Pathology, 1993 Oct, 25(4), 379 - 84 Dog-associated bacterial infections in humans: isolates submitted to an Australian reference laboratory, 1981-1992; Peel MM; Over the period 1981-92, 32 bacterial isolates were referred to the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit from infected dog-bite wounds and 10 isolates were submitted from blood cultures after dog bites or close contact with dogs . The isolates from the bite wounds were identified, or confirmed, as Pasteurella multocida (11 isolates), Pasteurella dagmatis (3), CDC group M-5 (9), CDC group EF-4a (8) and Streptococcus anginosus (1) . Five of the 9 patients from whom CDC group M-5 was cultured had mixed infections: 2 with P . multocida one of which also had Bacteroides sp., one with P . dagmatis, one with CDC group EF-4a and another with Bacteroides sp . Nine of the 10 blood isolates were identified as Capnocytophaga canimorsus . The remaining one of Streptobacillus moniliformis, which is typically associated with rat-bite fever, was the result of a bite from a breed of dog (greyhound) that eats rodents . Clinical notes are provided for infections caused by the more unusual bacterial isolates and their laboratory identification is described. Avian Dis, 1993 Oct-Dec, 37(4), 1121 - 9 Facial cellulitis associated with fowl cholera in commercial turkeys; Jeffrey JS et al.; Severe cephalic swelling and facial cellulitis in turkeys associated with fowl cholera were present in seven accessions submitted to two laboratories in a 2-year period . Flocks ranged in age from 6 to 18 weeks and included both toms and hens . Interestingly, turkeys with facial cellulitis had no gross internal lesions of fowl cholera, whereas birds with gross lung, liver, and air-sac lesions did not have swollen heads . Histologically, the facial cellulitis was characterized by extensive fibrinonecrotic inflammation of the deep dermis with heterophilic perivasculitis and thrombosis . Additional characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from these cases was conducted retrospectively from lyophilized cultures . Serogrouping, serotyping, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for dermonecrotic factor were performed . All isolates were serogroup A or unencapsulated . Serotype 1 was the most prevalent serotype isolated in association with facial cellulitis . ELISA results for dermonecrotic toxin were inconclusive. Avian Dis, 1993 Oct-Dec, 37(4), 1074 - 9 Cross-protection studies with Pasteurella multocida bacterins prepared from bacteria propagated in iron-depleted medium; Glisson JR et al.; Strains X-73 (serotype 1) and P-1059 (serotype 3) of Pasteurella multocida, avian origin, expressed additional membrane proteins (MPs) when grown in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth containing the iron chelator dipyridyl and when grown in BHI broth treated with the iron chelator Chelex 100 . These additional MPs were not detected when both strains were grown in BHI broth . Chickens and turkeys were vaccinated twice with inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines containing bacterial cells expressing these MPs or with vaccines containing bacterial cells grown in BHI broth . Two weeks after the final vaccination, all birds were challenged to determine whether bacterins made from P . multocida that had been propagated in conditions of iron deprivation would induce heterologous serotype immunity . The bacterins produced in medium low in iron did not consistently induce significant protection against heterologous challenge. Avian Dis, 1993 Oct-Dec, 37(4), 1071 - 3 Pasteurella multocida virulence factors: selection of fowl cholera-inducing and non-inducing strains; Rhoades KR et al.; Relatively little information is available on Pasteurella multocida virulence factors involved in producing fowl cholera . Because of the complex nature of bacterial pathogenesis, the recommended approach for ascertaining these factors is to compare biological attributes of high- and low-virulence strains . To permit use of this approach for fowl cholera, P . multocida strains of high and low virulence were identified . Turkey poults were exposed intrapharyngeally and intravenously (IV) to two antigenically and biochemically similar strains . Based on mortality, strain P-1059 was highly virulent and strain P-1062 was avirulent . Microbiological examination indicated that only the virulent strain infected the pharyngeal mucosa of intrapharyngeally exposed poults and survived and multiplied in IV-exposed poults . These findings indicate strain differences in those virulence factors concerned with the colonization and multiplication stages of disease development. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1993 Oct-Dec, 35(4), 361 - 9 Adherence of Pasteurella multocida to rabbit respiratory epithelial cells in vitro; Bonilla-Ruz LF et al.; Adult clinically healthy New Zealand rabbits were sampled bacteriologically to detect carriers and non-carriers of Pasteurella multocida . Both groups of rabbits were killed separately to obtain samples of nasal, buccal, pharyngeal and tracheal epithelial cells . The cells were tested for adherence in vitro to 18 isolates of P . multocida from healthy and sick rabbits, from ovine, bovine, cat and swine . The number of bacteria adhered per cell up to 25 cells per preparation were registered . Analysis of variance was used to interpret the significance of results . Adherence of P . multocida was significantly higher to carrier rabbit cells than to non-carrier rabbit cells . Bacterial isolates from rabbits were more adherent to rabbit cells than to isolates from other species . The frequency was higher to buccal and pharyngeal cells than to nasal and tracheal cells . Isolates from healthy animals adhered better to rabbit cells than isolates from sick animals, except the isolates from sick animals which adhered better to nasal cells of non carriers than did isolates from healthy rabbits. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1993 Sep, 67(9), 791 - 4 {Current status of Pasteurella multocida infection in Japan}; Arashima Y et al.; Recently, the case reports of Pasteurella multocida infection has been increasing in Japan . In 1989, the Japanese Government, Veterinary Sanitation Division, Ministry of Health and Welfare officially communicated this infection as a zoonosis to related institutions . The current status of Pasteurella multocida infection is not well known in Japan . Because of this, a nation wide questionnaire survey on Pasteurella multocida was conducted to clarify the status . A questionnaire was sent to 380 laboratories of the hospitals, and 258 (67.9%) replied . An infectious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida was found in Japan in 369 cases in 115 (44.6%) of 258 hospitals, or an average of 3.2 cases per hospital . The 369 cases were broken down into 123 males (from 1 month old to 87 years old), 118 females (from 7 months old to 88 years old), and 128 patients whose sex was unknown . The incidence of the infections tends to increase year by year . This incidence is higher than our expectation . It is considered that the contact with pets will in increase the infection with this agents . The organism was isolated in as many as nineteen different body specimens, including the appendix and urine, which in Japan has not been reported as organs harboring this organism . Some of the nineteen cases were severely infected . This organism was isolated most often from the sputum (48.5%) . Pus was the next most common site (27.1%) . This order was reversed in the U.K . and the U.S. . Possible explanations for the reversal are given below.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1993 Sep 1, 203(5), 667 - 9 Ovarian abscesses and pyometra in a domestic rabbit; Johnson JH et al.; Infection with Pasteurella multocida can induce pyoendometritis, pyosalpingitis, and ovarian abscesses in rabbits . The likelihood of rabbits developing clinical pasteurellosis is predisposed by factors such as buildup of ammonia fumes, ambient temperature changes and drafts, reproduction, older age, existence of carriers, and poor sanitation . Traditionally, prevention of pasteurellosis in rabbits has focused on identifying suspected carriers and culling those animals from the rabbitry. Infect Immun, 1993 Sep, 61(9), 3942 - 51 Expression of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin is inhibited by a locus that encodes an ATP-binding cassette homolog; Highlander SK et al.; Multicopy and single-copy chromosomal fusions between the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin regulatory region and the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene have been constructed . These fusions were used as reporters to identify and isolate regulators of leukotoxin expression from a P . haemolytica cosmid library . A cosmid clone, which inhibited leukotoxin expression from multicopy and single-copy protein fusions, was isolated and found to contain the complete leukotoxin gene cluster plus additional upstream sequences . The locus responsible for inhibition of expression from leukotoxin-beta-galactosidase fusions was mapped within these upstream sequences, by transposon mutagenesis with Tn5, and its DNA sequence was determined . The inhibitory activity was found to be associated with a predicted 440-amino-acid reading frame (lapA) that lies within a four-gene arginine transport locus . LapA is predicted to be the nucleotide-binding component of this transport system and shares homology with the Clp family of proteases. Res Vet Sci, 1993 Sep, 55(2), 209 - 14 Influence of Newcastle disease virus on the severity of Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys; Charles SD et al.; This study was designed to examine whether vaccine or virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) would potentiate the disease caused by Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in turkeys . The studies were conducted in turkeys of two age groups . There were three experiments . In two experiments four-week-old turkeys were exposed either to vaccine or virulent strains of NDV after experimental P anatipestifer infection . In the third experiment 14-week-old turkeys were first exposed to virulent NDV and superimposed with P anatipestifer infection . In experiment 1, one bird died where P anatipestifer was given in combination with the vaccine strain of NDV . However, there was no difference in the clinical signs, gross lesions and histopathology compared with turkeys given P anatipestifer alone . In experiment 3 where turkeys received a virulent strain of NDV in combination with P anatipestifer, birds became dyspnoeic and showed signs of illness . There was a difference in the course of the disease, gross lesions and histopathology when compared with turkeys that received P anatipestifer only. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1993 Sep, 100(9), 355 - 9 {The effect of a Bordetella live vaccine on the occurrence and manifestation of atrophic rhinitis suum and the aerogenous infection burden in field strains of the agent}; Ehser U et al.; A field study was carried out in a large scale unit for swine breeding and fattening with the object to influence the high morbidity rate of Atrophic Rhinitis and pneumonia with the help of a Bordetella live vaccine . The results show that it is possible to decrease the infectious pressure by B . bronchiseptica and to reduce the pathomorphological signs of Atrophic Rhinitis in consequence of the application of the live vaccine . The pathologic-anatomical investigations of nasal turbinates in immunized slaughtered fattening pigs show a significant lower morbidity concerning Atrophic Rhinitis and a higher percentage of pigs without changes at conchae nasales and septum nasi . We find also a lower contamination of the air with B . bronchiseptica field strains during vaccine application . The results also explain that a high infectious pressure by B . bronchiseptica and the possibility of communication between unvaccinated and vaccinated groups of pigs counteract a better efficiency of the vaccine . The decrease of the morbidity rate of Atrophic Rhinitis appears so much more important because toxicogenic Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated from nasal swabs of vaccinated pigs during the investigations . But these strains influenced the Atrophic Rhinitis frequency only accidentally . All results as a whole point out that in pig houses with a high animal density one has to pay more attention to virulent B . bronchiseptica strains than it was been done till now. J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Sep, 31(9), 2303 - 8 Restriction endonuclease analysis and ribotyping differentiate Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 isolates from cattle within a feedlot; Murphy GL et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 isolates were collected from cattle within a feedlot during an outbreak of bovine respiratory disease . Genetic heterogeneity among the isolates was examined by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), ribotyping, and analysis of plasmid content . The susceptibilities of isolates to several antibiotics were also examined . Five different REA patterns and three different ribotypes were observed among the isolates . Fifty percent of the isolates had an identical REA type, ribotype, and plasmid profile . Examination of the plasmid content of the isolates revealed that most (73%) carry a single plasmid which encodes beta-lactamase, 13.5% carry two plasmids, and 13.5% carry no plasmid . The data reveal the presence of genetic differences among isolates of P . haemolytica A1, associated with shipping fever pneumonia within a closed feedlot, and suggest that a combination of REA, ribotyping, plasmid analysis, and antibiotic susceptibility determination will be useful in analyzing the molecular epidemiology of this disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1993 Aug, 7(2), 105 - 10 An experimental anti-idiotype vaccine mimicking lipopolysaccharide gives protection against Pasteurella multocida type A infection in mice; Sutherland AD et al.; An anti-idiotype strategy was employed which showed that polyclonal anti-idiotype antibodies could be produced which could mimic a linear Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecule . These antibodies when used as vaccine antigens, induced antibodies which recognised LPS and imparted acquired protection upon syngeneic vaccinates challenged with homologous organisms. J Vet Med Sci, 1993 Aug, 55(4), 617 - 22 Interaction between immunity to Bordetella bronchiseptica and infection of pig herds by Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida; Elias B et al.; The dynamics of toxigenic Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida infection and the B . bronchiseptica specific antibody content of the blood and nasal secretion were studied in three Hungarian and three Dutch pig herds . In both countries, the studies involved young sows that had farrowed once or twice (YS), old sows that had farrowed more than four times (OS), and their piglets . The results indicate that Dutch sows are characterized by a lower prevalence of B . bronchiseptica and P . multocida infection than Hungarian sows . In Dutch sows and in their piglets, the rate of P . multocida infection was higher than that of B . bronchiseptica infection . The opposite was found for the Hungarian sows and their piglets . B . bronchiseptica infection commenced at 3 and 4 weeks of age in piglets of young and old Dutch sows, respectively, followed by the emergence of P . multocida infection at 5 (YS) and 6 weeks of age (OS) . In Hungarian piglets, B . bronchiseptica infection was first demonstrable at 1 (YS) and 3 (OS) while P . multocida infection at 3 (YS) and 5 (OS) weeks of age . The serological tests demonstrated higher B . bronchiseptica specific antibody levels in the Dutch sows and piglets as compared to the Hungarian ones . According to the ELISA results, the levels of IgA and IgG in the serum and those of sIgA, IgA and IgG in the nasal secretion of Dutch sows were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the Dutch than in the Hungarian piglets up to 3 and 4 weeks of age, respectively. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1993 Aug 1, 118(15), 469 - 71 {Pasteurella anatipestifer: a controllable farm problem}; de Wit JJ et al.; The performance of 13 flocks of ducks on a duck farm decreased markedly . Post-mortem and bacteriological examinations indicated that Pasteurella anatipestifer was a major cause, although Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Treponema spp . were also detected . Use of an autovaccine against Pasteurella anatipestifer markedly reduced the signs and symptoms in the second part of fattening period. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Aug, 279(3), 387 - 93 In vitro susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida strains isolated from swine to 42 antimicrobial agents; Gutierrez Martin CB et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 42 antimicrobial agents were determined against 59 strains of Pasteurella multocida subspecies multocida, all isolated from swine lungs with lesions indicative of pneumonia . Penicillins (except cloxacillin), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, erythromycin, josamycin, thiamphenicol, colistin, rifampin and mupirocin showed good activities, with ranging resistance between 0 and 6.8% . Higher resistance was observed for spiramycin and fosfomycin . Tylosin, vancomycin, metronidazole, dapsone and tiamulin, to which strains showed high rates of resistance, were ineffective . Cephalosporins (especially the third-generation cephalosporins) and quinolones (especially the fluorinated quinolones) were the most effective antimicrobial agents against P . multocida subsp . multocida strains and they might be of value for in vivo use. Am J Vet Res, 1993 Aug, 54(8), 1280 - 6 Toxin production by Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits with atrophic rhinitis; DiGiacomo RF et al.; Naturally acquired turbinate atrophy in rabbits was associated with Pasteurella multocida infection . Several in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to document toxin production from P multocida isolates and to determine the relation of toxin to atrophic rhinitis in rabbits . Ten isolates of P multocida serotype A:12 were obtained from adult New Zealand White rabbits with noninduced atrophic rhinitis . Specific-pathogen-free rabbits inoculated intranasally with isolates of P multocida developed rhinitis and turbinate atrophy . However, inoculation with filtrates of the same bacteria failed to induce turbinate atrophy . Cytotoxicity was observed in assays, using bovine embryonic turbinate cell cultures with extracts of P multocida, but not in agar overlay cytotoxicity assays, using bovine embryonic turbinate, bovine embryonic lung, or Vero cell cultures, or in a sandwich ELISA, using monoclonal antibodies to purified P multocida toxin . Thus, turbinate atrophy was experimentally reproduced in rabbits with isolates of P multocida, but toxin was only detected in vitro by cell culture assay of P multocida extracts. Am J Vet Res, 1993 Aug, 54(8), 1244 - 8 Variation of abscess formation in cattle after vaccination with a modified-live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine; Littledike ET; During the spring of the first year of a vaccine study, 57 of 238 calves (24%), in which modified-live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine (MLV) was injected twice, developed 1 or more abscesses . Abscesses were not observed after multiple visual examinations of 437 calves given killed P haemolytica bacterin or placebo injections of similar adjuvants used in the vaccine and bacterin . Calves that developed abscesses after the second injection of MLV weighed significantly (P < 0.05) less (on the basis of body weight adjusted for weaning weight) at the second injection than did those that did not develop abscesses . Compared with calves given MLV that did not develop observable abscesses, calves developing abscesses after the second injection of MLV weighed 11.0 and 14.2 kg less, respectively, at 56 days and 112 days after injection, and they had 11.0 kg less gain at 56 days after injection . Abscess prevalence tended to be highest on certain days or at certain locations used for cattle processing, and the prevalence of abscesses increased in cattle processed later on a given day . Abscesses were not observed in 2 other groups of similarly treated calves vaccinated in the autumn or in the subsequent spring. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1993 Aug 1, 111(2-3), 295 - 300 Structural and serological characterisation of an O-specific polysaccharide from Serratia plymuthica; Aucken HM et al.; The surface polysaccharides of a strain of Serratia plymuthica were characterised and shown to consist of a linear, acidic galactoglucomannan as well as a major and a minor neutral galactan . Immunoblotting results demonstrated cross-reactions between this strain and others with similar galactans (S . marcescens O16 and O20, Klebsiella O1, and Pasteurella haemolytica T4 and T10). J Comp Pathol, 1993 Jul, 109(1), 71 - 81 Nasal epithelial changes induced in piglets by acetic acid and by Bordetella bronchiseptica; Gagne S et al.; Research on atrophic rhinitis of pigs has shown that both Bordetella bronchiseptica infection and experimental treatment with acetic acid predispose the nasal mucosa to colonization with Pasteurella multocida . Gnotobiotic piglets aged 3 days were dosed intranasally with either B . bronchiseptica (n = 6) or acetic acid 1 per cent (n = 10) and killed at intervals up to the 4th day after treatment . Samples of the ventral turbinates were examined by light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy . Within 12 h acetic acid induced loss of cilia, oedema, focal cell exfoliations, mitochondrial swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration . Bordetella bronchiseptica induced only a limited oedema and loss of cilia . Colonization of cilia by the bacteria was observed 96 h after infection . We conclude that, although acetic acid and B . bronchiseptica do not induce the same modifications of the nasal respiratory epithelium, their action causes stagnation of nasal mucus, which results in a nasal environment favourable to colonization by Pasteurella multocida. Lab Invest, 1993 Jul, 69(1), 94 - 100 Receptor-mediated binding of Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin to canine osteosarcoma and monkey kidney (vero) cells; Pettit RK et al.; BACKGROUND: Binding and internalization of Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin (PMDT) by toxin-sensitive canine osteosarcoma and monkey kidney (vero) cells was examined ultrastructurally . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Purified PMDT was conjugated to 20 nm colloidal gold particles in order to observe binding and internalization in the two cell lines at the ultrastructural level . The effects of various compounds on PMDT-vero binding were investigated to help elucidate the nature of putative vero cell receptors . RESULTS: Colloidal gold-labeled PMDT was located at cell surfaces within 1 minute of its addition and rapidly transported to coated and noncoated invaginations of the plasma membrane . After extended incubation, gold particles were observed in endocytic vesicles, but not in any other intracellular structures . The magnitude of gold-PMDT cell association correlated with the cytotoxic sensitivity of the two cell lines . Early, but not late, addition of the lysosomotropic agent methylamine protected vero cells from the cytotoxic effects of PMDT without affecting binding . Biochemical and ultrastructural inhibition studies suggested the requirement for a ganglioside-type vero cell receptor . CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report describing binding and internalization of PMDT in host cells . Biochemical and ultrastructural results suggest that PMDT interacts with a ganglioside-type receptor on vero cells and is transported to the cytosol in endocytic vesicles which do not appear to fuse with lysosomes. Res Vet Sci, 1993 Jul, 55(1), 85 - 91 Vaccine-derived Pasteurella haemolytica alter the responses of ovine pulmonary artery and vein to drugs acting on adenylate cyclase; Weekley LB et al.; Sheep were vaccinated with a live, vaccine-derived strain of Pasteurella haemolytica . The ex vivo response of isolated pulmonary artery and vein to isoproterenol, cholera toxin, sodium fluoride and calcium were examined three days after vaccination . In the pulmonary artery (endothelium intact), vaccination did not alter the response to isoproterenol, or sodium fluoride whereas the relaxation response to cholera toxin was impaired . In the pulmonary artery (endothelium removed), the maximum relaxation attained in response to isoproterenol was reduced and the response to exogenous calcium, sodium fluoride and cholera toxin not altered . In the pulmonary vein (endothelium intact), the response to isoproterenol and sodium fluoride was unchanged whereas the response to cholera toxin was impaired . In the pulmonary vein (endothelium removed), the response to isoproterenol and sodium fluoride was not altered following P haemolytica vaccination whereas the relaxation response to cholera toxin was enhanced and the response to exogenous calcium slightly impaired . These experiments suggest that vaccination with live strains of P haemolytica cause subclinical disturbances in the pulmonary circulation and may potentially alter the animals' response to pathogens. Can J Vet Res, 1993 Jul, 57(3), 198 - 203 Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica culture supernate on bovine tracheal smooth muscle; Belanger A et al.; Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin is a ruminant specific leukotoxin that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of shipping fever in cattle . The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of this toxin on bovine airway smooth muscle . In vitro, the addition of culture supernate containing leukotoxin to bovine tracheal smooth muscle resulted in contraction of 55% of the muscle strips tested . Maximum responses were reached rapidly during cumulative additions of this material . In 95% of the muscle strips that responded, maximum responses were obtained after the addition of one or two cumulative doses . Repeated additions of culture supernate resulted in decreased responsiveness . Since responsiveness to other agonists was not affected, these results suggest the development of a condition similar to tachyphylaxis . The contractions were inhibited by antihistamines . Diphenhydramine, at a concentration of 10(-6) M (dose-ratio 7), and mepyramine, at a concentration of 2 x 10(-7) M (dose-ratio 56), blocked the contractions by 84% and 100% respectively . In addition, the contractions were blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine, but this inhibition was much weaker (46%) and was present at high concentrations only . Inhibition of the contractions by H1 receptor antagonists suggests that the contractions are mediated via H1 receptors . Since the dose-response relationship is not typical of a drug-receptor interaction, it appears unlikely that the leukotoxin is a direct agonist of H1 receptors . It is proposed that an indirect mechanism of action involving the release of histamine by tissue mast cells is responsible for the leukotoxin-induced contractions. Can J Vet Res, 1993 Jul, 57(3), 190 - 7 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae culture supernatants interfere with killing of Pasteurella multocida by swine pulmonary alveolar macrophages; Chung WB et al.; The effect of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant on swine pulmonary alveolar macrophage (PAM) functions was studied . The A . pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant was toxic to PAMs when tested by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays . Biological activity of the supernatant was ascribed to cytotoxins . Both the LDH and MTT assays were used for measurement of crude A . pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin concentration with good reproducibility . A preparation containing 6,800 toxic units/mL (determined by MTT assay) was used for subsequent experiments . The objective was to study the effect of crude cytotoxin on the ability of swine PAMs to kill Pasteurella multocida . Phagocytosis of opsonized P . multocida type A by PAMs was not efficient . Only 8% of incubated organisms were ingested by noncytotoxin-treated PAMs after 30 min phagocytosis . The bactericidal effect of noncytotoxin-treated PAMs only last for 60 min, after which, the rate of growth of surviving P . multocida exceeded the rate of bacterial killing by PAMs . Complete elimination of P . multocida by PAMs was not observed in this study . A total loss of ability to kill P . multocida by PAMs was seen when the PAMs were pretreated with a high concentration (340 toxic units/mL) of A . pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin . If the PAMs were pretreated with a low concentration (3.4 toxic units/mL) of cytotoxin, a significant reduction in the killing of P . multocida was still observed . The reductions in phagocytosis, phagosome-lysosome fusion (demonstrated using yeast particles of Candida albicans), and oxidative burst (demonstrated by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction (NBT) assay) may have contributed to the impaired killing of P . multocida by PAMs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Can J Vet Res, 1993 Jul, 57(3), 159 - 65 The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) colorimetric assay for the quantitation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin; Chung WB et al.; Using swine neutrophils as target cells, two MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium) colorimetric assay systems, one with and one without phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation were established for the quantitation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin . The MTT assays were optimized for the number of neutrophils, incubation time, and PMA concentration by a series of experiments . The optimal conditions were 25 x 10(4) cells/well incubated for four hours for the assay system without PMA stimulation, and 12.5 x 10(4) cells/well incubated for two hours for the assay system with PMA stimulation . One culture supernatant of a toxigenic Pasteurella multocida strain and five A . pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin preparations produced from three A . pleuropneumoniae strains were used to test assay reproducibility . Results showed both assays were reproducible with a coefficient of variation ranging from 7.8 to 18% for the assay system without PMA stimulation and from 10.7 to 18.2% for the assay system with PMA stimulation . The PMA-stimulated assay had 40 to 60-fold higher sensitivity than the nonstimulated MTT assay . The MTT assay also was applied to the measurement of neutralizing antibody titers against A . pleuropneumoniae cytotoxin. Avian Dis, 1993 Jul-Sep, 37(3), 908 - 11 Pasteurella anatipestifer-like bacteria associated with respiratory disease in pigeons; Andreasen JR Jr et al.; Two cases of respiratory disease in pigeons are described . The first case involved pneumonia and tracheitis, and the second case involved tracheitis . In both cases, unusual gram-negative, non-fermenting, short rod-shaped bacteria were recovered along with other microorganisms . The bacteria produced small, glistening, gray colonies on blood agar, did not grow on MacConkey agar, were unreactive on several biochemical tests, and resembled Pasteurella anatipestifer . Neither pigeon isolate was distinguished from P . anatipestifer by biochemical tests . However, there were morphologic and growth differences between the pigeon isolates and P . anatipestifer . Furthermore, unlike P . anatipestifer, both pigeon isolates were sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to polymyxin B . Finally, neither isolate was agglutinated by antisera to 15 serotypes of P . anatipestifer . Diagnosticians, especially those who seldom encounter P . anatipestifer, might have difficulty distinguishing the pigeon isolates from P . anatipestifer because of their close resemblance. Avian Dis, 1993 Jul-Sep, 37(3), 781 - 5 Pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida: its variable nature demonstrated by in vivo passages; Matsumoto M et al.; Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 was isolated from a dead turkey, and the variable nature of its pathogenicity was demonstrated after in vivo passages . The original isolate was encapsulated, and its mean infectious dose (ID50) was higher than 10(8.2) colony-forming units (CFU) . To increase virulence, the organism was passaged intravenously in turkeys . After five passages, the encapsulated organism caused 67% mortality with a 10(2) CFU dose, and 50% of the contact control birds also died . A non-encapsulated variant that developed from the original isolate resulted in no mortality, even at a dose as high as 10(9) CFU . After four intratracheal passages, however, the virulence of the non-encapsulated variant increased (ID50 approximately 10(6) CFU), despite no apparent change in its morphological characteristics . These results suggest that both encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms of P . multocida can increase their pathogenicity by bird-to-bird transmission in a short period of time. Avian Dis, 1993 Jul-Sep, 37(3), 756 - 62 Cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: dose-response relationship and duration of response in intratracheal stimulation of avian respiratory phagocytes by a Pasteurella multocida bacterin; Toth TE et al.; In experiments analyzing dose-response, intratracheal inoculation of chickens with 10(8) and 10(9) avirulent Pasteurella multocida organisms induced the migration within 24 hr of large numbers of respiratory lavage cells (RLC) with increased phagocytic proportions and phagocytic capacity . Doses from 10(4) to 10(7) organisms per bird resulted in elevated numbers of RLCs that were not significantly higher (P > 0.05) than values of uninoculated or mock-inoculated control chickens . When analyzing the duration of response, we found that inoculation with 10(9) organisms resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) numbers of RLCs for 63 to 89 hr without significant elevation in phagocytic proportion and capacity . The numbers of RLCs were elevated, although not significantly (P > 0.05), up to 11 days after inoculation . These results indicate that RLCs migrate to the respiratory tract only in response to a relatively high number of stimulating bacterial organisms and that the duration of response is relatively short . Although there were elevated numbers of RLCs beyond 89 hours after stimulation, the question remains as to whether these cells would enhance nonspecific defense of the respiratory system of chickens. Avian Dis, 1993 Jul-Sep, 37(3), 668 - 72 IgA, IgG, and anti-Pasteurella multocida antibody levels in bursectomized and/or cyclophosphamide-treated turkeys after CU vaccination; Schlink GT et al.; In bursectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated, and bursectomized/cyclophosphamide-treated turkeys, IgA, IgG, and anti-Pasteurella multocida were determined before and after vaccination with the Clemson University (CU) strain of P . multocida . Before vaccination, the average total serum level of IgA was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in bursectomized and bursectomized/cyclophosphamide-treated turkeys than in untreated controls, and the average serum levels of anti-P . multocida were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in bursectomized, cyclophosphamide-treated, and bursectomized/cyclophosphamide-treated turkeys than in untreated controls . After vaccination, average serum IgA levels were still significantly (P < 0.05) lower in all treated groups of turkeys than in the untreated controls . Also after vaccination, total IgG increased significantly (P < 0.05) only in the bursectomized turkeys, and serum anti-P . multocida antibody levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) in cyclophosphamide-treated, bursectomized/cyclophosphamide-treated, and untreated turkeys . After challenge with virulent P . multocida, survivability was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the three treated groups of turkeys than in the untreated groups. J Biol Chem, 1993 Jun 15, 268(17), 12764 - 74 Characterization of a specific ligand for P-selectin on myeloid cells . A minor glycoprotein with sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides; Norgard KE et al.; Lectin-carbohydrate recognition between the selectins and their ligands are among the earliest events in leukocyte recirculation, leukocyte recruitment into inflamed areas, and abnormal egress of leukocytes in diseases . Previously, we have described a dimeric sialoglycoprotein from myeloid cells with subunits of molecular mass = 120 kDa, which is selectively recognized by P-selectin (Moore, K.L., Stults, N.L., Diaz, S., Smith, D.F., Cummings, R.D., Varki, A., and McEver, R.P . (1992) J . Cell Biol . 188, 445-456) . Here, we demonstrate that this P-selectin ligand carries alpha 2-3-linked sialic acids and the sialyl-Lewisx (SLex) tetrasaccharide motif . This glycoprotein contains < 1% of the total membrane-bound sialic acids and a very small fraction of the total SLex on neutrophil membranes . In spite of a relative resistance to sialidase digestion, the predominant form of sialic acid on the ligand is N-acetylneuraminic acid . Selective periodate oxidation of the side chain of sialic acids does not affect P-selectin binding and allows the introduction of tritium label into the truncated sialic acids . beta-Elimination with alkaline borohydride releases labeled O-linked oligosaccharides both from the labeled neutrophil ligand and from the ligand purified from HL-60 cells metabolically labeled with {3H}glucosamine . The ligand from both neutrophils and HL-60 cells is also susceptible to cleavage by the enzyme O-sialoglycoprotease from Pasteurella hemolytica . Analysis of the specificity of this enzyme suggests that the P-selectin ligand carries large numbers of closely spaced sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides . O-Sialoglycoprotease abolishes both direct binding of P-selectin to HL-60 cells and the adhesion of HL-60 cells to immobilized P-selectin, without significantly decreasing overall cell surface SLex expression . This indicates that the 120-kDa ligand may be the major determinant of P-selectin:myeloid cell interaction in vivo . Finally, based on the current and previous data, we hypothesize that the high affinity recognition site(s) of this P-selectin ligand may be derived from a "clustered saccharide patch" of sialylated fucosylated O-linked oligosaccharide sequences. J Infect Dis, 1993 Jun, 167(6), 1281 - 7 Effects of morphine dependence on the pathogenesis of swine herpesvirus infection; Risdahl JM et al.; To further understand the effects of opiates on the pathogenesis of infectious disease, naturally occurring pathogens were studied in a swine model . Swine were given morphine for 21-42 days to establish a tolerant, dependent state . On day 7 after morphine initiation, pigs were challenged with swine herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1); on day 14, selected animals were superinfected with Pasteurella multocida . Evaluations were made of the clinical disease, protective effect of SHV-1 vaccination, and pathology . Morphine-dependent animals developed significantly greater virus-induced and secondary bacterial pneumonia . Prior vaccination with SHV-1 was not protective against pneumonia in morphine-dependent pigs . Unexpectedly, clinical signs associated with neurologic disease were less pronounced, and mortality from viral encephalitis was decreased in morphine-treated animals . Collectively, the findings demonstrate that morphine dependence is associated with a marked alteration of the pathogenesis of SHV-1 and that the effects of this opiate on pathogenesis are determined by the specific site of infection. Infect Immun, 1993 Jun, 61(6), 2618 - 25 Enhancement of neutrophil-mediated injury to bovine pulmonary endothelial cells by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin; Maheswaran SK et al.; In this study, we used an in vitro coculture system to determine which virulence factor from Pasteurella haemolytica A1 was responsible for augmenting bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)-mediated killing of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAEC) . A 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay was used as a measure of BPAEC killing . The mechanisms associated with this BPAEC killing were also studied . Our results demonstrated that the leukotoxin and not the lipopolysaccharide from P . haemolytica was responsible for augmenting the PMN-mediated killing of BPAEC . Furthermore, this augmented killing was related to the stimulation of PMNs by the leukotoxin . Killing of BPAEC by leukotoxin-stimulated PMNs was diminished in the presence of the H2O2 inactivator, catalase . The membrane-permeant H2O2, hydroxyl radical (HO.) scavenger 1,3-dimethyl-2 thiourea, and the HO . scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide but not the myeloperoxidase inhibitor sodium azide attenuated this BPAEC killing . Pretreatment of BPAEC with a 21-aminosteroid (U74500A), a potent iron chelator-antioxidant, provided the most effective protection against BPAEC killing induced by leukotoxin-stimulated PMNs . These data were compatible with the concept that the H2O2 generated by leukotoxin-stimulated PMNs interacts with intracellular iron in the endothelial cell to form highly reactive HO. . We suggest that HO . may be a key factor in BPAEC killing . Furthermore, since the elastase-specific inhibitor N-methoxy-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-chloromethyl ketone (CMK) also attenuated BPAEC killing and both CMK and 1,3-dimethyl-2 thiourea functioned additively in protecting against BPAEC killing, we conclude that both HO . and elastase may jointly contribute to BPAEC killing induced by leukotoxin-stimulated PMNs . This study broadens our understanding of how leukotoxin-stimulated PMNs injure lung endothelial cells and provides new insight into the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Calcif Tissue Int, 1993 Jun, 52(6), 455 - 9 Purified Pasteurella multocida protein toxin reduces acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts in the ventral nasal concha of gnotobiotic pigs; Ackermann MR et al.; To study the in vivo response of conchal (turbinate) osteoclasts to Pasteurella multocida toxin, four gnotobiotic pigs (7 days of age) were inoculated subcutaneously with 0.2 microgram/kg of purified toxin . One toxin-treated pig along with one control pig were necropsied at 2, 5, 9, and 14 days postinoculation . The entire length of nasal concha from the nasal planum toi ethmoid region was removed, blocked by transverse cuts into five areas, decalcified, sectioned, and then stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to identify osteoclasts . In each section, total area of concha, total osteoclast cytoplasmic area, and number of osteoclasts were determined using an image analysis morphometric unit . Also collected from pigs were blood and serum for complete blood counts, electrolyte levels, liver enzymes, and TRAP levels . Conchal atrophy increased in severity with time after 2 days postinoculation . In general, the ventral conchae from toxin-treated pigs at 9 and 14 days postinoculation had decreased surface area, osteoclast cytoplasmic area, and numbers of osteoclasts . Serum levels of TRAP were mildly elevated when compared with age-matched controls . No other significant alterations in blood cells or chemistries occurred and no lesions were present histologically in tissues (liver, kidney, lung, heart, and spleen) other than concha . This study shows that the P . multocida toxin induces rapid bone resorption and increases serum levels of acid phosphatase but leads to diminished acid phosphatase expression and presumably, numbers of osteoclasts. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Jun, 279(1), 7 - 26 Ecology and significance of Pasteurellaceae in animals; Bisgaard M; The reservoir of eighty-one taxa/groups classified with the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981 is reviewed based upon published data and own investigations . With the exception of certain strains of P . multocida, A . pleuropneumoniae and {H.} paragallinarum organisms belonging to this family are usually regarded as opportunistic, secondary invaders which under normal conditions coexist peacefully with the animal host on mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory- and lower genital tracts . Very little is known about factors that govern the ecological preferences that certain members of this family show for specific surfaces and hosts . Mechanisms of colonization, survival and multiplication, invasion and pathogenic action are incompletely understood . The significance of Pasteurellaceae in animals and man has recently been reviewed . Subsequent publications have underlined the significance of biovars 2 of P . canis and P . avium and ornithine negative P . multocida in pneumonia in cattle . In addition, differences in pathogenicity have been demonstrated for different serovars of {H.} parasuis . The disease potential of many taxa/groups is only incompletely known. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Jun, 279(1), 45 - 50 Detection of an adenylate cyclase gene in Pasteurella species; Escande F et al.; A Pasteurella multocida adenylate cyclase gene has been previously cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced . A 1200 bp HpaI fragment from the coding region was used as a probe to analyse the presence of the gene in different Pasteurella species and subspecies, Actinobacillus ureae (formerly P . ureae) and group EF-4 bacteria . Thirty-seven strains were checked for the presence of the gene . It was shown that the adenylate cyclase gene was detected only in the species Pasteurella multocida. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Jun, 279(1), 131 - 9 Epidemiology of human infections by Pasteurella and related groups in France; Escande F et al.; A retrospective study of infections due to Pasteurella (P.) and related groups was performed between the Pasteurella National Center and Nancy's hospital from 1985 to 1991 . Among the 958 cases recorded, wound infections (bites, scratches and punctures) were the common forms of pasteurellosis (66%) caused by P . multocida (48%), P . canis (11%), P . dagmatis (5%), P . stomatis (4%), and in few cases by groups EF-4 and M-5 (14 and 13%, respectively) . In human infections unrelated to animal wounds, respiratory tract diseases and bacteremia-septicemia were the predominant infections with respectively 19 and 11%, and caused by P . multocida . Next in importance were urogenital (2.5%), abdominal (1%) and central nervous system (< 1%) infections . The majority of animal bite wound infections was treated with penicillins or tetracyclines; with other forms, penicillins and cephalosporins were more likely. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Jun, 279(1), 125 - 30 Classification of Pasteurella field strains isolated from farms in Germany using traditional methods and DNA-DNA hybridization; Schimmel D et al.; 410 Pasteurella (P.) field strains isolated from calves and piglets were classified according to Bisgaard et al . (1) . 376 strains were assigned to P . multocida ssp . multocida, 34 of them were ornithine- and trehalose+, and 61 of them ornithine- and trehalose- . 4 strains belonged to P . multocida ssp . septica, 4 to P . multocida ssp . gallicida, 6 to P . avium biovar 2 and 20 to P . canis biovar 2 . There was no difference in the prevalence of the species in calves and pigs . The fact that strains belonging to P . multocida ssp . septica were isolated only from calves and P . multocida ssp . multocida ornithine- and trehalose- were mostly isolated from piglets could indicate a certain host specificity of these isolates . In genotypic investigations 20 field isolates of P . multocida belonging to different Carter serotypes, as well as serologically negative strains were compared to reference strains in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness . The data obtained by filter hybridization revealed a considerable degree of genotypic intraspecies heterogeneity within P . multocida . No correlations to the respective serotypic classification could be detected. J Vet Med Sci, 1993 Jun, 55(3), 455 - 6 An occurrence of equine transport pneumonia caused by mixed infection with Pasteurella caballi, Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus zooepidemicus; Hayakawa Y et al.; An acute death occurred in a racehorse with pneumonia after long-distance transportation in December, 1990 . Pasteurella caballi, Streptococcus suis and Streptococcus zooepidemicus were isolated from the lung at high rate . Specific antigens of these bacteria were also demonstrated immunohistologically in the pneumonic lesion . These findings indicated that the disease is equine transport pneumonia caused by a mixed infection of the three bacterial species . This is the first report on the isolation of P . caballi and S . suis from a racehorse in Japan. Lab Anim Sci, 1993 Jun, 43(3), 217 - 21 Pathologic features associated with decreased longevity of mutant sphha/sphha mice with chronic hemolytic anemia: similarities to sequelae of sickle cell anemia in humans; Grossmann A et al.; A colony of sphha/sphha mice with congenital hemolytic anemia and an abnormality in erythrocyte spectrin assembly was screened to determine the cause of premature death . Sphha/sphha mice have decreased life span, with 50% of animals dying by 6 months of age . The phenotype of these mutant mice includes moderate anemia (hematocrit: 21 to 28%), reticulocytosis, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, extensive extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and liver, lymph node hyperplasia and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis . With increased surveillance of this mouse colony, 20 clinically sick anemic mice were evaluated (complete blood counts and cultures of blood), euthanized and necropsied . Compared with anemic mice without clinical signs of disease, sick anemic mice had significantly higher white blood cell counts with only 4 (20%) of 20 animals being severely anemic (hematocrit: 4 to 8%) . Blood from 11 (45%) of 20 animals was culture-positive for Pasteurella pneumotropica, Enterococcus, and/or Escherichia coli . In addition to the usual lesions in sphha/sphha mice, sick anemic mice had pneumonitis (95%) with thrombosis and infarction (80%) of one or more organs (spleen, myocardium, pancreas, liver, or bone marrow) . The thrombotic tendency that accompanies the chronic hemolytic anemia in sphha/sphha mice, as well as the other clinicopathologic changes in these mutant mice, bears a striking resemblance to some poorly understood sequelae in human patients with sickle cell anemia . This mouse model may be useful in studying the pathophysiology of complications associated with sickle cell anemia in humans. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1993 Jun, 106(6), 194 - 7 {Detection of toxin-producing types of Pasteurella multocida--a comparison of methods}; Erler W et al.; 28 Pasteurella multocida strains were examined for production of toxin by 6 different methods . Identical results were obtained using a mice lethality test, a tissue cell culture assay and an ELISA . Different results were received with a dot-blot-immunoassay (1 strain), using a gene probe (6 strains) and a guinea pig skin test (8 strains) . Corresponding differences were detected with 2 strains only . Tissue culture, ELISA and dot-blot-immunoassay are effective methods for the diagnosis of toxin-producing Pasteurella multocida strains . Animal experiments should be an exception. Am J Vet Res, 1993 Jun, 54(6), 897 - 900 Prevalence of mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal recovery from tracheobronchial lavages and of mycoplasmal recovery from pharyngeal swab specimens in cats with or without pulmonary disease; Randolph JF et al.; The prevalence of mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal recovery from tracheobronchial lavage specimens and prevalence of mycoplasmal recovery from pharyngeal swab specimens from cats with (28) or without (18) pulmonary disease were determined . Mycoplasmas were recovered from tracheobronchial lavage specimens in 21% of cats with pulmonary disease, but in no cats without pulmonary disease; this difference is significant (P = 0.04) . Mycoplasmal recovery from tracheobronchial lavage specimens was not significantly associated with concurrent Pasteurella spp isolation, septic inflammation, or bronchitis . Ureaplasmas were only isolated from a tracheobronchial lavage specimen in 1 cat with pulmonary disease and in no cats without pulmonary disease . Similar mycoplasmal recovery rates were found for pharyngeal swab specimens from cats with (39%) or without (35%) pulmonary disease . Seemingly, mycoplasmas are part of the normal pharyngeal flora in approximately a third of the feline population, but mycoplasmas are not normal inhabitants of the lower respiratory tract in cats . It is unknown whether mycoplasmas isolated from tracheobronchial lavage specimens in cats with pulmonary disease are primary pathogens or opportunistic invaders . Seemingly, ureaplasmas are seldom associated with pulmonary disease in cats, and are not normal inhabitants of the trachea and bronchi of cats. Am J Vet Res, 1993 Jun, 54(6), 891 - 6 Effects of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on the vaginal bacterial flora of bitches; Strom B et al.; Vaginal aerobic bacterial flora was studied in 5 healthy bitches before, during, and after a 10-day period of treatment with ampicillin and an equally long period of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Blood variables and antimicrobial drug susceptibility also were studied . Bacteria were isolated from all bitches before the first treatment period . Bitches from which only a sparse number of bacteria were isolated had flora that varied from day to day . In most instances when bitches were given an antibiotic to which their vaginal bacterial flora was susceptible, these bacteria were eradicated after only 1 day of treatment . This was true for pasteurella, streptococci, and, in all but one case, Escherichia coli . Staphylococcus intermedius was more difficult to eradicate, and, although susceptible in vitro, it was unaffected by antibiotic treatment in 1 bitch and it took 7 days to eradicate in another . Eradication of aerobic bacteria in the vagina was total only in the bitch that had sparse flora from the beginning . Bacteria colonized within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 4 days after termination of treatment with ampicillin and within 0 (in 4/5 bitches) to 3 days for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Mycoplasmas emerged during and after both treatment periods, and E coli became apparent during treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Because mycoplasmas may be genital pathogens in bitches and E coli is a common uropathogen, their appearance should be an argument against widespread use of antibiotics in healthy breeding bitches . Two bitches developed a vaginal discharge during treatment or shortly after . Blood variables did not change during the study, nor did antimicrobial drug resistance of the isolated bacteria. Am J Vet Res, 1993 Jun, 54(6), 856 - 61 Serum antibody response to purified Pasteurella haemolytica capsular polysaccharide in cattle; Tigges MG et al.; Capsular polysaccharide (CP) of Pasteurella haemolytica, biotype A, serotype 1, was purified and combined with saline solution, aluminum hydroxide, and Freund's incomplete (oil) adjuvant . Three groups of calves were administered the various antigen preparations . The CP in saline preparation was also administered to 5 mature cows . Second injections were given 4 weeks after the first . Weekly obtained serum samples were analyzed for P haemolytica-specific antibody, using the indirect hemagglutination assay, and CP-specific antibodies were detected, using an isotype-specific ELISA . Purified CP stimulated production of CP-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 in calves and predominantly IgM and IgG1 in mature cows . Significant increases in CP antibody titers were not observed after the second injection of CP antigen in either calves or mature cows . The CP in oil adjuvant stimulated the highest mean CP-specific IgG1 and IgG2 responses, whereas the CP in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant stimulated the highest mean CP-specific IgM response. Singapore Med J, 1993 Jun, 34(3), 271 - 3 Pasteurella multocida septicaemia following a dog bite; Sin Fai Lam KN et al.; Bite wounds are often mistakenly considered innocuous . However, they are frequently complicated by infection which may be serious . We describe a case of Pasteurella multocida septicaemia with myopericarditis following a dog bite . Treatment of the infection as well as active support of myocardial function led to a successful outcome. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Jun, 279(2), 259 - 73 Hemagglutination by Pasteurellaceae isolated from rodents; Boot R et al.; Pasteurellaceae notably P . pneumotropica, have been associated with severe outbreaks of respiratory disease in several species of rodents . Host-specific parasitism of Pasteurellaceae in rodents has hardly been studied . Since host tropism in many bacteria involves adhesive mechanisms, we examined the hemagglutinating (HA) properties of 44 isolates from different rodent species (mouse (15) rat (8), hamster (9), gerbil (10) and Mastomys (2)) . Only 13 mouse isolates and the 2 Mastomys isolates hemagglutinated human (type O Rh+) and canine red blood cells (RBCs) . No HA was found using RBCs from 10 other animal species . HA was not inhibited by simple sugars and glycoconjugates, but was completely inhibited by heating of bacterial cells for 10 min at 80 or 100 degrees C, partially inhibited by glutaraldehyde and inhibited in a dose-dependent mode by NaIO4, suggesting the involvement of bacterial polysaccharide structures in the HA process . Enrichment procedures did not reveal the presence of HA- subpopulations in HA+ isolates or the presence of HA+ subpopulations in HA- isolates . Electron microscopy revealed the presence of fimbriae both in HA+ and HA- isolates . A regularly structured (RS) layer was detected on cells of part of the HA+ isolates only . Our results suggest that Pasteurellaceae of mice and Mastomys may be related and differ from isolates isolated from other rodent species. Zentralbl Bakteriol, 1993 Jun, 279(1), 75 - 82 Phenotypical characters and ribotyping of Pasteurella aerogenes from different sources; Lester A et al.; On the occasion of five Danish human Pasteurella aerogenes from pig bite lesions, a comparison was made between 6 isolates from man and 15 animal isolates, mainly from pigs . The strains originated from 6 different countries (USA, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Belgium and Denmark) . The 21 isolates were characterized by conventional biochemical tests, antibiogram and the API 20 NE kit; finally ribotyping was carried out by hybridizing EcoRI-digested chromosomal DNA with a probe derived from E . coli ribosomal RNA . By ribotyping, 19 of the 21 strains clustered at a similarity level of 81% or more; both phenotypical tests and ribotyping indicated that the remaining two strains did not belong to the species P . aerogenes . In conclusion, despite minor differences our P . aerogenes isolates constituted a well-defined group and they could not be subdivided on basis of animal or geographical origin. Ophthalmic Surg, 1993 May, 24(5), 346 - 8 Pasteurella multocida keratitis and corneal laceration from a cat scratch; Ho AC et al.; A 24-year-old woman was evaluated 12 hours after she sustained a cat scratch to her left eye . Slit-lamp examination revealed a Seidel-positive corneal laceration with a surrounding dense full-thickness corneal ulcer and severe inflammatory reaction . Since the anterior chamber was well formed, it was decided not to repair the laceration on an emergency basis . She was initially treated with intensive topical fortified tobramycin and vancomycin, and intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin . Cultures of the corneal ulcer revealed Pasteurella multocida and the antibiotic regimen was adjusted appropriately . The laceration healed without surgery, and the infection resolved well, with excellent visual acuity. DNA Cell Biol, 1993 May, 12(4), 351 - 62 Molecular analysis of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX toxin-III gene cluster; Chang YF et al.; Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia strains that secrete three different exotoxins (ApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII) have been implicated in the etiology of porcine pleuropneumonia . To understand the role of these toxins in the pathogenesis of this disease, we have previously reported the cloning of the hemolysin gene (apxII) (Chang et al., 1989a), which encodes a 110-kD polypeptide with hemolytic and cytotoxic activity . To clone the third toxin gene (apxIII), a new genomic library using A . pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 chromosomal DNA was constructed . A series of five overlapping recombinant phage clones carrying the gene (apxIII) for this 120-kD antigen were identified using a DNA probe containing sequences from the Pasteurella haemolytica lktBD genes . Sequence analysis of a region of the cloned DNA reveals four open reading frames encoding proteins with predicted masses of 20.4, 112.5, 80.3, and 54.7 kD . These genes, designated apxIIC, apxIIIA, apxIIIB, and apxIIID, respectively, are similar in sequence to the RTX (repeat of toxin) toxin family . The toxin produced by the cloned gene kills BL-3 cells and is not hemolytic in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993 May 1, 90(9), 4211 - 5 Functional replacement of the hemolysin A transport signal by a different primary sequence; Zhang F et al.; Secretion of the 107-kDa hemolysin A (HlyA) from Escherichia coli is mediated by the membrane proteins hemolysin B and hemolysin D . Hemolysin B is a member of the so-called ATP binding cassette transporter superfamily, which includes the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein, the cystic fibrosis CFTR protein, and the major histocompatibility complex-associated transporter of antigenic peptides . Recognition of HlyA by the hemolysin B/D transporter is dependent on a signal sequence mapped to the C-terminal 50 or so amino acids of the HlyA molecule . We show that the C-terminal 70 amino acids of leukotoxin from Pasteurella hemolytica can substitute functionally for the HlyA signal sequence . This 70-amino acid sequence contains no primary sequence similarity to the HlyA signal sequence; however, structural motifs of helix-turn-helix followed by strand-loop-strand can be deduced for both sequences . We also demonstrate by site-directed mutagenesis that changes to these predicted motifs affect transport function . It thus appears that the transport signal of HlyA may be defined by a higher-order structure and that the hemolysin transporter may recognize a much wider diversity of primary sequences than previously anticipated . This finding may have implications for understanding the basis of substrate specificity of other ATP binding cassette transporters. Infect Immun, 1993 May, 61(5), 2089 - 95 Molecular characterization of a leukotoxin gene from a Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism, encoding a new member of the RTX toxin family; Chang YF et al.; A Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism, a new species of bacterium isolated from piglets with diarrhea, secretes a leukotoxin into the culture media . Western blot (immunoblot) analysis indicated that this leukotoxin cross-reacted with antileukotoxin antibody derived from cattle immunized with P . haemolytica . Five overlapping recombinant bacteriophages carrying the gene for this 105-kDa polypeptide were identified with a DNA probe containing sequences from the P . haemolytica lktCA genes from a P . haemolytica-like organism strain 5943 genomic library . Sequence analysis of a region of the cloned DNA revealed two open reading frames encoding proteins with predicted masses of 19.4 and 101.6 kDa . These genes, which we designate pllktC (P . haemolytica-like organism leukotoxin C gene) and pllktA (A gene), respectively, are similar in sequence to the RTX (repeat of toxin) toxin family . The structure of the 101.6-kDa protein derived from the DNA sequence shows three transmembrane domains in the N-terminal part of the protein, 13 glycine-rich repeat domains in the second half of the protein, and a hydrophobic C-terminal part . pllktC and pllktA are strongly homologous to P . haemolytica lktC and lktA genes . However, this leukotoxin kills both BL-3 and pig leukocytes and is not hemolytic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993 May, 37(5), 1150 - 3 Comparative susceptibilities of 173 aerobic and anaerobic bite wound isolates to sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, clarithromycin, and older agents; Goldstein EJ et al.; The in vitro activities of sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, penicillin G, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid against 173 recent clinical bite wound isolates were determined by agar dilution . Sparfloxacin was active against all strains (MIC for 90% of strains tested, < or = 1 micrograms/ml) except for most fusobacteria and one-third of the Prevotella spp . The other fluoroquinolones had similar activities but higher MICs, especially for streptococci . Clarithromycin was more active against many isolates including Pasteurella multocida than erythromycin, with MICs of < or = 2 micrograms/ml (versus 4 micrograms/ml for erythromycin). J Anim Sci, 1993 May, 71(5), 1247 - 55 Effect of copper deficiency on tissue, blood characteristics, and immune function of calves challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and Pasteurella hemolytica; Stabel JR et al.; Fourteen Holstein steers, averaging 30 d of age, were fed a semipurified diet (1.5 mg of Cu/kg) supplemented with 0 (-Cu) or 10 mg of Cu/kg of diet (+Cu) for 5 mo . Calves were then challenged by consecutive exposure to aerosol preparations of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and Pasteurella hemolytica on d 0 and 7, respectively, of the 30-d study . Serum ceruloplasmin and plasma copper were higher in +Cu calves throughout the challenge period and increased in +Cu calves after microbial challenge . Heart weights were higher in -Cu calves, although weights of liver, spleen, and thymus were not different between treatments . Copper concentrations in all tissues as well as thymus zinc were higher in +Cu calves . Serum immunoglobulin M tended to be higher in +Cu calves and increased in both treatments after IBRV challenge . Serum IBRV antibody titers were higher in -Cu calves with detectable seroconversion by d 10 postinfection . In contrast, antigen-specific antibodies to P . hemolytica tended to be higher in +Cu calves on d 21 . Copper status did not affect blastogenic response, but phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated blastogenesis was higher in both treatments after IBRV challenge . Repletion of lymphocyte cultures with copper chloride increased proliferative responses to PHA in both +Cu and -Cu calves, and greater responses at all levels of copper (1 to 16 micrograms/mL) were noted in -Cu calves . These results indicate that copper deficiency affects various physiological characteristics that may be important in immunological defense to pathogenic challenge. Res Vet Sci, 1993 May, 54(3), 366 - 71 Distribution of intramuscularly administered erythromycin into subcutaneous tissue chambers before and after inoculation with Pasteurella haemolytica; Clarke CR et al.; Distribution of erythromycin into subcutaneous tissue chambers was characterised pharmacokinetically and the effect of Pasteurella haemolytica infection on the extent of penetration was studied . Thermoplastic tissue chambers were implanted subcutaneously in the paralumbar fossae of six calves . Thirty-five days after implantation, the tissue chamber distribution of intramuscularly administered erythromycin (30 mg kg-1) was studied . Chambers were then inoculated with P haemolytica and the tissue chamber pharmacokinetics of erythromycin were again studied . Diffusion of erythromycin into tissue chambers was best described using a two-compartment model with tissue chambers representing a relatively inaccessible compartment . Despite changes in chamber fluid pH, the extent of erythromycin penetration into chambers was not affected by P haemolytica inoculation . Comparison of computer simulated concentration-time curves resulting from different routes of administration revealed that penetration of erythromycin into less accessible sites was more likely to be higher after intravenous administration than after intramuscular administration. Am J Vet Res, 1993 May, 54(5), 738 - 42 Histomorphologic features of the nasal cavity of pigs exposed to Pasteurella multocida type-D dermonecrotic toxin; Ghoshal NG et al.; Microscopic examination of the nasal mucosa of clinically normal specific-pathogen-free pigs and of toxicogenic type-D Pasteurella multocida toxin challenge-exposed specific-pathogen-free pigs indicated that the surface epithelium in pigs of both groups was microscopically normal; erosions or appreciable inflammatory changes were not evident . In pigs of both groups and in all 3 regions of the nasal cavity, the endothelial lining of all blood vessels appeared normal without detectable changes to the walls at postinoculation day 10 . Vascular injury in the cartilage or the bone was not discernible in control or challenge-exposed pigs . There were marked differences in the osseous structures of the conchae when the 2 groups were compared . In control pigs, active bone formation and remodeling were observed, and the septal cartilage was normal . In toxin challenge-exposed pigs, there likewise was normal bone formation and remodeling in the vestibular region, and the septal cartilage was normal . In marked contrast, conspicuous changes were observed in the osseous core of the conchae of the respiratory and, sometimes, the olfactory regions . These changes consisted of bone necrosis and resorption by large numbers of osteoclasts with variable replacement by dense mesenchymal stroma, which resulted in conchal atrophy . In the absence of any discernible damage or injury (angiopathy) to the nasal vessels, it appears that the action of the dermonecrotoxin of P multocida serotype D is on the most active osteoblasts and the associated organic matrix of the bone, with subsequent disruption of normal bone formation and remodeling of the nasal conchae. Rev Med Interne, 1993 May, 14(5), 313 - 6 {Infectious diseases transmitted by animal bites}; Bricaire F; The animal population, and most of all pets, entail a high risk of bites, some of them severe, which may lead to complications among which infection is a major one . Epidemiological data about the germs liable to grow (Pasteurellae, pyogenic germs, anareobes...) are helpful to guide curative, and even more, prophylactic approaches to treatment. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1993 May-Jun, (3), 63 - 70 {The development of a technology for the production of live dried vaccines against avian pasteurellosis and swine erysipelas}; Iartsev MIa et al.; The technology of the production of dried live vaccine against Pasteurella infection of fowl from Pasteur's 2nd avirulent strain, strains AB and K, has been developed . This technology includes the process of batch cultivation of Pasteurella cells, controlled in such parameters as eH, pO2 and glucose concentration, in fermenters in optimized culture medium, based on Hottinger hydrolysate and fermentative casein-yeast hydrolysate, and preservation in improved saccharose-gelatin medium prepared in potassium sulfate buffer solution . The new technology makes it possible to increase the yield of preparations with stable biological activity 5- to 13-fold in comparison with the traditional technology . Furthermore, the technology of the production of live dried vaccine against swine erysipelas from Erysipelothrix insidiosa strain BP-2 has been developed . This technology is based on maintaining the optimum conditions of the batch cultivation of E . insidiosa in meat medium based on Hottinger hydrolysate and media obtained from hydrolysate of pancreatic fermentation products of microbial biomass; the preparation thus obtained is stabilized in peptone-saccharose-gelatin medium prepared in potassium phosphate buffer solution . This increases the yield of the vaccine 8-fold in comparison with the traditional technology, while ensuring the stability of bacteria after drying and during prolonged storage. Am J Vet Res, 1993 May, 54(5), 695 - 700 Purification of a Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope by use of monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity; Austin FW et al.; A murine IgM monoclonal antibody causing bacterial agglutination was used in an immunoaffinity procedure to purify a serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope from Pasteurella haemolytica . The P haemolytica serotype 1-specific antibody was precipitated from peritoneal ascitic fluid, dialyzed, and covalently attached to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B beads . Retention of purified antibody activity and coupling efficiency were > 99% when evaluated by ELISA, agglutination testing, and protein determination . Potassium thiocyanate was selected as an eluant on the basis of reversible dissociation of bacterial agglutination and was titrated for the lowest effective concentration . Immunobead activity was observed microscopically by immobilization of encapsulated P haemolytica serotype 1 and its reversible dissociation after elution with 0.4M potassium thiocyanate . Specificity of immobilization was visualized, using P haemolytica serotypes 2 and 5, which were not bound, and by blocking serotype-1 binding with homologous capsular material . Saline-extractable capsular material from P haemolytica serotype 1 was used as an antigen source . After elution of the serotype 1-specific polysaccharide epitope, the product was dialyzed and analyzed, using chemical and immunologic methods . The immunoaffinity product contained no detectable protein and greater than half the original hexosamine content . Using defined monoclonal antibodies in ELISA, titration of the original capsular material and the immunoaffinity product revealed specific retention of lipopolysaccharide, a 10- to 30-kd polysaccharide antigen common to all P haemolytica and P multocida serotypes, and serotype 1-specific capsular polysaccharide, indicating possible epitope sharing among polysaccharide antigens of P haemolytica serotype 1. Can J Vet Res, 1993 Apr, 57(2), 136 - 8 Epidemiology of Pasteurella multocida in a farrow-to-finish swine herd; Zhao G et al.; Thirty-eight clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida, recovered from a continuous flow, farrow-to-finish swine herd, were characterized by capsular serotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) in order to study the epidemiology of P . multocida pneumonia . Twenty-three of the 38 isolates obtained in the study belonged to serotype A . They displayed three REA patterns after digestion with HpaII, of which one designated A-3 represented 70% of the samples . The remaining 15 isolates were serotype D . Four different REA patterns were observed in the type D isolates . The REA type D-1 was most prevalent and accounted for 47% of the serotype D isolates . All serotype A isolates were nontoxigenic, whereas five (33%) of the serotype D isolates were toxigenic . Vertical transmission of P . multocida could not be demonstrated, and was probably not a major route of infection . The results of this study suggest that strains of P . multocida virulent for pigs exist and cause swine pneumonic pasteurellosis in continuous flow herds by horizontal transmission. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1993 Apr 1, 202(7), 1106 - 10 Comparison of computed tomography with radiography as a noninvasive diagnostic technique for chronic nasal disease in dogs; Codner EC et al.; Computed tomography was evaluated as a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs . Computed tomographic images, radiographs, and histopathologic findings were compared in 11 dogs with chronic nasal disease . Definitive diagnosis was made following traumatic nasal flush, exploratory surgery, or necropsy . The study included 8 dogs with intranasal tumors, 2 dogs with bacterial rhinitis (Pasteurella sp), and 1 dog with mycotic rhinitis (Aspergillus sp) . Computed tomography was superior to radiography in defining the extent of the disease process and in differentiating infectious rhinitis from nasal neoplasms . It defined lesions in the palate, nasopharyngeal meatus, maxillary sinus, caudal ethmoturbinates, and periorbital tissues that were difficult to demonstrate by use of conventional radiography . Tumors appeared as space-occupying lesions that obliterated the turbinates, caused deviation of the nasal septum, and eroded bone . Rhinitis appeared as a cavitating lesion that spared the paranasal sinuses, thickened and distorted the turbinates, and widened the meatus . Although morphologically distinct on computed tomographic images, infectious rhinitis and nasal neoplasms could not be differentiated by attenuation measurements or degree of contrast enhancement . Computed tomography appeared to be a reliable, noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of chronic nasal disease in dogs, and a promising alternative to diagnostic techniques currently in use. J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Apr, 31(4), 831 - 5 Use of DNA analysis of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T isolates to monitor transmission in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis); Jaworski MD et al.; Pneumonia has been identified as a major cause of poor lamb survival in indigenous herds of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in central Idaho . Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from five adult Rocky Mountain bighorn ewes captured from a free-ranging herd in central Idaho . The lambs from two of these ewes delivered by cesarean section were free of P . haemolytica until 40 days of age and after repeated contact with their dams . The lambs subsequently developed signs of pneumonia, and P . haemolytica was isolated from nasal, pharyngeal, and transtracheal wash samples from each lamb . All P . haemolytica biotype T isolates from the ewes and lambs, as well as those from a 9-month-old lamb of the same herd from which samples for culture were obtained 2 years earlier, were subjected to HaeIII restriction enzyme analysis (REA) and ribotyping . Two ribotypes and seven REA patterns were visually distinguishable by these procedures . Similarity coefficients (SAB) of 0.09 to 0.95 were calculated for the seven REA patterns . The REA patterns of the isolates from the lambs were identical (SAB = 1.0) . The isolates from the lambs also had SAB values of 1.0, which was indicative of identity with one of the seven isolates cultured from the ewes at the time of capture and with the organism isolated from the 9-month-old lamb . These procedures have the discriminatory capabilities necessary to monitor the transmission of specific strains of bacteria within and between animal populations. Avian Dis, 1993 Apr-Jun, 37(2), 616 - 21 Characteristics of fowl cholera diagnosed in Georgia, 1989-91; Waltman WD et al.; One hundred seventy-six cases of fowl cholera were diagnosed at the Georgia Poultry Laboratory over a 3-year period . The disease occurred throughout the year, with peak incidence during March and April . Fowl cholera was diagnosed in flocks from 4 to 83 weeks of age, with a mean of 33 weeks of age . The Pasteurella multocida isolates were highly susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested, except sulfonamides . The serotypic distribution of isolates showed that serotype 3,4 predominated (40%), followed by serotype 3 (22%), serotype 1 (18%), untypable (15%), serotype 5 (3%), and serotype 4 (2%) . Associations were found between the P . multocida serotypes isolated from birds of different ages and between the age of the bird and the sites of choice for isolating the organism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1993 Mar 15, 90(6), 2495 - 9 Epitopic structure of Tn glycophorin A for an anti-Tn antibody (MLS 128); Nakada H et al.; Glycophorin A was digested with glycoprotease (Pasteurella haemolytica) and the digest was fractionated by a combination of high-pressure column chromatographies to produce the glycopeptides GPA-1 to GPA-6 . Sequence analysis of the glycopeptides revealed that two serine residues (Ser-14 and Ser-15) are not glycosylated, Thr-17 and Ser-19 being glycosylated instead, in disagreement with the accepted structure . The glycopeptides thus obtained were treated with sialidase and beta-galactosidase . The Tn antigenicity, as assayed by the binding to a monoclonal anti-Tn antibody (MLS 128), was found exclusively in the glycopeptides including three (cluster I) or four (cluster II) consecutive residues of GalNAc-Ser/Thr, whereas the glycopeptide (GPA-2) containing two nonconsecutive GalNAc-Ser/Thr residues had practically no Tn antigenicity . The immunoreactivities of GPA-1 and GPA-3, containing both clusters I and II, and GPA-4, containing cluster II, were 63% (calcd . 67%), 81% (calcd . 86%), and 50% (calcd . 50%), respectively, of the immunoreactivity of GPA-5 or GPA-6, containing cluster I (the average being taken as the basis), based on the reactivity per GalNAc residue . These results indicate that clusters I and II react with the antibody to the same extent . The structure consisting of three consecutive glycosylated Ser/Thr residues may be essential for Tn antigenicity in the light of previous results for ovine submaxillary mucin. Br Vet J, 1993 Mar-Apr, 149(2), 183 - 93 The role of induced virulence factors produced by Pasteurella haemolytica in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis: review and hypotheses; Gonzalez CT et al.; In the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis, there is an abrupt commensal to pathogen shift from a predominance of P . haemolytica serotype 2 (ST2) to serotype 1 (ST1) in the bovine upper respiratory tract (URT) microfloral population . This occurs following periods of stress associated with development of this disease . Data are reviewed from recent publications supporting the contention that surface-expressed ST1-specific factor(s) could be critical in mediating URT adhesion and colonization . Such factors may promote an increase in the number of ST1 organisms deposited through infective droplets into the lungs, beyond that efficiently cleared by normal lung defences . The seeding of these organisms into the lungs may provide numerous foci of infection that eventually progress into characteristic pneumonic lesions seen in the disease. Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1993 Mar, 148(2), 83 - 7 {The localization of toxin in the cells of Pasteurella multocida}; Erler W; The application of the degradation procedure for Gram-negative bacteria according to Bewick and Lo to Pasteurella multocida indicates that the obvious localization of the toxin is in the periplasm . The stability of the outer membrane and of the substances adhering to it is essential for the release of the toxin . The production of the toxin clearly depend on the media used. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1993 Mar, 100(3), 99 - 102 {Comparison of EBL cells and ELISA in the culture and serological diagnosis of rhinitis atrophicans in swine}; Alt M et al.; Pasteurella multocida isolates from 271 nasal swabs of pigs were tested in EBL cell culture for toxin production . Mixed bacteria cultures of the same swabs were examined in the P . multocida toxin ELISA K462 (Dakopatts) . In the ELISA 114 swabs reacted positive, whereas toxigenic P . multocida were detected by the EBL cell test in 86 swabs . In a neutralization test (SNT) combined with EBL cell culture and with the ELISA 111 sera were examined for P . multocida antitoxin . The toxin had to be more concentrated for the ELISA than for the cell culture; therefore the SNT with EBL cells was more sensitive . Whereas 101 sera had titres of 1:4 or higher in the cell culture, 68 of these sera were positive in the ELISA. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1993 Mar, 106(3), 83 - 4 {The effect of toxins from Pasteurella multocida type D in calves in vivo}; Erler W et al.; By intratracheal injection of purified dermonecrotic toxin from a Pasteurella multocida type D strain, pneumonitis in calves could be produced . This demonstrates the important role of this toxin in the pathogenesis of pneumonitis in calves. Vet Microbiol, 1993 Mar, 34(3), 287 - 302 Further characterization of Pasteurella haemolytica-like bacteria isolated from swine enteritis; Oberst RD et al.; DNA-DNA hybridization studies were conducted on six Pasteurella haemolytica-like (PHL) organisms recovered from cases of swine enteritis . Chromosomal-enriched fractions of PHL organisms served as the source of DNA for Southern blots or as whole-chromosomal DNA probes . Under stringent hybridization conditions, chromosomal DNA probes of a prototype PHL (strain 6213A) organism distinguished other PHL organisms from Pasteurella haemolytica types A1 and T3, Pasteurella multiocida types A:1 and A:3, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae type 1, and Salmonella cholerasuis . The guanine-cytosine content of the DNA of three PHL strains was 41.2 to 42.8 mol % as calculated from the thermal denaturation midpoint temperatures . The PHL strains are Gram-negative, nonmotile, beta-hemolytic, pleomorphic, oxidase-positive, urease- and indole-negative, fermentative rods with the key characteristics of the species Pasteurella haemolytica . None of the PHL strains reacted with the type-specific antisera of P . haemolytica types 1 through 12 as tested by an agglutination procedure . These swine strains differed in their biochemical differentiation from P . haemolytica types A1 and T3 in that all produced acid from M-inositol and failed to grow on MacConkey agar . Acid production from trehalose and L-arabinose was variable with PHL strains . Leukotoxicity of PHL strains was evaluated by a colorimetric micro-titration assay . Sterile culture supernatants of three of five PHL strains were toxic to bovine neutrophils . Results of these studies suggest that the PHL organisms may belong to a new group of organisms under the genus Pasteurella. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1993 Mar, 79(3), 389 - 92 Vaccination with live Pasteurella haemolytica alters vascular adrenergic reactivity; Weekley LB et al.; Rats were injected with sterile saline (controls) or 0.7 x 10(5) c.f.u . of Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A) obtained from a commercial vaccine . Three days following vaccination animals were killed and aortas removed from the heart base . Isolated aorta was placed in a tissue bath and the biophysical responses to phenylephrine (alpha-1 agonist), clonidine (alpha-2 agonist) and isoproterenol (beta agonist) determined . The results indicate that the alpha-2 adrenergic contractile response to clonidine is significantly enhanced while the response to phenylephrine is not significantly altered . The relaxant response to isoproterenol is eliminated following vaccination . These results suggest that exposure to vaccine-derived strains of P . haemolytica cause an imbalance in the adrenergic responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle. Rev Sci Tech, 1993 Mar, 12(1), 237 - 72 Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the OIE Ad hoc Group on Non Tsetse-Transmitted Animal Trypanosomoses; Touratier L; There is increasing interest in many parts of the world in trypanosomoses other than those transmitted by tsetse flies, as shown by numerous research projects and field studies . The refinement of techniques for studying the behaviour of trypanosomes (techniques of molecular biology) in axenic culture or in the parasitised host has led to progress in diagnosis and immunology, and a rational approach to chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of these infections . Field trials of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in Africa, Asia and South America have shown that these tests may now be regarded as reliable in demonstrating antibodies or antigens for Trypanosoma evansi infection in buffalo, cattle and camels, and for mono-infection with T . equiperdum in equines . However, it is not yet possible to differentiate reliably between infections with T . evansi and T . equiperdum in equines . The card agglutination trypanosomosis test (CATT) has been adapted to T . evansi infection and can also be recommended . Immunosuppression induced by T . evansi infection inhibits the immune response to vaccination against Pasteurella haemolytica . In areas freed from tsetse flies (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zambia) it has been observed that Trypanosoma vivax can be transmitted mechanically by other biting insects, which are at present being identified . Research on trypanocides has led to the toxic factor for Trypanosoma brucei or T . equiperdum present in human or simian serum being localised to the high density lipoprotein of serum lipoproteins . Various derivatives are being tested under laboratory conditions, and the efficacy of some (e.g . ronidazole) is being checked at present, while others are ready to pass to the development stage (e.g . IMOL 881) . Melarsomine, already available commercially (as Cymelarsan) for the treatment of T . evansi infection in camels, is being studied for possible use in other species of animals. Carbohydr Res, 1993 Feb 24, 240, 277 - 85 Characterization of the O-polysaccharide of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1; Severn WB et al.; Lipopolysaccharide was isolated from Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 by using the phenol-water extraction procedure . Hydrolysis with mild acid afforded a high-molecular-weight antigenic O-chain . On the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral studies and microanalytical chemical methods, the O-polysaccharide was determined to be a linear polymer of a trisaccharide repeating unit having the structure -->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1--> This O-polysaccharide antigen is expressed by several P . haemolytica biotype A serotypes. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho, 1993 Feb, 96(2), 192 - 6 {Paranasal sinusitis due to Pasteurella multocida}; Nakano H et al.; A case of paranasal sinusitis due to Pasteurella multocida (P . multocida) is reported . A 39-year-old woman presented with chief complaints of rhinorrhea and headache . The patient kept a cat in her house and kept such close contact with it as to wake up by being licked every morning . Bacteriological examination revealed P . multocida isolated from her nasal discharge and also from the saliva of the cat kept by the patient . The two isolates were compatible with respect to biochemical properties, serotype and drug susceptibility . Therefore, P . multocida infection in this case was considered to have originated from the pet cat . P . multocida infection has been increasing recently . One of the reasons is a pet boom . In order to prevent acquiring the infection from a pet animal, we should have knowledge about this infection, advise the patient to avoid close contact with pets, and provide valuable information concerning these problems to society from the viewpoint of zoonosis. Vet Microbiol, 1993 Feb, 34(2), 167 - 73 Protection of Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin-challenged rats by toxoid-induced antibody; Pettit RK et al.; Two different doses of glutaraldehyde-treated Pasteurella multocida dermonecrotic toxin (PMDT) were used to immunize rats . Rats developed serum IgG antibodies specific for native PMDT, and IgG titers increased with dose and number of toxoid immunizations . Survival rates in both active immunization and passive serum neutralization experiments were dependent on dose of toxoid vaccination and serum levels of anti-PMDT IgG . Vaccination with toxoid prevented weight loss but not leukocytosis and increased complement titers in toxin-challenged rats . Toxoid, itself, induced minimal leukocytosis but no alterations in complement titers or weight gain. J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Feb, 31(2), 364 - 7 Comparison of isolation methods for the recovery of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella multocida from the nasal cavities of piglets; Lariviere S et al.; Nasal swabs from 241 piglets from 12 herds with clinical atrophic rhinitis and 283 piglets from 14 herds without clinical atrophic rhinitis were examined for the presence of Bordetella bronchiseptica and/or Pasteurella multocida . For B . bronchiseptica, swabs were streaked on three selective media . Blood agar supplemented with cephalexin was the most satisfactory selective culture medium for the isolation of B . bronchiseptica . For P . multocida, swabs were also streaked on three selective media . Mice were also used for isolation of P . multocida from the nasal cavities of pigs . The mouse inoculation test was not found to be the definitive test for the isolation of P . multocida . A significant number of P . multocida strains were avirulent in the mouse model . The modified Knight medium (without potassium tellurite) was the best single method for isolating P . multocida . However, a combination of mouse passage and direct culture on selective media increased the rate of isolation . There was no marked difference in the prevalence of B . bronchiseptica or P . multocida in swine herds with or without clinical atrophic rhinitis . Both capsular types A and D were present in the nasal cavities of the pigs with or without clinical atrophic rhinitis. J Clin Microbiol, 1993 Feb, 31(2), 255 - 9 Comparison of DNA fingerprinting and serotyping for identification of avian Pasteurella multocida isolates; Wilson MA et al.; The DNA fingerprint profiles and serotypes of 63 avian Pasteurella multocida field isolates, 13 attenuated vaccine isolates (propagated from vaccines manufactured by five companies), and 16 somatic reference strains were compared . DNA fingerprinting established the relationship of isolates that could not be distinguished by serotyping . Of the 76 isolates, 28 DNA fingerprint profiles and 12 somatic types were recognized . One isolate was nonreactive with 16 reference somatic and 5 reference capsule-type antisera . Thirty-one field isolates and seven vaccine isolates were identified as capsule type A . Twenty-nine field isolates and six vaccine isolates were nonencapsulated . Three field isolates were capsule type F . Isolates of capsule types B, D, and E were not found . One field isolate, identified as somatic type 7, had a DNA fingerprint identical to that of the somatic reference type 6 profile . Twelve field isolates had profiles identical to the somatic reference type 3 strain profile; 11 of these were identified as somatic type 3, 4, and 1 was identified as somatic type 3 . The DNA fingerprint profiles of 50 field isolates and 13 attenuated vaccine isolates did not match profiles of the 16 somatic type reference strains . Twenty-five DNA fingerprint profiles were recognized from 30 of these field isolates . The DNA fingerprint profiles of 20 field isolates and 13 attenuated vaccine isolates were identical . Three somatic types (3; 3,4; and 4,16) were identified from the field isolates, and two somatic types (3 and 3,4) were identified from the attenuated vaccine isolates . DNA fingerprinting is useful for accurate identification and epidemiologic study of P . multocida isolates. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1993 Feb, 194(1-2), 214 - 22 {Pets as permanent excretors of zoonoses pathogens}; Mayr B; When scrutinizing zoonoses with regard to risks for human beings, the spectrum of pathogens with dogs, cats and birds leading to persistent infections and consequently to the fact that the animals become carriers and permanent excretors is relatively small . Most of the zoonoses cause clinical symptoms and will be taken care of correspondingly . With regard to dogs there is a multitude of persistent infections that are transferred from the pet to the human being and vice versa . In reality, however, the importance of the dog as permanent excretor of zoonosis pathogens endangering human health is minimal, except for some parasitoses . As far as cats are concerned, the situation is totally different . Cats are carriers and permanent excretors of pasteurella, the pathogens of the so-called cat-scratch disease, trichophyton and microsporum species, toxoplasmosis and orthopox viruses . The new zoonosis feline pox serves as an example of the necessity of a permanent observation of persistently infected pets . Healthy, but persistently infected birds form a source of infection not to be underestimated . Through the beat of their wings they constantly stir up dried infectious excrements and dust and thus favour the airborn infection of human beings . Chlamydia psittaci, the Newcastle disease virus and Mycobacterium avium are of major importance in this context . The risk of transferring zoonosis pathogens from persistently infected pets to human beings can be minimized through prophylactic diagnosis, strict measures of hygiene, observation of the schedule of vaccinations for the respective species and regular use of anthelmintica. Microbiol Immunol, 1993, 37(2), 103 - 9 Drug resistance and broad geographical distribution of identical R plasmids of Pasteurella piscicida isolated from cultured yellowtail in Japan; Kim EH et al.; An MIC test of 12 chemotherapeutic agents performed on 175 strains of Pasteurella piscicida collected from cultured yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) in different areas of Japan from 1989 to 1991 revealed 152 strains (87%) with resistance to combinations of ampicillin (AP), chloramphenicol (CP), kanamycin (KM), nalidixic acid (NA), sulfamonomethoxine (SA), tetracycline (TC), and/or trimethoprim (TMP) . The remaining 23 strains were sensitive to all the drugs tested: AP, cefazolin, CP, florfenicol (FF), furazolidone, KM, NA, novobiocin, SA, streptomycin, TC, and TMP . FF showed the most effective antibacterial activity against P . piscicida with MICs ranging from 0.004 to 0.6 microgram/ml . One hundred and forty-nine of the 152 resistant strains carried transferable R plasmids encoding one of the Cp Km Sa Tc, Km Sa Tc, Km Sa, and Sa resistance . The most common resistance marker of transferable R plasmids identified in P . piscicida was Km Sa Tc . R plasmids encoding three different resistant markers were very similar on the basis of their digestion patterns with restriction endonucleases . There was homology among the DNAs of nine transferable R plasmids selected . Our findings suggest that multiple drug resistant strains of P . piscicida carrying transferable R plasmids with the same DNA structure are common in yellowtail farms and that the R plasmid has been retained within the P . piscicida population without change in their DNA structure according to geography and year. Vet Surg, 1993 Jan-Feb, 22(1), 27 - 30 Bacterial isolates from blood cultures of dogs undergoing dentistry; Harari J et al.; Bacteria in blood cultures in 30 dogs undergoing high-speed dental scaling and tooth extraction were examined . One or more positive blood cultures were identified in 9 of 30 (30%) dogs . Pasteurella spp . were most frequently (5 dogs) isolated and were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim . Two groups of 15 dogs each, anesthetized or sedated but not undergoing dental procedures, served as non-dentistry controls . There were no significant (p < .05) differences between the number of positive cultures in dentistry and non-dentistry groups . In healthy dogs undergoing high-speed dental scaling and tooth extraction, the occurrence of bacteria in blood cultures was much lower than previously reported . The clinical significance of positive blood cultures was uncertain. J Comp Pathol, 1993 Jan, 108(1), 81 - 91 Effects of Pasteurella multocida toxin on the osteoclast population of the rat; Martineau-Doize B et al.; Pasteurella multocida type D toxin is a peptide shown to induce severe atrophic rhinitis in the pig as the result of an increased osteoclastic resorption of the ventral nasal turbinates . In the present study, the effects of the toxin on the histological, cytochemical and ultrastructural features of the osteoclast population of the rat were examined . Pasteurella multocida toxin induced atrophy of the ventral and dorsal nasal turbinates and thinning of the nasal bones . The number and size of the long bone metaphyseal osteoclasts were significantly increased, but not the number of nuclei per cell . Osteoclasts of toxin-treated rats had more developed clear zones and ruffled borders than those of the controls and their cytoplasmic vacuoles were more abundant and larger . We concluded that P . multocida toxin stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts in the rat by increasing resorption activity and by increasing their number . Its action is not limited to the nasal turbinates but occurs also in the other bones, such as the long bones. J Comp Pathol, 1993 Jan, 108(1), 65 - 72 Morphological and functional disturbances in pulmonary vascular endothelium following exposure of sheep to an "avirulent" strain of Pasteurella haemolytica; Weekley LB et al.; Sheep were vaccinated with a live attenuated strain of Pasteurella haemolytica and killed 3 days later . Segments of main intrapulmonic artery and vein were removed for biophysical and scanning electron microscopic studies . In the pulmonary artery, vaccination with Pasteurella haemolytica caused an increase in the number of endothelial cell surface blebs and, in some cases, those blebs appeared to be splitting open, suggesting cell damage or irritation . There was a surprising lack of platelet adherence to the lesions, suggesting that an antiplatelet factor is released by the damaged endothelium . The endothelial-dependent relaxant response to bradykinin was enhanced following vaccination . In the pulmonary vein, ultrastructural lesions similar to those in the artery were present in vaccinated animals . Bradykinin caused a contraction, an effect that was reduced following vaccination with Pasteurella haemolytica . These experiments demonstrate that a live, vaccine-derived strain of Pasteurella haemolytica causes both morphological and functional changes in the pulmonary vascular endothelium. Avian Dis, 1993 Jan-Mar, 37(1), 6 - 9 Classification, pathogenicity, and drug susceptibility of hemolytic gram-negative bacteria isolated from sick or dead chickens; Lin MY et al.; Fifteen hemolytic gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the respiratory tracts of sick birds suffering from a long-lasting respiratory syndrome or from the bone marrow of dead birds distributed in the southern part of Taiwan . These were classified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 isolates), Pseudomonas fluorescens (2 isolates), Pseudomonas stutzeri (1 isolate), Pasteurella haemolytica (1 isolate), and Proteus morganii (1 isolate) . Each isolate was inoculated intraperitoneally into one group of ten 4-week-old male white leghorn chickens . Mortality and lesions were scored daily for 1 week . Three of the 10 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused 100% mortality . Six other isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the one isolate of Proteus morganii caused 50% mortality . The remaining isolates induced less than 30% mortality . The sole nonpathogenic sample was one isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens . When therapeutic levels of 22 antibiotics or sulfa drugs were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the 15 isolates, the most effective were apramycin (15/15), gentamicin (15/15), spectinomycin (13/15), oxytetracycline (8/15), and sulfachloropyrazine (7/15) . The least effective were ampicillin, cloxacillin, and tiamulin, which were not effective against any of the isolates . The 14 other drugs were of very low (> 4/15) effectiveness . Most of the isolates studied were virulent for chickens and very resistant to currently used drugs. J Wildl Dis, 1993 Jan, 29(1), 30 - 5 Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin-dependent killing of neutrophils from bighorn and domestic sheep; Silflow RM et al.; Peripheral blood neutrophils from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and domestic sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from Pasteurella haemolytica isolates recovered from these two sheep species . Six culture supernatants from bighorn sheep isolates and two from domestic sheep isolates were tested for cytotoxicity as determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase . Two of the bacterial culture supernatants from bighorn sheep were not cytotoxic, while the other four bighorn sheep culture supernatants were effective cytotoxins on both bighorn (> 95% cell death at 150 micrograms of cytotoxin) and domestic sheep neutrophils (55 to 95% cell death at 150 micrograms of cytotoxin) . Two culture supernatants of P . haemolytica from domestic sheep were effective cytotoxins on both bighorn (> 95% cell death at 150 micrograms of cytotoxin) and domestic sheep (70 to 75% cell death at 150 micrograms of cytotoxin) neutrophils . Potency of cytotoxins derived from P . haemolytica isolates from bighorn sheep was three to seven-fold higher when tested with bighorn sheep neutrophils as compared to domestic sheep neutrophils . Cytotoxins derived from P . haemolytica isolates from domestic sheep were five to six-fold more potent when tested with bighorn sheep neutrophils than when domestic sheep cells were used. Histol Histopathol, 1993 Jan, 8(1), 97 - 104 Experimental reproduction of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis in rabbits; Redondo E et al.; A histomorphometric and physiopathological study was made of the lung parenchyma of Belgian White SPF rabbits infected experimentally with Pasteurella multocida type A . Symptoms observed were characteristic of the acute respiratory syndrome . Mean serum cortisol concentration and rectal temperature increased in all experimental groups . Histopathological changes included alveolitis and leukocytic bronchitis . Changes in alveolar and bronchial cytoarchitecture were attributed to the degeneration and necrosis of constituent epithelial cells. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1993 Jan, 16(1), 77 - 85 Characterization of Pasteurella from gingival scrapings of dogs and cats; Ganiere JP et al.; Gingival scrapings of 62 dogs and cats were examined for the presence of Pasteurella . Isolation was performed in a medium supplemented with thiostrepton . Twenty-eight and 37 strains were obtained from 21 dogs and 26 cats, respectively, and classified in recently described species or subspecies of the genus Pasteurella (P.): P . multocida subspecies multocida and septica, P . canis, P . dagmatis and P . stomatis . Twenty-one strains were classified as atypical P . stomatis and one strain obtained from a cat remained unclassified . All strains were susceptible to the antibiotics studied . P . multocida and P . stomatis (including atypical strains) represented 65 and 30% of feline isolates, and 14 and 68% of canine isolates, respectively . Assuming that P . multocida, P . canis and P . dagmatis are potentially pathogenic for humans, and that P . stomatis has a low pathogenicity or non-pathogenic, 77 and 28% of examined cats and dogs harboured one or several pathogenic strains . This difference could explain the fact that Pasteurella infections in man are lower in dog bites rather than cat bites. Res Vet Sci, 1993 Jan, 54(1), 20 - 4 Capsular hyaluronic acid in Pasteurella multocida type A and its counterpart in type D; Pandit KK et al.; Hyaluronic acid was demonstrated in the capsule extract of 39/39 Pasteurella multocida type A strains by sodium chloride gradient chromatography followed by Alcian blue staining, and by a turbidometric method using acidified horse serum . Treatment with hyaluronidase from various sources eliminated these reactions . An Alcian blue staining substance of closely similar chromatographic properties occurred in capsule extracts of 14/16 type D strains but it resisted hyaluronidase and was thought to be an acidic polysaccharide differing from the hyaluronic acid of type A . Turbidometric values were lower than with type A strains, but were unaltered by hyaluronidase treatment . The type D substance could be precipitated from capsule extract by acriflavin . Both type A and D strains were mucoid and displayed large capsule zones in stained preparations . Photomicrographic measurements showed that hyaluronidase treatment of cell suspensions markedly reduced capsule dimensions of type A but not type D strains . When type A strains were cross streaked against a hyaluronidase + Staphylococcus aureus, their growth became non-mucoid at the intersection: mucoid type D strains were unaffected . Neither hyaluronic acid nor the hyaluronidase resistant type D substance could be detected in type B or E strains. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1993 Jan, 35(3-4), 353 - 64 Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in calves experimentally infected with Pasteurella haemolytica A1; Pace LW et al.; The purpose of this study was to document the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) in serum of calves experimentally infected intratracheally with Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and to determine if elevated TNF levels correlate with development of pneumonic pasteurellosis in the bovine . Serum samples were collected at sequential time periods from 0 h to 72 h post inoculation with P . haemolytica . TNF levels in those sera were measured by a cytotoxicity assay utilizing the TNF-sensitive WEHI 164 mouse fibrosarcoma cell line . Serum TNF levels in infected cattle began to rise at 2 h post inoculation, peaked at approximately 8 h, and decreased to near control levels by 72 h . There was extreme variability in serum TNF among the inoculated animals with levels varying from 120 pg ml-1 to 5000 pg ml-1 at 8 h post inoculation . These levels did not correspond with the degree of lung involvement . All inoculated calves developed lesions of pneumonic pasteurellosis characterized by fibrinous pleuritis with necrotizing, hemorrhagic pneumonia . These results suggest that TNF is probably a significant inflammatory mediator involved in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Am J Vet Res, 1993 Jan, 54(1), 92 - 8 Identification of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 isolates from market-stressed feeder calves by use of enzyme and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles; Purdy CW et al.; An epidemiologic study of Pasteurella haemolytica serovar 1 (Ph1) in market-stressed feeder calves from 7 farms in eastern Tennessee was conducted . The nasal mucus of each calf was cultured sequentially at the farm of origin (day 0), at an auction market (day 133), and at a feedyard in Texas (days 141, 148, 155, and 169) . Of the 103 calves tested, 77 were culture-positive, including 1 on day 0, 1 on day 133, 20 on day 141, 57 on day 148, 50 on day 155, and 14 on day 169 . From the 143 Ph1 isolates, 20 enzyme profiles were determined by use of a commercial enzyme system that detects 19 enzymatic reactions; 4 antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were obtained, using the disk-diffusion method, which evaluated susceptibility to 11 antibacterial