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| Can J Microbiol, 1976 May, 22(5), 654 - 7 Selective enrichment of Shigella in the presence of Escherichia coli by use of 4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside; Park CE et al.; A procedure involving the use of citrate-buffered lactose broth (pH 6.5) containing an analogue of a beta-galactoside (4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside) has been developed for the enrichment of Shigella in competition with a 100-fold higher population of Escherichia coli . The system makes use of the beta-galactosidase activity of E . coli which hydrolyzes the phenolic derivative of beta-galactoside to galactose and an aglycone moiety (4-chloro-2-cyclopentylphenol) which is toxic to E . coli but is tolerated by Shigella . The procedure is particularly effective in the enrichment of S . sonnei and S . flexneri; S . dynsenteriae and S . boydii are enriched to a lesser extent. Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Apr, 26(2 Pt 2), 374 - 82 Progress report on the Charles River Breeding Laboratories' free-ranging rhesus monkey breeding colony on Key Lois, Florida; Foster HL; The nucleus of a breeding colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) free from tuberculosis, herpes-B virus, shigellosis, and salmonellosis has been established on Key Lois, Florida, USA . Standardized procedures for trapping, quarantine, and shipping from the wild in India to the island have been established . The monkeys seem to have adapted well to the Florida Keys' climate . Reproduction has proceeded according to expectations, and social groups have been formed with continual restructuring as each new group is placed on the island . The isolation of Key Lois from other inhabited keys by the open sea affords good isolation and has discouraged intrusion by unwanted visitors . The operational costs of this island breeding program are encouraging . It is projected that by 1976 or 1977, monkeys should be available from this colony at a lower price than for animals bred in indoor facilities; and their availability will be in excess of animals trapped in the forest and subjected to a conventional conditioning and quarantine period. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 1976 Apr, 220(2), 339 - 43 Intraventricular antipyretics and bacterial pyrogen fever; Nistico G et al.; In adult fowls with cannulae chronically implanted into the IIIrd cerebral ventricle or into the hypothalamus, the effects of various hydrosoluble antipyretics, given intraventricularly, on bacterial pyrogen fever were studied . It has been shown that fever evoked by intrahypothalamic or intraventricular infusion of O somatic antigen of Shigella Dysenteriae was reduced by intraventricular administration of acetylsalicylate-lysine, indomethacin-methylglucamine or ibuprofen-lysine given during the febrile plateau . However, a 3-day intraventricular pretreatment with acetylsalicylate or indomethacin, or a single administration 30 min before, did not prevent fever by subsequent intraventricular or intrahypothalamic injection of pyrogen . On the contrary, intraventricular infusion of indomethacin or acetylsalicylate substantially reduced pyrogen fever when given after pyrogen latency period, e.g . just at the beginning of the febrile response . A possible involvement of E prostaglandins as mediator to pyrogen fever is discussed. Br Med J, 1976 Mar 27, 1(6012), 759 - 62 Incidence of tuberculosis, hepatitis, brucellosis, and shigellosis in British medical laboratory workers; Harrington JM et al.; A retrospective postal survey of 21 000 medical laboratory workers in England and Wales showed 18 new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1971, a five-times increased risk of acquiring the disease compared with the general population . Technicians were at greatest risk, especially if they worked in morbid anatomy departments . Of the 35 cases of hepatitis, the technicians were again the occupational group most likely to acquire the disease . Microbiology staff were twice as likely to report shigellosis as those in other pathology divisions but only one case of brucellosis was reported in the whole laboratory population . A similar survey carried out in 1973 of 3000 Scottish medical laboratory workers corroborates the results from England and Wales . Medical laboratory workers continue to experience a considerable risk of developing an occupationally acquired infection . Improvements in staff safety and health care seem to be necessary. JAMA, 1976 Mar 22, 235(12), 1239 - 43 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for shigellosis; Nelson JD et al.; Twenty-eight infants and children hospitalized for severe shigellosis were treated orally either with ampicillin trihydrate (100 mg/kg/day administered in divided doses every six hours) or with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (trimethoprim, 10 mg; sulfamethoxazole, 50 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 12 hours) for five days . Four patients with ampicillin-resistant shigellae continued to have diarrhea and positive stool cultures during therapy . Patients with susceptible shigellae treated with ampicillin and all patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole responsed promptly and comparably within an average of 1.6 and 1.7 days, respectively, until stool cultures were negative, and 3.1 and 2.9 days, respectively, until diarrhea stopped . Patients with ampicillin-resistant shigellae responded to treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . It is concluded that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the best currently available drug for treatment of shigellosis in areas where multiple antibiotic resistance of shigellae is common. JAMA, 1976 Mar 8, 235(10), 1026 - 9 Extensive urban outbreak caused by antibiotic-sensitive Shigella sonnei; Farrar WE Jr et al.; During 1970 and 1971, a large increase in the number of isolations of Shigella organisms (90% S sonnei) occurred among patients of Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta . Examination of strains isolated during this outbreak showed a marked decline in the frequency of antibiotic resistance, especially multiple resistance, from that which had been observed during the preceding three years, in spite of continued heavy usage of antibiotics . These findings are contrary to most recently reported experience, which has indicated a rapidly increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance, especially to ampicillin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1976 Mar, 73(3), 692 - 6 Genetic recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro; Sadowski PD et al.; We have demonstrated recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro . An extract of Escherichia coli B cells infected with wild-type T7(T7+) is incubated with mature DNA extracted from T7 phage . Packaging of the exogenous DNA within the phage head appears to be preceded by recombination of exogenously added DNA with DNA present in the extracts . In order to detect the recombination, we used an exogenous DNA bearing a marker (ss-) such that progeny phage which have packaged this marker are able to plate on Shigella sonnei D2 571-48, whereas T7+ phage present in the extracts do not . The recombinational process bears many of the characteristics of in vivo recombination . The exogenous DNA is not packaged intact but undergoes fragmentation to a length of about 3000 base pairs before being incorporated into a mature DNA molecule . If ss- DNA bearing an amber mutation is used in the assay, the frequency of amber+ progeny produced varies with the distance of the amber marker from the ss- marker . When DNA bearing three mutations is used in the reaction, phage heterozygous for the unselected marker are readily detected . Finally the products of phage genes 4 (DNA replication protein), 5(DNA polymerase), and 6(exonuclease), genes previously implicated in recombination in vivo, are required for the in vitro reaction. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1976 Mar-Apr, 6(2), 184 - 92 The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases; Kazal HL et al.; The clinical and pathological findings in a group of 260 homosexual men comprising 10% of a private proctologic practice are reviewed . A clinical pattern of anorectal and colon diseases encountered with unusual frequency in these homosexual patients is termed the gay bowel syndrome . The clinical diagnoses in decreasing order of frequency include condyloma acuminata, hemorrhoids, nonspecific proctitis, anal fistula, perirectal abscess, anal fissure, amebiasis, benign polyps, viral hepatitis, gonorrhea, syphilis, anorectal trauma and foreign bodies, shigellosis, rectal ulcers and lymphogranuloma venereum . 60 anorectal and sigmoid biopsies from 51 patients failed to disclose evidence of specific infection other than condyloma acuminata . Of 21 patients with biopsy diagnosis of nonspecific proctitis, 8 had a specific infection which was detected by other means,--5 cases of shigellosis and one case each of gonorrheal proctitis, amebiasis and lymphogranuloma venereum . In evaluating proctologic problems in the gay male, all of the known sexually transmitted diseases should be considered . Shigellosis, amebiasis and viral hepatitis should be included . Microbiological evaluation is essential . Concurrent infections with 2 or more pathogens should be anticipated . Chlamydia trachomatis, an important cause of nonspecific urethritis in the general population, is high on the list of possible causes of the nonspecific proctitis present in 31 of the 260 patients. J Histochem Cytochem, 1976 Mar, 24(3), 517 - 26 Ultrastructural localization of viral antigens using the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method; Wendelschafer-Crabb G et al.; Employing the unlabeled antibody enzyme method at the ultrastructural level, a comparison was made between preembedding staining and postembedding staining for the detection of viral antigens . The bacteriophage P1 absorbed to the surface of Shigella dysenteriae was used as a model system . Preembedding staining resulted in the specific deposition of peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) complexes as an electron-dense coating around the viral heads . Disadvantages of the preembedding staining method included the agglutination of cells by the primary antiserum which produced a gradient of specific staining and the "bleeding" or migration of electron dense reaction product away from the sites of attached PAP complexes . The postembedding staining method had distinct advantages over the preembedding staining in that PAP complexes were deposited directly over exposed viral heads within the thin section . In addition, the specific immunostaining of viruses was uniform through the section and no artifactual migration of reaction product was observed. N Z Med J, 1976 Feb 11, 83(557), 81 - 2 Antibiotic resistance of shigellas in New Zealand; Robinson RA; A WHO assisted survey of antibiotic resistance of Shigella sp from various countries in the Western Pacific Region was carried out by the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan . Of 282 unselected isolates from throughout New Zealand, 221 (78 percent) exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics . The implications of these results in relation to treatment are briefly discussed. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 3(2), 143 - 8 Diagnostic value of indirect hemagglutination in the seroepidemiology of Shigella infections; Patton CM et al.; To evaluate the usefulness of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in the epidemiological investigation of shigellosis, single serum specimens were tested from 50 patients with Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga bacillus) infections, 103 asymptomatic contacts of these cases, 267 adult and 100 student control, and serum specimens collected during two outbreaks caused by S . sonnei and one outbreak due to S . flexneri 6 . In patients with S . dysenteriae 1, 74% demonstrated titers of greater than or equal to 1:40, with 50% showing titers of greater than or equal to 1:160, whereas in the controls 10.4% had titers of greater than or equal to 1:40 and only 0.3% had titers of greater than or equal to 1:160 . IHA titers in serum specimens collected from patients with S . sonnei and S . flexneri 6 were too low to be considered diagnostic for individual patients, but were useful in analysis of group results . Groups of ill individuals yielded titers significantly higher than non-ill groups; however, titers from ill groups were usually less than 1:40 . The IHA test for S . dysenteriae 1 antibodies serves as a valuable adjunct to the diagnosis of Shiga bacillus dysentery . In our laboratory, an IHA titer of 1:40 or 1:80 is a "borderline positive." Shiga bacillus dysentery is strongly indicated when IHA titers are greater than or equal to 1:60. J Clin Invest, 1976 Jan, 57(1), 194 - 202 Pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea . Serum anticytotoxin antibody response produced by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Shigella dysenteriae 1; Keusch GT et al.; The serum antitoxin response to the cytotoxin contained in preparations of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga's bacillus) exotoxin was studied in natural and experimental infections of man . Natural infection resulted in the rapid appearance of toxin-neutralizing antibody, which disappeared some time between 9 and 18 mo after infection . Experimental infection of human volunteers provided the opportunity to study immunoglobulin class of the antibody in sera obtained serially from 7 to 50 days after infection . Neutralizing antibody was present only in the IgM fraction isolated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation . This was confirmed by the use of solid-phase immunoaffinity chromatography . Even though the time-course and immunoglobulin class of the antitoxin antibody response was similar to that previously observed for anti-O polysaccharide antibody, the biologically active cytotoxin was shown to be highly susceptible to destruction by proteolytic enzymes . Sera from subjects infected with a virulent invasive chlorate-resistant Shiga mutant thought to be "nontoxigenic" also contained antibody which was similarly restricted to the IgM fraction . Biologically active cytotoxin was recovered when this mutant organism was grown in liquid media with controlled ion concentration . The mutant cytotoxin was heat labile, neutralized by antiwild-type cytotoxin antibody, and was separable by isoelectric focusing into two fractions with pI 7.2 and 6.1 like the wild-type toxin . These studies show that cytotoxin antigen is produced during in vivo infection with Shiga bacilli, resulting in a serum antitoxin antibody response . Without explanation is the restriction of the antibody to the IgM class and lack of evidence for an IgG antibody to the protein cytotoxin . Finally, mutant strain 725, previously designated "nontoxigenic," was shown to produce biologically active cytotoxin in vitro and, in experimentally infected volunteers, to result in a serum IgM antibody similar to that observed during infection with the wild-type strain. Bull Pan Am Health Organ, 1976, 10(2), 143 - 55 Diarrheal diseases of infancy in Cali, Colombia: study design and summary report on isolated disease agents; Newell KW et al.; For public health reasons, it is important that the etiologic agents of early childhood diarrhea be isolated and identified, and that their routes of transmission be defined . This is especially true in tropical and subtropical developing countries, where childhood patterns of exposure to diarrheal disease agents usually differ from those in developed countries, and where diarrheal illness is a frequent harbinger of death among children under five years of age . This artical describes a study designed to identify diarrheal disease agents and transmission patterns in Cali, a large city of western Colombia's fertile Cauca River Valley . The study area, composed of five working-class districts with a total population of some 40,000, appeared to provide an environment fairly similar to those of many other "average" working-class communities in Latin America . Beginning in July 1962, a cohort of 296 children being born in these districts was studied, the period of investigation starting with the date of birth and continuing until each child's second birthday or its premature withdrawal from the study . Weekly home visits were made to establish defecation patterns, feeding practices, and anthropometry . The resulting data were then analyzed in terms of defecation frequencies, occurrence of liquid stools, and the presence of blood, mucus, or pus in the stools . Differences were noted in male and female defecation patterns and in the defecation frequencies of different age groups . Stool specimens for bacteriologic, virologic, and parasitologic examination were collected monthly on a regular basis and weekly when diarrhea occurred . Numerically, viruses were isolated and identified more often than other agents . The most commonly isolated parasite species and viral and bacterial serotypes were G . lamblia (from 222 subjects), echovirus 11 (from 166 subjects), and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli 026:B6 (from 138 subjects) . Compared with the findings of several studies in other countries, isolations of shigellae were relatively rare. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jan, (1), 61 - 7 {Epidemiologic aspects of using the dysenterin skin test in institutions for pre-school children for the purpose of detecting potential sources of infection}; Solodovnikov IuP et al.; A possibility of considerable reduction of dysentery morbidity in creches and kindergartens by isolation of portential sources of infection among the personnel and children revealed as a result of repeated bacteriological examination, positively reacting to dysenterin was demonstrated in two controlled epidemiological trials . The efficacy of this measure became much less when the test and the corresponding bacteriological examination were performed in the personnel alone . As a whole, the high incidence of positive results of the skin-allergic test in practically healthy children and adults, with an extremely rare isolation of shigellae in persons positively reacting to dysenterin, even in their repeated bacteriological examination, pointed to rather limited possibilities of an effective use of this test in antiepidemic practice for detection of potential sources of infection. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1976, 23(4), 353 - 8 Immunity of the guinea pig's eye after vaccination with Shigella sonnei phase I antigen; Kerekes L; A total of 8 doses, each containing 10(9) live or heated cells of pure phase I antigen of Shigella sonnei and Plesiomonas shigelloides, was administered into the conjunctival sac of guinea pigs during a 3-week period . The eyes were challenged with virulent S . sonnei . The vaccines protected the eyes in 50-80% to the minimum infecting dose andin 20-50% to 3 MID . The peak of immunity began to decrease after the 26th day and on the 56th day it was practically nil . Vaccination caused histological changes in the conjunctiva but not in the cornea. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1976, 23(4), 317 - 24 Generalized transduction Of shigella flexneri by converting phage PE5; Financsek I et al.; Phage PE5, responsible for the conversion of type V antigen in Shigella flexneri, has the ability to produce generalized transduction . The correlation between phage multiplicity and the number of transductants, the specific inhibitory activity of anti-PE5 serum, and the lack of transduction in PE5 resistant recipients, indicate the role of phage PE5 in generalized transduction . Transduction of the R100-1 factor resulted in a non-transmissible tetracycline resistance segragation . The characteristics of the tetracycline resistance determinant suggest the possibility of integration. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1976, 23(3), 259 - 70 Restriction and modification of Shigella flexneri phages by R factors; Laszlo VG et al.; Out of 420 R factors derived from Shigella flexneri strains, 50.8% restricted Escherichia coli and S . flexneri phages . Phage restriction was produced both by fi- and fi+ R factors . The R factors were divided into nine groups on the basis of the efficiency of plating of S . flexneri phages . Changes of phage types were produced by transferring R factors of different restrictive types . The changes offered some information concerning the evolution of phage types . Studies on phage modification supported the grouping of R factors determined on the basis of restriction . R factors of different restrictive types were type-specific except for types VII and IX . Modified phages proved to be highly practical for epidemiological purposes . The use of modified phages, as an additional phage-set besides that basic phage-set, was suggested to trace the source of strains which changed their phage types as an effect of R factors. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1976, 23(3), 251 - 7 R factors derived from Shigella flexneri strains; Laszlo VG et al.; Of 2492 Shigelle flexneri strains isolated from dysenteric patients in Hungary in the years 1972-1974, 767 (30.8%) were resistant to 1-5 antibiotics . Resistance was due to R factors in 79.2% of the strains . Fertility inhibition experiments with F specific phages showed R factors to be fi+ in 12.9% and fi- and 87.1% . Of the antibiotic markers, the chloramphenicol-tetracycline resistance determinant was the most common (46.4%) . Chloramphenicol resistance determinants were carried out by fi- R factors. Arkh Patol, 1976, 38(7), 52 - 6 {Ultrastructural changes in mucosa of the distal portion of the large intestine of patients with dysentery}; Kolesnikova AF et al.; The ultrastructure of the mucosa of the large intestine was studied in 10 patients with acute dysentery . The group of patients included 7 women and 3 men aged 17--50 years . Diagnosis was confirmed in all cases bacteriologically (by isolation of Sonne shigella in 4 patients and Flexner shigella in 6 patients) . The electron-microscopy study of bioptats of the mucosa showed that in the inflammatory process all its cells--prismatic, gobletcells, and enterochromaffin -- took part, although not in the same degree . Early appearance of a great number of prismatic cells with a high functional activity indicated to compensatory abilities of the mucosa already during the first days of the disease. J Immunol Methods, 1976, 13(3-4), 271 - 7 Passive hemolysis inhibition test for quantitation of serologically active polysaccharides and oligosaccharides in micro amounts; Kontrohr T et al.; An improved quantitative micromethod is described for the assay of antigenically active bacterial lipopolysaccharides and their immunodeterminant oligosaccharides . The method which is capable of measuring antigens in nanogram quantities yields the same sensitivity as the microcomplement fixation without the limitations of this method . The use of the method was demonstrated on Shigella sonnei phase 1 and phase ii lipopolysaccharide antigens and immunodeterminants. Genetika, 1976, 12(7), 183 - 5 {Formation of F'-episomes in Flexner shigellae}; Lycheva TA et al.; Genetic characteristics of Shigella flexneri virulent donor strain 3s, isolated in the laboratory, are studied . The data obtained showed that Sh . flexneri 3s 6832 is of F'protype it did not transmit even closely located chromosome markers, except pro+ . The transition of pro+ marker was reproduced in recA- strain . F'pro plasmid was eliminated with a frequency similar to that of F'lac factor in the control strain of Escherichia coli . The study of virulence by means of keratoconjunktival test revealed its retaining in clones which lost F'pro plasmid . Probably, KCP-A gene retained in the chromosome of F'pro strain . Crossing with proA- and procC- C . coli strains revealed a small length of F'pro episome, enly ProA+ hybrids being obtained . A complex mechanism of F'system formation in interspecies genetic recombination between E . coli K-12 and Sh . flexneri 3s is demonstrated. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1976, 24(3), 327 - 36 Immune processes in the course of infection with dysentery bacilli . II . Transfer of immunity by means of serum; Wieczorek Z et al.; The role of antibodies in immunity to intravenous infection with dysentery bacilli was studied in mice . Serum from animals immunized with a single dose of live dysentery bacilli obtained at a varying intervals of time after immunization transferred immunity to other mice infected with lethal doses of the same bacilli . Passive immunity transferred with serum was diffrentiated . Sera obtained 4 to 8 days after immunization of the donors with sublethal doses of live Shigella sonnei phase I bacilli protected lethally infected recipients by inhibiting multiplication of the bacilli in the spleen and liver . Highest protective activity of this type was found in sera obtained 6 days after immunization of the donors . Sera obtained after 11 days and later protected the recipients from death, but only negligibly inhibited growth of the bacilli in the internal organs of the animals . It is suggested that immunity to intravenous infection with dysentery bacilli in mice follows a biphasic course . In the first phase, between days 4 and 8 after immunization, cell-mediated immunity and a specific humoral factor play the main role . In the second phase, specific immunoglobulins of the IgG class afford protection. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1976, 24(3), 315 - 26 Immune processes in the course of infection with dysentery bacilli . I . Transfer of immunity by means of spleen cells; Kowalewska D et al.; Studies on the mechanisms of immune phenomena in the course of infections with dysentery bacilli in mice showed that injection of live Shigella sonnei phase I bacilli intravenously evokes the appearance in the spleen of cells by means of which immunity to a lethal dose of these microorganisms can be transferred into other mice . Immunity to a lethal dose of the bacteria was measured by the number of animals surviving the infection, and by the numbers of bacteria isolated from the organs of the animals . "Active" cells appeared in the spleen 4-8 days after immunization . Spleen cells obtained from mice earlier than 4-8 days after immunization, or from non-immunized mice, were inactive . The role of cell-mediated immunity, reactivity to endotoxins per se, and specific immunoglobulins in immunity to bacterial dysentery in mice are discussed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976, (3), 28 - 31 {Biochemical and genetic characteristics of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and shigellae . IV . An electron microscopic study of pathogenic escherichia of serologic group 0124 and their recombinants}; Aleksin LM et al.; Electron microscopic study of parental strains E . coli K12, E . coli 0124 : K72 (B17 and of recombinations demonstrated that their populations were nonhomogeneous and, along with the common ones, contained maxi- and mini-cells . By the character of flagellae and fimbria inheritance recombinations were distributed into two groups: similar to the donor and similar to the recipient . The data of electron microscopic determination of the flagellae and fimbria failed to coincide with the data on mobility and capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes in all the strains under study; this pointed to the nonhomogeneity of bacterial population in respect to these signs . There were revealed recombinations of E . coli O124 in which the majority of the population cells had flagellae, but proved to be immobile; this indicated a possibility of independent transfer of genes controlling the morphogenesis and the function of the flagellae to the E . coli O124 recombinations. Pahlavi Med J, 1976 Jan, 7(1), 71 - 91 Transfer of drug resistance factor in Shigella sonnei isolated in Iran; Badalian K et al.; The pattern of drug resistance and incidence of R-factors were studied in Shigella sonnei strains isolated in Iran . Eighty-nine out of 172 strains (51.7%) were resistant to one or more drugs and multiple drug resistance was more common than single drug resistance . The most predominant pattern of resistance observed was (Tc, Cm, Sm, Su) . By mixed cultivation, 85.7% of Shigella sonnei resistant strains isolated on the Central Plateau and 100% of the strains from the caspian littoral transferred at least a part of their resistance pattern to sensitive E . coli K12 F- (gamma) . In this experiment, 67.1% of our resistant and 17% of our sensitive strains had colicinogenic properties . No such difference could be observed between R+ and sensitive strains isolated in the Caspian littoral. Arkh Patol, 1976, 38(1), 26 - 33 {Intestinal localization of shigellae in dysentery and experimental shigellosis}; Tsinzerling AV et al.; The investigation of 53 section cases of dysentery and 18 biopsy specimens of the large intestine in acute dysentery in children showed that intrapithelial distribution of Shigella was not always regular . In studies of experimental Shigellosis on isolated loops of the intestine 459 segments of the intestine of 51 rabbits were investigated . The results obtained showed that Shigella multiplied mainly in the lumen of the intestine . The increase in number of Shigella in enterocytes was by 8-9 orders lower than that in the content of the ligated segment, whereas the number of enterocytes with Shigella was many times less than the total number of damaged cells . This confirms the conclusion that intraepithelial multiplication of Shigella is of no considerable significance in pathogenesis of dysentery. Gaz Egypt Paediatr Assoc, 1976 Jan-Apr, 24(1-2), 82 - 91 The influence of bacillary dysentery on the efficiency of oral poliovaccine in Egypt; Mahmoud AA et al.; The rate of poliovirus excretion was found to be 64.6% in a group of 108 normal children and 11.95% in 184 diarrheal children . Diarrhea was due to Shigella in 70% of cases . This drew our attention to the presence of an etiologic relationship between the two findings, which may have a direct effect on the low efficiency of oral poliovaccine in our Country . Effect of Shigella infection on the take of oral poliovaccine was investigated in 14 normal and 10 children having acute diarrhea due to Shigella . Vaccine virus excretion was detected in 64.2% of normal children and only in 10% of diarrheal children . In vitro studies were done to determine the effect of killed Shigella suspensions or their endotoxin on the replication of poliovirus in tissue culture . Reduction of virus titre from 1-3 logs in the presence of killed Shigella or its endotoxin was observed . The sites of action and interfering factor (s) are discussed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jan, (1), 44 - 8 {Genetic control of the synthesis of Newcastle shigella type-specific VI antigen}; Makletsova IuI et al.; The authors studied the localization of a determinant of the VI type antigen, Sh . newcastle being used in the capacity of donors and E . coli K12 as a recipient . The determinant of the VI type-specific antigen was apparently controlled by the chromosomal gene localized in the region of the histidine operon (on the left from it; 45% of linkage with the his marker). Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Dec, (12), 46 - 50 {Study of the role of colicins in the formation of microbial association in experiments in chick embryos}; Emel'ianova OI; Experiments were conducted on chick embryos; conditions of formation of bacterial cenosis of Shigella sonnei and E . coli were reproduced . The role of colicinogenia in the formation of bacterial cenosis was demonstrated . An accumulation of colicines in high titres (1: 5120- 1:2560) in the chick embryonic cavity was noted in combined or separate cultivation of colicinogenic shigellae and E . coli . An intergenera transmission of the col-factor was traced in experiments on chick embryos . The data obtained served as foundation for recommendation of the accessible and economic model (chick embryos) for the in vivo study of colicinogenia of the enteric bacteria representatives. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Dec, (12), 38 - 43 {Detection of autoimmune changes in white mice as a method of studying the biological properties of Shigella sonnei}; Paltyshev IP; An attempt was made of using for the purpose of studying the virulence of Sh . sonnei of the method of determination of autoimmune plaque-forming cells in infected albino mice . By the mentioned method a total of 231 strains of Sh . sonnei of various biochemical types were examined . The virulence of 103 strains was checked in paralled by the keratoconjunctival test . It was shown that the method of determination of the autoimmune plaque-forming cells in the blood of infected mice could be used as a test for the virulence of Sh . sonnei, which was more sensitive than the keratoconjunctival test . Among the cultures studied 14.7% proved to be avirulent, 51.5%-of low virulence, 21.2%-moderately virulent, and 12.6%-highly virulent . Strains of the II biotype proved to be the most virulent, and strains of the III biotype-the least . The virulence of the cultures isolated from the patients with acute dysentery was more than double that of the cultures isolated from persons who came in contact with the patients. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Dec, (12), 34 - 8 {Reactivity and immunogenicity of the Sonne dysentery detergent monovaccine}; Kambarova OI et al.; The authors elaborated a method of isolation under industrial conditions of Shigella sonnei surface antigens by the treatment of the culture with a detergent (sodium laurylsulfate) . The antigens obtained possessed a much lesser toxicity in comparison with the tryptic ones . A method of preparation of a detergent Sonne monovaccine with an increased antigen content (1.3 mg/ml) was described . Experimental series of the preparation were tested on 38 volunteers . A lower reactogenicity of the detergent vaccine (in comparison with the tryptic) and its marked immunological efficacy was demonstrated. Gastroenterology, 1975 Dec, 69(6), 1230 - 7 Effect of Shigella enterotoxin on electrolyte transport in rabbit ileum; Donowitz M et al.; Shigella dysenteriae I is one of several bacteria which produces an enterotoxin capable of stimulating intestinal water and electrolyte secretion . Unlike cholera and Escherichia coli enterotoxins which have been shown to increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in the small intestine, the mechanism by which shigella enterotoxin causes intestinal secretion is not known . To study shigella enterotoxin-stimulated intestinal secretion, rabbit ileal mucosa exposed in vivo to Shigella dysenteriae I enterotoxin was studied in vitro in a modified Ussing chamber . Fluid and electrolyte accumulation occurred in vivo and net sodium secretion was present in vitro in the enterotoxin-exposed tissue in contrast to net sodium absorption in control mucosa . Short-circuit current (Isc) was similar in shigella enterotoxin-exposed tissue compared with control tissue . The increase adenosine monophosphate was similar to enterotoxin-exposed and control mucosa . The addition of glucose resulted in a smaller increment of Isc in shigella enterotoxin-treated tissue . Mucosal cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in enterotoxin-exposed mucosa did not differ from those of control . These results indicate that the characteristics of rabbit ileal mucosa exposed to shigella enterotoxin and cholera enterotoxin markedly differ, although both produce electrolyte secretion both in vivo and in vitro . These studies further suggest that, in contrast to its role in cholera enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion, cyclic adenosine monophosphate may not be in the mediator of shigella enterotoxin stimulation of intestinal fluid and electrolyte secretion. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 2(5), 391 - 6 Discriminant analysis of antibiotic susceptibility as a means of bacterial identification; Darland G; This study shows that antibiotic susceptibility data can be used effectively in the presumptive identification of bacteria . Using 12 antibiotics and determining the zone sizes for each, 82% of the isolates considered were correctly identified without any other information . If the inability to distinguish between Escherichia coli and Shigella is disregarded, the percentage of correct identification is 92% . The method involves determining a set of discriminant functions and defining each taxon by a unique function . An unknown isolate is identified by evaluating each discriminant function and assigning the isolate to the taxon whose discriminant function has the largest value . A total of 468 isolates were examined . After eliminating the multiply resistant isolates, the remaining 369 isolates were used to determine the discriminant functions for the eight taxa considered. Science, 1975 Oct 17, 190(4211), 278 - 80 Complement-mediated bactericidal system: evidence for a new pathway of complement action; Moreau SC et al.; The early components of human complement (C1, C4, and C2) plus certain serum euglobulins will kill pathogenic strains of Shigella sonnei . Serum from patients with hereditary C3 deficiencies and specific antiserums to C3, C5, and C6 were utilized to demonstrate the absence of requirements for late-acting complement components in this unusual bactericidal system. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Oct, (10), 94 - 8 {Genetic control of the capacity of Sh . flexneri to exert a lethal effect on macrophages . II . Mapping of the cyt-determinant on the Shigella chromosome}; Bondarenko VM et al.; Crossing experiments showed independence of the genetic determinants controlling the capacity of Sh . flexneri to synthesize the primary S-specific side chains (antigen 3,4) and to produce a lethal action on macrophages cultivated in vitro . Cytotoxicity was restored only in transmission to the R-strain of shigellae of the capacity to synthesize the antigenic factor 3,4 from the cyt+, but not from the cyt-- donor of Sh . flexneri . The determinant responsible for the synthesis of cytotoxin designated as cyt was mapped on the chromosome of shigellae near the rfb gene, controlling the synthesis of the group-specific factor 3,4 . The rate of linkage of the cyt+ a 3,4+ was equal to 24.4% . Transductants of the his--cyt-- strain of Sh . flexneri of the S-chemotype acquired the capacity to produce a lethal action on the macrophages with the frequency of the contransduction his+cyt+ equal to 2% . Since the rough (his+R) hybrids of Sh . flexneri and the lysozyme spheroplasts obtained from the cytotoxic strain lost the cytotoxicity whereas the synthesis of the group-specific factor 3,4 provided by itself no lethal effect of the dysentery bacilli on the macrophages it could be supposed that cytotoxin represented an additional thermolabile (in connection with the sensitivity to the temperature action) part of the Sh . flexneri O-antigen. Carbohydr Res, 1975 Oct, 44(1), 77 - 85 Selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages: studies with the polysaccharide component of Shigella dysenteriae type 6 lipopolysaccharide; Dmitriev BA et al.; The polysaccharide component obtained from the lipopolysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae type 6 was subjected to milk hydrolysis with acid, and the products were fractionated on Sephadex G-50 . An acidic hexosaminoglycan and a core oligosaccharide fraction were obtained, the former containing D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (in the ratios 1:1:1), and an unidentified acidic component (X) . The hexosaminoglycan was N-deacetylated and then hydrolysed and deaminated to give 3-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-D-galactose (1), identified as the N-acetyl derivative (2), and 2,5-anhydro-3-O-(6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)talitol (3) . On the basis of the structure of 2 and the methylation-analysis data for the polysaccharide and 3, together with that for the determination of linkage configurations by chromic anhydride oxidation, the hexosaminoglycan is considered to have the repeating structure (see article). Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Oct, 233(2), 223 - 7 Studies on the energetic metabolism of Shigella flexneri x Escherichia coli hybrids devoid of penetration ability . III . Catalase and phosphatase activity; Radoutcheva T et al.; The catalase and phosphatase activity of avirulent by keratoconjunctival test of guinea pigs lac+, kcp- hybrids that have lost their ability of penetrating in the epithelium, received from virulent strains Shigella flexneri (Sh . flexneri 222 5a and Sh . flexneri M42-43) and donor strains Escherichia coli (E . coli K-12, P4x and E . coli H) was investigated . It was established that there is no any dependence between the lost of virulence of the hybrids and the level of the catalase activity . During the study of the phosphatase activity it was established, that in comparison with the recipient virulent shigella strains, the investigated avirulent lac+-hybrids revealed higher values of the enzyme activity. Minerva Med, 1975 Sep 5, 66(57), 2805 - 22 {Further aspects of combination antibiotic therapy . Critical review and personal case studies}; Sorice F et al.; A brief account of the aims sought by multiple antibiotic management is followed by an assessment of the antagonism and synergism displayed by associations of two bactericidal antibiotics, two bacteriostatic antibiotics, and one bactericidal and one bacteriostatic antibiotic . Instances of synergism between bactericides (particularly penicillins and aminosides) are mentioned . Stress is laid on recent studies on the mechanism of action of antibacterial drugs showing unmistakeable synergism between trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazol and between chloramphenicol and tetracycline . The antagonism between bactericides and bacteriostatics noted by Jawetz et Al . has not been confirmed clinically in a number of reported series . The main indications for combined antiobiotic therapy are reviewed: endocarditis, purulent meningitis, staphylococcia, brucellosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, other Gram-negative infections and fever in the course of blood diseases . References is made to personal experience in the management of 35 cases of bacterial endocarditis, 15 cases of purulent meningitis and various forms of serious Gram-negative infection . Leaving aside exceptional cases, the clinical effects of antibiotic associations are uncertain and influenced by too many variables . The technique is still of importance, however, despite the introduction of many new antibiotics . It must not be thought of as a handy method for indiscriminate use, however; its indications (which are summarised) are quite clear. Vopr Pitan, 1975 Sep-Oct, (5), 68 - 73 {An analysis of meat products as possible factors responsible for transmission of dysenterial toxic infections}; Sedova NN; The paper carries experimental data derived from a bacteriological analysis of infected minced meat products for the presence of Shigella sonnei and for ascertaining technological stages non-compliance with whose proper course presents the greatest epidemiological hazards . The procedures employed in analyzing infected meat products are shown to be sufficiently sensitive, for they enable one to count Shigella dysenteriae in numbers of 102-106/g, depending upon the degree of total bacterial contamination of these products . The infringement upon the established process most dangerous epidemiologically is incomplete thermal treatment of the meat products. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Sep, 0(9), 44 - 8 {Study of the virulence of Shigella sonnei isolated from persons with different forms of dysenteric infection}; Iuditskaia NM et al.; Possible ranges of virulence of Sh . sonnei strains isolated from the patients and carriers in the foci of Sonne dysentery, supposedly with the same source of infection, were studied . Sh . sonnei strains isolated from carriers proved to be less virulent than the strains isolated from patients with the clinical manifestation of the infection . A hypothesis was put forward explaining some aspects of carrier state in Sonne dysentery, which most probably was explained by the refracterity of the macroorganism, not by the alterations in the genom of the causative agent. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Sep, 233(1), 58 - 63 Typing of Shigella sonnei colicins by means of specific indicators; Horak V; An enlarged and perfected scheme of typing of Shigella sonnei colicins is based on the knowledge of types of colicins produced by Abbott's types as well as by newly discovered and determined colicin types . A set of specific indicators prepared from E . coli K13 HfrR, E . coli C6 and Shigella sonnei by a selection of suitable mutants and recombinations was used for the typing . Seven new colicin types were determined on typing shigellae found in the field . Type 9A produces colicins E3, Ia, Type 16 produces colicin B, Type 17 colicins B, Ib, Type 18 colicins E2+?, Type 19 colicins E2, Ia, Type 20 colicins E1, Ib, Type 21 colicins E2, ib . The present scheme can be enlarged, when new types are found. J Infect Dis, 1975 Sep, 132(3), 307 - 15 Colicin types of Shigella sonnei in relation to antibiotic resistance; Haltalin KC et al.; Colicin typing of 436 strains of Shigella sonnei isolated in Dallas during a 10-year period was performed to determine whether resistance to ampicillin was associated with a single strain or was widespread among all S . sonnei types . One hundred ninety-three strains collected during a period of eight and one-half years when ampicillin resistance was 1.6% were available for retrospective review . During the last one and one-half years of study, 20.6% of the 243 strains that represented almost all S . sonnei isolated in Dallas were resistant to ampicillin . More than 50% of the strains collected annually were colicin type 9,22% were untypable, and seven other types were less frequently encountered . Resistance to ampicillin increased slightly from 1.5% to 9.5% among the type 9 strains, and one type 8 strain (2.9%) was resistaiple resistance to seven antibiotics tested was found mainly in untypable strains . Thus it appears that the abrupt increase in ampicillin resistance in mid-1972 was due principally to resistance in a single biotype, and that resistance is not widespread among all types of S . sonnei. Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1975 Sep-Dec, 7(3), 108 - 10 {Shigellosis in Tucumán}; de Nader OR et al.; In 731 diarrhea cases studied from January 1971 to June 1973 in Tucuman a significant increase of shigellosis in eutrophic children was observed . The frequency of Shigella isolations, considering all the enteropathogens found, were: 15,5 %; 13 % and 21,3 % in 1971, 1972 and 1973, respectively (Table 1) . All the strains of Shigella isolated belonged to the Shigella flexneri B or Shigella sonnei D groups, being the percentage for the former 78 % in 1971; 93 % in 1972 and 77 % in 1973 (Table 2) . The age distribution of patients with shigellosis is shown in Table 3, the 87,7 % occurring within the first 3 years of life . S . flexneri B and S . sonnei D strains showed similar sensitivity to nalidixic acid, cephalosporines, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim plus sulfametoxazol; S . flexneri B was more susceptible to rifampicin, although this antibiotic was not used for therapeutics . A different sensitivity to kanamicin was observed being S . flexneri B, less susceptible than S . sonnei D, (Table 4) . Fifty five percent of the cases showed clinical improvement after 48 h . of starting antibiotic treatment; 80 % after 72 h . and only 20 % required 96 or more for significant recovery . Although the number of patients with some degree of malnutrition was small, 7 out of the 8 cases studied required 72 h . or more for recovery. Br J Pharmacol, 1975 Aug, 54(4), 489 - 94 Release of prostaglandin-like substances by Shigella endotoxin and its inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds; Bhattacherjee P; 1 . The effects of intravenous and intraocular injections of Shigella endotoxin on the inflammatory response, the release of prostaglandin-like substances into the aqueous humour, and the effects of indomethacin on the inflammatory response were studied in the rabbit eye . 2 . Both intravenous and intraocular injection of endotoxin released 12.8 ng to 72 ng of prostaglandin-like substances per ml of aqueous humour and increased the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier as shown by the rise in aqueous humour protein (26-52 mg protein/ml of aqueous humour) . 3 . Indomethacin, 0.25% administered topically completely inhibited the release of prostaglandin-like substances but was found to have inconsistent inhibitory effects on the clinical signs of inflammation and on the blood-aqueous barrier . Indomethacin was less effective in eyes receiving the higher dose of endotoxin . 4 . It is suggested that prostaglandins and possibly other chemical mediators are involved in endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol, 1975 Aug, 14(8), 604 - 6 Systemic aspirin and indomethacin do not prevent the response of the monkey eye to trauma; Kass MA et al.; The stability of the blood-aqueous barrier of the monkey eye was challenged by three different methods: anterior chamber paracentesis, intravitreal shigella endotoxin, and subconjunctival arachidonic acid . Systemic aspirin and indomethacin were ineffective in stabilizing the blood-aqueous barrier in all three of these systems. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Aug, 232(4), 468 - 72 {Occurrence of the cathode-bound group antigen of the dysentery bacilli in Escherichieae types of intermediate character (author's transl)}; Stenzel W; Protoplasmatic antigens of 28 strains of 27 Escherichieae types not accepted as Shigellae have been examined for the occurrence of a cathode-bound group antigen (KGA) . From the tested cultures of non-dysentery-provoking types E . coli O28 E1073(z) TAYLOR, E . coli O32, E . coli O115 (27w), Alkalescens-Dispar O1, A.-D . O1 var . Koji, A.-D . O2, A.-D . O3, A.-D . O4, A.-D . O5, A.-D . O6, A.-D . O7, and the intermediate serotypes H62 and 6275-52 no one possessed KGA, and likewise one of the two examined E . coli O136 cultures proved to be KGA-negative . In contrast, KGA was found in the dysentery types 147, 792, 185, Sh . guanabara, E . coli O124, E . coli O136 (one strain), E . coli O143, E . coli O144, and E . coli O152, in the Shigella-like serotypes 2044-54 and 1831, in the E . coli serotypes O112a,b:K68 and RUCHMAN, which have been suspected to provoke dysentery but are showing the biochemical behavior of typical E . coli, finally in Alkalescens-Dispar O8, which is known to be apathogenic for mucous membranes . After, all, KGA seems to be a constituent of all dysentery bacilli, but might be absent in individual cultures . On the other hand, KGA exceptionally seems to be found also in Escherichieae types not enteropathogenic for men. Tsitologiia, 1975 Aug, 17(8), 965 - 72 {An electron microscopic study of the interaction between shigellae and cell cultures . II . Structuro-functional response of the chief cytoplasmic organoids of infected cells}; Nosova LS et al.; The initial mobilization of the protective power of amniotic cells under the influence of the intracellular parasite Shigellae Flexner was shown using qualitative and quantitative methods of electron microscopy . This mobilization is seen in the appearance and then concentration of membrane elements of the endoplasmic reticulum around the bacteria . The character of some degenerating changes confirms the opinion about the presence of an excreting endotoxin fraction in Shigellae Flexner. J Infect Dis, 1975 Jul, 132(1), 15 - 9 An outbreak of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 on a coral island in the Bay of Bengal; Rahaman MM et al.; An epidemic of severe dysentery occurred on St . Martin Island in the Bay of Bengal at a time when the island, with a population of 1,318, was isolated from the mainland because of the monsoon season . There were 434 cases and 28 deaths within a three-month period . Mortality (2%) was limited to the very young and the elderly . Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga bacillus) was isolated from 12 of 65 rectal swab specimens . All strains gave similar biochemical reactions and were resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and the sulfonamides but were sensitive to ampicillin, kanamycin, and gentamicin . No other organism was implicated in the outbreak . The disease disappeared from the island after institution of chlorination of the sources of drinking water and effective treatment of patients. Pediatrics, 1975 Jul, 56(1), 41 - 4 Chronic vulvovaginitis in children due to Shigella flexneri; Davis TC; Although previous reports have implicated Shigella flexneri in resistant or chronic cases of vulvovaginitis in children, no authors have described the clinical findings of this condition . The report presents four cases of persistent vulvovaginitis in prepubertal Indian girls from different reservation communities in Arizona . S . flexneri was isolated in pure culture from the vaginal discharge of each patient . All four cases were characterized by a prolonged vaginitis with a bloody, purulent discharge which responded poorly or not at all to various topical modes of therapy for nonspecific vaginitis . Three cases cleared completely when treated with orally given ampicillin for one week . The striking similarity of these cases suggests that chronic Shigella vulvovaginitis is a recognizable clinical entity and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent vaginitis in children, especially in those from communities where Shigella is endemic.
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