Antibiotics

Ann Intern Med, 1978 Nov, 89(5 Pt 2 Suppl), 743 - 5
Common infections in ambulatory patients; Moffet HL; Most illnesses in ambulatory patients are infections; most of these are upper, middle, or pararespiratory infections . Although these diseases are rarely serious, they result in immense amounts of time lost from work and incalculable expense for over-the-counter medications . Guidelines for antibiotic and other drug therapy for these diseases need a better scientific foundation.

J Pharm Sci, 1978 Nov, 67(11), 1579 - 82
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a drug interaction between kaolin--pectin and clindamycin; Albert KS et al.; The effect of a kaolin--pectin antidiarrheal suspension on the bioavailability of orally administered clindamycin was evaluated by model-dependent pharmacokinetic techniques . Each subject's serum clindamycin concentration--time data in the absence of the kaolin--pectin suspension were fitted to a one-compartment open model with first-order absorption and lag time . The resulting disposition parameters were used to construct individual Wagner-Nelson absorption profiles, expressed as the cumulative relative fraction of clindamycin absorbed versus time following combined antidiarrheal--antibiotic therapy . For each subject, absorption persisted to varying degrees through 14 hr . On the average, the half-time for absorption was prolonged 20-fold (from about 16 min to more than 300 min) . In contrast, extrapolation of the individual time courses of relative absorption to infinity revealed that the antidiarrheal had no effect on the extent of clindamycin absorption.

J Neurosurg, 1978 Nov, 49(5), 658 - 68
Decreased mortality from brain abscesses since advent of computerized tomography; Rosenblum ML et al.; No deaths have occurred among 20 consecutive patients with intraparenchyma brain abscesses treated at the University of California, San Francisco, since computerized tomographic (CT) brain scanning became a routine diagnostic procedure (study period: July, 1974, to June, 1977) . These patients have been compared to 18 consecutive cases treated without benefit of CT analysis (January, 1970, to June, 1974) in order to determine the factors responsible for the recently improved prognosis . The mortality rate was 44% for all cases and 36% for all operated patients treated before the availability of CT . Similar morbidity (about 33%) was seen in survivors from both series . No significant differences in the two groups were noted with respect to patient population and antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy . Among the factors that may have contributed to the improved results for patients diagnosed with CT are: less frequent occurrence of multiple abscesses, fewer patients with poor preoperative clinical status, and a greater incidence of total abscess removal . In addition, CT scanning provided more accurate diagnosis and localization of abscesses and aided in the rapid detection of postoperative complications that probably accounted for six out of eight deaths in the earlier series . Serial CT studies provide a means to optimize the timing for surgical intervention and plan appropriate medical therapy . It is noteworthy that two patients have been followed by serial CT scans to non-surgical cures.

J Infect Dis, 1978 Nov, 138(5), 690 - 4
Chloramphenicol: an impatient study of use and abuse; Fink TJ et al.; During a six-month period, chloramphenicol was administered systemically to 100 patients and topically to 24 patients who were admitted to the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont . Seventy-nine percent of the patients receiving the drug systemically were on surgical services, 13% were on the pediatric service, and 8% were on the medical service . In this group, chloramphenicol was administered appropriately in 60.4% of cases as follows: 57.5% on the surgical, 50% on the medical, and 84.6% on the pediatric services . In 19 of 35 instances of inappropriate use on the surgical services, a potentially less toxic antibiotic could have been chosen . Eight cases were treated inappropriately because of dosage errors, and in seven cases no antibiotic should have been used . On the medical services all inappropriate use was due to underdosage, and on the pediatric service there was one case of incorrect dosage and one instance in which a less toxic antibiotic could have been chosen . Ophthalmological use of the drug accounted for all topical use . Of 24 patients treated, 21 received the drug for prophylaxis and three for therapy.

Chem Biol Interact, 1978 Nov, 23(2), 141 - 50
Arabinosyl nucleosides . XII . Influence of arabino-furanosylthymine on growth of L5178y cells; Muller WE et al.; The antibiotic 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylthymine (araThd) is a potent inhibitor of the growth of mouse lymphoma cells (L5178y) . The ED50 concentration was found to be 9.8 muM . The cells die as a consequence of an unbalanced growth . The cytostatic activity of araThd can be abolished by coincubation with dThd and dUrd but not with Urd . At cytostatic concentrations araThd selectively blocks DNA synthesis; RNA- and protein synthesis are unaffected . Intracellularly araThd is rapidly phosphorylated to araTTP . This enzymic phosphorylation does not influence the synthesis of the naturally occuring, related triphosphate dTTP . AraTMP is incorporated into DNA during DNA synthesis; 1 mol of ara-TMP is incorporated/19,500 molecules of dTMP.

Arch Inst Cardiol Mex, 1978 Nov-Dec, 48(6), 1224 - 32
{Mycotic anuerysm secondary to bacterial endocarditis . Review apropos of a case}; Almazan V et al.; A case is presented of Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis on a biological Duramater Prosthesis . In the evolution curse, the patient presented an intraparenchimal cerebral haemorrhage, where--upon the angiographic studies demonstrated the existence of a mycotic aneurysm in the left median cerebral arterial territory . With specific antibiotic therapy and replacement of the prosthesis, the clinical evolution of the case, was positive, and later angiographies evidenced the disappearance of the aneurysm . The incidence of intracranial mycotic aneurysm complicating bacterial endocarditis is relatively high (up to 4% in post-mortem series) . There have been very few cases communicated up to now with angiographic demonstration . Mortality is similar in patients under surgical or medical treatment . The aetipothogenic aspects are discussed, as well as the recommended therapeutic measures.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Nov, 23(11), 1015 - 7
{Interaction of sibiromycin with soluble chromatin from the cells of murine NK/LI lymphadenosis}; Loz'mian LI; Interaction of sibiromycin with chromatin from NK/Li cells was studied . It was shown that the chromatin proteins had no significant effect on the amount of the antibiotic firmly bound with DNA . The difference observed in the kinetics of the sibiromycin interaction with chromatin and DNA from NK/Li cells was not induced by replacement of a part of the DNA bound proteins . Possibly the chromatin proteins hampered formation of DNA conformation necessary for sibiromycin binding.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1978 Nov, 26(5), 421 - 6
Median sternotomy dehiscence; Stoney WS et al.; Sternal dehiscence requiring reoperation occurred in 36 out of 4,531 patients who had a sternotomy incison within an eight-year period . Twisted sternal wire sutures were used for the first four years and a crimped steel plate fixation was used during the second four years with a marked and significant decrease in the incidence of dehiscence from 17 out of 1,000 patients to 3 out of 1,000 patients . Thirty-five of the 36 patients were men, and 4 required reoperation for bleeding . Other factors such as mammary artery dissection, tracheostomy, and body weight of more than 82 kg were not significant . Although infection was noted in 20 patients, it was thought to be secondary . Early reoperation with antibiotic irrigation achieved wound stability in the 34 survivors with only 3 patients requiring additional procedures for chronic osteomyelitis of the sternum.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1978 Nov, 33(11), 814 - 8
{Surgical technic in the treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis}; Luhr HG et al.; Our experience with operative treatment of 70 patients with osteomyelitis of the mandible showed that the incision and drainage of soft-tissue abcesses combined with antibiotic therapy led to healing in 22 patients . More extensive measures, such as sequestectomy, decortication, resection of whole areas of the mandible, and transplantation of autologous cancellous bone, however were necessary with 48 of the patients . A detailed description of the various operative techniques was presented; the respective indications were mentioned.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1978 Nov, 33(11), 819 - 22
{Compression plate osteosynthesis in infected mandibular fractures}; Beckers H et al.; Self-compromising osteosynthesis plates proved satisfactory for 19 patients with infected fractures of the mandible . After immediate stabilization of the fracture with osteosynthesis plates, the abscess was incised and drained, and antibiotic therapy was instituted . All the fractures consolidated without significant complications . Radiologic assessment revealed delayed bony healing . Our findings agree with those in the field of general traumatology for treating infected fractures.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1978 Nov, 33(11), 788 - 93
{Odontogenic soft tissue infections (localization, treatment and course in 1002 cases)}; Koblin I et al.; Between 1965 and 1974, 1002 patients were treated on an in-patient basis for odontogenous soft-tissue infections . Abcesses were observed in 960 patients; inflammatory infiltrate, in 39 patients; a phlegmon, in 3 patients . The relation of male to female patients was 56:44 . The 21- to 30-year-old age group was most frequently affected . Antibiotic therapy was administered over a period of weeks prior to admission in 87% of the patients . Operative procedures prior to admission had been performed on only a few patients.

J Lipid Res, 1978 Nov, 19(8), 1063 - 7
Purification of polyphosphoinositides by chromatography on immobilized neomycin; Schacht J; The binding of polyphosphoinositides (phosphatidylinositol phosphate and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate) to the antibiotic neomycin is utilized for the purification of these lipids . Neomycin is reductively coupled to reactive glass beads (Glycophase-CPG) and serves as the stationary phase in column chromatography . A total lipid extract is prepared from tissues with chloroform-methanol-KC1 or chloroform-methanol-HC1 and washed once with acidified methanol-water . After the addition of an equal volume of methanolic 200 mM ammonium acetate, the extract is directly applied to the column . All lipids but the polyphosphoinositides are removed from the column by rinsing with 150 mM ammonium acetate in chloroform-methanol-water . Increasing the salt concentration to 600 mM elutes phosphatidylinositol phosphate . While further increases in ionic strength are not sufficient for a quantitative removal of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, the lipid is completely eluted by the addition of either ammonia or HC1 to the solvent . The column can be recycled and used repeatedly.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Nov, 23(11), 1009 - 15
{Antiviral action of carminomycin and some of its derivatives}; Liashenko VA et al.; Carminomycin was shown to inhibit the development of both the DNA-containing variolovaccine virus and the RNA-containing grippe virus in chick embryos . Comparison of the effects of rubomycin, carminomycin, 14-oxy-carminomycin and carminomycin complex with bovine serum albumin in experiments with chick embryos showed that the inhibitory effect of carminomycin and its derivatives on the development of the grippe virus was much higher than that of rubomycin . The carminomycin derivatives proved to be much more active in this respect than the initial antibiotic . Carminomycin and its derivatives had a therapeutic effect on mice with experimental grippe pneumonia also on their oral use.

Otolaryngology, 1978 Nov-Dec, 86(6 Pt 1), ORL - 886-7
Permanent threshold shift and cochlear hair cell loss in the kanamycin-treated guinea pig; Prosen CA et al.; The differential contribution of the inner hair cells (IHC) and the outer hair cells (OHC) in the mammalian cochlea to hearing sensitivity was assessed in six behaviorally-trained guinea pigs by comparing audiograms preadministration and postadministration of kanamycin, an antibiotic that predominantly destroys guinea pig OHC while leaving the IHC structurally unchanged . The results support the hypothesis that only the IHC of the cochlea responds to tones approximately 50 to 60 dB above the threshold of the intact cochlea.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1978 Nov, 46(5), 618 - 27
Histologic study of tooth transplantation in the rabbit; Mirzabagi MH; Tooth transplantation between preimmunized unrelated mismatched animals appears to induce the same immunologic problems that appear in the grafting of other organs . Such transplants showed more inflammatory root resorption and ankylosis and less reattachment of periodontal ligaments than did allografts between compatible animals . It appears that transferring the teeth to the similar side, suturing the gingival soft tissue around the teeth, splinting the transplanted teeth, and antibiotic therapy improve results by minimizing the effects of surgical procedures and trauma . Surgical trauma is confirmed as an important factor, along with immunogenetic differences between donor and recipient, in determining the outcome of tooth transplantation.

Lancet, 1978 Oct 28, 2(8096), 917 - 20
Identification of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain Mycoplasma) in patient with polyarthritis; Stuckey M et al.; A 10-year-old boy with confirmed congenital agammaglobulinaemia presented with polyarthritis while on gammaglobulin replacement therapy . Initial cultures of material aspirated from an abscess and of joint fluid were negative, and symptoms progressed despite antibiotic therapy . Synovial-biopsy material, cultured specifically for mycoplasmas, was positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum as were the blood, abscess fluids, throat-swab, and nasopharyngeal secretions . Therapy, based on in-vitro studies of antibiotic susceptibilities of the organism, resulted in the eradication of the infection and resolution of the arthritis . These findings suggest that U . urealyticum may be capable of inducing polyarthritis in man.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Oct 24, 520(3), 481 - 9
Neocarzinostatin induction of DNA repair synthesis in HeLa cells and isolated nuclei; Kappen LS et al.; The antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin that causes DNA strand breaks in vivo and in vitro is shown to induce DNA repair synthesis in HeLa S3 cells . In the repair assay, the parental DNA was prelabeled with 32P and a density label (bromodeoxyuridine) was introduced into the new synthesized DNA . Quantitation of the repair synthesis as measured by the incorporation of {3H}thymidine into the light parental DNA at varying doses of the drug indicate that there is a significant repair response at low levels of the drug (0.2--0.5 microgram/ml) which cause DNA strand breakage and inhibition of DNA synthesis . In isolated HeLa nuclei neocarzinostatin stimulates the incorporation of dTMP many-fold . This enhancement of dTMP incorporation, which requires the presence of a sulfhydryl agent, is a consequence of the drug-induced DNA strand breakage and is in the parental DNA . These results suggest that an intact cell membrane is not required for DNA strand breakage and its subsequent repair.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1978 Oct 21, 108(42), 1632 - 7
{Strongyloidiasis following kidney transplantation}; Briner J et al.; A 50-year-old Swiss male died from strongyloidiasis 8 weeks after renal allotransplantation . Past history revealed malaria at age 20 years, when the patient had stayed in tropical and subtropical areas, as well as pulmonary tuberculosis . Hypertension, erythrocyturia, proteinuria and unexplained episodes of blood eosinophilia were first noticed age 45, and 4 years later dialysis was started . A mild acute rejection crisis was successfully treated 4 weeks after transplantation . 2 weeks later, however, bilateral pneumonia developed . Despite vigorous antibiotic and tuberculostatic therapy the patient died in septic shock . Autopsy revealed strongyloidiasis with adult females, eggs and rhabditiform larvae of Strongloides stercoralis in the small intestine . Numerous filariform larvae were detected in the lungs, in the walls of bronchi and trachea, in the brain, in the walls of arteries, and in lymphnodes . Massive granulomatous inflammatory reaction and extensive pulmonary hemorrhage were the main pathological findings.

Minerva Med, 1978 Oct 13, 69(48), 3311 - 8
{A case of Churg-Strauss granulomatous angiitis: an autonomous clinical entity or a variant of panarteritis nodosa?}; Zanardi F et al.; A fatal case of Churg and Strauss granulomatous angiitis in a 21-yr-old woman is described . Its unusual features included marked personal and familial dysreaction, sudden onset, bronchopulmonitis with distinct eosinophilia and antibiotic- and cortisone-resistant pericarditis, and a terminal picture of generalised septico-pyaemia . The histological findings included necrotising systemic vasculitis with granulomas, some of them extravascular, in various organs . Differential diagnosis and the relation between this form and panarteritis nodosa are discussed.

Biochemistry, 1978 Oct 3, 17(20), 4232 - 9
Binding of hedamycin to deoxyribonucleic acid and chromatin of testis and liver; Jernigan HM Jr et al.; The binding of the antibiotic hedamycin to DNA was evaluated by density gradient centrifugation in CsCl to determine the type I binding, which is essentially irreversible at high and low ionic strength . Exhaustive dialysis at low ionic strength was used to determine the sum of type I and type II binding (irreversible at low ionic strength but reversible at high ionic strength) . The maximum ratio of hedamycin to DNA nucleotides (rf) is 0.1 for type I and 0.1 for type II binding to free DNA, but these ratios decrease to 0.07--0.08 in chromatin of rat liver and a testis fraction (spermatogonia plus primary spermatocytes) . The rf for type I binding of hedamycin to monomeric nucleosomes of this testis fraction is considerably less than maximum binding to polymeric nucleosomes or chromatin, suggesting that hedamycin binds more effectively to "linker" DNA than to DNA attached to the core of the nucleosomes . Hedamycin binding to the chromatin of the spermatid fraction of testis is greatly decreased in comparison with chromatin of early stages; this correlates with the change from nucleohistones to nucleoprotamines at the middle to late spermatid stages of spermiogenesis.

J Aud Res, 1978 Oct, 18(4), 277 - 91
Hearing impairment in children of low birthweight; Clarke BR et al.; Audiometer evaluations were carried out on a population of 204 low birth weight (LBW) children and 123 controls . In the LBW group, 6 children (3.3%) had a bilateral loss and 5 (2.5%) had a unilateral sensorineural high-frequency hearing loss . No case of sensorineural hearing loss was found among the controls . There were 13 (6.4%) cases of conductive loss among the LBW sample, compared with 3 (2.4%) among the controls . Correlation coefficients showed a relationship between sensorineural impairment and: bilirubin level, incubator time, antibiotic history, and neurological status . Subsequent multiple classification analyses showed that, while incubator time and bilirubin level are each significant predictors of sensorineural loss, this is not the case with antibiotics or neurological status . Neurological status was closely associated with the syndrome of LBW, high bilirubin level, extended incubator time and sensorineural loss . However, no significant relationship could be found between neurological impairment and these predictors nor can it be regarded as useful in predicting hearing loss in this population.

Avian Dis, 1978 Oct-Dec, 22(4), 620 - 6
Effect of tiamulin in chickens and turkeys infected experimentally with avian Mycoplasma; Baughn CO et al.; Tiamulin was compared, under a variety of experimental conditions, with 4 water-soluble antibiotic preparations available commercially for the control and treatment of mycoplasmal infections in poultry . In chickens, tiamulin was more effective than the reference antibiotics in preventing and eradicating airsacculitis caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and preventing airsacculitis and synovitis caused by M . synoviae . In turkeys, tiamulin and tylosin were equally active in preventing airsacculitis caused by M . gallisepticum . Tiamulin was highly effective in preventing airsacculitis also when administered as a single subcutaneous dose.

Orthop Clin North Am, 1978 Oct, 9(4), 1039 - 51
New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of infections of the cervical spine; Forsythe M et al.; Of the three major areas of the spinal column, the cervical spine is least commonly infected; approximately 3 to 5 per cent of all spinal infections involve the cervical spine . Tuberculous, pyogenic, fungal, and parasitic infections may involve the cervical spine and occur in this order of decreasing frequency . Difficulty in differential diagnosis most commonly involves tumor . Fungal and parasitic infections of the cervical spine are extremely rare, but fungal infections have been increasing over the past three decades . Clinical suspicion, radiologic examination, and definitive diagnosis via tissue biopsy are necessary so that definitive procedures can be instituted . Specific antibiotic coverage, surgery to facilitate the body's defenses and antibiotic penetration, and stabilization of the spine are the most important therapeutic measures to be instituted.

J Chir (Paris), 1978 Oct, 115(10), 497 - 500
{A rare abdominal emergency: acute phlegmonous gastritis (author's transl)}; Aurousseau R et al.; In the light of a series of recent observations and a personal case, the authors recall that acute phlegmonous gastritis is a rare disease usually secondary to a bucco-pharyngeal infective focus, characterised by an acute abdominal syndrome accompanied by a very severe infective context . Only laparotomy leads to the diagnosis . Since antibiotics, the mortality has regressed from more than 80% to less than 50% . The prognosis of the antral forms is much less serious than that of the diffuse forms with mortalities of 28% and 71% respectively . In antral gastritis the best therapeutic attitude is early antibiotic therapy associated with 2/3 gastrectomy.

Tsitologiia, 1978 Oct, 20(10), 1186 - 91
{Ability of cells in tissue culture to recover from damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs}; Gotlib VIa et al.; The repair of potential lethal damages was investigated in the LL cell line induced by some chemicals . Three different chemical compounds were used . An inhibitor of DNA synthesis--hydroxyurea, an alkylating agent--methylnitrosourea, and an antibiotic intercalating in DNA--actinomycin D . It was shown that damages induced by hydroxyurea could be repaired . Unlike, the repair of damages induced by methylnitrosourea and actinomycin D was not observed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Oct, 31(10), 997 - 1006
Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance assignments of pactamycin and related compounds; Weller DD et al.; All resonances observed in the 13C NMR spectrum of the antitumor antibiotic pactamycin and its degradation product pactamycate have been assigned, employing off-resonance and specific proton decoupling as well as comparison with the 13C NMR spectra of the model compounds m-aminoacetophenone and ethyl 6-methylsalicylate.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Oct, 31(10), 939 - 44
Trichostatin C, a glucopyranosyl hydroxamate; Tsuji N et al.; In addition to trichostatins A and B, a new antifungal antibiotic, trichostatin C was isolated . The structure was shown to be a glucoside of trichostatin A by spectroscopic examinations and chemical degradations . Trichostatin C is presumably the first example of a glucopyranosyl hydroxamate from nature.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Oct, 31(10), 1067 - 9
The chemistry of the rubradirins . I . The structures of rubransarols A and B; Hoeksema H et al.; The antibiotic rubradirin, C48H46N4O20 was cleaved at an ester function by aqueous methylamine into rubransarol A, C23H23NO8, and a methyl amide, C26H28N4O12 . Rubradirin B, C40H33N3O15, was similarly cleaved in methanolic ammonia into rubransarol B, C23H23NO8, and the primary amide, C17H13N3O7 . The rubransarols are shown to be unique ansamycins which are isomeric at a double bond in the large ring.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Oct, 31(10), 1059 - 62
Action of cefoxitin and cefamandole on human neutrophil function; Majeski JA et al.; Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte chemotaxis was examined in vitro in the presence to two new antibiotics: cefamandole and cefoxitin . Results indicate that cefamandole inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis to a significant degree only at high antibiotic concentrations of 100 microgram/ml (P less than 0.01) and has no significant effect at normal serum therapeutic range . Cefoxitin was found to produce a 43% inhibition (P less than 0.01) of human in vivo neutrophil chemotaxis at antibiotic concentrations of 100 microgram/ml and have a minimal inhibitory effect (1 approximately 9%) at low concentrations (1 approximately 5 microgram/ml) . Both cefamandole and cefoxitin had no significant effect on opsonophagocytosis.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Oct, 23(10), 931 - 4
{Comparative pathomorphological study of the experimental action of carminomycin and rubomycin on the heart}; Vinogorova GF et al.; Comparative histological investigation of the toxic effect of carminomycin and rubomycin on the myocardium was carried out on mice BDF . It was found that the level of the morphological changes in the heart muscle depended on the antibiotic dose . The cardiotoxic effect of carminomycin was less pronounced than that of rubomycin.

J Immunol, 1978 Oct, 121(4), 1510 - 7
Double expression of VH region a2 and a3 allotypes in individual rabbit lymphocytes; Wolf B et al.; This study provides evidence that two VH region a group allotypic specificities are synthesized by individual peripheral blood lymphocytes from a2,3 rabbits . After removal of both allotypes from the cell surface with pronase, three types of allotype-bearing cells, a2, a3, and a2,3 were demonstrable after overnight culture in serum-free medium . Frequently, greater than 50% of the cells that contained allotype on the surface resynthesized both allotypes . In culture, reappearance of allotype was first detectable at 4 hr and increased progressively thereafter to a maximum at 18 hr . During regrowth, the relative proportion of cells showing both markers was maintained . The predominance of cells exhibiting only a3 over those displaying only a2 was also maintained . Reappearance of allotype was inhibited by cycloheximide but was manifested when the antibiotic was washed out . Monospecific anti-a2 antibodies could completely suppress the resynthesis of homologous allotype in culture and prevent the regeneration of a2 in double-bearing cells . Likewise, anti-a3 in cultures was usually specifically suppressive for a3 allotype; however, the double producers were only partially depleted.

Arch Otolaryngol, 1978 Oct, 104(10), 579 - 84
Comparative ototoxic liability of netilmicin and gentamicin; Brummett RE et al.; Netilmicin sulfate is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic currently undergoing clinical investigation . All of the aminoglycoside antibiotics now in clinical use are ototoxic . This study was done to determine the ototoxic liability of netilmicin when it is compared directly with gentamicin sulfate . Groups of ten guinea pigs each were given doses of 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg of either gentamicin or netilmicin daily for four weeks . After a two-week stabilization period, the Preyer pinna reflex, the cochlea's ability to generate the ac cochlear potential, and the missing hair cells from the cochleas were determined . Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of both drugs in the plasma and perilymph were determined . Little or no cochlear damage was detected with netilmicin, even at the highest dose, while even the smallest dose of gentamicin produced measurable changes in cochlear function.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1978 Oct, 76(4), 506 - 9
Double-blind comparison of cefazolin and cephalothin in open-heart surgery; Kini PM et al.; Ninety-nine patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to treatment with cefazolin and cephalothin to compare the effectiveness of these cephalosporins in the prevention of postoperative infections . The incidence of infections was low with both antibiotics (cefazolin 2.1 percent, cephalothin 4.6 percent) . Intraoperative serum cefazolin levels were more evenly distributed, whereas a wide dispersion of cephalothin levels was observed . There was no measurable antibiotic detected in cardiac tissue samples in the majority of the cases . Adverse reactions (skin rashes) occurred only in three patients, all receiving cephalothin . It is concluded that cefazolin is as safe and effective as cephalothin in the prevention of postoperative infection in patients undergoing open-heart surgery.

Cutis, 1978 Oct, 22(4), 447 - 52
Care of the burn wound; Yarborough MF; The initial therapy of thermal injuries is directed at removal of loose debris and necrotic epidermis, alleviation of pain, and prevention of infection . Following initial wound debridement, bacterial growth in the wound itself is controlled primarily through the use of tropical antibiotic agents and daily hydrotherapy to clean the wounds and remove any loose eschar . Effectiveness of topical therapy is monitored by quantitative burn wound biopsy cultures; growth of greater than 10(4) micro-organisms per gram of tissue indicates invasive burn wound sepsis . Such bacterial invasion may be further controlled through the adjunctive use of antibiotics administered into the sub-eschar space . Once eschar separation has exposed healthy granulation tissue, the burn wound must be covered with suitable biologic dressings prior to autografting . All open wounds may then be autografted with sheet grafts to the face, neck, and areas exposed to trauma or by expansion mesh grafts to cover large areas from limited donor sites . Upon completion of autografting, a vigorous physical therapy program is necessary to rehabilitate victims of massive thermal injury to a functional existence.

J Virol, 1978 Oct, 28(1), 368 - 74
Assembly of viral membranes: maturation of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein in the presence of tunicamycin; Morrison TG et al.; The role of glycosylation in the maturation of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein was studied by use of the antibiotic tunicamycin . Tunicamycin-treated VSV-infected cells synthesize an unglycosylated form of the VSV glycoprotein (R . Leavitt, S . Schlesinger, and S . Kornfeld, J . Virol . 21:375--385, 1977) . We have found that tunicamycin has no effect on the attachment of the glycoprotein to intracellular membranes or on the transport of protein to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum . However, tunicamycin prevented the migration of the glycoprotein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to smooth intracellular membranes.

Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1978 Oct, 105(10), 833 - 8
{Clinical evaluation of a topical ethyl lactate treatment of acne vulgaris (author's transl)}; Grosshans E et al.; The efficacy of a lotion containing 10 p . 100 ethyl lactate was evaluated in a double-blind clinical trail during 8 weeks . Test subjects were 45 male and female patients with polymorphous juvenile acne . They were divided into three groups and received the following treatments: Group A: oral antibiotic + topical placebo lotion . Group B: oral antibiotic + topical ethyl lactate lotion . Group C: topical ethyl lactate lotion only . The lotions were applied twice daily with a swab of cotton-wool . The antibiotic doses (tetracycline hydrochloride) were decreased as the trial progressed . Patients were examined before the trial, then after 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks . At each visit, comedones, microcysts, pustules and nodules were counted on a skin surface of 9 cm2 . Colour photographs were taken before and at the end of the trial and served for counting inflammatory lesions . Also, at each visit, skin lipids were sampled and analysed by I . R . spectrophotometry in order to asses the effect of the treatments on the free fatty acid/triglyceride ratio . The treatments showed similar effectiveness as regards comedones and microcysts, but only treatments A and B succeeded in reducing the number of inflamed lesions . With respect to the latter, the combined treatment B (oral antibiotic + topical ethyl lactate lotion) was more effective than treatment A (oral antibiotic + topical placebo); both treatments were more effective than treatment C (topical ethyl lactate lotion only) . At the end of the trial, all three groups of patients showed significant overall improvement, but acne scores (total number of lesions) did not differ significantly between treatments . When comparing these results with literature data concerning the effects of vitamin A acid and benzoyl peroxide, it appears that ethyl lactate is slightly less effective for topical treatment of acne than vitamin A acid, but slightly more effective than benzoyl peroxide . It should be underlined that ethyl lactate is well tolerated by the skin . Analysis of sebum samples failed to yield evidence of a decrease in the free fatty acid/triglyceride ratio in skin lipids of the patients irrespective of the treatment applied.

Cancer, 1978 Oct, 42(4), 1670 - 9
Phase I study with neocarzinostatin: tolerance to two hour infusion and continuous infusion; Ohnuma T et al.; Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), an acidic polypeptide antibiotic, was given to 47 patients with cancer and leukemia, and tolerance to two schedules, a single dose given as a 2 hour infusion and a continuous infusion over 5 days was investigated . Immediate reactions, including fever, chills, rigor, hypertension and mental confusion, were dose-limiting for the 2 hour infusion schedule, occurring at 3000 U/m2 and higher . Continuous administration for 5 days eliminated the immediate reactions and then hematological toxicity--often prolonged leukopenia and thrombocytopenia--became dose-limiting . Other toxicities of NCZ at both dose schedules included anemia, fever and chills, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, azotemia, hypophosphatemia, aminoaciduria, stomatitis, phlebitis and/or cellulitis at the venous infusion site and pruritus . Patients with solid tumors who had received little or no prior chemotherapy and had good bone marrow reserve tolerated up to 6000 U/m2/24 hours X 5 days . One patient with previously treated acute myelocytic leukemia was induced into a good partial remission lasting 10 weeks.

Eur J Biochem, 1978 Oct, 90(2), 261 - 70
The DNA . tyrocidine complex and its dissociation in the presence of gramicidin D; Chakraborty T et al.; The peptide antibiotic tyrocidine affects transcription in vitro by interfering with the initiation process . The complex formed between tyrocidine and native DNA is stable against nucleolytic enzymes . It is sensitive to variations in the salt concentration . Protection of DNA as a function of the tyrocidine concentration follows a curve suggesting cooperative binding of tyrocidine to DNA . The complex formation at low tyrocidine concentrations is accompanied by the presence of single stranded regions of unknown length . With single-stranded DNA, tyrocidine forms a complex which is relatively insensitive to high salt concentrations . Both native and single-stranded DNAs of the complexes become digestible in the presence of gramicidin D, another peptide antibiotic . Breakdown of the complex as a function of the gramicidin D concentration follows a curve which is the reverse of cooperative binding . Gramicidin D acts more effectively on single-stranded rather than on double-stranded DNA . tyrocidine complexes . The DNA . tyrocidine complex, which is broken down by formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide is stabilized by gramicidin D . The implications of these results are discussed with respect to a possible recognition of DNA sequences by tyrocidine and the interaction between DNA, tyrocidine and gramicidin D.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Sep 25, 253(18), 6568 - 77
Migration of 40 S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA in the presence of edeine; Kozak M et al.; The antibiotic edenine induces binding of multiple 40 S ribosomes to reovirus messenger RNAs, producing complexes that sediment rapidly in glycerol gradients . Rapidly sedimenting complexes were also obtained with tobacco mosaic virus RNA and rabbit globin mRNA in the presence of edeine . Following ribonuclease digestion of the heavy complexes, nuclease-resistant 32P-labeled reovirus fragments protected by 40 S ribosomes in the presence of edeine were recovered and fingerprinted . The sequence complexity of the protected material supports the interpretation that 40 S subunits are distributed at many internal sites in each messenger RNA . Additional experiments indicate that binding of the multiple 40 S subunits occurs from a single "entry site" which involves the 5' terminus of the message . This, in turn, implies that in the presence of edeine 40 S ribosomes are able to move along the mRNA chain, attaching initially near the 5' end, then advancing to make room for the next subunit . We suggest that in the absence of antibiotics, also, a 40 S ribosome might bind near the 5' terminus and then advance, stopping where it encounters the first AUG triplet . The effect of edeine might be to interfere with the AUG recognition process, thus allowing the 40 S ribosome to continue unhalted along the message . The present experiments with edeine provide the first direct evidence that 40 S ribosomal subunits are capable of moving along the mRNA chain.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Sep 20, 165(1), 79 - 86
Gene expression in Escherichia coli B/r during partial rifampicin-mediated restrictions of transcription initiation; Blumenthal RM et al.; The antibiotic rifampicin inhibits transcription initiation, but not the elongation and completion of nascent RNA transcripts . Addition of low concentrations of rifampicin only partially blocks initiation but at the same time specifically alters the general pattern of transcription in the culture . The transcription of genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase, and to a lesser extent of the genes specifying the RNA and protein components of the ribosome, was specifically stimulated relative to total transcription . In contrast, the transcription of the lactose operon was selectively reduced . These results are consistent with the ideas that the level of expression of the genes specifying the beta and beta' subunits is sensitive to the general rate of RNA synthesis in the culture, and that the expression of the beta and beta' RNA polymerase genes is related to the expression of ribosome component genes.

Biochemistry, 1978 Sep 19, 17(19), 4090 - 6
Transition-metal binding site of bleomycin A2 . A carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the zinc(II) and copper(II) derivatives; Dabrowiak JC et al.; The 13C NMR spectra at 25.2 MHz of the Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin A2 are discussed . Complexation of the drug to Zn(II) causes 38 of the 52 resonance lines of bleomycin A2 to shift to new positions . All but ten of these shifted lines have been assigned in the Zn(II) bleomycin complex . Although the specific donor sites of the drug cannot be identified from the 13C NMR data, the analysis clearly shows that the pyrimidine-imidazole portion of the molecule is affected by chelation . This finding is in agreement with the previously reported metal-binding site of the antibiotic . The analysis also shows that carbon atoms which have large through-bond distances from the binding site can experience substantial chemical-shift changes upon metal binding . Complexation of the drug to Cu(II) eliminates 23 resonances from the spectrum of the molecule . All of these resonances emanate from carbon atoms which are located in the pyrimidine-imidazole portion of the drug.

Chromosoma, 1978 Sep 11, 68(4), 287 - 302
The use of base pair specific DNA binding agents as affinity labels for the study of mammalian chromosomes; Jorgenson KF et al.; The fluorochromes Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin are base pair specific DNA binding agents . The fluorescence enhancement of Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin in the presence of DNA can be directly related to the A--T and G--C content of the interacting DNA respectively . Cytological observations of metaphase chromosomes treated with these two compounds suggest that the fluorescent banding patterns produced are the reverse of one another.--Non-fluorescent base pair specific DNA binding agents have been used as counterstains in chromosome preparations to enhance the contrast of the banding patterns produced by the base specific fluorochromes . The non-fluorescent G--C specific antibiotic actinomycin-D enhanced the resolution of fluorescent bands produced by the A--T specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 . Similarly the non-fluorescent A--T specific antibiotic netropsin was found to enhance resolution of the bands produced by the G--C -specific fluorochrome olivomycin . Netropsin was also found to increase the differential fluorescent enhancement of complexes of olivomycin with DNAs of various base composition in solution . These findings suggest that counterstaining agents act through a base sequence dependent inhibition of subsequent binding by base pair specific fluorochromes.--The base specific DNA binding agents have been used to differentiate different types of constitutive heterochromatin in mammalian species, and to facilitate chromosome identification in somatic cell hybrids.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Sep 10, 253(17), 5892 - 4
Characterization of ionomycin as a calcium ionophore; Liu C et al.; The ionophorous properties of a new antibiotic, ionomycin, have been studied . It was found that the antibiotic is capable of extracting calcium ion from the bulk of an aqueous phase into an organic phase . The antibiotic also acts as a mobile ion carrier to transport the cation across a solvent barrier . The divalent cation selectivity order for ionomycin as determined by ion competition experiments was found to be: Ca greater than Mg greater than Sr = Ba, where the binding of strontium and barium by the antibiotic is insignificant . The antibiotic also binds La3+ to some extent, but its complexation with monovalent alkali metal ions is negligible . Measurement of the binding of ionomycin with Ca2+ indicates that ionomycin complexes and transports calcium ion in a one to one stoichiometry.

Vet Rec, 1978 Sep 9, 103(11), 227 - 9
Infective arthritis of the elbow joint in horses; Edwards GB et al.; Six horses were found to have infective arthritis of one elbow joint . The history, and presence of a small wound on the lateral aspect of the elbow suggested the condition was trauma induced . Two horses recovered following joint lavage under general anaesthesia and antibiotic therapy . The joint changes found post mortem in the others were characteristic of an infective arthritis.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1978 Sep, 33(9), 651 - 66
Studies on the mechanism of action of mitomycin C; Rodighiero G et al.; The in vitro formation and properties of the molecular complex between mitomycin C and native DNA were examined by means of various experimental methods; the data obtained indicate that the complex is extremely weak and that the chromophoric moiety of the antibiotic is not involved in its formation . The alkylating activity of mitomycin C was also studied using 3H-mitomycin C; while monofunctional alkylation increases almost in parallel with the concentration of the antibiotic, the difunctional alkylation, causing inter-strand cross-linkages in DNA, rapidly reaches a maximum and then remains constant even when increasing the concentration of the antibiotic and monofunctional alkylation . On the basis of these results, the currently accepted molecular model of the mitomycin--DNA interaction must be revised; a new model of this interaction is presented, which is in better agreement with the properties of mitomycin C and with the latest findings on the subject.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1978 Sep, 61(5), 1103 - 6
Determination of neomycin residues in eggs and stability of residues after cooking; Katz SE et al.; The procedure for neomycin residues used a surfactant to improve extraction, a centrifuge step to eliminate solids that interfere with the diffusion of the antibiotic, and a heat treatment to destroy interfering lysozyme activity . The use of Bcillus stearothermophilus and a 65 degree C incubation yielded a rapid assay with a sensitivity of 0.2 microgram neomycin activity/g egg . Frying eggs caused little or no loss of activity, poaching resulted in 25% loss, and soft boiling and hard boiling caused little or no loss of applied activity . Neomycin residues in eggs were quite stable to normal egg preparation procedures.

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 932 - 8
{Electron microscopic study of the action of submicroscopic levorin structures on Candida guillermondii}; Gerasimov VN et al.; In the course of preparation of aqueous solutions of the polyene antibiotic levorin, the latter is recovered in the solid phase forming granular submicroscopic structures . If the cells of Candida guilliermondii are treated with submicroscopic granular structures (SMGS) of levorin, the structures are adsorbed on the surface of the yeast cell walls . Some visible changes occur in the ultrastructure of the yeast cells incubated with SMGS of levorin for 5 min: the inner layer of the cell wall becomes loose, the periplasmic space appears, the cytoplasmic membrane becomes thicker, the mitochondria swell, and fragmentation of the mitochondrial cristae takes place . Dense round alien bodies 20--40 mn in size can be discerned in the periplasmic space of such cells . If the yeast cells are treated with the levorin structures for a longer period of time (15--60 min), the cell ultrastructure is entirely disorganized.

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 831 - 40
{Systematic place of the act nomycetes of the Albidus Krassilnikov, 1970 group}; Kuznetsov VD et al.; Detailed studies of the taxonomical characteristics and the complex of produced antibiotics made it possible to establish the identity of Actinomyces albus var . fungatus, Solovieva et Rudaya, 1959 and Actinomyces tumemacerans, Krassilnikov et Koveshnikov, 1962 . Both organisms produce a complex of antibiotics comprising albofungin, albonursin, and a polyene antibiotic belonging to the group of tetraenes . The cultures do not belong to the group of verticillate actinomycetes as was believed earlier (Krassilnikov, 1970) . The later name, Actinomyces tumemacerans, is more appropriate since the organism described under the name of Act . albus var . fungatus differs sharply from other representatives of Act . albus and therefore cannot be regarded as its variety (nomen confusum) . Actinomyces sp . RIA-248 producing albofungin differs from Act . tumemacerans P-42 as well as from Act . albus var . fungatus RIA-247 by the complex of produced antibiotics and other taxonomic properties . Apparently, it should be classed as a new species.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Sep, 31(9), 875 - 83
Mechanism of action of macromomycin: DNA strand scission, inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis; Suzuki H et al.; The effects of macromomycin (MCR), a high molecular weight peptide antibiotic, on cell division, DNA synthesis and DNA fragmentation were examined in cultured mammalian tumor cells . When MCR was added to HeLa cell culture simultaneously with {3H}thymidine, inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed depending on the amount of the drug present, although the inhibition was partial even at a high concentration of the drug . Preincubation of cells with MCR for 2 hours before assay was required for the complete inhibition of DNA synthesis . Cell division of synchronized L5178Y cells, arrested at metaphase, was strongly inhibited by MCR, indicating that the inhibition of cell mitosis by the drug was not dependent on the inhibition of DNA synthesis . Strand scission of DNA in MCR-treated cells was observed by alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation . The fragmentation of cellular DNA occurred at low concentration of the drug and within a very short incubation time (37 degrees C, 5 minutes) . At high concentrations of the drug, however, the size of the fragmented DNA remained constant . DNA polymerase activity in isolated nuclei from HeLa and L5178Y cells was stimulated by MCR . These data suggest that MCR works directly on cell nuclei and strand scission of DNA is one of the more important actions of the drug.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Sep, 31(9), 847 - 9
Production, isolation and chemical characterization of mimosamycin; Fukumi H et al.; A procedure is described for the large-scale production of mimosamycin, a satellite antibiotic found in the culture filtrate of Streptomyces lavendulae No . 314 . The 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopic data, are explained in terms of the structure of mimosamycin.

Clin Orthop, 1978 Sep, (135), 69 - 70
Oxacillin induced neutropenia . A case report; Passoff TL et al.; Oxacillin-induced neutropenia is reported in a 16-year-old boy being treated for osteomyelitis . The startling neutropenia developed after 20 days of 200 mg/kg/day of intravenous oxacillin . The neutropenia was not associated with symptoms and was rapidly reversible upon stopping the antibiotic . This reaction may happen with any of the betal lactam antibiotics and is believed to be a direct toxic effect on white cell precursors in the bone marrow.

Br J Ophthalmol, 1978 Sep, 62(9), 660 - 2
Penetration of tobramycin sulphate into the human eye; Petounis A et al.; Tobramycin sulphate, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was injected intramuscularly (80 and 100 mg) and subconjunctivally (10 mg) into patients, and the concentrations of the drug in serum and aqueous humour were determined 1 hour after the injection by an agar wall diffusion plate method . The intramuscular administration of tobramycin produced insignificant and non-inhibitory concentrations in the aqueous humour, while therapeutically effective levels of the antibiotic appeared in the aqueous after subconjunctival administrationof tobramycin (mean: 18.9 microgram/ml) . These data suggest that tobramycin sulphate may be of value in the treatment of ocular infections.

Acta Otolaryngol, 1978 Sep-Oct, 86(3-4), 303 - 8
Aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus . Clinical and histopathological features of 4 cases and a review of the literature; Axelsson H et al.; Four patients with aspergillus maxillary sinusitis are reported and a review of the literature on aspergillus paranasal sinusitis during the last 10 years is presented . The patients had symptoms and X-ray findings similar to a chronic bacterial sinusitis . One patient had been operated upon 6 years previously due to a chronic sinusitis and 3 of the patients had been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs . Caldwell-Luc operations were performed, also to exclude malignant tumours . The aspergillus etiology of the sinuitis was discovered in routine stained sections by histo-pathological examination of the sinus mucosae . No recurrence of the fungus infection occurred after the Caldwell-Luc operation, which was valuable for the correct diagnosis as well as being the best suited therapy.

J Laryngol Otol, 1978 Sep, 92(9), 803 - 10
Malignant otitis externa; Dawson DA; A case is described of malignant otitis externa which was cured by a regime of general and local treatment, including the use of the antibiotic Tobramycin and timely mastoid surgery . The origins, progression, diagnosis and treatment of the disease are discussed with reference to some of the increasingly numerous reports in the literature . Reports disclose an increasing incidence and also an improved prognosis . The former is probably related to the survival of more elderly diabetics and the latter to a better understanding of the disease process and to early medical and, if necessary, surgical treatment . An important feature regarding treatment has been the advent of powerful specific antibiotics including Tobramycin.

HNO, 1978 Sep, 26(9), 296 - 7
{Surgical or conservative treatment in orbital complications of sinus inflammations (author's transl)}; Mann W et al.; 47 patients with orbital complications resulting from acute sinusitis have been treated at the Freiburg ENT Department during the last seven years . Acute ethmoiditis predominated in children, while pansinusitis was more common in adults . Previous sinus surgery did not prevent orbital complications arising from the same sinus . Orbital involvement was classified into periostitis, subperiosteal abscess and orbital cellulitis . According to clinical findings, 44.7% of the patients were managed conservatively . Prognosis was best in periostitis, whereas consersative treatment was unsafe in orbital cellulits . Children usually respond well to appropriate antibiotic coverage but the occurrence of common upper respiratory or anaerobic pathogens should be kept in mind.

Clin Pharmacokinet, 1978 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 395 - 406
Pharmacokinetics of netilmicin in renal insufficiency and haemodialysis; Pechere JC et al.; The pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered netilmicin, an investigational aminoglycoside antibiotic, were studied in 38 patients with creatinine clearance ranging from 150 to Oml/min/1.73m2 in order to determine the influence of kidney function status on the disposition of the antibiotic . The serum disappearance of netilmicin followed first order kinetics and the elimination rate constant decreased proportionally with decreasing renal function . Half-lives averaged 2.2 hours in normal individuals (creatinine clearance greater than 80ml/min/1.73m2) and reached 42 +/- 10 hours (mean +/- SD) in virtually anephric patients . The elimination rate constant lowered proportionally with decreasing renal function . Several linear relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and renal function indicators were defined . A clinically useful correlation indicates that the half-life may be approximated as 3 times the serum creatinine concentration and may be used for adjustment of dosage of netilmicin in the treatment of patients with impaired renal function . During haemodialysis, netilmicin extraction from the blood reaches 75 +/- 14% (mean +-/ 95% confidence interval) of that of creatinine and 88 +/- 19% of that of blood urea nitrogen.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Sep, 23(9), 833 - 6
{Action of carminomycin on leukemic cell proliferation and some problems of its use in the combined therapy of leukemias}; Egorov LV et al.; The effect of carminomycin on the mitotic cycle of the cells of the transplantable leukemia L-1210 and the therapeutic activity of other antitumor drugs, such as phopurine and cyclophosphane was studied on mice BDF1 . It was found that the cells in phases S and G2 of the mitotic cycle were most sensitive to carminomycin . Transfer G1--S and phase G1 were characterized by resistance to the antibiotic effect . When carminomycin was used in combination with phopurine or cyclophosphane, clear dependence of the therapeutic efficacy on the treatment scheme was noted . Simultaneous administration of all the three drugs resulted in potentiation of the antileukemic effect . An analogous effect was observed when carminomycin was administered prior to phopurine or cyclophosphane . When the order of the drugs use was reverse, the efficacy of the combined therapy was significantly lower than the summation antileukemic effect of the drugs.

J Immunol, 1978 Sep, 121(3), 990 - 6
Effect of tunicamycin on IgM, IgA, and IgG secretion by mouse plasmacytoma cells; Hickman S et al.; Tunicamycin, an antibiotic that prevents glycosylation of glycoproteins by blocking the formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates, was used to study the importance of glycosylation for the secretion of immunoglobulins by mouse plasmacytoma lines that produce immunoglobulins of different classes . Biosynthetically labeled secreted and intracellular immunoglobulins were measured by immunoprecipitation assays . Tunicamycin, at a concentration of 0.5 mug/ml produced an 81% inhibition of IgM secretion by MOPC 104E plasma cells without significantly affecting the initial rate of synthesis of intracellular IgM . No increase in the intracellular degradation of nonglycosylated IgM could be demonstrated . Tunicamycin also produced a 64% average inhibition of IgA secretion by several mouse IgA-secreting plasmacytoma lines . In contrast, despite inhibiting the incorporation of D-{14C} glucosamine into newly synthesized IgG, tunicamycin only produced a 28% average inhibition of IgG secretion, which was only slightly more than the nonspecific inhibition of secretion of the normally nonglycosylated lambda2 light chains by variant MOPC 315 plasmacytomas . These data indicate that the extent of inhibition of immunoglobulin secretion produced by tunicamycin depends on the immunoglobulin class produced by the plasma cell.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1978 Sep, 96(9), 1650 - 2
Intraocular penetration of topical clindamycin in rabbits . II . Clindamycin phosphate; Devlin JL 3rd et al.; We have obtained comparative data for the intraocular absorption of topically administered clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate and clindamycin phosphate, made feasible with a new gas chromatographic method of analysis . Results indicated that clindamycin phosphate underwent hydrolysis in the eye, liberating the biologically active clindamycin . However, topical clindamycin hydrochloride produced higher levels (two to six times more) of the antibiotic than those achievable with the phosphates ester in the uvea, aqueous humor, and cornea, presumably due to clindamycin hydrochloride's higher lipid solubility . Based on this data, clindamycin hydrochloride appears to be the preferred form of the antibiotic for topical ocular applications.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1978 Sep, 31(9), 1594 - 600
Effects of intestinal flora on nitrogen metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure; Mitch WE; Gastrointestinal bacteria have been thought to be beneficial to uremic patients since they could provide an internal source of nitrogen by degrading urea and could function as an alternative means of clearing waste products . Data are presented to indicate that the bacteria of uremic patients do not clear significantly more urea than do the intestinal flora of normal subjects . Analysis of urea metabolism before and during oral administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics demonstrated that nitrogen derived from urea is not used by uremic patients for amino acid synthesis . In addition, it was found that nitrogen balance, on the average -0.98 +/- 0.41, significantly improved to -0.18 +/- 0.29 g N per day during the antibiotic period . The possible explanation for this are discussed . It is concluded that intestinal bacteria adversely affect uremic patients by promoting catabolism and by producing toxins which accumulate in body fluids.

J Reprod Med, 1978 Sep, 21(3), 130 - 6
Cephradine and epicillin in body fluids of lactating and pregnant women; Mischler TW et al.; The passage of two antibiotics, cephradine and epicillin, into the milk of 12 lactating women and the amniotic fluid of 48 pregnant women was investigated . All women were given a 500-mg capsule every six hours for at least two days prior to our taking multiple biologic samples from them . Constant levels of both antibiotics were reached in the milk of lactating women as well as in the amniotic fluid of mid-term and full-term pregnant women during the sample period . The ratio of drug concentrations in serum to that in milk was about 5.0 for each antibiotic . In the midtrimester women, the ratio of concentrations in serum to amniotic fluid of both antibiotics was approximately 1.0, suggesting the development of an equilibrium between these two compartments . This ratio was 0.2 for both drugs in the full-term women, demonstrating that the antibiotics concentrated in the amniotic fluid compartment.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1978 Sep, 173(3), 407 - 12
{Erosive-ulcerative type of herpes simplex of the lids (author's transl)}; Egerer I et al.; In 14 patients the diagnosis of an erosive-ulcerative type of herpes simplex of the lids was made . It is characterized by erosions of the intermarginal portion of the lid or by erosions or ulcers of the skin, especially close to the lid margin . A combination of both clinical forms is possible . Characteristic herpetic vesicles have been observed only in one case, being situated in close proximity to the erosive lesion of the lid margin . The visualisation of erosions located at the intermarginal portion of the lid can be facilitated by staining with fluorescein . The lack of vesicular eruptions impedes a proper diagnosis; hence one should search for the history of recurrent herpetic infections . A presumptive diagnosis can be confirmed by the immunofluorescence technique . For treatment, topical application of virustatic and antibiotic ointment is recommended.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Sep, (9), 82 - 5
{Nutrient medium for the isolation of hemocultures from brucellosis patients}; Grushina TA et al.; To isolate brucellosis causative agent from the blood of patients against the background of antibiotic therapy the authors used for the first time the medium consisting of aminopeptide, beta-globulin agar with glucose, glycerine, and twin-60 . No valuable food products--meat, liver--were required to prepare the medium; by-product of gamma-globulin production being used . With the aid of the suggested medium there was isolated 2.4 times more hemocultures than on the widely used meat-peptone medium . This is attributed to the presence in the medium of human protein, essential amino acids, and blood mineral substances, which, in combination, facilitated adaptation of brucellosis causative agent to the nutrient medium similar to human blood by composition . Economical effect in using the mentioned medium constituted 53.8% annually.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Sep, 23(9), 771 - 5
{Density gradient ultracentrifugation method of studying sibiromycin interaction with linear and circular DNA}; Koz'mian LI et al.; Sibiromycin added to linear chromosomal E . coli DNA in vitro leads to the decrease of bouyant density in neutral CsCl density gradient . This decrease is a linear function of sibiromycin/DNA ratio and amounts to about 32 mg/ml at the ratio equal to 0.1 . Binding sibiromycin does not change the degree of hydration of DNA as revealed by centrifugation in metrizamide density gradients . When added to the covalently closed or open circular DNA of PM-2 phage, sibiromycin decreased the bouyant density of these DNA species to a similiar extent . The antibiotic does not induce single-strand breaks in DNA in vitro as follows from the results of ethidium bromide-CsCl density gradient centrifugation of covalently closed PM-2 DNA.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 Sep, 39(9), 1438 - 41
In vivo transfer of an Escherichia coli enterotoxin plasmid possessing genes for drug resistance; Gyles C et al.; Experiments were conducted to study transfer of an enterotoxin (Ent) plasmid from a porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to an E coli K12 strain in the intestine of newly weaned pigs . The Ent plasmid carried genes for resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfonamides, thereby permitting a selection for tetracycline-resistant exconjugants in the feces of the pigs . In vivo transfer of the Ent plasmid was demonstrated to occur when the pigs were given large oral inocula of donor and recipient cultures, 1 hour apart . Differences in extent of transfer were not detected in pigs given antibiotic-free feed compared with littermates on feed containing oxytetracycline at 50 g/ton . In one experiment, tetracycline-resistant Ent- exconjugants were found which appeared to have received an R plasmid from an enteropathogenic type of E coli resident in the intestine.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Sep, 23(9), 829 - 33
{Coamide stimulation of immunogenesis during experimental levomycetin therapy}; Rashidova RA et al.; The effect of various doses of levomycetin on immunogenesis and capacity of coamide for stimulation of immunogenesis in levomycetin therapy was studied . It was found that massive five-fold doses of levomycetin sodium succinate (I and 0.5 g/kg) administered parenterally or orally inhibited immunogenesis, the inhibition being more pronounced on administration of the antibiotic per os . When levomycetin sodium succinate was used in massive doses (1 g/kg) in combination with coamide (0.5 mg/kg) the inhibition of the immune response to the antigenic stimulation was less pronounced.

Urologe A, 1978 Sep, 17(5), 355 - 7
{The effect of transurethral electrical stimulation on the paralyzed and incontinent bladder: objective results (author's transl)}; Madersbacher H; Using objective parameters, improvement of the detrusor function and bladder sensitivity can be obtained in most children . A significant improvement in incontinence appears possible in 30--40% of the patients . The method according to Katona is the only one which creates bladder sensitivity . This method is not a cure all but has improved our therapeutic possibilities, especially when it is combined with pharmacotherapy, long term low dose antibiotic therapy and sphincterotomy.

Arch Microbiol, 1978 Sep 1, 118(3), 289 - 92
The effect of cycloheximide on Euglena gracilis phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases; Spare W et al.; The effect of cycloheximide on the chloroplastic, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial phenylalanyl-transfer RNA synthetases of Euglena gracilis was studied by growing both logarithmic and stationary phase cultures in the presence of the antibiotic . Enzyme activity was measured relative to untreated control cultures . At very low concentrations of cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml), all three log phase enzymes showed an increase in activity of 40-50% . At slightly higher concentrations (2.5 microgram/ml), the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activities were comparable to those of the control cultures . At a cycloheximide concentration of 5 microgram/ml the enzyme activities from stationary phase cultures showed only very slight decreases (5-20%) . The cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes behaved similarly in log phase cultures at this concentration . However, the chloroplastic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from log phase cultures treated with 5 microgram/ml cycloheximide showed a marked decrease in activity (70%) . A further increase in antibiotic concentration to 10 microgram/ml resulted in significant losses of activity of all three enzymes, from both growth stages . The implications of the data with regard to identification of the site(s) of chloroplast enzyme synthesis are discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Sep, 31(9), 884 - 7
Stimulation of prolyl hydroxylase activity by bleomycin; Takeda K et al.; The activity of purified prolyl hydroxylase (proline, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1 . 14 . 11 . 2) was enhanced 3 approximately 8-fold at a low concentration of ferrous ion (1 X 10(-5 M) by addition of bleomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic with antineoplastic activity and a side effect of producing pulmonary fibrosis . The maximum stimulation was attained at a concentration of 15 microgram/ml bleomycin (about 1 X 10(-5) M), which was approximately equimolar with the ferrous ion, one of the cofactors of this enzyme . Addition of bleomycin to the assay mixture resulted in a change of the optimal concentration of ferrous ion from 2 X 10(-3) M to 1 X 10(-5) M . Changing the order of addition of ferrous ion, enzyme and bleomycin in assay medium before incubation at 37 degrees C, the stimulatory activity was varied . Blemycin A2Cu++(Cu++-chelated bleomycin), which scarcely complexed with Fe++, had no enhancing effects on the enzymatic activity . We discuss the possible reasons as to why the activity of prolyl hydroxylase was enhanced by addition of bleomycin in the assay mixture.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1978 Aug 25, 103(34), 1334 - 8
{Cefamandol: pharmacokinetics with normal and impaired renal function (author's transl)}; Hoffler D et al.; 1.0 g cefamandol was injected in 25 patients with various degrees of renal function . Half-life and distribution volume of this antibiotic and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were then measured . The distribution volume was 18.5 +/- 3.5% of body weight, similar to the extracellular space . Half-life and GFR were related in a way which could be expressed in the formula: half-life = 400 sqaure root GFR . Levels of blood concentration of cefamandol could be estimated from half-life and GFR, with the construction of "isoconcentration dosages", by which it is possible to achieve levels similar to those in normal subjects receiving a normal dosage.

Eur J Biochem, 1978 Aug 15, 89(1), 125 - 31
Degradation of guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate in vitro by the spoT gene product of Escherichia coli; Heinemeyer EA et al.; Guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-diphosphate (ppGpp) is rapidly degraded to guanosine 5'-diphosphate (ppG) and probably pyrophosphate by an enzyme present in the ribosomal fraction prepared from spoT+ strains of Escherichia coli . The ppGpp-degrading enzyme was released from the ribosomes during dissociation at low ionic strength . Ribosomes are not essential for degradation of ppGpp, and decay of ppGpp is strictly dependent on manganese ions . The reaction is sensitive to inhibition by tetracycline, which can be reversed by MnCl2, indicating that the inhibitory effect is due to the previously described chelating properties of the antibiotic . When the ppGpp-degrading enzyme was complemented with adenosine 5'-triphosphate (pppA) and a nucleoside diphosphate kinase, decay of ppGpp was accelerated yielding pppG and ppG as major products . In the absence of pppA we have been unable to detect the ppGpp-degrading enzyme in various spoT- mutant strains indicating that this enzyme is the spoT gene product.

Vet Rec, 1978 Aug 12, 103(7), 130 - 1
A severe outbreak of bovine mastitis assoicated with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii; Counter DE; An outbreak of clinical mastitis is described in which 75 cows of a herd of 200 Friesian cows were affected in one or more quarters over a period of three months . Sixty animals failed to return to normal despite various intramammary and systemic antibiotic treatments . Heifers, dry cows and lactating animals were affected . The milk of 15 out of 53 animals tested yielded mixed cultures of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii . Thirteen of 34 sera showed evidence of antibodies to A laidlawii.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Aug 10, 253(15), 5332 - 7
Effect of tunicamycin on the secretion of serum proteins by primary cultures of rat and chick hepatocytes . Studies on transferrin, very low density lipoprotein, and serum albumin; Struck DK et al.; Using rat or chick hepatocyte monolayers, we have studied the effect of tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of protein glycosylation, on the synthesis and secretion of serum proteins . Tunicamycin inhibited glucosamine incorporation into rat liver transferrin and the apoprotein B chain of chick liver very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) by 75 to 90% . In contrasts, amino acid incorporation into these two glycoproteins, as well as into the normally unglycosylated proteins, rat serum albumin and apoprotein A of chick liver VLDL, was decreased by only 10 to 25% in the presence of the antibiotic . Despite the inhibitory effect of tunicamycin on glycosylation, secretion of all four proteins was virtually unimpaired . Thus, the carbohydrate moieties of rat liver transferrin or apoprotein B of chick liver VLDL do not appear to play an essential role in the secretion process.

Fortschr Med, 1978 Aug 3, 96(29), 1447 - 51
{Problems with male contraception . 1 . Physiological foundations, male contraception (mechanical procedures, contraceptives)}; Schill WB; PIP: The various aspects of male fertility control are elaborated . A discussion of spermatogenesis and fertilization mechanisms lays the groundwork for determining how these processes can be inhibited . Mechanical male contraceptive methods are coitus interruptus and coitus condomatus . Coitus interruptus can cause neurotic disturbances in both partners and has a failure rate of 10-20/100 use-years . The condom has a failure rate of about 7/100 use-years . Vasectomy is the most practicable operative male contraceptive method . Scrotal hematoma, scrotal abcesses, and congestive epididymitis are possible post-operative complications . 2/3 of the men who have vasectomies develop sperm autoantibodies, and some develop sperm granulomas . Spontaneous recanalization occurs in .8% of the cases . The incipience of azoospermia after vasectomy is dependent on the number of ejaculations but is difficult to predict . Castration and increasing the temperature of the gonads are other operative methods of male contraception . Medicamentive methods of male contraception must be safe, effective, fast, and reversible; they must cause no genetic changes, disturbances in libido or potency, or changes in secondary sex characteristics . Medicamental agents can affect spermatogenesis; the maturation of the spermatozoa; transport, motility, or metabolism of the spermatozoa; capacitation of the spermatozoa; or the penetration enzymes . Heavy metal compounds, cytostatic, or antibiotic compounds are unsuitable as spermatogenic inhibitors due to side effects . 5-Thio-D-Glucose may show promise as an antispermatogenic agent .

Postgrad Med J, 1978 Aug, 54(634), 541 - 4
The management of childhood osteomyelitis; Khazenifar M et al.; The management of seventy-six children admitted to Aler Hey Children's Hospital with osteomyelitis is discussed and the indications for surgical intervention are defined . The clinical and pathological course of the disease is examined and the term post-acute osteomyelitis is introduced . The importance of recognition of this stage of the disease and its relevance to the management is highlighted . The use of single antibiotic therapy (clindamycin) is shown to be at least as effective as combinational therapy . Complete resolution was achieved in 94.7% of children, surgical intervention was performed on 74.6%.

J Cell Sci, 1978 Aug, 32, 433 - 9
Selecting somatic cell hybrids with hat media and nystatin methyl ester; Fisher PB et al.; The structurally modified polyene antibiotic nystatin methyl ester (NME) has been utilized as a half-selection agent for isolating interspecific mouse--Syrian hamster hybrids . By using HAT media supplmented with NME we have isolated hybrid clones from polyethylene glycol-fused cultures of biochemically defective mouse (A9 or B82) and genetically normal Syrian hamster (KHK/C13) cells . Unfused parental cells were killed in HAT-NME media as a result of their genetic defect, absence of hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase-HGPRT-(A9) or thymidine kinase--TK-(B82), or innate sensitivity to NME (BHK/C13) . In contrast, hybrid cells proliferated and clones were isolated after 3 weeks growth in HAT-NME media, indicating the genetic complementation had occurred and polyene resistance was expressed as a dominant phenotypic property in the hybrids . The presently described technique is efficient in eliminating unfused parental cells and should prove useful in isolating other types of hybrids formed between genetically defective and normal parental cells.

Br J Cancer, 1978 Aug, 38(2), 237 - 49
Thyroid tumours in rats and hepatomas in mice after griseofulvin treatment; Rustia M et al.; Griseofulvin, an antibiotic used to treat dermatophystosis, was tested for carcinogenicity in mice, rats and hamsters . Three groups of mice and rats were given the drug in powdered diet in alternating 5-week periods for life, at dose levels of 3.0%, 1.5% and 0.3% (mice) and 2.0%, 1.0% and 0.2% (rats) . A group of mice and 3 groups of hamsters received continuous daily treatment for life with griseofulvin at 3.0%, 1.5%, 0.3% and 0.1% dose levels respectively . A significant incidence of hepatic tumours was observed at the 2 higher treatment levels in mice . Also, statistically significant rates (P less than or equal to 0.001 and/or P less than or equal to 0.020) of thyroid tumours, indicating a dose-response, were recorded in male rats at the 2.0%, 1.0%, and 0.2% dose levels, and in females at the 2.0% and 1.0% dose levels . Hamsters did not develop neoplasms in response to treatment at any level.

Br J Ophthalmol, 1978 Aug, 62(8), 571 - 4
Orbital blood cyst; Sevel D et al.; A blood cyst of the orbit is an unusual cause of proptosis and most likely arises in a pre-existing haemangioma . If the cyst occurs at the apex of the orbit the blood should be aspirated . This is followed by excision of the cyst wall, the dissection being done with the aid of an operating microscope . If there is evidence of intracranial connection of the blood cyst, namely, splayed superior orbital fissure or cerebrospinal fluid leak, then the patient should be treated with an antibiotic to prevent intracranial infection.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Aug, 23(8), 690 - 2
{Directed isolation of Micromonospora generic cultures on a selective medium with gentamycin}; Ivanitskaia LP et al.; The results of using selective media with gentamicin for directed isolation of Micromonospora are presented . It was shown that the use of the selective media with gentamicin for isolation of actinomycetes from soils of usual humidity levels markedly increased the frequency of Micronomonospora detection . The use of the selective media with gentamicin for plating out silt substrates containing mainly Micromonospora had practically no effect on the increase in the number of the Micromonospora cultures grown . The number of antibiotic-producing Micromonospora isolated on the media with gentamicin was 3 times higher than that on the control media . The use of the selective media with gentamicin provided directed isolation of Micromonospora.

J Clin Invest, 1978 Aug, 62(2), 241 - 7
Gentamicin blockade of slow Ca++ channels in atrial myocardium of guinea pigs; Adams HR et al.; Cardiac dysfunction is occasionally detected in patients undergoing treatment with amino-glycoside antibiotics, however, the mechanism responsible for the negative inotropic effect of these agents has not been identified . In the present investigation electrically driven left atria of guinea pigs were used to study the effects of gentamicin on calcium ion (Ca++)-dependent contractile events in heart muscle isolated from in vivo influences . When atria were first inactivated by excess potassium ion (K+; 22mM) and contractions were then restored by isoproterenol (an experimental model that accentuates the contractile dependence of myocardial fibers on influx of Ca++ through specific "slow channels" of the sarcolemma), the cardiac depressant activity of gentamicin (0.1 mM) was profoundly augmented . Conversely, the negative inotropic effect of tetrodotoxin (23.5 micron) was abolished by the same experimental conditions . Also, gentamicin (1 mM) and La+++ (0.5 mM) markedly decreased the positive inotropic response to increased frequency of stimulation; whereas, D600 (1.05 micron) converted the positive frequency-force relationship to a negative relationship . Present data indicate a direct cardiac depressant action of gentamicin, and suggest that this antibiotic adversely affects either the transport system responsible for Ca++ movement through slow channels of the sarcolemma, the availability of Ca++ for translocation to these sites, or both.

J Clin Chem Clin Biochem, 1978 Aug, 16(8), 447 - 50
{A NH(+4)-selective-enzymatic flow-through system . A method for the continuous enzymatic, electrochemical determination of urea, II (author's transl)}; Schindler JG et al.; A flow-through system for the measurement of urea concentrations is described, using soluble urease and consecutive determination of liberated ammonium ions by a selective disc-electrode . The active component of the electrode membrane was the carrier-antibiotic nonactin which was incorporated in a polyvinylchloride matrix.

Mutat Res, 1978 Aug, 51(2), 189 - 97
On the mechanisms of induced somatic recombination by certain fungicides in Aspergillus nidulans; Kappas A; Four fungicides interfered with the segregation of chromosomes at mitosis of Aspergillus nidulans by increasing the somatic recombination, shown as colour sectors in green colonies, in a strain heterozygous for spore colour mutations . In an attempt to discover the mechanisms by which these fungicides increased the somatic recombination, a prototrophic diploid strain, heterozygous for colour and several other appropriate markers in all chromosomes, was used which enabled the detection and classification of all colour recombinants to be made by genetic analysis . The fungicides investigated were: benomyl (methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate) a benzimidazole derivative, botran (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline) and chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene) of the aromatic hydrocarbon group of fungicides, and the antibiotic actinomycin D . At least three different mechanisms, non-disjunction, mitotic crossing-over and breakage-deletion, were found to be responsible for the recombinogenic activity of the compounds studied.

J Trauma, 1978 Aug, 18(8), 587 - 95
The burned hand: a planned treatment program; Habal MB; A planned treatment program for burned hands has been developed and was used in 72 burns of the dorsum of the hands . Treatment was individualized on the basis of whether hand burns were superficial or deep . In the former, there was evidence of spontaneous reepithelialization within 14 to 21 days . In the latter, immediate or delayed excision, followed by resurfacing with autografts was done . Both groups received topical antibiotic creaming, elevation, an exercise program as soon as they were able, and splinting of the burned hand in the antideformity position . Hypertrophic scars and unacceptable epithelium were excised when they interfered with function . Initially, this program allowed us to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures in 94% of the second-degree burns of the dorsum of the hand . The third-degree burned hand needed excision and autografting in 100% of the burned hands . This treatment program has as its goals: prevention of deformity by early motion and protection of the unburned and regenerating epithelium by creaming with topical antibiotic ointment.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Aug, 24(8), 1012 - 5
Intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels and streptomycin production in cultures of Streptomyces griseus; Ragan CM et al.; Changes in the amount of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate within the mycelium of Streptomyces griseus were measured as cultures progressed through trophophase and idiophase in a complex medium supporting growth and streptomycin synthesis . Concentrations were highest before the cultures entered stationary phase and had declined 90% by 5 h before the antibiotic was produced . This low conentration was maintained while the antibiotic accumulated during the idiophase . The results indicate that the onset of streptomycin synthesis is not directly mediated by an increase in intracellular cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate concentration, and thus that antibiotic production in S . griseus is not controlled by catabolite repression.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Aug, 23(8), 682 - 6
{Polymyxin B biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymatic activity}; Nefelova MV et al.; Activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDG), isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase was found in the extracts of the cells of Bac . polymyxa 153, an organism producing polymyxin B . Dependence of the activity of the above enzymes on the carbon source in the medium, aeration conditions, strain features and culture age was shown . A low level of polymyxin B biosynthesis was observed at high activity of PDG and dehydrogenases of the tricarbonic acid cycle . Increased antibiotic production was recorded against the background of decreases values of the above enzyme activities.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1978 Aug, 75(8), 3603 - 7
Nucleotide specificity in DNA scission by neocarzinostatin; Hatayama T et al.; Using the DNA sequencing technique of Maxam and Gilbert, we show that the protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin, cleaves double-stranded phiX174 DNA restriction fragments almost exclusively at deoxythymidylic and deoxyadenylic acid residues in a reaction requiring 2-mercaptoethanol . Overall, deoxythymidylic acid residues are attacked much more frequently than are deoxyadenylic acid residues, although there is variability in the attack rate for both nucleotides at different locations in the DNA molecule . While all deoxythymidylic acid residues are sites of scission by neocarzinostatin, not all deoxyadenylic acid residues are cleavage sites . There appears to be no clear-cut nucleotide sequence specificity in determining cleavage frequency . Single-stranded DNA is a very poor substrate for neocarzinostatin-induced scission; with one single-stranded DNA fragment, cleavage occurs at a position that is not attacked in double-stranded DNA . The possible significance for its biological activity of a drug that can attack both members of a DNA base pair is discussed.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1978 Aug, 5(8), 2959 - 67
Activation and inactivation of neocarzinostatin-induced cleavage of DNA; Kappen LS et al.; The possible role of free radicals in the mechanism of neocarzinostatin (NCS) action was studied . While mercaptene markedly stimulate the ability of NCS to degrade DNA, they also rapidly inactivate the antibiotic in a preincubation and at higher concentration inhibit the degradation reaction . The radiation protector S,2-aminoethylisothiuronium bromide-HBr is the most potent compound tested . Scavengers of diffusible OH radicals, O2- or H2O2 do not result in significant inhibition of the oxygen-dependent cleavage of DNA by NCS; in fact, alcohols and other organic solvents stimulate the reaction several-fold . By contrast, the potent peroxyl free radical scavenger, alpha-tocopherol, blocks the reaction 50% at 50 micron.

Int J Oral Surg, 1978 Aug, 7(4), 380 - 5
Reconstruction of the horizontal rami of the mandible following avulsion in childhood; Holland PS et al.; A 7-year-old boy was involved in a road traffic accident in October 1971, and apparently had been dragged along face downwards with resultant avulsion of the entire horizontal mandibular rami, and most of the mandibular alveolar soft tissue and teeth . Repair by metal implants was attempted but these proved unsatisfactory, and soft tissue replacement for the missing alveolus was carried out by flap raised from arm . Rib grafting was carried out on three occasions at almost yearly intervals, but each time, probably owing to vascular insufficiency, non-union (or more correctly non-replacement) occurred in the left canine region . To "import" a new blood supply, and free some of the scar tissue, a compound muscle/bone/skin flap bearing the clavicle and sternomastoid muscle was transposed to the mandibular bed . This form of grafting was used extensively in World War I to repair facial gunshot wounds, and the transposed blood supply enabled success in the pre-antibiotic period . Bony union is now satisfactory 5 years after injuries and dentures have been recently fitted; speech is normal, the child's facial contours acceptable, and mastication has been satisfactory during this period.

Br J Pharmacol, 1978 Aug, 63(4), 643 - 9
Mechanism of histamine release from rat mast cells induced by the ionophore A23187: effects of calcium and temperature; Johansen T; 1 The mechanism of histamine release from a pure population of rat mast cells induced by the lipid soluble antibiotic, A23187, has been studied and compared with data for anaphylactic histamine release reported in the literature . 2 Histamine release induced by A23187 in the presence of calcium 10(-3) mol/l was completed in 10 minutes . By preincubation of the mast cells with A23187 for 10 min in the absence of calcium the histamine release induced by calcium, 10(-3) mol/l or 5 x 10(-3) mol/l, was completed in 90 s and 45 s, respectively . 3 A23187-induced histamine release was maximal with calcium 10(-3) mol/l when the cells were incubated at 33 to 39 degrees C for 10 minutes . 4 The cellular mechanism, which was stimulated by A23187 and calcium for the release of histamine, was irreversibly inactivated by incubation at 45 degrees C . 5 An inhibition of energy metabolism was excluded as the cause of the heat inactivation . 6 The dependence of A23187-induced histamine release on calcium and temperature, the time course of histamine release and the heat inactivation are consistent with the view that the same mechanism is involved in A23187-induced and anaphylactic histamine release.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Jul 25, 253(14), 4830 - 2
Effect of light and oxygen on neocarzinostatin stability and DNA-cleaving activity; Burger RM et al.; The in vitro DNA-cleaving activity of neocarzinostatin, a protein antibiotic, is strongly but reversibly inhibited by anaerobiosis . Half-maximal activity is seen in the presence of 0.25 mM O2 . The stability of neocarzinostatin, as demonstrated by its ability to cleave DNA, is significantly reduced in light . Inactivation by light is complete and irreversible.

Aust Vet J, 1978 Jul, 54(7), 342 - 4
The influence of the time of treatment in relation to feeding on the efficacy of amoxycillin therapy in dogs and cats; Siwak AD; A field trial comparing the clinically assessed response to amoxycillin therapy in 148 fasted and 129 non-fasted dogs and cats suffering clinically diagnosed bacterial infections is reported . A satisfactory response to treatment was obtained in 88.8% of these cases . The results indicate that the clinical response to amoxycillin therapy was not affected by the concurrent administration of the antibiotic with food.

HNO, 1978 Jul, 26(7), 237 - 40
{The clinical presentation and management of otogenic intracranial disease (author's transl)}; von Westernhagen B; Since the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of ear infection the number of otogenic intracranial complications has decreased . Furthermore the clinical presentation of these complications has likewise since changed . The traditional symptoms and signs as mentioned in the literature are replaced by an indefinite inflammatory course, which is finally succeeded by rapid progress of the disease despite the use of antibiotics . Experiences with 22 patients are reported . Temporal lobe brain abscesses occurred in 11 patients, meningitis occurred in 3 others and lateral sinus thrombophlebitis occurred in 8, in 2 of whom meningitis also occurred . Five patients died as a result of the intracranial complication . After establishing the diagnosis the recommended treatment is the immediate surgical clearance of the primary aural abscess, together with if possible drainage of the intracranial abscess or evacuation of the lateral sinus disease under appropriate antibiotic cover . Whether the patient with intracranial disease is subsequently handled in the ORL or Neurosurgical wards depends upon ward facilities and interdepartmental liaison and cooperation.

Gut, 1978 Jul, 19(7), 602 - 5
Alterations of the colonic flora and their effect on the hydrogen breath test; Gilat T et al.; The hydrogen breath test was performed by ingestion of 20 g lactulose and analysis of end-expiratory air . Eighteen patients undergoing colonoscopy, 17 receiving antibiotics, 12 prepared for colon surgery, and 15 controls were examined . The test was repeated under control conditions in the treated patients . Eleven of 55 subjects failed to produce significant amounts of hydrogen under control conditions . This 20% proportion of non-hydrogen producers is much higher than that reported by other investigators . The hydrogen production was very markedly depressed after preparation for colonscopy and antibiotic therapy . The effect of neomycin and enemata as used in preparation for colon surgery was less marked . Hydrogen production by the colonic flora is thus subject to individual variations and may be affected by various therapeutic regimens . All these may cause false negative results when using the hydrogen breath test to evaluate carbohydrate absorption . The test should therefore not be performed for a considerable time after therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 611 - 7
{Effect of the multiple peroral administration of carminomycin on the body of animals}; Gol'dberg LE et al.; Toxicity of carminomycin used orally for many times was mainly evident from suppression of blood formation, the level of the suppression being dependent on the antibiotic dose . Carminomycin had a low suppressing effect on the white blood in rats . At low doses even moderate leucocytosis was observed . The indices of the functional state of the liver, kidneys, sugar blood levels, content of glycogen and fat in the liver, relative mass of the rat organs after repeated oral administrations of karminomycin to the animals remained mainly unchanged . A change in wave T on the ECG of the dogs treated with high doses of the antibiotic was registered . Histological examination of the organs and tissues of the animals killed after repeated oral administrations of carminomycin revealed pathological changes only in the spleen and thin intestine . Such changes were not more pronounced than those after repeated intravenous administration of the equivalent doses of the antibiotic (by the effect on the blood formation) . This allowed the author to recommend the oral administration route for carminomycin trials in clinics.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 609 - 11
{Distribution of 3H-carminomycin in the body of mice}; Reznikova MI et al.; Distribution of 3H-carminomycin with the specific activity of 390 mCu/g prepared by the method of isotope exchange in 3H2O was investigated on mice treated with the antibiotic administered intravenously in a dose of 2 mg/kg . It was shown that the antibiotic rapidly accumulated in the mouse tissues, mainly in the liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen . The carminomycin blood levels markedly decreased within the first 5 minutes after the drug administration and remained rather stable during the following 6 hours . The concentrations of carminomycin in the heart muscle were comparatively low . Still, at early periods they were much higher than those in the skeletal muscles . The difference disappeared by 24 hours . Carminomycin penetrated into the tissues of the brain.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 593 - 8
{Hydrolysis of the amidine analogs of penicillins}; Veinberg GA et al.; The products of the hydrolytic degradation of 6-beta-(hexahydro-IH-azepenyl-1)methylenamino) penicillanic acid, 6-beta-(N,N-dimethylformamidino-N1)-penicillanic acid and 6-beta-(morpholinyl-1)methylenamino penicillanic acid were identified with the method of thin-layer chromatography and paper electrophoresis in neutral, acid and alkaline solutions and in the presence of penicillinase . The data of the study showed that acid hydrolysis of the amidine analogues of penicillins resulted in cleavage of the beta-lactame cycle and formation of the respective penicillanic acids . In the alkaline medium the secondary amine (hexamethylenimine, dimethylamine, morpholine) was cleaved from the antibiotic side chain and the resulting N-formyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid was further cleaved up to peniciec acid . The beta-lactame cycle of the antibiotics was cleaved under the effect of penicillinase and the resulting penicilloinic acids degraded into peniciec acid, N-formylpeniciec acid and secondary amines . In the nutral solution the antibiotics were transformed into N-formyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid and penicilloinic acids at the first stage of the hydrolysis followed by their further degradation with formation of N-formylpeniciec acid, peniciec acid and secondary amines.

South Med J, 1978 Jul, 71(7), 858 - 60
Concurrent primary pneumococcemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and sickle cell anemia; McDonald CR et al.; Fulminant pneumococcal infections are rare in teen-agers with sickle cell anemia . A 16-year-old black male with sickle cell anemia was treated as an outpatient for cryptogenic pain crisis, which delayed antibiotic therapy for primary pneumococcal septicemia for seven hours . This patient did not appear ill upon initial presentation but rapidly developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and died.

Laryngoscope, 1978 Jul, 88(7 Pt 2 Suppl 10), Suppl 10: 1 - 65
The sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the hypophysis; Lee KJ; A simple and safe technique for the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach to the hypophysis and parasellar region is described . A review of the literature reveals that this technique and other transsphenoidal routes to the hypophysis were performed more than half a century ago.These procedures fell into disfavor because fo low magnification and insufficient illumination of the operative field, infection and inadequate postoperative endocrine replacement therapy . With today's antibiotic therapy and hormonal replacement, plus the use of the operating microscope, the transsphenoidal route to the hypophysis has gained renewed interest among neurosurgeons and otolaryngologists . Each of the transsphenoidal routes and the advantages of the "from below" approach are described . The applications of transsphenoidal approach and the nonsurgical modalities for hypophysectomy are reviewed . The simplicity and safety of the sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal approach depend on a thorough familiarity with the surgical anatomy, proper positioning of the patient, and the availability of appropriate instrumentation . Photographs of specially prepared whole head anatomical specimens plus skull dissections with radiographic correlation illustrate the pertinent anatomy . Some of the vital structures to be identified and avoided are the optic canals, carotid arteries, circular sinuses, cavernous sinuses, III, IV, V, VI cranial nerves, foramen rotundum, medial walls of the orbits, medial walls of maxillary sinuses, medial pterygoid plates and pterygoid canals . A method for preoperative determination of key distances within the patient's skull is described along with other preoperative tests . This paper discusses the self-retaining speculum and other new instruments for this procedure . A gauge mounted on the front end of the speculum is calibrated to measure the size of the opening at the tip of the speculum . Thirty cases are included in this report, six of which are presented in detail . No operative mortality, CSF rhinorrhea, visual damage carotid or cavernous sinus hemorrhage fracture of the medial pterygoid plates or maxilla were encountered in this series . Three patients developed diabetes insipidus and two patients had meningitis which responded to antibiotic therapy.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1978 Jul-Dec, 71(7-12), 198 - 205
{Biological effects of distamycin A}; Pugliese A et al.; In the present review are examined different biological effects of Distamycin A, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces distallicus . This drug is moderately active on bacteria but it is strongly active on DNA viruses and on some Oncornaviruses, moreover it possesses antineoplastic and antimitotic activity at high doses at which it can result tossic and cause immunodepression.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jul, 23(7), 644 - 7
{Clinical and laboratory comparisons of tetracycline penetration through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in central nervous system diseases}; Imshenetskaia VF; The data on tetracycline penetration from the blood into the serebrospinal fluid of patients with different diseases of the central nervous system are presented . Clinico-laboratory comparisons showed that the antibiotic penetration did not depend on the character and severity of the main disease of the brain (tumor, trauma, abscess) . No dependence on the surgical intervention was either found . The index of tetracycline penetration from the blood into the liquor did not depend on the drug administration route, i.e . intramuscularly or orally . The presence of the post-operative meningitis increased permeability of the brain membranes for tetracycline.

Can Anaesth Soc J, 1978 Jul, 25(4), 303 - 6
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular depression produced by prolonged exposure to Polymyxin B; de Silva AJ et al.; It has been reported previously that in cats pre-treatment for 24 to 48 hours with neomycin sulphate resulted in a change in the pattern of neuromuscular block subsequently produced with this antibiotic . The unique characteristics of neomycin-induced neuromuscular block observed during acute exposure gave way to a pattern of block usually observed with tubocurarine . In a similar experiment on six cats we have demonstrated that with polymyxin B prolonged exposure did not result in a comparable time-dependent change in the nature of the neuromuscular block it produced, in terms of train-of-four, tetanic, and post-tetanic behaviour of the neurally-elicited muscle response . The differing characteristics of neuromuscular block seen with various antibiotics, e.g . the aminoglycoside neomycin as opposed to the polypeptide polymyxin B, during acute and sub-chronic exposure is stressed . Previously observed ability of 4 aminopyridine 0.6 mg/kg to reverse the neuromuscular and cardiovascular depression during acute exposure to polymyxin B persisted in prolonged exposure.

Thromb Haemost, 1978 Jun 30, 39(3), 689 - 94
Platelet-binding of the von Willebrand factor; Green D et al.; The aggregation of platelets by the antibiotic, ristocetin, requires a plasma cofactor (VIII:vWF) and one or more specific binding sites on the platelet membrane . The interaction between VII:vWF and the platelet was examined using VIII:vWF labelled with 125I . In the presence of ristocetin (1.5 mg/ml), from 70 to 90% of the 125I-VIII:vWF became platelet-bound . By contrast, only 21% was bound with thrombin (2.5 microgram/ml), and 2.2% with buffer alone . Fractionation of the platelets revealed that peak radioactivity was present in the membrane fraction . Treatment of ristocetin-reacted platelets with either chymotrypsin, 100 microgram/ml, or trypsin, 75 microgram/ml, resulted in the partial release of the membrane-bound radioactivity . It is concluded that VIII:vWF binds to the platelet membrane in the presence of ristocetin.

J Membr Biol, 1978 Jun 22, 41(1), 65 - 86
Effects of amphotericin b on the electrical properties of Necturus gallbladder: intracellular microelectrode studies; Reuss L; Intracellular microelectrode techniques were employed to study the mechanism by which amphotericin B induces a transient mucosa-negative transepithelial potential (deltaVms) in the gallbladder of Necturus . When the tissue was incubated in standard Na-Ringer's solution, the antibiotic reduced the apical membrane potential by about 40 mV, and the basolateral membrane potential by about 35 mV, whereas the transepithelial potential increased by about 5 mV . The electrical resistance of the apical membrane fell by 83%, and that of the basolateral membrane by 40%; the paracellular resistance remained unchanged . Circuit analysis indicated that the equivalent electromotive forces of the apical and basolateral membranes fell by 35 and 11 mV, respectively . Changes in potentials and resistances produced by ionic substitutions in the mucosal bathing medium showed that amphotericin B produces a nonselective increase in apical membrane small monovalent cation conductance (K, Na, Li) . In the presence of Na-Ringer's on the mucosal side, this resulted in a reduction of the K permselectivity of the membrane, and thus in a fall of its equivalent emf . During short term exposure to amphotericin B, PNa/PCl across the paracellular pathway did not change significantly, whereas PK/PNa doubled . These results indicate that deltaVms is due to an increase of gNa across the luminal membranes of the epithelial cells (Cremaschi et al., 1977 . J . Membrane Biol . 34:55); the data do not support the alternative hypothesis (Rose & Nahrwold, 1976 . J . Membrane Biol 29:1) that deltaVms results from a reduction in shunt PNa/PCl acting in combination with a rheogenic basolateral Na pump.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Jun 22, 519(1), 31 - 48
Repair of lesions induced by bruneomycin in DNA of isolated mitochondria from the mature eggs of the teleost fish Misgurnus fossilis; Mikhailov VS et al.; Addition of a radiomimetic antibiotic bruneomycin (Streptonigrin) to isolated mitochondria from mature quiescent oocytes of the teleost fish loach Misgurnus fossilis leads to the induction of unscheduled synthesis of mitochondrial DNA . Most of the newly synthesized DNA has the sedimentation properties of open circles and up to 15% of the label is present in the fraction of the covalently closed-circular molecules . The size of the newly synthesized DNA stretches determined from the bouyant shift of DNA labeled with 5-bromouracil and {3H}dAMP and sonicated to fragments of different molecular weight, was found to be equal to about 1000 nucleotides for the labeled covalently closed circles and to about 2000 nucleotides for the labeled open-circular DNA . Experiments with the centrifugation of non-sheared and sonicated 5-bromouracil and {3H}dAMP-labeled mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in alkaline CsCl density gradients provided evidence of a covalent linkage between newly-synthesized stretches and the parental DNA strands . It is concluded from these data that the unscheduled mtDNA synthesis induced by bruneomycin does at least in part represent mtDNA repair synthesis.

Med Klin, 1978 Jun 16, 73(24), 910 - 3
{Clinical pharmacology of Bacampicillin in comparison to Ampicillin (author's transl)}; Simon C et al.; Equimolecular doses of Ampicillin and Bacampicillin were administrated orally, of Ampicillin also by i.v . injection to 10 healthy adult volunteers (cross over study) . By comparison of areas under serum level curves after i.v . and oral administration absorption rate of Bacampicillin which is hydrolysed rapidly to Ampicillin in the body was determined as 95% . Peaks of serum levels after 0.8 g . Bacampicillin administered orally were higher (15,9 microgram/ml) and earlier (after 60 min) than after 0.556 g . Ampicillin administered orally (3.5 microgram/ml after 150 min) . Concentrations of Ampicillin in skin blister fluid 1 h after i.v . injection of Ampicillin were 20 times higher than after oral administration of Ampicillin and 3-4 times higher than after oral administration of Bacampicillin; after 3 and 4 hours skin blister levels after i.v . injection were only a half of skin blister levels after oral administration of Bacampicillin . Determination of antibiotic concentrations in saliva and tears showed similar relations . Since higher peaks in serum resulted in higher concentrations in the extravascular space Bacampicillin which is absorbed compeltely and more rapidly should be prefered for oral administration.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jun, 23(6), 499 - 503
{Dependence of the component makeup of the gentamicin complex on Micromonospora purpurea var . violacea 1935 cultivation conditions}; Laznikova TN et al.; Dependence of biosynthesis of gentamicin and vitamin B12 on complex and "synthetic" media under conditions of decreased aeration, increased phosphorus levels and non-optimal content of carbon source was studied . The decreased levels of vitamin B12 production under conditions of the non-optimal content of the carbon source and increased phosphorus levels in the medium resulted in decreased production of the antibiotic complex as a whole and decreased relative content of the most methylated gentamicins C1 and C2 in the complex . Decreased aeration lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic production without changing the ratio of the components in the complex and the level of vitamin B12 production.

Cell, 1978 Jun, 14(2), 415 - 21
Isolation and characterization of amphotericin B-resistant cell lines in Chinese hamster cells; Hidaka K et al.; Amphotericin B is a polyene macrolide antibiotic which interacts specifically with sterols in mammalian cell membranes . Amphotericin B-resistant (AMBr) lines of stable phenotype have been isolated from cultured Chinese hamster (V79) cells . Three AMBr clones (AMBr-1, -2 and -3) isolated independently after treatment with nitrosoguanidine were resistant to greater than or equal to microgram/ml of the antibiotic, while DNA synthesis as well as the colony-forming ability of the parental V79 cells was blocked by greater than 80% of control in the presence of 20--50 microgram/ml amphotericin B . The AMBr cell line also exhibited increased resistance to other polyene macrolide antibiotics such as nystatin and pentamycin . Other agents, however, such as cytosine arabinoside or ricin, blocked DNA synthesis in AMBr cells to the same extent as in V79 cells . The amphotericin B resistance phenotype was stably retained even after AMBr cells were cultured in the absence of the drug for over 200 generations . The control of free cholesterol or its esters was significantly decreased in all three resistant clones . Furthermore, cholesterol synthesis from acetate as well as mevalonate was partly defective in AMBr cells, compared with that in V79 cells.

South Med J, 1978 Jun, 71(6), 672 - 3
Use of doxycycline in elective first trimester abortion; London RS et al.; Elective first trimester abortion was performed in 263 patients, including 86 control patients and 177 patients receiving doxycycline as prophylactic antibiotic coverage . Abortions were done by the same physicians, using a standard protocol . Control and study populations had similar courses, except that the incidence of major complications and total complications was significantly reduced in the group receiving doxycycline . No untoward reactions to the drug were noted, and patient compliance was excellent . The results suggest that the low morbidity of elective suction abortion is further reduced by prophylactic doxycycline.

Obstet Gynecol, 1978 Jun, 51(6), 643 - 7
Maternal and fetal outcome of Lamaze-prepared patients; Hughey MJ et al.; To determine whether Lamaze childbirth preparation is harmless, harmful, or beneficial, 500 consecutive Lamaze-prepared patients were compared to 500 hand-picked controls, matched for age, race, parity, and educational level . Lamaze preparation was found to have a significant beneficial effect in almost every obstetric preformance category . The Lamaze-oriented patients had one-fourth the number of cesarean sections and one-fifth the amount of fetal distress (P less than .005) . Postpartum infection, measured both by maternal febrile morbidity and by the incidence of antibiotic use, was one-third that of the controls (P less than .005) . Similarly, the "prepared" patients had fewer perineal lacerations and those that occurred were not as serious as those in the control patients (P less than .005) . The control patients had three times as many cases of toxemia of pregnancy (P less than .005) and twice as many of prematurity (P less than .05).

J Trop Med Hyg, 1978 Jun, 81(6), 113 - 5
Unusual presentation of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis--a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem; Malhotra KK et al.; A fatal case of meningo-encephalitis due to Amoeba naegleria is discussed . It was a problem for diagnosis because of its unusual presentation . The patient, a young pregnant female presented with pyrexia, severe headache, and photophobia . Anti-biotic therapy was started after a provisional diagnosis of acute pyogenic meningitis had been made . There was no response to antibiotic therapy . Facial nerve palsy and abnormal activity in the left centro-temporal region in the EEG was observed and suspicion of an intra-cranial space occupying lesion was entertained . Carotid angiography and ventriculography, however, showed no abnormality . Repeat cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed motile amoebae . The patient, however, died shortly afterwards . This case is documented for its atypical clinical presentation and therapeutic problems.

Arch Surg, 1978 Jun, 113(6), 727 - 8
Missile tract infections after transcolonic gunshot wounds; Flint LM Jr et al.; Severe invasive infections around missiles or missile tracts may occur after transcolonic gunshot wounds . Observations in seven patients disclosed that infections of bone, soft tissue, retroperitoneum, and vascular structures resulted from the contamination of these tissues by missiles that had passed through the lumen of the colon . The infections were frequently obscure and difficult to diagnose unless the missile was considered to be a potential source of contamination . Two of seven patients died as a direct result of infection . Aggressive debridement of missile tracts, removal of accessible missiles, and adjunctive antibiotic therapy were useful.

Gastroenterology, 1978 Jun, 74(6), 1196 - 1203
Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis: a study by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; Lam SK et al.; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms were studied in 52 patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, a condition which is prevalent in Asia and in which there is a primary bacterial cholangitis . The earlier changes of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis were identified and found to be confined to the intrahepatic biliary tree . The left hepatic duct was more severely affected than the right hepatic duct and had a higher infestation by clonorchis . The severity of radiological changes correlated well with the duration of illness and the need for surgery . Gallstones were present in 34.2% of the patients and pancreatic ductal abnormality in 7.7% . The decision for surgery could be made early and accurately, and the type of surgery and the assignment of surgeons could be planned in advance--situations which conventional intravenous cholangiograms could not achieve . Cholangitis complicated endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms in 23.1% of the initial 26 patients without antibiotic cover but none of the subsequent 26 in whom this was used.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jun, 23(6), 562 - 4
{Kanamycin films for ulcerative lesions of the cornea}; Verzin AA; The kanamycin films were used once for the treatment of 28 patients with the cornea ulcers . The positive effect was registered in 20 patients . Eight patients were treated with the films and the antibiotic acqueous solution . The best results were observed in the patients with affection of the surface layers of the cornea . The positive therapeutic results were registered in 20 patients after operations in connection with cataracta and glaucoma when treated with the films containing kanamycin and dexametazon.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1978 Jun, 5(6), 1919 - 32
Primed abortive initiation of RNA synthesis by E . coli RNA polymerase on T7 DNA . Steady state kinetic studies; Smagowicz WJ et al.; Ternary complexes of T7 DNA, RNA polymerase and the antibiotic rifampicin carry out the promoter specific abortive initiation when dinucleoside monophosphates were employed as primers . Primed abortive initiation, leading to synthesis of trinucleoside diphosphates, only occured with combinations of primers and substrates complementary to a promoter region of 8 base pairs centered around the origin of transcription . The steady state kinetics of three abortive initiations at T7 promoter A3 were studied in detail . The reactions appeared to be truly ordered . Affinity constants, maximal velocities and elementary step rate constants were thus obtained . The stimulation by dinucleoside monophosphate primers is brought about by positively effecting the function of the substrate site rather then by their higher affinity to the primer site of the transcriptional complex.

Am J Surg, 1978 Jun, 135(6), 853 - 6
Tuberculous joint disease in transplant patients; Ascher NL et al.; Three patients with tuberculosis, all manifesting monarticular joint involvement, among 845 renal allograft recipients at the University of Minnesota are reported on . Clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and optimal antibiotic regimes are discussed . The physician must suspect tuberculous joint disease when confronted with monarticular swelling and pain in the transplant recipient.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1978 Jun, 96(6), 1017 - 8
Endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy; Freedman J et al.; Two cases of late endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy surgery are described . Despite intensive antibiotic therapy, the visual end result in both cases was poor . The incidence of endophthalmitis after trabeculectomy, according to this report is similar to that after Scheie's procedure, but less than that after trephination . A possible cause of endophthalmitis is the anterior dissection of the superficial scleral flap into the cornea.

Am Heart J, 1978 Jun, 95(6), 757 - 60
Acute postoperative graft phlebitis: a rare cause of saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass failure; Bulkley BH et al.; Most graft occlusions occurring early after saphenous vein coronary artery bypass procedures result from technical problems at the graft to coronary artery anastomosis site . This report describes an unusual cause of graft occlusion in a 67-year-old man who died three weeks after operation--a postoperative acute phlebitis of an implanted saphenous vein graft . Infection in the graft wall resulted in isolated graft thrombosis in the setting of a patent anastomosis . Graft phlebitis in this patient was associated with a purulent pericarditis and mediastinitis which failed to respond to surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy . Although mediastinitis is not infrequent, infection of an implanted saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft in association with mediastinitis has never been reported . The findings in our case show that such graft infection may occur, and may result in graft thrombosis and occlusion.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 Jun, 39(6), 1043 - 7
Maintenance of foals with combined immunodeficiency: causes and control of secondary infections; Perryman LE et al.; Sixty-six cases of combined immunodeficiency (CID) in foals were studied to determine the most prevalent causes of infection and death . Lesions of the respiratory system were observed in 59 of the foals and were attributable to infection with equine adenovirus . Pneumocystis carinii, and bacteria . Significant lesions were also observed in liver, pancreas, intestines, heart, and kidneys . Maintenance of foals with CID for experimental purposes is directed at the prevention and control of these secondary infections . Adenovirus can be controlled by administration of horse plasma containing high titers of antiadenovirus antibody . Bacteria are controlled by appropriate antibiotic therapy . Pneumocystis carinii infection remains a significant problem in the maintenance of foals with CID.

Mutat Res, 1978 Jun, 53(3), 309 - 16
Genetic activity of bleomycin: differential effects on mitotic recombination and mutations in yeast; Hannan MA et al.; The genetic effects of the antitumor antibiotic, bleomycin were studied in different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . It was observed that the drug induced a high frequency of mitotic recombination and gene conversion . In contrast, it produced only a few mutations from adenine independence to adenine dependence and histidine dependence (a missense mutant) to histidine independence . In the strains carrying ochre-suppressible auxotrophic markers, no prototrophs were induced by this drug . The results indicating the specific activity of bleomycin are discussed and, in this connection, the usefulness of yeast as a test organism in mutagenicity screening is emphasized.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 May 31, 161(3), 261 - 5
Viomycin favours the formation of 70S ribosome couples; Yamada T et al.; The peptide antibiotic viomycin at a concentration of 10 muM inhibits E . coli ribosomes to the extent of about 70% as measured in the poly (U) system, and to about 85% in a natural mRNA (R17) system . Ribosomes from M . smegmatis show no activity at all at this concentration of the antibiotic . Experiments on the Mg+2 dependent dissociation and association of the ribosomal subunits revealed that viomycin stabilizes the 70S couples and promotes association of ribosomal subunits . This response is related to the drug action as indicated by the observation that viomycin resistant strains are not affected by viomycin with respect to dissociation and 70S couple information . A model for the inhibitory action of the drug is proposed.

J Biol Chem, 1978 May 25, 253(10), 3384 - 6
Identification of a 48 S preinitiation complex in reticulocyte lysate; Safer B et al.; When the polypeptide initiation sequence is interrupted by the peptide antibiotic edeine, the sedimentation coefficient of the native small ribosomal subunit is increased from 43 S to 48 S . Formation of the 48 SN particle is absolutely dependent on the binding of both Met-tRNAf and globin mRNA . These results support the concept that Met-tRNAf binds to the native small ribosomal subunit before mRNA, and that processes involved in mRNA binding to the 43 SN preinitiation complex may be the rate-limiting step of 80 S initiation complex formation.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1978 May 15, 131(2), 149 - 56
Pelvic abscess in association with intrauterine contraceptive device; Scott WC; PIP: Pelvic abscess in association with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) is reviewed . An analysis of 5 years' experience at the Arizona Health Sciences Center is included . 34% of 169 patients had an IUCD in place at the onset of infection . 24 of the patients were under 20 years of age and 35% were nulliparous . 11 of the nulliparous were rendered sterile following surgical extirpative therapy . 66 patients developed pelvic and tubo-ovarian abscesses . 38% of the abscesses were related to IUCD usage . The evidence presented documents the serious infection potential that IUCD usage entails, the antibiotic and surgical management, the infertility that results, and the mechanism assumed responsible . The high risk patient appears to be young, nulliparous, sexually active, and of the lower socioeconomic strata .

J Biol Chem, 1978 May 10, 253(9), 3259 - 64
Studies on macromomycin, an antitumor protein; Im WB et al.; Macromomycin is a protein isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces macromomyceticus . It is an antibiotic and also cytotoxic to a broad spectrum of carcinoma cells, the ID50 for P388 leukemia cells being 1 X 10(-9) M . Macromomycin binds rapidly and tightly to the P388 cell membrane and the eventual death of the cell cannot be reversed by either washing the toxin away or treating the cell with trypsin . The cytotoxicity does not appear to be specific for any phase of the P388 cell cycle . Macromomycin is a single polypeptide, pI 5.38, devoid of methionine and arginine residues and contains 4 cysteine residues joined by two intramolecular disulfide bonds . The cytotoxicity results in inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in P388, the latter inhibition occurring a few hours after the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis . The antibiotic and antitumor activities are destroyed rapidly by ultraviolet light, which gives a product that differs little in amino acid composition, molecular weight, and antigenic property, but can be separated from the native macromomycin by ion exchange chromatography . It is proposed that macromomycin has an ultraviolet-sensitive prosthetic group upon which much of the biological activity is based.

Lancet, 1978 May 6, 1(8071), 962 - 4
Penetration of four cephalosporins into tissue fluid in man; Gillett AP et al.; The penetration of four cephalosporins into tissue fluid obtained with a skinabrasion technique was studied . Two oral antibiotics, cephalexin and CGP 9000, had similar pharmacology and penetrated the fluid in equivalent amounts . Cefuroxime (33% protein-bound) and cefoxitin (65-79% proteinbound) attained levels in tissue fluid which were very similar to their blood levels . The level of antibiotic in the tissues seems to be closely related to the blood level and is not adversely affected by protein binding.

Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1978 May 5, 302(3), 323 - 7
The interaction of rifamycin SV with hepatic transport of taurocholic acid in the isolated perfused rat liver; Kroker R et al.; The effect of rifamycin SV on hepatic transport of taurocholic acid was investigated using isolated perfused rat liver technique . In all experiments, the perfused liver was maintained at taurocholic acid steady state by infusing constant amount of taurocholic acid . Infusion of rifamycin SV at various rates decreased biliary secretion of bile acids in a dose-dependent manner . Replacement of rifamycin SV by perfusion medium reversed this effect . To determine the site of action of rifamycin SV, kinetic experiments with 14C-taurocholic acid were undertaken . Rifamycin SV elevated the half-life of the medium disappearance of 14C-taurocholic acid . Furthermore, the antibiotic delayed the biliary appearance of 14C-taurocholic acid . The analysis of the results gave indications that the antibiotic interferred with hepatic uptake as well as biliary secretion of taurocholic acid.

JAMA, 1978 May 5, 239(18), 1851 - 4
Assisted ventilation for patients with cystic fibrosis; Davis PB et al.; Forty-six patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), 1 month to 32 years of age, had 51 episodes of assisted ventilation . Thirty-five (69%) died after 1 to 395 days of mechanical ventilation and six others (12%) died in the hospital 1 to 42 days after assisted ventilation therapy was discontinued . Only three patients survived longer than one year after discharge . These results are much poorer than those reported for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of other causes probably because of the different natural history and response to therapy in CF . Patients with CF whose conditions progressively deteriorated despite optimal therapy and no longer respond to antibiotic and physical therapy are not good candidates for mechanical ventilation . The occasional patient with good baseline status in whom acute respiratory failure develops should be considered for assisted ventilation.

Orthopedics, 1978 May-Jun, 1(3), 222 - 3
Infection after knee replacement surgery; Cozen L; Vigorous treatment is not always necessary to eradicate late postoperative infection after total knee implantation . Aspiration of the pus and intravenous antibiotic administration was enough to eradicate the infection in the case reported.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1978 May-Jun, 12(3), 557 - 64
{Oriented complexes of nucleic acids with low-molecular weight ligands . I . Anisotropy of the absorbance of DNA complexes with distamycin A and its analogs}; Sveshnikov PG et al.; The anisotropy of absorbance (near 320 and 258 nm) of the DNA complexes with distamycin A and two analogues have been studied . Measurements were made along the direction of the flow oreintation of the complexes . The comparison of two orientation effects: deltaA320=(Astop--Aflow)320 and deltaA258=(Astop--Aflow)258, gave the opportunity to estimate the inclination angle of distamycin chromophores with respect to the DNA axis: for all three analogues the angle was lying between 40 and 45 degrees . These results strongly support the model of the complex where the antibiotic is inserted into the narrow grove of the DNA helix.

HNO, 1978 May, 26(5), 180 - 2
{Conservative treatment for acute otitis media (author's transl)}; Link R; The local treatment of acute otitis media consists of an early paracentesis or in the care of the external auditory canal when suppuration occurs . Causal treatment requires a restoration of the nose, the paranasal sinuses, and the nasopharynx to normal function . For general treatment, chemo- or antibiotic therapy is most prominent . Such is not always necessary, but if it is required, it must be given in high doeses until all cardinal symptoms have disappeared . An insufficient treatment leads to a pathomorphosis which can be observed as mucoid or secretory otitis media in 4--8 year old children.

Helv Chir Acta, 1978 May, 45(1-2), 89 - 92
{Results of a fast colic preparation}; Marti MC et al.; Experience with whole-gut irrigation as a method of bowel preparation in 100 patients undergoing surgery is described . The use of this technique, the physiological records and the results are very satisfactory . Bowel movements start on the 3.2 postoperative day; stools are passed on the 5.7 day . Despite the absence of antibiotic prophylaxy, there were only 3.7% anastomotic leakage and 3.4% wound septic complications.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 May, 62(5), 693 - 8
Acute renal failure after cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and gentamicin-cephalothin therapies; Gonzalez-Vitale JC et al.; Combined gentamicin-cephalothin therapy in four patients after treatment with cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CPDD) for advanced solid tumors was complicated by severe acute renal failure . The total dose of gentamicin varied from 240 to 945 mg and that of cephalothin varied from 28 to 48 g . Low-dose (0.5 mg/kg x 8) CPDD was given to one patient, high-dose (3 mg/kg) CPDD was given to two patients, and very high-dose (5 mg/kg) CPDD was given to one patient . The high and very high doses of CPDD were given with concomitant mannitol diuresis . CPDD therapy was complicated by mild transient azotemia in three patients and by severe acute renal failure in one . In the latter, the azotemia began to improve on Day 7 after CPDD treatment . Following gentamicin-cephalothin therapy, all patients developed severe acute renal failure which persisted until death . At autopsy, all patients had extensive renal tubular necrosis at various stages . These findings indicate that gentamicin-cephalothin therapy after treatment with CPDD can be severely nephrotoxic, and that this antibiotic combination should be given with great caution, if at all, to patients receiving CPDD treatment for malignancy.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1978 May, 96(5), 880 - 4
Intraocular penetration of topical clindamycin in rabbits; Mercer KB et al.; Clindamycin is a recently developed, semisynthetic antibiotic whose spectrum of activity suggests a potential for the treatment of common ocular infections . The upake by various ocular tissues and serum in albino rabbits after topical administration of 0.2% clindamycin hydrochloride was studied . Therapeutic levels were achieved in the cornea, aqueous humor, and iris-ciliary body and persisted for two hours . Peak concentration occurred in the cornea within 15 minutes and in the aqueous humor and the iris-ciliary body at 30 minutes . Freezing of the tissue reduced active clindamycin levels in the cornea by a factor of 2 to 2 1/2 of those determined by fresh tissue analysis but had no apparent effect on aqueous humor and iris-ciliary body . There were, however, no detectable levels in the serum or vitreous humor.

Antibiotiki, 1978 May, 23(5), 450 - 3
{Acute toxicity and the cumulative properties of carfecillin}; Lidovskii MZ et al.; Acute toxicity of oral and intraperitoneal carfecillin was studied on different species of laboratory animals, such as albino mice, rats and guinea pigs . The average lethal doses equal to 3040 (2393.7-3860.8) and 1325 (1104.2-1590) mg/kg for oral and intraperitoneal administration respectively allowed the authors to consider the antibiotic as a low toxic substance under conditions of a single administration . Higher toxicity of carfecillin as compared to carbenicillin may be due to production of free phenol on carfecillin hydrolysin in the animal organism . The different laboratory animals of both sexes had almost the same sensitivity to the antibiotic . On repeated administration of carfecillin to the albino mouse stomach (in portions of LD50) no cumulative properties of the antibiotic were observed.

Antibiotiki, 1978 May, 23(5), 400 - 3
{Carminomycin induction of single-stranded breaks in the DNA of tumor cells}; Trenin AS; The effect of carminomycin, an antitumor antibiotic of the anthracycline group on DNA of lymphadenosis cells of mice NK/LI was studied . It was found that carminomycin induced single-stranded breaks in DNA . The effect of the antibiotic was proportional to its concentration and depended on the time of the cell exposure to it . When the antibiotic was used in a concentration of 10 gamma/ml, the maximum effect was observed within a minute of incubation . Reparation of DNA must be possible on prolong exposure of the cells to the above dose of the antibiotic . Double-stranded breaks as well as significant degradation of the DNA complex with other nuclear components were not observed.

J Infect Dis, 1978 May, 137 Suppl, S139 - S143
Carbenicillin plus cefamandole in the treatment of infections in patients with cancer; Bodey GP et al.; The combination of carbenicillin plus cefamandole was administered to 88 patients with cancer during 116 evaluable episodes of fever . The overall response rate to carbenicillin plus cefamandole for the 116 episodes was 57% . There were 60 documented infections, of which 60% responded to this combination of antibiotics . The response rate was only 43% in patients with pneumonia . The etiologic agent was identified during 38 infections, of which 74% responded to carbenicillin plus cefamandole . Responses occurred less frequently in patients with neutropenia than in those without neutropenia and less frequently in patients whose infection was caused by organisms resistant to both antibiotics than in those with infection caused by organisms sensitive to one or both of the drugs . No side effects could be attributed to the antibiotic regimen.

Arch Intern Med, 1978 May, 138(5), 793 - 4
Exacerbation of renal failure associated with doxycycline; Orr LH Jr et al.; Doxycycline has been considered a safe broad-spectrum antibiotic for patients with renal failure . Although doxycycline possesses many of the metabolic properties of the tetracycline group, toxic blood levels usually do not occur because of the drug's unique extrarenal route of excretion . We report here a patient with stable chronic renal failure whose renal function acutely and reversibly deteriorated coincident with a 14-day course of doxycycline . Review of the literature suggests that occasional patients may have impairment of the nonrenal excretory pathway for doxycycline . We speculate that these patients are at risk for developing nephrotoxic levels of this antibiotic.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1978 May, 75(5), 670 - 9
Clinical spectrum of septic pulmonary embolism and infarction; MacMillan JC et al.; Management of septic pulmonary embolism now suggests a predictability of the clinical course which often allows an early decision regarding the need for definitive thoracotomy . Sixty patients have been treated within the past 5 years . Antibiotics were employed in all patients, administered whenever possible according to cultures . In 12 patients thoracotomy was required . This involved decortication and varying amounts of pulmonary resection from wedge excision to pneumonectomy . Early appreciation of septic pulmonary embolism and prompt thoracotomy can frequently obviate the need for tardy open drainage procedures with consequent prolonged recovery . Sources of emboli must be controlled . Interruption of the inferior vena cava, vein excision, aggressive control of peripheral abscesses, and excision of the tricuspid valve may be required . Reliance on antiocagulants alone to control emboli is dangerous, and proper surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy reduce the need for long-term anticoagulation.

J Pharm Sci, 1978 May, 67(5), 669 - 72
High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of cycloheximide in ointment and suspension formulations; Brown LW; A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the assay of the antibiotic cycloheximidein bulk drug and two experimental formulations . The method utilizes a reversed-phase C18 chromatographic column and refractive index detection . Possible impurities or degradation products, isocycloheximide, anhydrocycloheximide, and dimethylcyclohexone, are well separated from cycloheximide by this procedure . Complete extraction of cycloheximide from the formulations was obtained . The assay has a relative standard deviation of approximately 1%.

Arthritis Rheum, 1978 May, 21(4), 461 - 6
The growth kinetics of synovial fibroblastic cells from inflammatory and noninflammatory arthropathies; Anastassiades TP et al.; The growth kinetics of subcultured human synovial fibroblasts from 16 patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory arthropathies were studied in antibiotic free media . The experimental design allowed a clear distinction between the growth rates and final saturation densities achieved . The effects of refeeding and of the serum concentration were evaluated for each line . Inflammatory lines achieved significantly higher final saturation densities and growth rates than noninflammatory lines for most protocols, but the differences between rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid groups were less marked . Inflammaroty fibroblasts demonstrated a greater independence to nutritional and growth stimulatory factors in their microenvironment than noninflammatory fibroblasts.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1978 May, 25(5), 474 - 6
Mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta following coronary revascularization; Crosby IK et al.; A large mycotic aneurysm of the ascending aorta that appeared two years, three months after triple coronary revascularization is described . Hypothermia and total circulatory arrest were used in excising the aneurysm, and sterilization of the mediastinum was achieved with systemic and local antibiotic therapy . Follow-up at eight months showed a satisfactory postoperative course and no recurrence of mediastinal infection.

Eur J Biochem, 1978 May, 86(1), 153 - 7
The binding of kirromycin to elongation factor Tu . Structural alterations are responsible for the inhibitory action; Pingoud A et al.; The influence of kirromycin on the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in its binary and ternary complexes was investigated . The equilibrium constant for the binding of the antibiotic to EF-Tu . GDP and EF-Tu . GTP was determined by circular dichroism titrations to be 4 x 10(6) M-1, and to EF-Tu . GTP . aa-tRNA by a combination of circular dichroism titrations and hydrolysis protection experiments to be 2 x 10(6) M-1 . In the presence of kirromycin the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to EF-Tu . GTP is weakened by a factor of two . The antibiotic changes the conformation of the ternary complex in such a way that the aminoacyl moiety of the aminoacyl-tRNA is more accessible to the non-enzymatic hydrolysis . It is concluded that this structural alteration is responsible for the inhibitory action of the antibiotic.

Antibiotiki, 1978 May, 23(5), 441 - 5
{Bioavailability of tetracycline hydrochloride capsules (an in vivo study)}; Zak AF et al.; Blood absorption of tetracycline hydrochloride of various dispersity levels from capsules containing tetracycline alone or in combination with additives, such as magnesium carbonate and calcium salts was studied on humans . It was found that higher dispersity levels of tetracycline hydrochloride powder in capsules was not accompanied by increased blood absorption of the antibiotic . Addition of magnesium carbonate and calcium salts to the antibiotic in the process of capsulation markedly retarded the blood absorption . Clear correlation between the antibiotic dissolution rate in vitro and intensity of its blood absorption in volunteers was shown.

Am J Surg, 1978 May, 135(5), 647 - 50
Hepatic abscesses: improvement in mortality with early diagnosis and treatment; Satiani B et al.; This study demonstrates that hepatic abscesses are highly lethal when untreated . There was an overall mortality of 29 per cent; however, if autopsy cases are excluded the mortality was only 13 per cent . Positive blood cultures (especially if multiple or anaerobic organisms), significant anemia, elevated bilirubin levels, multiple abscesses, and being Caucasian were identified as factors associated with increased mortality . Early diagnosis coupled with aggressive surgical and antibiotic therapy is needed.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1978 May, 83(5), 1493 - 501
Enzyme immunoassay of viomycin . New cross-linking reagent for enzyme labelling and a preparation method for antiserum to viomycin; Kitagawa T et al.; A new cross-linking reagent of the hetero-bisfunctional type, a N-(maleimidobenzoyloxy)-succinimide (MBS) was prepared and used for enzyme labelling of viomycin under mild aqueous conditions by a two-step process . In the first step a maleimide residue was selectively introduced onto the N1-amino group of viomycin with a limited amount of MBS . The second step consisted of thioether formation between the maleimide residue and free thiol groups of beta-D-galactosidase . An antiserum to viomycin was raised in rabbit by immunization with a viomycin-BSA conjugate . The conjugate was prepared by protecting N6-amino group of viomycin with an acetyl group and succinylating the N1-amino group, activating the carboxyl group by a mixed anhydride method and coupling it with the amino groups of bovine serum albumin (BSA) . The specificity of the antiserum was proved by an enzyme immunoassay based on the competition between viomycin and its enzyme conjugate toward diluted solutions of the antiserum . By use of the viomycin-enzyme conjugate and the antiserum to viomycin, enzyme immunoassay of viomycin was successfully performed by the competitive binding procedure with the double-antibody method, and 0.1 to 4 ng of the antibiotic could be detected.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 May, 31(5), 468 - 72
Evaluation of succinyl neocarzinostatin in vivo; Maeda H et al.; The toxicity of the bis-succinyl derivative of the protein antibiotic, neocarzinostatin, was compared with the parent compound, neocarzinostatin (NCS), in rats . The derivative was found to be about two to five fold more active than NCS in vivo . The antitumor activity in rats bearing eleven distinct Yoshida hepatoma ascitic cell lines was tested under four possible combinations with regard to sites of drug and tumor cell administration . The results indicate that the antitumor spectrum of the derivative had changed slightly . Antitumor activity in mice was also tested with L1210 and P388 lymphatic leukemia, and with B16 melanocarcinoma . When the effect of the derivative was compared with parental NCS at the molecular level with respect to the inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro, the specific activities of the two were found to be almost identical . These results were interpreted to indicate that the succinyl derivative of NCS was more stable to inactivation and proteolytic break-down in vivo than NCS as observed previously in in vitro studies.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 May, 31(5), 451 - 5
Spectinomycin modification . IV . 7-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin; Rosenbrook W Jr et al.; 7-Deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (7) has been prepared and its structure firmly established by proton magnetic resonance and high resolution mass spectrometry . This spectinomycin analog is devoid of antibiotic activity.

Nature, 1978 Apr 27, 272(5656), 792 - 5
Mechanism of resistance to thiostrepton in the producing-organism Streptomyces azureus; Cundliffe E; An antibiotic-producing organism, Streptomyces azureus, defends itself against its own toxic product by methylating the RNA of its ribosomes.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Apr 25, 161(1), 31 - 7
Release of nascent trp mRNA from the operon DNA in chloramphenicol-treated cells of Escherichia coli; Ishii S et al.; When transcription of the E . coli trp operon is blocked as a result of inhibition of ribosomal activities by chloramphenicol, nascent trp mRNA but not RNA polymerase molecules seem to detach from the template DNA . The continued association of RNA polymerase with DNA is inferred because RNA synthesis resumes at or near the sites of transcription blockage after removal of the antibiotic . When E . coli cells infected with lambdatrp phage are incubated with chloramphenicol under the "Ptrp-promoted" conditions (Imamoto and Tani, 1972; Segawa and Imamoto, 1974), the trp mRNA molecules synthesized after removal of the antibiotic contain only promoter-distal information . They are usually small in size, in spite of the fact that chloramphenicol inhibition does not lead to the degradation of trp mRNA . On the other hand, PL-promoted trp transcription, which is non-polar and insensitive to chloramphenicol action, does not show such a premature release of nascent trp mRNA in chloramphenicol-treated cells.

Minerva Med, 1978 Apr 21, 69(19), 1325 - 9
{Clinical onset of meningitis in chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary: 2 cases}; Ciatto A; Two cases of purulent meningitis in subjects with misinterpreted chromophobe adenoma of the hypophysis are presented . Radiography in the acute stage revealed typical enlargement of the sella turcica and thus established the diagnosis, which was eventually confirmed histologically during surgery . The frequency with which this complication has occurred in a personal series is contrasted with its rarity in the literature, particularly neurosurgical works . It is felt, therefore, that the association of adenoma and meningitis is more common than is generally supposed . Routine cranial radiography is recommended in all cases of purulent meningitis, especially in young subjects and adults, from the outset . This will reveal hypophyseal involvement and enable replacement hormonal therapy with cortisone to be added to symptomatic and antibiotic management in cases of concomitant hypophyseal and adrenal insufficiency.

Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 1978 Apr 18, 91(2), 153 - 9
{Osteomyelitis . First experiences with P.M.M.A . chains and balls (author's transl)}; Kantor H; A new therapeutic principle in the treatment of osteomyelitis is introduced-as an alternative to "Suction Drainage"-, i.e . "Gentamycine P.M.M.A . chains" . After exact surgical debridement a local therapy with high concentrations of antibiotic is possible . Results of the performed operations on 51 patients are encouraging after 14 months . Long term results are as yet not known.

Eur J Biochem, 1978 Apr 17, 85(2), 487 - 92
The interaction of daunomycin with polydeoxynucleotides; Phillips DR et al.; The ability of daunomycin to bind to various DNA polymers has been sutided by thermal denaturation, spectrophotometric analysis and inhibition of the polymerisation reactions catalysed by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and rat liver DNA polymerase alpha . The quantitative binding measurements revealed that the antibiotic binds tightly to all synthetic polydeoxynucleotides studied . The results demonstrated that daunomycin can bind with equal affinity to dG . dC or dA . dT basepaired sequences . However, the number of binding sites per nucleotide for poly(dA) . poly(dT) is significantly lower than that found for poly(dA-dT) . poly(dA-dT), thus indicating an appreciable preference of the drug for the alternating copolymer . The inactivation of the template properties of the synthetic DNA polymers in the DNA polymerase system is consistent with their daunomycin binding ability . However, a lack of correlation was observed between the drug binding ability of different DNA polymers and the binding-induced stabilisation of the double helix to heat denaturation.

Experientia, 1978 Apr 15, 34(4), 532 - 4
Destruction of the platelet aggregating activity of ristocetin A; Kuwahara S et al.; Hydrolysis of ristocetin A in 0.1 N HCl at 37 degrees C for 2 h resulted in the loss of its ability to induce platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma derived from guinea-pigs and humans . However its antibiotic activity against Staph . aureus was not lost.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1978 Apr 1, 33(7), 207 - 10
{Relation of radiographic and clinical findings to the pathomorphological changes in Wegener's granulomatosis}; Blaschke U et al.; On the basis of two own observations the clinical and radiological routine methods undergo a critical judgment concerning their valency for the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis . The two patients showed the picture of a severe septical disease with high fever and expressed inflammatory changes of the biological reactions . In the first observation a pulmonary round focus and terminally the renal failure, in the second case severe inflammatory changes of the lungs without response to antibiotic therapy were in the foreground . The appearance of this disease as generalized vasculitis is conditioned by the manifold clinical symptomatology and thus renders the diagnostics extraordinarily difficult . The simultaneous affection of the nasopharyngeal space, of the lung and the kidneys may be a guide for the diagnosis . The X-ray findings of the lung are not able to found sufficiently the diagnosis.

Ophthalmology, 1978 Apr, 85(4), 374 - 85
Experimental aspects and their clinical application; Peyman GA et al.; After laboratory evaluation of nontoxic doses of intravitreal antibiotics, 26 cases of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis were treated by intravitreal antibiotic or vitrectomy . In 46% of all cases, visual acuity was better than 20/100, whereas 27% had light perception to 20/300 visual acuity, 4% had no light perception, and 23% of the cases were enucleated or eviscerated . Best results have been achieved when the treatment began within 36 hours after symptomatic onset of infection and when the organism involved was not to virulent . We advocate intravitreal antibiotics immediately after intracameral and vitreous tap for culture, to be followed by vitrectomy 24 hours later if the culture is positive . In bacterial endophthalamitis when the vitreous is severely involved and in cases of fungal endophthalmitis, we advocate vitrectomy plus intravitreal antibiotics as the primary procedure.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Apr, 31(4), 309 - 18
Biological glycosidation of macrolide aglycones . II . Isolation and characterization of desosaminyl-platenolide I; Maezawa I et al.; Biological glycosidation of platenolide I (I), a biosynthetic intermediate of 16-membered macrolide antibiotic platenomycin aglycones, with desosamine by Streptomycetes producing 14-membered macrolide antibiotics was attempted . Streptomyces narbonensis producing narbomycin gave a new product designated as 5-O-desosaminyl-platenolide I (III), and Streptomyces venezuelae producing narbomycin and picromycin gave III together with a second new product, 5-O-desosaminyl-14-hydroxyplatenolide I (IV) . A nonantibiotic-producing blocked mutant of Streptomyces platensis subsp . malvinus, a producer of platenomycins, converted III to an antibiotically active compound identified as 3-O-propionyl-5-O-desosaminyl-9-dihydro-18-oxo-platenolide I (V).

J Infect Dis, 1978 Apr, 137(4), 452 - 7
Interaction of cephalosporins with human and canine serum proteins; Peterson LR et al.; The kinetic interaction of cephalothin and cefamandole with human serum protein and of cephalothin with canine serum protein was studied with use of a rate-of-dialysis method . Binding of antibiotic to serum proteins was complete in less than 1 min and was immediately reversible . Human serum bound 76.9% of cephalothin and 73.7% of cefamandole at 10 microgram/ml, and canine serum bound 41.3% of cephalothin at 10 microgram/ml when this technique was used . Quantitative binding determined by ultracentrifugation was 78.5% for cephalothin and 80.1% for cefamandole in human serum and 45.6% for cephalothin and 32.5% for cefazolin in canine serum . There was no delayed binding of these antibiotics to either human or canine serum . In addition, a large number of antibiotic-binding sites appeared to be present on both human and canine serum protein when the antibiotic concentration was increased to 10(5) microgram/ml.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1978 Apr, 60(3), 359 - 62
Cefazolin concentrations in bone and synovial fluid; Schurman DJ et al.; A single intravenous dose of one gram of cefazolin was administered prophylactically to forty-eight patients undergoing total joint replacement . The serum half-life of the antibiotic was 1.8 hours, the same value found in normal volunteers . The mean concentration in bone during surgery was 5.7 micrograms per gram of bone . The mean concentration in synovial fluid during surgery was 24.4 micrograms per milliliter of fluid.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Apr, 23(4), 321 - 5
{Effect of industrial contact with grizin on nonspecific immunity factors}; Poberezkina DIa et al.; Data on the dynamic examination of persons being in professional contact with grizin, an antibiotic used as a food additive are presented . It was shown that contact with grizin resulted in changes in the humoral, cell and barrier factors of the non-specific immunity . The trends of the changes and their manifestations were different depending on the age, period and contact level . The levels of lysozyme, absorption and digestion activity of the neutrophils provided differentiation of the adaptive reactions and phenomena of frustation in the compensatory mechanism . The methods used in the study allowed the authors to detect changes in the state of the nonspecific immunological reactivity of the persons being in contact with grizin before the appearance of the clinicaly pronounced forms of the pathology.

Am J Med, 1978 Apr, 64(4), 683 - 90
Left atrial myxoma infected with Histoplasma capsulatum; Rogers EW et al.; A patient is presented in whom a left atrial myxoma was found to be infected with Histoplasma capsulatum . Histoplasmosis has not been previously associated with this tumor, nor has any fungus without preceding bacterial endocarditis and long-term antibiotic therapy . The clinical course in foru previously reported cases of bacterially infected myxoma is reviewed . There have been 18 prior cases of Histoplasma endocarditis and in two the patients have survived . Their clinical presentation and response to therapy are also reviewed, and pertinent therapeutic conclusions drawn . The role of echocardiography in this patient's evaluation and the ultimate successful therapy are discussed.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1978 Apr 1, 172(7), 806 - 8
Urethral prosthesis for treatment of prostatic abscess in a dog; Wolfe DA; A dog with a prostatic abscess was treated successfully with surgical implantation of a urethral prosthesis after 6 recurring episodes of abscess formation failed to respond to antibiotic therapy, surgical drainage, and bilateral marsupialization.

J Nutr, 1978 Apr, 108(4), 712 - 8
The antihypercholesterolemic activity of candicdin as a function of dietary cholesterol in cockerels; Hausheer WC et al.; In the first of two experiments using White Leghorn cockerels, a multifactorial analysis of variance was employed to characterize the antihypercholesterolemic responses (AHC) to candicidin (a heptaene macrolide antifungal antibiotic)-containing diets and the manner in which hypercholesterolemic challenges of different magnitudes modify these responses . In hypercholesterolemic diets, oral candicidin reduced plasma cholesterol concentration in a dose-dependent manner . The relative AHC effects of the diet were dependent on and varied directly with the presence and magnitude of the hypercholesterolemic challenge . The AHC effects of oral candicidin appeared to be additive to the homeostatic mechanisms limiting the rise in plasma cholesterol concentration induced by hypercholesterolemic diets . In the second experiment the absorption of oral 14C-candicidin was studied . Radioactivity above background levels was not found in any of the sampled tissues 4 days after administration of the 14C-candicidin pulse . The total cumulative recovery of radioactivity in the excreta was approximately 95% of the administered dose after 4 days . Within the limits of detection, oral candicidin did not appear to be absorbed from the intestine and appeared to be rapidly and quantitatively eliminated from the body in the feces . Chronic provision of candicidin appeared to increase transit time through the gastrointestinal tract.

J Nucl Med, 1978 Apr, 19(4), 384 - 6
Early diagnosis of disc-space infection using Gallium-67; Norris S et al.; A 4-year-old boy had had progressive central lumbar pain and hamstring spasm . He had a normal lumbar-spine x-ray except for minimal L-5, S1 spondylolysis, but gave an abnormal gallium-67 scan in the region of the low lumbar spine . Eight weeks following intensive antibiotic therapy, confirmation of the diagnosis of disc-space infection was established by roentgenographic studies that demonstrated narrowing of the L 4-5 intervertebral disc space . A technetium-99m diphosphonate bone scan, performed concurrently with the gallium-67 study, was normal.

J Bacteriol, 1978 Apr, 134(1), 10 - 6
Characterization and regulation of anthranilate synthetase from a chloramphenicol-producing streptomycete; Francis MM et al.; In Streptomyces sp . 3022a, anthranilate synthetase is composed of two non-identical subunits . The major subunit (molecular weight, 72,000) converts chorismic acid to anthranilic acid, using ammonia as the source of the amino group . The smaller subunit (molecular weight 28,000 to 29,000) confers on the enzyme the ability to use glutamine instead of ammonia as a substrate . In this study, reactivity with glutamine reached its maximum at pH 7.2 to 7.6, whereas that with ammonia increased linearly through pH 9.0 without reaching a maximum . Activity was increased and stabilized by adding glutamine and magnesium chloride to the buffer system . Both activities of the enzyme were inhibited by anthranilic acid and by tryptophan . Synthesis was repressed by histidine, anthranilic acid, tryptophan, and p-aminobenzoic acid . When activity was repressed by anthranilic acid and by tryptophan, there was a concomitant increase in the activity of arylamine synthetase, an enzyme involved in chloramphenicol production . Stimulating arylamine synthetase, however, did not increase antibiotic synthesis.

Cell, 1978 Apr, 13(4), 671 - 9
Synthesis and infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus containing nonglycosylated G protein; Gibson R et al.; The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is inhibited by tunicamycin (TM), an antibiotic that blocks the formation of N-acetylglucosaminelipid intermediates . We had shown previously that the viral glycoprotein (G) synthesized in cells treated with TM is not glycosylated and is not found on the outer surface of the cell plasma membrane . In this report, we shown that cells exposed to TM produce a low yield of infectious particles . The yield is increased when the temperature during infection is lowered from 37 to 30 degrees C . At 30 degrees C in the presence of TM, both wild-type VSV and the temperature-sensitive mutant ts045 produce particles that do not bind to concanavalin A Sepharose and contain only the nonglycosylated form of G . These particles have a specific infectivity (pfu/cpm) comparable to that of VSV containing glycosylated G.

Minerva Stomatol, 1978 Apr-Jun, 27(2), 87 - 93
{Value of the use of a cement containing a combination of triamcinolone and tetracycline in cavity preparations}; Miani C et al.; Odontomix (reg'd) cement was used at the bottom of cavities prepared in healthy dog canines in a attempt to prevent pulp and dentine alterations caused by the preparation and filling of cavities . 24 dogs were used along with 24 controls . I.v . tetracycline was afterwards given 10 times at weekly intervals . Examination of tetracycline labelling under the cavities showed that the cement caused pulp and dentine changes in confined areas, though it has not yet been possible to determine whether these are due to the corticosteroid, the antibiotic, or the excipient employed in the preparation.

Ophthalmology, 1978 Apr, 85(4), 350 - 6
The treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis; Baum JL; Restoration of good visual acuity following bacterial endophthalmitis is dependent on prompt diagnosis, immediate treatment, proper selection of antibiotics, high-dose parenteral and periocular antibiotic therapy, and systemic and periocular corticosteroids . Antibiotic selection should be based on the statistical incidence of pathogens rather than on the result of a Gram stain from the aqueous or vitreous humor . Recent experimental studies in the primate eye suggest that there is little to choose between the subconjunctival and retrobulbar routes of antibiotic administration . The role of intravitreal injection of antibiotic, although promising, requires further definition.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Apr, 23(4), 295 - 8
{Selective action of novobiocin on Act . levoris, the producer of levorin and levoristatin}; Lanskaia LN et al.; The effect of sodium novobiocin on Act . levoris, strain LIA 0868 producing levorin and levoristatin was studied . High lethal effect of the antibiotic on Act . levoris was found . The effect increased with a rise in the antibiotic concentration in the agar from 2 to 6 lambda/ml . The inhibitory effect of novobiocin on Act, levoris was evident from a marked increase in the number of morphologically changed colonies with a low level of levorin production . The selective effect of novobiocin on the organism producing levorin and levoristatin was evident from selection of variants with high levels of levoristatin production on media containing novobiocin.

Ophthalmic Surg, 1978 Apr, 9(2), 48 - 50
Human penetrating keratoplasty using modified M-K medium; Waltman SR et al.; Preservation of donor tissue for human keratoplasty has been evaluated using modified M-K medium . The medium has been modified by changing the antibiotic and buffer and adding a pH indicator . These changes offered theoretical and practical advantages . There were no primary donor failures in 50 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties with an overall success rate of 92 percent . Clinical specular microscopy revealed good endothelial cell survival.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Apr, 23(4), 304 - 7
{Rifamycin in B distribution between aqueous and organic phases}; Birlova IV et al.; Dependence of the coefficient of rifamycin B distribution in the system of butyl acetate-buffer solution on pH of the equilibrium acqueous phase, antibiotic concentration in the solution and temperature was studied . It was shown that the coefficient value did not depend on the antibiotic concentration within 1000-2000 gamma/ml and temperature.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Mar 25, 253(6), 1749 - 51
Complex formation between the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and valinomycin in the presence of potassium; O'Brien TA et al.; Spectroscopic evidence is presented which indicates that the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and the peptide antibiotic valinomycin form a complex in the presence of potassium . Complex formation has been observed both in aqueous and nonaqueous media . Several techniques have been used to indicate the existence of a complex in aqueous solution . In the presence of valinomycin and K+, the absorption spectrum of FCCP is significantly perturbed, and there is also a large induced circular dichroism signal . In addition, the previously characterized complex which forms between valinomycin, K+, and the fluorescent probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) in aqueous solution is apparently disrupted by the addition of FCCP . The result is an effective quenching of the fluorescence due to the bound probe as it is displaced from the valinomycin.K+ by the uncoupler . In a nonpolar solvent, the absorption spectrum of FCCP is also perturbed by valinomycin in the presence of K+, again indicating the formation of a complex . These data point to the importance of considering the role of valinomycin.K+.uncoupler complex in interpreting physiological or ion transport data in which these substances have been used together.

J Biol Chem, 1978 Mar 25, 253(6), 1807 - 16
GTP hydrolysis during methionyl-tRNAf binding to 40 S ribosomal subunits and the site of edeine inhibition; Odon OW et al.; Three lines of evidence are presented indicating that GTP hydrolysis associated with eukaryotic peptide initiation occurs in the absence of 60 S subunits when methionyl-tRNAf is bound to 40 S ribosomal subunits . An enzyme fraction required for binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S subunits and peptide initiation, tentatively equated with eIF-(4 + 5), has GTPase activity and appears to be responsible for hydrolysis of GTP in the methionyl-tRNAf.eIF-2.GTP complex . Direct analysis of the methionyl-tRNAf.40 S complex formed with with eIF-2 and {8-3H} guanine, {gamma-32P}GTP reveals bound guanine but not gamma-phosphate . Edeine, a peptide antibiotic containing spermidine and beta-tyrosine residues at its COOH terminus and NH2 terminus, respectively, blocks peptide initiation and interferes with binding of methionyl-tRNAf to 40 S ribosomal subunits . Inhibition of binding is observed when the eIF-2-mediated binding reaction is carried out with GTP but not with guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate or guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imido)triphosphate . Edeine was labeled by iodination and shown to bind with high affinity to 40 S but not to 60 S ribosomal subunits . It is suggested that edeine blocks a specific site on the 40 S ribosomal subunit to which a segment of the methionyl-tRNAf molecule is bound during the course of the initiation reaction sequence.

Cell, 1978 Mar, 13(3), 461 - 73
Role of carbohydrates in protein secretion and turnover: effects of tunicamycin on the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts; Olden K et al.; Using tunicamycin, we have investigated the role of glycosylation in the biosynthesis, processing and turnover of CSP, the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) . This antibiotic specifically inhibits glycosylation mediated by dolichol pyrophosphate and consequently inhibits the glycosylation of asparaginyl residues of glycoproteins . Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of 3H-mannose into CSP by 92--98% and 14C-glucosamine by 84--96%, whereas total protein synthesis was decreased by only 15--45% . Tunicamycin treatment decreased total amounts of CSP by approximately 50--65%, with equal decreases in CSP occurring on the cell surface and in culture medium, whereas intracellular pools of CSP were not substantially affected . In contrast to CSP, three other membrane-associated proteins of apparent molecular weights 75,000, 95,000 and 150,000 daltons were found in increased amounts . Procollagen secretion was not inhibited by tunicamycin . Both procollagen and CSP secretion into culture medium were also not increased in AD6, a glycosylation-deficient, mutant mouse 3T3 cell line compared to wild-type cells . We examined the mechanism of the decrease in CSP after tunicamycin treatment . The rate of CSP biosynthesis as measured by pulse-labeling with 14C-leucine was not altered . Tunicamycin had only a slight effect on the initial times and rates of CSP appearance on the cell surface; some apparent intracellular redistribution of CSP was detected by immunofluorescence . The major effect of tunicamycin treatment was to accelerate the rate of degradation of CSP 2--3 fold . This increase is sufficient to account for the observed decreases after tunicamycin treatment . Our results suggest that carbohydrates may not be essential for CSP or procollagen synthesis, intracellular processing and secretion, but that carbohydrates may help stabilize CSP against proteolytic degradation.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1978 Mar, 31(3), 133 - 44
{Chemotherapy of peritonitis with particular reference to concentrations of sulbenicillin in human ascites (author's transl)}; Tanimura H et al.; Twenty-seven patients with peritonitis to whom a drain was applied were given sulbenicillin (SBPC), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has so little hepatic and renal toxicity that massive doses may be feasible, and examination was made as to its therapeutic effects and concentrations of the antibiotic in the ascites . Daily dosage of SBPC was 10g in two divided doses in most cases given by the intravenous infusion . Medication was continued for 3 approximately 15 days . The highest daily dosage was 20g and the largest total dosage reached 190g, but there was no adverse reaction except for one case of a slight anemia . Peritonitis complicated appendicitis, adnexitis, duodenal ulcer perforation, intestinal obstruction or trauma as its primary disease . No difference in the therapeutic effect existed among the primary diseases . The response to SBPC treatment was excellent in 8 of the 27 patients and good in 17 . Two patients failed to respond to the therapy . When SBPC was given just before operation, the SBPC concentration in ascites obtained at operation was 112 microgram/ml in 2 cases . The SBPC concentrations in ascites were examined following intravenous infusion of 5g over an hour, and a peak concentration of 94.7 microgram/ml was obtained at the completion of infusion (an hour after the start of infusion), which gradually decreased thereafter . In the ascites excreted from the drain after operation, a high concentration of 12.7 approximately 90.2 microgram/ml (mean: 51.7 +/- 7.7 microgram/ml) was obtained on the day after the operation day, but the concentration was lower thereafter . The SBPC concentrations in ascites were compared as regards the sites of drainage (Winslow's foramen, ileocecum and Douglas' fold), but no particular difference was observed . The SBPC concentrations in ascites after operation were in inverse proportion to the alleviation of peritonitis . They were higher when the inflammation was severer.

J Neurophysiol, 1978 Mar, 41(2), 365 - 83
Properties of auditory nerve responses in absence of outer hair cells; Dallos P et al.; 1 . Recordings were made from chinchilla auditory nerve fibers after portions of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) population were destroyed with the antibiotic kanamycin . In most cases the inner hair cell (IHC) population was completely preserved as determined by phase-contrast microscopy . We presume that the remaining IHCs are functionally normal, and thus that recordings obtained from fibers originating from the lesioned cochlear segment reflect IHC behavior . 2 . Behavioral thresholds were measured for all animals both before and after the production of the cochlear lesion . The audiograms and the histological evaluation of the ears were the basis for assessing whether a particular fiber originated in a normal, pathological (shifted threshold; IHC only), or border region . These criteria also identified the animals that sustained IHC damage together with the destruction of part of the OHC population . Only the data obtained from those fibers which probably originated from the OHC-free segment of the cochlea are considered in detail . 3 . Fibers whose characteristic frequency (CF) identified them as belonging to the normal (audiometrically and histologically) region, were found to be normal in all respects . 4 . Fibers from the border region (where the audiogram has a steep slope between normal and hearing-loss regions probably corresponding to the segment where OHC loss progresses from less than 10% to more than 90%) had very complex response patterns . Their frequency threshold curves (FTC) showed great variability . In general, the closer the fiber was to the fully developed lesion, the more abnormal its FTC became . 5 . Those units that were concluded to have originated from the OHC-free part of the cochlea could be divided into three categories on the basis of the shape of their FTCs . A small fraction had very broad tuning (9%) . The majority (53%) had approximately normal tail segment, normal bandwidth of the tip segment, and highly elevated threshold at CF . A group of fibers (38%) could not be assigned a CF . Probably the FTC of most of these latter fibers are similar to those of the previous group, but the sharply tuned short tip segment was either missed or was not reachable on account of its extremely high threshold level . 6 . Such indexes of fiber response as latency, spontaneous rate, and time pattern (PST histograms) were not affected by the loss of OHCs . 7 . On the basis of the data and of the assumptions made it was suggested that outer hair cells provide a frequency-dependent sensitizing influence to the inner hair cells . The frequency dependence could best be expressed as a flat-topped band pass characteristic.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Mar, 31(3), 178 - 84
Preparation and biological evaluation of 4-O-demethyldaunorubicin (carminomycin I) and of its 13-dihydro derivative; Cassinelli G et al.; A mutant strain of Streptomyces peucetius produced an anthracycline antibiotic whose structure has been established to be 4-O-demethyl-13-dihydrodaunorubicin (4), by application of spectroscopic methods and chemical degradation . A new synthesis of 4-O-demethyl-daunorubicin (carminomycin I, 2) starting from daunomycinone, together with the comparison of the antitumor activity of the anthracycline glycosides 2 and 4 are also reported.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1978 Mar, 16(3), 105 - 9
Pharmacokinetic study of rifampicin in biliary surgery; Kiss IJ et al.; Following the oral administration of 600 mg rifampicin, the concentration of antibiotic in serum, bile of the gallbladder and choledochus, cholecystic wall, and hepatic tissue was determined with the agar diffusion method in 23 patients undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis . After 80-340 minutes the average rifampicin concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml in serum, 78.4 microgram/ml in the bile of the gallbladder, 91.6 microgram/ml in the bile of the choledochus, 4.0 microgram/g in the cholecystic wall, and 23.3 microgram/g in the hepatic tissue . After 24 hours the level was significantly reduced in the serum and hepatic tissue . The rifampicin level in the bile of the gallbladder was twelvefold, in the bile of the choledochus fourteenfold, in the cholecystic wall 61.1% and in the hepatic tissue 364% of the serum level . In general, the rifampicin concentration obtainable in the bile and hepatic tissue is sufficient against bacterial strains causing infections of the biliary duct, and for this reason rifampicin will play in the future an important role in the treatment of infections of the biliary duct.

J Urol, 1978 Mar, 119(3), 365 - 8
Small-Carrion penile prosthesis: a report on 160 cases and review of the literature; Small MP; The use of the Small-Carrion penile prosthesis in 160 patients is evaluated . Methods to determine those patients who will benefit from the use of this prosthesis and the size prosthesis needed are discussed . Suggestions are made on how to handle problems or complications that may occur during or after the operation, as well as the antibiotic regimen . The literature is reviewed.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Mar, 23(3), 215 - 9
{Effect of auxiliary substances on the bioavailability of tetracycline hydrochloride capsules (an in vitro study)}; Grakovskaia LK et al.; The rate of tetracycline hydrochloride transfer into solution from capsules containing different auxiliary substances was studied . It was shown that the dispersity level of tetracycline hydrochloride powder had no significant effect on the capsule disintegration and the rate of the antibiotic transfer into solution . The effect of the auxiliary substance composition on the capsule disintegration and the rate of the antibiotic dissolution was shown . The rate of tetracycline liberation from the capsules containing tetracycline hydrochloride without additives or the antibiotic in combination with 23 per cent of lactose was 4 to 6 times higher than that from the capsules with magnesium carbonate or calcium phosphate as the auxiliary substances.

J Gen Microbiol, 1978 Mar, 105(1), 127 - 34
Resistance of selected saprobic and zoopathogenic fungi to cycloheximide; Griffin DH et al.; Spore germination was used as an assay to measure the sensitivities of selected fungi (Achlya bisexualis, Cladosporium sp., Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum) to cyclohexamide and to determine their abilities to adapt to the drug . Two patterns of response were noted . The saprobes, A . bisexualis and Cladosporium sp., demonstrated acquired resistance . Spores from hyphae previously exposed to cycloheximide either germinated in the presence of concentrations of the drug that completely inhibited spores from unexposed hyphae (Achlya), or germinates with a shorter lag and to a greater extent in the presence of the antibiotic than did spores from unexposed hyphae (Cladosporium) . Hyphae of Achlya adapted at concentrations of cycloheximide in which spores did not germinate and hyphae of Cladosporium adapted more rapidly than spores . Achlya adapted to only 12 muM-cycloheximide whereas Cladosporium acquired resistance to 18 mM-cycloheximide . These fungi lost this acquired resistance after a single transfer to media lacking cycloheximide . The zoopathogens, T . mentagrophytes and M . gypseum, had a contrasting response, indicating constitutive resistance . Conidia from unexposed hyphae showed 90 to 100% germination on media containing up to 18 mM-cycloheximide; prior exposure to the drug did not affect their response.

Klin Padiatr, 1978 Mar, 190(2), 158 - 62
{Results of nasotracheal intubation in acute epiglottitis (author's transl)}; Beitzke A et al.; 20 of 34 patients with acute epiglottitis were treated with nasotracheal intubation . One patient died because of pneumonia, one patient was clinically dead when he arrived at hospital . After successful reanimation she died some hours later . All other patients left the hospital without any symptoms after an average stay of 12 days . The average duration of nasotracheal intubation was 39 hours . Nasotracheal intubation and adequate antibiotic therapy offer the most effective and secure approach to acute epiglottitis . A protocol for diagnostic and therapeutic regimen is presented.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Mar, 23(3), 204 - 7
{Slightly active Actinomyces streptomycini (Streptomyces griseus) mutants having a protein in the biosynthesis of the streptidine portion of the streptomycin molecule}; Krasil'nikova OL et al.; Twelve mutants having a block in biosynthesis of the streptidine part of the streptomyciu molecule were selected under the effect of nitrozomethylbiuret . These 12 strains responded by an increase in the level of the antibiotic production to the addition of streptidine to the cultivation medium . The complementation analysis showed that every streptidine-dependent mutant interacted at least with 2 other mutants . On the basis of the data obtained it is possible to conclude that all 12 mutants had blocks in streptidine biosynthesis but at different stages of this complicated process.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Mar, 62(3), 425 - 8
Phase I study of maytansine using a 3-day schedule; Cabanillas F et al.; Maytansine, a new ansa macrolide antitumor antibiotic, was administered to 60 patients as part of a phase I study . The doses given ranged from 0.01 (starting level) to 0.9 mg/m2 for 3 days . The toxic effects encountered consisted principally of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and occasionally, stomatitis and alopecia . Superficial phlebitis was also encountered and occurred when the drug was diluted in a volume of less than 250 ml . Myelosuppression occurred infrequently; it was almost regularly associated with abnormal liver function tests . Antitumor activity was detected in one patient each with melanoma, breast carcinoma; and head and neck clear cell carcinoma . Further studies are indicated with this compound since it has shown evidence of activity with little or no myelosuppression.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Mar, 23(3), 254 - 7
{Effect of gentamycin, decamethoxin and prodigiozan on the course and outcome of experimental pyocyanic infection in white mice}; Volianskii IuL et al.; The therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of gentamicin, decamethoxin and prodigiozan was determined on albino mice infected with two-fold lethal doses of the antibiotic-resistant strain of Ps . aeruginosa . Correlation between the effectiveness of the drug and the dose and time of its administration was found . Pronounced prophylactic and therapeutic effect of gentamicin in combination with decamethoxin was noted . Prodigiozan, a bacterial polysaccharide had no significant effect on the experimental pyocyanic infection of albino mice.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Mar, 23(3), 242 - 7
{Heliomycin suppression of RNA synthesis in a cell-free system}; Korolev PN et al.; Heliomycin inhibited in vitro the RNA-polymerase reaction catalyzed by the preparation of DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase from E . coli . The blocking effect increased with a rise in the antibiotic concentration . The inhibitory effect of heliomycin decreased, when the amount of RNA-polymerase in the system increased . Yet, it did not depend on the content of DNA and the nature of the DNA preparation . Preincubation of RNA-polymerase with DNA resulting in formation of the enzyme-matrix complex did not prevent blocking RNA synthesis by heliomycin . Suppression of the RNA-polymerase reaction did not depend on the time of the antibiotic addition to the polymerizing system . Heliomycin had a significant activity not only with respect to the bacterial RNA-polymerase, but also in the system containing the enzyme isolated from the cells of Crithidia oncopelti.

Surgery, 1978 Mar, 83(3), 291 - 2
Hematogenous infection of total knee implants; Marmor L et al.; Three cases of hematogenous infection of total knee replacement are reported . In two cases septicemia following cholecystectomy resulted in E . coli infection of the knee joint . Prophylactic antibiotic therapy of implant patients undergoing dental or surgical procedures is recommended.

J Biol Buccale, 1978 Mar, 6(1), 27 - 41
The microscopic pattern of tetracycline fluorescence in the cementum of human teeth; Nalbandian J; Ultraviolet microscopy of longitudinal non-decalcified sections revealed fluorescence characteristic of in vivo tetracycline deposition in the cementum of 55 out of 378 human permanent teeth . Patterns of fluorescence could be related to various stages in root development and to pathological events, as well as to the approximate duration of drug intake . Cementum lines formed during apposition of primary root dentin were associated with dentin bands and met the latter at the cemento-dentinal junction: other lines corresponded to incremental cementum apposition after completion of the root . Label was also visualized in localized areas of cementum hyperplasia and in repaired resorption lacunae . Discontinuities in broad fluorescent lines at or near the cementum surface were related to lack of connective tissue attachment when drug exposure occurred, or with subsequent root caries . Observations suggest that typical short, single periods of antibiotic therapy are recorded in the cementum, although marginally or close to the limit of resolution in some cases . Longer, chronic administration or multiple short regimens closely spaced in time are clearly registered . Study of these patterns may be useful in clinical periodontal research.

Otolaryngology, 1978 Mar-Apr, 86(2), ORL221 - 30
Orbital complications of acute sinusitis: evaluation, management, and outcome; Schramm VL et al.; Acute orbital cellulitis is most commonly caused by sinusitis . This complication is based on the anatomy of the sinuses, orbit, and their venous connections . A series of 134 patients is reviewed to demonstrate the etiology and clinical course of orbital cellulitis . Antibiotic therapy alone does not prevent permanent complications . Surgical intervention is found necessary in all age groups and is required in 20% of the study population.

Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1978 Mar, 232(1), 58 - 67
Ganglion blocking effects of streptomycin; Alkadhi KA et al.; The effects of streptomycin on the postganglionic compound action potential, presynaptic nerve terminal spike and preganglionic nerve action potnetial were studied in rabbit and rat superior cervical gnaglia . Streptomycin had a dose-dependent, blocking effect on the postganglionic action potential . The drug was found to have a preferential blocking effect on the first spike, S1, of the compound postganglionic action potential, but the second, S2, major spike was depressed at higher concentrations . At 1 mg/ml, streptomycin reduced the amplitude of the presynaptic nerve terminal action potential, but had no significant effect on the action potential recorded from the cervical sympathetic preganglionic nerve . Increasing the concentrations of Ca++ in the bathing solution antagonized the blocking effect of the antibiotic on the postganglionic action potential . The results are interpreted as indicating that ganglionic blockade by streptomycin is due, mainly, to a presynaptic effect which results in a decreased release of acetylcholine.

S Afr Med J, 1978 Feb 25, 53(8), 296 - 300
Q fever endocarditis: a report of 2 cases; Rosman MS et al.; Two patients with Q fever endocarditis are described . Both patients demonstrated some of the characteristic features of Q fever endocarditis, i.e . the long course of the disease before diagnosis, persistently negative blood cultures, resistance to conventional antibiotic therapy and a dramatic response to tetracycline therapy . Complications included arteriovenous thrombo-embolism and hepatic enlargement, and 1 patient developed an immune complex form of glomerulonephritis . The possibility of Q fever endocarditis should be considered in all patients with infective endocarditis in whom blood cultures are negative and who fail to respond to conventional antibiotic therapy.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1978 Feb 13, 286(6), 493 - 7
{Liver steatogenic power of high doses of rifampicin in rats}; Truhaut R et al.; The possible induction of fatty liver by Rifampicin has been investigated by oral administration of two different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg/24 h) of this antibiotic for a period of 8 days to male and female Rats . The results obtained are more constant and more coherent in male than in female . It is the 400 mg/kg/24 h dose which is more effective, leading to an increase of lipids, triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and a decrease of serum triglycerides . A dose-effect relationship may exist . These preliminary data lead us to believe that Rifampicin may inhibit the synthesis of the protein moiety of lipoproteins, such as alpha-Amanitin, which is also a RNA-polymerase inhibitor.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Feb 7, 159(1), 13 - 20
Restoration of polarity by N-deficiency in lambda phage containing a translocated trp operon segment; Nakamura H et al.; When translation of trp mRNA is terminated by a nonsense codon or by antibiotics like chloramphenicol, the amount of the mRNA distal to the blocked ribosomes is found at much lower levels ("polarity") . Polarity is alleviated when the trp mRNA is formed as part of a long transcript from the phage lambda promoter PL (Segawa and Imamoto, 1974; Franklin, 1974); but the relief of polarity is itself largely dependent on the lambda protein N . In a phage that joins the trp operon segment (trpD, C, B A) to a point distal to the N gene, lacking the tL site, synthesis of trp mRNA starting at the PL promoter continues even when translation is generally inhibited by chloramphenicol, but in the absence of functional N gene product synthesis of the mRNA can be blocked by the antibiotic . Unexpectedly, in the absence of N function, even when translation is occurring, weak termination of transcription occurs at some sites in the translocated trp operon.

Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1978 Feb, 105(2), 133 - 8
{Pityrosporum folliculitis (author's transl)}; Heid E et al.; Pityrosporum folliculitis occurs mainly among adult males on the back and may result from antibiotic and steroid administration . The lipophilic yeasts are numerous in the papulo-pustular lesions and can easily be demonstrated in the perifollicular inflammation on histological slides . 8 new cases with typical clinicopathological features are recorded by the authors . The best results are obtained with topically applied amphotericin B or econazol.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Feb, 24(2), 136 - 42
Biosynthesis of chloramphenicol . Studies on the origin of the dichloroacetyl moiety; Simonsen JN et al.; Chloramphenicol produced by cultures of Streptomyces species 3022a supplemented with sodium {1,2-13C}acetate was labelled with 13C exclusively in the dichloromethine (2.6 +/- 0.1%) and carbonyl (0.59 +/- 0.05% carbon atoms . Satellite signals from 13C-13C coupling between covalently bonded 13C-enriched carbon atoms were too intense to be attributed to random combination of labelled atoms at the average enrichments measured, but their intensity relative to those of the signals for uncoupled 13C atoms indicated that most of the precursor had been incorporated after 13C-13C bond fission . Since {2,3-13c}succinic acid enriched only the carbonyl carbon atom of chloramphenicol, these results suggest that neither acetate nor a Krebs cycle intermediate is a direct precursor of the dichloroacetyl group . Cultures supplemented with {2-3h}-or {2h2}-dichloroacetic acid incorporated negligible amounts of isotope into the antibiotic; on this evidence, the free acid is not an intermediate in chloramphenicol biosynthesis and the acylation step may precede chlorination.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Feb, 31(2), 147 - 9
Some observations on the nature of reactive groups involved in reversal of mycobacillin inhibition by sterols and lipids; Mukherjee S et al.; Antifungal action of di- and triacetyl derivatives of mycobacillin is not antagonised by cholesterol or lecithin which antagonise the action of its heptamethyl derivative . Considering the reactive groups of mycobacillin, the antagonism may involve the tyrosine hydroxyl groups of the antibiotic and the 3-hydroxyl group of cholesterol of the oleic acid component of lecithin having unsaturation at the 9:10 position with cis-configuration.

HNO, 1978 Feb, 26(2), 49 - 52
{Risk of inner ear damage from ototoxic eardrops (author's transl)}; Kellerhals B; Antibiotic eardrops with ototoxic properties are widely used in the treatment of discharging ears and have also been used in cases with perforated tympanic membranes . There has thus far been no information available on the incidence of ototoxic inner ear damage caused by such treatments . An inquiry among the members of the Swiss Otolaryngological Society uncovered 15 such cases with inner ear damages: 8 patients with total loss of hearing and 7 patients with profound deafness . The risk of such ototoxic injury is approximately 1 case in 1--3000 treatments . The present study indicates that topical treatment in cases with perforated tympanic membranes should not be given longer than 10 days, or it should be interrupted as soon as mucosal swelling subsides.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 149 - 53
{Dependence of the lethal and mutagenic effect of mitomycin C and UV rays on the Streptoverticillium mucoheptinicum spore germination process}; Zhukova RA et al.; The lethal and mutagenic effects of the DNA-tropic antibiotic mithomycin C and UV-light on Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum during the period of the spore replication were studied . The spores were more stable to the effect of the mutagens during DNA replication after 120 minutes of incubation . The mutagenic activity of mithomycin C and UV-light was closely connected with the quantitative changes in the genetic material of the pores . During DNA replication the rate of the morphological mutants was the highest . With respect to production of mycoheptin the spores were most mutable under the effect of mithomycin C during the period of DNA replication, while under the effect of UV-light they were most mutable at the lag-phase.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 135 - 8
{Actinomyces streptomycini mutants blocked in the biosynthesis of the streptobiosamine portion of the streptomycin molecule}; Krasil'nikov OL et al.; Four low active mutants of Act . streptomycini were obtained under the effect of nitrozo-methylbiuret . The mutants increased their antibiotic production level, when streptobiosamine was present in the formentation medium . It was shown that in 3 out of the 4 mutants the highest antibiotic yield was in the medium containing streptobiosamine in an amount of 1 mg/ml and in 1 strain the highest yield was in the medium with 0.5 mg/ml of streptobiosamine . When the mutants were grown in a medium containing N-methyl-L-glucosamine no increase in streptomycin production was registered.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 128 - 35
{Acute toxicity of carminomycin administered perorally to laboratory animals}; Gol'dberg LE et al.; Rather high species sensitivity to carminomycin was found in the experiment with albino mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs . The highest difference in the antibiotic toxicity for various species of the laboratory animals was shown on oral administration of the drug which was due to the differences in the antibiotic absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract . On single oral administration to the dogs in toxic or lethal doses the antibiotic suppressed the blood formation up to aplasia of the bone marrow . The equitoxic doses of carminomycin on its single oral and intravenous administration differed approximately by 3 times . Carminomycin had no effect on the smooth muscles of the isolated rabbit ear vessels and cat intestine in situ . The antibiotic had an irritating effect on the rabbit eye mucosa . Carminomycin had no skin-irritating effect.

Am J Surg, 1978 Feb, 135(2), 253 - 7
Gangrene of the stomach: a case of acute necrotizing gastritis; Strauss RJ et al.; Of the several causes of gastric necrosis, the rarest is acute necrotizing gastritis which appears to be a variant of phlegmonous gastritis . In acute necrotizing gastritis all four major gastric vessels are patent, but gastric gangrene occurs secondary to an over-whelming necrobiotic infection . The case presented herein is of unusual interest because it appears to be only the third reported case of acute necrotizing gastritis with overt gangrene of the stomach . Review of the literature on suppurative gastritis emphasizes the rarity and high morbidity of acute necrotizing gastritis; the patient reported on in this study, however, survived after subtotal gastrectomy and antibiotic therapy . It is our opinion that debridement by gastrectomy must be performed in those patients with transmural, diffusely infected, nonviable gastric tissue.

South Med J, 1978 Feb, 71(2), 219 - 21
Retropharyngeal abscess after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: an uncommon but potentially fatal complication; Heller AM et al.; Diagnostic cholangiopancreatography is a useful procedure which is attended by a relatively low incidence of immediate or delayed complications . Perforation of the esophagus or gut, myocardial infarction, hemorrhage, cholangitis, and pancreatitis are the most commonly reported morbid or fatal events . This paper reported a case of retropharyngeal abscess which led to tracheal compression requiring an emergency tracheostomy and antibiotic therapy after a routine ERCP procedure . This dramatic case pointed out an unusual but potentially fatal complication of diagnostic ERCP.

South Med J, 1978 Feb, 71(2), 191 - 4
Blastomycosis of fronto-ethmoid complex; Devgan BK et al.; Blastomycosis in children is relatively infrequent . Further, osteomyelitis of the frontal bone, which prior to the antibiotic era occurred more frequently and was mostly due to pyogenic cocci, is rare today . We described a case of frontal osteomyelitis in a child due to blastomycosis which occurred in the absence of frontal sinuses . To our knowledge this rare combination of factors has not previously been reported.

J Clin Invest, 1978 Feb, 61(2), 403 - 7
Prevention of chronic experimental pyelonephritis by suppression of acute suppuration; Glauser MP et al.; In order to evaluate the importance of suppuration, persistent infection, and scar formation in the evolution of Escherichia coli chronic pyelonephritis, we treated rats with different antibiotic regimens at different stages of the disease . The results show that (a) if acute suppurative pyelonephritis is aborted with early antibiotic therapy, chronic pyelonephritis is prevented; (b) chronic pyelonephritis can develop even after eradication of infection if acute suppuration persists beyond 3 days; (c) persistent infection does not lead to chronic pyelonephritis, if the acute suppuration is suppressed; and (d) residual infection, antigen-load, antibody, and(or) cell-dependent autoimmune processes did not play a significant role . We interpret these results as evidence that the pathologic entity recognized as chronic pyelonephritis results from kidney damage, scarring and shrinkage secondary to acute suppuration.

Biokhimiia, 1978 Feb, 43(2), 283 - 8
{DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of isolated zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) nucleoli}; Zaitseva GN et al.; A fraction of nucleoli is isolated from zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) nuclei, its DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity is studied at different temperature, ionic strength and Mg2+, Mn2+ and antibiotic concentrations . The effect of some factors and alpha-amantine on RNA polymerase activity of exonucleolar chromatin was studied as a control . A comparison of heat denaturation of nucleoli and chromatin RNA polymerase activities within the temperature range 30--55 degrees C has revealed a higher thermosensitivity of nucleoli RNA polymerase . Substitution of Mg2+ with equivalent amount of Mn2+ results in a considerable decrease of rRNA synthesis in nucleoli . Nucleoli RNA polymerase activity in the presence of Mg2+ is sensitive to the elevation of ionic strength from 0.12 to 1.30 u; chromatin RNA polymerase activity in the presence of Mn2+ is maximal at high ionic strength (1.30 mu) . alpha-Amantine and cycloheximide at high concentrations (10 and 200 mkg/ml) practically do not affect RNA polymerase activity of nucleoli . Nucleoli RNA polymerase of zooflagellates (Crithidia oncopelti) is similar to the A-form of the enzyme in higher eukaryotes.

J Bacteriol, 1978 Feb, 133(2), 1027 - 31
Genetic recombination in Streptomyces griseus; Parag Y; Low-frequency (10(-6)) genetic recombination was observed in a cephamycin-producing strain of Streptomyces griseus . The recombinants were predominantly heteroclones . Heteroclone analysis was performed involving four heteroclones of one cross . In 100 mutants correlation was found between the type of auxotrophy and the level of antibiotic activity . A cross of this strain with a streptomycin-producing strain of S . griesus is described.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 168 - 71
{Rifampicin action on the ultrastructure of E . coli cells}; Zhukov VG et al.; The ultrastructure of Coli bacteria exposed to rifampicin was studied . Dependence of the level of the ultrastructural changes on the antibiotic concentration and the time of incubation with the antibiotic was shown . After exclusion of the antibiotic from the medium the organism growth with normal ultrastructure was observed.

Aust Dent J, 1978 Feb, 23(1), 107 - 11
Pyogenic dental infections: a ten year review; Woods R; A review is presented of 140 cases of acute dental pyogenic infections . The type of bacteria associated with these infections and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns are discussed and related to earlier reports . The incidence of antibiotic allergy, the principal contraindication to the use of certain antibiotics, has been assessed and appropriate alternative antibiotics are considered.

J Oral Surg, 1978 Feb, 36(2), 138 - 40
Hyperbaric oxygen in the adjunctive treatment of chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible: report of case; Goupil MT et al.; A case of chronic osteomyelitis has been presented to show the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen in treatment of this disease . Surgical intervention is needed, as are adequate cultures, even though the cultures may be difficult to obtain and identify . Because the antibiotic therapy may need to be changed during the course of the disease, the selection of antibiotics should be dictated by positive cultures as well as the clinical course . Antibiotic therapy is needed for four to six weeks after abatement of symptoms.

Eur J Biochem, 1978 Jan 16, 82(2), 551 - 61
A hydrogen-deuterium exchange study of the amide protons of polymyxin B by nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy; Perkins SJ et al.; 1 . Proton magnetic resonance spectra at 270 MHz of polymyxin B, a cationic oligopeptide antibiotic, show the influence of the inorganic counteranion present in solution . 2 . Hydrogen-deuterium exchange rates for the amide protons are of two types, depending on whether the anion is monovalent or polyvalent . Polyvalent anions catalyse the acid-catalysed reaction more than the monovalent anions . 3 . The structure in solution was monitored using the proton signals of the amides, the phenylalanine aromatic protons, and the leucine methyl and gamma-CH protons in several polymyxin salts . The temperature coefficients of the chemical shifts of the N-H protons are used to identify two beta turns in the cyclic ring of polymyxin B . The variation in chemical shift of the N-H protons, the aromatic protons and the leucine protons are correlated with anionic size and electronegativity.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1978 Jan 15, 33(2), 61 - 4
{Value of lymphography within the framework of complex diagnosis of fever of unknown origin}; Reissmann K et al.; After comprehensive diagnostics on account of antibiotic-resistant subfebrile temperatures under suspicion of a lymphogranulomatosis a lymphography was performed in a 49-year-old patient . The lymphographic findings are discussed in detail . Since these findings differential-diagnostically allow a tuberculosis of the lymph nodes, a tuberculostatic therapy is performed . 6 months later the patient has an improved general condition and may again work in this former profession.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Jan 15, 103(2), 85 - 90
An infection with the lungworm Filaroides milksi Whitlock, 1956 (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in a dog from Belgium; Cremers HJ et al.; A one-year-old male boxer coming from Belgium was presented at the Small Animal Clinic with signs of respiratory distress which had been present for three weeks . A radiograph of the thorax showed features of peribronchitis and infiltration in both lungs . In spite of antibiotic and supportive therapy the dog died . Postmortem examination of the lungs revealed a large number of nematodes in most of the bronchioles and alveoli . These nematodes were identified as filaroides milksi, Whitlock, 1956, a lungworm of dogs which has not been reported in Europe previously.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Jan 4, 506(1), 18 - 29
Inhibition of conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis by cerulenin . Possible requirement for de novo lipid synthesis; Frisch A et al.; Conjugation in Tetrahymena pyriformis is induced by the mixing of two starved complementary mating types . Addition of the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of de novo lipid synthesis, upon mixing of the mating types inhibited the conjugation process . The inhibition of conjugation was found to be reversible upon washing the cells . Cerulenin inhibited {14C}acetate incorporation into the lipid fraction of the cells, while it did not affect the incorporation of {3H}leucine into proteins . Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the whole cells revealed that during conjugation the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is markedly changed . While the ratio of saturated:unsaturated fatty acids is 0.30 in unconjugated cells, it reached a value of 0.45 in conjugated cells.

Cytobios, 1978, 22(85), 41 - 5
Induction of multipolar spindle in Allium sativum; Kumar P et al.; The effect of the polyene antifungal antibiotic aureofungin on the chromosomes of Allium sativum was examined . Mitotic studies showed chromosomal abnormalities of metaphase and anaphase . Besides these anomalies, the alteration of the spindle, i.e . tri- to multipolar condition, was also observed in treatment with 100 microgram treatment for 24 h, and 200 microgram for 12 h and 24 h . The chemical also inhibited cytokinesis; hence, the multinucleate condition was established . Due to fragmentation and unequal distribution of chromatin material, the nuclear volume was also observed to be variable.

Digestion, 1978, 18(5-6), 394 - 401
Proteolytic proenzymes in the pancreas in the course of experimental bile-induced pancreatitis in the guinea pig; Harell D et al.; The levels of the proenzymes trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen were studied in guinea pigs with pancreatitis induced by injection of sodium taurocholate containing the antibiotic cephalothin . This treatment inhibited the enzyme activities and prolonged the activation times of the proenzymes . Both trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen content decreased after induction of pancreatitis, but there were no significant changes in the proenzyme contents in relation to injection-to-excision times . Sodium taurocholate and cephalothin were cleared from the pancreas in 2 h . Administration of chlorophyll-a together with the inducer caused a slight increase in proenzyme levels.

J Supramol Struct, 1978, 9(3), 289 - 98
Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins from Chinese hamster cells sensitive and resistant to actinomycin D; Peterson RH et al.; Plasma membrane proteins and glycoproteins have been isolated from Chinese hamster cells of the spontaneously transformed DC-3F parental cell line and the DC-3F/AD X line with a high level of acquired resistance to actinomycin D . Plasma membrane preparations from both cell lines band at 1.16 g/ml after isopycnic centrifugation . We present evidence to indicate differences in the leucylpeptide backbones of the antibiotic-sensitive cells and the drug-resistant DC-3F/AD X cells . In addition, there are differences in the plasma membrane glycopeptides of the two cell lines as revealed by sodium dodecyl gel electrophoresis . Drug-resistant cells synthesize a surface glycopeptide which is much larger than the major one present on the drug-sensitive cells . Both of these cell lines are devoid of 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase activities . The role of plasma membrane protein differences in drug-resistant cells is discussed.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(6), 52 - 63
{Toxicity studies of Pharmachem's tylosin tartrate for broilers and turkeys}; Donev B et al.; Studied were the acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity of the Pharmachim tylosin tartrate as well as the tolerance of chicken broilers and turkeys . The mean lethal dose of the antibiotic at subcutaneous application to 28-32 day-old broilers was 620 mg/kg; the oral dose was 1500 mg/kg . In the case of 42-45-day-old broilers these values were 740 and 5400 mg/kg . The LD50 at i/v infusion for 75-77-day-old ones was 48 mg/kg . Beside the age and route of introduction toxicity was found to depend on the initial biologic activity of tylosin tartrate . The subcutaneous injection of tylosin tartrate at the rate of 30 mg/kg for 20 days did not lead to changes in the appetite, behaviour, growth, and structure of viscera . A 42-day treatment at the same rate, however, resulted in slightly manifested and fully reversible dystrophic changes in the liver and kidneys . Higher doses (90 and 150 mg/kg) led to transient depression, stunting of growth, and a rise of the urea level and the activity of blood transaminases as well as to moderate destructive changes in the liver and kidneys . The stimulation of growth and the improvement of feed conversion (without deviations in the clinical and biochemical indices of the blood and the structure and development of the viscera in broilers) were recorded after the application of a water-soluble formula of tylosin tartrate for a period of 98 days offered via the drinking water in amounts equal to or exceeding 2 to 4 times the ED50 . Turkeys' tolerance for the preparation was evaluated as very good so far as single i/m injective applications were concerned in doses exceeding 3, 5, and 10 times the average effective rates, no differences in this respect being noted with the comparative use of tylosin tartrate produced by the Elanco firm.

Ateneo Parmense Acta Biomed, 1978, 49(3), 289 - 95
{Acute bacterial nephritis in diabetics (author's transl)}; Ugolotti U et al.; The AA . describe an unusual form of severe grahm negative bacterial infection of the renal parenchima that occurs infrequently in adult patients, most of whom are diabetics . During the acute phase, the kidney becomes smoothly enlarged, with marked impairment of contrast material excretion . The urographic and echographic findings simulated a renal neoplasm; on the contrary the selective renal angiography excluded the presence of a neoplastic blood circulation . This bacterial infection produces an inflammatory infiltrate surrounding and occluding the interlobular arteries in the cortex, with secondary ischemy . A precious and appropriate antibiotic therapy causes a rapid return of renal function; on the contrary this process may produce a globally small kidney in the long run.

Enzyme, 1978, 23(6), 416 - 9
Release of cryptic monoamine oxidase activity by growth of BHK-21 cells in D-chloramphenicol; Lipton JH et al.; The activity of monoamine oxidase, a marker enzyme of the outer mitochondrial membrane, is stimulated in BHK cells grown in the presence of 100 microgram ml-1 D-chloramphenicol . The observed stimulation can be reversed by removal of the antibiotic . Addition of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, to cell homogenates results in an elevation of the enzyme activity similar to that produced by D-chloramphenicol treatment . The activation by chloramphenicol is apparently related to a release of cryptic monoamine oxidase activity.

Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, 1978, 116(6), 847 - 52
{Experiences with Refobacin-Palacos with regard to deep late infections following hip-joint endoprosthesis surgery . A 4-years' study (author's transl)}; Thierse L; 667 TEP operations were performed in our hospital from 1970 to 1973 . Two groups of patients were treated either with Palacos-R without addition of antibiotics (n = 336) or with Refobacin-Palacos (n = 331) . Both groups received a combined postoperative systemic antibiotic infection prophylaxis . The authors' own subsequent investigations, completion of patient questionnaires and--in case of subjective complaints--medical questionnaires, were sufficient to follow up all patients, with the exception of two, over a period of 5--4 or 4--3 years . The infection rate in the group without addition of antibiotics was 6,3 or 4,1% for early or late infections respectively, in the Palacos group, whereas in the Refobacin-Palacos group the rate of early or late infections was only 0,6% . No sensitization in respect of the incorporated gentamycin antibiotic was found.

Paediatrician, 1978, 7(1-3), 52 - 64
Pericardial disease in children; Tierney RC; This article discusses the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of pericardial disease in the pediatric age group . Purulent pericarditis is a medical and surgical emergency . Prompt surgical drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy may be lifesaving . The pathogenesis and hemodynamic consequences of pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pericardial constriction and pneumopericardium are also discussed . The key to intelligent management of pericardial disease is an appreciation of the fact that the abnormal hemodynamics resulting from these disorders can frequently only be relieved by cardiac decompression.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(5), 389 - 93
Inhibition of Tritrichomonas foetus by vermiculine in vitro; Fuskova A et al.; The macrolide aglycosidic antibiotic vermiculine, added to the cultivation medium to a concentration of 30 micogram/ml, has an in vitro inhibitory effect on Tritrichomonas foetus . The agent interacts rapidly with the cells, causing irreversible changes after several hours of action . The changes are not repaired on removing the agent; the cells suffer from a rapid inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, the protein synthesis remaining intact.

Am J Hematol, 1978, 4(2), 193 - 206
Hemorrhagic death associated with a high titer factor V inhibitor; Coots MC et al.; An acquired bleeding diathesis was first noted in a 51-year-old patient 11 days following an exploratory laparotomy . Laboratory studies indicated the cause of bleeding to be the development of a circulating anticoagulant which inhibited factor V activity . The inhibitor, an immunoglobulin of the IgG class, was separated by use of Sephadex G-200 filtration, disc electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing . Despite vigorous immunosuppressive, antifibrinolytic, and replacement therapy, including the use of a "prothrombin complex" and plasmaphoresis, the bleeding diathesis could not be reversed and the patient died of hemorrhage . Although inhibitors to factor V are not usually associated with major life-threatening hemorrhage, this case demonstrates that the development of such an inhibitor can be an ominous finding . The use of an aminoglycoside antibiotic in this and other patients so reported may be one of the contributing causes to the development of such an inhibitor.

Adv Clin Pharmacol, 1978, 15, 111 - 7
{Allergy and anaphylaxis}; Raab W; Acute undesirable drug reactions following the application of one of the modern amiglycoside antibiotics only occur in some exceptional cases . Those compounds reveal low sensitizing capacity, in contrast to streptomycin . Following topical applications, allergies of delayed type have been recorded, especially in the case of neomycin, a widely used topical antibiotic . Aminoglycosides exhibit anaphylactoid activity; they cause a degranulation of mast cells . Via this mechanism, histamine reactions are provoked . Such "anaphylactoid" reactions are clinically indistinguishable from true allergic (anaphylactic) phenomena and repeatedly have been erroneously interpreted . For allergological test series as well as for the correct interpretation of acute unwanted drug effects it is important to consider the anaphylactoid activity of the aminoglycosides.

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Jan-Feb, 47(1), 85 - 90
{Composition of Actinomyces hygroscopicus membranes}; Efimova TP et al.; The composition of membranes was studied in four strains of Actinomyces hygroscopicus differing in their morphologo-cultural characteristics and synthesis of antibiotic hygromycin and enzyme hygrolytin . The composition of the membranes was not the same and varied in the course of growth and development . The content of proteins and carbohydrates increased in the membranes, particularly in the strains producing enzymes . In the process of growth, the content of phospholipids increased in the lipid component of the membranes, and the ratio between the main phospholipids, i . e . phosphatidyl ethanolamine and cardiolipine, changed . The spectrum of fatty acids of phospholipids did not change in the course of growth.

J Int Med Res, 1978, 6(3), 226 - 34
Netilmicin treatment of serious infections in patients with renal insufficiency; Jonsson M et al.; Out of 24 patients with suspected moderate to severe infections and treated with the semisynthetic aminoglycoside netilmicin, 11 patients had decreased renal function . Non-bacterial aetiology was present in five cases . There was good netilmicin effect in 10 cases, indeterminate effect in 6 cases (due to simultaneously given other antibiotics) and failure in 3 cases . Pharmacokinetic parameters were studied . Curves are given for serum concentration patterns relative to creatinine clearance, and serum half-lives are calculated in renal dysfunction . In this series of very ill patients including impaired renal function, metilmicin proved to be an efficient antibiotic with low toxicity . Only one transient minor vestibular abnormality in an 80-year-old man with concomitant diuretic medication was registered.

Br J Surg, 1978 Jan, 65(1), 54 - 6
Peritoneal lavage in appendicular peritonitis; Stewart DJ et al.; Peritoneal lavage resulted in a significant reduction in the duration of hospital stay in a retrospective series of 189 children with peritonitis secondary to perforation of the appendix . Antibiotic peritoneal lavage also resulted in a significant reduction in the number of children with septic and adhesive complications compared with antiseptic lavage and no lavage, mainly as a result of fewer wound infections . The overall incidence of residual intraperitoneal infection was low, and although differences in this respect were not significant, none of the children treated with antibiotic peritoneal lavage required reoperation for intraperitoneal sepsis.

Biomed Mass Spectrom, 1978 Jan, 5(1), 52 - 63
Electrohydrodynamic ionization mass spectrometry of biochemical materials; Stimpson BP et al.; Electrohydrodynamic ionization mass spectrometry has been applied to a range of biochemical materials dissolved in glycerol with NaI as electrolyte . Sugars (glucose, sucrose, raffinose), nucleosides (adenosine, thymidine, uridine), a tripeptide (glutathione) and an aminocyclitol antibiotic (neomycin) have been analyzed . Unambiguous analysis of a multicomponent solution has been demonstrated . All samples yielded several quasimolecular ions involving either proton or cation attachment to clusters of sample and/or solvent molecules . Unlike other techniques such as field desorption, electrohydrodynamic ionization is not observed to cause fragmentation of sample molecules . The mass spectrometer was operated so as to analyze only those ion clusters which had not undergone decomposition processes; under these conditions, most materials are ionized with similar efficiencies if the total abundance of all characteristic quasimolecular ions is considered . Information regarding the amino acid sequence of glutathione was obtained by thermal pretreatment of the glycerol solution before mass analysis . Positive and negative ion spectra give complementary information which can resolve potential ambiguities regarding the exact composition of quasimolecular ions . Electrohydrodynamic ionization mass spectrometry should be applicable to materials which cannot be ionized by other methods.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 7 - 11
{Formation by the mycoheptin producer of aureothin and pentaene 2814-P, separated into its mycopentene-1 and mycopentene-2 components}; Severinets LIa; Aureothin, a toxic substance of non-polyenic nature and pentaen 2814-P were isolated from the metabolites of Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum, the organism producing mycoheptaine . The above substances are also produced by other actinomycetes . The pentaenic antibiotic was divided into 2 components . Physico-chemical and biological properties, as well as the composition of the substances were studied.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 31 - 4
{Biosynthesis of the labelled rifamycin B in the presence of different 14C- and 3H-precursors}; Subbotina NA et al.; The results of studying the effectiveness of incorporation of the label from different 14C- and 3H-precursors into the molecule of rifamicin B during its biosynthesis are presented . The regularities of the label incorporation into the antibiotic composition as dependent on the time of the precursor addition were investigated . A radiochemically pure preparation of 14C-rifamicin B with specific radioactivity of 3 mcurie/mg was obtained.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 18 - 22
{Selection of active strains of Actinomadura carminata, the producer of carminomycin}; Filicheva VA et al.; The method of selecting active strains among a definite group of analogue-resistant mutants was used on the basis of studying the dependence of the carminomycin-producing organism growth and the antibiotic synthesis level on some metabolites . As a result, gamma-ray induced mutants 4 times more active than the parent strains were obtained.

J Nucl Med, 1978 Jan, 19(1), 67 - 8
The monitoring of renal dysfunction in renal emphysema by dual radiopharmaceutical scintiscanning; Chaudhuri TK et al.; Followup renal scintiscans using two radiopharmaceuticals were performed in a patient with renal emphysema . This allowed us to more accurately determine whether the emphysematous pyelonephritis was responding to antibiotic therapy or whether surgical intervention was indicated . Both Ga-67 citrate and a cortical agent (Tc-99m dimethylsuccinate) were used . A reciprocal relationship in the renal uptake of these two agents indicates the response of therapy and the degree of improvement of renal cortical function.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1978 Jan, 75(1), 91 - 6
Mycobacterium fortuitum epidemics after open-heart surgery; Robicsek F et al.; We present the clinical and epidemiological features of Mycobacterium fortuitum epidemics involving 19 patients who underwent open-heart surgery . The source of the infection could not be identified . However, bone wax and homografts utilized at that time have been suspected . The infected patients responded poorly to antibiotic management and their courses in most cases were influenced beneficially by total sternectomy and transplantation of the omentum into the mediastinum . The emergence of M . fortuitum may represent an aggressive bacterial strain resistant to presently used broad-spectrum antibiotic drugs.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1978, 56(1), 1 - 13
On the nature of the presumed receptor for IgE on mast cells . V . Enhanced binding of 125I-labeled IgE to cell-free particulate fractions in the presence of protease inhibitors; Bach MK et al.; Cell-free particulate preparations derived from sonicated, purified rat peritoneal mast cells can be radiolabeled with IgE . The IgE concentration-dependence and the kinetics of the binding reaction at pH 6.6 were very similar to those observed with intact mast cells . The number of IgE molecules bound per mast cell equivalent at saturation varied somewhat from one particulate preparation to the next and, on average, was about 50% of the binding capacity of the intact cells . Incubation of intact mast cells or of particulate fractions with low concentrations of IgE in serum-free media resulted in a decrease in the amount of bindable IgE which remained in the supernatants in excess over the amount of IgE which was bound to the cells . Specific binding of IgE to both particles and to intact cells at limiting IgE concentrations was stimulated up to approximately twofold by a variety of antibiotic, synthetic or high molecular weight (protein) protease inhibitors of which soybean trypsin inhibitor and p-nitrophenyl-p'-guanidinobenzoate were the most active . These substances also markedly protected the IgE, leaving more of it bindable to rat basophil leukemic cells in a second incubation . Binding to particulate fractions also occurred at pH 4.8 when bovine serum albumin was added to the incubations . The results are consistent with the view that normal peritoneal mast cells have a membrane-bound protease which has high selectivity for IgE.

Tissue Cell, 1978, 10(3), 401 - 12
Light and electron microscopic observations of feeding behavior, nutrition, and reproduction in laboratory cultures of Thalassicolla nucleata; Anderson OR; T . nucleata is a skeletonless, single-celled radiolarian commonly found in ocean surface water . Specimens were cultured in the laboratory in a seawater--antibiotic medium . Feeding experiments show that T . nucleata is omnivorous with preference for crustacea, colorless flagellates, and occasional diatoms . Pigmented algae bearing organic thecae are occasionally consumed, but Dunaliella sp . is rejected . Rhizopodial activity during algal predation is compared to activity during crustacean predation, and evidence for differentiation of function among rhizopodia is presented . Electron microscopic observations and evidence from cytochalasin B treatment support the hypothesis that microfilaments mediate organized rhizopodial streaming . Reproduction is by isospores which resemble those in other spumellarian Radiolaria . Survival time in laboratory culture indicates that T . nucleata has a life span of at least 3 weeks . These findings are discussed in relation to the unique requirements imposed by a pelagic habitat on survival of a single-celled floating organism.

Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1978 Jan, 8(1), 1 - 5
Studies on memory: spontaneous return of memory in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice and its relation to cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia; Rainbow TC et al.; We suggested previously that cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia was due in part to side-effects of the antibiotic on the central adrenergic system at the time of testing and that spontaneous return of memory depended upon recovery of the adrenergic system . To test these possibilities, mice chronically depleted of brain catecholamines (CAs) by 6=hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were trained in an avoidance-discrimination task and tested for spontaneous return of memory . Contrary to our hypothesis, amnesia at 24 hr after training was followed by recovery of memory by 72 hr, which indicates that recovery of memory can occur independently of adrenergic recovery . Injection of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine immediately after training prevented return of memory at 72 hr, suggesting that the residual CAs remaining after 6-OHDA are necessary for memory to spontaneously return at this time.

AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1978 Jan, 130(1), 111 - 4
Computed tomographic brain scanning in intraparenchymal pyogenic abscesses; Stevens EA et al.; Retrospective analysis of 25 pyogenic brain abcesses diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) revealed relatively specific morphologic characteristics of these infections . The ability to obtain an early accurate diagnosis resulted in a dramatic decrease in patient morbidity and mortality . Repeated examinations by CT permitted close monitoring of the response of the abscess to antibiotic therapy . In some instances the need for surgical intervention was eliminated or the surgical approach was modified as a result of these studies.

Respiration, 1978, 36(2), 104 - 11
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; Radha TG et al.; Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is not a common condition, even though asthma due to sensitization to Aspergillus antigen is very common in many countries because of the ubiquitous distribution of the fungus itself . During the course of 14 years, the Mycology Department of the V . P . Chest Institute, Delhi, has confirmed the diagnosis of ABPA in 46 patients . The present study is based on the follow-up of 17 patients for understanding the evolution of the disease . All of them had Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) in the sputum with positive type I and type III skin reaction to AF antigen . 7 patients were treated for 10 days with oral administration of Hamycin, an antibiotic isolated from one of the streptomycete species . Immediate results were very good, with marked alleviation of subjective symptoms and absence of fungi in the sputum . The drug deserves further trial.

Chemotherapy, 1978, 24(4), 240 - 8
Curing of an R factor from Escherichia coli by hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside; Pinney RJ et al.; Hydroxyurea (HU) and cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) eliminate R factor R46 from Escherichia coli strain J5-3 . The highest frequency of elimination for both drugs occurred at concentrations and times that produced the lowest survivor levels . 5% of cells were antibiotic-sensitive after 5 h incubation in 5 mg/ml Ara-C, whilst 6 and 7% of the survivors had lost the R factor after 8 and 24 h incubation, respectively in 20 mg/ml HU . The number of survivors began to increase after 5 h incubation in Ara-C, probably due to the inactivation of the drug in the phosphate-buffered medium . All four antibiotic resistances (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline) mediated by R46 were lost simultaneously and elimination of the whole plasmid was confirmed by conjugation experiments in which the 'cured' cells was shown to be as efficient recipients of R46 as the control R- strain in crosses with E . coli strain J6-2 (R46) . No covalently closed circular plasmid DNA was demonstrable in cured cell lines . R+ and R- strains had similar sensitivities to HU but J5-3 R+ was much more sensitive to Ara-C than the isogenic R- strain . It may be concluded that HU eliminates R46 actively whereas although Ara-C may produce some active elimination it acts mainly by selection of R- cells present in the culture.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1978 Jan, 33(1), 21 - 5
Mepartricin, a polyene active on both Trichomonas and Candida . Lack of mutagenic activity; Ruozi P et al.; Mepartricin, the methyl ester of partricin, is a new polyene antibiotic with antifungal and antiprotozoal activity . The antitrichomonas activity in vitro is comparable to that of metronidazole, the widely used drug recently demonstrated to possess mutagenic activity and thus to be used with caution in therapy . Clinical investigations have shown that mepartricin can be successfully used in the topic treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis and candidiasis . The mutagenic activity of mepartricin has been evaluated using the Ames' test and compared to that of metronidazole . No mutagenic activity was detected for mepartricin . The drug can thus be proposed as a safer and efficient alternative to metronidazole.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1978, (14), 228 - 32
Absorption of bacampicillin and ampicillin and penetration into body fluids (skin blister fluid, saliva, tears) in healthy volunteers; Simon C et al.; Equimolar doses of bacampicillin, which is rapidly converted to ampicillin in the body by hydrolysis, and ampicillin were administered orally, in the case of ampicillin also by intravenous injection, to 10 healthy subjects (cross-over study) . Comparison of the areas under the serum concentrations curves after intravenous and oral administration showed that bacampillin was absorbed to 95% and orally given ampicillin to 35% . The mean peak serum levels (Cmax) after 0.8 g of oral bacampicillin were higher (15.9 microgram/ml) and appeared earlier (tmax 60 min) than after 0.556 g of oral ampicillin (3.2 microgram/ml, tmax 150 min) . One and three hours after oral administration skin blister fluid contained four times more ampicillin after doses of bacampicillin than after oral ampicillin . One hour after intravenous injection of ampicillin the skin blister concentrations were 20 times higher than after oral administration of this antibiotic and three to four times higher than after oral administration of bacampicillin . The levels in saliva and tears were also determined and showed similar relationships . Since higher peaks serum levels resulted in higher and longer lasting concentrations in the extravascular space, bacampicillin is to be preferred for oral therapy.

Vet Med Nauki, 1978, 15(1), 95 - 9
{Action of actidion on the replication of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus}; Khristov S et al.; Explored was the possibility of inhibiting the replication of the virus of the transmissive gastroenteritis by means of actidione . It was found that in certain concentrations the antibiotic completely inhibited the replication of this virus . In individual strains the process of replication was not influenced by the various concentrations applied . It was demonstrated that when the antibiotic was added to the infected cell cultures during individual phases its varying concentrations influenced the virus replication . When actidione was added to the cells at the time of virus adsorption it did not inhibit the synthesis of the virus . Similar were the results when the cells were cultivated 24 hours with specified concentrations of actidione prior to their infection with the virus.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 38 - 43
{Quantitative amino acid makeup and the characteristics of the amino groups of ristomycin and the products of its partial acid hydrolysis}; Katrukha GS et al.; The quantitative amino acid composition of ristomycin A, a glycopeptide antibiotic, peptides I-IV (from partial acid hydrolysis of the antibiotic) and their dinitrophenylic derivatives was determined . It was shown that both ristomycin and free peptides I-IV contained one residue of ristomycinic acid and one residue of actinoidinic acid, diamino-dicarbonic amino acids of the glycylphenolic type . Peptides I-IV had close molecular weights, i.e . 1100-1200 and differed from each other in the gradually increasing numbers of NH2- and COON- groups, from one in peptide I to four in peptide IV . The quantitative amino acid analysis of the dinitrophenylic derivatives of ristomycin and peptides I-IV showed that the free NH2-group in peptide I belonged to ristomycinic acid, the same as in the antibiotic, while in peptides III-IV at least one of the free NH2-groups belonged to ristomycinic acid and the other belonged to actinoidinic acid.

Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 252 - 60
Clinical investigations of neocarzinostatin in Japan; Kimura I; Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is an antibiotic from streptomyces carzinostaticus which inhibits DNA synthesis . Clinical trials in Japan began in 1971 . NCS is active against S-180, Ehrlich tumor, L1210, Yoshida sarcoma, and a range of ascitic hepatomas . In rabbit NCS is distributed at high concentrations in the kidney, skin, stomach, pancreas, lung, and muscles . The high distribution in the pancreas and the stomach suggested possible effectiveness in human tumors at these sites . In clinical studies NCS has been shown to be active against acute leukemia . As a single agent 9 out of 51 obtained a CR with 9 more achieving a PR . Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting were the most frequent side effects . NCS has been tried in combination with Ara-C, daunorubicin and prednisolone and CR was ssen in 11 out of 14 . In stomach cancer responses of some kind were observed in 12 out of 141 cases, while in the case of pancreatic tumors there were 10 out of 68.

Cutis, 1978 Jan, 21(1), 101 - 4
Low-dose minocycline therapy in tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris; Cullen SI; Ninety-one patients with acne vulgaris were selected for a two-part study primarily because the severity of disease suggested that it might be tetracycline-recalcitrant . Of the eighty-eight patients completing the first part of the study, thirty-two were judged to have tetracycline-nonresponsive acne and received 50 mg of minocycline twice daily for the next six to eight weeks . Twenty-five patients completed this second part of the study . Of these twenty-five, twenty-two experienced a 33 percent or greater reduction in the number of lesions . It is concluded that minocycline in a dosage of 50 mg twice daily is a safe and effective antibiotic for those patients with tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris.

Acta Chir Acad Sci Hung, 1978, 19(4), 321 - 8
Oxytetracycline concentration of bile after systemic and regional administration; Farkas A et al.; Oxytetracycline concentration of bile was determined after systemic and regional (intraportal) infusions . A single dose of 3.60 mg/kg of oxytetracycline was infused into the brachial vein of 8 dogs and into the portal vein of 9 dogs in 120 minutes . Bile samples taken at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes showed that the liver excretes into the bile higher concentrations of oxytetracycline in the case of intraportal infusion . The results suggest that treatment of inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin of the biliary tree might be more effective when the antibiotic is applied in intraportal infusion.

Cytobios, 1978, 23(91-92), 177 - 85
The effect of bleomycin on rat bone marrow cells; Bishun NP et al.; Experiments were carried out to determine the cytogenetic effects of the antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) in rats using the bone marrow system . A total of eighteen male and eighteen female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with varying concentration of BLM, over varying periods of time . The results revealed that at low concentrations BLM showed no alteration in the ploidy or the morphology of rat chromosomes . This however, was not the case when the dose or administration period was increased.

Mutat Res, 1978, 55(2), 121 - 45
Genetic toxicology of bleomycin; Vig BK et al.; Bleomycin (BLM), an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces verticillus, is of significance as an antineoplastic agent . The compound is actually the mixture of some 200 related forms which differ from each other in the amine moiety . The drug, at low concentrations, can cause elimination of bases, particularly thymine . This causes strand breakage of DNA and inhibition of cell growth . The influence of BLM on cell growth may be unrelated to the effects on DNA . In general, mitotically dividing cells show more DNA damage than non-dividing cells . G2 seems to be the most sensitive phase indicating that cell death may not be related to a direct effect of BLM on DNA replication . The antibiotic shows specific effects on chromatin and causes chromosomal damage in all sub-phases of interphase . It can affect early prophase chromosomes also . Suggestion has been made that BLM-induced breakage and cell death are similar to those induced by densely ionizing radiations . Whereas the antibiotic affects the frequency of somatic crossing over and produces micronuclei, the data on mutation induction and production of sister-chromatid exchanges do not permit classifying BLM as a potent inducer of these phenomena . The genetic effects of BLM can be modified quantitatively by thiol compounds, caffeine, hyperthermia and H2O2 . It is concluded that the available data do not permit assessment of genetic damage in the offsprings of BLM-treated patients . Such studies are urgently needed, as are the studies to find out the effects of BLM on meiotic phenomena.

Cornell Vet, 1978 Jan, 68 Suppl 7, 306 - 17
Special topics in clinical pathology; Bentinck-Smith J et al.; The following topics are discussed in this presentation: A . Recent advances in the use and interpretation and methodology of antibiotic susceptibility testing . B . Improvements in sample submittal to obtain accurate results from your laboratory . C . Staining blood, bone marrow, and cytology specimens in the office laboratory . D . Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of lipemia . E . Differential diagnosis of abdominal effusions.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1978, 18(7), 479 - 86
Regulative influence of o-aminobenzoic acid on the biosynthesis of nourseothricin in cultures of Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b . III . Change of redox state of nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotides in the presence of aminobenzoic acids; Grafe U et al.; o-Aminobenzoic acid (OABA, anthranilic acid) and related compounds which are known to stimulate the biosynthesis of streptothricin-type antibiotic nourseothricin by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b were found to increase strongly the NADH/NAD+ ratio in growing mycelium of this strain suggesting that these effectors are capable of interfering with the function of the respiratory chain . In parallel, a complex shift of metabolism was induced shown by simultaneous alteration of mycelial activities of alanine dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase . These changes may be responsible for the observed delay of amino acid catabolism and may improve the precursor supply of the secondary metabolism.

J Biol Chem, 1977 Dec 25, 252(24), 9018 - 23
Impaired intracellular migration and altered solubility of nonglycosylated glycoproteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus; Leavitt R et al.; Tunicamycin, an antibiotic which prevents the glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins, inhibits the replication of both vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus . In tunicamycin-treated infected cells, all of the viral proteins are synthesized but the glycoproteins are devoid of carbohydrate . The nonglycosylated glycoproteins could not be detected on the outside of the plasma membrane by lactoperoxidase labeling, indirect immunofluorescence staining, or chymotrypsin treatment of intact cells, whereas the glycosylated glycoproteins were readily detected by all three methods . These results indicate that the bulk of the nonglycosylated glycoproteins are unable to undergo the normal migration to the cell surface . In contrast to the normal glycosylated viral glycoproteins, the nonglycosylated glycoproteins were insoluble in nonionic detergents such as Triton X-100 . The nonglycosylated glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus could be solubilized using a combination of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and 0.2% Triton X-100, but precipitated when the 6 M guanidine was removed by dialysis . These results suggest that the lack of carbohydrate alters the properties of the glycoproteins, which may explain their impaired mobility through the intracellular membranous system.

Hum Genet, 1977 Dec 23, 39(3), 309 - 13
Inhibition of the development of Q-bands on human chromosomes by netropsin; Schlammadinger J et al.; Netropsin, an oligopeptide-type basic antibiotic, having exclusively A-T-specific DNA-binding affinity and situating itself into the minor groove of the double helix, represses the development of Q-bands if human chromosome preparations are treated with it before quinacrine mustard staining . The most probable interpretation of this effect is that netropsin interferes with the intercalation of the dye molecules . It is assumed this phenomenon supports the hypothesis that quinacrine mustard binds preferentially to A-T-rich sequences of DNA in the metaphase chromosomes.

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