Microorganisms

Biokhimiia, 1978, 43(4), 741 - 7
{Subcellular distribution and several properties of the cAMP enzyme system of phototrophic bacteria}; Guliev NM et al.; In the cells of the phototrophic bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris the two enzymes of the cAMP system enzymes - adenylate cyclase and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) exist in a soluble and membrane-bound forms . After mild disruption of the cells (sonication up to 3 min) the activity of both enzymes is found in the chromatophores . In the cells of the two types of bacteria grown under anaerobic conditions soluble adenylate cyclase is predominant . In the cells of R . rubrum the soluble form of PDE posesses higher activity, whereas in the cells of Rh . palustris a higher activity is observed in the membrane-bound form . In addition to their different localization in the cells, the PDE forms of Rh . rubrum differ in their ratios to the concentrations of hydrogen ions and bivalent metals; the latter difference, however, may be accounted for by the effect of a protein modulator of PDE . The pH optimum of membrane-bound PDE is 9.15 . Soluble PDE has two activity maxima at pH 7.5 and 8.7 . It is probable that similar to the animal tissue enzyme, PDE from Rh . rubrum exists in the soluble phase in at least tw forms . Close pH optima for soluble adenylate cyclase and for one of the soluble PDE forms (about 8.5) may indicate the unidirectional control of these enzymes by hydrogen ion concentration.

J Clin Eng, 1978 Jan-Mar, 3(1), 44 - 7
Sterilization of bacteria by means of microwave heating; Fitzpatrick JA et al.; Despite the simplicity and convenience of microwave heating, descriptions in the current literature of attempts to provide a thorough sterilization process have not been encouraging nor has any manufacturer of sterilization equipment introduced such a device to the market . Trials conducted at Providence Hospital using a commercial microwave oven operating at 2450 MHz resulted in a satisfactory sterilization process, that is, the destruction of heat-resisting spore forms (B . stearothermophilus), provided that the materials undergoing sterilization were placed in sealed containers with sufficient water present to provide steam during the heating process . Suggestions are made for further investigation involving the microwave spectrum of the molecule of dipicolinic acid as well as the possibilities of practical applications which could result in reducing hospital costs.

Nature, 1977 Dec 8, 270(5637), 486 - 94
Nucleotide sequence and amplification in bacteria of structural gene for rat growth hormone; Seeburg PH et al.; The primary structure of DNA containing the sequence for rat pituitary growth hormone mRNA has been determined . DNA was obtained by reverse transcription of polyadenylated RNA from cultured pituitary cells and from recombinant bacterial plasmids . The amino acid sequences for rat growth hormone and its precursor form have been deduced from the determined nucleotide sequences.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1977 Dec, 165(5-6), 480 - 6
{Equipment to find odour compounds, produced by bacteria in drinking water . I . Comparison of a bacteria produced odour compound with a chemical reference substance and a simple method for getting and concentrating biogenic odour compounds (author's transl)}; Muller G et al.; An increase in using surface water and bank filtration processes as raw water for drinking water production sometimes gave rise to problems of bad taste and odour . Some of these odourous compounds may be produced by bacteria, especially Streptomyces species . They are able to pass active carbon filters and therefore are a problem as well in raw water as in treated water . Biogenic odourous compounds often are soluble in water, that means they are present without being fixed to the bacteria cell . Human nose is able to percieve even dilutions of about 10(-9) . If a bacterial produced substance is compared with an equal smelling chemical substance such as Isoborneol, also diltuions of 10(-9) may be smelt . Gas-chromatography only detects concentrations up to 10(-5), so the nose is much more efficient.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Nov, 30(2), 252 - 8
Interdependence of in vitro responsiveness of cord and maternal blood lymphocytes to antigens from oral bacteria; Ivanyi L et al.; A group of thirty-five mothers and their babies at parturition were examined by the in vitro lymphocyte transformation test to determine sensitization by oral bacterial antigens, B-cell mitogens and dental plaque . Lymphocytes from babies of sensitized mothers with gingival or periodontal disease gave the highest frequency (70 and 63%) and magnitude (mean stimulation index of 3.4 and 3.3) of response in cultures stimulated by Actinomyces viscosus and Veillonella alcalescens . However, IgM antibodies to V . alcalescens antigen were absent from cord sera . With one exception, stimulation of lymphocytes from babies of unsensitized mothers with clinically healthy gingiva was not found with these antigens . The response of cord lymphocytes from mothers with gingival or periodontal disease to antigens from oral bacteria, as compared with the response of cord lymphocytes from mothers with clinically healthy gingiva, seemed specific, since a corresponding difference in response to unrelated antigen PPD was not found . The response of cord and maternal lymphocytes to B-cell mitogens was also determined . Maternal lymphocytes responded in the following decreasing order of effectiveness: dextran sulphate, levan, lipopolysaccharide and dextran B1355; whereas cord lymphocytes were stimulated in the reverse order of effectiveness.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Nov-Dec, 46(6), 1074 - 81
{Factors causing short-term periodic changes in the numbers of bacteria in the superficial layer of sludge and in the water near the bottom}; Kutuzova RS; Rhythmical temporal changes in the number of bacterial populations inhabiting the surface ooze layer and the water layer above it have been found to depend on two processes: (1) the ability of bacteria for periodic intensive growth followed by death of the cells and (2) the participation of zooplankton in consuming the bacterial cells for nourishment . The total bacterial number in samples depends on which of the two processes prevails.

Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Nov, 85(7), 599 - 605
Bacteria in experimentally infected cavity preparations; Mjor IA; The presence of bacteria on cavity walls was assessed histologically following experimental infection by inserting soft carious human dentin or guttapercha temporary filings in 40 monkey teeth . Eighty-five infected cavities which had been restored using zinc oxide-eugenol cement (34 teeth), Ca(OH)2 (39 teeth) or amalgam (12 teeth) were also evaluated . Bacteria could regularly be demonstrated in cavities where soft carious human dentin had remained in the cavities for 82 d, but not, or only very rarely, in any of the other series . It was concluded that vital dentin has considerable resistance against infection and that cavity sterilization appears to be of questionable value.

Lab Anim, 1977 Oct, 11(4), 215 - 7
Inhibition of bacteria in mouse drinking water by chlorination; Bywater JE et al.; Experience with the use of mouse drinking water containing chlorine is discussed . With an initial concentration of 5 p.p.m . bacteria were recovered from the bottles after 7 days and there was considerable growth in untreated bottles . Above this concentration no bacteria survived . It is recommended that 15-20 p.p.m . chlorine are used for practical purposes.

Biokhimiia, 1977 Oct, 42(10), 1817 - 24
{Comparative study of light-harvesting complexes of purple photosynthetic bacteria Chromatium minutissimum and Rhodopseudomonas palustris}; Erokhin IuE et al.; Light-harvesting pigment-lipoprotein complexes from sulfur (Chromatium minutissimum) and non-sulfur (Rhodopseudomonas palustris) purple bacteria are isolated and comparatively studied . Electron microscopy was used for determination of the complex size, different methods were employed to estimate their molecular weights and chemical composition . Two small proteins are found in each complex, their molecular weight, molar ratio and their content per complex being studied . Amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acids are determined for both proteins of light-harvesting complex from Chromatium minutissimum . Some common characteristics of the molecular organization of light-harvesting complexes in purple bacteria are discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Oct, 132(1), 356 - 8
Motility of flagellated bacteria in viscous environments; Greenberg EP et al.; The lowest viscosity that immobilized flagellated bacteria such as Psedomonas aeruginosa, Spirillum serpens, and Escherichia coli was 60 centipoise (cp) . Much higher viscosities (1,000 cp and higher) were required to immobilize two flagellated bacteria selectively isolated from nature by methods based on their ability to migrate through agar gels . The latter finding indicates that certain flagellated bacteria have the ability to swim through environments of relatively high viscosity . It is suggested that these flagellated bacteria possess a specialized type of motility apparatus suited to viscous conditions present in their habitats.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Oct, 239(2), 162 - 71
{Immobilization of leukocytes by Escherichia coli . A study with enterotoxigenic bacteria (author's transl)}; Ohgke H; Rabbit peritoneal leukocytes showed reduced random motility and chemotactic responsiveness after incubation in the high molecular weight-fraction of Escherichia coli culture filtrates . Two leukocyte-immobilizing factors appeared in the incubation media . One of these factors was thought to be identical with the migration inhibiting substance described by Udaka . The other immobilizing factor was dialyzable and gave a molecular weight of about 300 by column chromatography . Minimal formation of the factors occurred in the presence of E . coli heat-labile Enterotoxin.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 34(4), 456 - 7
Retention of bacteria in liquid films at agar surfaces; Thomas CJ et al.; The number of bacteria retained by agar dipslides immersed in bacterial suspensions was dependent solely on suspension population density and was unaffected by the nutrient status of the agar surface or liquid, disturbance of the liquid, or bacterial motility and chemotaxis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Oct, (10), 108 - 11
{Morphologic characteristics of the large bodies in cultures of the L-forms of bacteria according to scanning electron microscope studies}; Kats LN et al.; Large bodies appear at the time of protoplast and spheroplast formation and are revealed at all the L-transformation stages and at the initial stage of reversion . They can be represented both by a single giant cell and by a conglomerate of different cells connected with one another . They are not only spheroid, but can be of the most varied shape, and structurally they are connected with other L-colony elements: filamentous structures, spheroid cells, elementary bodies and the so-called acellular material . At the early L-transformation stage the large bodies probably appear as a result of coalescence of lysed cells and represent polygenome formations . Elementary bodies and spheroid cells form within the large bodies and on their surface at the late stage of L-transformation . In case of reversion bacterial cells form from them.

Br J Nutr, 1977 Sep, 38(2), 207 - 16
Digestibilities of nitrogen compounds in rumen bacteria and in other components of digesta in the small intestine of the young steer; Salter DN et al.; 1 . Mixed bacteria were obtained from the rumen contents of steers and were taken at different times after the animals had been given different feeds . The feeds contained {15N}urea and in some experiments Na2 35SO4 so that the bacteria were labelled with these isotopes . 2 . Samples of labelled bacteria were subjected to a simulated abomasal digestion with pepsin and the digests were infused with a non-absorbed marker, polyethylene glycol, into the duodenums of test steers equipped with re-entrant ileal cannulas . Except for samples taken after a 24 h fast, which sometimes gave somewhat lower values, mean values for digestibilities of 15N and 35S in the small intestine were 0-79 and 0-85 respectively . 3 . The corresponding value for the digestibility of 15N in similarly-treated wheat-leaf protein concentrate was 0-86 . 4 . Net digestibilities of total N in the small intestine of the test steers when they were given either a mainly protein-free diet of straw, tapioca and urea or a diet of flaked maize and hay were approximately 0-62 . 5 . From these and other values it was calculated that approximately 5-2 g intestinally-secreted endogenous N/d flowed through the ileum of a 100 kg steer.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Sep-Oct, 46(5), 971 - 3
{Bacteria-cortical symbionts of Thichonympha turkestanica, a protozoan from the gut tract of the termite Hodotermes margabicus}; Gromov BV et al.; Intracellular symbiotic bacteria of the flagellate Trichonympha turkestanica located in the surface cortical part of the animal cell are described . The cell structure of the symbionts is typical of gramnegative bacteria, but contains also an additional outer membrane . The membrane is an element of the electron-dense structures which have contacts, at many points, with the kinetosomes or membranes surrounding flagella . A possible functional significance of symbiotic bacteria for the operation of flagella is discussed.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1977 Sep-Oct, 11(5), 1090 - 9
{Possible role of macromolecular components in the functioning of photosynthetic reaction centers of purple bacteria}; Noks PP et al.; The temperature dependencies of the photoconversion of pigments P870--P890 were studied using isolated chromatophores and photosynthetic reaction centres (RC's) of purple bacteria . The samples were prepared by extraction with organic solvents (light petroleum and a combination of light petroleum and methanol) and modified through cross-linking the functional groups of proteins by treatment with glutaraldehyde or denatured by various physical and chemical treatments . The data provide further evidence that the pool of RC secondary acceptors is formed by the compounds of quinone nature located in the hydrophobic surrounding . Similar molecules localized in a more polar medium act as primary acceptors . The findings indicate on the essential role of macromolecular components in the RC's functioning and also suggest that the photochemical charge separation is conformation-controlled.

Experientia, 1977 Aug 15, 33(8), 1008 - 10
Reduction of adenylylsulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate in phototrophic bacteria; Schmidt A et al.; Extracts of 14 species of phototrophic bacteria, partly grown with different sulfur compounds, were tested for their ability to form volatile sulfur compounds from adenylylsulfate (APS) and 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate (PAPS) . The Rhodospirillum species showed marked activities with both APS and PAPS while the Rhodopseudomonas species seem to prefer PAPS . The Chromatiaceae exhibited the strongest activities with APS, whereas Chlorobium limicola had equally high activity with PAPS.

J Mol Evol, 1977 Aug 5, 9(4), 369 - 71
A comment on methanogenic bacteria and the primitive ecology; Woese CR; The phenotype and antiquity of methanogenic bacteria suggest them to have been one of the major factors determining a dynamic balance between CO2 and CH4 in the primitive atmosphere.

Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med, 1977 Aug, 32(2), 145 - 52
Effect of oxygen on bacteria and cultured mammalian cells irradiated in the frozen state; Antoku S et al.; The oxygen effect for bacteria and cultured mammalian cells at -196 degrees C was studied, using suspensions to which were added cryoprotective and chemical protective agents . The oxygen enhancement ratio (o.e.r.) in the frozen state was dependent on the chemicals added to the suspensions . When the chemicals had a high competitive reactivity with oxygen to the damage, the o.e.r . in the frozen state was comparable to that in the liquid suspensions . Without chemicals, the o.e.r . in the frozen state decreased significantly, probably because of the low competitive activity of endogenous SH compounds . In general, the systems with a higher o.e.r . in the liquid state had a lower o.e.r . in the frozen state.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Aug, 23(8), 981 - 7
Isolation and distribution of oligotrophic marine bacteria; Aragi Y et al.; A useful plate culture method for isolating oligotrophic bacteria found in the low-nutrient environment of the open sea has been developed . The method uses a glass-fiber filter substitute for agar . Nutritional requirements of oligotrophic bacteria consisted of a dilute mutrient solution containing 16.8 mg C/l total organic carbon aseptically added to the sterilized filter . Distribution of bacteria in oceanic and neritic seawater was determined using the membrane filter method . In the case of seawater containing less than 0.5 mg/l dissolved carbohydrates, plate counts of oligotrophic bacteria were found to be several- to 100-fold greater than the heterotrophic bacterial counts enumerated by standard methods routinely used for enumeration . However, in seawater containing approximately over 0.5 mg/l dissolved carbohydrates, heterotrophic bacterial counts were 10-fold greater than oligotrophic bacterial counts.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Aug, 34(2), 164 - 9
Pyruvate production and excretion by the luminous marine bacteria; Ruby EG et al.; During aerobic growth on glucose, several species of luminous marine bacteria exhibited an imcomplete oxidative catabolism of substrate . Pyruvate, one of the products of glucose metabolism, was excreted into the medium during exponential growth and accounted for up to 50% of the substrate carbon metabolized . When glucose was depleted from the medium, the excreted pyruvate was promptly utilized, demonstrating that the cells are capable of pyruvate catabolism . Pyruvate excretion is not a general phenomenon of carbohydrate metabolism since it does not occur during the utilization of glycerol or maltose . When cells pregrown on glycerol were exposed to glucose, they began to excrete pyruvate, even if protein synthesis was blocked with chloramphenicol . Glucose thus appears to have an effect on the activity of preexisting catabolic enzymes.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1977 Aug, 85(4), 249 - 54
Differential staining of bacteria in clinical specimens using acridine orange buffered at low pH; Kronvall G et al.; Optimal conditions for acridine orange staining of air dried and methanol fixed bacteria on glass slides were studied . The pH of the staining buffer did not influence the fluorescence of an S . aureus and an E . coli strain at dye concentrations of 25-50 mg per litre . 81 bacterial strains representing 15 different species were stained with acridine orange under standard conditions, all strains showing orange fluorescence . The pH of the buffer influenced markedly the staining patterns of human cells and tissue materials, as represented by smears of peripheral blood, buccal scrapings, urethral secretions and tracheal exudates . The fluorescence obtained ranged from low intensity green at low pH values to bright orange at neutral and alkaline pH . This variability indicated a possibility of designing conditions for a differential staining method for the detection of bacteria in clinical specimens . The differential staining effect with a low pH in the buffer was confirmed on smears of buccal scrapings, cerebrospinal fluid samples and urethral secretions, showing orange fluorescence of the bacteria present and green-to-yellow fluorescence of background material, cells and tissue debris.

Biokhimiia, 1977 Aug, 42(8), 1387 - 91
{Comparative study of NADP-reductase properties in two species of purple bacteria}; Laurinavichene TV et al.; Unlike Rhodospirillum rubrum, the highly purified preparations of NADP-reductase Thiocapsa roseopersicina are capable of reduction of cytochrome c though they do not catalyse diaphorase reaction in the presence of methyl viologen or benzyl viologen and NADH . T . roseopersicina reductase has more high temperature optimum (50-65 degrees) and more high thermal stability (65 degrees) and it is capable to catalyse diaphorase and menadione-reductase reactions under more high pH values (11.0-12.0) than NADP-reductase of R . rubrum . NADP-reductase of T . roseopersicina is more stable under storing than the enzyme from R . rubrum: the semi-inactivation period of the enzyme when storing in Ar or the air is about 10 and 4 days, respectively, and it takes about three days for R . rubrum.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1977 Jul, 26(4), 663 - 78
Intracytoplasmic bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus; Kozek WJ et al.; Ultrastructural studies on Onchocerca volvulus disclosed intracellular organisms within the lateral chords of adult worms and of the larval stages . In the females the organisms were also present in the oogonia, oocytes, developing eggs and microfilariae . The organisms, found within vesicles of host (filarid) membrane and limited to the cytoplasm of infected cells, appeared to have a developmental cycle consisting of three morphologically distinct forms: a small spheroidal form up to 0.3 micronm in size, a bacillary form up to 1.5 micron7 in length and 0.7 micronm in diameter, and a third form, intermediate in size between the former and the latter, characterized by a dense inclusion . The intravesicular location and the developmental cycle consisting of three distinct forms are the two characteristics which suggest that these organisms are more similar to the chlamydiae than to the rickettsiae, in spite of their being transovarially transmitted . The significance of these findings with respect to the host-parasite relationship and pathogenesis of onchocerciasis is presently unknown and will require further study.

Am J Vet Res, 1977 Jul, 38(7), 1015 - 7
Effect of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria on adaptation of cattle to high-energy rations; Cook MK et al.; Heifers, unadapted to a concentrate ration, were intraruminally inoculated (1 dose) with cultures of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria or with ruminal fluid from a steer adapted to a concentrate ration . Inoculation with cultures (1 L) of Selenomonas ruminantium or Megasphaera elsdenii did not produce better average daily weight gains or feed efficiency of heifers fed a high-energy ration for 21 days, if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers . Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of heifers inoculated with 1 L of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus culture or with 1 L of adapted ruminal fluid and fed a high-energy ration for 21 days were better if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers.

J Nucl Med, 1977 Jul, 18(7), 736 - 9
Thyroid hormones and {14C} glucose metabolism in bacteria; Singh KT et al.; The effects of triiodothyronine and thyroxine on metabolism and growth of bacteria were studied . It was observed that over a certain range of concentration thyroxine and triiodothyronine produced increase in 14CO2 release from {14C}-labeled glucose and also stimulated bacteria growth.

Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Jul, 85(5), 313 - 9
Bacteria in cavities beneath intermediary base materials; Qvist J et al.; The ability of six different intermediary base materials to prevent bacterial entrance beneath silicate cement fillings was investigated in vivo in primary molars . After an observation period of 1 month, bacteria were found on the pulpal wall in two out of 10 cavities beneath Fluoritec and four out of 10 cavities beneath Durelon solid mixed, De Trey phosphate cement solid or creamy mixed . Beneath the intermediary base materials Dycal, zinc oxide-eugenol cement, Dropsin and Durelon creamy mixed, no bacteria were found . In cavities filled with silicate cement or silver amalgam only, bacteria were observed in nine out of 10 and in five out of 10 cavities, respectively.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1977 Jul-Aug, 32(7-8), 557 - 62
{Degradation of antipyrin by pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)}; Sauber K et al.; Bacteria with the ability to grow on pyrazon as sole source of carbon were isolated from soil . They also are able to grow on antipyrin . Then three metabolites of antipyrin can be isolated from the culture fluid which were identified as 2,3-dimethyl-1-(cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-4,6-cyclohexadiene-1-yl)-pyrazolone (5) (I), as 2,3-dimethyl-1-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-pyrazolone (5) (II) and as 2,3-dimethyl-pyrazolone (5) (III), respectively . Compound I and II were used as substrates for enzyme studies . A dioxygenase catalyzes the enzymatic conversion of antipyrin into compound I . In the presence of NAD as cosubstrate compound I is transformed into compound II by a dehydrogenase . A pure preparation of metapyrocatechase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria converts compound II into the dephenylated heterocyclic moiety of antipyrin (III) and into 2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid . Based on the results of the enzymatic studies a pathway for the degradation of antipyrin is proposed.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1977 Jul-Aug, 11(4), 933 - 40
{Spectral position of the principal absorption band of pigment complex P870 and the kinetics of photo-induced oxidoreductions in the reaction centers and chromatophores of purple bacteria with preparations at different temperatures and having different degrees of hydration}; Noks PP et al.; In isolated photosynthetic reaction centres of Rps . spheroides and chromatophores R . rubrum the spectral position of the longest wavelength absorption band of P870, effectiveness of electron removal from the photochemical pair (P870 -- primary electron acceptor, A1) and the rate constant for recombination of photooxidized P870 with photoreduced A1 undergo marked and fully reversible changes over the temperature interval from +20 to -70 degrees . Dehydration of the samples has the effect similar to that induced by temperature lowering . The data suggest that the spectral position of the main maximum of pigment complex P870 absorption band may be regarded as a sensitive inner probe of the structure-functional state of the investigated preparations.

Biokhimiia, 1977 Jul, 42(7), 1285 - 91
{Purification and properties of NADP-reductase of phototropic bacteria Thiocapsa roseopersicina}; Gogotov IN et al.; The method of purification up to homogenous states and properties of NADP-reductase of purple bacteria Thiocapsa roseopersicina, strain BBS, are described . The molecular weight of NADP-reductase is about 47 000; it is flavoprotein consisting of two subunits . Atebrim and chloromercury bensoate inhibit the activity of NADP-reductase (34% and 33--60%, respectively) . The enzyme is specific to NADPH; it catalyzes menadion-reductase reaction, diaphorase reaction of benzyl viologen reduction, oxidation of reduced benzyl viologen in the presence of NADP, reduction of ferredoxin and cytochrome c in the presence of NADPH, but it is not capable to catalyze transhydrogenase reaction.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Jun 9, 460(3), 547 - 54
On the magnetic field dependence of the yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria; Hoff AJ et al.; The yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides is dependent on the strength of an applied magnetic field . Reaction centers of the wild type that lack a functional iron complexed to the primary acceptor ubiquinone show a dependence similar to that of reaction centers of the mutant R-26 in which the iron-ubiquinone complex is intact . Apparently, the iron of the iron-ubiquinone complex is not essential to the effect, but it does exert an influence on its extent . Inchromatophores, the effect is about 2-fold decreased; the value of the magnetic field at which half the effect is found is about 500 G, in contrast to this value for reaction centers, which is 50--100 G . The magnetodependence of the triplet yield is discussed in terms of the Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Polarization mechanism (CIDEP).

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 33(6), 1284 - 6
Penetration of bacteria into meat; Gill CO et al.; Bacteria are confined to the surface of meat during the logarithmic phase of growth . When proteolytic bacteria approach their maximum cell density, extracellular proteases secreted by the bacteria apparently break down the connective tissue between muscle fibers, allowing the bacteria to penetrate the meat . Non-proteolytic bacteria do not penetrate meat, even when grown in association with proteolytic species.

Br J Nutr, 1977 May, 37(3), 389 - 94
Degradation of the nucleic acids in mixed rumen bacteria on incubation with different media; Smith RC et al.; 1 . Mixed rumen bacteria were grown in vitro in a medium containing {U-14C}adenine . Radioactivity was incorporated into the purine bases of the nucleic acids . 2 . Labelled bacteria were incubated with a nitrogen-deficient cell-free medium (medium A), a protozoa-free supernatant suspension from a slow-speed centrifuging of a steer's rumen contents (medium B) and whole rumen contents of a steer (medium C) . Mean (six experiments) proportional rates of release of radioactivity (/h) were significantly greater for medium A (0-140) than for media B or C (0-055 and 0-43 respectively) . Some of the radioactivity accumulated in the cell-free media; some was lost, partially as carbon dioxide . 3 . Calculation from this and other information indicated that about 30% of bacterial nucleic acids may turn over in the rumen even in the absence of protozoa.

Ann Surg, 1977 May, 185(5), 593 - 7
Biliary bacteria and hepatic histopathologic changes in gallstone disease; Flinn WR et al.; This study attempts to assess the frequency and severity of liver damage in patients with gallstone disease and the role of bacteria in the development of these changes . Needle biopsy of the liver demonstrated acute inflammation of portal triads in 19 of 126 patients with gallstones, a finding not present in control patients . Acute inflammation occurred more often in patients with acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis than in chronic cholecystitis . Cultures of the biliary tract or liver were positive in 23 of 64 patients . The frequency of positive bile cultures increased with the severity of the biliary tract disease . Five out of 6 positive liver cultures were from patients with acute cholecystitis or choledocholithiasis . The data suggest that impairment of bile flow is responsible for the acute hepatic inflammatory changes.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 May-Jun, 46(3), 554 - 9
{Characteristics of phages of spore-forming bacteria isolated from the soil}; Azizbekian RR et al.; Phages lyzing spore forming bacteria were isolated from soil, and their biological properties and fine structure were studied . The spectrum of lytic activity was determined as well as parameters of the intracellular phage growth . The burst size of the phage varies from 8 to 725 particles per infected cell, the latent period lasts 25-100 min for various phages . According to the data of electron microscopy, the phages are divided into three morphological groups . The phages Tg7, AR13 and BPP10 have a complex structure.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 May-Jun, 46(3), 409 - 13
{Carbonic anhydrase activity of phototropic bacteria}; Ivanovskii RN et al.; The activity of carboanhydrase was assayed in seven species of phototrophous bacteria: three species of the Rhodospirillaceae genus, three species of the Chromatiaceae genus, and one species of the Chlorobiaceae genus . The activity of carboanhydrase was found in five species among seven . It decreased on passing from photoautotrophous to photoheterotrophous conditions of growth, and then to dark heterotrophous conditions, which correlated with the activity of the Calvin cycle in the bacteria . No activity of carboanhydrase was detected in Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii and Chlorobium limicola, probably because Chl . limicola fixed carbon dioxide not in the Calvin cycle, but in the reactions of reductive carboxylation of organic acids.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1977 May, 81(5), 1517 - 23
Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria . XVIII . Properties of an isoleucine carrier in the cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli; Yamato I et al.; The properties of the carrier for isoleucine in Escherichia coli were studied using cytoplasmic membrane vesicles (IM vesicles) prepared by the method of Yamato, Anraku, and Hirosawa (J . Biochem . 77, 705 (1975)) . The IM vesicles exhibited respiration-dependent isoleucine transport activity which was more than 30-fold higher than that of "Kaback vesicles" prepared by our hand from the same strains of E . coli K12 . The isoleucine carrier activity of IM vesicles was inhibited by norleucine but not by threonine . The carrier was driven by proton motive force . Mutants were isolated which had lost the carrier activity for isoleucine, as judged by assay with IM vesicles . Using these mutants, the effects of binding proteins specific for branched chain amino acids on the translocation of substrate in IM vesicles were studied . Leucine-isoleucine-valine-threonine-binding protein (LIVT-binding protein) stimulated the initial rate of isoleucine uptake by IM vesicles only when the vesicles possessed carrier activity and it did not affect the Kt value for entry of substrate . This evidence suggests the partial reconstitution of the osmotic shock-sensitive transport reaction in which the binding protein seems to affect the carrier activity with turnover ability.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 May, 33(5), 1229 - 32
Comparison of two direct-count techniques for enumerating aquatic bacteria; Bowden WB; Planktonic bacteria from an estuary were concentrated on membrane filters and counted with both a scanning electron microscope and an epi-illuminated fluorescent microscope . Counts on 0.2 micron Nuclepore filters (polycarbonate) were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than counts on 0.2-micron Sartorius filters (cellulose) . In contrast, there was not a statistically significant difference between the two techniques when Nuclepore filters were used (0.5 less than P less than 0.9) . The average cell volume from this study area was 0.047 micron3 . The estimated number of bacteria ranged from 10(6) to 10(7) bacteria per ml, representing from 4 to 40 mg of C per m3.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 May, 33(5), 1225 - 8
Use of nuclepore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy; Hobbie JE et al.; Polycarbonate Nuclepore filters are better than cellulose filters for the direct counting of bacteria because they have uniform pore size and a flat surface that retains all of the bacteria on top of the filter . Although cellulose filters also retain all of the bacteria, many are trapped inside the filter where they cannot be counted . Before use, the Nuclepore filters must be dyed with irgalan black to eliminate autofluorescence . Direct counts of bacteria in lake and ocean waters are twice as high with Nuclepore filters as with cellulose filters.

Science, 1977 Apr 8, 196(4286), 218 - 20
Probability of establishing chimeric plasmids in natural populations of bacteria; Levin BR et al.; Formulas for estimating the probability that chimeric plasmids carried by disarmed hosts will become established in natural populations of bacteria are presented and their use illustrated with a series of realistic numerical examples . The implications of these a priori probability estimates for the problem of containment for recombinant DNA research is discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Apr, 130(1), 535 - 7
Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of methanol-utilizing bacteria; Goldberg I et al.; Differences in phospholipid and fatty acid composition were found among bacteria using the serine or the ribulose monophosphate pathway for the assimilation of C1 compounds . These differences might be used as an additional criterion for the classification of methanol-utilizing bacteria.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Apr, (4), 95 - 7
{Role of several physico-chemical surface properties of bacteria in the machanism of the initial phases of phagocytosis}; Gromova VA et al.; An attempt was made on E . coli pattern to reveal the role played by the surface charge and the extent of the surface hydration in the mechanism of the initial phagocytosis phases (attraction and submersion) . Phagocytosis experiments with washed bacteria and washed rabbit leukocytes demonstrated a marked direct dependence of the electrophoretic velocities of escherichia and the intensity of their phagocytic ingestion, and a strong reverse relationship between the extent of hydration and the phagocytic activity . Treatment of bacteria with rabbit plasma with subsequent washing led to a significant reduction of hydration and to an insignificant reduction of the electrophoretic velocities with parallel increase of the phagocyte activity . Correlation between the phagocytosis intensity and the acquired physico-chemical properties of bacteria became weak.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Apr, 130(1), 92 - 9
Initiation and termination of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in bacteria after a stepwise increase in the velocity of replication; Bremer H et al.; The theoretical relations between replication, initiation, termination, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) accumulation were derived for experiments in which the length of the time required for the replication of the bacterial chromosome (C period) can be varied . This theory enables one to determine absolute values of the C period from kinetics of DNA accumulation after a "stepup" with thymine-requiring bacteria that are subjected to a sudden increase in the exogenous thymine concentration . Application of this method of data evaluation to an observed step-up experiment with a thy-derivative of Escherichia coli B/r (ATCC 12407) indicated that the theory describes the observed post-step accumulation of DNA accurately within experimental errors . It is also concluded that changes in the replication velocity (C) do not measurably affect the timing of initiation events in a culture.

Health Lab Sci, 1977 Apr, 14(2), 117 - 21
The effect of oxidase positive bacteria on total coliform density estimates; Lupo L et al.; The most probable number method for enumerating coliforms was shown to give a false estimate of the coliform density . The inflated estimates were due to lactose positive, non-coliform bacteria whose presence was detected by an oxidase test . Thirty-six percent of all the samples examined contained oxidase positive bacteria that were able to produce gas from lactose . Their presence resulted in coliform density overestimates which ranged from 2 to 33 times the true value . The frequency of occurrence of inaccurate estimates was shown to be affected by water temperature but unrelated to environmental source.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 5(4), 448 - 52
Effect of dilution on recovery of bacteria from blood; Beebe JL et al.; The multiplication rate of bacteria in undiluted blood containing sodium polyanethol sulfonate was compared with growth rates obtained in dilutions of blood ranging from 1:2 to 1:8 . Although all organisms tested grew in the undiluted blood, increased growth rates were seen in the 1:2 dilution . Further dilution resulted in growth rates equivalent to that obtained with the 1:2 dilution . In view of these results, we question the present recommendations that blood be diluted 1:10 or 1:20.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Mar 16, 151(3), 319 - 26
Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria XVI: single-stranded regions in recipient deoxyribonucleic acid during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12; Bialkowska-Hobrzanska H et al.; The formation of mating pairs between F- and Hfr cells resulted in increased sensitivity of recipient deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to single-strand-specific S1 nuclease, from 3.6% to 23.5% after 30 min conjugation . A comparable amount of single strand regions in the DNA of mated wild type and recA mutant cells was detected . 10 min of conjugation resulted in almost the same amount of single-strand recipient DNA as 30 min of continuous transfer of donor DNA . Also the transfer of plasmid DNA from F+ recA strain led to the occurrence of single-strand recipient DNA . In similar experiments with Hfr tra mutant no such effect was observed . We conclude that alterations in the sechases of conjugation associated with the formation of mating pairs and/or initiation of transfer donor DNA.

Eur J Biochem, 1977 Mar 15, 74(1), 89 - 97
Purification and properties of pyrazon dioxygenase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria; Sauber K et al.; Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex revealed that pyrazon dioxygenase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria consists of three different enzyme components . No component alone oxidizes the phenyl moiety of pyrazon, only when the three components are combined can oxidation be detected . Following electron paramagnetic resonance and ultraviolet measurements the protein nature of the three components was determined: component A1 (molecular weight about 180000,red-brown in colour) is an iron-sulphur protein . The existence of approximately two moles of iron and two moles of inorganic sulphur per mole of protein was demonstrated . This enzyme component was purified to homogeneity in disc electrophoresis . Component A2 is a yellow protein of a molecular weight of about 67000 . FAD was shown to be the prosthetic group of this protein . Component B (molecular weight about 12000, brown in colour) is a protein of the ferredoxin type, which was purified to homogeneity, as demonstrated by disc electrophoresis . A hypothetical scheme for the cooperation of the three components is proposed: component A2 accepts as cosubstrate NADH and functions as a ferredoxin reductase . The ferredoxin, component B, has the function of an electron carrier . The conversion of the substrates is effected by component A1, the terminal dioxygenase.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Mar-Apr, 46(2), 217 - 22
{Carbohydrate metabolism enzymes of purple sulfur-bacteria during growth in the dark}; Krasil'nikova EN; Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Chromatium minutissimum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina were grown in the dark under anaerobic conditions on media containing glucose or fructose and organic acids . Their cell contained the following enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway: phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase . The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase was higher in the cells grown in the dark than in the cells grown in the light . The same enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were found in the cells cultivated in the dark on media containing organic acids as in the cells grown in the light, though the activity of some enzymes was lower . Only the activity of isocitrate lyase increased in the cells cultivated in the dark on a medium containing acetate.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Mar, (3), 64 - 7
{Set of biochemical tests for studying the metabolic pathways of arginine and other basic amino acids in bacteria}; Khramov VA; The author suggests a set of biochemical methods permitting to identify the enzymes participating in the utilization of arginine and some other amino acids . Use of the whole complex of the suggested tests permits to determine reliably the presence of one or another enzymatic activity . The described methods permitted quantitative recording and could be used both to ascertain the peculiarities of the amino acid metabolism in various bacterial species and possibly for the purpose of differential diagnosis and identification of bacteria.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 23(3), 267 - 70
{Effect of sunlight penetration on the development of phototrophic sulfur bacteria in marine environment}; Matheron R et al.; Bottles of medium were inoculated with both strains of Chromatiacea and Chlorobiaceae (mixed cultures) and immersed at differnt depths in the marine coastal waters of the Marseilles basin (France) . After development, the in vivo absorption characteristics of the cells show the effect of the daylight penetration on the selective growth of photorophic sulfur bacteria . With depth, sunlight selects Chlorobiaceae rich in brown carotenoid pigments to the detriment of Chromatiaceae.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Mar, 129(3), 1607 - 12
Biochemical and physiological properties of alkaline phosphatases in five isolates of marine bacteria; Hassan HM et al.; The alkaline phosphatase activities of five unique isolates of marine bacteria were found to be associated with the periplasmic space; however, the enzymes from these isolates differed with respect to their repressibility, the apparent number of isoenzymes, the necessity for Mg2 for activity, and the conditions required for their release . With three of the isolates, the enzyme was released when cells that had been washed in 0.5 M NaCl were suspended in sucrose; however, with the other two isolates, one required the additional presence of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and the other required the presence of lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid . In two isolates the activity was constitutive, in two it was partially repressed, and in one it was completely repressed by inorganic phosphate . The repression of activity was associated with corresponding changes of activity bands as seen by acrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Arch Microbiol, 1977 Feb 4, 112(1), 115 - 7
Growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria with sulfur as electron acceptor; Biebl H et al.; In addition to three new isolates, six strains of representative species of sulfate-reducing bacteria were tested for their capacity to use elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor for growth . There was good growth and sulfide production by strain Norway 4 and the three isolates, two of which had been enriched with sulfur flower and one isolated from a culture with green sulfur bacteria . Slow but definite growth was observed with Desulfovibrio gigas . The type of strains of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, D . vulgaris, and Desulfotomaculum nigrificans as well as Desulfomanoas pigra did not grow with sulfur . The four strains that grew well with sulfur flower were straight, nonsporulating rods and did not contain desulfoviridin.

Tissue Cell, 1977, 9(2), 197 - 208
The squid accessory nidamental gland: ultrastructure and association with bacteria; Bloodgood RA; The structure of the accessory nidamental gland of the female squid, Loligo pealei, has been investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy . The accessory gland has many of the structural features of a secretory organ . The basic structural unit is a tubule composed of a single layer of epithelial cells containing ordered arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a lumenal surface covered with microvilli, cilia, and structural specialization presumed to be involved in secretion . The lumen of each tubule is filled with a dense population of bacteria . During sexual maturation of the squid, the accessory gland changes in color from white to mottled red . The accessory gland of the sexually mature squid has a mixture of red, white, and yellow tubules; in each case, the color of the tubule is due to the bacterial population occupying the tubule . Since the red color of the gland is due to the pigmentation of the bacteria, the bacteria must be responsive to the sexual state of the host, possible through a change in the nature of the material secreted into the tubule lumen . The bacteria can be cultured easily . but in culture they fail to synthesize the red pigment.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jan-Feb, 46(1), 10 - 4
{Comparative study of the growth parameters of methanotropic bacteria}; Nesterov AI et al.; Growth parameters and their interrelationship were determined for two mixed and seven pure cultures of methanotrophic bacteria . The specific growth rate, the rate of methane assimilation, and the economic coefficient changed significantly in the course of cultivation of the methanotrophic cultures in the periodic regime, the changes being of the extremem character . Therefore, mean values of the growth parameters of these cultures determined under identical conditions were compared . These parameters were found to be dependent on the taxonomy of the cultures and on the conditions of their growth . No considerable differences had been found in the growth parameters between mixed and pure methanotrophous cultures . Portions of the carbon of methane expended for synthesis of the biomass, carbon dioxide, and exometabolites was different among methanotrophic cultures belonging to different genera.

Eur Urol, 1977, 3(2), 96 - 9
Calcified bacteria in renal stones: electron-microscopic aspects; Cifuentes Delatte L et al.; In some renal calculi whose structure was studied in thin sections, we have found large numbers of rods of the size and shape of bacteria, included in a material consisting of defective apatite calcium phosphates and organic matter . Electron transmission microscopy showed patterns of partially calcified bacteria . With the scanning electron microscopy we obtained only images of bacterial impressions . In struvite stones bacteria are rarely found in thin sections . Extremely high ammonium alkalinisation does not seem to be compatible with the preservation of bacterial bodies capable of being calcified.

Biofizika, 1977 Jan-Feb, 22(1), 170 - 4
{Component breakdown of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of green bacteria}; Stadnichuk IN et al.; The total number, band widths, absorption and fluorescense peak positions of bacteriochlorophyll forms in green bacteria were identifyed using computer curve analysis, Stepanov's relation and low temperature derivative spectroscopy . The identified pigment forms are the following (the lower index--absorption peak position, the upper--fluorescence peak position) (see article) . The energy of the O-O transitions in the row of native forms of bacteriochlorophyll enumerated above changes for a constant equal to 80 cm-1 . It is believed that the bacteriochlorophyll aggregate in the reaction center complex of green bacteria consists of 7 molecules.

Br J Nutr, 1977 Jan, 37(1), 55 - 65
Some effects of variation in carbohydrate and nitrogen intakes on the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria from young steers; McAllan AB et al.; 1 . Samples of rumen digesta were taken at different times after giving calves various dried forage or hay and cereal diets and mixed bacteria were separated . 2 . For calves receiving dried forage only, the carbohydrate content of mixed bacteria varied with time after feeding, reaching a maximum of approximately 140 g/kg dry matter (DM) after 0-5-1h, decreasing to about 60 g/kg DM after 4 h . 3 . Replacement of part of the dried forage with glucose to give a similar metabolizable energy intake but approximately half as much nitrogen, produced a similar pattern of change with time after feeding but resulted in a markedly increased maximum bacterial carbohydrate content (approximately 230 g/kg DM) . Addition of urea to this diet reduced the bacterial accumulation of carbohydrate to approximately the same level as was found in samples from calves receiving forage only diets . For the forage diets the carbohydrate content fell to 60-100 g/kg DM 4 h after feeding . For the hay and cereal diet the value was 170 g/kg DM at this time . 4 . Changes in bacterial carbohydrate content were largely a result of changes in storage polysaccharide (alpha-dextran) content . 5 . Crude protein (N X 6-25) and ash contents of mixed bacteria decreased after feeding with all-forage diets, but returned to approximately fasting levels within 4 h . At this time samples from calves receiving dried forage and glucose diets contained less CP and more ash (approximately 450 and 220 g/kg DM respectively) than those from calves given diets of dried forage only (approximately 525 and 180 g/kg DM respectively) . 6 . CP, total carbohydrate and ash content of mixed rumen bacteria contributed approximately 0-80 g/g DM . 7 . Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphate accounted for approximately 0-50 g/g bacterial ash.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1977, 22(1), 40 - 2
Relationship between amino acid production and phosphate-dissolving capacity of bacteria; Ruiz-Berraquero F et al.; The ability of soil bacteria to produce amino acids (alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, arginine, glutamic acid, and lysine) was related to the ability to dissolve inorganic phosphate . With the exception of lysine, amino acid production increased with increasing ability to dissolve phosphate.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jan-Feb, 46(1), 22 - 8
{Characteristics of a continous culture of hydrogen bacteria under conditions of gas limitation}; Ponomarev PI et al.; The effect of the specific growth rate and limiting gas on the concentration of cells, the rate of gas utilization, and the economic coefficients was studied during continuous cultivation of Hydrogenomonas eutropha Z-1 . Cell concentrations as functions of the specific growth rate with limitation by H2, 02, and CO2, were plotted as hyperbolae and were linear in the coordinates X, 1/D . The rates of gas absorption Q (M/1 - hr) grow linerly with the concentration of the cells in the culture . The economic coefficients are linear in the coordinates 1/y, 1/micron . The effect of the specific growth rate and kind of limiting gas on the ratios between absorbed H2, 02 and C02 is described.

Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Jan-Feb, 85(2), 106 - 13
Serum antibodies to plaque bacteria in subjects with dental caries and gingivitis; Orstavik D et al.; Correlations were sought between indices of gingival inflammation and dental caries experience and serum antibody titers to five species of oral bacteria . The material comprised 53 young adult males . A statistically significant, negative correlation was observed between the antibody titer to a pool of Veillonella strains and dental caries experience . Multiple regression analyses failed to reveal significant associations between periodontal disease and serum antibody titers . However, the data suggested a combined association of the titers to the strains of Veillonella and a strain of Fusobacterium with the periodontal index.

Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac, 1977, 78(7), 479 - 82
{Bacteria endocarditis of dental origin with neurological complications}; Nabbout S et al.; A 49 years old man suffered from transient hemiplegic episodes following bacterial endocarditis, cultures being negative and with a fever resistant to antibiotics . Complete stomatological evaluation revealed multiple dental infective sites constituting "portals of entry" . Radical treatment of these sites contributed to the complete cure of the infective syndrome.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977, (1), 78 - 82
{Isolation and purification of a preparation possessing leukocytosis-stimulating properties from pertussis bacteria}; Trofimova NP et al.; A homogeneous protein LSF-2 preparation was extracted from the cultural fluid of Bordetella pertussis strains of the 1.0.3 serological type by means of precipitation with ammonium sulphate and electrofocussing; this preparation proved to produce a marked leukocytosis-stimulating and a weak toxic action of delayed type in experiments on animals . Intraperitoneal administration of 5 mug of the LSF-2 preparation caused a rise of leukocytosis in mice to 100,000 cells per 1 mm3, a delay in the gain in weight beginning from the 3rd day of the administration and a late death of the animals in 5% of cases . The LSF-2 preparation protected the mice in infection with a virulent pertussis strain No . 18323 in the amount of from 12 to 91%, depending on the immunizing dose; its ImD50 was equal to 2.0 -2.4 mug of protein . The results of investigations carried out permitted to assess the role of this substance in the formation of specific immunity in pertussis infection.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1977, 26(4), 325 - 35
Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria . XVIII . Polarity of donor DNA strands transferred to the recipient as determined by DNA-RNA hybridization; Wolska KI et al.; Polarity of donor DNA strand transferred into recipient during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12 was determined by DNA-3H-RNA hybridization . Lambda prophage was used as a marker . The defective lysogen Hfr H (lambdat11) as a donor and thermosensitive F- CR34 dnaB strain as recipient were used . Two sets of hybridization experiments, with 1-strand specific lambda mRNA and lambda mRNA specific for both phage strands but with large excess of r-strand specific mRNA, were carried out . Strand 1 of lambda DNA was detected preferentially in recipient cells mated at restrictive temperature, when Hfr transferred its genophore in the order gal-lambda-bio . Thus the genophore is transferred with 5'OH at its origin.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1977, 26(2), 199 - 205
Determination of the number of active saprophytic aquatic bacteria by semi-continuous culture on membrane filters; Kunicka-Goldfinger W et al.; The number of bacteria in the hypolimnion waters of Lake Mikplajski was examined by direct count on membrane filters, by the agar plate method and by semi-continuous culture on membrane filters, as previously proposed by the author . The agar plate method recovered only 20--25% of the bacteria found by direct method . On the other hand, semi-continuous culture on membrane filters allowed the recovery of about 90% of the total count . At the same time it differentiated between active, microcolony forming cells (about 70%) and inactive single cells (about 20% of the total count).

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1977, 26(1), 3 - 8
Mechanism of conjugation and recombination in bacteria . XVII . Further evidence for single-stranded regions in recipient DNA during conjugation in Escherichia coli K-12; Bialkowska-Hobrzanska H et al.; The secondary structure of recipient DNA mated with Hfr strain was investigated by CsCl density gradient fractionation . After 45 min of HfrH64 X 3h-f-ab1157 mating one-fourth of the radioactive recipient DNA was recovered as a single-strand but only after shearing of cell lysates prior to centrifugation . This heavier than native DNA fraction of radioactive material (obtained after the first centrifugation) was degraded by single-strand specific nuclease S from Aspergillus oryzae . These findings thus confirm the authors' earlier results suggesting that in the course of mating are generated local single-stranded regions in recipient DNA.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(3), 240 - 4
Studies on phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil and rhizosphere of different plants . II . Selection of the most efficient phosphate-dissolvers and their morphological grouping; El-Gibaly MH et al.; Two hundred colonies which showed positive reaction on the plates prepared for the phosphate-dissolving bacteria from control soil rhizosphere soils and rhizoplane samples of maize, peas, or cotton were isolated at random . Fifty isolates were selected as the most efficient isolates according to their capability for increasing the amounts of available phosphorus in the media with corresponding decreases in pH values . The percentage of the most efficient isolates differed according to type of plant and location of isolation . Not only the morphological types of the phosphate-dissolving bacteria differed in soil and in rhizosphere, but they also differed in the rhizosphere soil of each special plant . Morphological differences in the isolates from rhizosphere soil and from rhizoplane samples of the same plant were also occurring . The abundance of mycelial-forming bacteria and of aerobic sporeformers in Egyptian soil is important as they are well known to resist adverse conditions, such as high temperature and dryness to which our soils are subjected most time of the year.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(3), 233 - 9
Studies on phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in soil and rhizosphere of different plants . I . Occurrence of bacteria, acid producers, and phosphate dissolvers; El-Gibaly MH et al.; Occurrence of bacteria (total), acid producing and phosphate dissolving micro-organisms in soil, rhizosphere, and rizoplane of Egyptian cotton, peas, or maize during their different growth phases was studied . The rhizosphere effects were generally positive and differed according to type of plant, growth phase of each special plant, and type of micro-organism under study . The high densities of bacteria, acid-producers, and phosphate-dissolvers in the rhizoplane samples suggest the conclusion that roots of the studied plants are colonized with these soil micro-organisms . The role of the micro-organism and the mechanism of the noted colonization is not fully understood yet . However, the presence of high numbers of bacteria in the rhizosphere zones of all plants is undoubtedly important, since they may convert organic and inorganic substances into available plant nutrients . The acidproducing organisms were greatly stimulated in the rhizosphere of all plants . Consequently, the production of acid, especially in alkaline soils such as in Egypt, may directly or indirectly react with insoluble inorganic compounds, converting their nutrient elements into available forms for the growing plants . But not all acid-producers are considered as phosphate-dissolvers . Therefore, the presence of high numbers of phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizophere zones may explain how the growing plants can obtain their requirements in such alkaline soils.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Dec 6, 449(3), 386 - 400
Energy tranduction in photosynthetic bacteria . XI . Further resolution of cytochromes of b type and the nature of the co-sensitive oxidase present in the respiratory chain of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata; Zannoni D et al.; 1 . In membranes prepared from dark grown cells of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, five cytochromes of b type (E'0 at pH 7.0 +413+/-5, +270+/-5, +148+/-5, +56+/-5 and -32+/-5 mV) can be detected by redox titrations at different pH values . The midpoint potentials of only three of these cytochromes (b148, b56, and b-32) vary as a function of pH with a slope of 30 mV per pH unit . 2 . In the presence of a CO/N2 mixture, the apparent E'0 of cytochrome b270 shifts markedly towards higher potentials (+355mV); a similar but less pronounced shift is apparent also for cytochrome b150 . The effect of CO on the midpoint potential of cytochrome b270 is absent in the respiration deficient mutant M6 which possesses a specific lesion in the CO-sensitive segment of the branched respiratory chain present in the wild type strain . 3 . Preparations of spheroplasts with lysozyme digestion lead to the release of a large amount of cytochrome c2 and of virtually all cytochrome cc' . These preparations show a respiratory chain impaired in the electron pathway sensitive to low KCN concentration, in agreement with the proposed role of cytochrome c2 in this branch; on the contrary, the activity of the CO-sensitive branch remains unaffected, indicating that neither cytochrome c2 nor the CO-binding cytochrome cc' are involved in this pathway . 4 . Membranes prepared from spheroplasts still possess a CO-binding pigment characterized by maxima at 420.5, 543 and 574 nm and minima at 431, 560 nm in C0-difference spectra and with an alpha band at 562.5 nm in reduced minus oxidized difference spectra . This membrane-bound cytochrome, which is coincident with cytochrome b270, can be classified as a typical cytochrome "0" and considered the alternative CO-sensitive oxidase.

Arch Biol Med Exp (Santiago), 1976 Dec, 10(1-3), 49 - 60
Polyamines, equilibrium between ribosomal particles and protein synthesis in bacteria; Algranati ID et al.; When putrescine is added to polyamine starved cultures of an E . coli strain difficient in the biosynthesis of putrescine, the protein synthesis is enhanced almost immediately and the ribosomal pattern changes concomitantly, increasing the ratio 70S monomer/ribosomal subparticles . Studies with cell-free systems derived from polyamine starved or unstarved bacteria show that the translation of synthetic and natural mRNAs is several fold higher in system prepared from cells grown in the presence of polyamines . This effect depends on the ribosomal particles and more specifically on the 30S subunit . The results on association of ribosomal subunits strongly suggest that polyamines are involved in this reaction occurring in vivo.

Biochem J, 1976 Dec 1, 159(3), 757 - 69
The amino acid sequences of the cytochromes c-555 from two green sulphur bacteria of the genus Chlorobium; Van Beeumen J et al.; Amino acid seauences are proposed for the cytochromes c-555 from Chlorobium thiosulphatophilum and from the Chlorobium limicola component of "Chloropseudomonas ethylica 2K" . Each is a sincle polypeptide chain, the former of 86, the latter of 99 residues, and, when aligned so as to give the best match, 47 residues are common to the two sequences . The sequences show some resemblance to those of cytochromes c5 and f . The bacteriochlorophyll a-proteins were also isolated and purified, and their amino acid compositions compared (see the Appendix) . There are significant differences in the compositions, but not as great as those found for the cytochromes c-555 . The significance of these observations for the taxonomy of the Chlorobiaceae and for the further development of the comparative biochemistry of cytochrome c is discussed . Detailed evidence for the sequences of the cytochromes c-555 has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50073 (36 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem . J . (1976) 153, 5.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Nov 9, 449(2), 197 - 208
An enriched reaction center preparation from green photosynthetic bacteria; Olson JM et al.; Bacteriochlorophyll a reaction-center complex I from Chlorobium limicola f . thiosulfatophilum 6230 (Tassajara) was incubated in 2 M guanidine - HCl and then chromatographed on cross-linked dextran or agarose gel . Two principal components were separated: a larger component with photochemical activity (bacteriochlorophyll a reaction-center complex II) and a smaller component without activity (bacteriochlorophyll a protein) . Complex II contains carotenoid, bacteriochlorophyll a, reaction center(s), and cytochromes b and c, but lacks the well characterized bacteriochlorophyll a protein contained in Complex I . Complex II carries out a light-induced reduction of cytochrome b along with an oxidation of cytochrome c.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1976 Nov, 73(11), 3900 - 4
A plasmid cloning vehicle allowing regulated expression of eukaryotic DNA in bacteria; Polisky B et al.; We have constructed a plasmid cloning vehicle in which transcription of inserted heterologous DNA fragments can be regulated by a defined bacterial operator and promoter . The lambda plac 5 EcoRIDNA fragment containing the operator, promoter, and beta-galactosidase gene of the lactose operon was linked to the ColE1 derivative plasmid pSF2124, creating a plasmid designated pBGP100, pBGP100 contains one EcoRI site at the lac DNA/pSF2124 DNA junction and another at the lambda DAN/pSF2124 DNA junction . We deleted the latter EcoRI site to generate a plasmid (pBGP120) retaining a single EcoRI site at the lac DNA/nSF2124 DNA junction . To determine whether DNA introduced at the EcoRI site of pBGP120 was expressed under lactose control, we inserted the EcoRI fragment containing 28S ribosomal DNA of Xenopus laevis, creating the hybrid plasmid pBGP123 . RNA-DNA hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA from cells containing pBGP123 showed that induction of the lac operon increases the percentage of labeled RNA complementary to Xenopus 28S DNA about 9-fold . This vehicle may be of use for production of eukaryotic gene products in bacteria.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Nov-Dec, 45(6), 1071 - 4
{Role of leguminous plants in effective symniosis with nodule bacteria}; Shemakhanova NM et al.; Experiments were conducted with five clover varieties and six lucerne varieties infected with their specific strains of nodule bacteria with a high or low activity . The role of plants in active symbiosis with nodule bacteria was established . The nitrogen fixing activity of nodule bacteria varied within a wide range depending on the plant variety . Not only the activity of the strain, but the variety of the plant too, should be taken into account for industrial purposes.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Nov, 32(5), 703 - 10
Basal medium for the selective enumeration of rumen bacteria utilizing specific energy sources; Dehority BA et al.; A 40% rumen fluid basal medium has been developed that without added substrate will support growth of about 10% or less of the total colony count obtained with 40% rumen fluid-glucose-cellobiose-starch-agar medium (RGCSA) . The basal medium is prepared by anaerobic incubation of all ingredients in RGCSA medium except the carbohydrates, Na2CO3, and cysteine for 7 days at 38 degrees C . After incubation, substrate(s), Na2CO3 and cysteine are added and the medium is tubed and sterilized as in normal medium preparation . When xylose was included with glucose, cellobiose, and starch as added carbohydrates in the incubated medium, colony counts were comparable to those obtained with RGCSA medium . The addition of specific carbohydrates or other substrates as energy sources to the basal medium suggested that the percentage of the bacterial population capable of utilizing these energy sources was influenced by the ration of the animal; however, considerable animal variation and day-to-day variation in a given animal was observed . Comparison of the population in animals fed either orchardgrass hay or 60% corn-40% orchardgrass (60-40) indicated little or no difference for the percentage of bacteria utilizing glucose, pectin, xylan, or mannitol . Increases in the percentages of xylose-, cellobiose-, Glycerol-, and lactate-utilizing bacteria occurred with the orchardgrass hay ration, whereas the percentage of starch-digesting bacteria was increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in the animals fed the 60-40 ration . A limited number of bacterial strains were isolated from the basal medium without added substrate, most of which were atypical with respect to the predominant rumen bacteria . Growth of these strains, even in complex media, was very slow and limited . Based on these data with isolated strains and colony counts obtained in roll tube medium containing only minerals, resazurin, agar, Na2CO3, and cysteine, the selective medium overestimated the percentage of bacteria able to use a specific energy source . This overestimate was 6 to 7% of the total culturable count.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Nov, 22(11), 1667 - 71
In situ morphologies of deep-sea and sediment bacteria; Carlucci AF et al.; Deep-sea and sediment bacteria at the bottom of an approximately 1200-m water column were sampled by means of pressure vessels attached to a remote underwater manipulator . Cells were immediately fixed in situ with glutaraldehyde, and after processing in the laboratory their morphologies were observed with the scanning electron microscope . Most bacteria were coccoid or rod-lide and less than 0.4 mum in diameter or width . Few filamentous bacteria were observed . Bacteria were in aggregates or free-living . It is concluded that morphologies of deep-sea bacteria collected and fixed at the hydrostatic pressure of their environment are, in general, similar to the observed morphologies of deep-sea bacteria determined at 1 atm pressure after collection and decompression during ascent through the water column.

Z Naturforsch {C} . 1976 Nov-Dec;31(11-12):757.
{Enzymatic formationof 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate using pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)}; Blobel F et al.; By treatment of 2-hydroxymuconic acid with a partially purified 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate could be obtained . Both forms of 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate, the keto as well as the enol form could be isolated.

Z Naturforsch {C} . 1976 Nov-Dec;31(11-12):756.
{Enzymatic formation of a cis,cis-muconic acid derivative using pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)}; Blobel F et al.; The cis,cis-muconic acid derivative of pyrazon, which was formerly isolated from the medium of pyrazon-degrading bacteria, was formed enzymatically by incubation of the catechol derivative of pyrazon with partially purified ortho pyrocatechase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria.

Biokhimiia, 1976 Nov, 41(11), 2043 - 6
{cAMP phosphodiesterase from phototrophic bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum}; Guliev NM et al.; cAMP phosphodiesterase activity is discovered in supernatant of R . rubrum cell homogenate after centrifugation at 1000 g . The enzyme is highly active (5.62 nmoles/mg of protein per 1 min) at a broad pH range--from 7.0 to 9.0 . The enzyme activity is strongly inhibited with caffeine and dithiotreitol and very significantly inhibited by ascorbic acid . The dependence of the enzyme activity on the incubation time and protein and substrate concentrations in the reaction mixture is estimated . cAMP phosphodiesterase is found in soluble fraction and in particule fractions sedimenting at 30 000 g . The enzyme activity is completely absent in washed chromatophores sedimenting at 160 000 g.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Oct 13, 449(1), 136 - 53
Triplet states of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids in chromatophores of photosynthetic bacteria; Monger TG et al.; Chromatophores from photosynthetic bacteria were excited with flashes lasting approx . 15 ns . Transient optical absorbance changes not associated with the photochemical electron-transfer reactions were interpreted as reflecting the conversion of bacteriochlorophyll or carotenoids into triplet states . Triplet states of various carotenoids were detected in five strains of bacteria; triplet states of bacteriochlorophyll, in two strains that lack carotenoids . Triplet states of antenna pigments could be distinguished from those of pigments specifically associated with the photochemical reaction centers . Antenna pigments were converted into their triplet states if the photochemical apparatus was oversaturated with light, if the primary photochemical reaction was blocked by prior chemical oxidation of P-870 or reduction of the primary electron acceptor, or if the bacteria were genetically devoid of reaction centers . Only the reduction of the electron acceptor appeared to lead to the formation of triplet states in the reaction centers . In the antenna bacteriochlorophyll, triplet states probably arise from excited singlet states by intersystem crossing . The antenna carotenoid triplets probably are formed by energy transfer from triplet antenna bacteriochlorophyll . The energy transfer process has a half time of approx . 20 ns, and is about 1 X 10(3) times more rapid than the reaction of the bacteriochlorophyll triplet states with O2 . This is consistent with a role of carotenoids in preventing the formation of singlet O2 in vivo . In the absence of carotenoids and O2, they decay half times of the triplet states are 70 mus for the antenna bacteriochlorophyll and 6-10 mus for the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll . The carotenoid triplets decay with half times of 2-8 mus . With eak flashes, the quantum yields of the antenna triplet states are in the order of 0.02 . The quantum yields decline severely after approximately one triplet state is formed per photosynthetic unit, so that even extremely strong flashes convert only a very small fraction of the antenna pigments into triplet states . The yield of fluorescence from the antenna bacteriochlorophyll declines similarly . These observations can be explained by the proposal that single-triplet fusion causes rapid quenching of excited single states in the antenna bacteriochlorophyll.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Oct 11, 110(1), 91 - 4
Fatty acid composition of selected prosthecate bacteria; Carter RN et al.; The cellular fatty acid composition of 14 strains of Caulobacter speices and types, two species of Prosthecomicrobium, and two species of Asticcacaulis was determined by gas-liquid chromatography . In most of these bacteria, the major fatty acids were octadecenoic acid (C18:1), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1) and hexadecanoic acid (C16:0) . Some cyclopropane and branched chain fatty acids were detected in addition to the straight chained acids . Hydroxytetradecanoic acid was an important component of P.enhydrum but significant amounts of hydroxy acids were not detected in other prosthecate bacteria examined.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 32(4), 649 - 52
Effect of alfalfa fiber substrate on culture counts of rumen bacteria; Chung KT et al.; A medium has been developed using alfalfa fiber as the sole substrate . It gave high culture counts (3 X 10(9) to 8 X 10(9)/ml) of rumen bacteria . When this medium was combined with the medium 98-5 of Bryant and Robinson, modified to contain 33% rumen fluid instead of 40% clarified rumen fluid, a higher count was obtained than with either medium alone.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 32(4), 567 - 71
Ferric iron reduction by sulfur- and iron-oxidizing bacteria; Brock TD et al.; Acidophilic bacteria of the genera Thiobacillus and Sulfolobus are able to reduce ferric iron when growing on elemental sulfur as an energy source . It has been previously thought that ferric iron serves as a nonbiological oxidant in the formation of acid mine drainage and in the leaching of ores, but these results suggest that bacterial catalysis may play a significant role in the reactivity of ferric iron.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1976 Oct, 73(10), 3476 - 9
Catabolite modulator factor: a possible mediator of catabolite repression in bacteria; Ullmann A et al.; Water soluble extracts of Escherichia coli cells have been found to exert an extremely strong repressive effect upon the expression of catabolite sensitive operons . The compound responsible for this activity has been partially purified and proves to be of low molecular weight and heat stable . The effect of this compound, hereafter designated as catabolite modulator factor, is only partially antagonized by adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate . The possible role of catabolite modulator factor in the physiological regulation of catabolite repression is discussed.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Sep 13, 440(3), 765 - 71
Kinetics of populating and depopulating of the components of the photoinduced triplet state of the photosynthetic bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides (wild type), and its mutant R-26 as measured by ESR in zero-field; Hoff AJ; Optically detected ESR spectra in zero magnetic field of the triplet state of three photosynthetic bacteria are presented . The zero field splitting parameters {D} and {E} and the widths of the resonances show small but significant differences for the three bacteria . The resonance lines are inhomogeneously broadened as demonstrated by hole-burning experiments . The populating probabilities and depopulating rates for the triplet sublevels have been measured . The populating kinetics are very similar for the three bacteria . The depopulating rates are more than one order faster than those of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and of porphyrin model systems . The populating probability of the lowest level is about 6 times less, and the depopulating rate about 6 times slower, than for the upper levels, identifying this level as the level connected to the molecular z-axis perpendicular to the plane of the molecule . The relative populations of the triplet sublevels are almost equal in zero magnetic field.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Sep, (9), 116 - 8
{Comparative study of mycoplasmae and stable L-forms of bacteria}; Kochemasova ZN et al.; A comparative study of mycoplasmae and L-form bacteria was carried out . Both of them were well passaged on a special nutrient medium with the addition of thallium acetate, i.e . they were resistant to this factor . But, in difference from the L-form bacteria, mycoplasmae failed to be passaged on the serum-free medium; the cultures of the L-form bacteria were highly resistant to the action of osmotic stabilizers and to the pressure of the nutrient medium of 15 and 30 atm; as to mycoplasmae--they perished at such a high pressure . The majority of mycoplasmae were resistant to the action of osmotic shock, and L-form bacteria lost their viability in distilled water as soon as in 2 hours.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 894 - 900
{Dynamics of short term changes in the number of bacteria in the surface ooze layer and bottom water}; Kutuzova RS; Statistically reliable short-term periodic changes in the number of bacteria were found in the surface ooze layer and, to a less extent, in the bottom water layer . The time of doubling of the bacterial number can be calculated approximately by counting bacterial cells in the ooze layer every day . An inverse correlation was established between the bacterial number in the surface ooze layer and in the bottom water layer.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 32(2), 264 - 9
Inhibition of methanogenesis in salt marsh sediments and whole-cell suspensions of methanogenic bacteria by nitrogen oxides; Balderston WL et al.; Hydrogen-dependent evolution of methane from salt marsh sediments and whole-cell suspensions of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and Methanobacterium fornicicum ceased or decreased after the introduction of nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, or nitrous oxide . Sulfite had a similar effect on methanogenesis in the whole-cell suspensions . In salt marsh sediments, nitrous oxide was the strongest inhibitor, followed by nitric oxide, nitrite, and nitrate in decreasing order of inhibition . In whole-cell suspensions, nitric oxide was the strongest inhibitor, followed by nitrous oxide, nitrite, and nitrate . Consideration of the results from experiments using an indicator of oxidation potential, along with the reversed order of effectiveness of the nitrogen oxides in relation to their degree of reduction ,suggests that the inhibitory effect observed was not due to a redox change . Evidence is also presented that suggests that the decrease in the rate of methane production in the presence of oxides of nitrogen was not attributable to competition for methane-producing substrates.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Aug-Sep, 127B(2), 201 - 12
{Concentration of bacteria in water using the ultrafiltration method (author's transl)}; Trinel PA et al.; Four ultrafiltration units have been tested in order to concentrate bacteria in water . The experiments run with Escherichia coli allows the selection of an ultrafiltration apparatus which concentrates bacteria with high recovery efficiencies . The use of this concentrator is simple and fast . Its filtration power is very stable and its little capacity allows the continuous ultrafiltration of large volumes of water.

Biokhimiia, 1976 Aug, 41(8), 1478 - 83
{Electrochemical gradient of H+ ions as an immediate source of energy during bacteria movement}; Beliakova TN et al.; An uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation causes an instantaneous cessation of movement of bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum in the presence and in the absence of oligomycin . It is concluded that such cessation is not due to a decrease in the ATP concentration but to the elimination of deltamicron-H+ by the uncoupler . The mobility of the bacteria does not practically change in the presence of acetate and is, to some extent, decreased after addition of valinomycin or penetrating cation of tetraphenyl phosphonium . Under a combined action of acetate and valinomycin the movement is depleted . It is concluded that both constituents of deltamicronH+-transmembrane difference of electric potentials and the pH gradient--may serve as energy sources for the bacteria movement . Inhibitory analysis data suggest that the bacteria movement may be maintained by any of the deltamicronH+ sources, e.g . light-dependent cyclic electron transfer, respiration, ATPase and membrane pyrophosphatase.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 581 - 3
{Growth of purple sulfur bacteria in the dark in anaerobic conditions}; Krasil'nikova EN et al.; Phototrophic sulphur bacteria Chromatium minutissimum 1 C, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii 1, and various strains of Thiocapsa roseopersicina grow in the dark under anaerobic conditions (hydrogen or argon) on organic media in the presence of sulphide, thiosulphate or molecular sulphur . Ect . shaposhnikovii grows also in the presence of sulphite, cysteine, methionine, glutathione, and, to a less degree, sulphates . Cultures of Ect . shaposhnikovii growing in the dark under anaerobic conditions assimilate fructose and liberate pyruvate, lactate, formiate and traces of acetate into the medium . These cultures can grow in the dark under anaerobic conditions assimilating not only fructose but also various C4-dicarboxylic acids, lactate, pyruvate, butyrate, and acetate . Thiocapsa grows on media containing malate, succinate, lactate, pyruvate, and acetate . Thiocapsa reseopersicina SL assimilates in the dark under anaerobic conditions fructose, glucose, glycerol, pyruvate, lactate, and acetate.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 32(1), 95 - 101
Effect of dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons on the growth of marine bacteria in batch culture; Calder JA et al.; Dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons were found to decrease growth rate and maximum cell density of marine bacteria in batch cultures . The magnitude of the decrement was observed to be a function of concentration of the hydrocarbon and inherent toxicity . The inherent toxicity was observed to increase inversely with solubility such that naphthalene at 100 muM concentration demonstrated a toxic effect similar to benzopyrene at 0.02 muM . A partial oxidation product of naphthalene was found to be more effective in decreasing growth parameters than naphthalene at equivalent concentrations and to cause complete cessation of growth at the higher concentrations permitted by its polar structure.

Klin Wochenschr, 1976 Jul 1, 54(13), 643 - 5
Alteration of serum lipid values and lipoproteins by bacteria as a possible cause of artifacts in the screening of dyslipoproteinemias; Knoetgen U et al.; The intriguing observation of phospholipid deficiency in serum is described . The most prominent feature of sera was the completely abnormal lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern . The predominant occurrance of the phenomenon in the warm season suggested bacterial growth producing phospholipase C . B . cereus could be isolated from sera . In order to prevent these artifacts it is suggested to add 1 mg of Na2-EDTA to each ml of sample before dispatch.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 598 - 601
{Localization of energy generators in methane oxidizing bacteria}; Monosov EZ et al.; Cytochromes a, b and c, and their quantitative distribution in the cells, were studied by means of differential spectra in obligate methane oxidizing bacteria, Methylosinus trichosporium with the serine pathway of methane carbon assimilation and Methylomonas agile with the ribulose phosphate pathway of methane carbon assimilation, and different types of topography of intracytoplasmic membranes . The membranes are involved in processes of coupled respiration which was confirmed by cytochemical reactions employed for studying the terminal step of the electron transport chain and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase.

Science, 1976 Jun 25, 192(4246), 1348 - 9
Leeuwenkoek's observation of bacteria; Casida LE Jr; A form of dark-field illumination was produced that allows bacteria in aqueous suspension to be observed with both a Leeuwenhoek microsocope and a compound microscope without a condenser . Possibly, this illumination was Leeuwenhoek's "particular method of observing" bacteria.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jun 8, 430(3), 524 - 37
Exciton interaction among chlorophyll molecules in bacteriochlorophyllaproteins and bacteriochlorophyllareaction center complexes from green bacteria; Olson JM et al.; Absorption and CD spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a proteins and bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complexes from two strains of Chlorobium limicola were recorded at 77 degrees K . Visual inspection showed that the Qy-band of chlorophyll in either protein was split into at least five components . Analysis of the spectra in terms of asymmetric Gaussian component pairs by means of computer program GAMET showed that six components are necessary to fit the spectra from strain 2K . These six components are ascribed to an exciton interaction between the seven bacteriochlorophyll a molecules in each subunit . The clear difference between the exciton splitting in the two bacteriochlorophyll a proteins shows that the arrangement of the chlorophyll molecules in each subunit must be slightly different . The spectra for the bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complexes have a component at 834 nm (absorption) and 832 nm (CD) which does not appear in the spectra of the bacteriochlorophyll a proteins . The new component is ascribed to a reaction center complex which is combined with bacteriochlorophyll a proteins to form the bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complex . The complete absorption (or CD) spectrum for a given bacteriochlorophyll a reaction center complex can be described to a first approximation in terms of the absorption (or CD) spectrum for the corresponding bacteriochlorophyll a protein plus the new component ascribed to the reaction center complex.

Biophys J, 1976 May, 16(5), 389 - 405
Distribution of bacteria in the velocity gradient centrifuge; Koch AL et al.; Cells in different parts of the cell cycle can be separated by brief centrifugation in a density stabilized gradient: the Mitchison-Vincent technique . The position of a cell in the tube depends upon its size, shape, and density, upon the gradients of density, viscosity, and centrifugal force through which it sediments, and upon time . A program to compute the velocities and integrate the velocity profile for particles of a particular size class is presented . Because enteric bacteria are a form intermediate between right cylinders and prolate ellipsoids of revolution, the program uses values for the frictional coefficient intermediate between those calculated for ellipsoids and for cylinders . The formula f=6pietab(a/b)1/2 possesses this property and because of its simplicity greatly speeds the calculations . A second program computes the distribution of masses and then of sedimentation constants for a bacterial population, expressed either as a frequency distribution or as total mass per s-class . The effect of the known variation in cell size at division is included in these calculations, which apply to organisms undergoing balanced, asynchronous growth in which mass increase is proportional to cell size . The two programs in conjunction compute the mass or cell-number profile in an arbitrary gradient . The programs have been used to design gradients to maximize the resolution of the technique.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 May, 37(5), 611 - 3
Lactic acid-utilizing bacteria in ruminal fluid of a steer adapted from hay feeding to a high-grain ration; Huber TL et al.; A mature, rumen-cannulated steer fed Coastal Bermuda grass hay for 8 weeks was adapted to a high-grain ration by stepwise increases in grain over a period of 4 weeks . The grain rations had concentrate-to-roughage ratios of 40:60, 70:30, and 85:15 and were fed for 10, 7, and 11 days, respectively . Numerical estimates of lactate-utilizing bacteria in ruminal fluid of the steer the last 3 days each ration was fed were made by colony counts . Lactate-utilizing bacteria were identified as Megasphaera elsdenii, Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, and Selenomonas ruminantium . Maximal numbers of lactate-utilizing bacteria were observed in the ruminal fluid of the steer during feeding the concentrate-to-roughage ration of 70:30.

Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 447 - 52
{Study of the effect of tetracycline, prodigiosin and their combination on the dynamics of phagocytosis of plague bacteria}; Popova GO et al.; The advantage of the combined use of prodigiozan and tetracycline was observed in tissue culture of peritoneal macrophages of albino mice . Earlier digestion of the intracellular Y . pestis EV by the animal macrophages exposed to prodigiozan and treated with tetracycline was noted . It was shown that the macrophages preserved during several hours of cultivation in vitro their properties acquired in the animal organism under the effect of the substances administered.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 May, (5), 79 - 81
{A comparative study of serum H-antibodies in typhoid patients and bacteria carriers}; Sukhoroslova LI et al.; A study was made of the dynamics of serum H-antibodies in typhoid patients depending on the period of the disease and the severity of its course; the blood sera of chronic carriers were examined as well . H-antibodies were determined in the indirect hemagglutination test with the use of erythrocyte H-dignoasticum . Antibodies of different physico-chemical nature (of IgG and IgM classes) were obtained by fractionation in columns with DEAE-cellulose . Results of the investigations showed that the titres of sum total serum H-antibodies failed to depend on the severity of the course of the disease . The maximum value of the mean geometrical titre of H-antibodies in the blood serum was determined on the 3rd-4th week from the onset of the disease . In chronic carriers the sum total H-antibody titres were greater than in typhoid patients . The serum H-antibody titres increased on account of IgG-globulins both in the typhoid patients and in carriers.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 640 - 7
Invalidity of the acetylene reduction assay in alkane-utilizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria; De Bont JA et al.; The cause of the failure of the C2H2-C2H4 assay for nitrogen-fixing bacteria growing on lower alkanes was studied . Acetylene was a strong competitive inhibitor of methane oxidation for methane-utilizing bacteria, as well as for the oxidation of lower alkanes by other bacteria, so that energy and reducing power were no longer available for the reduction of acetylene by nitrogenase . Nitrogen-fixing bacteria grown on alkanes may reduce acetylene when intermediates of alkane-breakdown or other substrates oxidizable in the presence of acetylene are supplied . Ethylene co-oxidation is not responsible for the failure of the test, because acetylene also inhibits this co-oxidation along with methane oxidation.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 520 - 5
{Selection methods of nodule bacteria}; Imshenetskii AA et al.; The aim of selecting nodule bacteria is to obtain stable and genetically pure strains with elevated effectiveness in the conditions of symbiosis with bean plants, sufficient viability and competing ability, which would survive in soil for a long time . The following methods have been suggested to solve this task: selection by plants using mutagenic factors; genetic markers; production of genetically homogeneous material; determination of the degree of persistance effectiveness in mutants.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 758 - 63
Role of bacteria and protozoa in the removal of Escherichia coli from estuarine waters; Enzinger RM et al.; The removal of Escherichia coli from estuarine water was investigated . The survival of E . coli was dependent on the presence of protozoan predators and not on the presence of lytic bacteria . When indigenous protozoa were removed from estuarine water by filtration, the destruction of coliform populations was negligible . In studies designed to prevent the growth of indigenous bacterial populations without affecting protozoan populations, coliform destruction was significant.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Apr 9, 430(1), 62 - 70
New experimental approach to the estimation of rate of electron transfer from the primary to secondary acceptors in the photosynthetic electron transport chain of purple bacteria; Chamorovsky SK et al.; A method for calculating the rate constant (KA1A2) for the oxidation of the primary electron acceptor (A1) by the secondary one (A2) in the photosynthetic electron transport chain of purple bacteria is proposed . The method is based on the analysis of the dark recovery kinetics of reaction centre bacteriochlorophyll (P) following its oxidation by a short single laser pulse at a high oxidation-reduction potential of the medium . It is shown that in Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii there is little difference in the value of KA1A2 obtained by this method from that measured by the method of Parson ((1969) Biochim, Biophys . Acta 189, 384-396), namely: (4.5 +/- 1.4)-10(3) s-1 and (6.9 +/- 1.2)-10(3) s-1, respectively . The proposed method has also been used for the estimation of the KA1A2 value in chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum deprived of constitutive electron donors which are capable of reducing P+ at a rate exceeding this for the transfer of electron from A1 to A2 . The method of Parson cannot be used in this case . The value of KA1A2 has been found to be (2.7 +/- 0.8)-10(3) s-1 . The activation energies for the A1 to A2 electron transfer have also been determined . They are 12.4 kcal/mol and 9.9 kcal/mol for E . shaposhnikovii and R . rubrum, respectively.

Morphol Igazsagugyi Orv Sz, 1976 Apr, 16(2), 137 - 44
{Demonstration of bacteria and fungi in tissues by topo-optic aldehyde bisulfite toluidine blue (ABT) reaction}; Fischer J et al.; Reaction with aldehyd-bisulfit-toluidinblue (ABT)--as a selective topo-optical reaction for vicinal OH-and amino-OH groups, appears to be suitable for demonstration of bacteria in tissues . Cell membranes and capsules of bacteria and fungi contain large quantity of carbo-hydrates, therefore they show strong basophilic staining after ABT reaction . Double refringement brought about by orientated dye-binding seems to be the sign of the linear arrangement of polysaccharides composing cell membranes and capsules of bacteria . Practical importance of the reaction is shown on examples . Diagnostic advantages of it are also discussed.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1976 Apr, 57(4), 328 - 34
Activation of the complement sequence by extracts of bacteria and fungi associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis; Marx JJ et al.; Complement (C) consumption by antigens associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis was investigated . Micropolyspora faeni in the presence of precipitating antibodies consumed C in a manner similar to the BSA-anti BSA system . An extract of M . faeni was shown to consume C and convert C3PA to C3A in the absence of detectable antibodies . In addition, three species of Aspergillus and two strains of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris were also shown to have the same activity with respect to C3PA . Mucor racemosus, Hormodendrum sp . and a mixed extract of Penicillium did not convert C3PA.

J Dent Res, 1976 Apr, 55 Spec No, C139 - 48
Serum and salivary antibodies to cariogenic bacteria in man; Challacombe SJ et al.; Antibodies in serum and parotid saliva against cell wall preparations from four serotypes of S mutans were examined in 110 subjects aged 18 to 25 years . In subjects with no detectable carious lesions, significant negative correlations were found between the DMF index and serum IgG and IgM antibodies, especially in S mutans of serotype c, whereas positive correlations were found between the DMF index and salivary IgA antibodies . In subjects with active caries, positive correlations were found between serum IgG antibodies and S mutans (serotypes c and a) and the DMF index . Sequential antibody analysis during a period of up to 32 months showed that development of carious lesions was associated with a rise in serum antibody titer to S mutans, but no change was detectable in salivary antibodies . Treatment of caries led to a decrease in serum IgG and IgM antibodies to S mutans cell wall, but in parotid saliva an increase in antibody titer to a culture extract of S mutans was found . The results support the concept of dental caries as an infective disease and suggest that serum antibodies may contribute to caries immunity in man.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Apr 1, 107(3), 235 - 40
Nitrogen fixation by hydrogen-utilizing bacteria; De Bont JA et al.; Seventeen strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, isolated from different habitats on hydrogen and carbon dioxide as well as on other substrates, morphologically resembled each other . All strains, including Mycobacterium flavum 301, grew autotrophically with hydrogen . The isolate strain 6 was sensitive to oxygen when dependent on N2 as nitrogen source, a consequence of the sensitivity of its nitrogenase towards oxygen . At the same time, strain 6 was sensitive to hydrogen when growing autotrophically on N2 as nitrogen source, but hydrogen did not affect acetylene reduction by these cells.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Mar 12, 423(3), 413 - 30
Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria . X . Composition and function of the branched oxidase system in wild type and respiration deficient mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata; Zannoni D et al.; The respiratory chain of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, strain St . Louis and of two respiration deficient mutants (M6 and M7) has been investigated by examining the redox and spectral characteristics of the cytochromes and their response to substrates and to specific respiratory inhibitors . Since the specific lesions of M6 and M7 have been localized on two different branches of the multiple oxidase system of the wild type strain, the capability for aerobic growth of these mutants can be considered as a proof of the physiological significance of both branched systems "in vivo" . Using M6 and M7 mutants the response of the branched chain to respiratory inhibitors could be established . Cytochrome oxidase activity, a specific function of an high potential cytochrome b (E'0 = +413 mV) is sensitive to low concentrations of KCN (5-10(-5) M); CO is a specific inhibitor of an alternative oxidase, which is also inhibited by high concentrations of KCN (10(-3) M) . Antimycin A inhibits preferentially the branch of the chain affected by low concentrations of cyanide . Redox titrations and spectral data indicate the presence in the membrane of three cytochromes of b type (E'0 = +413, +260, +47 vM) and two cytochromes of c type (E'0 = +342, +94 mV) . A clear indication of the involvement in respiration of cytochrome b413, cytochrome c342 and cytochrome b47 has been obtained . Only 50% of the dithionite reducible cytochrome b can be reduced by respiratory substrates also in the presence of high concentrations of KCN or in anaerobiosis . The presence and function of quinones in the respiratory electron transport system has been clearly demonstrated . Quinones, which are reducible by NADH and succinate to about the same extent can be reoxidized through both branches of the respiratory chain, as shown by the response of their redox state to KCN . The possible site of the branching of the electron transport chain has been investigated comparing the per cent level of reduction of quinones and of cytochromes b and c as a function of KCN concentrations in membranes from wild type and M6 mutants cells . The site of the branching has been localized at the level of quinones-cytochrome b47 . A tentative scheme of the respiratory chains operating in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, St . Louis and in the two respiration deficient mutants, M6 and M7 is presented.

Scand J Dent Res, 1976 Mar, 84(2), 56 - 62
Effect of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel on bacteria in human plaque; Emilson CG et al.; The effect on the plaque flora of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel in mouthpieces was studied in seven subjects . Use of the gel during a 3-month period resulted in a change in the pattern of sensitivity to cholorhexidine in the plaque flora as displayed by determination of the minimal inhibitory amount (MIA) of the drug in agar diffusion assays . Three months after the use of gel was discontinued, the MIA value for plaque bacteria had returned to its original level . The relative proportions of S . mutans and S . sanguis in plaque changed during the chlorhexidine period . Thus S . mutans could not be detected in plaque samples after 3-month use of the gel, and the frequency of S . sanguis was altered.

Br J Nutr, 1976 Mar, 35(2), 293 - 7
C18 unsaturated fatty acid hydrogenation patterns of some rumen bacteria and their ability to hydrolyse exogenous phospholipid; Hazlewood GP et al.; 1 . A number of rumen bacteria isolated because of their ability to deacylate phosphatidyl choline, were found, in addition, to hydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids . 2 . The most active lipolytic organisms had an unusual pattern of hydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in that alpha-linolenic acid was hydrogenated only as far as trans-11, cis-15-octadecadienoic acid.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 31(3), 450 - 2
Separation of small ciliate protozoa from bacteria by sucrose gradient centrifugation; Berk SG et al.; Small ciliate protozoa of the genus Uronema were separated from labeled bacteria by means of a discontinuous sucrose gradient . More than 98% of the radioactivity associated with the bacteria was found in the upper portion of the gradient, whereas the remaining portion of the gradient contained the ciliates.

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 327 - 9
Acceleration of tetrazolium reduction by bacteria; Bartlett RC et al.; Conditions were assessed which would permit more rapid recognition of bacterial growth than has been previously reported using tetrazolium salts . Microtitration trays were used . 2-(p-Iodophenyl)-3(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride is rapidly reduced by respiring cells in tissue homogenates but is more toxic than other tetrazoliums when added to growing bacterial cultures . Phenazine methosulfate (PMS), an intermediate electron carrier, potentiates tetrazolium reduction . Growth was readily detected by the addition of these compounds after 3 to 4 h of incubation in Schaedler broth . The final concentration prior to addition to tray wells was 1.0 mg/ml for 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride and 0.06 mg/ml for PMS . Addition of 0.5 to 0.8 g of agar per liter of broth enhanced subsequent tetrazolium reduction.

J Lab Clin Med, 1976 Mar, 87(3), 544 - 58
Sources of variance in the measurement of intrapulmonary killing of bacteria; Ruppert D et al.; Sources of variability are described for a method used for the quantitative measurement of pulmonary resistance to inhaled bacteria in individual animals . Factors contributing significantly to variability include aerosol exposure chamber design, bacterial species used for aerosol challenge, location of animals in the chamber, and individual intrapulmonary bacterial killing rates . Laboratory error accounted for a small portion of the variance . The data demonstrate that with appropriate modifications in protocol, statistical design and analysis experiments can be performed with increased accuracy, thereby reducing the number of animals needed for each experiment.

Biochem J, 1976 Feb 15, 154(2), 541 - 52
Turnover as a control of ribonucleic acid accumulation in bacteria undergoing stepdown; Midgley JE; The synthesis of ribosomes was compared in rel+ and rel- strains of Escherichia coli undergoing "stepdown" in growth from glucose medium to one with lactate as principal carbon source . Two strains (CP78 and CP79), isogenic except for rel, showed similar behaviour with respect to (1) the kinetics of labelling total RNA and ribosomes with exogenous uracil, (2) the proportion of newly formed protein that could be bound with nascent rRNA in mature ribosomes, and (3) the rate of induction of enzymically active beta-galactosidase (relative to the rate of ribosome synthesis) . It was concluded that, as there was no net accumulation of RNA during stepdown in either strain, rRNA turnover must be occurring at a high rate . The general features of ribosome maturation in rel+ and rel- cells were almost identical with those found in auxotrophic rel+ organisms starved of required amino acids . In both cases, there was a considerable delay in the maturation of new ribosomal particles, owing to a relative shortfall in the rate of synthesis of ribosome-associated proteins . Only about 4-5% of the total protein labelled during stepdown was capable of binding with newly formed rRNA . This compared with 3.5% for rel+ and 0.5% for rel- auxotrophs during amino acid starvation . The turnover rate for newly formed mRNA and rRNA was virtually the same in "stepped-down" rel+ and rel- strains and was similar to that of the same fraction in amino acid-starved rel+ cells . The functional lifetime of mRNA was also identical . It seems that in the rel- strain many of the characteristics typical of the isogenic rel+ strain are displayed under these conditions, at least as regards the speed of ribosome maturation and the induction of beta-galactosidase . Studies on the thermolability of the latter enzyme induced during stepdown indicate that inaccurate translation, which occurs in rel- strains starved for only a few amino acids, is less evident in this situation than in straightforward amino acid deprivation.

J Trauma, 1976 Feb, 16(2), 89 - 94
The quantitative swab culture and smear: A quick, simple method for determining the number of viable aerobic bacteria on open wounds; Levine NS et al.; The quantitative swab culture is a reliable method for quantifying the number of viable bacteria colonizing open wounds . For open wounds in burn patients, the swab bacterial count is linearly related to biopsy quantification of viable bacteria in the underlying tissue . This technique is simple and requires no surgical manipulation of the wound . For a wound of uniform appearance, the standard deviation of a single swab culture from the mean log bacterial count for a series of cultures from widely spaced areas on the wound is +/- 0.85 logs; 95% confidence limits are +/- 1.7 logs from the mean . A Gram-stained smear from a wound swab requires less than 10 minutes to prepare . Visualization of bacteria on the smear indicates that 106 or more bacteria per swab are present . The value of the smear and swab techniques for predicting safe wound closure may be inferred from the published reports of others and the direct relationship between the swab and biopsy counts of viable bacteria for open wounds.

Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Feb, 47(2), 143 - 7
Significance of neutrophils and bacteria in the amniotic fluid of patients in labor; Larsen JW Jr et al.; Amniotic fluid specimens from 110 patients in labor were examined for neutrophils and bacteria . Patients with neutrophils in their amniotic fluid had significantly higher fever indices than patients with clear amniotic fluid . The highest fever indices were found in those patients who delivered by cesarean section after neutrophils were present in their amniotic fluid . Febrile morbidity was significantly reduced in a group of 24 such patients by giving prophylactic antibiotics.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Feb 2, 143(3), 269 - 78
The depression of endolysin synthesis in bacteria infected with high multiplicities of phage lambda; Tsui L et al.; The effect of multiplicity of infection was studied in Escherichia coli with lambda phage, using phage endolysin as an example of a late gene product . A very sensitive endolysin assay method was used so that the initiation time of endolysin synthesis could be more accurately determined . It was observed that high multiplicity of infection (1) increases the rate of lysogenization, (2) progressively delays lysis time, and (3) significantly delays and reduces the synthesis of endolysin in lamdacIII+ cII+ -infected cells . The extent of delay and reduction in endolysin synthesis increases with increasing multiplicity . In contrast, lamdacIII67cII68-infected cells show no delay in endolysin synthesis at high multiplicity of infection when compared with the lamdacIII+ cII+ -infected cells . The results suggest that (1) the expression of cIII and cII genes is multiplicity dependent, (2) high multiplicity of infection enhances the expression of the cIII and cII genes, and (3) the expression of the cIII and cII genes interferes with the expression of the late genes . A model to explain how the expression of the cIII and cII genes interferes with the expression of the late genes is proposed.

J Med Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 9(1), 53 - 61
Quantitative studies on the dispersal of skin bacteria into the air; Noble WC et al.; Dispersal of skin micro-organisms into the air during undressing was studied in 72 members of surgical and nursing staff . Few pathogens were found to be dispersed . Males dispersed more normal skin organisms than did females . Males were also more heavily colonised than females, and sex differences in dispersal diminished when allowance was made for the denser colonisation of males . Dispersal was correlated most strongly with the counts on the thighs and abdomen in males but on the shins in females.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 31(2), 262 - 7
Variation in colony counts of total viable anaerobic rumen bacteria as influenced by media and cultural methods; Grubb JA et al.; Volume and type of medium, carbohydrate concentration, carbohydrate ratios, and inoculum level were investigated as possible factors influencing total colony counts of anaerobic rumen bacteria obtained in roll tubes (18 by 150 mm) . Colony counts were lower when the rumen fluid was clarified by centrifugation before inclusion in the medium; however, decreasing the volume of 40% rumen fluid glucose-cellobiose-starch-agar medium (RGCSA medium with 0.025% each of glucose and cellobiose and 0.05% starch, 4 ml per tube) was compared to the clarified rumen fluid medium and non-rumen fluid medium (medium 10) of Caldwell and Bryant (1966), 9 ml of each per tube . Total counts of rumen contents from sheep consuming four different types of rations were higher with the 4 ml of RGCSA medium than with the other two media . Dilution of the basal medium as a result of inoculum volume, as much as 1.5 ml per 4 ml of medium, did not appear to affect total counts . Colony counts and the simplicity of medium preparation and inoculation would favor the present method for routine use in estimating numbers of total viable anaerobic rumen bacteria, especially when large numbers of samples are involved.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 31(2), 189 - 97
Measuring the potential activity of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria; Walker JD et al.; {14C}hydrocarbons were utilized as a means of estimating the hydrocarbon-degrading potential of bacteria in estuarine and marine environments . Evaporation of the hydrocarbons must be considered in estimates of oxidation . Amount of mineralization of {14C}hexadecane can be equated with the total number of petroleum-degrading bacteria and the percentage of the total heterotrophic population, which they represent . Mineralization activity was found to be related to the activity of the bacterial populations during in situ incubation . Rates of mineralization were observed, as follows, for {14C}hexadecane greater than {14C}naphthalene greater than {14C}toluene greater than {14C}cyclohexane . Increased rates of uptake and mineralization were observed for bacteria in samples collected from an oil-polluted harbor compared with samples from a relatively unpolluted, shellfish-harvesting area, e.g., turnover times of 15 and 60 min for these areas, respectively, using {14C}hexadecane.

Biochem J, 1976 Jan 1, 153(1), 49 - 53
A phospholipid-deacylating system of bacteria active in a frozen medium; Hazlewood GP et al.; A phosphatidylcholine-deacylating system present in a Butyrivibrio species (probably fibrisolvens) shows appreciable activity at low temperatures with a maximum hydrolysis rate at--10 degrees C . 2 . The rate at--10 degrees C is higher than at 39 degrees C unless the system at the latter temperature is stimulated by adding oleic acid or sodium dodecyl sulphate . 3 . The low-temperature phospholipase activity has an absolute requirement for thiol reagents, e.g . cysteine, dithiothreitol or mercaptoethanol . 4 . Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ stimulate the activity up to 10 mM, but EDTA inhibits; higher concentrations of Ca2+ also inhibit . 5 . The enhancement of activity at low temperatures appears not to be associated with a crystalline change in the hydrated phospholipid substrate, but depends on the formation of a solid phase in the incubation medium which brings the substrate and bacterial cells into juxtaposition or causes fusion.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1976, 24(1), 1 - 19
Development of reference systems for automatic identification of clinical isolates of bacteria; Gyllenberg HG; The reported work describes experiments on automatic identification based on a material of 636 clinical isolates of bacteria . It is shown that three different and mutually independent automatic identification principles produce almost identical identification conclusions . It is also shown that an automatic procedure which continuously corrects the basic classification gives results which are independent of the classification background . Automatic correction logics develop conventionally-based, as well as numerically-based initial reference systems toward almost similar solutions . This may indicate that automated identification methods based on numerical classifications possess general validity.

J Mechanochem Cell Motil, 1976, 3(4), 225 - 8
On the structure of steadily propagating rings of chemotactic bacteria; Rosen G et al.; The theoretical structure of steadily propagating cylindrically-symmetric rings of chemotactic bacteria is determined by solving the governing dynamical equations for the bacterial density distribution and the concentration of chemotactic agent . Accurate to first-order in the reciprocal of the radial distance from the axis of symmetry, the asymptotic solution obtained here can be employed for future comparison with measured experimental distributions.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1976, 8(4), 279 - 80
Survival of bacteria in four different transportation systems; Gnarpe H; The survival of various bacteria in pure cultures and in mixed suspensions in two Stuart (SBL and Bifok) and one Amies (Securline) transportation systems were compared with the conventional agar slope . Considerable differences were found . Stuart Bifok and Stuart SBL were superior to the other two.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1976 Jan 1, 30(1), 49 - 57
{Nutrient demand of erysipelothrix bacteria}; Feist H et al.; Studies into the nutrient demand of Erysipelothrix insidiosa led to the preparation of a nutritive medium with high bacterial yield which is recommended for quantity breeding of bacteria . The medium was complex and did not contain serum but the following components: peptone S, yeast extract, glucose, Na2HPO4, arginine, and Tween 80.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jan, (1), 119 - 22
{Lysogenic clones of wild-type plague bacteria and characteristics of the phages produced by them}; Larina VS; Comparative population analysis of 3 lysogenic clones of plague bacteria of wild type by lysogenic properties demonstrated that they failed to show any difference from one another by immunity to homolgous and heterologous phages, but differed by the number of cells capable of producing the phage spontaneously . Lysogenic properties were transmitted by heredity both after the ten-fold passage in the presence of a homologous antiphage serum and after a 10-fold colning . Phages produced by the wild lysogenic clones of plague bacteria were capable of provoking lysogenization of bacteria sensitive to it, they were serologically affiliated and differed by the range of action on plaque and pseudotuberculosis bacteria sensitive to it.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Jan, 10(1), 73 - 5
{II . The process of spontaneous bacteriolysis in water and micropredator bacteria}; Guelin A; In her conference presented in Public Health School in Ankara in June 1975, the author summarizes the present knowledge on spontaneous bacteriolysis process in water and gives information on the bacteria which are thought to be mostly responsible for auto-purification of water, with special emphasis on Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strains.

Vopr Pitan, 1976 Jan-Feb, (1), 73 - 6
{Comparative characteristics of the amino acid composition of the protein fractions of the hydrogen bacteria Hydrogenomonas eutropha in meat and wheat}; Barashkov VA et al.; An attempt was made to compare the biological value of the biological mass of the hydrogen bacteria Tydrogenomas eutropha, of meat and wheat on the ground of the fractional and amino acids composition of their proteins . Substantial differences in the distribution of proteins and amino acids in all of the three objects examined were revealed . It is shown that more than one half of the entire protein contained in the biological mass of the hydrogen bacteria is made up of poorly soluble structural proteins difficultly amenable to the action of digestive enzymes . It is this fraction where the bulk of essential amino acids is concentrated . The data obtained imply that the biological value of the biological mass of hydrogen bacteria is higher than in wheat, but lower than in meat.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Jan-Feb, 45(1), 73 - 8
{Formation of free ketoacids by barotolerant bacteria under conditions of increased pressure}; Stupakova TP; The effect of elevated hydrostatic pressure on biosynthesis of keto acids by barotolerant bacteria growing on glucose-mineral media is discussed in this paper . Strains which are more tolerant to the action of pressure can liberate exocellular keto acids . Keto acids are synthesized at a low content of glucose and a relatively high concentration of nitrogen in the presence of dissolved oxygen . Pressure may either induce or inhibit the synthesis . A shift towards oxalacetate in the composition of keto acids caused by the action of pressure shows that anabolism and catabolism are decoupled . Free exocellular keto acids are not found in bacteria, which do not grow at 500 atm . either at atmospheric or elevated pressures; therefore, their metabolism is more balanced . Differences in the growth of barotolerant bacteria, and in biosynthesis of keto acids at elevated pressure, may be caused by different response of various strains and species of barotolerant bacteria to the action of this factor.

Infection, 1976, 4(4), 215 - 8
{Experimental study of the effect of a broad-spectrum disinfectant containing iodine on bacteria and dermatophytes (author's transl)}; Meyer-Rohn J et al.; The effect of a broad-spectrum disinfectant containing iodine on four bacterial species and five dermatophytes was investigated . Both the solution and the ointment demonstrated good disinfection of the skin surface with regard to these bacteria and dermatophytes.

Z Exp Chir, 1976, 9(2), 84 - 8
{Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on aerobic bacteria}; Sebesteny M et al.; The authors investigated the growth of 8 species of pathogenic aerobic bacteria after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen . Within 24 hours the cultures were exposed three times for 2 hours to an absolute pressure of 3 atmospheres of oxygen at 37 degrees C . In the fluid cultures as well as in the controls the inhibitory effect of oxygen was assessed in percent by means of the densitometric method . From these in vivo experiments the authors conclude that hyperbaric treatment of superficial pyogenic events accompanying obliterating vascular diseases is reasonable.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jan, (1), 109 - 15
{Use of the antiglobulin test for the purpose of detecting antibodies to enteropathogenic bacteria in biological fluids}; Gennad'eva TIa et al.; Use of IHAT with the addition of antiserum to immunoglobulins G, M, A increased the frequency of detection of antibodies to enteropathogenic bacteria in various biological fluids (blood, saliva, human milk, feces) . At the same time the antiglobulin test permitted determination of the immunological class of these antibodies . In the substrates where the antibodies were subjected to an intensive action of proteolytic enzymes there was seen a decrease of the efficacy of the modified IHAT, but by results it exceeded the common IHAT . Antiglobulin test with the addition of antisera to immunoglobulins G, M and A could be recommended for the immunological study of the blood sera and of the external secretions for the purpose of the most reliable detection and determination of the immunological class of antibodies to enteropathogenic bacteria.

Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res, 1976, 7, 1 - 48
Cyclic nucleotides in bacteria; Peterkofsky A; The question of the ubiquity of cyclic AMP in bacteria is not yet closed . The recent introduction of more sensitive and reliable assays for cyclic AMP should settle the problem . My prediction is that although there may be some organisms that do not contain cyclic AMP, they probably have some yet undiscovered regulatory nucleotides that play similar roles . Although cyclic AMP has been shown to be unessential for growth of E . coli under optimal laboratory conditions in glucose-containing medium, it undoubtedly can play a role in survival . Cyclic AMP allows bacteria to adapt to a variety of new nutritional conditions . The significance of the observations that cyclic AMP shows a concentration-dependent stimulation or inhibition of growth rate in E . coli is not yet clear . The pathways regulated by cyclic AMP are, for the most part, those which involve carbon metabolism . On the other hand, pathways of nitrogen metabolism are not uniformly regulated by cyclic AMP . In several organisms, some nitrogen pathways are regulated by glutamine synthetase . Specialized processes such as the formation of flagella, fruiting bodies, and buds often appear to be controlled by cyclic AMP . This is similar to the situation in mammalian cells wherein many differentiated functions are regulated by cyclic AMP . Catabolite repression can be explained by an inhibition of the synthesis of cyclic AMP, which does not require an invocation of a primary effect of catabolite action on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase or on a secretory process, although these two processes are probably of secondary importance . There are some fundamental similarities between the effects of catabolites in inhibiting E . coli adenylyl cyclase and the effects of hormones on mammalian adenylyl cyclase . Both processes require the interaction of the effector with a membrane-bound receptor and may transmit the inhibitory or stimulatory signal to adenylyl cyclase via some coupling factor . Cyclic GMP is clearly present in bacteria, although the features of its molecular biology are just beginning to be laid out . How many other regulatory nucleotides, whether cyclic or linear, remain to be found in bacteria is a problem for the future.

Dev Biol Stand, 1976, 33, 54 - 6
Preliminary results with an oral application of killed Purtussis bacteria in newborn infants; Stickl H et al.; Newborn babies have been vaccinated orally on five consecutive days, with 5 droplets of a vaccine containing 10(11) killed Bordetella pertussis . Eight out of twelve subjects showed antibody titres varying between 1:20 and 1:80.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1976, 25(4), 313 - 9
Effect of the culture medium and incubation time on auxins production by bacteria isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris l.); Pokojska A et al.; Studies were performed on the effect of culture medium and incubation time on the production of auxins by bacteria . The bacteria studied produced more auxins in the mineral medium containing glucose and tryptophan than in that enriched with casamino acids and yeast extract . The amount of auxins elaborated depended both upon the strain and the age of the culture . Some strains produced the largest amounts of these substances after 7 days of incubation while others required a longer period . Most of the substances showing auxin activity were located on the chromatograms at Rf 0.3-0.4 and 0.8-1.0.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1976, 25(3), 279 - 86
Determination of growth of aquatic bacteria by measurements of incorporation of tritiated thymidine; Kunicka-Goldfinger W; Evaluation was made of a novel technique, combining semi-continuous culture on membrane filters and assessment of the incorporation of titrated thymidine . The optimal temperature of incubation is 20--25 degrees, the period of incubation--3 hours; the initial activity of tritiated thymidine--0.5 muC/ml . There is a linear relation between the initial number of bacteria on a filter and the level of 3H-thymidine incorporation . The incorporation is dependent on nutrient content in the examined water.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Jan, 234(1), 46 - 52
Cross-protection induced in mice by immunizations with proteins of related bacteria species; Barber C et al.; Groups of mice were immunized with detoxified protein from S . typhimurium, S . paratyphi B and S . paratyphi C . Consecutive infections with different concentrations of the homologous and heterologous strains showed that: 1 . Immunizations with proteins from S . typhimurium induced protections in 65% of the mice infected with 50 LD100 of their natural pathogen, and in 80% of the mice infected with 50 LD100 of S . paratyphi B; the infection with S . paratyphi C of mice in this group afforded protection against 20 LD100 in 75% of the animals . 2 . Immunization with proteins from S . paratyphi B induced protection in the mice against the infection with 20 LD100 of S . typhimurium (survival of 80% of the mice) and against 20 LD100 of the homologous S . paratyphi B (survival of 90% of the mice) . 3 . Immunization with proteins from S . paratyphi C protected the mice against the infection with 20 LD100 of S . typhimurium in a proportion of 80-85% of the animals; infection with the homologous S . paratyphi C did not result in protection against more than 20 LD100 of the bacteria (80-85% survivals) . The survivors, in each group, when reinfected 30 days later with 50 LD100 of S . typhimurium resisted in a proportion of 100%, as a consequence of antibodies induced against more specific proteins released in the mice during the infections by the related pathogens.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 22(1), 16 - 28
Ultrastructural studies of the nucleoids of the pleomorphic forms of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC: a comparison with bacteria; Costerton JW et al.; The nucleoids of the various pleomorphic forms of Chlamydia psittaci have been examined by direct observation of infected cells and by observations on isolated particles . The fixation and staining methods used were the same as those routinely used for the examination of bacteria to facilitate the comparison of chlamydial fine structure with that of bacteria . The nucleoids of reticulate bodies were composed of fine fibrils which extended throughout these particles . The nucleoids of intermediate bodies are characterized by an electron-dense mass with which the fibrous elements are associated in a structurally coherent manner . As condensation of the intermediate bodies proceeds, the electron-dense mass becomes eccentrically located and the fibers form a distinct radiating structure . Large elementary bodies have a few fibers associated with their condensed electron-dense nucleoids but the more condensed mature elementary bodies have a very discrete and homogeneous electron-dense nucleoid which is separated from the cytoplasmic elements of these particles by a very distinct electron-transparent space . These highly condensed elementary body nucleoids are usually ovoid, but may be elongated or irregular, and a small number of these structures react very strongly with ruthenium red . While the nucleoid structure of reticulate bodies resembles that of the bacterial cell, both the condensation process and the nucleoid morphologies which result from it in intermediate and elementary bodies have no parallels among the bacteria . Thus we conclude that major differences in nucleoid organization exist between the chlamydia and the bacteria.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Dec, 30(6), 1043 - 5
Repulsion of bacteria from marine surfaces; Chet I et al.; Organic compounds are capable of repelling motile bacteria from marine surfaces . The most effective compounds were acrylamide and benzoic and tannic acids . These were active at concentrations that were not toxic to the bacteria . Repellents were incorporated in nontoxic paints and applied to metal panels . Treated panels immersed in seawater developed a bacterial film of only 10(6) bacteria per cm6 after 12 days compared with untreated panels, which had 5 times 10(12) bacteria per cm2 after the same period . Field studies confirmed the effectiveness of these repellents . The use of biological repellents provides a new approach to the control of marine fouling.

Mutat Res, 1975 Dec, 33(2-3), 107 - 12
The lethal effect on bacteria of dimethylnitrosamine used without an activating agent; Read J; Survival curves have been obtained for various strains of bacteria treated with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) solutions of different concentrations . The results are compatible with the conclusion that DMN kills the bacteria by an attack on their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the damage so caused can be repaired by the same systems that repair damage created by ultraviolet light or X radiation . No activating agent was added to the DMN solutions and under these circumstances their activities were in proportion to the squares of their concentrations . It is suggested that this is because two molecules of DMN plus one of oxygen produce two carbonium ions, two hydroxyl ions, two formaldehyde molecules and two nitrogen molecules.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Dec, 30(6), 1010 - 6
New medium for isolating iron-oxidizing and heterotrophic acidophilic bacteria from acid mine drainage; Manning HL; A new solid medium is described for growing iron and heterotrophic bacteria from acid mine drainage (AMD) . Examination of AMD from five states revealed several kinds of colonies of iron-oxidizing bacteria: (i) smooth, (ii) smooth with secondary growth sectors or branching, (iii) star-shaped, (iv) radiating lobe, and (v) flat-rough . All AMD samples yielded whitish colonies that could not use ferrous iron, sulfur, or hydrogen, nor could they grow on nutrient agar, brain heart infusion agar, or Trypticase soy agar . Glucose and sucrose supported growth if the sugar-salts medium was at pH 3.0 . The new iron medium has several advantages over others: (i) easy preparation, (ii) rapid growth, (iii) larger colonies, (iv) differentiation of colony morphology, and (v) detection of a new group of heterotrophic acidophilic bacteria.

Parazitologiia, 1975 Nov-Dec, 9(6), 515 - 7
{Effect of the prolonged contact of a flea population with plague bacteria on the infective activity of vetors}; Bibikova VA et al.; Results of the experimental infection of fleas (X . cheopis) with the plague agent after their long (2.5 years, 19 generations) feeding on infected white mice showed no difference in the infection activity of these insects as compared to control ones . The authors question the hypothesis according to which a low frequency of protein-formation in some species of fleas is due to their long contact with the plague agent in the historical past.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Nov-Dec, 44(6), 982 - 6
{Respiration of oligonitrophilic bacteria}; Mal'tseva NN et al.; The respiration rate of 25 studied oligonitrophilous strains belonging to various genera and species of bacteria varied within wide limits depending on their taxonomy, conditions of cultivation, substrates, and other factors . No strict correlation was established between the respiration rate and the activity of nitrogen fixation . One of the typical properties of oligonitrophilous bacteria is a high rate of endogeneous respiration --50% and more of the respiration rate during assimilation of exogeneous substrates . The level of oxidative metabolism of oligonitrophilous bacteria was found to be higher on media containing bound nitrogen than on media without nitrogen.

J Med Chem, 1975 Nov, 18(11), 1155 - 8
Growth inhibitory properties of aromatic alpha-ketoaldehydes toward bacteria and yeast . Comparison of inhibition and glyoxalase I activity; Vander Jagt DL; The alpha-ketoaldehydes methylglyoxal and substituted phenylglyoxals are similar in their abilities to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and yeast . When logarithmically growing cells are added to media containing 0.3-1 mM alpha-ketoaldehyde, growth stops for several hours, after which normal growth resumes . The period of growth inhibition does not appear to show any correlation with the ability of glyoxalase I to detoxify these alpha-ketoaldehydes . E . coli and yeast glyoxalase I show markedly different substrate specificities . For example, although both enzymes show broad specificity for both aliphatic and aromatic alpha-ketoaldehydes, 2,4,6-trimethylphenylglyoxal is a substrate for the E . coli enzyme but not for the yeast enzyme . Nevertheless, this alpha-ketoaldehyde inhibits the growth of both E . coli and yeast, similar to the other alpha-ketoaldehydes . Enzymes other than glyoxalase I must play a major role in the metabolism of these alpha-ketoaldehydes during the period of growth inhibition.

Eur J Biochem, 1975 Nov 1, 59(1), 73 - 7
5-Aminolevulinic-acid synthetases from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides Y . Comparison of the purification and properties of enzymes extracted from bacteria grown in different iron concentrations; Clement-Metral JD et al.; The two 5-aminolevulinic acid synthetases of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides Y . were extracted from cells grown in a 'low-iron' medium and purified . They have a specific activity 10-fold higher than the 'high-iron' enzymes described by us previously and have the same properties except that they do not contain any iron and have one free-SH group more per mole of enzyme (2 for E1; , for E2) Their inhibition by adenosine triphosphate and iron and their oxidation-reduction sensitivity are discussed in terms of light, oxygen and heme feed-back regulation of bacteriochlorophyll sunthesis.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1975 Nov, 78(5), 1047 - 56
Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria . XVI . Theory and evaluation of a model for the membrane transport reaction mediated by a single carrier with three binding sites for substrate; Awazu S et al.; A novel model is presented for bacterial active transport reactions which show a curvilinear Eadie-Hofstee plot and negative homotropic cooperativity in the kinetics of substrate uptake . Various models of a single carrier with multi-binding sites for substrate were constructed and examined theoretically . The fit of these models with experimental data on the kinetics of branched chain amino acid transport reactions were tested by iterative computation using the non-linear least square method . The transport model which fitted the experimental data best consisted of a single carrier with three binding sites for substrate in which one of the substrate-carrier complexes, CSS, is not active in translocating substrate across the cytoplasmic membrane . The mechanism of homeostatic regulation of the intracellular concentration of amino acids by active transport systems is discussed on the basis of this transport model.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Oct, 30(4), 668 - 75
Scanning electron microscope study of bacteria associated with the rumen epithelium of sheep; Bauchop T et al.; Examination of the rumen epithelium of sheep by scanning electron microscopy revealed bacteria associated with the epithelial surface . Comparison of epithelial surfaces from 10 sheep revealed areas that were consistently densely covered with bacteria and other areas where the cover was consistently light . The bacterial populations were frequently of mixed morphological types, but areas populated with a single type were also observed . This finding, together with the discovery of bacterial forms not previously described in rumen contents, suggests that a specific flora may exist on the rumen epithelial surface . The functional significance of such a population is discussed.

Z Parasitenkd, 1975 Sep 12, 47(2), 79 - 89
Virulence of bacteria-associated, Crithidia-associated, and axenic Entamoeba histolytica: experimental hamster liver infections with strains from patients and carriers; Bos HJ et al.; Experimental infections of the hamster liver were carried out with five strains from patients with clinical amoebiasis and ten strains from asymptomatic carriers . Inocula of comparatively small size (12000-36000 amoebae) were injected under the liver capsule . 1 . The virulence of the patient strains varied from 21-96% (see article) and declined sharply within 7-15 weeks after elimination of the associated bacterial flora . The virulence of the carrier strains varied from 0-100%, probably fluctuating with changes in the concomitant bacterial flora (Table 1) . 2 . The interrelation between size of inoculum, period of bacteria-free growth, and virulence was demonstrated with a Crithidia-associated patient strains (Table 2) . 3 . A patient strain showed a faster decrease of virulence during axenic than in Crithidia-associated cultivation (Table 3) . 4 . Two successive passages through hamster liver resulted in a marked increase of virulence of two bacteria-free strains, lasting for several months (Table 4) . 5 . A significant enhancement of virulence of Crithidia-associated and axenic amoebae by reassociation with a mixed bacterial flora during two weeks, followed by elimination of the bacteria, was demonstrated with two strains . The restored virulence was lost again within a few weeks (Table 5) . 6 . The virulence of an attenuated patient strain did not become manifest by adding large numbers of dead amoebae to the inoculum (Table 6) . 7 . The pathology of the different lesions caused in the hamster liver by the amoebae is described, including one of a granulomatous type, frequently found after inoculation with bacteria-free amoebae . 8 . In an attempt to explain the occurrence of strains differing in pathogenicity an hypothesis is put forward based on the idea of selection of virulence and avirulent amoebae.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Sep-Oct, 44(5), 918 - 20
{Effect of ultraviolet rays on the activity of clover nodule bacteria}; Cheverda MG et al.; The effect of UV on the survival, morphological variability, and effectiveness was studied with nodule bacteria of clover, strain 374a . The survival of the strain directly depended on the dose of UV rays, being 43.3% at 130 erg/mm2 and 0.000022% at 22,900 erg/mm2 . UV irradiation yielded two morphological types of colonies; they differed by the production of slime which was less at higher doses of UV (15,970 to 22,900 erg/mm2) . Variants with either positive or negative effectiveness were obtained by the action of UV . The positive variants increased the crop of clover by 21-60%, as compared with the parent strain 347a, while the negative variants decreased it by 18.3-35%.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 21(9), 1406 - 12
The influence of hydrostatic pressure upon biochemical activities of heterotrophic bacteria; Albright LJ; Heterotrophic terrestrial and marine bacterial protein synthetic rates decrease by about 16% of the 1-atm rate for every 100 atm of pressure increment, within the pressure range of 1 to 500 atm . It is proposed that protein synthesis is nore severely inhibited by pressure than are other anabolic or catabolic reactions.

Br Poult Sci, 1975 Sep, 16(5), 487 - 96
Further studies on the attachment of bacteria to skin; Notermans S et al.; 1 . A proportion of the bacterial flora of the skin is present in the surrounding water film and can be removed by adequate rinsing . 2 . The remainder of the flora is attached to the skin in such a manner that numbers can be reduced only 10-fold during spray-cooling or spin-chilling . 3 . The reduction process was found to be independent of bacterial type or the extent of previous contamination . 4 . The significance of the "water film flora" is discussed with respect to the attachment of bacteria and the cleaning of carcasses.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Sep-Oct, 44(5), 795 - 9
{Alcohol dehydrogenase activity of nonsulfur purple bacteria}; Krasil'nikova EN; Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rh . viridis, Rh . acidophila, and Rhodomicrobium vanniellii grow on media containing ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol . The highest amount of lower alcohols is utilized by the strains of Rh . palustris . Only Rh . acidophila accumulates methanol . Alcohol dehydrogenase of Rh . palustris, Rh . viridis, and Rhodospirillum rubrum requires for its activity NAD, that of Rhodomicrobium vanniellii--NADP, and the enzyme of Rh . acidophila is active in the presence of phenazine metasulphate (PMS) and ammonium ions . Aldehyde dehydrogenase from two strains of Rh . palustris also requires NAD; the Nakamura strain is active in the presence of PMS . Aldehyde dehydrogenase of Rh . acidophila is active in the presence of PMS and ammonium ions . Different bacterial species vary in the substrate specificity of their alcohol dehydrogenases.

Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Aug 27, 139(3), 203 - 12
Electron microscopic observations of the tsxs gene expression in Escherichia coli K12F- cells after conjugation with Hfr bacteria; Leal J et al.; After matings between T6 sensitive (Tsxs) Hfr and T6 resistant (Tsxr) F- cells, the Tsxs zygotes have been observed by electron microscopy: They adsorb a small number of T6 particles if compared to what is observed several generations later . Moreover, the T6 receptors synthesized by these zygotes are not located randomly but in a central region of the cell surface.

J Clin Pathol, 1975 Aug, 28(8), 639 - 46
Ultrastructure of cell migration throught the gastric epithelium and its relationship to bacteria; Steer HW; The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes through the gastric mucosa has been studied with the electron microscope . Bacteria have been found related to the gastric epithelium . Arguments in favour of these bacteria not being contaminants at the time that the biopsies were taken are presented . The relationship between polymorphonuclear leucocyte migration and the occurrence of bacteria is discussed.

Strahlentherapie, 1975 Aug, 150(2), 194 - 94
{Inactivating and mutagenic effects of long-wave UV-light in bacteria with various mechanism of repair}; Mennigmann HD; UV-radiation of 254 nm wavelength produces in the genetic material (desoxyribonucleic acid, (DNA) of bacteria photochemical alterations (lesions) which can lead to cellular death or mutation induction . The biologically most important class of these lesions is the one of the pyrimidine dimers . Bacteria possess three groups of enzymatic mechanisms which can eliminate such lesions under certain circumstances: elimination in situ; removal from the nucleotide chain (prereplication repair); ignoring the lesion (postreplication repair) . The biological effect and the importance of these so-called repair mechanisms is reviewed and the occurrence in other organisms is briefly discussed . On the one hand, organisms are exposed to UV-radiation of 254 nm wavelength only under artificial conditions; on the other hand, long-wave solar UV-radiation (between approximately 300 nm and visible light) which amounts to about three per cent of the total energy output, represents the most powerful radiation to which organisms can be exposed under natural conditions to any larger extent . As outlined in the second part of this review, this radiation also induces lesions which may act as substrate for the above mentioned repair mechanisms . With increasing wavelength, lesions may also occur in cellular components other than DNA . The complexity of biological responses arising thereby is discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 89(2), 217 - 20
Generation times of bacteria; Painter PR; Random delays in cell division lead to correlations between the generation times of mothers and their daughters and to a difference between the 'real' and the 'artificial' distributions of generation times . At present there is no satisfactory relation between the two distributions although both are useful in the analysis of growth . In a special case, it is shown that they are similar as long as the coefficient of variation of generation times is small.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 30(2), 282 - 9
Principal component analysis of infraspecific variation in bacteria; Darland G; In certain types of ecological investigations it may be desirable to investigate infraspecific variation in bacteria . Principal component analysis is demonstrated to be satisfactory for this purpose . Hypothetical bacterial populations were used to show that such analysis can be used to compare collections of bacterial isolates taken at different times or from different sources . Alternatively, given n isolates, whether they represent a single bacterial population can be determined . The method is applied to authentic collections of bacteria in three separate analyses . The results are compatible with current taxonomic tenets.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1975 Aug, 56(2), 141 - 51
Cross-reactive antigens and immunity to diseases caused by encapsulated bacteria; Robbins JB et al.; Antigenic structures may be shared among naturally occurring polymers, including proteins and polysaccharides . Proteins are polymers of amino acids . Cross-reactions between proteins are due to similarities in their overall shape rather than their individual amino acid components . Cross-reactions have been demonstrated among proteins with similar evolutionary development and structure, such as serum albumins or immunoglobulins . Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides . In contrast to proteins, antigenic specificities may be conferred by mono-, di-, and trisaccharides . Since there are about 150 known naturally occurring monosaccharides, it is not unexpected that cross-reactions are demonstrable between polysaccharides from widely divergent sources.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1975 Jul, 78(1), 149 - 57
Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria . XIII . Mechanism of selective inhibition of the active transport reactions for proline, leucine, and succinate by zinc ions; Anraku Y et al.; A mutant (S-1) of Escherichia coli which lacks succinate dehydrogenase {EC 1.3.99.1} but has normally succinate transport system, and various oxidase activities other than succinate, was isolated from the strain U24 . Using these strains studies were made on the effects of zinc ions on the active transport reactions for succinate proline, and leucine . Zinc ions inhibited succinate transport reaction and succinate oxidation by intact cells . The active transport reaction for proline, which was supported by endogenous energy source in intact cells, was slightly inhibited by zinc ions . This inhibition was not reversed by large excess of magnesium ions . The initial rates of active uptakes of proline were increased by exogenous energy sources such as succinate and glycerol and zinc ions greatly inhibited these . However, D-lactate dependent proline uptake was enhanced slightly by the presence of zinc ions . It was found that zinc ions at a high concentration enhanced the steady level of proline accumulation in cells . This mechanism was studied in detail and we concluded that zinc ions inhibited completely the exchange-exit reaction for proline . Effects of zinc ions on the active transport reaction for leucine were rather simple when compared with these for proline . Zinc ions inhibited strongly the initial rates of leucine uptakes which were driven by endogenous and exogenous energy sources . The ions also inhibited the exchange-exit reaction.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 Jul, 160(4-5), 412 - 31
{Comparative investigation on recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand (author's tranls)}; Maner F et al.; A modification of the basin-procedure (PRICE), the plastic-bag-(GASCHEN), the fingertip-(SCHUMBURG) and the glass-cup-method (STORY) were compared in order to evaluate their efficiency to recover bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand . With all 4 methods there was a linear relation between the bacterial content of the contamination and the rinsing fluid in which the germs were collected from the hands (FIG . 1, Tab . 9) . The number of recovered bacteria per ml, however, differed greatly with the method used . Without regard to the volumes of rinsing fluid and the size of the offered skin area, both differing with the metheod, the finger-tip-procedure yieleded the highest counts followed by the plastic-bag-, basin- and glass-cup-method (Fig . 1) . Compensating the influence of the volume the three procedures first mentioned appeared equally effective (Fig . 2 and Tab . 11) . It, however, has to be noticed that the finger-tip-method uses a skin area considerably smaller than the other two methods . The glass-cup-method was the least effective but used on the palm the recovery was still 10 times that of the yield of the back (Fig . 2) . Because of its high efficacy, the better exploitation of the subungual spaces and because of its simplicity, the finger-tip-method seems to be the procedure best suited for recovering bacteria from the artificially contaminated hand.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 259 - 65
{Utilization of LIN (lysine-indole-motility) medium for the preliminary identification of enteropathogenic bacteria}; Bockemuhl J et al.; A multiple-test medium for the routine laboratory identification of enteropathogenic bacteria is described . The medium has the following formula: Bacto-peptone (Difco) 5 g; yeast extract (Difco) 3 g; casein tryptic digest peptone (Merek) 15 g; glucose 1 g; L-lysine-monohydrochloride (Merck, No . 5700) 5 g; NaCl 5 g; bromcresol purple 0.016 g; agar 2 g; distilled water 1000 ml; final pH 6.6 . The medium is dispensed in amounts of 5 ml into tubes of 14 X 85 mm and autoclaved at 120 degrees C for 10 min . The tubes are tightly closed with rubber stoppers . - The medium is inoculated by stabbing to the bottom of the tube . Readings are made after over-night incubation at 37 degrees C . A scheme for the preliminary identification of enteropathogenic bacteria is given, based on LIM medium in conjunction with Kligler's iron agar, and the oxidase reaction.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jul-Aug, 44(4), 592 - 4
{Disturbance in the equilibrium between DNA and protein synthesis rates in bacteria and their viability}; Fradkin GE et al.; The effect of the disturbed correlation between the rates of synthesis of DNA and protein on the viability of bacterial cells was studied with different strain of E . coli K-12 . The viability of the cells is determined by their resistance to sharp changes in the rates of synthesis of DNA and protein.

J Dent Res, 1975 Jul-Aug, 54(4), 777 - 82
Localization of bacteria on the rat tongue with scanning and transmission electron microscopy; Brady JM et al.; Scanning microscopy of rat tongue showed that bacterial habitation of the tongue was almost completely localized to the middle third of the anterior surface of the filiform papillae . Transmission microscopy showed coccal forms attached to the surface of the epithelium by means of fibrillar strands and present up to four cell layers deep within the epithelium.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1975 Jul, 78(1), 159 - 63
Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria . XIV . Preferential inhibition of oxidase activities and active transport reactions for amino acids by azidebenzenes; Kin E et al.; 4-Methylazidebenzene and various azidebenzene derivatives were prepared, and the effects of these compounds on oxidase activities and active transport reactions for amino acids in Escherichia coli cells were studied . Azidebenzenes inhibited succinate oxidation by intact cells preferentially to glycerol oxidation . However, the azidebenzenes could not inhibit succinate oxidation which was not coupled to phosphorylation . The compounds inhibited succinate driven proline uptake much more strongly than isoleucine uptake . Unlike sodium azide and diphenyl phosphorazidate, azidebenzenes did not inhibit membrane-bound, Mg2+-requiring ATPase {EC 3.6.1.3} of E . coli . Reactivities of various azide compounds in the mechanism of inhibition for energy transducing and energy transforming reactions were discussed briefly.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Jun 22, 104(2), 163 - 9
Ammonium uptake by nitrogen fixing bacteria I . Azotobacter vinelandii; Kleiner D; Both the changes in the activities of nitrogenase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase and in the extracellular and intracellular NH4+ concentrations were investigated during the transition from an NH4+ free medium to one containing NH4+ ions for a continuous culture of Azotobacter vinelandii . If added in amounts causing 80-100% repression of nitrogenase, ammonium acetate, lactate and phosphate are absorbed completely, whereas chloride, sulfate and citrate are only taken up to about 80% . After about 1-2 hrs the NH4+ remaining in the medium is absorbed too, indicating the induction or activation of a new NH4+ transport system . One of the new permeases allows the uptake of citrate in the presence of sucrose . Addition of inorganic NH4+ level leads to a reversible rise in the glutamine synthetase activity which is not prevented by chloramphenicol, and to a reversible decrease in nitrogenase activity . During these measurements glutamate dehydrogenase activity remains close to zero . The intracellular NH4+ level of about 0.6 mM does not change when extracellular NH4+ is taken up and repression of nitrogenase starts.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Jun 22, 104(2), 155 - 8
Enzymes of glycollate formation and oxidation in two members of the rhodospirillacae (purple non-sulphur bacteria); Codd GA et al.; 1 . Phototrophic cultures of Rhodomicrobium vanielii do not excrete glycollate when gassed anaerobically with nitrogen plus carbon dioxide, although the addition of alpha-hydroxy-2-pyridine methanesulphonate (HPMS) results in the excretion of a trace amount of glycollate . The inclucion of low amounts of oxygen in this gas mixture results in marked glycollate excretion, higher rates occurring in the presence of HPMS . 2 . Cell extracts of Rhodomicrobium vannielii, and also of Rhodospirillum rubrum, which excretes glycollate only under aerobic conditions in the light, catalyze the formation of glycollate from phosphoglycollate and also the oxidation of glycollate to glyoxylate.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1975 Jun, 123(6), 495 - 7
{The significance of speaking for the transfer of bacteria, and of the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (author's transl)}; Spiess H; A Korean nurse was employed in Germany after having passed the routine medical checkup without discovery of apparent disease . Five months later she fell ill with fever due to pneumonia . Work was suspended for 8 days and then continued in an infants' ward for another 8 weeks . Because of increasing weakness the nurse was reexamined medically . This revealed an open Tuberculosis of the lung . The sputum culture was positive . The following treatment was successfull . No infant or other person with previous contact to the nurse contracted tuberculosis . The explanation for this is presumably given by the virtual speechlessness of the foreign nurse . --The importance of the tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is discussed with regard to the declining incidence of new infections, and practicability of mass screening for this disease.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1975 Jun, 72(6), 2325 - 9
Ribosomal protein S1 and polypeptide chain initiation in bacteria; Szer W et al.; Among several subspecies of 30S subunits of Escherichia coli observed by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis, only the slow-moving, protein S1-containing subspecies participates in the formation of the 30S initiation complex with coliphage MS2 RNA as mRNA; the other subspecies retain activity with AUG as mRNA; they are also active in the poly(U)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA . Protein S1 from Caulobacter crescentus substitutes for E . coli S1 despite the fact that C . crescentus ribosomes do not bind MS2 RNA . Under appropriate conditions, the entire population of E . coli 30S subunits can be isolated as the S1-containing subspecies . Protein S1 is lost by salt treatment of ribosomes.

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Jun, 58(6), 828 - 34
Heat resistant proteases produced in milk by psychrotrophic bacteria of dairy origin; Adams DM et al.; Production of heat resistant proteases by psychrotrophs growing in milk, resistance of such proteases to ultrahigh temperature treatments and action of these enzymes on milk were studied . All of the psychrotrophs obtained from raw milk produced proteases that survived 149 C for 10s . Seventy to ninety percent of the raw milk samples contained psychrotrophs capable of producing heat resistant proteases . The protease chosen as a model was resistant to heat treatments at 110 to 150 C, and the inactivation parameters suggested that thermal destruction of heat resistant proteases would damage the milk severely . The casein content and pH of normal milk were suitable for protease action, and the protease was quite active at normal and elevated room temperatures . The protease rapidly spoiled sterile milk with the development of bitter flavor, clearing, or coagulation; and the susceptibility of sterile milk to protease increased during storage of the milk.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 May 15, 387(2), 388 - 95
A study on the membrane potential and pH gradient in chromatophores and intact cells of photosynthetic bacteria; Barsky EL et al.; Generation of membrane potential (delta psi) and transmembrane pH difference (delta pH) was studied in PPi-energized chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum by means of measurements of carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll absorption changes, atebrin and 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate fluorescence responses, and phenyldicarbaundecaborane transport . The data obtained are consistent with the suggestion that carotenoid, bacteriochlorophyll and phenyldicarbaundecaborane responses are indicators of delta psi, while an atebrin response is an indicator of delta pH . The fluorescence of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate is affected both by delta psi and delta pH.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 May 5, 103(3), 237 - 45
Regulation of C3-enzymes in facultative phototrophic bacteria: the cold-labile pyruvate kinase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides; Schedel M et al.; Pyruvate kinase (EC2.7.1.40) from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was purified 40-fold be precipitation with protamine sulfate and ammonium sulfate followed by gel-filtration . The preparations obtained from cells grown with different carbon sources or cultural conditions differ with respect to specific activity but not with respect to molecular weight (250000 dalton) or regulatory properties . The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-saturation cruve of the enzyme is sigmoidal with Hill coefficients varying from nH equals 1.8 (pH 9.2) to 2.7 (pH 6.0) . The enzyme is activated by adenosinemonophosphate (AMP) and the sugarmonophosphates ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P), glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), and-to a lesser extent-fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) . Fructose-1.6-bisphosphate (FDP) has no measurable effect . Inhibitors of the enzyme are adenosinetriphosphate (ATP), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and the dicarboxylic acids succinate and fumarate . Kinetic analysis reveals that the sugar-phosphates and the dicarboxylic acids act as true allosteric ligands, whereas the effects of AMP, ATP, and Pi cannot be interpreted soley in terms of allosteric interactions . Cold-treatment of the enzymes lead to a rapid loss of activity, but does not change the regulatory properties of the enzyme . Analysis of the kinetics of cold-inactivation and its reversal at 30 percent C, together with studies on the gelfiltration behaviour of the native and the cold-treated enzyme make it likely that the cold-induced loss of activity is due to a dissociation of the enzyme.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 May-Jun, 44(3), 422 - 7
{Effect of temperature on the phototransformation of purple sulfur bacteria bacteriochlorophylls and isolated chromatophores}; Karapetian NV et al.; Photobleaching of P890 was shown to be independent of temperature within the range of +20 to -160 degrees C in purple sulphur bacteria and isolated chromatophores under oxidative conditions; therefore changes in the absorption at 890 nm are due to the primary photoact . No changes were detected in the absorption at 850 nm upon a slight decrease of temperature, which suggested the absorption at 850 nm upon a slight decrease of temperature, which suggested the conformation nature of these changes . The effect of temperature, which suggested the conformation nature of these changes . The effect of temperature on the photoinduced changes of absorption under reductive conditions seems to be due to the electron transport and the accompanying processes being blocked . The effect of temperature on the kinetics of P890+ reduction in the darkness under conditions when the cytochromes are preliminarily oxidized is determined by the participation of the secondary electron acceptors in this process . A decrease in temperature leads to blocking the transport of electrons from the primary acceptor to the secondary acceptors, which is expressed by a gradual disappearance of a slow component in the kinetics of p890+ reduction in the disappearance of a slow component in the kinetics of P890+ reduction in the darkness and by the intensification of a fast component resulting from the darkness and by the intensification of a fast component resulting from the interaction between the primary acceptor and P890+ . Methodical aspects of absorption differential spectrophotometry of photosynthesizing organisms at low temperatures are discussed.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 May, 21(5), 682 - 7
Deep-sea bacteria: growth and utilization of n-hexadecane at in situ temperature and pressure; Schwarz JR et al.; A mixed culture of bacteria was obtained from the sediment-water inferface of a core sample taken off the coast of Florida at a depth of 4940m . The mixed culture wasfound capable of utilizing n-hexadecane as a sole carbon source for growth at the insitu temperature (4C) and pressure (500atm) . The rate of utilization under deep-ocean conditions was found to be much slower than the rate observed at ambient pressure(1 atm) and low temperature (4C).

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 May-Jun, 44(3), 511 - 7
{New filamentous photosynthesizing green bacteria with gas vacuoles}; Dubinina GA et al.; The plankton of the stratified Karelian lakes was found to contain new large filamentous photosynthetic green bacteria with gas vacuoles; their vertical distribution in the lakes was studied, and also the ultrathin structure, the type of pigment (bacteriochlorophyll d), and the physiology . The bacteria have been classified as a new genus Chloronema nov . gen . within the family Chloroflexaceae, with two new species C . spiroideum nov . sp . and C . giganteum nov . sp.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Apr 7, 385(2), 294 - 304
On the regulation of cyclic AMP level in bacteria . II . In vitro regulation of adenylate cyclase activity . Solubilization and reconstitution of a functional membrane-bound adenylate cyclase system responsive to regulation by glucose; Abou-Sabe M et al.; 1 . The in vitro regulation of the membrane bound adenylate cyclase of Escherichia coli B/r by a variety of carbohydrates and one mammalian hormone was examined . 2 . The membrane bound adenylate cyclase was found responsive to regulation by the various growth substrates and to glucagon . 3 . Solubilization of the bacterial membrane preparation by a procedure specific for the solubilization of the phosphotransferase enzyme E1 1 to its E1 1 A and E1 1 B subunits was found to be accompanied by the loss of the adenylate cyclase regulation by glucose . 4 . Reconstitution of the membrane was found to result in a recovery of the regulative response of the adenylate cyclase to glucose . 5 . A model for the intermediate steps in the interaction between glucose and phosphotransferase E1 1 and the adenylate cyclase is discussed.

Genetics, 1975 Apr, 79(4), 649 - 60
Mutator genes and selection for the mutation rate in bacteria; Painter PR; Gene frequencies in populations of haploid, asexual organisms are described by linear recurrence equations . Several models in which the mutation rate is controlled by one locus and the fitness is controlled at one or more other loci are developed . It is shown that good approximations can be introduced to give explicit solutions for the course of selection in these models . It is shown that a strong non-equilibrium selection for mutator genes is possible even when the presence of such a gene decreases the fitness of an individual . Experiments that corroborate these conclusions are discussed along with the effects of population size that determine the applicability of these results to natural populations.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 29(4), 476 - 9
Rapid determination of the amount of cetylpyridinium chloride bound by bacteria; Caputo RA et al.; A modification of the Colowick and Womack procedure for measuring ligand binding by macromolecules is described for drug binding by bacteria . This technique is based on the determination of drug concentration in the dialysate from a bacteria-drug mixture at equilibrium . The dialysis cell of the original procedure was replaced by a Minibeaker (Bio-Rad), which has a larger membrane surface area, and the dialysate was continuously monitored with a spectrophotometer equipped with a flow cell . With this system, only 3 min was required to determine the amount of cetylpyridinium chloride bound by Escherichia coli K-12 strain P678 . Possible applications of the technique are discussed.

J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Apr, 74(2), 149 - 55
Statistical inferences about injury and persistence of environmentally stressed bacteria; Hamilton MA et al.; A standard technique for ascertaining the survival characteristics of bacteria after being environmentally stressed is to incubate the bacteria on both selective and non-selective media and count the colonies produced . Based on these colony counts, indexes of injury and persistence of the bacteria are calculated . To compare the stress of two different environments, a persistence ratio is calculated . In this paper, methods of statistical inference concerning these indexes and ratios are presented . These statistical methods use well-known procedures for analysis of binomial data and 2 times 2 table data, and are appropriate when the colony counts follow a Possion distribution.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 29(4), 540 - 5
New method for the isolation and identification of methanogenic bacteria; Edwards T et al.; A new technique is reported for the rapid growth and detection of methanogenic bacteria by using petri plates . The method employs an anaerobic glove box containing an inner chamber with separate gas-flushing facilities . The numbers of methanogenic bacteria recovered from domestic sewage sludge are comparable to those recovered by other methods . The methanogenic organisms isolated from sludge include Methanosarcina, Methanospirillum, Methanobacterium strain M.o.H., and Methanobacterium formicicum . Identification of colonies containing methanogenic bacteria is facilitated by taking advantage of the unique fluorescence properties of these organisms . Colonies as small as 0.5 mm can be detected by exposing them to long-wave ultraviolet light.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 369 - 71
{Formation of keto acids by barotolerant marine bacteria under atmospheric pressure}; Stupakova TP et al.; Production of keto acids by washed cells of the barotolerant strains was studied under atmospheric pressure on a glucose-mineral medium in balloons made of the copolymer of ethylene with propylene . Production of keto acids in these conditions requires elevated concentrations of glucose and minimum concentrations of ammonium nitrogen . Active aeration inhibits the accumulation of keto acids by the barotolerant bacteria . The majority of the barotolerant bacteria did not form free extracellular keto acids, other bacteria liberated comparatively small amounts of these acids . The ability to accumulate keto acids was different in particular strains.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 330 - 2
{Growth of nodule bacteria in soil}; Kolenshko OI; As was found with the aid of capillary microscopy, the nodule bacteria of pea and lupine in soil are encountered as rods, bacteroids, and cocci . The rod-like cells form bacteroids not only in the nodules but also outside, in soil . The bacteroids are viable and later reproduce the coccoid cells (arthrospores) . The rods and bacteroids prevail in soil during flowering of the legumes, and the cocci are predominant at the end of vegetation.

Biometrics, 1975 Mar, 31(1), 59 - 101
A generalized modified-chi2 analysis of categorical bacteria survival data from a complex dilution experiment; Koch GG et al.; A well-known method of estimation for the density of bacteria in a sample solution is the most probable number (MPN) procedure . This paper considers the change in density through time of bacteria populations which are undergoing extinction . The MPN with its estimated variance for a fixed time point is a basic module of these investigations and is treated as a general implicit function of the cell proportions in linear categorical data analysis . These quantities are then used to fit exponential decay models over time by weighted least squares . When such models are supported by the data, comparisons of decay rates between populations under possibly different experimental conditions can be undertaken . This methodology is illustrated with an example pertaining to the survival experience of Leptospira autumnalis.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 21(3), 270 - 4
The ecological significance of sinking to planktonic bacteria; Jassby AD; Morphological and density measurements were made on planktonic bacteria from a subalpine lake . The observations were then used to predict in situ sinking rates from certain theoretical considerations . The predicted rates agreed well with observed sinking rates (on the order of 1 mm day-1) . A simple analysis showed that sinking terms can be neglected in explaining distributions of unattached bacteria, except perhaps in relation to the presence of "bacterial plates."

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 219 - 23
{Continuous cultivation of hydrogen bacteria with multiple use of the medium}; Kesler TG et al.; The possibility of continuous cultivation of hydrogen bacteria was studied in the conditions of recirculation of the medium . The hydrogen bacteria accumulated proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, organic and amino acids in the medium during its multiple reutilization, which however had no effect on the specific growth rate and the ability of the bactetia to oxidize molecular hydrogen.

Biofizika, 1975 Mar-Apr, 20(2), 208 - 13
{Photochemical generation of the cation-radical of bacteriochlorophyll b and the anion-radical of bacteriochlorophyll b and bacteriopheophytin b, components of the photosynthesizing bacteria Rhodopseudomonas viridis}; Kim VA et al.; The mechanism of photochemical redox reaction of bacteriochlorophyll b, bacteriopheophitin b was studied . The oxidation of bacteriochlorophyll b was carried out in ethanole by means of p-benzoquinone . In ESR spectra the singlet line with delta H = 8.4 gs and g = 2.0025 corresponded to cation-radical . The changes within the region of 400-500 nm, 500-600 nm and the band with the maximum at 685 nm corresponded to cation-radical in the absorption spectra . Photoreduction of bacteriochlorophyll b and bacteriopheophitin b was carried out in triet containing phenilhydrosin . Anion-radicals of bacteriochlorophyll b and bacteriopheophitin b observed in the ESR spectra had singlet form with weak and superthin structure and correspondently with delta H = 10 gs, delta H = 12 gs . The spectrophotometric characteristics of the above pigments were obtained.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Mar, 0(3), 100 - 4
{Characteristics of the low molecular antigens of pertussis bacteria}; Moskalenko EP et al.; The authors elaborated a method of obtaining pertussis soluble antigenic complex by dialysis through the cellophane membrane against the physiological saline at a temperature of 4 degrees C . An antigen which was active in the passive hemagglutination and neutralization of antibodies tests was revealed in the dialyzate . The amount of this antigen in the dialyzate increased gradually up to the 7th day and then became stabilized . The serological activity of the antigen after evaportation increased 4-16 times . The results of the antibody neutralization test pointed to the presence in the dialysate of substances common to those contained in the 1a and 1Da fractions isolated from the pertussis bacteria with the aid of ammounium sulfate.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 29(2), 165 - 9
Characterization of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria isolated from meat and poultry plants; McMeekin TA et al.; A survey of the types of aerobic organisms able to produce H2S on peptone iron agar (Levin, 1968), and commonly occurring in meat and poultry plants, revealed that these could be divided into four distinct groups . The ability of representative strains of each type to grow at low temperatures and cause off-odors on chicken muscle was examined . The results are discussed in relation to the role of these organisms in the psychrophilic spoilage of meat and meat products.

Mutat Res, 1975 Feb, 31(1), 31 - 7
Mutagen screening with bacteria: niridazole and nitrofurans; McCalla DR et al.; The mutagenic activity of nitrofuran derivatives and of niridazole is easily demonstrated by spot tests using E . coli WP2 and its uvrA derivative but not by spot tests using the S . typhimurium strains developed by Ames . Quantitative tests show that S . typhimurium TA 1538(but not TA 1535, -36 or -37) is weakly induced to revert by niridazole . However, the maximum yield of revertants is well below that obtained with E . coli WP2 uvrA . None of the S . typhimurium strains respond to the three nitrofurans tested even in quantitative tests . The S . typhimurium strains contain the reductase required for metabolic activation of the nitrofurans and treatment of a uvr+ S . typhimurium strain with niridazole or with nitrofurazone causes single-strand breaks in DNA.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jan 31, 376(1), 72 - 81
Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria . VII . Inhibition of the coupling ATPase by N-ethylmaleimide related to the energized state of the membrane; Melandri AB et al.; N-Ethylmaleimide, at millimolar concentrations, irreversibily inhibits photophosphorylation and ATPase activity of photosynthetic membranes from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata . The inhibitory effect of N-ethylmaleimide is evident only the membranes are preincubated with the inhibitor in the light and in the absence of phosphorylation substrates . ADP and orthophosphate (or arsenate) exert a protective effect against the inhibition if they are present during the preillumination stage . The energization of the membrane by ATP hydrolysis, measured as ATP-induced quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence, also is inhibited irreversibly by N-ethylmaleimide . Uncouplers protect the ATPase from inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide at concentrations at which they inhibit photophosphorylation . The ATPase, as measured either in the dark or in the light, is also inhibited by carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxypenylhydrazone in parallel with photophosphorylation . These results are interpreted as evidence that the high-energy state of the membrane induces a conformational change of the ATPase, making it sensitive to attack by N-ethylmaleimide; this conformational change might be related to the active state of the ATPase.

Horm Res, 1975, 6(5-6), 366 - 71
Metabolism of oestradiol-17beta by intestinal bacteria in rats; Amland MD et al.; In vitro experiments were carried out in which {4-14C}oestradiol-17beta was incubated with a culture from caecal content from adult male rats at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of nitrogen . Oestrone was identified as the only certain metabolite . Other metabolites, if present, were quantitatively unimportant . The conversion of oestradiol-17beta to oestrone was estimated to be 22-42%.

Genetika, 1975, 11(5), 119 - 26
{Compatibility of R-factors in naturally occurring enteric bacteria}; Lobanok TE; The compatibility of four wild type fi+R factors to R1 factor, a representative of the FII compatibility group of F-like class of the plasmids was studied . Two of them (R448 and R459) were incompatible to the R1 factor at selective for R448 and R459 donors conditions . The recipient R1 factor elimination apparently takes place at the first generations of conjugants . The compatibility of these R plasmids to R1 is possible at selective for donor and recipient plasmids conditions . R459 and R1 factors were transfered to Escherichia coli W945 simultaneously and recombination between them was suggested . B211 and R215 factors are compatible to R1 factor and their coexistence with the last is stable despite whether conjugants were selected on one or two R plasmids principle . Further conjugants transfer R211 and R215 only, but not R1 . It is concluded that R factors No 448 and No 459 are of FII group compatibility . R211 and R215 factors group compatibility is still unknown.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1975, 15(7), 553 - 7
Iron bacteria of the genus Siderocapsa in mineral waters; Svorcova L; The occurrence of iron bacteria in mineral waters has been under study . It could be shown that Siderocapsa caronata Redlinger 1931 and S . treubii Molisch 1909 are synonymous, as well as S . eusphaera Skuja 1948 and S . major Molisch 1909, and S . botryoides Berger 1949 and S . monoica 1922 . Two new species, S . hexagonata and S . quadrata, have been described . A simplified key for determining the species of the genus Sideracapsa is presented.

Acta Microbiol Pol B, 1975, 7(3), 177 - 83
Studies on metabolic activity of planktonic bacteria isolated from three lakes; Strzelczyk E et al.; Studies were carried out on metabolic activity of 480 bacterial isolates on 9 substrates . All bacterial isolates studied except one utilized the casamino acids . Also with casamino acids the highest oxygen uptake values were obtained . Among the carbohydrates, glucose was most frequently utilized by the planktonic bacteria . Bacteria isolated from water of the various lakes differed in their metabolic activity as well as in the capability of utilizing the individual substrates . The capability of attacking by the bacteria the substrates applied depended largely upon the time of their isolation.

Acta Microbiol Pol B, 1975, 7(2), 135 - 43
Production of auxins by bacteria isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris L.); Kampert M et al.; Qualitative and quantitative studies were carried out on the production of auxins by Coryneform bacteria, the only bacterial types isolated from roots of pine seedlings . Almost all isolates were capable of producing auxins in tryptophan containing media . In media without this amino acid only trace or no auxins were produced . Most of the bacteria studied synthesized auxins located on the chromatograms run with isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v) at Rf 0.3--0.5 . Moreover substances with Rf values 0.05--0.2 and 0.8--1.0 were produced by some strains . No plant growth inhibitors detected with the Avena coleoptiles biotest were produced by the bacteria studied.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 97 - 102
{Characteristics of the cytodifferentiation of omega-particle symbiotic bacteria from the micronucleus of Paramecium caudata clone M1-48}; Gromov BV et al.; The structure of the omega-particle-bacteria, growing in the micronucleus of Paramecium caudatum (Ciliata, Protozoa), was studied by electrom microscopy in the course of their life cycle . The cytoplasm of the spindle-shaped vegetative cells contains a large number of dense particles and transparent regions comprising the fibrillar material . Such cells, via several intermediate stages, are transformed into elongated twisted cells that are regarded as spores . The spore consists of two parts: homogeneous, and that containing the membrane system and rounded light bodies . The membranes are often double and connected with the fibrils . The cell wall is constructed, during all stages, of the outer membrane layer and the inner electron-dense layer.

Xenobiotica, 1975 Jan, 5(1), 25 - 31
{35S}Cyclamate metabolism: incorporation of 35S into proteins of intestinal bacteria in vitro and production of volatile 35S-containing compounds; Tesoriero AA et al.; 1 . A washed whole-cell suspension of bacteria prepared from the faeces of rats regularly fed oral cyclamate incorporated 35S into bacterial protein when challenged with {35s}cyclamate . Control preparations showed low-level incorporation of label . 2 . Radioactivity was also accounted for as volatile 35S-containing compounds (s), soluble in sodium hydroxide . 3 . Addition of cysteine to incubation mixtures inhibited incorporation of 35S into proteins . 4 . The results suggest that the bacterial conversion of cyclamate to the suspected bladder carcinogen, cyclohexylamine, is controlled by the prevailing sulphur metabolism of the intestinal bacteria.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 230(3), 367 - 78
{Investigations on toxic fractions of swine erysipelas bacteria (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) . 1 . Communication: Toxicity investigation on a phenol water extract in chicken embryos (author's transl)}; Leimbeck R et al.; The watersoluble fractions (WESTPHAL et al., 1952 a, b) of twelve Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains, which differed in virulence were tested for toxicity for ten day old chick-embryos by the route of i.v . injection . The LD50-values ranged from 108 mug to 0.01 mug toxin dry weight/embryo . The different toxicity of these extracts for chick-embryos was compared with the virulence of the corresponding strains in swine: The extracts of four strains with high virulence were very toxic for chick-embryos (LD50:0,01 mug to 0.207 mug) The extracts of four non-virulent strains were low-, respectively non-toxic (LD50:10.95 mug to 108 mug) The extract of one virulent strain showed an intermediate degree of toxicity (LD50:2.8 mug) In tese nine strains there was a correlation between virulence for swine and the toxicity of the extracts for chick-embryos . But this relation could not be found for three other strains.

Basic Life Sci, 1975, 5B, 635 - 8
Concerning pyrimidine dimers as "blocks" to DNA replication in bacteria and mammalian cells; Hewitt RR et al.; Irradiated UV-sensitive bacteria which are mutant in the uvrA6 locus, and cannot excise pyrimidine dimers, are capable of continued DNA replication with the same orientation as that in unirradiated cells . Replication of dimer-containing DNA is also accomplished by irradiated mammalian cells, suggesting that pyrimidine dimers do not act as absolute blocks to DNA synthesis . Thus, the role that dimers play in reducing the amount and size of DNA synthesized after exposure must be reassessed.

Basic Life Sci, 1975, 5A, 265 - 74
Repair by genetic recombination in bacteria: overview; Howard-Flanders P; DNA molecules that have been damaged in both strands at the same level are not subject to repair by excision but instead can be repaired through recombination with homologous molecules . Examples of two-strand damage include postreplication gaps opposite pyrimidine dimers, two-strand breaks produced by X-rays, and chemically induced interstrand cross-links . In ultraviolet-irradiated bacteria, the newly synthesized DNA is of length equal to the interdimer spacing . With continued incubation, this low-molecular-weight DNA is joined into high-molecular-weight chains (postreplication repair), a process associated with sister exchanges in bacteria . Recombination is initiated by pyrimidine dimers opposite postreplication gaps and by interstrand cross-links that have been cut by excision enzymes . The free ends at the resulting gaps presumably initiate the exchanges . Postreplication repair in Escherichia coli occurs in recB- AND RECC but is greatly slowed in recF- mutants . RecB and recC are the structural genes for exonuclease V, which digests two-stranded DNA by releasing oligonucleotides first from one strand and then from the other . The postreplication sister exchanges in ultra-violet-irradiated bacteria result in the distribution of pyrimidine dimers between parental and daughter strands, indicating that long exchanges involving both strands of each duplex occur . The R1 restriction endonuclease from E . COli has been used to cut the DNA of a bacterial drug-resistance transfer factor with one nuclease-sensitive site, and also DNA from the frog Xenopus enriched for ribosomal 18S and 28S genes . The fragments were annealed with the cut plasmid DNA and ligated, producing a new larger plasmid carrying the eukaryotic rDNA and able to infect and replicate in E . coli.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 169 - 71
{New variant of the method for direct count of bacteria in water}; Iagodka SN; Direct counting of the bacteria in water is suggested to be done by means of the pitch limit stop of the microscope tube made as a washer with stop pins.

Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng, 1975, 4(00), 119 - 36
Chemotaxis in bacteria; Berg HC; Bacteria swim by rotating their flagella . They alter course by abruptly changing the direction of this rotation . The probability of the occurrence of this event is biased by chemoreception . The bias depends on the way in which the concentration of the attractant or repellent changes with time . Sugars are detected as they bind to specific proteins which also play a role in transport . The way in which the receptors are coupled to the flagella is not known . The coupling may involve changes in membrane potential.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1975, 41(4), 533 - 42
The role of plant particles, bacteria and cell-free supernatant fractions of rumen contents in the hydrolysis of trilinolein and the subsequent hydrogenation of linoleic acid; Harfoot CG et al.; The role of different fractions of rumen contents in the hydrolysis of trilinolein and the subsequent hydrogenation of the linoleic acid has been investigated by a series of in vitro incubations . Hydrolysis of the trilinolein to free linoleic acid occurs almost wholly in the cell-free supernatant; the liberated linoleic acid in the supernatant can be rapidly adsorbed onto food particles where it is hydrogenated to stearic acid via the C18 trans-11 monoene . Some 25% of the trilinolein added as substrate was taken up by the bacteria and of this a small percentage appeared to be hydrolysed and the free linoleic acid hydrogenated to stearic acid intracellularly . No conclusive evidence was obtained to suggest that this intracellular hydrogenation proceeded by a route other than that which took place on the food particles.

Scand J Respir Dis, 1975, 56(4), 195 - 200
Pulmonary cell response patterns after exposure to airborne bacteria; Rylander R et al.; The free lung cells obtained with a lavage technique were studied in guinea-pigs exposed to an aerosol of E.coli, K . pneumoniae or B.subtilis . An increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was found 5-48 hours after exposure to E.coli and B.subtilis . The clearance of a mixture of viable and radioactively labelled E.coli was studied in animals with a naturally present or artificially induced high leucocyte level in the lungs . It was found that animals with the higher leucocyte number cleared the inhaled bacteria faster.

Microbios, 1975, 12(49), 143 - 54
Cell division in blue-green bacteria: stimulation of localized regions of peptidoglycan metabolism by ethanol; Sturgeon JA et al.; D-Cycloserine was used to localize regions of active peptidoglycan metabolism as bulged, weakened areas in the lateral wall . Strain SN29 is a non-septate filamentous mutant of Agmenellum quadruplicatum and produces one to two such bulges per filament during exponential growth in the presence of D-cycloserine . The addition of ethanol to D-cycloserine inhibited filaments results in the production of many additional bulges in the lateral wall and is interpreted as evidence for the localized activation of peptidoglycan metabolism by ethanol . In the parent organism, D-cycloserine selectively inhibits cell division resulting in the formation of enlarged spindle-shaped cells . Cell separation was also affected . Chain formation was greatly reduced in septate mutants of A . quadruplicatum by growth in the presence of D-cycloserine . This was apparently due to the increase fragility of cells within the filaments.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1975, 41(2), 121 - 34
Some cultural and physiological aspects of methane-utilizing bacteria; Hazeu W; A number of different methane-utilizing bacteria are described and compared with isolates of other investigators . The strains can be divided into three groups based on pigmentation, cell morphology and internal membrane structures . The oxidation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, methyl ethers and sugar phosphates by these bacteria was studied . There was much similarity between strains within the same group . Differences between groups as regards oxidative properties could be detected, but these were mainly quantitative and could not be used as taxonomical criteria . In addition, the inhibition of methane oxidation by metabolites and enzyme inhibitors was investigated . Formaldehyde proved to be the most active of the organic compounds tested . Iodoacetic acid inhibited both methane and methanol oxidation at concentrations of 0.03 M or above . Of the inorganic compounds, KCN completely suppressed methane oxidation at 5 times 10(-4) M and to more than 90% at 5 times 10(-5) M.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 29(1), 7 - 12
Degradation of N-nitrosamines by intestinal bacteria; Rowland IR et al.; A major proportion of bacterial types, common in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals and man, were active in degrading diphenylnitrosamine and dimethylnitrosamine, the former being degraded more rapidly than the latter . At low nitrosamine concentrations (is less than 0.05 micronmol/ml), approximately 55% of added diphenylnitrosamine, 30% of N-nitrosopyrrolidine, and 4% of dimethylnitrosamine were degraded . The route of nitrosamine metabolism by bacteria appears to be different from that proposed for breakdown by mammalian enzyme systems in that carbon dioxide and formate were not produced . In bacteria, the nitrosamines were converted to the parent amine and nitrite ion and, in addition, certain unidentified volatile metabolites were produced from dimethylnitrosamine by bacteria . The importance of bacteria in reducing the potential hazard to man of nitrosamines is discussed.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1975, 41(1), 113 - 8
Regulation of aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase in acetic acid bacteria; O'Sullivan J et al.; The regulation of aspartokinase and homoserine dehydrogenase has been studied in three Acetobacter and two Gluconobacter species . Both enzymes were regulated by feedback inhibition . Aspartokinase was inhibited by L-threonine and concertedly inhibited by L-threonine plus L-lysine . The homoserine dehydrogenase was NADP-specific and was inhibited by L-threonine . Separation of the two enzymes by ammonium sulphate fractionation was possible in Acetobacter peroxydans, A . rancens and Gluconobacter melanogenus but not in A . liquefaciens or G . oxydans.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1975, 169(4), 1108 - 13
{Hepatotropism of Tyzzer bacteria in experimentally infected chick embryos}; Fujiwara K et al.; Tyzzer's organism from mice propagated more remarkably in hepatocytes than in yolk-sac epithelial cells producing confluent necrosis of the liver after intravenous as well as intravitelline inoculation . Some lesions with bacterial growth were also produced in the heart muscles and kidneys . The organisms from mouse, rat, hamster and kitten were shown to be equally pathogenic for chick embryos.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 5 - 10
{Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in phototrophic bacteria}; Krasil'nikova EN; Purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatium minutissimum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Thiocapsa roseopersicina), non-sulphur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris Rh . viridis), and green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobium limicola f . thiosulfatophillum) contain all enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway of carbohydrate transformation, and also glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase . The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased in the cultures of Th . roseopersicina and C . limicola f . thiosulfatophillum when they were grown in the presence of glucose . The activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in these bacteria was very low.

Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1974, 10(3-4), 215 - 23
{Determination of bacteria count by enumeration of microcolonies with an electronic counter apparatus (author's transl)}; De Felip G et al.; In this paper a method is described to determine the bacteria count of samples by enumerating the microcolonies with the aid of a "Coulter Counter" automatic apparatus . Samples of bacterial cultures were incubated in a suitable medium at 32 degrees C for 12 h, then passed through a Coulter Counter aperture of 200 mu diameter to count the microcolonies . Microcolonies from cultures grown in similar conditions were also enumerated by the classical plate method . Comparison showed a good correction between the two sets of results after logarithmic transformation . Some advantages and limitations of this automatic technique are discussed, in view of its routine employment in food analysis.

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