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Bacteria (especially E. coli) may be used to replicate DNA in the form of a plasmid. This DNA is often chemically modified in vitro then inserted into bacteria to select for the desired traits and isolate the desired product from by-products of the reaction. After growing the bacteria and thereby replicating the DNA, the DNA may be further modified and inserted into other organisms. Bacteria may be used to produce large amounts of protein using genes encoded on a plasmid Bacterial genes have been inserted into other organisms as reporter genes. The yeast two-hybrid system combines bacterial genes with genes from the organism being studied and inserts them into yeast cells to study protein-protein interactions within a cellular environment. An ascomycete produces great numbers of asci at any one time, and these may be contained in a structure called an ascocarp. Each ascus contains eight (or a multiple of 8) ascospores, the result of one round of mitosis following meiosis. The resulting haploid nuclei are surrounded by membranes (from the plasma membrane in Euascomycetes; from the nuclear membrane in Hemiascomycetes) and eventually a spore wall. Click on following items to see more information: Bactericidal, Antibiotics, Antibiotic treatment, Antimicrobials, Bacillus, Microorganisms, Bacteria, Microorganisms, Bacteriophage, Biodegradation, Campylobacter, Cell cultures, Cholera, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Erwinia, Fermentations, Yeasts, Growth media, Klebsiella, Meningococcus, Microbiological, Micrococci, Multidrug resistant, Pasteurella, Prokaryotes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodotorula, S. cerevisiae, Salmonella, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcal, Streptococci, Vibriosis, Yeasts The causal pathogen is Erwinia amylovora, a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Pears are the most susceptible, but apples, crabapples, quinces, hawthorn, cotoneaster, pyracantha, raspberry and some other rosaceous plants are also vulnerable. The disease is believed to be indigenous to North America, from where it spread to most of the rest of the world. Fire blight is not believed to be present in Australia. Fire blight is a systemic disease. The term 'fire blight' describes the appearance of the disease, which can make affected areas appear blackened, shrunken and cracked, as though scorched by fire. Primary infections are established in open blossoms and tender new shoots and leaves in the spring when blossoms are open. Honeybees and other insects, birds, rain and wind can transmit the bacterium to susceptible tissue. Injured tissue is also highly susceptible to infection, including punctures and tears caused by plant-sucking or biting insects. The myxobacteria are a group of bacteria that predominantly live in the soil. The myxobacteria have very large genomes, relative to other bacteria, e.g. 9-10 million nucleotides. Polyangium cellulosum has the largest known (as of 2003) bacterial genome, at 12.2 million nucleotides. Myxobacteria are included among the proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms.
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