts revealed a significant reduction in the frequency and degree of conchal atrophy in the two groups of pigs from the vaccinated gilts compared with the pigs from control gilts . Clinically 90 per cent of the snouts of pigs born to vaccinated gilts appeared normal whereas only 28 per cent of the snouts of control pigs were not shortened or deviated at eight weeks of age . At slaughter 11 per cent of the pigs born to vaccinated gilts and 81 per cent of the control pigs had severe turbinate atrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 1401 - 2
Pasteurella haemolytica-like bacterium from a progressive granuloma of cattle in Brazil; Ribeiro GA et al.; Three strains of a Pasteurella haemolytica-like bacterium were isolated from lesions of a progressive granuloma of cattle in southern Brazil . Their characteristics and their differentiation from P . haemolytica varieties and Actinobacillus lignieresii are described . The name "Pasteurella granulomatis" is proposed for this apparently new taxon.

Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 742 - 6
{A case of chronic bronchitis with Pasteurella multocida possibly resulting from infection from a bird}; Nakajima M et al.; A 60-year-old woman was admitted to our division for further evaluation of fever and purulent sputa . In sputum cultures performed when the patient had complained of an increase in symptoms on three occasions during the previous 6 months, Pasteurella multicoida was usually detected . Based on the fact that the bacteria had been detected from the patient's sputa after feeding a macaw, but was not detected after treatment of the bird with OFLX, a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection by P . multocida was made . Clinical symptoms and laboratory data of the patient were markedly improved after treatment with cefaclor (750 mg/d) . The bacteria in this case were sensitive toward many antibiotics . This case was considered to be the first case of bird-mediated Pasteurella infection.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 20(2), 173 - 80
Biochemical and serological properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 strains isolated from swine; Fodor L et al.; The biochemical and serological properties of 21 strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 isolated from haemorrhagic necrotic pleuropneumonia of swine were examined . For serologic typing, the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and the double gel-diffusion tests were used . On the basis of their soluble surface antigens, our A . pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 isolates could be assigned to two proposed serotypes . Serotype 1 comprised 11 strains and serotype 2 comprised 10 strains . All strains contained two surface antigen components . In the strains belonging to serotype 1, one of the antigens was identical with the serotype-specific antigen of Pasteurella haemolytica T4 . Both antigens of serotype 2 strains proved to be type-specific . Four strains received from Switzerland, including the holotype strain of A . pleuropneumoniae biotype 2, and three strains isolated from swine in the G.D.R . belonged to serotype 2 . Both the double gel diffusion and the IHA tests detected a 2-way cross-reaction between biotype 1, serotype 2 and biotype 2, serotype 2 strains of A . pleuropneumoniae, which could be eliminated using cross-absorbed sera.

Vet Rec, 1989 May 13, 124(19), 508 - 9
Prevention of haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffaloes and cattle with a live vaccine; Myint A et al.; Young cattle and buffaloes were vaccinated subcutaneously and intradermally with a live vaccine containing Pasteurella multocida serotype B:3,4 . Twelve months after vaccination three of five young cattle in the subcutaneously vaccinated group and three of four in the intradermally vaccinated group were protected against serotype B:2 challenge . Eleven buffaloes vaccinated subcutaneously and two vaccinated intradermally survived the same challenge 13 months after vaccination.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 May, 20(1), 73 - 8
Comparing different isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica from beef calves using their in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity patterns; Shoo MK; In vitro studies, using disc diffusion and agar dilution techniques, were carried out to compare susceptibilities to selected antimicrobial agents of 30 isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica from healthy calves and 30 isolates from calves with transit fever . There was no difference in susceptibility patterns between isolates from healthy calves and isolates from diseased calves or between isolates of serotype A1 and isolates of serotype A2 . Penicillin resistance was associated with production of beta-lactamase.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 May, 36(3), 199 - 202
Antigenic relationship between the dermonecrotic toxins produced by Pasteurella multocida type D and type A; Frymus T et al.; Crude dermonecrotic toxins (DNT) were prepared from Pasteurella multocida (P.m.) type D and type A strains isolated from pigs with atrophic rhinitis . Rabbits were immunized with the DNT of P.m . type D . This serum neutralized the DNT of P.m . type A to the same degree as the homologous one both in vitro (cytopathogenicity for tissue culture cells) and in vivo (mouse lethality and dermonecrotic activity in guinea pig).

Vet Microbiol, 1989 May, 20(1), 79 - 87
Resistance of some capsular serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida to rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis; Rush HG; The mechanism of resistance of Capsular Type D strains of Pasteurella multocida to killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was studied using an in vitro assay that differentiates intra- from extracellular bacteria . Two Capsular Type D strains (3761 and 3766), resistant to killing by rabbit PMN, and one Type A strain (R1), susceptible to PMN destruction, were compared . After combining opsonized bacteria and PMN, the Capsular Type D Strains 3761 and 3766 remained extracellular while the Capsular Type A Strain R1 was internalized by PMN . Thus, both Type D strains were resistant to phagocytosis by rabbit PMN.

Vet Pathol, 1989 May, 26(3), 253 - 9
Evidence that blood-borne infection is involved in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Thomas LH et al.; Five calves were inoculated intravenously with 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) of Pasteurella haemolytica A1; the mean score for pneumonic consolidation 3 days post-inoculation was 28%, and the mean clinical score was 7.8 . Five calves inoculated intratracheally with 10(9) cfu of the same strain of P . haemolytica had comparable scores (34% and 8.8) . Histological lesions of fibrinous pneumonia were similar in all calves . P . haemolytica was recovered from all but one of the affected lungs . From one calf killed in extremis 3 hours after intravenous inoculation, numbers of bacteria recovered from lung were 1,000-fold greater than from liver and spleen . A similar difference in bacterial numbers was also obtained from a gnotobiotic calf killed in extremis, 12 hours after intravenous inoculation of 10(8) cfu P . haemolytica . Evidence from these experiments supports the hypothesis that the blood-borne route is important in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Vet Pathol, 1989 May, 26(3), 231 - 7
Acute airsacculitis in turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida; Ficken MD et al.; Thirty female turkeys, inoculated into the caudal thoracic air sacs with Pasteurella multocida were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation (PI) . The air sac reacted rapidly and intensely with exudation of heterophils . Circulating leukocyte and thrombocyte numbers remained normal except for an absolute lymphopenia by 6 hours PI . P . multocida was initially isolated from blood at 3 hours PI . Total cell counts increased markedly in air sac lavage fluids by 1.5 hours PI and continued to increase until 6 hours PI . Heterophils predominated in lavage fluids (greater than 94%), with macrophages comprising the remaining cells . Microscopically occasional heterophils were present within air sac blood vessels and perivascularly by 0.5 hour PI . They became more numerous by 1.5 and 3 hours PI when transepithelial migration into the air sac lumen was seen . By 6 hours PI, there was diffuse, severe swelling of air sac epithelium and mesothelium, and bacteria were located in air sac interstitium . Ultrastructurally, endothelial and air sac epithelial cells were swollen and vacuolated Interdigitating processes of air sac epithelial cells were separated . These results indicate that air sacs can be the portal of entry for P . multocida into the systemic circulation, probably via damaged air sac epithelium.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1989 May, 33(5), 670 - 3
Resistance to antimicrobial agents and prevalence of R plasmids in Pasteurella multocida from turkeys; Hirsh DC et al.; One hundred fifty-three isolates of Pasteurella multocida, representing the causative agent of 95% of all known outbreaks of fowl cholera occurring in California meat and breeder turkeys from August 1985 through February 1987, were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents . Of the 153 isolates, 6 were shown to be resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents . Of the six resistant isolates, five contained R plasmids . All but one of the R plasmids were small (6 to 7 megadaltons) and nonconjugative, encoding resistance to tetracycline or kanamycin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides; the other was large (70 megadaltons) and conjugative, transferring resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline to P . multocida and Escherichia coli . The three plasmids encoding resistance to tetracycline alone appeared identical.

J Natl Med Assoc, 1989 May, 81(5), 609 - 10, 614
Pasteurella multocida corneal ulcer following a baseball injury; Robinson JD et al.; Pasteurella multocida is an ubiquitous organism that can be isolated from a variety of animals and birds . It is an infrequent ocular pathogen but can cause infection as a result of injury or animal exposure . This article reports a case of P multocida corneal ulcer following a baseball injury.

J Anim Sci, 1989 May, 67(5), 1350 - 9
Effects of parenteral selenium and vitamin E on performance, health and humoral immune response of steers new to the feedlot environment; Droke EA et al.; Five trials with steers new to the feedlot environment were conducted to determine the effects of one or two i.m . injections of selenium (Se) and(or) vitamin E (Vit E) on performance, health status and serum antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica vaccination . In all trials, performance and average number of days sick per steer were not affected (P greater than .05) by single injection of Se and(or) Vit E . In Trial 1, 26 steers (avg initial wt 267 kg) were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E or 2) 25 mg Se (as Na2SeO3) plus 340 IU Vit E (as {d}-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) . P . haemolytica serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers on d 7 and 14 were greater (P less than .05) for steers receiving 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E . In Trial 2, 141 steers (avg initial wt 204 kg) were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E, 2) 25 mg Se, 3) 340 IU Vit E or 4) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E . Serum IgG titers were greater (P less than .05) only for Treatment 4 on d 6 . Trial 3 was conducted using 107 steers and the same treatments as in Trial 2 . By d 14, titers for treatment 4 were greater (P less than .05) than those for Treatments 1 or 3, but not greater than those for Treatment 2 . In Trial 4, serum IgG titers were unaffected (P greater than .05) when 48 steers (avg initial wt 248 kg) were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E, 2) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E 14 d prior to shipping or 3) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E 14 d prior to shipping, plus repeat injection on day of arrival at the feedlot . In Trial 5, 107 steers were treated with 1) no Se or Vit E, 2) 25 mg Se plus 340 IU Vit E or 3) 50 mg Se plus 680 IU Vit E . Serum IgG titers increased linearly (P less than .01) due to treatment on d 7, 13 and 20 and a quadratic response (P less than .05) was observed on d 27 . In these trials, serum antibody response to P . haemolytica vaccination was enhanced with the combination of Se and Vit E; however, performance and health status were not affected.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 May, 50(5), 762 - 8
Antibody complement-dependent bacteriolysis in experimentally induced pasteurellosis in mice; McVey DS et al.; Affinity-purified bovine immunoglobulin isotypes were bacteriolytic for Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (PHA-1) . This bacteriolysis was specific and complement-dependent . The IgM and IgG1 were the most active isotypes in the classic complement cascade . These isotypes also induced bacteriolysis through the alternative complement cascade . The comparative bacteriolytic activities of IgG1 and IgM were equal within each cascade; however, the bacteriolytic activities of IgG1 and IgM were lower in the alternative cascade than in the classical cascade . The IgG2 was more bacteriolytic than IgA in the classic and alternative complement pathways . Bovine immunoglobulins passively protected C57BL/6 mice from experimentally induced pasteurellosis . There were no major differences in the protection among hyperimmune sera, purified IgM, or purified IgG . Mice were protected from PHA-1 by approximately 1.9 micrograms of IgG and 1.2 or 0.1 micrograms of IgM . Elimination of murine complement with cobra venom factor 3 reduced PHA-1 clearance in passively immunized C57BL/6 mice . The protective effect of IgM mediated resistance was highly dependent on an intact complement system . The intact complement cascade was associated with enhanced clearance of PHA-1 from the liver . Although PHA-1 was susceptible to antibody complement-mediated bacteriolysis in vitro, the dependence on an intact complement cascade was not absolute in experimentally induced murine septicemic pasteurellosis.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 May, 50(5), 676 - 83
Characterization of outer membrane protein-enriched extracts from Pasteurella multocida isolated from turkeys; Choi KH et al.; Outer membrane protein (OMP)-enriched extracts of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were examined by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Culture medium did not have a significant effect on the OMP profiles of strains of P multocida examined; however, in vivo propagation had an appreciable effect on the OMP profile composition of the reference strain P-1059 . Such bacteria, expressed several additional OMP in the 27-kD, 48-kD, 56-kD, 60-kD, 80-kD, and 94-kD molecular mass regions . These OMP were not detected in the electrophorogram of strain P-1059 grown in vitro . The OMP profiles of reference strains of the 16 serotypes of P multocida did not identify any serotype-specific protein markers . Field strains of serotype A:3 had variation in OMP profiles and did not express OMP that all were identical to that expressed by the reference strain P-1059 . The live attenuated CU and M9 bacterial vaccine strains expressed strain-specific OMP markers of 48-kD and 45-kD molecular masses, respectively . These strain-specific OMP markers may be used to differentiate these strains from virulent field strains that are of the same serotype and isolated from turkeys that have succumbed to pasteurellosis as a result of vaccine-related reactions or breakdown in immunity.

Lab Anim Sci, 1989 May, 39(3), 229 - 33
Field trial of a live streptomycin dependent Pasteurella multocida serotype A:12 vaccine in rabbits; Deeb BJ et al.; A live, streptomycin dependent, Pasteurella multocida (SDPM) serotype A:12 vaccine was evaluated for preventing pasteurellosis in two commercial rabbitries . Rabbits were inoculated intranasally at 5 weeks old with either 0.25 ml of vaccine containing 10(8) colony forming units/ml or 0.25 ml of diluent (control) . A proportion of rabbits received a second intranasal inoculation 1 month later . Partial protection against P . multocida infection was observed 1 and 2 months after inoculation in rabbits given only one dose of vaccine . The incidence of clinical signs of pasteurellosis was similar in vaccinated and nonvaccinated market-age rabbits inoculated 4 to 6 weeks previously . In does maintained in the breeding colony, P . multocida infection and upper respiratory disease occurred more frequently in vaccinated than nonvaccinated rabbits . Humoral antibody responses (IgA, IgM, IgG) followed longitudinally were similar in vaccinated and nonvaccinated does . Hence, the SDPM vaccine was not efficacious in controlling P . multocida infection at these two rabbitries.

Infect Immun, 1989 May, 57(5), 1465 - 9
Cloning and expression of the leukotoxin gene from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Kolodrubetz D et al.; The leukotoxin produced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the etiology of juvenile periodontitis . To initiate a genetic analysis of the role of this protein in disease, we have cloned the leukotoxin gene in Escherichia coli . Recombinant colonies carrying toxin gene sequences were isolated by screening a genomic A . actinomycetemcomitans library with a DNA probe for the leukotoxin gene from a related bacterium, Pasteurella haemolytica . To demonstrate that the cloned A . actinomycetemcomitans DNA contained a functional leukotoxin gene, protein extracts of E . coli containing the A . actinomycetemcomitans clone were tested directly for leukotoxic activity against human cell lines in chromium release assays . A construct containing the entire cloned region produced a functional toxin . No cytotoxicity was seen when extracts from cells containing plasmids with deletions in the putative coding region were used . Furthermore, the toxin produced by the cloned gene has the same target cell specificity as the leukotoxin extracted directly from A . actinomycetemcomitans . These results indicate that sequences encoding a functional leukotoxin have been cloned and are expressed in E . coli . Southern blot analysis of DNA from leukotoxin-producing (Lkt+) and non-leukotoxin-producing (Lkt-) strains indicated that the Lkt- strain also contained a copy of the gene.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 May, 50(5), 701 - 7
Comparison of pathophysiologic changes in the lungs of calves challenge exposed with Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin and Pasteurella haemolytica, alone or in combination; Slocombe RF et al.; Pulmonary responses to intratracheal challenge exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica, with or without Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin, E coli endotoxin alone, or saline solution were compared in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated neonatal calves . Baseline values for dynamic compliance, total pulmonary resistance, functional residual capacity, arterial blood gas tensions, hemogram, leukogram, and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures were recorded for each calf . After baseline data were obtained, calves were challenge exposed with logarithmic-growth phase P haemolytica organisms with or without E coli endotoxin, E coli endotoxin alone, or saline solution (0.9% NaCl) . Physiologic data were obtained immediately after challenge exposure and at various intervals over the next 6 hours . Calves challenge exposed with P haemolytica alone developed sever hypoxemia, had increased alveolar-arterial oxygen difference and threefold increases in total pulmonary resistance, became hypercarbic, had decreased functional residual capacity, and developed systemic hypotension without change in pulmonary arterial pressure . At necropsy, these calves had extensive multifocal areas of necrohemorrhagic and purulent pneumonia . Ratio of extravascular lung water to lung dry weight was not significantly increased in lung specimens obtained from calves challenge exposed with P haemolytica, but ratio of lung wet weight to dry weight was increased, indicating that increased lung wet weight was attributable largely to increased solids and not to fluid alone . (Extravascular lung water measurement excludes fluid from the vascular compartment.) Intratracheal challenge exposure with endotoxin failed to alter lung function and caused minor changes in lung structure consisting of focal areas of hemorrhage and edema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Am J Vet Res, 1989 May, 50(5), 671 - 5
Clinical and microbiologic findings in lambs inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica after infection with ovine adenovirus type 6; Lehmkuhl HD et al.; Colostrum-deprived lambs (10 to 20 days old) were inoculated with either ovine adenovirus type 6 (OAV-6; n = 6), Pasteurella haemolytica type A1 (n = 6), or OAV-6 followed by P haemolytica 5 days later (n = 10) . Another group (n = 3) served as sham-inoculated controls . Lambs inoculated with OAV-6 or P haemolytica developed mild and moderate respiratory tract disease of 6 and 3 days' duration, respectively . Lambs inoculated with virus and bacteria developed clinical signs of respiratory tract disease of greater intensity and duration (9 days) than with either agent alone . Within 3 hours of bacterial inoculation, all lambs that received P haemolytica were anorectic, listless, and febrile, and had hyperpnea and dyspnea . Ovine adenovirus type 6 was isolated from all virus-inoculated lambs . Although P haemolytica was not recovered from all bacteria-inoculated lambs, it was recovered for a longer period in the group that received both agents . Antibody to OAV-6 was detected in virus-inoculated lambs as early as day 6 after inoculation . The control lambs remained clinically normal and neither virus nor bacteria were recovered at necropsy.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 May, 20(1), 59 - 71
Protection of lambs against experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis by transfer of immune serum; Jones GE et al.; Passive protection of specific pathogen-free lambs against experimental pasteurellosis was achieved using antisera from conventionally reared sheep which were either convalescent from experimental pneumonia or inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica A2 vaccines . The complete immune sera, or immunoglobulin-rich fractions prepared from them, when administered separately or together provided 94-100% protection of recipients compared to control lambs . Antibodies to P . haemolytica in donor sera were quantified by anti-sodium salicylate extract (SSE) and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ELISA, bactericidal assay, cytotoxin neutralization and indirect haemagglutination . The anti-SSE ELISA titres correlated best with protective efficacy and could be used to measure antibody in recipient lambs immediately before challenge . The degree of protection was unaffected by prior infection with parainfluenza virus Type 3, suggesting that such exposure did not enhance exudation of circulating immunoglobulin into the respiratory tract . It was concluded that systemic humoral immunity alone can prevent pasteurellosis.

Ann Ig, 1989 May-Aug, 1(3-4), 621 - 7
{Verification of antibiotic treatment after animal bites among patients at the antirabies center in Rome}; Guasticchi G; The study aimed at searching whether antibiotic prophylaxis was practised after animal bites, and, in this case, what were the criteria adopted . It was performed by considering 162 outpatients requiring assistance after animal bites at the Antirabies Centre of Rome, Italy . In this circumstances, prevention of bacterial and viral infections is performed by wound detersion, by administering anti-tetanus and anti-rabid prophylaxis where required by italian policy, according to the patient's history . Infectious complications are described in literature as a common consequence of animal bites and include cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and even fatal sepsis . Microorganisms related to these infections are frequently typical of animal oral flora and include aerobic and anaerobic species, such as Pasteurella multocida, DF-2, and Leptospira . It was noted that 58 (35.8%) out of 162 were treated with antibiotic prophylaxis; the most common drug used was amoxicillin, given in 18 cases (31%) . The overall results do not show any particular reason for practising or not this prophylaxis . The need of standardising the behaviour of Emergency Services, where a different and unjustified attitude to treat or not patients with antibiotic prophylaxis in order to prevent infectious complications following animal bites was observed, emerges from this study.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 May, 50(5), 758 - 61
Total and antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin isotype concentrations in hyperimmunized cattle that have undergone plasmapheresis; McVey DS et al.; The effects of prolonged plasmapheresis of cattle on total and antigen-specific immunoglobulin production were evaluated . Five adult cows were hyperimmunized by repeated IV administration of live, logarithmic-phase Pasteurella haemolytica A1 organisms . Three of the cows underwent plasmapheresis daily for 3 weeks . From 2 cows, serum was only obtained periodically . Anti-P haemolytica antibody was assayed by indirect hemagglutination and a kinetic-augmented, antigen-capture ELISA for capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide/outer membrane protein antigens . Total serum immunoglobulin concentration was determined for IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 by primary radial immunodiffusion . Anti-P haemolytica A1 activity increased rapidly after immunization . After beginning plasmapheresis, the antigen-specific antibody activities remained nearly constant . In general, antilipopolysaccharide/outer membrane protein activity (in terms of concentration) was higher than anti-capsular polysaccharide activity and was not affected as much by the plasmapheresis . Total serum Ig concentration decreased transiently by a small amount after beginning plasmapheresis.

Avian Dis, 1989 Apr-Jun, 33(2), 275 - 8
Evaluation of Pasteurella multocida mutants of low virulence . II . Immunologic response of turkeys; Hofacre CL et al.; Vaccination of turkeys by administering Pasteurella multocida mutant PM#1 or PM#3, either by the oculo-nasal-oral method or in the drinking water, induced a level of protection comparable to vaccination with the Clemson University (CU) strain or the M-9 vaccine . The level of protection was not altered when PM#1, PM#3, or the CU strain was grown in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth or BHI agar . Under extremely severe challenges, the CU strain provided a greater level of protection than PM#1, PM#3, or the M-9 vaccine . It also was apparent from this study that the less-virulent mutant organisms and the M-9 vaccine require a higher concentration of organism per vaccine dose than the CU strain to provide similar protection.

Avian Dis, 1989 Apr-Jun, 33(2), 270 - 4
Evaluation of Pasteurella multocida mutants of low virulence . I . Development and pathogenicity; Hofacre CL et al.; Mutagenesis of the Clemson University (CU) vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resulted in temperature-sensitive mutants that grew at 37 C but not at 42 C . Seven such mutants were evaluated for immunogenicity in turkeys . From these seven, only two, PM#1 and PM#3, provided turkeys with a level of protection against challenge with a virulent serotype 3 P . multocida strain (P-1059) comparable to the protection provided by the CU strain . Intravenous (IV) inoculation of PM#1, PM#3, or CU was used to assess differences in virulence . PM#1 and PM#3 resulted in lower rates of mortality and lameness than the CU strain . Histopathological evaluation of spleens 24, 48, and 72 hours after IV inoculation demonstrated that the CU strain induced significantly more fibrinoid necrosis of the spleen than either PM#1 or PM#3.

Avian Dis, 1989 Apr-Jun, 33(2), 258 - 63
Solubilization of membrane-associated cross-protection factor(s) of Pasteurella multocida; Rimler RB et al.; Pasteurella multocida harvested from the blood of turkeys dying of experimental fowl cholera were purified by centrifugation and lysed . The soluble and membrane-associated components of the bacteria were separated by centrifugation . Nonionic (octylglucoside) and zwitterionic (3-{(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio}-1-propanesulfonate; CHAPS) detergents were tested for their abilities to solubilize the cross-protection factor(s) (CPF) from the membrane-associated component . Protection studies in turkeys showed that optimum solubilization was by 1.0% octylglucoside and 0.5% CHAPS . Antibodies from turkeys made against solubilized membrane-associated CPF passively cross-protected poults against challenge . Ion exchange chromatography of detergent-solubilized CPF resulted in elution of two protein-containing peaks, each of which conferred active immune protection.

Avian Dis, 1989 Apr-Jun, 33(2), 238 - 47
Pathogenesis of fowl cholera: influence of encapsulation on the fate of Pasteurella multocida after intravenous inoculation into turkeys; Tsuji M et al.; The role of the capsule in the pathogenesis of fowl cholera was studied in turkeys . Avian Pasteurella multocida P-1059 was used in an encapsulated form, an enzymatically decapsulated form, and a mutant form lacking capsule-productivity (strain T-325) . These forms were inoculated intravenously into normal or immune turkeys, and the numbers of viable bacteria in the blood, liver, and spleen were enumerated over a 120-minute period . Both normal and immune birds rapidly removed all three forms of organisms from the blood-stream at similar rates and trapped in the liver and spleen . In the liver of normal birds, the non-encapsulated mutant T-325 was readily inactivated, but the encapsulated P-1059 strain was not . When the decapsulated form of P-1059 was used, the bacterial counts in the liver temporarily decreased at 60 minutes PI . In immune birds, all three forms of organisms were equally inactivated in the liver . In the spleen, however, the bacterial numbers did not change throughout 120 minutes PI with all three forms of organisms in both normal and immune turkeys . The results indicated that the blood-borne P . multocida were readily trapped by reticuloendothelial phagocytes . The trapping process was not affected by encapsulation of the organism or by the immune status of turkey . Both factors, however, appeared to greatly influence the subsequent killing of P . multocida by hepatic, but not splenic, phagocytes.

Avian Dis, 1989 Apr-Jun, 33(2), 213 - 8
Characteristics of fowl cholera outbreaks in turkeys in Georgia in 1986; Morris MP et al.; Information was gathered from 64 cases of fowl cholera (FC) in turkey flocks through diagnostic case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys . Forty-five cases came from flocks of commercial turkeys, of which 15 were presented twice, and four came from mature breeder flocks . The prevalence of FC was 18.0% of commercial flocks and 14.7% of breeder flocks at risk . The average age at first diagnosis of FC was 90 days in commercial turkey flocks and 32 weeks 5 days in breeder flocks . Acute mortality was the most common presenting complaint, with a 0.37% average mortality in commercial flocks on the day of first presentation, 0.80% in commercial flocks presented a second time, and 0.43% in breeder flocks . Pasteurella multocida was cultured from 69.8% of the 361 tissue samples submitted from these cases . Novobiocin, penicillin, and chlortetracycline (CTC) had the greatest in vitro activity against isolates . Serotype 3-cross-4 was found in all 18 commercial flocks from which isolates were typed . All breeder flocks and 88.6% of commercial flocks were vaccinated before disease onset . Flocks were treated for an average of 14.3 days, most commonly with high levels of sulfadimethoxine and/or CTC . Body weights of affected birds were comparable to those of birds in unaffected flocks, but mortality and feed efficiency were worse.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 Apr, 19(4), 325 - 35
Calcium ion involvement in the action of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin; Gerbig DG Jr et al.; The influence of Ca2+ ions on the cytotoxic activity of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin was investigated . The divalent cation influenced the cytotoxic effect of the leukotoxin for sensitive BL-3 target cells, but its absence did not eliminate cytotoxicity . In short-term 1-h assays using neutral red uptake as a measure of cell viability, depletion of Ca2+ either by exhaustive dialysis or by addition of the Ca2+ chelators EDTA and EGTA eliminated the cytolytic effect of low doses of the toxin . Addition of Ca2+ to target cell cultures depleted of the divalent cation restored the cytolytic effect of the leukotoxin . Prolonged exposure of the BL-3 cells to the toxin abrogated the protective effect of EDTA and EGTA . Cell death measured by uptake of neutral red, exclusion of trypan blue and 51Cr release indicated that protection observed in the absence of free Ca2+ was temporary . Toxin-induced cytolysis equivalent to that observed in the presence of Ca2+ occurred following the initial 2-h exposure . In addition, verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker, prevented cell death during 1-h cytotoxicity assays . The protection afforded by verapamil was dose-dependent and was influenced by the concentration of Ca2+ in the buffer medium . The results suggest that Ca2+ positively influences the rapid initial phase of cell death resulting from exposure to the toxin, but is not required for the entirety of the cytolytic process.

J Wildl Dis, 1989 Apr, 25(2), 240 - 5
Epizootiological features of avian cholera on the north coast of California; Mensik JG et al.; An avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida) epizootic was observed among wildfowl at the Centerville Gun Club, Humboldt County, California (USA) in January 1978 . Compared to their live populations and use of the area, coots (Fulica americana) died in proportionately greater numbers than any other species . Coots collected by gunshot were evaluated for sex and age composition, and morphometry from November 1977 through mid-January 1978 at this site . There was no substantial difference in the sex, age or morphometry between birds dying of avian cholera and from those dying from gunshot . Assuming coots dying of gunshot are representative of the general population, it appears there was little selection among coots by P . multocida . There was evidence for a sequential mortality similar to that reported previously at this site: coots were the first birds to die, followed by American wigeon (Anas americana) and northern pintails (A . acuta acuta); northern shovelers (A . clypeata) and mallards (A . platyrhynchos) died late in the epizootic.

J Wildl Dis, 1989 Apr, 25(2), 232 - 9
The effects of six environmental variables on Pasteurella multocida populations in water; Bredy JP et al.; The effects of protein, pH, temperature, sodium chloride (NaCl), clays, sucrose, and their interactions on the survival and growth of Pasteurella multocida were evaluated . Pasteurellae populations declined rapidly in waters maintained at 2 C, compared to 18 C . Increasing water soluble proteins by 175 micrograms/ml, and NaCl by 0.5%, greatly enhanced survival of P . multocida, whereas variations in pH, clays, and sucrose had relatively minor effects . Pasteurella multocida survived for over 1 yr in some samples of water . This is the longest known survival of these bacteria in water.

J Interferon Res, 1989 Apr, 9(2), 159 - 66
2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase activity in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells following bovine herpesvirus type-1-induced respiratory disease: a prognostic indicator?
Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Campos M, Harland R, Griebel PJ, Babiuk LA.
Following aerosol-challenge of nonimmune calves with bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) the levels of 2',5' oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBML) increased significantly to peak 4-5 days after BHV-1 infection . This corresponded temporally to the period of highest susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection . Ten days post virus infection, the enzyme levels had returned to baseline values . Aerosol challenge with bacteria (Pasteurella haemolytica) did not induce 2-5A synthetase activity in PBML, neither did it influence the kinetics of 2-5A synthetase induction by virus infection during a dual viral-bacterial infection . Pretreatment of animals with bovine recombinant interferons (IFNs) 0-96 h prior to virus challenge curtailed the viral infection and thus reduced the levels of 2-5A synthetase induced by endogenously produced IFN . A relationship between 2-5A synthetase levels on day 5 post virus infection and clinical outcome of the dual infection was noted . Moreover, the high 2-5A synthetase levels could be correlated with low plasma Zn levels, another indicator of clinical respiratory disease . These results indicate that these two parameters, 2-5A synthetase and plasma Zn, in combination have potential prognostic value in viral-bacterial infections of the respiratory tract.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Apr, 50(4), 555 - 9
Effect of Pasteurella haemolytica (A1) capsular polysaccharide on sheep lung in vivo and on pulmonary surfactant in vitro; Brogden KA et al.; Capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Pasteurella haemolytica (type A1) was first deposited by fiberoptic bronchoscopy into the lungs of sheep to examine lesions and changes in bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations and, later, was mixed with pulmonary surfactant to investigate alterations in physical properties or surface tension . At 22 hours after deposition, minimal lesions were seen in the lungs only at and contiguous to the site of CP deposition in 2 of 4 sheep . Microscopically, alveoli and interlobular septa were filled with edema fluid . Terminal airways and alveoli contained a moderate amount of neutrophils that varied between sheep . Significant differences in number or type of bronchoalveolar lavage cells were not observed in the weekly lavages between each group or among sheep within each group, either before or after deposition of CP or physiologic saline solution . After 6 hours of incubation at 37 C, CP-surfactant mixtures were examined with a surface tensiometer and centrifuged in sucrose gradients . The CP bound to surfactant, resulting in formation of a precipitate with a surface tension of 31.6 +/- 0.1 dynes/cm and a density of 1.07 to 1.08 g/ml . Lipopolysaccharide of P haemolytica, used as a control, also bound to surfactant, resulting in a complex with a surface tension of 57.7 +/- 0.4 dynes/cm and a density of 1.06 to 1.10 g/ml . Surfactant alone had a surface tension of 32.6 +/- 0.2 dynes/cm and density of 1.05 to 1.06 g/ml . The CP appears by itself not to be a direct major factor in the lung damage that develops in cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Apr, 50(4), 443 - 7
Antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica somatic antigens in two models of the bovine respiratory disease complex; McVey DS et al.; Serum samples obtained from feeder calves before and after entry into the market system (days 0 to 7) were assayed for antibodies to Pasteurella hamolytica biotype A, serotype 1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and lipopolysaccharide/outer membrane protein (LPSp) by isotype in a kinetic-augmented, antigen-capture ELISA . These test results, plus indirect hemagglutination (IHA) antibody titers, and hemolysin-in-gel test (HIGT) findings were compared with clinical performance data during the initial 4 weeks in the feedlot (receiving period) . High concentrations of HIGT antibody, at the point of initial assembly of feeder calves at weaning and during the subsequent 7-day marketing period, were associated with freedom from bovine respiratory disease (BRD) during the receiving period . High or rapidly increasing concentrations of anti-CPS IgG1 during the marketing period were also associated with less BRD . However, high concentrations of anti-LPSp IgG1 during the marketing period were associated with increased BRD during the receiving period . There was no correlation between the concentrations of antibody determined by IHA tests early in the marketing period and freedom from BRD during the receiving period . High concentrations of antibody determined by this test at entry into the feedlot (day 7) were associated with a high incidence of BRD . Calves vaccinated with a P haemolytica bacterin had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher HIGT values and concentrations of anti-LPSp IgG1 and IHA antibody than did nonvaccinated calves on entry into the feedlot (day 7) . Vaccination appeared to have little effect on the amount of anti-CPS IgG1 . Of all the tests used to quantitate antibody, the HIGT correlated best with clinical performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Apr, 27(4), 664 - 7
Comparison of the Pasteurella haemolytica A1 envelope proteins obtained by two cell disruption methods; Simons KR et al.; The French pressure cell and sonication methods of bacterial cell disruption were compared for the evaluation of surface proteins from Pasteurella haemolytica A1 . Several protein bands were quantitatively different when compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and densitometry . With densitometry, sonicated preparations had higher concentrations of the 102-, 83-, 50-, 38-, and 30-kilodalton (kDa) proteins; French pressure cell preparations had higher concentrations of the 96-, 65-, and 42-kDa proteins . Qualitative differences between these two disruption methods were evident at the 102-, 96-, 91-, 50-, 38-, and 30-kDa protein bands . However, significant differences (P less than 0.05) were detected between the two methods at only the 102-, 96-, 91-, and 50-kDa bands.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Apr, 50(4), 498 - 501
Pharmacokinetics of single-dose administration of moxalactam in unweaned calves; Soback S; Twenty-nine healthy 17- to 29-day-old unweaned Israeli-Friesian male calves were each given a single IV or IM injection of 10 or 20 mg of moxalactam disodium/kg of body weight . Serum concentrations were measured serially during a 12-hour period . Serum concentration vs time profiles were analyzed by use of linear least-squares regression analysis and the statistical moment theory . The elimination half-lives after IV administration were 143.7 +/- 30.2 minutes and 155.5 +/- 10.5 minutes (harmonic mean +/- SD) at dosages of 10 and 20 mg of moxalactam/kg of body weight, respectively . Corresponding mean residence time values were 153.1 +/- 26.8 minutes and 169.9 +/- 19.3 minutes (arithmetic mean +/- SD) . Mean residence time values after IM administration were 200.4 +/- 17.5 minutes and 198.4 +/- 19.9 minutes at dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively . The volumes of distribution at steady state were 0.285 +/- 0.073 L/kg and 0.313 +/- 0.020 L/kg and total body clearance values were 1.96 +/- 0.69 ml/min/kg and 1.86 +/- 0.18 ml/min/kg after administration of dosages of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively . Moxalactam was rapidly absorbed from the IM injection site and peak serum concentrations occurred at 1 hour . The estimated bioavailability ranged from 69.8 to 79.1% . The amount of serum protein binding was 53.4, 55.0, and 61.5% when a concentration of moxalactam was at 50, 10, and 2 micrograms/ml, respectively . The minimal inhibitory concentrations of moxalactam ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 micrograms/ml against Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains and from 0.005 to 6.25 micrograms/ml against Pasteurella multocida strains.

Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr, 1989 Apr, 89(4), 581 - 3
{Corneal abscess caused by Pasteurella following cat scratch injury}; Algan M et al.; Authors report a Pasteurella Multocida corneal abscess after a scratch from a cat . The evolution was torpid and needed a transfixiant keratoplasty . They recall bacterial tanks, infestation ways, clinical manifestations and bacteriological identification . They note the low occurrence of ophthalmological manifestations and the sensibility of Pasteurella to various antibiotics, especially Beta lactams, phenicol and cyclins.

Can J Vet Res, 1989 Apr, 53(2), 167 - 71
Presence of bacterial glycocalyx and fimbriae on Pasteurella haemolytica in feedlot cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis; Morck DW et al.; This investigation was conducted to determine if Pasteurella haemolytica within feedlot cattle affected by pneumonic pasteurellosis express fimbriae (pili) and bacterial glycocalyx . Bacteriological culture of pulmonary tissue from three calves with fibrinous pneumonia resulted in heavy growth of P . haemolytica . Transmission electron microscopy of the lungs showed numerous microcolonies of gram-negative bacteria with morphology typical of Pasteurella haemolytica . The cells within these microcolonies possessed bacterial glycocalyces which stained with ruthenium red . Glycocalyx-encased microcolonies were also present in specimens examined by scanning electron microscopy . Typical P . haemolytica cells were evident in a tracheal specimen and these bacteria had radial glycocalyces consistent with polysaccharide and proteinaceous material condensed on linear structures suggestive of fimbriae . The pathogenetic importance of the bacterial glycocalyx and fimbriae in shipping fever pneumonia has yet to be established but their presence in clinical cases of Pasteurella pneumonia in feedlot cattle further supports a possible role in the initiation and progression of this disease as well as bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Carbohydr Res, 1989 Mar 15, 186(2), 275 - 86
Elucidation of the structure of the Pasteurella haemolytica serotype T10 lipopolysaccharide O-antigen by n.m.r . spectroscopy; Richards JC et al.; The aqueous-phase lipopolysaccharide isolated from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype T10 cells by the phenol-water extraction method was found to be S-type lipopolysaccharide which possessed O-antigenic polysaccharide chains composed only of D-galactose residues . Structural analysis of the O-polysaccharide, using a combination of 1D and 2D 1H- and 13C-n.m.r . methods, led to the identification of the disaccharide repeating-unit as {----3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galf-(1----}n . The serological cross-reactivity between P . haemolytica serotypes T4 and T10 can now be related to the structural similarity of the antigenic LPS O-polysaccharides.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Mar, 50(3), 341 - 4
Fatal Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in bighorn sheep after direct contact with clinically normal domestic sheep; Foreyt WJ; Six Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep were raised in captivity from birth (n = 5) or taken from the wild as a lamb (n = 1) . After the bighorn sheep were in captivity for over a year, 6 clinically normal domestic sheep were placed on the 2 ha of pasture on which the bighorn sheep were kept . Nasal swab specimens were obtained from all sheep at the time the domestic sheep were introduced . Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from swab specimens obtained from 4 of 6 domestic sheep, but not from specimens obtained from the bighorn sheep . All 6 bighorn sheep died of acute hemorrhagic pneumonia after exposure to domestic sheep . Death in the bighorn sheep occurred on days 4, 27, 27, 29, 36, or 71 after initial exposure to domestic sheep . Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from respiratory tract tissue specimens of all bighorn sheep at the time of death . None of the domestic sheep were clinically ill during the study . At the end of the study, 3 of 6 domestic sheep were euthanatized, and at necropsy, P haemolytica was isolated from 2 of them . The most common serotypes in bighorn and domestic sheep were P haemolytica T-3 and A-2 . Other serotypes isolated included P haemolytica A-1, A-9, and A-11 in bighorn sheep and A-1 in domestic sheep . On the basis of results of this study and of other reports, domestic sheep and bighorn sheep should not be managed in proximity to each other because of the potential fatal consequences in bighorn sheep.

Infect Immun, 1989 Mar, 57(3), 711 - 6
Pasteurella haemolytica antigens associated with resistance to pneumonic pasteurellosis; Mosier DA et al.; Antigens associated with whole Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1, a capsular carbohydrate-protein extract of the organism, and P . haemolytica leukotoxin were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Antigens of the electrophoresed preparations were detected by Western blotting (immunoblotting) with sera from cattle which were either nonvaccinated or vaccinated with live or killed P . haemolytica vaccines and had variable degrees of resistance to experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis . Distinct, easily recognizable antigens of these preparations were identified, and the antibody responses to these antigens were quantified by densitometry . To determine their importance to disease resistance, we then compared antibody responses with experimental lesion scores . Antibody reactivity to surface antigens which were significantly correlated with resistance and present in two or more of the preparations were detected at 86, 66, 51, 49, 34, 31, and 16 kilodaltons (kDa) . Of these, antibody responses to antigens at 86, 49, and 31 kDa appeared most important based on their concentration and significance levels . Antibody reactivity to leukotoxin antigens which were significantly correlated with resistance and common with important surface antigens were detected at 86, 66, and 49 kDa . Antibody responses to unique leukotoxin antigens which were significantly correlated with resistance were present at 92 and 58 kDa.

Vet Pathol, 1989 Mar, 26(2), 148 - 57
A protein toxin from Pasteurella multocida type D causes acute and chronic hepatic toxicity in rats; Cheville NF et al.; Pasteurella toxin given subcutaneously to rats caused severe liver damage and growth suppression in doses as low as 15.6 ng . Toxin was lethal at and above 31.25 ng . Survival times were dose-dependent, and lesions differed with time of survival after toxin . Rats dead of acute toxicity had focal hepatic necrosis . Liver lesions were associated with diffuse endothelial damage, intravascular trapping of leukocytes, and degeneration of hepatocytes (characterized by glycogen depletion, development of vacuoles, and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions) . Endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and macrophages had evidence of activation, e.g., increased cellular size with increases in Golgi vesicles, granules, and lysosomes . Rats with chronic toxicity (survival greater than 150 hr) had cirrhosis, intestinal villous atrophy, and markedly reduced body weight and fat . These data show that the rat is highly sensitive to toxins of Pasteurella multocida, and that even low doses of toxin cause liver injury and growth suppression.

J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1989 Mar, 12(1), 87 - 93
Probenecid effect on cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in calves; Soback S et al.; Cefuroxime pharmacokinetics were studied in unweaned calves . The antibiotic was administered at 10 mg/kg to six calves i.v., to 12 calves i.m . and to ten of the previous 12 calves i.m . at 10 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg . Intramuscular doses of cefuroxime alone at 20 mg/kg were given to seven calves; to five of these calves cefuroxime was also given together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg and at 80 mg/kg . The serum concentration-time data were analyzed using statistical moment theory (SMT) . The elimination half-life (t1/2) was 69.2 min (harmonic mean) after i.v . and 64.8 min and 64.9 min following i.m . administration of the lower and higher dose, respectively . Co-administration of probenecid did not affect the t1/2 . The mean residence time (MRT) was 80.9 +/- 23.5 min (mean +/- SD) after i.v . and 117.8 +/- 9.3 min and 117.7 +/- 5.4 min after i.m . administration of cefuroxime at 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively . The MRTi.m . following administration of cefuroxime at 10 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg was 140.0 +/- 8.8 min . The MRTi.m . values were 132.8 +/- 2.3 min and 150.8 +/- 5.1 min after cefuroxime was given at 20 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg, respectively . The total body clearance (ClT) was 3.56 +/- 1.11 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss} 0.270 +/- 0.051 l/kg . The MIC90 values of cefuroxime were 16 micrograms/ml for E . coli and Salmonella isolates, 0.5 microgram/ml for Pasteurella multocida and 2.0 micrograms/ml for P . haemolytica.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1989 Mar, 270(4), 462 - 9
Detection and interspecies-transformation of a beta-lactamase-encoding plasmid from Pasteurella haemolytica; Schwarz S et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica-cultures, isolated from cattle with respiratory diseases, were investigated for their biotype, serotype, antimicrobial resistance and plasmid content . A plasmid encoding a beta-lactamase could be demonstrated in 9 of 19 Pasteurella haemolytica-cultures . These 9 cultures, all belonging to biotype A and serotype 1, were resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, penicillin G and ticarcillin . The plasmid of the respective cultures proved to be identical upon Southern blot hybridization . It could be transformed into Escherichia coli 490 A where it expressed again a beta-lactamase-activity.

Res Vet Sci, 1989 Mar, 46(2), 247 - 52
Experimental infections of goats with Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, LC type; Bolske G et al.; In five experiments 29 goats were infected experimentally by five different routes with a strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides, LC type, isolated from a contagious caprine pleuropneumonia-like outbreak on a farm in northern Sweden . All the goats were colonised except those inoculated subcutaneously with small doses . In its pattern of pathogenicity this strain was similar to other experimentally tested strains except that peroral infection in kids produced no clinical signs . A 'contact' goat was also colonised but the clinical signs seen in it were probably due to a concomitant infection with Pasteurella haemolytica.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Mar, 50(3), 329 - 34
Functional and metabolic activity of bovine pulmonary lavage cells phagocytically stimulated with pathogenic isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica; Richards AB et al.; Live Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 isolates (n = 3) and Escherichia coli K-12, strain W3110, were reacted with bovine pulmonary lavage cell (PLC) suspensions . The comparative effects of the different bacteria on the functional and metabolic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMO) in the PLC suspensions were assessed simultaneously by use of 51Cr release, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL), and AMO bactericidal assays . The bovine PLC responded differently to E coli, than to the 3 P haemolytica isolates in each of the 3 experimental test systems; however, responses to each of the P haemolytica isolates were not found to be significantly different . Unopsonized live P haemolytica cells adversely affected the functional and metabolic response of PLC, whereas there was no evidence of a cytotoxic (cytocidal) influence of E coli . A difference in 51Cr release for reaction mixtures containing E coli and P haemolytica was not detected at zero time; however, at each subsequent time, reaction mixtures phagocytically stimulated with P haemolytica had significantly increased amount of 51Cr release (P less than 0.05), compared with those mixtures containing E coli . Bovine AMO in the PLC suspensions were able to effectively kill E coli in vitro, but were unable to prevent survival and subsequent growth of P haemolytica . The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence profiles for reaction mixtures phagocytically stimulated with E coli provided evidence of sustained production of oxygen radicals with antimicrobial capabilities by bovine AMO in the PLC . Production of these highly reactive antimicrobial oxidants appeared initially in cultures containing P haemolytica but, subsequently, their production declined precipitously and ceased altogether.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1989 Feb 28, 159(1), 256 - 62
Identification and expression of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin gene; Lally ET et al.; The leukotoxin produced by the oral bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the pathogenesis of juvenile periodontitis . In order to elucidate the structure of the leukotoxin, molecular cloning of the leukotoxin gene was carried out . A DNA library of A . actinomycetemcomitans, strain JP2, was constructed by partial digestion of genomic DNA with Sau3AI and ligation of 0.5 to 5.0 kilobase pair fragments into the Bam HI site of the plasmid vector pENN-vrf . After transformation into E . coli RR1 (lambda cI857), the clones were screened for the production of A . actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin with polyclonal antibody . Six immunoreactive clones were identified . The clones expressed proteins which ranged from 21-80 kilodaltons, and the clone designated pII-2, producing the largest protein was selected for further study . Antibodies eluted from immobilized pII-2 protein also recognized the native A . actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin molecule indicating that both molecules shared at least one epitope . DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that there are regions of significant amino acid sequence homology between the cloned A . actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin and two other cytolysins, Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin and Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin, suggesting that a family of cytolysins may exist which share a common mechanism of killing but vary in their target cell specificity.

Vet Rec, 1989 Feb 11, 124(6), 141 - 4
Experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: a review; Shoo MK; Whenever a 'new' disease is discovered and the putative agent responsible is isolated, it has been customary to attempt to reproduce the disease in similar animals under controlled experimental conditions . If an identical syndrome is produced, then the agent is considered to be responsible for producing the field disease . As early as 1892, Nocard did just that in relation to bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping/transit fever) . His work however, appears to have escaped the attention of many subsequent workers . In the 1930s many workers attempted to reproduce the disease with crude preparations obtained from either sick or dead animals, but most of them failed . After 1950 several agents (bovine herpes virus 1 {BHV1}, parainfluenza-3 virus {PI3} and mycoplasmas) were isolated from cases of shipping fever in North America . These, together with physical stress, were thought to be involved in the aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease, with pasteurellae playing the role of secondary invader . Many experimenters then used multiple agents in different combinations, but their degree of success in reproducing the disease was variable . Greater success was achieved when P haemolytica A1 was given to calves four days after exposure to BHV1 . This success, although only moderate, reinforced the concept of the secondary role of pasteurellae . After 1977 however, it became increasingly clear that P haemolytica A1 was capable of causing the disease as a primary pathogen, provided that two conditions were fulfilled . First, the calves had to be susceptible, that is, non-immune, and secondly, P haemolytica A1 in the logarithmic growth phase had to be administered to the trachea or lungs in numbers greater than 5 x 10(9) colony forming units.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Feb, 171(2), 916 - 28
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and characterization of genes encoding the secretion function of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant; Strathdee CA et al.; The structural gene of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinant is highly homologous to that of the Escherichia coli hemolysin determinant, which also encodes a specialized set of genes involved in the secretion of the hemolysin . In this report, we describe the cloning and nucleotide sequence of the analogous secretion genes from P . haemolytica which make up the remainder of the leukotoxin determinant . The secretion genes were cloned directly from the P . haemolytica chromosome to form the recombinant plasmid pPH5B . By subcloning the secretion genes together with the leukotoxin structural gene, the cloned leukotoxin determinant was reconstructed on a single plasmid, pLKT52, which directs the synthesis of active leukotoxin to the culture supernatant when expressed in E . coli . DNA sequence analysis showed the presence of two secretion genes, designated lktB and lktD in order of their genetic organization, which code for proteins of 79.7 and 54.7 kilodaltons, both of which were detected when pLKT52 was expressed in E . coli minicells . The lktB and lktD genes were found to be highly homologous to the hlyB and hlyD secretion genes of the hemolysin determinant, and the predicted LktB-HlyB and LktD-HlyD proteins were 90.5 and 75.6% homologous . Nucleotide sequence homology between the leukotoxin and hemolysin determinants was limited to the C, A, B, and D coding regions, although the presence of similar transcriptional terminators in the A-B intercistronic region is suggestive of a similar transcriptional organization . On the basis of these data, we hypothesize that the two determinants share a common evolutionary history and are prototypes for a widely disseminated family of virulence factors, the RTX cytotoxins.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Feb, 50(2), 271 - 5
Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin on cultured bovine lymphoma cells; Clinkenbeard KD et al.; Leukotoxin activity from culture supernatants of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 in logarithmic growth phase caused rapid (less than 5 min) release of intracellular K+, uptake of extracellular Ca2+, and swelling of cultured bovine lymphoma cells (BL3 cells) . Release of 51CrO4(2-) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from BL3 cells began after 15 minutes of incubation with leukotoxin at 37 C and was completed between 60 and 120 minutes of incubation . In addition, leukotoxin exposure of BL3 cells resulted in cell aggregation and adherence to glass surfaces . Scanning electron microscopy indicated that after 10 minutes of leukotoxin exposure, BL3 cells increased in size, and large membrane defects developed between 20 and 60 minutes of exposure . The rate of release of LDH from leukotoxin-exposed BL3 cells was proportional to the amount of leukotoxin added . At high cell concentrations, the activity of LDH released at completion was directly proportional to the amount of leukotoxin added . Leukotoxin-induced release of LDH required a divalent cation, whereas K+ release and cell swelling did not . The addition of Ca2+, Mn2+, and Ba2+ resulted in increased leukotoxin-induced release of LDH . Divalent cation concentrations of 0.5 to 2.5 mM resulted in 50% of maximal stimulation . Ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid blocked increased release of LDH caused by Ca2+ addition, but had no effect on K+ release or cell swelling . Leukotoxin action on BL3 cells (K+ release, cell swelling, Ca2+ uptake, and release of LDH) was prevented by incubation at 4 C.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Feb, 50(2), 221 - 5
Blood bactericidal assay (Pasteurella haemolytica) comparison of morbidity in marketed feeder calves; Purdy CW et al.; An in vitro bactericidal assay that used bovine heparinized blood was investigated for its usefulness in detecting differences in the bactericidal immunity of calves against Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 (Ph1) . Greater than 90% of killing occurred within 30 minutes . The substitution of fetal calf serum for autologous calf plasma caused loss of bactericidal activity of the blood . Decomplemented calf serum also was low in bactericidal activity . The blood bactericidal assay appears to be opsonin antibody-dependent and complement-dependent . The coefficient of variation (CV) that can be expected with this assay was established by use of a group of 8 calves; within-day CV maximum was 0.9, and between-day CV maximum was 2.1 . The blood bactericidal assay was used to evaluate 30 calves under typical market stress from 4 farms in eastern Tennessee . All calves had decreased bactericidal activity, as they moved into a feedyard in Texas . The bactericidal activity was reduced among sick calves, based on the severity of clinical signs . Morbidity was highest during the first 14 days in the feedlot . During this period, healthy calves had a decreased bactericidal index (BI) of 4 points, and calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory tract disease for 3 days had a decreased BI of 8 points . The average reduction in the BI of calves with clinical signs of bovine respiratory tract disease for 6 or more days was 14 points.

Microb Pathog, 1989 Feb, 6(2), 133 - 41
Modulation of bovine neutrophil antibacterial activities by Pasteurella haemolytica A1 purified capsular polysaccharide; Czuprynski CJ et al.; Preincubation of bovine neutrophils with Pasteurella haemolytica A1 purified capsular polysaccharide markedly diminished their ability to ingest and kill P . haemolytica, but not Escherichia coli, in vitro . Ingestion and killing were impaired even when the P . haemolytica were preopsonized, thus suggesting that the inhibitory effects of the polysaccharide included a direct effect on bovine neutrophils rather than simply competition for serum opsonins . Preincubation of neutrophils with purified polysaccharide did not elicit a chemiluminescence response, nor did it alter the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils to subsequent stimulation with opsonized P . haemolytica or opsonized zymosan . In addition, purified polysaccharide alone was neither chemotactic nor did it induce a shape change in bovine neutrophils . These data suggest that the deposition of capsular polysaccharide in the lung during the onset of pulmonary pasteurellosis might impair the ability of neutrophils to ingest and kill P . haemolytica . The capsular polysaccharide of P . haemolytica, therefore, may contribute in part to the fibrinous pleuropneumonia that characterizes acute pasteurellosis.

J Anim Sci, 1989 Feb, 67(2), 557 - 64
Selenium effects on glutathione peroxidase and the immune response of stressed calves challenged with Pasteurella hemolytica; Stabel JR et al.; The present study was conducted to determine whether a marginal Se deficiency affects health, blood characteristics and the immune response of calves subjected to stresses associated with weaning, shipping (332 km) and Pasteurella hemolytica inoculation . Treatments were 1) -Se, 2) -Se/P . hemolytica, 3) +Se (.1 mg Se/kg feed) and 4) +Se/P . hemolytica . Previous Se intake was controlled; dams of -Se calves were fed diets marginally deficient in Se (.03 to .05 mg/kg), whereas dams of +Se calves received a s.c . injection of 30 mg Se (as sodium selenite) every 60 d . Calves were inoculated with P . hemolytica intratracheally on d 3 following weaning and transport . Inoculation with P . hemolytica increased (P less than .05) body temperatures, platelet counts, serum IgM concentrations and serum antibody titers and decreased serum albumin concentrations at 4 to 7 d postinoculation . Weight gains for the 21-d study were not affected by Se status, although whole blood and plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were higher (P less than .05) for +Se calves . Plasma GSH-Px increased (P less than .01) in calves showing signs of morbidity . Increases in plasma GSH-Px were correlated positively with body temperature . Serum IgM concentrations were higher (P less than .05) in +Se calves on d 17, but Se-supplemented calves had lower (P less than .05) anti-P . hemolytica titers on d 17 than -Se calves . Selenium status did not affect body temperatures, plasma creatine phosphokinase or serum IgG and albumin concentrations . These results indicate that Se status can affect IgM concentrations following stress.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Feb, 135 ( Pt 2), 435 - 43
Iron-repressible outer-membrane proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica; Deneer HG et al.; The outer-membrane protein (OMP) profile of Pasteurella haemolytica grown under iron-replete and iron-restricted conditions was studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting . A serotype 1 isolate induced the synthesis of a new 77,000 Mr OMP in iron-restricted media while two other proteins of 100,000 Mr and 71,000 Mr were synthesized in increased amounts . None of these proteins were peptidoglycan-associated or heat-modifiable, and only the 100,000 Mr protein showed some degree of disulphide cross-linking . Kinetic analysis revealed that the iron-repressible proteins appeared in the outer membrane within 15 min of establishment of iron-restricted conditions . Analysis of P . haemolytica isolates representing serotypes 1 to 12 showed that iron-repressible OMPs of 77,000 Mr and 71,000 Mr could be induced in all 12 serotypes but that there was some variability in the expression of the 100,000 Mr protein . Immunoblotting of OMPs with convalescent sera from P . haemolytica-infected calves indicated that antibodies directed against all three iron-repressible OMPs were present, suggesting that these proteins were expressed in vivo.

Vet Microbiol, 1989 Feb, 19(2), 175 - 81
A crude cytotoxin vaccine protects sheep against experimental Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A2 infection; Sutherland AD et al.; Three vaccines containing Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A2 antigens were tested for their ability to protect sheep against a homologous challenge . A crude cytotoxin preparation in combination with a sodium salicylate extract (SSE) or crude cytotoxin alone were highly protective (98 and 86%, respectively), whereas SSE alone was poorly (47%) protective . These findings indicated that the crude cytotoxin was an essential component of a protective vaccine . Protection correlated with serum cytotoxin-neutralising (CN) titres and bactericidal activity, which were stimulated by antigens in the crude cytotoxin preparation.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1989 Feb, 63(2), 125 - 9
{Studies on growth of Pasteurella multocida on BTB agar}; Arashima Y et al.; It has been reported that the Pasteurella multocida does not grow on the BTB agar . Therefore, this medium has been used as selective and differential medium for Pasteurella multocida . However, we have experienced that some of the Pasteurella multocida from the patient's materials grew on the BTB agar . Here, we will report on the studies of the growth of the Pasteurella multocida strain on the BTB agar . Ten strains of Pasteurella multocida from humans and animals were used as the test strains . Those were adjusted to McFarland No . 5 by the sterilized physiological saline and inoculated on the agars . We compared commercially prepared BTB agars from 3 companies and BTB agars prepared by our-self from dehydrated culture medium . Blood, Chocolate, Nutrient and MacConkey agar were also used in this study . As for the growth of the Pasteurella multocida, we checked the pH of each agar and the temperature during the cultivation . The results are as follows: 1) Pasteurella multocida was confirmed to grow on all of the BTB agar . 2) Pasteurella multocida grew most heavily at 37 degrees C and pH of 7.4 to 8.2 . 3) The difference of the growth on each agar was considered to be the difference of the pH and nutritional condition of the agar.

Infect Immun, 1989 Feb, 57(2), 420 - 5
Transmembrane pore size and role of cell swelling in cytotoxicity caused by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin; Clinkenbeard KD et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxin causes rapid (5 to 15 min) leakage of intracellular K+ and cell swelling and slower (15 to 60 min), Ca2+-dependent formation of large plasma membrane defects (congruent to 100 nm) and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from bovine lymphoma cells (BL3 cells) (K . D . Clinkenbeard, D . A . Mosier, A . L . Timko, and A . W . Confer, Am . J . Vet . Res., in press) . Incubation of BL3 cells in medium made hypertonic by inclusion of 75 mM sucrose blocked leukotoxin-induced cell swelling, formation of large plasma membrane defects, and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase but did not block leukotoxin-induced leakage of intracellular K+ . Carbohydrates with molecular weights less than that of sucrose, e.g., mannitol, did not block leukotoxin-induced cell swelling of BL3 cells . Increasing the concentration of mannitol to twice that of sucrose still resulted in no protective effect . Assuming that leukotoxin acts as a transmembrane molecular sieve, then the functional transmembrane pore size formed by leukotoxin in BL3 cells is slightly less than the size of sucrose, i.e., 0.9 nm . Exposure of BL3 cells to leukotoxin for 15 or 45 min followed by the addition of hypertonic sucrose to the incubation medium reversed leukotoxin-induced cell swelling and prevented further leakage of lactate dehydrogenase . Leukotoxin-induced leakage of lactate dehydrogenase required both cell swelling and Ca2+-dependent processes . The Ca2+-dependent steps can occur before or concurrent with cell swelling.

Vet Rec, 1989 Jan 21, 124(3), 57 - 61
An evaluation in pigs of Nobi-Vac AR and an experimental atrophic rhinitis vaccine containing P multocida DNT-toxoid and B bronchiseptica; Kobisch M et al.; The trial involved eight large white sows obtained from a closed experimental specific pathogen free herd . Four sows (two each for an experimental vaccine and for Nobi-Vac AR) were vaccinated twice (eight weeks and two weeks before parturition) with 2 ml of vaccine administered intramuscularly . Two unvaccinated sows were used as an infected control group and two unvaccinated sows served as an uninfected control group . Forty-six piglets (28 from vaccinated sows and 18 from unvaccinated sows) were challenged by intranasal instillation of Bordetella bronchiseptica at two days of age and Pasteurella multocida type D, dermonecrotic toxin at seven days of age . Among the infected control group some piglets died and there were clinical signs of pneumonia and severe turbinate atrophy . In the vaccinated groups the results showed that immunisation of the pregnant sows had provided a good level of antibodies, which were transmitted to their offspring . There was a significant reduction in the clinical signs and no lesions were observed in the group vaccinated with the experimental vaccine and only moderate atrophy of the turbinates in the Nobi-Vac AR group . B bronchiseptica and P multocida were never recovered from the lungs of the vaccinated groups and in the nasal cavities their frequency declined with age.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jan-Mar, 33(1), 97 - 102
Fowl cholera immunity induced by various vaccines in broiler minibreeder chickens determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Avakian AP et al.; Broiler minibreeder hens were vaccinated for protection against fowl cholera at 12 and 21 weeks of age using several vaccination schemes, which included a live Pasteurella multocida (CU strain) vaccine, two commercial polyvalent fowl cholera oil-based bacterins, and two experimentally prepared polyvalent oil-based bacterins . Some treatment groups received only live or killed vaccines, whereas others received a live vaccine at 12 weeks followed by a killed product at 21 weeks . At 42 weeks of age, all birds that received the live CU vaccine twice or once followed by a bacterin survived challenge . Birds that received killed vaccines only were significantly less protected but still showed a respectable survival rate of 86% . All unvaccinated controls died within 72 hr after challenge . At 72 weeks of age, overall protection was lower than that at 42 weeks, regardless of vaccination treatment . Antibody titers were usually higher in birds that received bacterins than in those receiving live vaccines, yet overall protection was still greater in those birds that received the live cholera vaccine twice.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jan-Mar, 33(1), 12 - 7
Pasteurella multocida recovered from live turkeys: prevalence and virulence in turkeys; Carpenter TE et al.; Swabs of the oropharynges of 801 live turkeys (621 meat birds and 180 breeders), collected from 15 flocks that had experienced an outbreak of fowl cholera and from 12 non-outbreak flocks, were screened for the presence of Pasteurella multocida . Turkeys from outbreak flocks were sampled within 2 to 9 weeks of the outbreak . Forty-nine isolates of P . multocida were recovered from turkeys in 11 of the outbreak flocks, and none were recovered from turkeys in non-outbreak flocks . Isolation rates varied from 0 to 72% of turkeys sampled in a flock . Nineteen isolates were tested for virulence by injecting them intravenously into turkeys, and 14 were lethal . Results demonstrated that for purposes of disease control, meat birds in fowl-cholera-outbreak flocks should be considered carriers of potentially virulent P . multocida for the life of the flock.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Jan, 50(1), 106 - 10
Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine antibody (IgG) to Pasteurella haemolytica; Gillette KG et al.; The sensitivity of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for bovine IgG serum antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica was compared with that of an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test . Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes were grown in a chemically defined cell culture medium, and soluble antigens released into the growth medium were used in the ELISA and IHA test . An ELISA with serotype-1 antigen consistently detected antibody in sera that were positive by IHA test (correlation, 99%) . Sera reacting with serotype-1 ELISA antigens also reacted with ELISA antigens prepared from other serotypes . Although ELISA titers averaged 5 log2 units higher than IHA titers, plots of titers determined by the 2 methods were approximately linear . Titer increases detected in paired serum samples by either test were similar . The ELISA was more sensitive than was the IHA in detecting colostral IgG antibody in serum of newborn calves . The ELISA uses a simple, stable antigen preparation and detects antibody to P haemolytica serotypes that commonly infect cattle.

Ann Rech Vet, 1989, 20(3), 269 - 76
{Nasal and pulmonary flora in the goat}; Richard Y et al.; On the basis of bacteriological examinations carried out on 75 intranasal swabs and 80 goat lung punctures, aerobic, aero-anaerobic respiratory microbes and mycoplasma were studied . Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was isolated both from nasal flora (37%) and from the lungs (27.5%) as well as Pasteurella spp which accounted respectively for 24% and 12.5% . The nasal flora are characterised by the presence of a Gram-negative strain included in the genus Moraxella and connected with Moraxella bovis species.

Toxicon, 1989, 27(7), 797 - 804
Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin on isolated bovine neutrophils; Clinkenbeard KD et al.; P . haemolytica leukotoxin caused rapid leakage of intracellular K+ (greater than 90% in 30 sec) from and cell swelling (approximately 100% increase in 15 min) of isolated bovine neutrophils . Incubation media made hypertonic by the addition of raffinose, dextran or inulin (carbohydrates with mol . wts of greater than or equal to 505) prevented leukotoxin-induced cell swelling, but not K+ leakage . Assuming that leukotoxin acts as a transmembrane molecular sieve, then the leukotoxin-induced functional transmembrane pore size in bovine neutrophil plasma membranes is slightly smaller than the molecular size of raffinose, i.e . 1.2 nm . Morphologically, leukotoxin caused bovine neutrophils to swell, lose their membrane ruffling, develop a finely porous surface, and form large plasma membrane defects . Exposure of neutrophils to leukotoxin caused slower (5-50 min) leakage of 80% of the cellular L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase (E.C . 1.1.27, lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) . Leukotoxin-induced K+ leakage and cell swelling developed in Ca2+-free medium, whereas leakage of lactate dehydrogenase develop only in medium containing Ca2+ and was inhibited by the addition of ethylene glycol-bis(B-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N1,N1-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) . This sequence of leukotoxin-induced changes in neutrophils is compatible with the mechanism of action of pore-forming cytolysins.

Bull Acad Natl Med, 1989 Jan, 173(1), 39 - 46; discussion 46-7
{Dog bites and infection from bacterial inoculation . Necessity for appropriate therapeutic measures}; Schmitt J et al.; The most recent statistics in France underline a doubly increasing preoccupation: the alarming rise in the frequency of bites by dogs (watchdogs or lapdogs), and the great number of pathogenic bacteria isolated from the bite wounds . During the last three years (1985, 1986, 1987), the Bacteriological Laboratory of Nancy received 390 samples, and 56% of them contained one or more bacteria . These bacteria basically were Pasteurella (61%), but other different species were isolated and identified recently: for example, the bacterial groups EF4, M5, IIj and especially DF2 . The clinical feature is usually a wound which, neglected, is suppurating . But the bacteria of the DF2 group lead to general complications, very serious: more than 50 cases of septicemia have been published . In such cases, the notion of underlying pathology is important: alcoholism, cancer, splenectomy . Therefore, this new threat calls for great vigilance: curative treatment with antibiotic therapy adjusted to the isolated and tested bacterium; but, after all bites by a dog, real prophylaxis is systematically essential, with classical actions and antibiotic therapy (betalactamine or cycline) if the organism of the patient is deficient.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1989, 178(2), 121 - 5
Isolation and interspecies-transfer of a plasmid from Pasteurella multocida encoding for streptomycin resistance; Schwarz S et al.; A plasmid encoding streptomycin-resistance could be detected in 13 of 32 Pasteurella multocida-cultures isolated from cattle and swine . The plasmid of these cultures proved to be similar upon Southern blot hybridization . It could be transformed into Escherichia coli 490A, where it also expressed streptomycin resistance.

DNA, 1989 Jan-Feb, 8(1), 15 - 28
DNA sequence of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin gene cluster; Highlander SK et al.; Bovine serum was used to identify a recombinant phage clone carrying the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin gene . This fragment produced the 102-kD leukotoxin and several smaller P . haemolytica-specific protein antigens in Escherichia coli . An additional contiguous fragment, containing sequences upstream from the leukotoxin gene . Using these clones, we determined the nucleotide sequence of a 7745-bp region that included four open reading frames: an upstream gene, lktC; the leukotoxin gene, lktA; and two downstream genes, lktB, and lktD . The predicted molecular weights of the proteins encoded by these genes were 19.9, 102, 79.6, and 54.7 kD, respectively . These genes and their predicted proteins were similar in organization and in sequence to the corresponding elements of the gene cluster that encodes an E . coli alpha-hemolysin and its activation and secretion functions . Expression of the leukotoxin was enhanced in E . coli, by fusing the gene to the lac promoter . Under these conditions the leukotoxin was not secreted into the medium, as it is in P . haemolytica . However, in the presence of the alpha-hemolysin genes, the leukotoxin was secreted into the medium, demonstrating functional complementation by the hemolysin secretory system.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Jan, 55(1), 106 - 8
Agarose soy casein digest medium for replacement of blood agar for potency determinations of live Pasteurella vaccines; Rebers PA et al.; Blood agar, prepared with Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) soy agar and 5% defibrinated bovine blood, is used for testing the potency of live Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines, but its potential for variation makes it undesirable to use in a standard assay method . Tests done with RPMI 1640 and Trypticase soy medium indicated that the benefits obtained by adding defibrinated blood to the Trypticase soy agar medium were more likely due to neutralization of toxic components than to the presence of transferrin or iron as growth factors . Reduction of toxic components in the Trypticase soy agar medium was accomplished by replacing agar with agarose and by autoclaving glucose as a separate solution to produce the replacement medium . The replacement medium was prepared by autoclaving three separate solutions--Trypticase soy broth without glucose; glucose; and agarose--cooling to 55 degrees C, and mixing and then pouring the mixtures into petri dishes . The growth obtained with this medium as judged by determination of the number of CFU and the colony sizes of P . multocida or P . haemolytica was equal to or better than those obtained with blood agar.

Acta Vet Hung, 1989, 37(1-2), 35 - 8
Characterization of Pasteurella haemolytica strains isolated from goats in Hungary; Fodor L et al.; Thirty-five Pasteurella haemolytica strains were isolated in Hungary from goat carcasses sent for postmortem examination from two farms with large goat flocks . All strains belonged to biotype A and with the exception of one strain of serotype A8 they belonged to serotype A2 . No untypable strains were found by the indirect haemagglutination test.

Acta Vet Hung, 1989, 37(4), 319 - 25
Study of the toxin-producing ability of Pasteurella multocida in mice; Magyar T; Cell-free sonicated extracts and broth cultures of Pasteurella multocida strains of pig origin were examined for their lienotoxicity in mice . P . multocida strains represented capsular types A and D with or without dermonecrotoxic (DNT) activity in the guinea pig skin test . Mouse lienotoxicity test was suitable for determining the toxigenicity of P . multocida strains only when bacterium-free extracts were tested . In that case both toxigenic type A and D strains were lethal to intravenously inoculated mice and caused a remarkable reduction in spleen mass when sublethal doses were used . The extracts of atoxic strains were not lethal and induced splenic hyperplasia . By testing viable cells no correlation was demonstrable between toxin production and virulence of P . multocida to mice . In one experiment the concentrated sterile culture fluids of a toxigenic type D P . multocida and a toxigenic B . bronchiseptica strain were compared . The former caused deaths and splenic atrophy among mice, while the latter was nontoxic and induced slight hyperplasia of the spleen . This fact indicates that P . multocida secretes its toxin into the culture fluid.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1989, 43(4), 573 - 7
{Isolation and characterization of ts-mutants of Pasteurella multocida}; Schimmel D; Temperature-sensitive mutants were isolated and characterised from wild strains of A, D, and A/D serotypes of Pasteurella multocida by mutagenic treatment, using N-methyl-N-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine . The mutants differed from parent strains by growth intensity at 41 degrees C and 43 degrees C as well as by reduced virulence to mice and decreased toxin formation capacity . Mice were totally protected from intraperitoneal challenge infection, using the tenfold LD100, by two subcutaneous injections of 10(7) mutant germs.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1989, 21(5), 583 - 4
Pasteurella multocida occurs in a high frequency in the saliva of pet dogs; Rollof J et al.; Pasteurella multocida is a frequent cause of infection after animal bites . In contrast to earlier reports, P . multocida appeared to be as common among dogs as among cats . We found 17 (81%) of 21 pet dogs to harbour P . multocida in their saliva . At normal contact, the risk of transmission from dogs to humans seems to be negligible . Only 1/27 dogs owners was found to harbour the organism . None of 13 cat owners or 23 persons without animal contacts harboured P . multocida.

Rev Pneumol Clin, 1989, 45(3), 134 - 6
{Bronchial infection and brain abscess caused by Pasteurella multocida}; Martin F et al.; The authors report a case of pasteurellosis with abscess of the brain consecutive to a bronchopulmonary infection in a woman with old-standing bilateral bronchiectasis . The prevalence of respiratory infections caused by Pasteurella multocida is low, but it is certainly underestimated . Bronchial and/or pleuro-pulmonary infections occur in subjects with reduced local and/or systemic defences . The respiratory system is colonized by direct or indirect contagion, usually in contact with pet animals carrying the organism.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989, 12(1-2), 17 - 27
{Pathologic consequences of a severe influenza outbreak (swine virus A/H1N1) under natural conditions in the non-immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy}; Madec F et al.; Pathological consequences of a severe outbreak of swine influenza (H1N1 virus) in the non immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy, under natural conditions . A sudden acute outbreak of fever, depression, anorexia and coughing in a group of nulliparous sows from a herd that was currently under epidemiological investigation lead to build a particular disposal of observation . The clinical signs were daily recorded including rectal temperature . Blood was taken from the sows at the beginning of the troubles and 3 weeks later for the detection of Aujesky's disease, coronavirus TGE-like, Influenza viruses A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae . Viral detection was attempted from nasal swabs and aborted fetuses during the acute phase . The clinical study showed fever reaching near 41 degrees C on most of the pigs and lasting usually from 2 to 5 days . The diagnosis of Influenza (virus swine H1N1) was established both on serology (massive seroconversion) and on the detection of the virus from the nasal swabs and from an aborted fetus . The control of the lungs of sows "not in pig" and culled showed extended lesions of bronchopneumonia and Pasteurella multocida was found . The technical consequences of this severe outbreak of Influenza on reproduction were mainly important at the beginning of pregnancy . Over 13 sows inseminated less than 1 week before the outbreak, only 3 farrowed (respectively 5.5 and 12 piglets); 7 returned to oestrus and 3 "not a pig" at 21 days (echotomography) did not show signs of heat and were culled . Over 8 pregnant sows (1 month of pregnancy), 6 farrowed normal litters and total embryonic resorption occurred in 2 sows . Over 18 pregnant sows (more than 45 days gestation) one aborted.

Avian Dis, 1989 Jan-Mar, 33(1), 8 - 11
In vitro studies with dimethyldithiocarbamate, possible new antimicrobial for use in poultry; Delap SK et al.; Tests were conducted to determine the in vitro efficacy of the dithiocarbamate analogue, dimethyldithiocarbamate (DmDTC), against selected poultry pathogens . Organisms studied were two bacteria, Pasteurella multocida and Escherichia coli, and a mold, Aspergillus fumigatus . Zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration were determined for each organism . DmDTC was effective in vitro against all organisms tested, with A . fumigatus showing greatest overall sensitivity.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1989, 43(5), 667 - 76
{Experimental Mycoplasma bovis infection of the respiratory tract of calves}; Brys A et al.; Multiple intranasal experimental Mycoplasma (M.) bovis infection was induced to 22 calves and resulted in clinical manifestations . M . bovis was re-isolated from 17 of 24 lungs which had been altered by pneumonia . Pasteurella haemolytica was the only pathogen isolated from the pathologically affected lung of one of the experimental animals . The haematogenic proliferation phase was successfully identified in 5 of 8 examined calves . Arthritis was not recordable from any of the experimental animals . Interstitial and catarrhal to catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonias were the most common histological findings . Peribronchial lymphoid cell accumulations occurred frequently, as time passed from onset of infection . Antibodies against M . bovis were detected in blood serum of infected animals by means of film inhibition, as of the 3 . week from infection, and by means of indirect haemagglutination, as of the 4 . week from infection.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Jan, 50(1), 29 - 31
Evaluation of the specificity of Pasteurella multocida somatic antigen-typing antisera prepared in chickens, using ribosome-lipopolysaccharide complexes as inocula; Rimler RB et al.; Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from 16 serotypes of Pasteurella multocida were complexed with Aspergillus fumigatus ribosomes . The complexes were used as inocula to prepare antisera, in chickens, for somatic antigen typing by the gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT) . Antisera made against 15 of 16 LPS reacted with their respective specific heat-stable antigens in the GDPT and homologous LPS in the passive hemagglutination test . Antisera could not be made against serotype 15 LPS . Correlation was not observed between intensity of the precipitin reaction in the GDPT and titer to homologous LPS in the passive hemagglutination test . Most antisera cross-reacted with other heat-stable antigens of other serotypes in the GDPT . Many of these cross-reactions were eliminated by dilution . Cross-reactions that occurred in the GDPT with antisera made against LPS of serotypes 2, 5, 7, and 8 could not be eliminated by dilution.

Histol Histopathol, 1989 Jan, 4(1), 77 - 84
Rabbit pasteurellosis: respiratory and renal pathology of control and immunized rabbits after challenge with Pasteurella multocida; al-Lebban ZS et al.; Gross and microscopic lesions of pasteurellosis were studied in control and immunized pasteurella-free rabbits after challenge with virulent Pasteurella multocida . Pathologic responses were compared in rabbits immunized intravenously or mucosally with P . multocida or with J5, a cross protective core LPS mutant of E . coli . All rabbits were challenged conjunctivally with approximately 2xLD50 of P . multocida . Rabbits were necropsied and examined for histopathology of the respiratory tract and kidneys . Lung lesions varied in severity depending on the duration of the disease, the route of vaccination, and the vaccine used . The most severe lung lesions occurred in rabbits vaccinated intravenously with P . multocida and challenged with the same strain . Some of these rabbits had purulent bronchopneumonia and pleuropneumonia . Lung lesions were absent or less severe in rabbits vaccinated by a mucosal (aerosol, conjunctival) route and in unvaccinated controls . In these animals there was no bronchopneumonia or pleuropneumonia, and bronchiolitis, if present, was less severe . Kidney lesions were found only in rabbits vaccinated intravenously . There was an interstitial nephritis, some collagen deposition, mononuclear cell infiltration, and a loss of tubular architecture in the cortex . Some glomeruli were affected . These results indicate that intravenous immunization contributes to the formation of lesions whereas mucosal immunization prevented lesion formation to some degree.

Exp Lung Res, 1989, 15(1), 113 - 37
Lectin-detectable effects of localized pneumonia on airway mucous cell populations: role of cyclooxygenase metabolites; Mariassy AT et al.; We examined the airway secretory apparatus of adult sheep with experimental pneumonia to look for morphologic and lectin-binding correlates of increased mucus production . The animals were inoculated in the right caudal lobar bronchus either with starch broth containing Pasteurella haemolytica (INF, n = 6), starch broth alone (SHAM, n = 6), or with P . haemolytica and subsequently treated (INF/T, n = 5) with 2 mg/kg indomethacin, subcutaneously three times daily for 6 days . In the INF and INF/T groups, a localized pneumonic infiltrate containing P . haemolytica organisms was present . The bronchi (18-23rd generation) adjacent to the pneumonic lesion had an increased gland volume fraction (6.3 +/- 3.7% in INF, 11.3 +/- 2.4% in INF/T, and 3.1 +/- 1.9% in SHAM, p less than 0.05 among the three) . The mean population densities of BSA-reactive (identifying alpha-D-gal) cells were 41.9 +/- 2.7% in the INF, 40.1 +/- 5.6% in the INF/T, versus 14.3 +/- 1.5% in the SHAM group (p less than 0.05), while the corresponding values for PNA-reactive {identifying beta-D-gal(1----3)-D-galNAc} cells were 28.8 +/- 5.1%, 0%, and 0%, respectively . Nor morphologic abnormalities were seen in the trachea, but BSA staining was shifted to morphologically different mucous cells in the INF and INF/T . We conclude that in localized P . haemolytica pneumonia in sheep (1) there are morphologic changes of the airway secretory apparatus adjacent to the lesion, (2) the glycoconjugate profile of secretory cells adjacent to and remote from the lesion is altered, and (3) cyclooxygenase products influence the chemical composition of secretory cells.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1989 Jan, 1(1), 3 - 5
An aerogenic Pasteurella-like organism isolated from horses; Schlater LR; Thirteen strains of a gram-negative, fermentative bacterium that produced gas from glucose were isolated from horses with a variety of clinical conditions . The morphological and biochemical characteristics of this bacterium are similar to those described for the family Pasteurellaceae . These strains appear to constitute a new taxon within the genus Pasteurella; however, the final taxonomic position of this group depends upon more detailed genetic studies . Case histories indicate that this bacterium may be a primary respiratory pathogen and may play a secondary role in various other disease conditions.

Am J Vet Res, 1989 Jan, 50(1), 98 - 105
Serum antibody response to carbohydrate antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1: relation to experimentally induced bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis; Confer AW et al.; The antibody responses to the capsular carbohydrate (CC) purified from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 were determined by an ELISA, using 135 sera from 6 calves vaccinated with phosphate-buffered saline solution, formalin-killed P haemolytica bacterins, live P haemolytica, or an extract of P haemolytica referred to as carbohydrate-protein subunit (CPS) . Calves vaccinated with live P haemolytica, bacterins, or CPS developed serum antibodies to CC . Bacterins containing Freund incomplete adjuvant or Freund complete adjuvant induced higher antibody responses than did bacterins containing aluminum hydroxide . In 4 of 6 experiments, high antibody responses to CC were significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated with resistance to transthoracic challenge exposure with P haemolytica . When calves were challenge exposed with a dose of P haemolytica that was 4.5 times greater than the standard challenge exposure dose or when calves that had been vaccinated with CPS were challenge exposed, antibody responses did not significantly (P greater than 0.05) correlate with resistance to challenge exposure . The amount of serum antibodies to CPS increased significantly (P less than 0.05) when calves were vaccinated with live or killed P haemolytica or with CPS, compared with that in calves given saline solution . In 5 of 6 experiments, correlation between high antibody responses and resistance to challenge exposure was significant (P less than 0.05) . The correlation between those variables was not significant (P less than 0.07) for CPS-vaccinated calves . In the ELISA, treatment of CPS with sodium m-periodate, to oxidize periodate-sensitive carbohydrate epitopes, failed to markedly alter the antibody response to CPS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Poult Sci, 1988 Dec, 67(12), 1807 - 9
Response of two lines of turkeys to challenge with Pasteurella multocida; Sharaf MM et al.; Two lines of turkeys were challenged with Pasteurella multocida during three trials . The two lines were 1) a randombred control line (RBC1), and 2) a subline (E) of Line RBC1 selected for increased egg production . Each trial differed as to the age at which poults were challenged . In Trial 1, unvaccinated birds were subcutaneously inoculated with P . multocida at 6 wk of age . In Trial 2, poults vaccinated (on the back of the neck) at 7 and 9 wk of age with .5 mL of P . multocida bacterin and unvaccinated poults were challenged at 11 wk of age . Trial 3 was similar to Trial 2, except that poults were vaccinated at 8 and 10 wk of age and challenged at 12 wk of age . Line E had significantly (P less than .05) higher mortality than Line RBC1 (66.7 vs . 31.8%) in Trial 1 . In Trials 2 and 3, unvaccinated birds of Line E had higher mortality than unvaccinated birds of Line RBC1; however, differences between lines were not significant in either trial . Significantly lower levels of mortality were observed for vaccinated poults than for unvaccinated poults in the second and third trials, where birds were vaccinated and challenged at older ages.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Dec, 49(12), 2081 - 4
Cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: effects of Pasteurella multocida on respiratory burst activity of avian respiratory tract phagocytes; Ochs DL et al.; The respiratory tract of healthy chickens contain few free-residing phagocytic cells . Intratracheal inoculation with Pasteurella multocida stimulated a significant (P less than 0.05) migration of cells to the lungs and air sacs of White Rock chickens within 2 hours after inoculation . We found the maximal number of avian respiratory tract phagocytes (22.9 +/- 14.0 x 10(6} at 8 hours after inoculation . Flow cytometric analysis of these cells revealed 2 populations on the basis of cell-size and cellular granularity . One of these was similar in size and granularity to those of blood heterophils . Only this population was capable of generating oxidative metabolites in response to phorbol myristate acetate . The ability of the heterophils to produce hydrogen peroxide, measured as the oxidation of intracellularly loaded 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein, decreased with time after inoculation . These results suggest that the migration of heterophils, which are capable of high levels of oxidative metabolism, to the lungs and air sacs may be an important defense mechanism of poultry against bacterial infections of the respiratory tract.

Epidemiol Infect, 1988 Dec, 101(3), 641 - 5
Pig bite injuries and infection: report of seven human cases; Barnham M; Six patients developed local infection after being bitten or gored by swine . Wounding was often deep and occurred characteristically on the posterior aspect of the thigh . Severity of infection varied from simple wound infection with discharge and slough to cellulitis and abscess formation; pathogens included haemolytic streptococci, pasteurellae, Bacteroides sp., Proteus sp . and Escherichia coli and were usually isolated in mixed culture . A patient with Pasteurella aerogenes infection appears to be the first reported in England . A seventh patient developed Streptococcus milleri septicaemia after wounding himself while cutting teeth from piglets . It is suggested that a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given as part of the initial treatment when patients present with the more severe pig bite injuries.

EMBO J, 1988 Dec 1, 7(12), 3997 - 4004
Secretion of cyclolysin, the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase-haemolysin bifunctional protein of Bordetella pertussis; Glaser P et al.; The calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis, a 45 kd secreted protein, is synthesized as a 1706 amino acid precursor . We have shown that this precursor is a bifunctional protein, carrying both adenylate cyclase and haemolytic activities . The 1250 carboxy-terminal amino acids of the precursor showed 25% similarity with Escherichia coli alpha-haemolysin (HlyA) and 22% similarity with Pasteurella haemolytica leucotoxin . Three open reading frames were identified downstream from the cyaA gene: cyaB, cyaD and cyaE, coding for polypeptides of 712, 440 and 474 amino acid residues, respectively . As for E . coli alpha-haemolysin, secretion of B.pertussis adenylate cyclase and haemolysin requires the expression of additional genes . The gene products of cyaB and cyaD are highly similar to HlyB and HlyD, known to be necessary for the transport of HlyA across the cell envelope and for its release into the external medium . Complementation and functional studies indicate that the B.pertussis adenylate cyclase-haemolysin bifunctional protein is secreted by a mechanism similar to that described for E.coli alpha-haemolysin, requiring, in addition to the cyaB and cyaD gene products, the presence of a third gene product specified by the cyaE gene.

Lab Anim Sci, 1988 Dec, 38(6), 696 - 701
Rederivation of inbred strains of mice by means of embryo transfer; Reetz IC et al.; Embryo transfers were performed to rederive six inbred strains of mice, A/He, BALB/cByJ, BALB/c Lac, B10.BR/SgSnJ, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J . The aim was to determine whether it is possible to eliminate pathogens like mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Pasteurella pneumotropica (P.p.) . The embryos were collected, handled and transferred into the oviduct of day one pseudopregnant SPF surrogate mothers under aseptic conditions . In 40.5% of the transfers, embryos developed to term . With respect to surrogate mothers delivering viable litters, 47.9% of the transferred embryos were born alive . Out of these 93.5% were reared . Virological and bacteriological examination of embryo donors verified the presence of P.p . and of antibodies against MHV in all strains . In some embryo donors P.p . could be isolated even from the uterine mucosa . However, neither in the surrogate mothers nor in the offspring could P.p . and antibodies against MHV be detected . Further bacteriological examination revealed that the offspring carried only the microbial flora received from the surrogate mother . The results indicate that embryo transfer is an appropriate tool to rederive mouse strains . In contrast to hysterectomy rederivation, embryo transfer has the advantage of avoiding postimplantational vertical transmissions of infections.

J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1988 Dec, 11(4), 338 - 44
Parainfluenza-3 virus-induced enhancement of histamine release from calf lung mast cells--effect of levamisole; Ogunbiyi PO et al.; Clinically healthy calves were divided into five groups . Group 1 served as control; Group 2 received levamisole (LEV), 3 mg/kg, s.c.; Group 3 was aerosolized with parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3); Group 4 received LEV and PI-3 and Group 5 was inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica . They were killed 6 days after virus exposure or 5-6 days after bacterial inoculation . Lung mast cells were prepared by enzymatic treatment . Mast cell histamine (HIST) release was assayed spectrofluorometrically . Total HIST (micrograms/g) in mast cells was as follows (means +/- SEM): control (5.30 +/- 0.26); LEV (5.27 +/- 0.31); PI-3 (6.37 +/- 0.65); LEV + PI-3 (6.21 +/- 0.51); P . haemolytica (7.06 +/- 0.85) . Spontaneous HIST release was as follows (% total, means +/- SEM): control (10.38 +/- 1.09), LEV (11.95 +/- 2.13), PI-3v (73.57 +/- 11.97), PI-3v + LEV (19.50 +/- 3.03), and P . haemolytica (70.59 +/- 5.94) . Calcium ionophore A23187 (5 X 10(-6) M)-induced release (% total, means +/- SEM) was: 51.53 +/- 3.05, 50.02 +/- 2.70, 83.91 +/- 4.09, 75.21 +/- 4.51 and 70.59 +/- 6.91 for control, LEV, PI-3, LEV + PI-3 and P . haemolytica groups, respectively . Both virus and bacteria increased HIST content of lung mast cells and enhanced ionophore-induced release . Levamisole significantly reduced spontaneous HIST release in virus-infected calves but had no effect on ionophore-induced release . Results suggest a significant role for HIST in pathogenesis of bovine microbial pneumonia and that LEV probably does not modulate non-immunologic release of HIST from bovine lungs.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Nov, 49(11), 1844 - 9
Induction of nasal turbinate atrophy in germ-free pigs, using Pasteurella multocida as well as bacterium-free crude and purified dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida; Kamp EM et al.; To establish the role of the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) of Pasteurella multocida in the cause and pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis, germ-free pigs were inoculated with several strains of P multocida, crude DNT, or purified DNT . In some experiments, the aforementioned inocula were combined with Bordetella bronchiseptica . All DNT-producing P multocida strains induced severe turbinate atrophy . Histologic examination of the remnants of the nasal turbinates revealed intact, but undulated, ciliated epithelium and numerous osteoclasts . Inflammation was minimal or absent . A DNT-producing B bronchiseptica strain induced only mild turbinate atrophy . The lesions were characterized histologically by loss of cilia and ciliated cells and by an infiltration of predominantly mononuclear cells . Bone formation seemed impaired . Turbinate lesions were most severe in pigs infected with a combination of B bronchiseptica and a DNT-producing P multocida strain . Intranasal administration of sterile DNT-containing culture filtrate of P multocida or purified DNT of P multocida did not result in turbinate atrophy . In contrast, turbinate atrophy developed when these preparations were injected IM or when intranasal administration of DNT was preceded by inoculation of B bronchiseptica.

Yale J Biol Med, 1988 Nov-Dec, 61(6), 513 - 8
Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis from a cat bite; Chodakewitz J et al.; A 39-year-old man with no prior history of underlying arthritis developed osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in his hand following a cat bite . This case illustrates the virulence of Pasteurella multocida infections associated with animal bites, particularly those of cats, whose teeth can inoculate bone directly . The onset of cellulitis caused by P . multocida infections is often rapid, and the drug of choice for such infections remains penicillin . Appropriate antibiotic therapy, however, does not always prevent complications such as those seen in this patient.

Z Rheumatol, 1988 Nov-Dec, 47(6), 425 - 7
{Pasteurella multocida as a cause of septic arthritis in the elderly}; Tato F et al.; Pasteurella multocida as cause of septic arthritis was only reported in patients with underlying joint damage or altered systemic host defense . We report a case of septic arthritis of the shoulder in a 92-year-old, previously healthy woman . It is concluded that Pasteurella multocida can cause septic arthritis in aged persons without precedent joint damage.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1988 Nov, 270(1-2), 98 - 109
Species identification and serotyping (capsular antigen) of Pasteurella strains from sheep flocks in south Germany and in Syria; Younan M et al.; 135 Pasteurella strains were cultivated from nasal swabs of sheep as well as pneumonic lungs of dead and slaughtered sheep . The specimen originated from 41 flocks in South Germany and from 15 flocks and 60 slaughter sheep in Syria (Hama region) . Serovariety A2 prevailed amongst P . haemolytica strains (6) isolated in South Germany (53 strains) and in Syria (41 strains) . In addition 10 further serovarieties were identified in South Germany (next frequent were A8, A1 and A6) and 7 in Syria . Untypable strains appeared to be more frequent in Syria . Other Pasteurellae (17) represented 1/4 of isolates in Syria and 1/3 of isolates in South Germany . Species identification resulted in P . multocida ssp . multocida (25), P . multocida ssp . septica (4 strains, Syria only), P . canis (3 strains, South Germany only) and Pasteurella-like strains (9 strains) . Twelve P . multocida ssp . multocida strains carried capsular antigen D and 7 capsular antigen A . In most cases where multiple samples were examined from one flock, strains with different capsular antigens and/or belonging to different Pasteurella species were isolated (max . 8).

Res Vet Sci, 1988 Nov, 45(3), 414 - 5
ELISA for the measurement of sheep antibodies to the capsular antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes; Fodor L et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilising direct binding of capsular polysaccharide antigens to polystyrene immunoassay plates was used to measure sheep antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica A1, A2 and A6 serotypes . Low level cross reactivity occurred between A2 antigen and heterologous antisera . A strong unilateral cross reaction between A1 antigen and anti-A6 serum was abolished by absorption . These reactions suggest shared capsular antigens between serotypes.

J Infect, 1988 Nov, 17(3), 249 - 53
Actinobacillus (formerly Pasteurella) ureae meningitis and bacteraemia: report of a case and review of the literature; Verhaegen J et al.; A 26-year-old man addicted to alcohol was admitted to hospital with headache and rhinorrhoea . Investigation revealed Pasteurella ureae meningitis and bacteraemia . A course of intravenous cefotaxime and penicillin G, followed by surgical correction of a nasocranial fistula, led to full recovery . Fourteen cases of serious extrarespiratory infections due to P . ureae are briefly reviewed.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Nov, 49(11), 1962 - 8
Production and partial characterization of monoclonal antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide; Penaredondo MV et al.; Hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies (MAB) against the cell surface antigens of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 were obtained by the fusion of murine myeloma cells (P3 X 63 - Ag 8.653) with splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with crude logarithmic growth-phase culture supernatant . Initial screening was performed, using an ELISA, with the same bacterial growth culture supernatant as coating antigens . Further selection was done, using a panel of purified antigens--either capsular polysaccharide or lipopolysaccharide--as the coating antigen in an ELISA, and then performing a leukotoxin-neutralization assay . Two MAB, designated IIB-6 and H-2, reacted specifically with the capsular polysaccharide and the other 3, designated IVG-3, IH-3, and IIC-2, reacted with the lipopolysaccharide . One MAB, designated IH-6, did not react with leukotoxin, capsular polysaccharide, or lipopolysaccharide . The MAB to the capsular polysaccharide (IIB-6 and H-2) were characterized further; both antibodies belonged to the IgM class and were agglutinating . In addition, they promoted neutrophil-mediated opsonophagocytosis and complement-mediated immune bacteriolysis of P haemolytica serotype 1 . Results from 3 studies indicated that the MAB IIB-6 and H-2 were specific only to the capsular polysaccharide of serotype 1 of P haemolytica . The MAB to the lipopolysaccharide (IVG-3, IH-3, and IIC-2) were of the IgG1, IgG3, and IgM classes, respectively and were not characterized further . The availability of a MAB identifying a serotype-specific, surface-exposed determinant on the capsule of P haemolytica serotype 1 should facilitate and expand studies concerning the role of the capsular material and lipopolysaccharide in the pathogenicity of P haemolytica infection in cattle.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Oct, 52(4), 439 - 44
Susceptibility of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and domestic sheep to pneumonia induced by bighorn and domestic livestock strains of Pasteurella haemolytica; Onderka DK et al.; Bighorn sheep were inoculated intratracheally with suspensions of nonhemolytic Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T (10(12) organisms) unique to wild bighorns, with beta-hemolytic P . haemolytica biotype T (10(12) organisms) isolated from clinically normal domestic sheep or intradermally with half a dose of a cattle vaccine containing P . haemolytica biotype A (10(5) organisms) . The bighorn strain caused lobar necrotizing bronchopneumonia whereas both domestic livestock strains precipitated fatal septicemia and fibrinous bronchopneumonia . The serotypes given were T3, T4, T15 and A1 and these were recovered from lung lesions and other organs . In three trials, domestic sheep were inoculated intratracheally with suspensions of bighorn sheep pneumonic lungs, and two concentrations of the P . haemolytica bighorn strain (10(4) and 10(12) organisms) . One of these sheep was inoculated intrabronchially . The domestic sheep experienced a transient fever and elevated white blood cell counts . After six days, none of the sheep had lung lesions and inoculated organisms could not be recovered . It is suggested that bighorn sheep are very susceptible to P . haemolytica from domestic livestock and should not be allowed in contact with sheep or cattle.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Oct, 52(4), 434 - 8
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae increases the susceptibility of pigs to experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia; Ciprian A et al.; The interaction between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in experimental pneumonia was investigated in conventional pigs . The experimental animals were 49 days old when inoculated with M . hyopneumoniae; they were inoculated with P . multocida after 23 days, and killed 13 days later . In pigs inoculated only with P . multocida, clinical signs and lung lesions were not observed, and the agent was not recovered . Pigs inoculated with M . hyopneumoniae developed fever, moderate cough and dyspnea which tended to disappear, and small proliferative lung lesions from which M . hyopneumoniae was isolated . Pigs inoculated with both agents had higher fever, severe cough and dyspnea which tended to aggravate, and extensive exudative lung lesions from which organisms were isolated . All animals had similar growth rates, but the group infected with both agents consumed 60% more food . Therefore, M . hyopneumoniae causes mild pneumonia, whereas P . multocida is not pathogenic alone but aggravates the pneumonia initiated by M . hyopneumoniae.

Vet Rec, 1988 Oct 1, 123(14), 367 - 9
Single-dose treatment of neonatal calf pneumonia with the new macrolide antibiotic tilmicosin; Ose EE et al.; Tilmicosin, a new macrolide antibiotic, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-l-yl)desmycosin, formerly identified as EL-870, has been evaluated in three experiments as a single subcutaneous injection at dosages of 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg for the treatment of naturally occurring pneumonia in neonatal calves . Male Holstein calves, under five days of age, were shipped from Wisconsin and housed in pens . They were assigned sequentially to a treatment group when their temperature was greater than or equal to 39.7 degrees C for two consecutive days or greater than or equal to 39.7 degrees C and signs of respiratory disease were present . Clinical signs were evaluated daily for 14 days after the tilmicosin treatment . Calves that died and those that survived for the 14 day experimental period were examined post mortem . Treatment with tilmicosin was effective at all dosage levels, as determined by significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reductions in body temperature within 24 hours, in the number of animals that died, in the incidence and severity of clinical signs, in the number of Pasteurella species found in lung tissue and in the severity of the pneumonic lesions . In two of the three experiments severe outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis resulted in significant mortalities within a few days after the arrival of the calves . Treatment with tilmicosin was effective against respiratory disease even in the presence of this severe concurrent disease.

Poult Sci, 1988 Oct, 67(10), 1372 - 7
Antibody response to Newcastle disease virus and Pasteurella multocida of two strains of turkeys; Sharaf MM et al.; The primary and secondary response to Newcastle disease virus (NCDV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) of two turkey lines were studied following vaccinations with either NCDV or PM alone, or in combination . The two turkey strains were 1) a randombred control line (RBC1) and 2) a subline (E) of Line RBC1 selected 27 generations for increased egg production . This study consisted of five trials . Each trial represented a separate hatch . In Trial 1, poults of each line were subcutaneously vaccinated with a 1-mL dilution of B1 type LaSota strain NCDV vaccine . In Trial 2, poults of each line were wing-web vaccinated with the M-9 strain of PM Heddleston Type 3 x 4 cross at 6 and 10 wk of age . In Trial 3, poults of each line were subcutaneously vaccinated on the back of the neck with 1 mL of inactivated NCDV at 6 and 10 wk of age . In Trial 4, .5 mL of a PM bacterin containing Types 1, 3, and 4 in an oil emulsion was used to subcutaneously vaccinate poults of each line at 6 and 10 wk of age . In Trial 5, poults of each line were simultaneously vaccinated with inactivated NCDV (subcutaneously) and a PM bacterin (intramuscularly) at 6 and 10 wk of age . Line RBC1 had significantly (P less than .01) higher maternal antibodies to Newcastle disease at 3 wk of age than those of Line E . The RBC1 line generally had significantly higher levels of antibodies than Line E in response to vaccination for both NCDV and PM when administered singularly or in combination.

J Wildl Dis, 1988 Oct, 24(4), 663 - 7
Experimental contact transmission of Pasteurella haemolytica from clinically normal domestic sheep causing pneumonia in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep; Onderka DK et al.; Two Rocky Mountain bighorn lambs (Ovis canadensis canadensis) were held in captivity for 120 days before being housed with two domestic sheep . The lambs were clinically normal and had no Pasteurella spp . on nasal swab cultures . The domestic sheep were known to carry Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A in the nasal passages . After being in close contact for 19 days . P . haemolytica biotype A was cultured from nasal swabs of one of the bighorn lambs . By 26 days, both bighorn sheep developed coughs, were anorectic and became lethargic and nasal swabs yielded P . haemolytica biotype T, serotype 10 . Twenty-nine days after contact, the lambs were necropsied and found to have extensive fibrinous bronchopneumonia . From affected tissues pure cultures of beta-hemolytic P . haemolytica biotype T, serotype 10 were grown . Both domestic sheep remained clinically normal and had no gross or microscopic lesions, but they carried the same P . haemolytica serotype in their tonsils . Behavioural observations gave no indication of stress in the bighorn lambs.

J Wildl Dis, 1988 Oct, 24(4), 627 - 35
An epizootic of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in captive Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli); Black SR et al.; In late spring of 1986, 10 of 23 Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) at the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo were moved to a new exhibit, where all developed severe respiratory signs refractory to anthelmintic and antibiotic therapy . In July, two animals died with chronic active bronch-pneumonia, and a third was euthanized because of pneumonia several months later . Bacteria were not isolated from the lungs of the first, steptococci and Pasteurella hemolytica were isolated from the other two, respectively; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was isolated from both . Pulmonary lesions in all three sheep were consistent with Mycoplasma sp . infection . Nasal swabs of the remaining animals yielded no consistent bacterial isolates; however, four of eight sheep were positive for M . ovipneumoniae . Viral cultures yielded an as yet unidentified herpesvirus . Sheep in the original and new herds had no serologic titers to parainfluenza-3, equine viral rhinopneumonitis, or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and had variable titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus . No titers against M . ovipneumoniae were present in 13 sheep still in the original exhibit, but titers varied from 1:32 to 1:256 in eight pneumonic sheep . Sera taken from three sheep before or early in the outbreak were all negative for antibody to M . ovipneumoniae . Two of the affected Dall's sheep had been in contact with domestic sheep in the winter of 1985-1986, and M . ovipneumoniae was subsequently cultured from the domestic flock . Exposure to a new pathogen, and environmental and social stress in a new exhibit may have resulted in this severe disease in Dall's sheep.

Biochem Cell Biol, 1988 Oct, 66(10), 1055 - 65
Structure of the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype T3; Leitch RA et al.; Cell-wall lipopolysaccharide isolated from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype T3 using the phenol-water extraction procedure was shown to be an S type lipopolysaccharide by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Hydrolysis with mild acid afforded a lipid-free, antigenic O-chain polysaccharide . On the basis of one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies, in conjunction with microanalytical chemical methods, the O-polysaccharide was determined to be a linear polymer of a disaccharide repeating unit having the structure . {----3)-beta-D-G1cpNAc-(1----4)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----}n

J Wildl Dis, 1988 Oct, 24(4), 715 - 7
Septicemic pasteurellosis in elk (Cervus elaphus) on the United States National Elk Refuge, Wyoming; Franson JC et al.; Septicemic pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida is believed responsible for the deaths of 48 elk (Cervus elaphus) on the National Elk Refuge near Jackson, Wyoming (USA) during 1986 and 1987 . Clinical signs included depression and salivation; necropsy findings included congestion and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in lymph nodes, diaphragm, lungs and endocardium . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from femur marrow of eight carcasses and a variety of tissues from eight others.

Avian Dis, 1988 Oct-Dec, 32(4), 681 - 7
Cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: protection against Escherichia coli airsacculitis by Pasteurella multocida-activated respiratory phagocytes; Toth TE et al.; The concept of nonspecific cellular defense of the respiratory system of poultry against respiratory pathogens by "preventive activation" of avian respiratory phagocytes (ARPs) was tested in an in vivo protection trial . Chickens were stimulated intratracheally by Pasteurella multocida Choloral vaccine strain . Seven hours later, these and mock-inoculated control chickens were challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli via the air-sac route . Stimulated chickens had a 25-fold-elevated number of ARPs compared with mock-inoculated control chickens . The proportion of active phagocytes and the phagocytic capacity of these cells was higher in the ARP populations of stimulated chickens than in the ARP populations of control chickens . In vivo protection against E . coli air-sac infection was demonstrated by reduction of morbidity and mortality rates, diminished weight loss, and lower scores of gross and histopathological lesions of P . multocida-stimulated chickens compared with mock-inoculated controls.

Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1988 Oct, 19(3-4), 273 - 84
Preincubation of bovine blood neutrophils with bovine herpesvirus-1 does not impair neutrophil interaction with Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in vitro; Noel EJ et al.; In this study we examined the direct effects of bovine herpesvirus-1 on the interaction of bovine blood neutrophils with Pasteurella haemolytica A1 . Preincubation of neutrophils for approximately 2 h in vitro with BHV-1 at a multiplicity of infection of 5:1 had no effect on neutrophil random migration and directed migration to zymosan-activated bovine serum . Neutrophils also were unimpaired in their ability to ingest and kill P . haemolytica A1 . Preincubation of neutrophils with BHV-1 did not elicit an oxidative burst, as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence, nor did it alter neutrophil chemiluminescence in response to opsonized P . haemolytica A1 . Prolonged preincubation with BHV-1 for 18-24 h similarly did not affect neutrophil chemiluminescence in response to opsonized P . haemolytica A1 . The susceptibility of neutrophils to the lethal effects of crude P . haemolytica cytotoxin also was unaltered by preincubation with BHV-1 . We observed no evidence of BHV-1 replication in bovine neutrophils as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy . Previous reports have indicated that active BHV-1 infection alters certain neutrophil functions and results in hypersusceptibility to pulmonary pasteurellosis . Our results suggest that these effects are unlikely to be mediated directly by BHV-1, but instead may reflect the action of endogenous mediators that are released during active BHV-1 infection.

Vaccine, 1988 Oct, 6(5), 433 - 9
Effects of immunization with bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoproteins on bovine herpesvirus-1-induced alteration of bovine neutrophil chemotactic and anti-Pasteurella haemolytica activities; Noel EJ et al.; It has been reported previously that active bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infection greatly enhances the susceptibility of cattle to secondary bacterial pneumonia involving Pasteurella haemolytica . The present study examines the possibility that immunization of BHV-1 naive calves with purified BHV-1 glycoproteins would protect them against changes in neutrophil function that might compromise their ability to eliminate P . haemolytica during an active BHV-1 infection . The results show that circulating neutrophil chemotactic activity was generally reduced at 7-8 days after BHV-1 challenge; immunization with a 77 kilodalton BHV-1 glycoprotein (gIV) prevented impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis . BHV-1 infection did not markedly affect the ability of neutrophils to ingest and kill P . haemolytica in vitro . Immunization and challenge with BHV-1 had little effect on the chemiluminescence response of bovine neutrophils to opsonized P . haemolytica in vitro, although in one experiment a marked increase in baseline neutrophil chemiluminescence was observed which may be relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of pulmonary damage that occurs in BHV-1 infected calves.

Vet Rec, 1988 Sep 24, 123(13), 343 - 5
Kill kinetics of the cephalosporin antibiotics cephalexin and cefuroxime against bacteria of veterinary importance; Silley P et al.; Kill kinetic studies for two cephalosporin antibiotics, cephalexin and cefuroxime were carried out against veterinary strains of Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus suis, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and a laboratory culture of Staphylococcus aureus . In more than 90 per cent of cases a kill of more than 99 per cent was achieved within four hours of antibiotic treatment at concentrations of 2 or 4 micrograms/ml . Although cefuroxime was effective at lower concentrations than cephalexin the rates of kill of the two antibiotics were comparable . The results are discussed in relation to in vivo dosage regimens.

Infect Immun, 1988 Sep, 56(9), 2499 - 502
Antigenically related iron-regulated outer membrane proteins produced by different somatic serotypes of Pasteurella multocida; Ikeda JS et al.; An 84-kilodalton outer membrane protein was expressed when Pasteurella multocida, somatic serotype 3, was grown in brain-heart infusion broth containing the iron chelator dipyridyl but not in brain-heart infusion broth alone . Antigenically related outer membrane proteins of various molecular masses were also expressed by P . multocida strains belonging to all of the other 15 somatic serotypes (somatic serotype 12 being the possible exception) as well as by isolates expressing somatic antigens representative of multiple somatic serotypes when grown under the same conditions of iron deprivation.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Sep, 49(9), 1516 - 21
Evaluation of relationship among three purified antigens from Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059 and of their protective capacities in turkeys; Tsuji M et al.; Three antigens were prepared from Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059, and their immunogenicity and antigenic relationships were investigated . The 3 antigens were a soluble antigen purified from a 2.5% NaCl extract (2.5S), a similar antigen purified from an extract in 0.3% formalin solution containing 0.85% NaCl (FS), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The antigens were treated with various chemicals and enzymes to study their antigenic and immunogenic determinants . Antigenic analyses with ELISA inhibition tests indicated that 2.5S and FS were similar LPS-protein complex antigens . The 2.5S and FS antigens induced protective immunity in turkeys with high antibody titers against LPS antigen . Although LPS was a component of 2.5S and FS, LPS itself was poorly immunogenic in turkeys . The antigenicity of protein compounds in 2.5S was deteriorated by protease treatment, which, however, did not significantly diminish the protective immunogenicity . Treatment of 2.5S with sodium periodate, altering its carbohydrate moieties, decreased its immunogenicity . The immunogenicity of 2.5S also was abolished by phenol-water treatment, owing to dissociation of the LPS-protein complex . These findings suggest that a certain form of LPS-protein complex is essential for the induction of immunity against the P multocida infection in turkeys.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1988 Sep, 32(9), 1354 - 9
Susceptibility to hydrophobic molecules and phospholipid composition in Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus lignieresii; Hart ME et al.; Despite its typically gram-negative cell envelope ultrastructure, Pasteurella multocida is susceptible to the hydrophobic antibiotic novobiocin and is unable to initiate growth on MacConkey agar, a parameter often used to effect is differentiation from other members of the family Pasteurellaceae such as Actinobacillus lignieresii . However, growth on basal medium supplemented with individual selective factors and an agar diffusion assay revealed the bile salts contained in MacConkey agar to be toxic to both organisms . Four P . multocida surface hydrophobicity variants exhibited consistent in vitro susceptibility to the hydrophobic antibiotics novobiocin, rifamycin SV, and actinomycin D as determined by broth dilution . Readily extractable lipid fractions were obtained by chloroform-methanol extraction of freeze-dried whole cells from exponential-phase cultures . No major differences in total cellular readily extractable lipid content were observed among the P . multocida and A . lignieresii strains examined, although hydrophobic P . multocida strains appeared to contain slightly more than did hydrophilic strains . Analytical thin-layer chromatography and quantitation of resolved readily extractable lipid components revealed the major cell envelope phospholipids of both organisms to be phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol in a molar ratio of approximately 4:1 regardless of cell surface hydrophobicity properties . Similar results were obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is notably refractory to hydrophobic molecules . These data support the conclusion that the permeability of the P . multocida cell envelope to structurally unrelated, hydrophobic molecules is not dependent on cell surface hydrophobicity and cannot be explained on the basis of anomalous polar lipid composition.

Res Vet Sci . 1988 Sep;45(2):255.
Haemolytic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on blood from young mammals; Smith GR et al.; On agar plates containing young lamb blood, Pasteurella haemolytica produces a wide outer zone of partial haemolysis in addition to the narrow zone of complete clearing seen on adult sheep blood agar . To determine whether this phenomenon was limited to lamb blood, samples from young animals of 20 mammalian species were examined . Two species--the barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) and scimitar horned oryx (Oryx tao)--possessed blood that gave this effect provided that the samples were taken from young animals . The 18 species that gave negative results included an ovine species, the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis).

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Sep, 49(9), 1510 - 5
Immunochemical relationship of three antigens purified from Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059; Tsuji M et al.; Three antigens were prepared from a type-3 avian strain of Pasteurella multocida, and their chemical and immunologic characteristics were studied . An antigen, designated 2.5S, was extracted with 2.5% NaCl solution and purified by chromatography . Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted with phenol-water, and a third antigen, designated FS, was extracted in 0.3% formalin solution containing 0.85% NaCl and purified by differential centrifugation . The 2.5S and the FS antigens consisted of 40% protein and 15% carbohydrate, whereas LPS did not contain a substantial amount of protein . A major protein component with a molecular weight of 44,000 was detected in the 2.5S antigen, as well as in the FS antigen . Of the 3 antigens, LPS had the highest activity in mouse lethality and Limulus lysate tests . Antigenic cross-reactions among the 3 antigens were demonstrated by immunodiffusion tests . The 2.5S antigen was indistinguishable from the FS antigen, as both antigens contained the LPS component of approximately 45% . Treatments with various reagents indicated that the 2.5S and FS antigens contained at least 2 antigenic determinants . The first was a heat-stable protein sensitive to protease or phenol-water, and the second was a periodate-sensitive carbohydrate, which was a major antigenic determinant on the LPS antigen.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1988 Sep, 55(3), 127 - 33
The possible involvement of immunosuppression caused by a lentivirus in the aetiology of jaagsiekte and pasteurellosis in sheep; Myer MS et al.; A South African isolate of ovine lentivirus was shown to cause a mild immunosuppression in sheep, reflected by a reduced delayed hypersensitivity reaction . This effect, measured in terms of skin swelling after intradermal inoculation with tuberculin, showed a positive linear relationship with the latency period before the appearance of jaagsiekte symptoms in animals co-infected with JSRV, as well as with the activity of monocytes . In a parallel study, increased susceptibility of lentivirus-infected sheep to infection with Pasteurella haemolytica was demonstrated . It is concluded that the lentivirus may play an enhancing role in both viral and bacterial infections of sheep by compromising the host's cellular immune response.

Vet Rec, 1988 Aug 20, 123(8), 205 - 7
Effect of enrofloxacin therapy on shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle; Lekeux P et al.; The effect of enrofloxacin therapy was investigated in 110 male double-muscled cattle weighing 275 +/- 3 kg, during a spontaneous outbreak of shipping fever occurring 11 +/- 2 days after they arrived in the feedlot . Forty-six diseased animals were divided randomly into three groups A, B and C, containing 17, 19 and 10 animals, respectively; the animals in group A were injected intramuscularly once daily for three consecutive days with 2.5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin, those in group B with 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin and those in group C with 10 mg/kg of oxytetracycline . Clinical, serological, production and respiratory functional observations were recorded . The animals were clinically cured after the three day treatment except for three in group A and two in group C . These five animals made a clinical recovery after a three day booster treatment with a dose of 5 mg/kg enrofloxacin . The changes in respiratory gas exchange values induced by shipping fever were completely reversed 15 days later, suggesting that there had been no irreversible lung damage . The daily weight gains and the arterial blood gas values of the three groups of treated cattle were not significantly different . The high efficacy of the low dosage of enrofloxacin in this clinical syndrome may be explained by its antibacterial activity against Pasteurella species and Mycoplasma species . This field trial supports the in vitro studies which suggested than enrofloxacin is an appropriate therapy in cases of shipping fever.

Infect Immun, 1988 Aug, 56(8), 1901 - 6
Quantitation and purification of the Pasteurella multocida toxin by using monoclonal antibodies; Foged NT; Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT), derived from a toxigenic strain of P . multocida originally isolated from a pig with clinical atrophic rhinitis, was used to immunize BALB/c mice . Ninety-two hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PMT were produced by fusion of spleen cells from these mice with P3-X63-Ag8.653 myeloma cells . The specificity for PMT of the MAbs was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting analysis . The interrelationship of a panel of 10 MAbs and their respective epitopes was characterized by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the biotin-avidin system and by an in vitro neutralization assay based on the cytopathic effect of PMT on embryonic bovine lung cells . In vivo neutralization of the lethal effect of PMT in mice was obtained by passive immunization with an anti-PMT MAb 2 days before challenge with PMT . PMT was quantified by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a lower detection limit of approximately 50 pg of PMT . Application of supernatant or bacterial extract from cultivation of toxigenic P . multocida to an affinity column containing immobilized MAb resulted in purification of PMT with a yield of 78 to 93% of the PMT applied.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Aug, 49(8), 1415 - 8
A method to detect rabbit neutrophil phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida; Rush HG et al.; A method was developed to detect neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria by determining whether neutrophil-associated bacteria were intra- or extracellular . Neutrophils were treated with 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride to inhibit degranulation and, consequently, killing of bacteria . Treated neutrophils and opsonized Pasteurella multocida were combined . Following phagocytosis, the suspensions were centrifuged and the pellets were washed to remove non-cell-associated bacteria . The pellets were resuspended and heparin was added to prevent further phagocytosis . Samples were removed, and the number of viable bacteria was determined by a dilution and plate count technique . Streptomycin, an antibiotic that is poorly taken up by neutrophils, was added to kill extracellular bacteria, and the suspensions were incubated for 20 minutes at 37 C, and samples were removed again and bacterial numbers were determined . Percentage killing of bacteria by streptomycin was calculated . Phagocytosed bacteria were protected from the bactericidal action of streptomycin.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Aug, 49(8), 1336 - 8
Plasma- and iron-regulated expression of high molecular weight outer membrane proteins by Pasteurella multocida; Snipes KP et al.; A strain of Pasteurella multocida of avian origin expressed high molecular weight outer membrane proteins when grown in turkey plasma or in brain-heart infusion broth containing the iron chelator dipyridyl . The proteins were not detected when this strain was grown in brain-heart infusion broth or in brain-heart infusion broth containing dipyridyl and excess iron.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Jul, 41(7), 938 - 48
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of C-20- and C-23-modified derivatives of tylosin against veterinary pathogens; Kirst HA et al.; Three series of semi-synthetic derivatives of tylosin-related macrolides were evaluated for utility in veterinary medicine . 23-Modified derivatives of 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide (OMT) possessed potent activity in vitro against species of Pasteurella and Mycoplasma . An experimental infection in chicks caused by Pasteurella multocida was utilized to evaluate efficacy; several of these derivatives of OMT effectively treated the infection when given subcutaneously, but none were effective after oral administration in drinking water . Macrolides retaining the 4'-O-mycarosyl moiety (tylosin, DMT) had relatively poor activity against Pasteurella in vitro . Certain 20-modified derivatives of desmycosin demonstrated good oral bioavailability in chicks and a lead compound with oral efficacy in the Pasteurella infection model was discovered.

J Clin Microbiol, 1988 Jul, 26(7), 1419 - 20
Differentiation of toxigenic from nontoxigenic isolates of Pasteurella multocida by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Foged NT et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the rapid and simple differentiation of toxigenic from nontoxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida . The sandwich ELISA is based on two different murine monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the P . multocida toxin . The ELISA, which is now used as a routine test in Denmark, has several advantages compared with previously described biological tests.

Poult Sci, 1988 Jul, 67(7), 989 - 95
Genetic analysis of immunocompetence measures in a White Leghorn chicken line; Cheng S et al.; Immunocompetence of the Iowa State University S1 White Leghorn chicken line was studied . This line was divided into eight sublines based upon erythrocyte antigen B (Ea-B) allele (B1B1 or B19B19), antibody response to glutamic acid60-alanine30-tyrosine10 (GAT) (high or low), and response to Rous sarcoma virus-induced tumors (progression or regression) . Antibody responses to Pasteurella multocida (PM), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and infectious bursal disease virus vaccines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Phagocytic activity and T cell-mediated response were measured by carbon clearance and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection assays, respectively . Significant haplotype (subline) differences and sire family differences were observed in all three measurements . Significant sex differences were observed in phagocytic activity and T cell-mediated responses . Haplotypes with high antibody responses to GAT had significantly higher antibody titers to PM and MG vaccines than haplotypes with low antibody responses . Significant positive correlations were observed between antibody levels to the two vaccines . A significant negative correlation was seen between phagocytic activity and T cell-mediated response of females . The data suggest that the total immunocompetence profile of an individual must be considered to select for optimum immune responsiveness.

Avian Dis, 1988 Jul-Sep, 32(3), 509 - 12
The relationship of pathogenicity to the growth of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 isolates in normal turkey plasma; Lee MD et al.; The percent mortality (M%) caused by various isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotypes 3,4 in turkeys challenged with these organisms was significantly associated with the growth curve when these organisms were grown in normal turkey plasma . The organisms that lysed the most caused the least mortality . In turn, the longer it took for an organism to reach the lowest point on its growth curve, the lower the M% . The highest point on the growth curve and the time that it took to reach that point were analyzed in normal and heat-treated plasma (HTP) . The isolates with the maximum growth had the highest M% . The isolates that reached their maximum growth faster also had the greatest M%.

Avian Dis, 1988 Jul-Sep, 32(3), 478 - 82
Low propensity for poultry isolates of Pasteurella multocida to acquire adaptive resistance to oxytetracycline; Champlin FR et al.; Thirty independently derived reference strains and clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida were tested to determine their potential for acquiring adaptive resistance to oxytetracycline in an effort to better understand the prolonged high efficacy of the antibiotic for pasteurellosis in poultry . All reference strains and clinical isolates exhibited uniform susceptibility as measured with the broth dilution method . None of the strains or isolates readily acquired significant resistance when grown in subinhibitory oxytetracycline levels under the conditions employed . These data support the conclusions that spontaneous variation in P . multocida resulting in oxytetracycline resistance is uncommon in the field and that the organism possesses a very low propensity for acquiring adaptive resistance in response to growth in the presence of the antibiotic.

Avian Dis, 1988 Jul-Sep, 32(3), 501 - 8
Comparison of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 isolates from turkeys with fowl cholera; Lee MD et al.; Nine isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 were isolated from turkeys that had been vaccinated against fowl cholera but that subsequently experienced outbreaks of fowl cholera . These isolates were compared with the CU vaccine strain . Characteristics examined were antimicrobial susceptibility profiles; carbohydrate fermentation; production of bacteriocin, siderophore, and hemolysin; resistance to serum complement; membrane proteins; enzyme activities; presence of plasmids; transferability of R-plasmids; and pathogenicity . Differences were observed between the CU strain and virulent isolates of P . multocida serotype 3,4 for resistance to serum complement, presence of plasmids, hemolysis, membrane proteins, and pathogenicity . Other parameters compared did not differ significantly between the two groups . The presence of plasmids and resistance to the lytic action of complement of the isolates of P . multocida serotype 3,4 correlated with the mortality rates caused by these bacteria.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Jul, 52(3), 343 - 8
Electron microscopic examination of cells of Pasteurella haemolytica-A1 in experimentally infected cattle; Morck DW et al.; Several modern electron microscopy techniques were used to examine Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) (strain B122) recovered from experimentally infected cattle and in situ within the lung tissue of experimentally infected cattle . Glycocalyx four to five times thicker than that seen on P . haemolytica grown in vitro was evident on bacterial cells recovered from live infected calves by pulmonary lavage . Fimbriae were also present on cells recovered by lavage . A thick glycocalyx was also seen on P . haemolytica-A1 within the lungs of experimentally infected cattle at necropsy . In summary, cells of P . haemolytica-A1 in experimentally infected cattle have fimbriae and glycocalyx on their cell surfaces and these structures appear to be important in bacterial colonization of the bovine respiratory tract and pathogenesis of shipping fever (Pasteurella) pneumonia.

J Clin Microbiol, 1988 Jul, 26(7), 1326 - 30
Distribution of a monoclonal antibody-recognized protective protein immunogen on the outer membranes of Pasteurella multocida rabbit isolates; Lu YS et al.; The distribution of a monoclonal antibody (MAb)-recognized protective protein immunogen on the outer membrane of 153 Pasteurella multocida rabbit isolates was determined by dot blot (DB) analysis . MAb 1608 reacted with 36 (24%) of the 153 clinical isolates . The DB-positive clinical isolates expressed capsular antigens A, D, and nontypable and somatic antigens 2, 3, 10, 12, 15, and nontypable . Western blot (immunoblot) analysis with adsorbed and eluted MAb 1608 confirmed that the antigenic determinant identified was located on the cell surface . With MAb 1608 as a probe for antibody-accessible radioimmunoassay, 31 of 36 DB-positive P . multocida rabbit isolates were shown to have surface-exposed and antibody-accessible antigenic determinants, while 44 of 44 DB-negative isolates were negative by antibody-accessible radioimmunoassay . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed DB-negative P . multocida isolates both with (6 of 13, 46%) and without (7 of 13, 54%) the 37.5-kilodalton protein . This study establishes that the protective antigenic determinant of the 37.5-kilodalton outer membrane protein is present in 24% of rabbit clinical isolates tested and is detectable in P . multocida strains distributed among the major somatic types (3, 10, 12, and 15) and the capsular types (A and D) commonly isolated from rabbits in North America.

J Parasitol, 1988 Jun, 74(3), 508 - 10
Growth of an Acanthamoeba isolate on a gram-negative bacterium, probably Pasteurella haemolytica; Maqueda M et al.; A gram-negative bacterium, probably Pasteurella haemolytica, was found to support the growth of Acanthamoeba spp . This provides a useful means for initial isolation of Acanthamoeba spp . and for culturing these parasites to high cell densities.

Infect Immun, 1988 Jun, 56(6), 1532 - 7
Identification of immunogenic outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida 3:A in rabbits; Lu YS et al.; Four groups of protective rabbit immune sera were used to identify Pasteurella multocida outer membrane immunogens by a radioimmunoprecipitation procedure and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis . These are rabbit hyperimmune sera against KSCN extract of P . multocida (group 1) and rabbit immune sera against the KSCN extract of P . multocida (group 2), the outer membrane of P . multocida (group 3), and live P . multocida cells (group 4) . Rabbits mounted an antibody response to 18 proteins found in the outer membrane of P . multocida, and the major antibody activities were directed to the 27,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein (27K protein), as well as the 37.5K, 49.5K, 58.7K, and 64.4K outer membrane proteins . These outer membrane immunogens appear to be exposed on the cell surface and accessible to antibodies, since adsorption of these immune sera with intact P . multocida cells resulted in a significant reduction of antibody activities directed against these proteins, especially the 37.5K protein . Antibodies eluted from immune serum-P . multocida cell complexes were reactive to the 37.5K immunogen, confirming that this protein is exposed on cell surface and accessible to antibodies . Western blot analyses with group 1, 3, and 4 immune sera confirmed that the 27K, 37.5K, 49.5K, 58.7K, and 64.4K proteins are the major outer membrane immunogens of P . multocida in rabbits . Lung lavages of immunized rabbits also contained similar antibody activities directed against several outer membrane proteins, with major activities against the 37.5K and 64.4K proteins.

Infect Immun, 1988 Jun, 56(6), 1538 - 44
Demonstration of an outer membrane protein with antiphagocytic activity from Pasteurella multocida of avian origin; Truscott WM et al.; A strain of Pasteurella multocida of avian origin was found to inhibit phagocytosis of Candida albicans by mononuclear phagocytes in vitro . Whole-cell lysates of P . multocida showed this effect, as did a 50-kilodalton (kDa) protein eluted from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels obtained by electrophoresis of whole-cell lysates . Heat, digestion with trypsin, and antibody specific for this 50-kDa protein neutralized the antiphagocytic effects of P . multocida, of the whole-cell lysates, and of the 50-kDa protein itself . Evidence that this protein was in the outer membrane of the bacterial cell included the findings that (i) treatment of encapsulated or unencapsulated P . multocida with trypsin reduced the antiphagocytic effect; (ii) whole-cell lysates prepared from trypsinized, unencapsulated P . multocida had reduced antiphagocytic activity; and (iii) antibody to outer membrane proteins neutralized the antiphagocytic effect . Turkeys given antibodies specific for the 50-kDa outer membrane protein were protected against lethal challenge with P . multocida.

Vet Microbiol, 1988 Jun, 17(2), 171 - 7
Isolation of Streptococcus suis from diseased pigs in Canada; Touil F et al.; A total of 260 isolates of streptococci collected over a 9-year period from diseased pigs submitted for necropsy were studied . Seventy-seven percent of isolates were identified as S . suis and 32% of S . suis isolates were retrieved in pure culture . S . suis was found more frequently in lungs and was often isolated in conjunction with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and other microorganisms . A total of 151 (76%) of S . suis isolates could be serotyped within the 9 recognized serotypes . Serotype 2 was the most prevalent with 33%, followed by serotypes 3, 5 and 7 . All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cephradine, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Resistance to streptomycin, neomycin and tetracycline appeared to be very high.

J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1988 Jun, 11(2), 155 - 62
Pharmacokinetics of single doses of cefoxitin given by the intravenous and intramuscular routes to unweaned calves; Soback S; Cefoxitin pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were studied in unweaned calves . The antibiotic was administered to nine calves intravenously (i.v.), to seven calves intramuscularly (i.m.) at 20 mg/kg and to eight calves i.m . at 20 mg/kg together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg . Serum concentration versus time data were analysed using statistical moment theory (SMT) . The i.v . data were also fitted by a linear, open two-compartment model . The elimination half-life (t1/2) was 66.9 +/- 6.9 min (mean +/- SD) after i.v . and 81.0 +/- 10.9 min after i.m . administration . The t1/2 increased to 125.5 +/- 15.6 min by the co-administration of probenecid . The total body clearance (ClT) was 4.88 +/- 1.71 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution (Vss) 0.3187 +/- 0.0950 l/kg . The mean residence time (MRT) was 68.2 +/- 12.3 min after i.v . and 118.6 +/- 16.8 min after i.m . injection and increased to 211.5 +/- 16.8 min by the co-administration of probenecid . The mean absorption time (MAT) was 50.6 min and the estimated bioavailability (F) of cefoxitin after i.m . administration was 73.8% . The cefoxitin protein binding ranged from 55.0 to 42.0% at concentrations from 2 to 50 micrograms/ml . The MIC90 values for cefoxitin were 6.25 micrograms/ml for E . coli and Salmonella group B isolates, 3.13 micrograms/ml for Salmonella group C and D and Pasteurella multocida . There were no statistically significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by SMT or compartmental analysis . SMT provided an additional independent parameter, the MRT, for characterization of drug disposition kinetics.

J Comp Pathol, 1988 May, 98(4), 433 - 9
Effects of environmental temperature, relative humidity and vaccination on Pasteurella haemolytica in lungs of mice; Woldehiwet Z et al.; Groups of mice were kept in four combinations of environmental temperature (8 and 20 degrees C) and humidity {50 per cent and 90 per cent relative humidity (RH)} . The mice were anaesthetized and inoculated intranasally with Pasteurella haemolytica growing logarithmically . Groups of 11 mice were killed at 0.5 h intervals for 6 h after inoculation and the number of colony-forming-units (CFU) of Pasteurella haemolytica in the lungs was determined . The CFU in the lungs of mice were affected by a significant interaction of temperature, relative humidity and time after inoculation (P less than 0.01) . From 0.05 to 5.0 h after inoculation, fewer CFU were found in the lungs of mice kept in 8 degrees C 50 per cent RH than in mice kept in 8 degrees C 90 per cent RH, 20 degrees C 50 per cent RH and 20 degrees C 90 per cent RH . In each environment, CFU in the lungs of mice increased from inoculation to approximately 3.5 h after inoculation and then decreased (P less than 0.01) . In a similar experiment in an environment of approximately 20 degrees C and 50 per cent RH, there were significantly fewer CFU in the lungs of mice vaccinated intranasally 21 days earlier with live P . haemolytica than in the lungs of mice either vaccinated intranasally with formalized P . haemolytica or not vaccinated with P . haemolytica (P less than 0.01).

Res Vet Sci . 1988 May;44(3):399.
Characterisation of a new serotype of P haemolytica isolated in Hungary; Fodor L et al.; Three strains belonging to a new serotype of Pasteurella haemolytica (A16) were isolated from lambs and a wild boar in Hungary . The identity and validity of the new serotype was proved by biochemical tests and by the indirect haemagglutination test using unabsorbed and absorbed hyperimmune sera raised in rabbits.

South Med J, 1988 May, 81(5), 675 - 6
Posttraumatic Pasteurella multocida meningitis; Roberts SR et al.; The patient described was immunologically compromised by multisystem trauma . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the respiratory tract and subsequently from the cerebrospinal fluid; direct spread apparently occurred by way of a basilar skull fracture . Sepsis was absent . He was successfully treated but subsequently had hydrocephalus, which has not previously been reported to occur after P multocida meningitis . Because of the opportunistic nature of this infrequent human commensal and the significant morbidity and mortality associated with it, we believe that isolation of Pasteurella multocida from the respiratory tract justifies treatment, especially in the compromised host.

Infect Immun, 1988 May, 56(5), 1171 - 9
Cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: influx and nonopsonic phagocytosis by respiratory phagocytes activated by Pasteurella multocida; Toth TE et al.; Poultry have a very limited number of resident macrophages in the normal steady-state respiratory tract . Thus, poultry must rely heavily on active migration of phagocytic cells to the lungs and air sacs in defending against respiratory pathogens . Intratracheal administration of a live, apathogenic Pasteurella multocida vaccine (Choloral; Clemson University strain) increased the number of avian respiratory phagocytes (ARP; obtained by lavage of lungs and air sacs) within 24 h by 3 orders of magnitude compared with the number of ARP obtained from mock-inoculated controls and from nonreacting chickens . Chickens yielding a high number of ARP did not show any sign of respiratory disease . Flow cytometric analysis of ARP that were exposed to 20 nonopsonized fluorescent microspheres per ARP for 30 min at 37 degrees C demonstrated a fivefold increase in the percentage of actively phagocytic cells in the ARP populations of stimulated chickens compared with the percentage of phagocytic ARP for mock-inoculated control birds . The phagocytic capacity (relative number of engulfed microspheres) of ARP from stimulated birds doubled during the same time . The flow cytometric observations were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy . These results indicate that activation by avirulent replicating agents of phagocytic cells of chicken to migrate to the respiratory tract may be a means of defending poultry against air sacculitis and pneumonia.

J Clin Invest, 1988 May, 81(5), 1378 - 83
Activation of protein breakdown and prostaglandin E2 production in rat skeletal muscle in fever is signaled by a macrophage product distinct from interleukin 1 or other known monokines; Goldberg AL et al.; During sepsis or after injection of endotoxin into rats, there is a large increase in muscle protein breakdown and prostaglandin E2 (PEG2) production . Prior studies showed that partially purified interleukin 1 (IL-1) from human monocytes can stimulate these processes when added to isolated rat muscles . The availability of pure recombinant IL-1 and other monokines has allowed us to investigate the identity of the active agent in this process . Incubation of muscles with recombinant human or murine IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta or with IL-1 plus a phorbol ester did not stimulate muscle proteolysis or PGE2 production . Homogeneous natural porcine IL-1 ("catabolin") and mouse or human IL-1 beta were also not effective in vitro . In addition, a variety of other human cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor ("cachectin"), epidermal thymocyte-activating factor, eosinophil cytotoxicity-enhancing factor, interferon-alpha, beta, and gamma, platelet-derived growth factor, and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, which are all released by activated macrophages, TGF-alpha, or mixtures of these polypeptides, also failed to activate proteolysis or PGE2 production . By contrast, a large increase in net protein breakdown could be induced in the rat soleus by polypeptides released from porcine monocytes or by the serum from febrile cattle which had been injected with Pasteurella haemolytica or bovine rhinotracheitis virus . Therefore, a still-unidentified product of activated monocytes appears to be responsible for the negative nitrogen balance that accompanies infectious illness.

J Clin Microbiol, 1988 May, 26(5), 885 - 9
Monoclonal antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 lipopolysaccharide: demonstration of antigenic similarities among several serotypes; Durham JA et al.; Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced which were specific for Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The MAbs also reacted with LPS present in a partially purified antigen derived from a saline extract of the organism . The epitope to which the MAbs were directed was a carbohydrate which was sensitive to oxidation with periodate, had a molecular weight between 14,000 and 25,000 as determined by immunoblotting, and was present in a crude O-antigen preparation of P . haemolytica LPS . The MAbs did not react with purified capsular polysaccharide from P . haemolytica serotype 1 . In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reaction of the MAbs with LPS obtained from 14 gram-negative bacteria failed to detect any cross-reactivity with P . haemolytica LPS . However, the MAbs detected antigenic similarities among P . haemolytica serotypes 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 12 and, to a lesser extent, 4 and 14 . These studies indicate that the LPS-O-antigens from several P . haemolytica serotypes have similar epitopes and may be partially responsible for shared antigenicity among serotypes.

Aust Vet J, 1988 Apr, 65(4), 120 - 3
Identification of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in atrophic rhinitis of pigs by in vitro characterisation; Eamens GJ et al.; Toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida were readily differentiated from non-toxigenic strains by an agarose overlay method using bovine turbinate cells or bovine lung cells . Cells which were young and densely confluent were best suited to this assay . The incubation period required to distinguish toxigenic strains was dependent on the confluence of the monolayers, which was affected by the seeding rate, cell passage level and growth time prior to overlay . The agarose overlay method correctly identified 11 of 11 reference strains of Pasteurella multocida, and visible cytotoxic changes were present in the monolayers after 48 to 65 h . Outbreaks of the enzootic form of atrophic rhinitis in 2 New South Wales piggeries were associated with the isolation of toxigenic type D strains of P . multocida.

Vet Microbiol, 1988 Apr, 16(4), 351 - 67
Comparison of the toxic and antigenic properties of single bovine isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica representing five serotypes and an untypable strain; Gentry MJ et al.; Single strains of 5 different P . haemolytica serotypes (1, 2, 5, 6 and 9) and an untypable strain were compared in an attempt to detect differences which might be related to virulence . All but the untypable strain caused extensive lesions when injected into the lungs of healthy cattle . Each strain was found to be encapsulated and to be toxic in vitro for bovine leukocytes . Each strain also produced leukotoxin in vitro . The toxins varied, however, in total toxic activity and in the kinetics of leukotoxin production . Vaccination of cattle with each of the serotype strains elicited antibodies to organism somatic antigens and, to various degrees, the production of leukotoxin-neutralizing antibodies which showed no strain specificity in cross-neutralization studies . Although each of the serotype strains appeared to be a potential bovine pathogen, subtle differences were observed which may explain the importance of Serotype 1 strains in bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Apr, 52(2), 283 - 5
Adherence of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida to porcine nasal and tracheal epithelial cells; Jacques M et al.; The ability of 19 different Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates and 25 Pasteurella multocida isolates to adhere in vitro to porcine nasal and tracheal epithelial cells was examined . It was found that B . bronchiseptica adhered well to upper respiratory tract cells . In contrast the number of P . multocida organisms which adhered was four to six times less than the number of B . bronchiseptica adherent organisms . This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.0001) . Both microorganisms adhered in greater numbers to nasal cells than to tracheal cells (p less than 0.005) . The data indicated that B . bronchiseptica possesses a greater ability than P . multocida to attach to porcine upper respiratory tract cells.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Apr, 52(2), 205 - 9
Pulmonary lesions induced by Pasteurella haemolytica in neutrophil sufficient and neutrophil deficient calves; Breider MA et al.; The role of neutrophils in the development of peracute lung lesions of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis was investigated . Eight calves were divided into two groups of four calves each . Group I was treated with intravenous phosphate-buffered saline and served as the neutrophil sufficient calves . Group II was treated with intravenous hydroxyurea which produced a state of neutropenia . When peripheral blood neutrophil numbers dropped below 300 cells/microL in group II, all calves were challenged with an intrabronchial bolus of Pasteurella haemolytica in the log phase of growth . An acute inflammatory process occurred in both groups of calves indicated by a rise in body temperature . While pulmonary lesions occurred in both groups by six hours postinoculation, they varied in pathological characteristics . Pulmonary lesions in the neutrophil sufficient calves consisted of fibrinopurulent alveolitis-bronchiolitis with associated alveolar septal necrosis, interlobular edema, and intravascular thrombi . The neutrophil deficient calves had extensive intra-alveolar edema, interlobular edema, intraalveolar hemorrhage, atelectasis, and focal areas of alveolar septal necrosis . These results show that P . haemolytica can induce severe pulmonary tissue damage through both neutrophil dependent and neutrophil independent mechanisms.

Avian Dis, 1988 Apr-Jun, 32(2), 204 - 8
Changes in circulating prostaglandin E and F2 alpha levels, cloacal temperature, and leukocyte counts in turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida; Rose DM et al.; The inoculation of Pasteurella multocida (P-1059) intravenously into turkeys increased significantly the plasma prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha levels to 157% of the control values and the plasma PGE levels to 171% of control values at 3 hr after treatment . At 12 hr, the cloacal temperature of the inoculated birds was significantly higher than that of the control . The leukocyte count of inoculated birds remained unchanged from that of the control . However, the differential leukocyte count shifted in favor of significant increases in heterophils and decreases in lymphocytes and monocytes at 6 and 12 hr after inoculation . This study provides evidence that increases in plasma levels of PGF2 alpha and PGE may be partly responsible for the clinicopathological manifestations of acute fowl cholera.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1988 Apr, 7(2), 203 - 4
Co-isolation of Pasteurella dagmatis and Pasteurella multocida from cat-bite wounds; Zbinden R et al.; Two cases of cat-bite wounds where Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella dagmatis were isolated together are reported . The possibility of overlooking one species is discussed.

Microb Pathog, 1988 Apr, 4(4), 311 - 6
Purification of fimbriae from Pasteurella haemolytica A-1; Potter AA et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica A-1 produces large, rigid fimbriae with a diameter of 12 nm and a denisty of 1.32 . Their subunit molecular weight was 35,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies raised against native fimbriae . The isoelectric point of the purified fimbriae was 4.8 . While Pasteurella haemolytica whole cells plus a crude shear fraction were capable of agglutinating bovine erythrocytes, purified fimbriae exhibited no such activity.

Avian Dis, 1988 Apr-Jun, 32(2), 313 - 8
Expression of pili and capsule by the avian strain P-1059 of Pasteurella multocida; Rebers PA et al.; The avian strain P-1059 of Pasteurella multocida was grown on blood agar (BA), on dextrose-starch agar (DSA), or in Heddleston's hydrogen sulfide test broth . Cells were examined for the presence of pili using electron microscopy after staining with phosphotungstic acid, and they were examined for capsule after ruthenium red staining . Pili were found on the capsulated iridescent type, P-1059I, and on two non-capsulated variants, the blue, P-1059B, and the gray, P-1059G . Many cells grown on BA were heavily piliated . In contrast, fewer cells grown on DSA had pili, and piliation was only slight to moderate . The P-1059I, P-1059B, and P-1059G produced pellicles when grown on broth medium . Pili were found on the circumference of the cells grown on either agar or broth medium . Occasionally a pilus connecting two cells was seen on cells cultured in broth . Cultivation of the P-1059I on DSA containing the iron-chelating agent alpha,alpha'-bipyridyl produced a non-capsulated blue variant . The non-capsulated variant reverted to P-1059I when grown on BA but did not revert when grown on DSA.

Res Vet Sci, 1988 Mar, 44(2), 208 - 14
Influence of the route of infection of Pasteurella anatipestifer on the clinical and immune responses of white Pekin ducks; Hatfield RM et al.; The clinical, pathological and immunological responses were compared in ducklings infected by the intramuscular, oral and intranasal routes with virulent Pasteurella anatipestifer . Intramuscular challenge resulted in clinical signs of infection and caused 100 per cent mortality within three days . No disease signs or death were observed in the orally challenged ducks . Whereas intranasal inoculation caused no deaths, signs of infection were observed in two of 12 birds four days later . In the orally challenged group, low concentrations of antibodies (0.17 log2 to 4.5 log2) were detected in the tracheal washes of five of nine birds examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Humoral antibodies were detected in only one of these birds . In the intranasally infected group, serum antibody levels ranging in titre from 0.62 log2 to 6.2 log2 were found in four of nine birds examined over seven to 14 days following infection . Nine of the birds in this group were shown to have low concentrations of antibodies (0.50 log2 to 6.33 log2) in the tracheal washings . The demonstration of antibodies in the tracheal washings, but not in the serum of nine birds examined, suggested that a local immune response had occurred . However, these studies have shown that antibodies present on the tracheal surface can also be derived from antibodies given intraperitoneally.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Mar, 49(3), 312 - 6
Rabbit pasteurellosis: induced disease and vaccination; Al-Lebban ZS et al.; Pasteurellosis was induced in rabbits by conjunctival inoculation with 2 strains of Pasteurella multocida . The LD50 of strain P1062 (a bovine isolate) was 10(5.1) colony-forming units and that of strain P1059 (a turkey isolate) was 10(5.5) colony-forming units . Pasteurella-free rabbits were vaccinated IV or mucosally with boiled cells of P multocida or a cross-reactive uridine diphosphogalactose epimerase-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli J5 . In rabbits challenge exposed with P multocida strain 1062 or 1059, homologous P multocida strain gave the best protection against fatal bacteremia . Partial protection was provided by J5; mucosal routes of vaccination (aerosol or conjunctival) gave better protection than did the IV route . Serum antibody titers were lower in rabbits vaccinated by mucosal routes than in those vaccinated IV . Cross-reactive IgG and IgM titers to P multocida were demonstrated when rabbits were vaccinated with J5 . On the basis of bacteriologic examination of nasal secretions, rabbits that died were considered culture positive sooner than were those that survived . On the basis of bacteriologic examination of blood, rabbits that died were considered culture positive, and those that survived were considered culture negative . Seemingly, heat-stable antigens were protective, the cross-reactive E coli J5 mutant (with only core lipopolysaccharide) provided partial protection against pasteurellosis, and the mucosal route was somewhat useful for cross-protective immunization.

Vet Microbiol, 1988 Mar, 16(3), 263 - 71
A rapid micro-method for the study of antibody-mediated killing of bacteria, with specific application to infection of sheep with Pasteurella haemolytica; Sutherland AD; A micro-titration plate bactericidal assay was developed to measure complement-dependent antibody-mediated killing of Pasteurella haemolytica . Sera and lung washings from specific pathogen-free (SPF) lambs convalescent from a challenge with live, virulent P . haemolytica were bactericidal in the presence of complement . Similar samples from naive SPF lambs had no such activity . Purified IgG derived from a convalescent lamb serum was as bactericidal as the whole serum . Absorption of convalescent serum with lipopolysaccharide from P . haemolytica abolished bactericidal activity, suggesting that this antigen may be a target for antibody in the bactericidal complex.

Vet Rec, 1988 Feb 27, 122(9), 203 - 7
Infectious agents in respiratory disease of housed, fattening lambs in Northern Ireland; Malone FE et al.; A two-year longitudinal, microbiological and pathological survey of respiratory disease in lambs housed for fattening at three-and-a-half to four months of age was undertaken . In the first year samples of nasal mucus and blood were taken from lambs each week for the first nine weeks after entry to a fattening unit and each week one lamb was examined post mortem . In the second year two additional fattening units were included in the survey, when samples of blood and nasal mucus were taken from lambs twice weekly for three weeks after entry and two lambs from each unit were examined post mortem eight to 11 days after entry to the unit . In both years the lambs had a nasal discharge and were coughing . Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica were the organisms most consistently isolated from the lungs, trachea and nasal mucus . Mycoplasma arginini and parainfluenza-3 virus were also isolated . Post mortem examination lesions of atypical, pasteurella-type and parasitic pneumonias were seen . In the second year an abattoir survey of pneumonia lesions was undertaken . Areas of pulmonary consolidation were seen in 27.5 per cent, bands of consolidation in 47.5 per cent and muellerius-type lesions in 28 per cent of the lungs examined . No significant correlation was found between the slaughter weights of the lambs and the extent of the lung lesions at slaughter.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1988 Feb, 32(2), 213 - 5
Lack of in vitro efficacy of oral forms of certain cephalosporins, erythromycin, and oxacillin against Pasteurella multocida; Goldstein EJ et al.; The in vitro susceptibility of human isolates of Pasteurella multocida to oral antimicrobial agents from our current study and from a review of the literature suggests that dicloxacillin (oxacillin), erythromycin, clindamycin, cephalexin, cefaclor, and cefadroxil should not be used for empiric therapy of animal bite wounds . Agents that were consistently active against P . multocida were penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, minocycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefuroxime . Possible reasons for the confusion regarding the activity of oral cephalosporins are addressed.

Lab Anim Sci, 1988 Feb, 38(1), 37 - 41
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Pasteurella pneumotropica in murine colonies; Wullenweber-Schmidt M et al.; An ELISA for the detection of class specific IgG antibodies to Pasteurella pneumotropica was developed for the serological diagnosis of infections in mouse colonies . Heat inactivated whole cell preparations of an isolate of P . pneumotropica biotype Heyl (strain P 166) served as antigen for the ELISA procedure and for immune serum production in germ-free Han:NMRI mice . Cross reactions with the autochthonous flora of Han:NMRI SPF-mice were not observed, but were evident when a P . pneumotropica antiserum was tested against other antigens of the Pasteurella-Actinobacillus group . According to the reclassification of this bacterial group proposed by Mutters et al . (1), strains of the following species were tested: P . anatis, P . canis, P . dagmatis, P . langaa, Pl multocida sub . multocida, P . pneumotropica biotype Jawetz, P . stomatis, Actinobacillus equuli and A . lignieresii . Clear cross reactions could be shown with P . pneumotropica biotype Jawetz and A . equuli and to a lesser extent with P . anatis . Antibody formation profiles after nasal infection of Han:NMRI mice exhibited a primary rise of IgG-type antibody titer between 17 to 21 days post infection . Investigations of different mouse colonies free and infected with P . pneumotropica revealed good correlations between serological and bacteriological findings.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Feb, 49(2), 213 - 22
Antigenic analysis of Pasteurella haemolytica serovars 1 through 15 by crossed immunoelectrophoresis; Tsai LH et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica serovars 1 through 12, grown in broth and on agar plates, and 2 field isolates (types A1 and T10) were used to develop polyvalent crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XIE) reference systems . The maximal number of antigens was revealed by XIE when sonicates of agar plate-grown organisms were used as the immunogen (to produce antibodies) and as the soluble antigen for XIE . Antigens produced from agar plate-grown organisms were less contaminated (by antigenic components of the medium) than were those produced from organisms grown in broth . Seventy-two antigens were detected in sonicated preparations of agar plate-grown P haemolytica . The common antigen of gram-negative bacteria was identified in the P haemolytica XIE reference system; precipitation was observed with rabbit antiserum to the common antigen of gram-negative bacteria isolated from Escherichia coli, as well as with rabbit immunoglobulins (obtained from unvaccinated rabbits) . Most preimmune sera from our vaccinated rabbits also precipitated the common antigen . Serovar-specific antigens in the P haemolytica XIE reference system were defined and presumptively identified as part of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide complex by use of the limulus amebocyte lysate test . Partial cross-reactions were found between serovar-specific antigens within each biovar (A and T) . Pasteurella haemolytica biovar A-specific and biovar T-specific antigens were defined by crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis . When serovars A13, A14, and T15 were tested in the P haemolytica XIE reference system, they gave high matching coefficient values of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.87, respectively . The proposal to separate P haemolytica biovars A and T into 2 different species was supported by immunotaxonomic data obtained from crossed immunoelectrophoresis, but more extensive studies will be necessary to establish the appropriate taxonomic position of these 2 groups of organisms.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1988 Jan 15, 192(2), 205 - 6
Acute mastitis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy caused by Pasteurella haemolytica in a cow; Kiper ML et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica was found to be the cause of acute mastitis, toxemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in a cow . Intensive treatment with antibiotics and fluid and heparin administration failed to reverse the progression of the disease, and death resulted . Necropsy revealed extensive evidence of consumptive coagulopathy, as well as mastitis . Pasteurella haemolytica rarely has been implicated as a cause of mastitis in cows.

Avian Dis, 1988 Jan-Mar, 32(1), 9 - 15
Pasteurella multocida in wild mammals and birds in California: prevalence and virulence for turkeys; Snipes KP et al.; Samples collected from the oropharynx of wild mammals and birds trapped on 36 turkey farms in California were evaluated for the presence of Pasteurella multocida . A total of 966 animals were collected from 18 premises that had experienced an outbreak of fowl cholera within the past 2-8 months; samples were collected from 16 of these 18 premises within 2-8 weeks of outbreak notification and while the infected flock was still present . A total of 939 animals were trapped from an additional 18 premises that had not reported any outbreaks of fowl cholera within at least 4 months, if ever . Forty-eight isolates of P . multocida, of a variety of somatic serotypes, were recovered from 6 species of mammals and 3 species of birds . On only 2 of 7 premises was the somatic serotype of the isolates obtained from wildlife the same as the isolate obtained from tissues of turkeys that had died of fowl cholera on the same premises . Tests for virulence to turkeys were conducted with 31 of the isolates . Seventeen of these isolates caused mortality in turkeys . Wide ranges in mortality rates and median times to death were observed.

Avian Dis, 1988 Jan-Mar, 32(1), 124 - 31
Characterization of an avian cholera epizootic in wild birds in western Nebraska; Windingstad RM et al.; Avian cholera killed an estimated 2500 birds in western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming from 28 November 1985 to late January 1986 . Wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) suffered the most losses . Other wild waterfowl, wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), a few domestic fowl, and a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) also died . Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was the predominant isolate from these carcasses . Cold, wet weather persisted throughout the outbreak, but daily losses in the flock of 50,000 mallards using the area were low . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from nasal swabs of 35 of 37 cattle from a feedlot in which many of these mallards were feeding . Eighty percent of the cattle isolates had antigenic characteristics of serotype 3 or serotype 3 with cross-reactivity . Isolates from wild mallards, wild turkeys, and the bald eagle were virulent to game-farm mallards when inoculated subcutaneously, but P . multocida isolates from cattle were not.

Avian Dis, 1988 Jan-Mar, 32(1), 121 - 3
Virulence of avian capsular serogroup B Pasteurella multocida for turkey poults; Rhoades KR et al.; Two strains of capsular serogroup B Pasteurella multocida isolated from avian hosts (swan and turkey) were evaluated for virulence based on lethality for turkey poults . Groups of poults were exposed intramuscularly to various concentrations of organisms of each strain . Both strains were virulent . The strain isolated from a turkey was highly virulent: all exposed poults died in less than 24 hours, including those exposed to only 79 organisms . This highly virulent strain was neither highly invasive nor highly infective: intrapharyngeal exposure with 7.9 x 10(6) organisms resulted in death of only one of five poults, and attempts to isolate the organism from pharyngeal mucosae and livers of surviving poults were unsuccessful . The high degree of virulence of a B capsular group strain isolated from a turkey indicates a disease-producing potential for members of this uncommon serogroup of P . multocida.

Tierarztl Prax Suppl, 1988, 3, 16 - 20
{The survival ability of pasteurella in the environment with special reference to the airborne situation}; Muller W et al.; This paper deals with so-called "indicator germs" in the air of stables, such as Micrococci, E . coli and Pasteurella species . It is pointed out, that mostly the sources of these germs are the animals themselves . Studying the sources of airborne bacteria our working group found a close correlation between applicated antibiotics (Chloramphenicol) and the resistance of airborne bacteria against this antibiotic . Spreading models lead to the conclusion that about 250-500 m around a stable there is a region of higher contamination by dust and infectious risk is increased.

Am J Vet Res, 1988 Jan, 49(1), 38 - 41
Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica: constructing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer; Sacks JM et al.; A 2-stage strategy was developed and evaluated for estimating serum antibody titer by use of ELISA and a series of dilutions . In stage 1, the linear response region and least-square estimate of the assay line slope were established from 9-point dilution assays . Provided that the reading was within the linear response region, this information was used in the stage-2 estimation of titer from a single absorbance reading . Operationally, 2 fixed dilutions were selected, one suitably low and one suitably high, to provide at least one reading within the linear region . The procedure should save considerable time when a large number of assays are to be performed . Stage 1 required approximately twenty 9-point assays, but all subsequent assays required only 2 fixed dilutions.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Jan, 52(1), 30 - 6
Vaccination of calves with leukotoxic culture supernatant from Pasteurella haemolytica; Shewen PE et al.; In three experiments subcutaneous vaccination of calves with adjuvanted bacteria-free leukotoxic culture supernatant from log phase cultures of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 (toxin 1) was shown to induce some protection against intrabronchial challenge with live P . haemolytica A1 . This toxin 1 vaccine was as effective as a whole cell bacterin in stimulating agglutinating antibody to P . haemolytica . Induction of leukotoxin neutralizing activity was variable; in some cases vaccination only primed the animal to produce an anamnestic response after challenge, whereas in other instances antitoxic activity increased in response to immunization . Two doses of vaccine were shown to be more effective than a single immunization . Vaccination with leukotoxic culture supernatant from the nonpathogenic P . haemolytica serotype 11 was as effective as vaccination with toxin 1 in stimulating antitoxic activity but was not protective . This implies that both serospecific agglutinating activity and an antitoxic response are needed for immunity.

Can J Vet Res, 1988 Jan, 52(1), 23 - 9
Development of turbinate lesions and nasal colonization by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida during long-term exposure of healthy pigs to pigs affected by atrophic rhinitis; Backstrom LR et al.; Natural transmission of atrophic rhinitis from pigs from a herd with an endemic atrophic rhinitis problem to pigs from a herd free of atrophic rhinitis was demonstrated . Six replicates each with five pigs from the endemic atrophic rhinitis herd (Group A) and five pigs from the atrophic rhinitis-free herd (Group B) were housed together from 5 wk of age, with each replicate kept in isolation rooms maintained at optimal and controlled environmental conditions . Three replicates each with six pigs/room from the atrophic rhinitis-free herd (Group C), served as nonexposed controls . Group C pigs remained healthy and had no turbinate atrophy at either 10 or 17 wk of study (atrophic rhinitis score = 0 on a 0 to 3 scale) . Group A pigs had a mean atrophic rhinitis score of 1.85 +/- 0.84, and group B pigs developed atrophic rhinitis to a mean score of 1.57 +/- 0.70 . The isolation rate and quantity of Pasteurella multocida found on nasal swabs was directly related to lesions while those for Bordetella bronchiseptica were inversely related to turbinate atrophy . Of the various types of P . multocida evaluated, nontoxigenic type A and toxigenic type D were both directly related to atrophic rhinitis while nontoxigenic type D strains were not . No toxigenic type A P . multocida strains were isolated.

Vet Pathol, 1988 Jan, 25(1), 17 - 27
Turbinate osteoporosis in pigs following intranasal inoculation of purified Pasteurella toxin: histomorphometric and ultrastructural studies; Dominick MA et al.; Turbinate osteoporosis, induced by intranasal inoculation of purified toxin isolated from serotype D Pasteurella multocida, was investigated in 3- to 5-week-old, caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived, isolation-reared pigs . Marked bilateral reduction in relative volume of trabecular bone occurred in osseous cores of turbinates of toxin-treated pigs relative to control pigs on post-inoculation day (p.i.d.) 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 . The fractional resorptive surface along turbinate bone was greater in toxin-treated pigs when compared to controls on p.i.d . 3 and 6 . A significant decrease in resorptive surface occurred over time in toxin-treated pigs, whereas the fractional resorptive surface was constant over time in control pigs . Osteoclasts in medullary spaces separating bony trabeculae of turbinates were abundant in toxin-treated pigs and scant in controls on p.i.d . 3, 6, and 9 . Degeneration and necrosis of bone forming cells, principally osteoblasts, were progressively more extensive with time and were associated with decreased mineralization and reduced thickness of osteoid and woven bone matrix . Osteoclasts along resorptive surfaces of turbinate bone in toxin-treated pigs had more abundant, more highly vacuolated cytoplasm, a more prominent microvillous border, and a greater number of nuclei per cell than osteoclasts from control pigs on p.i.d . 3 and 6 . We conclude that this Pasteurella toxin stimulates osteoclastic osteolysis and inhibits osteogenesis in turbinates by causing degeneration and death of osteoblasts.

Infect Immun, 1988 Jan, 56(1), 234 - 40
Adherence of Pasteurella multocida or Bordetella bronchiseptica to the swine nasal epithelial cell in vitro; Nakai T et al.; The interaction of Bordetella bronchiseptica or Pasteurella multocida with swine nasal epithelial cells was studied in vitro . The mean number of B . bronchiseptica organisms adhered per cell was about three times as high as that of P . multocida (P less than 0.01), and the adherence was specifically inhibited by the homologous antiserum prepared with the whole-cell antigen of each bacterium . The poor affinity of P . multocida to the swine nasal mucosa as compared with that of B . bronchiseptica was also demonstrated in the cultured fragments of the nasal mucosa . When observed with a scanning electron microscope, B . bronchiseptica organisms colonized the fragments, whereas few P . multocida organisms adhered . Morphologically, the P . multocida-infected fragments had an essentially normal structure, whereas marked degeneration and marked desquamation of the epithelial cells and severe inflammatory reactions were observed in many areas of the B . bronchiseptica-infected fragments . These morphological observations were consistent with those for the nasal mucosa of P . multocida- or B . bronchiseptica-infected neonatal pigs (T . Nakai, K . Kume, H . Yoshikawa, T . Oyamada, and T . Yoshikawa, Jpn . J . Vet . Sci . 48:693-701, 1986; T . Oyamada, T . Yoshikawa, H . Yoshikawa, M . Shimizu, T . Nakai, and K . Kume, Jpn . J . Vet . Sci . 48:377-387, 1986) . Cultured swine nasal fragments, however, were equally injured when they were incubated in a medium containing purified dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) preparations of B . bronchiseptica or P . multocida . Therefore, these DNT preparations can induce morphological damage closely resembling that induced in vivo . Hence, colonization of B . bronchiseptica and production of its DNT on the swine nasal mucosa appear to result in the production of mucosal damage . On the other hand, P . multocida seems to lack the ability to colonize normal swine nasal mucosa, thus resulting in no production or the slight production of DNT to such an extent as to produce mucosal damage . The present data support our previous hypothesis (Nakai et al.; Oyamada et al.) that B . bronchiseptica induces swine atrophic rhinitis, whereas P . multocida does not.

Tierarztl Prax Suppl, 1988, 3, 59 - 61
{Forensic aspects of atrophic rhinitis of swine}; Bollwahn W; Atrophic rhinitis in swine is presented by means of recently published research work . Thereby it is emphasized as a significant forensic matter, that a reliable diagnosis could only be produced by combined application of clinical, pathoanatomical and bacteriological investigations and that the isolation of toxin-producing strains of Pasteurella multocida in a herd without clinical symptoms of atrophic rhinitis is to be considered as a proof of latent atrophic rhinitis.

Arch Oral Biol, 1988, 33(9), 677 - 83
Bacteriology of periodontal disease in the cat; Mallonee DH et al.; Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 32 cats showing different stages of periodontal disease . Correlations were sought between gingival index scores and the prevalence of various microbial groups, and between microbial populations found in sites designated as most-affected and least-affected within individual cats . The tendency with higher gingival index scores, and with the most-affected sites, was toward a microbial population composed to a greater extent of anaerobic Gram-negative rods . The most common organism was an anaerobic Gram-negative rod in the black-pigmented Bacteroides group that was biochemically similar to B . gingivalis but had catalase activity . The black-pigmented Bacteroides group and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius were found in increasing numbers with increasingly severe periodontal disease . Pasteurella multocida was isolated from most samples and appeared to decrease in numbers with increasing periodontal disease.

Lab Anim, 1988 Jan, 22(1), 92 - 7
Embryonic death in pregnant rats owing to intercurrent infection with Sendai virus and Pasteurella pneumotropica; Carthew P et al.; During an outbreak of Sendai virus infection in a colony of rats used for embryo production, severe lung lesions due to secondary colonization of the rat lungs with Pasteurella pneumotropica were noted . The effect on pregnancy was to cause embryonic death and resorption, leaving a deciduoma with trophoblastic giant cells as the only embryonic remnants . Up to 30% of fetuses in each pregnant animal were affected at the time of severe maternal lung lesions . Heavy growths of Pasteurella pneumotropica were obtained from the lungs of all affected dams . The formation of deciduomas as a result of embryonic death was due to the indirect effect of damage to the lungs during pregnancy rather than the direct pathogenic effect on the developing embryo of the microbial organisms isolated.

Inflammation, 1987 Dec, 11(4), 427 - 37
Stress diminishes infiltration and oxygen metabolism of phagocytic cells in calves; Henricks PA et al.; The influences of a stress situation on the phagocytic cell function before and after infection with Pasteurella haemolytica were measured in calves . No differences in phagocytic and metabolic activity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) were observed in vitro between cells isolated from stressed and nonstressed animals . The uptake of bacteria and the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) did not differ . However, the production of superoxide by PMNs isolated from stressed animals was significantly diminished as compared to control PMNs . The stressed and six of the nine control calves were then infected intrabronchially with P . haemolytica . Phagocytic cell function was again evaluated after three days . The lavage fluid obtained from the lungs of the infected animals contained about three times more PMNs and six times more AMs as compared to the lavage fluid of the control calves . However, the increase in phagocytic cell numbers was less by half in the calves infected after the stress period . No differences were detected in phagocytic and metabolic activity of PMNs and AMs among control, infected, and stressed and infected calves . However, the chemotactic activities of PMNs obtained from infected stressed and infected nonstressed animals were diminished as compared to control PMNs . In conclusion, the metabolic responsiveness of PMNs is diminished and the accumulation of phagocytic cells at a site of infection is reduced after a stress period.

Br J Ind Med, 1987 Dec, 44(12), 829 - 33
Occupational exposure to animals and antibodies against Pasteurella multocida; Choudat D et al.; The relation between occupational exposure to cattle and prevalence of antibodies against Pasteurella multocida was evaluated in 680 workers . Three groups of exposed workers in abattoirs and slaughterhouses (S), in industrial breeding (I), and in traditional breeding (T) were compared with control workers not exposed to cattle or chicken (C) . The prevalence of antibodies against capsular antigen A determined by indirect haemagglutination was significantly higher in the exposed groups (S: 26.2%; I: 29.0%; T: 32.1%) than in the control group (C: 14.0%) . The prevalence of antibodies against capsular antigen D did not differ significantly between the groups . The prevalence of antibodies against one or more somatic antigens 1,2,3,7,8, or 9 was higher in the exposed groups with a significant difference only for group T versus group C (p less than 0.05) . There was also a significant relation between antibodies against capsular antigen A and the contacts with pets . This high prevalence of antibodies against P multocida suggests that the infection is frequently subclinical and not only a disease associated with pets but also an occupationally related infection.

Infect Immun, 1987 Dec, 55(12), 2967 - 76
A potassium thiocyanate extract vaccine prepared from Pasteurella multocida 3:A protects rabbits against homologous challenge; Lu YS et al.; Potassium thiocyanate extracts of a virulent Pasteurella multocida 3:A rabbit isolate were prepared and used as a vaccine in rabbits . The extract contained protein, carbohydrate, hyaluronic acid, lipopolysaccharide, DNA, and RNA . The protein and lipopolysaccharide profiles of the extract were similar to those of the P . multocida cell membrane . Rabbits were vaccinated intranasally (i.n.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) four times at 1- or 3-week intervals and challenged i.n . with the homologous P . multocida 2 weeks after the last vaccination . Rabbits vaccinated with the extract by the i.n . route developed persisting serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and nasal IgA antibodies, whereas rabbits immunized by the i.m . route produced persisting serum IgG and transient nasal IgA antibodies . The extract prevents the death of rabbits which were vaccinated by either route and challenged . Vaccination by the i.n . route in rabbits reduced the numbers of virulent P . multocida in nasal cavities and lungs and the prevalence and severity of rhinitis and pneumonia . These i.n.-vaccinated rabbits were also resistant to virulent P . multocida colonization in liver, spleen, uterus, and tympanic bullae . Similarly, i.m . vaccination in rabbits resulted in a reduction in the severity of rhinitis; the numbers of virulent P . multocida in lungs; and the prevalence of colonization in liver, spleen, uterus, and tympanic bullae . Vaccination by the i.n . route was superior to that by the i.m . route in that there was a significant reduction in the severity of pneumonia and numbers of virulent P . multocida in nasal cavities and lungs . Rabbits vaccinated with the extract without challenge showed no lesions.

Am J Vet Res, 1987 Dec, 48(12), 1684 - 8
Efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin in an induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia model in calves; Farrington DO et al.; Therapeutic efficacy of sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with ampicillin was evaluated in an ampicillin-resistant Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia model in cattle, using an IV agar emboli method of infection . Groups of cattle given vehicle (group 1, n = 19) or ampicillin (group 2, n = 8) had 74% and 50% mortality, respectively, whereas group 3 (n = 11) given sulbactam-ampicillin had no mortality . Morbidities were 100% in groups 1 and 2 and 27% in group 3 . Retrospectively, mortalities and morbidities were significantly (P less than 0.001) lower for group 3 given sulbactam-ampicillin when compared with those in groups 1 and 2 given vehicle or ampicillin, respectively . Evidence of embolic pneumonic pasteurellosis was observed histologically.

Vaccine, 1987 Dec, 5(4), 315 - 8
Failure of oil adjuvants to enhance immunity induced in mice by an inactivated rabbit Pasteurella multocida vaccine; Okerman L et al.; Mice were immunized with different preparations of a killed whole cell Pasteurella multocida vaccine and challenged with successive tenfold dilutions of the homologous strain . Vaccines adjuvanted with mineral oil did not confer better protection against death than non-adjuvanted suspensions, even when the mice were challenged at 3 months after vaccination . Very good protection was obtained when the non-adjuvanted suspension had been administered twice.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Dec, 25(12), 2363 - 6
Evaluation of PASCO MIC-ID system for identifying gram-negative bacilli; Rhoden DL et al.; A production model of the semi-automated PASCO MIC-ID system (PASCO Laboratories, Wheat Ridge, Colo.) was evaluated with 122 groups or species of gram-negative bacilli, which included typical (499 cultures) and atypical (37 cultures) strains of fermenters and nonfermenters . The PASCO system identified 90.9% of 536 cultures accurately; these included 90.8% of 152 nonfermenters, 93.8% of 308 enteric fermenters, and 78.9% of 76 oxidase-positive fermenters . These results were obtained with the aid of serologic tests and a few additional biochemical tests, when recommended by the PASCO system . Of the 14 misidentified nonfermenters, 3 were Pseudomonas paucimobilis, 3 were Weeksella virosa (Centers for Disease Control group IIf), 2 were Xanthomonas (Pseudomonas) maltophilia, and 6 were randomly distributed among the other groups and species tested . The 19 enteric fermenters that were misidentified were randomly distributed among the groups and species tested . Of the 16 misidentified oxidase-positive fermenters, 4 were Pasteurella ureae, and 12 were randomly distributed among the other groups and species . The system identified the most commonly encountered organisms at a rate of 95% or better . The PASCO system is easy to inoculate and read . A slightly improved data base should remedy most of the identification problems.

Infect Immun, 1987 Dec, 55(12), 3233 - 6
Extensive homology between the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and the alpha-hemolysin of Escherichia coli; Strathdee CA et al.; The 19.8- and 101.9-kilodalton leukotoxin proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica (LKTC and LKTA, respectively) share extensive homology with the HLYC and HLYA alpha-hemolysin proteins of Escherichia coli . The leukotoxin LKTA protein cross-reacts with hemolysin-specific antisera in Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, indicating that it shares epitopes with the alpha-hemolysin HLYA protein . Both LKTA and HLYA contain a conserved hydrophobic region, as well as a set of tandemly repeated domains . These features have been implicated in the lytic function of the alpha-hemolysin.

Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 1987 Dec, 54(4), 551 - 2
Antibiotic sensitivity of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated by means of a fibreoptic endoscope from cases of pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle; van Amstel SR et al.; Bacterial isolations from tracheal and bronchial washes obtained with the aid of a fibreoptic endoscope were carried out over a 7 month period in a feedlot on calves suffering from acute pneumonic pasteurellosis . Pasteurella haemolytica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa represented the majority of isolates . Antibiotic sensitivities of the Pasteurella isolates are reported on.

Vet Microbiol, 1987 Dec, 15(4), 279 - 92
Effects of smooth and rough Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharides on plasma cyclic-nucleotides and free fatty acids in calves; Emau P et al.; The present study examined the potency of smooth or rough Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide infusion (LPS, 24 ng kg-1 min-1 for 500 min) on plasma cyclic-nucleotides and several free fatty acids (FFA) in calves . Both smooth or rough LPS increased plasma cAMP immediately to its maximum at 1 h of infusion, whereas plasma cGMP levels rose slowly and peaked 12 h later . The increases in cAMP levels were more prolonged for smooth LPS than rough LPS . The maximum plasma cAMP rise coincided with increases of several plasma FFA . Rough LPS increased plasma oleic greater than palmitic greater than stearic greater than linoleic acids in the second hour and reached their steady state levels between 2 h of infusion and 5 h post-infusion . Thereafter, oleic acid remained maximally elevated, while stearic acid decreased and other FFA returned to baseline . Smooth LPS had no effects on palmitic and stearic acids, but elevated oleic acid in an essentially similar manner to rough LPS and increased linoleic acid initially at 5 h, followed by decreases throughout post-infusion . These results demonstrate that endotoxemia produces early marked elevations in plasma cAMP, a gradual rise in plasma cGMP and disproportionate increases in several plasma FFA . The data also demonstrate that smooth and rough LPS differ in their abilities to increase plasma cAMP and FFA and these may be attributed to differences in their in vivo mechanisms of action . The study suggests that cAMP and cGMP may mediate actions of endotoxin at the cellular level and that differences exist in release and/or utilization of each FFA at different stages of endotoxemia.

Am J Vet Res, 1987 Dec, 48(12), 1674 - 7
Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 colonization of the nasal passages of virus-infected calves; Frank GH et al.; Nasal passages of calves with a virus-induced respiratory tract disease became colonized by Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 after they were inoculated intranasally with P haemolytica . Inoculation with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus caused a more severe clinical illness and resulted in a greater degree of colonization with P haemolytica than developed after inoculation with parainfluenza-3 virus . Nasal passages of parainfluenza-3 virus-inoculated calves were colonized to a greater degree with P haemolytica than were those of healthy, nonstressed calves . Calves were susceptible to P haemolytica colonization during or shortly after virus-induced illness, even though they had been previously exposed to P haemolytica and had serum antibody and nasal secretion antibody to P haemolytica.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Nov, 25(11), 2173 - 80
Hyperimmune serum from rabbits immunized with potassium thiocyanate extract of Pasteurella multocida protects against homologous challenge; Lu YS et al.; Hyperimmune rabbit sera directed to the KSCN extract of 3:A Pasteurella multocida were characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), presolubilized cell radioimmunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting analysis . The results showed that the hyperimmune serum had a very high titer of immunoglobulin G ELISA antibody and a negligible immunoglobulin A ELISA antibody, precipitated 10 different outer membrane protein antigens by radioimmunoprecipitation, and reacted to 10 different membrane vesicle antigens of P . multocida by immunoblotting analysis . The hyperimmune rabbit sera were also evaluated for protective efficacy against experimental rabbit pasteurellosis by homologous challenge . Thirty-six rabbits were divided into four groups . Group 1, 2, and 3 rabbits were inoculated intranasally with hyperimmune rabbit serum, phosphate-buffered saline, or normal rabbit serum, respectively, at 24 h prior to and 24, 48, and 72 h after intranasal challenge with the virulent homologous P . multocida strain . Group 4 rabbits were inoculated with normal rabbit serum without challenge . Necropsies of surviving rabbits were performed 2 weeks postinfection . The mortality rates for groups 1 through 4 were 25% (3 of 12), 67% (8 of 12), 75% (6 of 8), and 0% (0 of 4), respectively . The prevalence and severity of pneumonia were significantly lower in the hyperimmune serum-treated rabbits . The prevalence of P . multocida colonization in lungs was significantly lower in group 1 rabbits, and the geometric mean CFU of P . multocida in lungs was 59,166-fold less in group 1 rabbits than in group 3 rabbits . The geometric mean CFU of P . multocida in nasal cavities of group 1 rabbits was significantly lower than that of group 3 rabbits . All challenged rabbits (groups 1,2, and 3) had elevated nasal immunoglobulin A and pulmonary (lung lavage) immunoglobulin A antibody levels at necropsy (day 14 postinfection) . Similarly, all challenged rabbits had elevated levels of ELISA immunoglobulin G antibody in serum at day 14 but not at day 7 postinfection, indicating that rabbits receiving hyperimmune serum can mount a specific humoral immune response against the homologous challenge P . multocida organisms . We concluded that hyperimmune serum directed to the KSCN extract of 3:A P . multocida provides significant protection against homologous challenge in rabbits.

Am J Vet Res, 1987 Nov, 48(11), 1589 - 93
Pulmonary dysfunction in neonatal calves after intratracheal inoculation of small volumes of fluid; Killingsworth CR et al.; Intratracheal instillation of 20 ml of room temperature (21 to 24 C) fluid in anesthetized neonatal calves resulted in rapid onset of reversible pulmonary dysfunction . Arterial O2 tension and dynamic compliance decreased, whereas pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, alveolar arterial O2 difference, and total pulmonary resistance increased from base-line values . Abnormalities of gas exchange and pulmonary mechanics were induced by intratracheal fluid instillation whether or not Pasteurella haemolytica was in the inoculum . Physical manipulation of the calf without intratracheal fluid instillation (sham inoculation) did not influence pulmonary function . Bilateral vagotomy eliminated the increase in pulmonary resistance and the decrease in dynamic compliance, but did not eliminate hypoxemia, increased alveolar arterial O2 difference, or pulmonary hypertension recorded after intratracheal fluid instillation . Seemingly, changes in pulmonary mechanics are mediated via the vagus nerve . However, one or more additional mechanisms must be responsible for the hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension.

Am J Vet Res, 1987 Nov, 48(11), 1584 - 8
Induced pasteurellosis and pulmonary vascular adrenoceptor function in bull calves; Greenlees KJ et al.; Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica inoculation on pulmonary vascular function were studied in 5 conscious standing Jersey bull calves . Instruments were implanted in each calf to measure pulmonary arterial, pulmonary arterial wedge, left atrial, and systemic arterial pressures and cardiac output . Each calf was challenge exposed with 5 sequential 3-minute infusions of isoproterenol (a beta agonist) or phenylephrine (an alpha agonist) for maximal doses of 1.8 micrograms of isoproterenol or 2.3 micrograms of phenylephrine/kg of body weight/min . The calf was allowed 1 hour to recover, was anesthesized, and administered a 20-ml intratracheal infusion of live P haemolytica (10(6) colony-forming units/ml) followed by a 20-ml saline flush . The pulmonary hemodynamic response to isoproterenol and phenylephrine was examined again in each calf 4 days later . Calves developed a pneumonic pasteurellosis involving 26 to 43% of the lungs . There was a significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced resistance in the pulmonary arterial compartment after inoculation . Isoproterenol infusion decreased resistance in the pulmonary arterial, pulmonary venous, and systemic vascular compartments . The decrease in the pulmonary venous compartment in response to isoproterenol was significantly (P = 0.01) smaller after P haemolytica inoculation . After administration of 1.8 micrograms of isoproterenol/kg/min, resistance in the pulmonary venous compartment was 0.90 +/- 0.22 (mean +/- SD) before and 1.25 +/- 0.39 after Pasteurella inoculation . Phenylephrine resulted in an increase in pulmonary arterial, pulmonary venous, and systemic vascular compartments . There was a mild (P = 0.08) decrease in the pulmonary arterial compartment response to phenylephrine . Seemingly, Pasteurella inoculation blunted beta-receptor function in the pulmonary vascular bed, mainly in the veins, contributing to edema.

Am J Vet Res, 1987 Nov, 48(11), 1559 - 64
Adaptation of a colorimetric microtitration assay for quantifying Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxin and antileukotoxin; Vega MV et al.; A colorimetric microtitration assay was adapted to quantify the cytotoxicity of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxin to bovine neutrophils used as target cells . The viability of leukotoxin-treated target cells was detected by use of a tetrazolium dye that living cells reduced to dark blue formazan . The amount of formazan formed (which was quantified by use of an ELISA plate reader) was directly proportional to the number of viable target cells . This assay system also was used to measure leukotoxin-neutralization antibody titers of bovine serum and lung lavage specimens obtained during vaccination experiments . The major advantages of this assay over other methods such as the 51Cr-release and trypan blue-exclusion assays are precision, rapidity, and low cost; it also does not use radioisotopes.

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