J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jul, 29(7), 677 - 84 Micromonospora-produced sisomicin components; Lee BK et al.; A sisomicin fermentation carried out in the presence of (methyl-14C)-L-methionine resulted in a crude mixture, composed of methyl-14C-labeled sisomicin as a major component; and two 4''-C-desmethylsisomicin (66-40B and 66-40D) isomer-like components, an unidentified component and a gentamicin A-like antibiotic as minor components . When (methyl-14C)-L-methionine was added in an early stage of the fermentation (24 hours), incorporation of methyl-14C-label into polar components (e.g., gentamicin A-like antibiotic) preceded that into sisomicin . Chromatographic evidence for the bioconversion of (methyl-14C)-gentamicin A to a radioactive sisomicin-like product (possibly (3''-N-methyl-14C)-sisomicin) was seen, when a Micromonospora blocked mutant was incubated in the presence of the former antibiotic. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jul, 59(7), 1340 - 1 Synthesis of ruminal microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production in vitro; Harmeyer J et al.; Growth of a mixed ruminal population taken from a sheep on a protein-free (all urea) purified diet was estimated by an in vitro fermentation technique including precipitation of microbial protein by trichloracetic acid . Volatile fatty acid production in vitro was determined, and the associated a denosine triphosphate was estimated as moles volatile fatty acids X 2.4 . On this basis, the quantity of microbial protein synthesized per mole of adenosine triphosphate increased at higher microbial growth rates. Am J Med Technol, 1976 Jul, 42(7), 238 - 42 Evaluation of a multitest microtechnique for yeast identification; Miller RE Jr et al.; A new, multitest, microtechnique system, API 20C (Analytab Products Inc . Clinical Yeast System), was evaluated by comparing it to the U.S . Center for Disease Control (CDC) standard techniques for the identification of yeast . Forty-four yeast strains isolated from clinical specimens were tested by fermentation and assimilation . Six fermentation carbohydrates and ten assimilation carbohydrates were compared . API results were read after incubation of 24 and 48 hours while the standard CDC system was read after 48 hours and 14 days when needed . One hundred per cent agreement in identification was found between the two systems in the strains studied . Growth in the presence of actidione was tested by the API strip only and gave unreliable results with nine per cent of the strains tested . The API 20 Clinical Yeast System provides a reliable and rapid approach to yeast identification enabling the clinical laboratory to completely identify a yeast organism in 48 hours instead of the usual four to 14 days . A cost comparison showed the API system to be significantly more economical than the conventional method of identification. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Jul, 127(1), 31 - 40 {Compatibility groups of metabolic plasmids (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; The compatibility groups of eleven plasmids determining metabolic characters used in taxonomy and isolated from naturally-occurring strains were examined . Seven of these plasmids determined lactose fermentation . Two were fi+: one of these belonged to group FI and the other to a novel group . Of the remainder, which were fi-, one (which also determined chloramphenicol resistance) belonged to group H; the others were compatible with representative plasmids from every group so far recognized . Two plasmids determined sucrose fermentation . Both were fi-: one belonged to group H, the other was compatible with plasmids of every group . Two plasmids determined haemolysin production . One was fi+ and belonged to group FIII; the other was fi- and belonged to group I2 . Plasmids belonging to known compatibility groups and determining metabolic characters only should prove particularly useful in the classification of plasmids determining antibiotic resistance. Poult Sci, 1976 Jul, 55(4), 1535 - 43 Protein, methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys; Potter LM et al.; A study was conducted to determine the effects of adding methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue to practical-type diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein for young turkeys . A 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design of variables was used in each of two seven-week experiments . A total of 864 poults were divided into groups such that the 24 diets were each fed to 9 males and 9 females in each experiment . Seven-week body weights were increased 11.4% from 0.1% added DL-methionine and decreased 13.7% from 1.5% added fermentation residue, L-Lysine added at 0.157% failed to increase significantly body weights . Increasing the protein from 24 to 27 and 30% increased seven-week body weights 16.7 and 28.9%, respectively . As dietary protein increased, the increases in body weight from added methionine became smaller, i.e., 16.9, 14.4 and 4.8% in diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein, respectively . Plots of body weight on (1) amount of methionine and on (2) amount of total sulfur amino acids in the diet show a closer relationship with the latter . The sulfur amino acid requirement of poults to seven weeks of age appears to be at least 1.03%, the highest quantity used in this study . The fermentation residue, a product not currently marketed, remains after the isolation of spectinomycin from controlled fermentation of Streptomyces flavopersicus and contains 14% dry matter . The cause of the depressed growth from the added fermentation residue has been discussed. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 22(7), 1048 - 53 {Bidimensional immunoelectrophoretic study of the antigenic composition of the membrane in various mycoplasma strains}; Wroblewski H et al.; Membrane antigenic composition of Acheloplasma laidlawii PG9, A . granularum BTS-39, and Mycoplasma fermentans PG 18(G) was determined by means of bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of sodium desoxycholate 0.5% . Depending upon the mycoplasma species from which membranes were obtained, 7 to 15 antigens were evidenced . Using sodium desoxycholate presents the advantage over non-ionic detergents to dissolve better the mycoplasmic membrane antigenic complexes . A comparative study of five strains belonging to the above-noted species confirms the serological heterogeneity of the Mycoplasmateles order and shows variability at the membrane antigenic composition level of Acheloplasma laidlawii. Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1976 Jul-Dec, 14(2), 161 - 72 {Stability of tetracycline during fermentation}; Cunha BC; The stability of tetracycline was studied at pH 6.0 and 1.5 . The thermal inactivation constant at the lower pH was found to vary between 1.62 min-1 (40 degrees C) and 65.83 min-1 (100 degrees C) . A degradation mechanism was proposed in the light of the variation of entropy and steric factors. Br J Nutr, 1976 Jul, 36(1), 71 - 86 Gastric secretion and fermentation in the suckling pig; Cranwell PD et al.; 1 . The contribution to acidification of the stomach contents of pigs by hydrochloric acid secretion or by lactic acid produced by fermentation was studied in fifteen suckling pigs from six litters born and reared either in a 'conventional' environment or in an isolated 'clean' environment . Sequential samples of stomach contents obtained during periods of up to 24 h were analysed for their chloride and lactic acid contents, pH and total titratable acidity . These values gave a measure of organic and inorganic acids respectively . 2 . Six pigs from two litters born and reared in a 'clean' environment had acid secretion in the stomach at 2 d of age, and the concentrations of lactic acid in stomach contents remained low (0-40 mmol/l) throughout the suckling period . 3.Eight pigs from three litters born and reared in a 'conventional' environment, and a ninth pig born in this environment but moved to the 'clean' environment at 24 h of age, had lactic acid in concentrations of up to 250 mmol/l in stomach contents within the 1st week of life . The pattern of lactic acid production (and hence the acidity of stomach contents) was governed by frequency of suckling . 4 . Both between- and within-litter variation in the age of onset of HC1 secretion was evident in the group reared in a 'conventional' environment, and when HC1 secretion did occur it was usually accompanied by a reduction in lactic acid production . 5 . It is concluded: (1) that the environment at birth is important in determining the fermentative ability of the stomach flora; (2) that if lactic acid is produced in large amounts in the stomach, it may partly or completely inhibit acidification by HC1. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jun, (6), 70 - 3 {Identification of serological group 0128:K67 Escherichia}; Kiseleva BS et al.; The authors present the results of studies of etiology of acute group intestinal diseases in neonates from whom escherichia of serological group 0128ac:K67 possessing the following characteristics were isolated: of the same (with the H12 antigen) serological and enzymatic type (nonfermenting sucrose and raffinose, fermenting dulcit and sorbit the first 24 hours, and slowly fermenting ramnose) . All the cultures isolated were resistant to the majority of antibiotics used at present, and were only weakly sensitive to erythromycin . Difficulties (agglutination of live cultures with production sera in the absence of low agglutinability of heated cultures) in serological typing of the cultures were due to different partial O-antigen composition of the cultures isolated and of the production strain used in the preparation of commercial sera of the given serological group (0128ab:K67) . Because circulation of escherichia of serological 0128ac variant was revealed in the USSR there occurred a necessity of their identification in practical laboratories; for this purpose organization of industrial production of the corresponding serum is necessary. Am J Vet Res, 1976 Jun, 37(6), 667 - 72 Induction of pulmonary edema and emphysema in goats by intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole; Dickinson EO et al.; The effects of intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) were determined in goats . The 3MI was given to 4 goats at the dose level of 0.3 g/kg of body weight, to 2 goats at 0.2 g/kg, and to 2 goats at 0.1 g/kg; 3 nontreated goats were used as controls . Clinical signs of acute progressive respiratory tract disease were seen in all treated goats . Goats given the largest dose of 3MI (0.3 g/kg) died between 5 and 11 hours after treatment; those given smaller doses (0.2 and 0.1 g/kg) died between 79 and 92 hours . Increased plasma concentrations of 3MI were detected in goats give 0.1 or 0.2 g/kg within 3 hours after administration . By 24 and 36 hours, the concentrations of 3MI in the plasma decreased to low or nondetectable amounts and remained low for the duration of the experiment . Clinical signs of respiratory distress in the goats progressed after 3MI had been cleared from the plasma . Diffuse pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were extensive in goats which died early in the course of the experimentally induced disease . In goats which died at later stages, the lungs were firm and had less watery transudate . Temporal variations in the nature of pulmonic changes were even more obvious by microscopic examination . Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant early change . Small foci of emphysema were apparently caused by overdistention of some clusters of alveoli . Marked septal thickening and proliferation of alveolar cells were the prominent changes in goats which died between 79 and 92 hours after treatment . Incubation of L-tryptophan with caprine ruminal fluid resulted in formation of indoleacetic acid, indole, and 3MI . Similar incubations did not convert indoleacetic acid to 3MI . Control incubations showed 3MI as a fermentation metabolite, indicating it exists in caprine ruminal fluid in vivo . Results demonstrated that goats are susceptible to intraruminal administration of 3MI . The transitory appearance of 3MI in the plasma associated with progressive respiratory tract disease was similar to observations in cattle give 3MI . Clinical signs and lesions seen at necropsy were qualitatively similar to those reported in cattle given tryptophan and indoleacetic acid. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jun, 126(3), 1194 - 206 Isolation and characterization of conjugation-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12; Falkinham JO 3rd et al.; Conjugation-deficient mutants (Con-) of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated by a variety of indirect selective techniques . Mutants with mutations conferring ampicillin resistance, fosfomycin resistance, an alanine requirement, and a failure of ferment a number of carbohydrates were selected because the impaired functions occur in association with cell wall and cell membrane defects . The integrity of these catalytic or structural elements is postulated to have a role in conjugation . The mutants could be divided into at least six general categories corresponding to their defectiveness in the following postulated recipient cell functions: (i) specific-union formation, (ii) effective-union formation, (iii) deoxyribonucleic acid transfer, (iv) plasmid establishment, (v) plasmid maintenance, and (vi) recombination . The availability of these mutants should contribute to the description of the molecular events involved in each of these conjugation steps and the elucidation of these genetic control over the inheritance of conjugationally transferred deoxyribonucleic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Jun, 18(6), 847 - 64 Optimal control of a semibatch fermentation; Ohno H et al.; This work is concerned with the optimization study of the semibatch fermentation by which an amino acid is produced . The particular fermentation studied is the synthesis of lysine by the auxotrophic mutant . Applying Green's theorem to the maximization problem was proposed, and it succeeded in determining the feed rate of the substrate that maximized the production rate of the desired product. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Jun, 18(6), 839 - 46 Pilot scale exponential growth of Escherichia coli W to high cell concentration with temperature variation; Bauer S et al.; An efficient method to grow Escherichia coli W to high cell concentrations on the pilot scale is described and discussed . The method involves growth linked introduction of glucose and ammonia to the culture, sparging with oxygen, and maintenance of aerobic conditions by gradually decreasing the temperature in the culture in order to keep the oxygen demand within the limits of the capacity of supply . Under these conditions the linear rate of cell mass production is actually the result of exponential growth with a gradually decreasing growth-rate constant . About 10 kg packed cells were produced in a 50 liter working-volume fermentor in one run of 13 hr . The concentration of the cells at the end of the growth was about 47 g dry cells/liter . The expenditure for nutrients was minimal and the controls were of simple automatic nature . From the determined yield constants for glucose, nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen it may be inferred that the cells grown by this method are similar to those grown exponentially at constant temperature. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 494 - 9 {Effect of different pH values on the medium on the synthesis of antibiotics in the joint cultivation of Actinomyces levoris with yeasts}; Iakovleva EP; Changes in the pH level of the fermentation medium used for preliminary cultivation of C . tropicalis were studied with respect to its initial aciditv or alkalinitv . When C . tropicalis was grown on the medium used for levorin fermentation with ph 5.1--10.3, the yeast changed it in 24 hours to the level of 6.2--7.9 . As dependent on the initial pH values for cultivation of C . trophicalis, production of levorin on subsequent inoculation of Act . levoris changed . The antibiotic activity increased and ranged within 120--178% of the control . Synthesis of levoristatin, a non-polyenic antibiotic equally increased under such conditions and ranged within 153--163% of the control . The pH values of 9.4--10.3 of the initial fermentation medium were optimal for mixed cultivation of Act levoris and C . tropicalis and maxium production of levorin and levoristatin. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jun, 59(6), 1100 - 3 Effects of citrus pulp in high urea rations for steers; Pinzon FJ et al.; Effects of pelleted and conventional citrus pulp as a replacement for corn, with soybean meal added to keep protein comparable, were tested in rations with 5% urea and 33.33% sugarcane bagasse for fistulated steers . Thus, all rations were low in readily fermented carbohydrates other than those of corn or citrus pulp . Evaluation criteria were concentrations of urea in blood and of pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids of rumen fluid . Citrus pulp for diets 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 0, 19, 38, or 55% . Rumen fluid and blood were sampled 1 h before and 2, 4, 7, and 12 h after feed was placed directly into the rumen . No differences between pelleted and conventional pulp or among time trends were significant except that for both forms rumen ammonia was lower with the two highest percents of citrus pulp . Addition of citrus pulp at 0, 19, 38, or 55% of the ration reduced rumen pH (6.85, 6.65, 6.61, 6.51) . Blood urea and rumen ammonia decreased in steers fed 19, 38, or 55% pulp; thus, the acetic to propionic ratio was higher . Butyric acid changed only in the time trend . Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher at 19, 38, and 55% than at 0% pulp . They were higher at 38 and 55 than at 19%. Experientia, 1976 May 15, 32(5), 568 - 9 {Observation of bacteriophages in wine (author's transl)}; Sozzi T et al.; Electron microscopic examination of samples of Swiss wine, collected during the malolactic fermentation, revealed the presence of bacteriophages of three different morphological types . It is interesting to note that these phages have been found in a product whose pH is lower than 3.5. Med Klin, 1976 May 7, 71(19), 820 - 4 {Investigations of the lipase activity of a pancreatin compound (author's transl)}; Preisich P; In connection with the physiologic process of digestion, the requirements for an enzyme-based drug are stated . Quick release of highly active enzymes in the duodenum is a prerequisite of physiological stimulation of the pancreatic excretory function . Digestive potency is regarded as a suitable gauge for comparing of results in large-scale in vitro scanning . Our own in vitro and in vivo studies have borne out the possibility of transferring in vitro findings to the therapeutic value of this compound . As shown by our investigations, quick release of highly active enzymes in vitro is coupled with a high degree of bioavailability in Fermento duodenal . As a result, normalization or reduction of the lipid content of faeces--as a sign of therapeutic efficacy--is seen in patients with pancreatic excretory insufficiency . Statistical evaluation resulted in the following: 1 A statistically significant (p less than 0.1%) increase in lipase activity in the duodenal juice in vitro after addition of one capsule of Fermento duodenal . 2 . Lipase activity in vivo after 15 minutes is significantly different from all other values . 3 . A statistically significant (p less than 1%) drop in the amount and lipid content of faeces following the treatment with Fermento duodenal. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 May, 18(5), 601 - 21 The kinetics of cholesterol oxidase synthesis by Nocardia rhodocrous; Buckland BC et al.; The production of cholesterol oxidase by 3 liter batch cultures of Nocardia rhodocrous growing on a glycerol/yeast extract medium was investigated . Cholesterol was shown to be a good inducer of the enzyme . The optimum time for cholesterol addition and the quantity to be added were determined, resulting in a 15-fold yield increase . Cholesterol oxidase synthesis was influenced by the dissolved oxygen tension . Maximum cholesterol oxidase production was obtained at 30-40% air saturation . The effect of growth conditions on the extraction of cholesterol oxidase by Triton X-100 was investigated . The scale-up of the fermentation to 800 liters in a pilot-plant fermenter is described. J Dairy Sci, 1976 May, 59(5), 992 - 6 Ration digestibility and mineral balance in lactating cows fed rations containing dried whey; Schingoethe DJ et al.; Including dried whey in rations of nonruminants usually increases digestibilities and mineral retention, presumably because of the lactose in the whey . A trial with total collection had five lactating cows per treatment to determine the effects of 5% dried whey product in the concentrate on digestibility of the ration and on absorption and retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus . Rations included corn silage ad libitum, 3 kg alfalfa hay, and either control or dried whey product in concentrate ration at 1 kg/3 kg milk produced . Rations were balanced for content of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus . Digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were not increased with dried whey product in the ration . Apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was not affected significantly by inclusion of whey in the ration . Productive (milk plus retained) calcium and magnesium were not increased when dried whey product was in the ration although productive phosphorus was slightly higher with the dried whey product . Adding small amounts of dried whey to a ruminant's ration will not increase mineral absorption and retention probably because tthe lactose in dried whey is fermented in the rumen and unavailabe for aiding absorption from the small intestine. J Dairy Sci, 1976 May, 59(5), 894 - 901 Rumen volatile fatty acids and milk composition from cows fed hay, haylage, or urea-treated corn silage; Schingoethe DJ et al.; Alfalfa-brome hay, haylage, .5% urea-treated corn silage, or .5% urea plus 1% dried whey-treated corn silage was fed as the only forage to one of four groups of 10 lactating cows per group for a lactation trial of 10 wk . Rumen samples were collected via stomach tube 3 to 4 h after the morning feeding . The pH of the rumen samples from cows fed hay was higher than for cows fed haylage, urea-treated corn silage, and urea-whey corn silage, 6.69 versus 6.36, 6.40, and 6.50 . Total volatile fatty acids and propionate were highest from cows fed urea-whey corn silage and were higher on all three fermented forages than cows fed hay . Acetate/propionate ratio was highest from cows fed hay and lowest from cows fed corn silages . Butyrate was highest from cows fed haylage or hay . Milk protein composition was not affected by ration although nonprotein nitrogen of milk was highest from cows fed the urea-treated corn silages . Oleic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids were lowest in milk fat from cows fed hay while palmitic acid was highest from cows fed hay and haylage . These results suggest that type of forage fed may cause small changes in rumen fermentation and in milk composition . The importance of these changes is unknown but may affect properties of dairy products produced from this milk. Br J Nutr, 1976 May, 35(3), 343 - 63 The utilization of diets containing acetate salts by growing lambs as measured by comparative slaughter and respiration calorimetry, together with rumen fermentation; Hovell FD et al.; 1 . In a comparative slaughter experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 14 or 19% metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium, calcium and potassium salts of acetic acid . As the proportion of ME as acetate was increased, energy retention decreased . ME intake was 9271, 9430, and 9217 +/- 67 kJ/d and energy retention was 2698, 2422 and 2280 +/- 71 kJ/d for the diets containong 0, 14 or 19% ME as acetate respectively . There were no differences in protein deposition . The efficiency of utilization of acetate for energy retention (kf) was calculated by difference to be 3 and 10 +/- 13% respectively for the diets containing 14 and 19% ME as acetate. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 May, 29(5), 501 - 6 Gardimycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes . I . Description of the producer strain and fermentation studies; Parenti F et al.; Two strains of Actinoplanes have been isolated that produce a new peptide antibiotic named gardimycin . A detailed taxonomical study of such strains indicates that they differ between themselves and from all the described species of Actinoplanes . For this reason they are considered to be new species; for which the names A . garbadinensis nov . sp . and A . liguriae nov . sp . are proposed . The type strain of A . garbadinensis is A/10889(=ATCC 31049), the type strain of A . liguriae is A/6353 (=ATCC 31048) . Studies on the medium and fermentation conditions are reported. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 May, 29(5), 488 - 91 The structure of antibiotic G-52, a new aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora zionensis; Daniels PJ et al.; Antibiotic G-52, a new aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotic produced in the fermentation of Micromonospora zionensis, has been shown to be 6'-N-methylsisomicin on the basis of its spectral characteristics . This assignment was confirmed by synthesis of the antibiotic from sisomicin. Poult Sci, 1976 May, 55(3), 975 - 81 Fungus-fermented soybeans benefit the life cycle of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica); Chah CC et al.; Feeding quail chicks diets containing soybeans fermented with two cultures of Aspergilli (A . oryzae N.R.R.L . 451 and A . oryzae N.R.R.L . 506) resulted in significantly superior weight gains (p less than 0.05) through a 4-week growth period and confirmed previous observations made with identical cultures in broiler studies . Subsequent hen-day egg production and egg size were changed little by diets containing fermented soybeans . The numerical increases in fertility and hatchability were not significant . Progeny also responded to the fermented soybean diets, some carry-over effects were evident. Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 452 - 5 {Microflora of theintestines of persons in contact with aminoglycosides and penicillin}; Mazitova OP et al.; A total of 90 persons being in contact with aminoglycosides and penicillin were examined . It was found that such a contact resulted in dysbacteriosis of the intestine . The culture of Coli bacteria isolated from the persons had a low fermentative activity and lost their mobility . Bificol, a biological preparation proved to be promising in the treatment of persons with dysfunction of the intestine against the background of dysbacteriosis. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 May-Jun, 127(4), 521 - 8 {Influence of air enriched with oxygen injection on the bacterial yield during the fermentation and correction of the anti-foam effect (author's transl)}; Plichon B et al.; Addition of an anti-foam such as the silicon "Rhodorsil" during fermentation provokes an important diminution of the dissolved oxygen rate and an interruption of bacterial growth . Injection of air enriched with oxygen prevents the interruption of bacterial growth. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 778 - 80 One-tube oxidation-fermentation methods: limitations posed by atypical fermentative reactions; Sivendra R; Atypical fermentation in the two-tube method of Hugh and Leifson (1953), whereby acid was produced in the sealed tube but not in the open tube, was determined to be the result of a preferential metabolism of peptone over the reactant carbohydrate . These atypical fermentations are only partially detected by one-tube oxidation-fermentation methods, and as such they constitute a source of limitation to the routine use of these abbreviated techniques for oxidative-fermentation determinations. Experientia, 1976 Apr 15, 32(4), 485 - 7 Fermentative digestion of food in the colobus monkey, Colobus, polykomos; Kay RN et al.; Fermentation of leafy food occurs in the enlarged saccus gastricus of the colobus monkey with the formation of volatile fatty acid, as in the rumen of ruminant animals . About half of the digestible organic matter and cellulose of the diet is digested in this way. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Apr, 62(4), 609 - 14 {Enzyme activity of the mucous membrane of the rat small intestine during heat exposure}; Rakhimov I et al.; In acute experiments, the amylolytic, invertase, glycyl-L-tyrosindipeptidase, monoglyceridlipase,and alkaline phosphatase activity of the mucosa homogenate of the rat small intestine was studied 4, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after a two-hour exposure to 36-37 and 40-41 degrees C . No decrease in the activity of any of the ferments was observed . Exposure to heat is concluded to lead to the changes of small intestine ferments spectrum . The character of these changes depends on the heat stress degree and its duration. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Apr, 62(4), 559 - 65 {The state of anticoagulant system of animals following injections of purified thrombin and N-acetyl-thrombin}; Kudriashov BA et al.; I . v . administration of N-acetyl-thrombin, similar to thrombin, increases the fermentative fibrinolytic potency of the plasma, although to a lesser extent . This is also expressed in the increased esterase activity of the plasma and euglobulin fraction . When blocking the forming plasmin, esterase activity is observed in kallekreine . (The inhibitory effect of plasma after N-acetyl-thrombin administration tells also on the nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity of the Fibrinogen-Heparin complex, activity of the latter dropping practically to the zero level . Warming up at 60 degrees C decreases the nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity of the complex N-acetyl-thrombin (thrombin-esterase) does not provoke the activation of the second anticoagulang system, while the native thrombin does it. Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 296 - 8 {Madumycin biosynthesis by an Actinomadure flava culture under conditions of varying aeration}; Kochetkova GV et al.; Production of madumycin I and madumycin II by 2 strains of Actinomadure flava 2171 was studied . Intensive aeration was an obligatory condition for the antibiotic biosynthesis . The content of madumycins I and II in the culture fluid depended on the strain, aeration conditions and fermentation cycle . Strain 2171/852 produced maximum amounts of madumycin I and madumycin II by the 2nd--3rd and 5th days of cultivation respectively . Strain 2171/2544 mainly produced madumycin I during the whole period of fermentation. Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Apr, 26(2 Pt l), 206 - 10 Development of an animal model for Mycoplasma-related reproductive failure; Gabridge MG et al.; Pregnant hamsters and mice were injected ip with various doses of Mycoplasma hominis, M fermentans, and M arthritidis, all of which may have a potential role in human or animal reproductive failure . Inoculations were made near the completion of each trimester, and the products of conception were removed by hysterectomy 24 hr before anticipated delivery . Resorptions and birth defects were tabulated . Preliminary data on 1869 fetuses indicate that BALB mice merit further evaluation as a possible model for mycoplasma-related reproductive failure. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Apr, 18(4), 493 - 512 The influence of oxygen concentration and of specific rate of growth on the kinetics of penicillin production; Giona AR et al.; The role of fundamental parameters in the conduction of penicillin semicontinuous fermentations is analyzed . Biomass concentration, penicillin production, and main nutrient consumption are particularly studied . Furthermore, the conduction of the operation is simulated with regard to conditions of constant specific rate of growth and of constant oxygen concentration in the broth . An intermediate condition is also considered. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Apr, 18(4), 473 - 92 Kinetic analysis of penicillin production by semicontinuous fermenters; Giona AR et al.; The relationships between the specific rate of nutrient consumption and biomass growth and between the specific rate of penicillin production and oxygen concentration in the broth are analyzed . The functional dependencies which have been obtained from the experimental data of industrial fermenters are used with the mass balances to develop a model of the behavior of semicontinous operations . The proposed model allows one to study the influence of some operational parameters . The obtained results agree with the data of industrial processes. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Apr, 59(4), 648 - 55 Factors influencing rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effect of amino acid additions to a purified diet with nitrogen from urea; Maeng WJ et al.; Effects of isonitrogenous urea and amino acid additions upon microbial growth in rumen contents from a cow fed a purified diet in which urea was the sole nitrogen source were studied . Incorporation of amino acids into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide was estimated . Rates of microbial growth, volatile fatty acid production, and effects of amino acids upon microbial nitrogen yields were highest right after feeding and decreased with time after feeding . Microbial growth and amounts of amino acids incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids and carbon dioxide were related closely to quantity of starch remaining in the rumen . High amounts of starch increased microbial protein synthesis from carbon-14 labeled amino acids and reduced amounts of amino acid fermentation . Estimated microbial protein yields per day were 326.0, 444.4, 497.3, and 527.3 g when 0, 15, 30, and 45 mg amino acid nitrogen replaced urea nitrogen during incubation . Respective values for microbial cells per mole estimated adenosine triphosphate were 15.2, 19.2, 21.0, and 24.5 . Microbial cell yields per kg carbohydrate digested were 139.0, 189.5, 212.0, and 224.8 g for 0, 15, 30, and 45 mg amino acid nitrogen . Addition of small amounts of amino acids to a diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source improved considerably rumen microbial protein yields. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Apr, 59(4), 636 - 42 Dynamics of fermentation of a purified diet and microbial growth in the rumen; Maeng WJ et al.; Ruminal fermentation and disappearance of glucose, starch, and cellulose, and incorporation of glucose and starch into microbial cells were estimated in a fistulated Jersey cow fed twice daily a purified diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source . Estimated rumen volume was 59.8 liters . Turnover time and rate of passage of rumen contents were 33.4 h and 1.8 liters per h . Turnover times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 4.7, and 14.2 h . Fermentation times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 5.5, and 25.1 h . Percentages of glucose, starch, and cellulose utilized in the rumen were 99.4, 85.4, and 60.6 . Thus, 18.5% of the carbohydrate fed bypassed rumen fermentation, and 81.5% was utilized in the rumen . All glucose disappeared from the rumen within an hour . An average of 32.1, 43.0, and 14%, respectively, of glucose utilized was incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide . Percentage of starch incorporated into cells varied, with time being highest 2 h after feeding at 40% and lowest at 20%, 10 h after feeding . Respective percentages of starch incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide were 32.4, 45.9; and 13.3 . Total microbial protein and cell yields per kilogram carbohydrate utilized in the rumen were 77.1 and 117.5 g . Microbial cell yield per mole (estimated) of adenosine triphosphate was 16.2 g. J Bacteriol, 1976 Apr, 126(1), 501 - 10 Role of arginine deiminase in growth of Mycoplasma hominis; Fenske JD et al.; Arginine has been considered as the major energy source of nonglycolytic arginine-utilizing mycoplasmata . When three strains of Mycoplasma arginini, and one strain each of Mycoplasma arthritidis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hominis were grown in the medium with high arginine concentration (34 mM) compared with low arginine (4 mM), both the protein content of the organisms and the specific activity of arginine deiminase increased . M . fermentans, the one arginine-utilizing species included in the survey which is also glycolytic, showed an increase in protein content but no increase in specific activity of the enzyme . The glycolytic non-arginine-utilizing M . gallisepticum did not show an increase in either parameter . The Km for arginine deiminase from crude cell extracts was 1.66 X 10(-4)M . The enzyme demonstrated a hyperbolic activation curve subject to substrate inhibition and was not affected by the presence of L-histidine . When mycoplasmic protein and arginine deiminase were determined for M . hominis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, aerobically grown cells exhibited no detectable enzymatic increases until late in log phase . Higher levels of arginine deiminase were observed earlier in the anaerobic growth cycle . The rate of 14CO2 evolution from {guanido-14C}arginine was not altered in arginine-supplemented cells compared with cells grown in low arginine . In addition, CO2 production did not parallel increased arginine deiminase activity . These observations argue that arginine is used only as an alternate energy source in these organisms. Cornell Vet, 1976 Apr, 66(2), 152 - 63 Some biological and physical chemical properties of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; White TG et al.; Fourteen strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, representing extremes of host-range and world distribution, were examined for: 1) protein composition as determined by electrophoresis and electrofocus patterns, 2) guanine-cytosine mole ratios of their respective deoxyribonucleic acids, and 3) carbohydrate fermentation patterns . No correlation is apparent between any particular physical-chemical property and virulence in mice . The role the bacterial fragments play in the pathogenesis of a rabbit model of rheumatoid arthritis is discussed. Surgery, 1976 Apr, 79(4), 480 - 4 Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: an unusual complication of jejunoileal bypass; Sicard GA et al.; A case of pneumatosis cytoides intestinalis associated with jejunoileal bypass is reported . The association of increased colonic gas, secondary to fermentation of undigested lactose in the colon, and the reflux of the excessive gas into the excluded segment of small bowel and dissection of the gas into the bowel wall and mesentery are postulated as the causes of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in patients with jejunoileal bypass. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Apr, 29(4), 438 - 43 Microbial production of amphotericin B-3H and the synthesis of its sodium desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and methyl-14C-ester; Monji N et al.; Amphotericin B-3H with a specific radioactivity in excess of 4 muCi/mg was produced by fermentation of Streptomyces nodosus IMRU 3694 in a complex medium, using acetate-3H as a precursor . The medium employed gave a production yield of 2.5 approximately 3.5 mg/ml of amphotericin B . The most efficient incorporation of acetate-3H occurred when the precursor was added at 24 hours after inoculation . It was observed, that the amount of amphotericin A co-produced in the fermentation broth with amphotericin B was significantly reduced by the addition of ethanol to the production medium . Complete inhibition of amphotericin A production was achieved at a level of 2% ethanol in the fermentation medium without an appreciable effect on the yield of amphotericin B . Methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol lowered the yield of both antibiotics indiscriminately . The syntheses of amphotericin B-3H-Na desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and amphotericin B-3H methyl-14C-ester are also described. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Apr, 29(4), 354 - 65 Antibiotic DE-3936, a polyether antibiotic identical with lonomycin . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Ohshima M et al.; Antibiotic DE-3936 was isolated from the fermentation broth of a streptomycete No . 9735-1, which is identified as a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus . The antibiotic is a hydrophobic compound having the molecular formula of of C44H75O14Na and is active against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and protozoa, especially coccidia . Its chemical and biological properties indicate that antibiotic DE-3936 belongs to the group of polyether antibiotics and is identical with lonomycin. Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 291 - 5 {Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on tetracycline biosynthesis}; Sherstobitova TS et al.; The paper presents data on the effect of CO2 dissolved in the fermentation broth on biosynthesis of tetracycline . It was shown that there was optimal concentration of CO2 for the tetracyline-producing organism . As a result of the experiments the ranges of the optimal concentrations within 2 to 8 ml of CO2 per 100 ml of the fermentation broth were determined. Can J Comp Med, 1976 Apr, 40(2), 190 - 7 Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets in the Province of Quebec; Lariviere S et al.; During 1972 to 1974, 112 Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets were recieved from different parts of the Province of Quebec, Canada . Fifty-six strains elicited a positive gut loop response in three week old piglets and were then considered as Moon's class 1 enteropathogens, while four of the 56 remaining strains reacted only in ten day old piglets and were classified as class 2 enteropathogens . Forty-eight strains produced both a heat-labile and a heat-stable enterotoxin, while 12 isolates which included the four class 2 enteropathogens produced only a heat-stable enterotoxin . Fifty-one enterotoxigenic strains could be serogrouped using OK antisera against E . coli strains commonly associated with colibacillosis in piglets . The most common serogroups encountered were O157: K "V17"; 88a,c, O149:K91; 88a.c . O157:K"V1c, O149:K91; 88a.c, O157:K"V17"; 88 a,c or a,b and O45:K"E5"; 88a,c . No significant difference was observed in the fermentation patterns, antibiotic susceptibility, colicin production, production of a filterable hemolysin and transferable tetracycline resistance between the enterotoxigenic and the nonenterotoxigenic strains. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 31(4), 487 - 91 Influence of specific growth rate on biomass yield, productivity, and compostion of Candida utilis in batch and continuous culture; Paredes-Lopez O et al.; Candida utilis was grown in batch and continuous culture on prickly pear juice as sole carbon and energy source . In batch culture the maximum specific growth rate (mum) and the substrate yield coefficient (Yps) varied according to sugar concentration . When the fermentation was carried out with 1% sugar, mum and Ys were 0.47/h and 42.6%, respectively . The best yields occurred in a chemostat at the pH range of 3.5 to 4.5 and temperature of 30 C . A beneficial effect on Ys was observed when the dilution rate (D) was increased . At a D of 0.55/h, the productivity was 2.38 g/liter per h . The maintenance coefficient attained a value of 0.09 g of sugar/g of biomass per h . Increases of D produced higher protein contents of the biomass . The information obtained indicates that protein production with Candida utilis, using prickly pear juice, should be carried out a high dilution rates where the Ys and protein content of the cell mass are also higher. Arch Microbiol, 1976 Mar 19, 107(2), 143 - 60 Stoffwechselprodukte von mikroorganismen . 154 . Mitteilung . Nikkomycin, ein neuer hemmstoff der chitinsynthese bei pilzen; Dahn U et al.; From the fermentation broth of Streptomyces tendae Tu 901 a substance was isolated which inhibits the growth of several fungi . The new antibiotic affects the chitchin biosynthesis . Its structure was identified by mass spectrometry of the products obtained after chemical degradation . Nikkomycin is a nucleoside-peptide antibiotic consisting of uracil, an amino hexuronic acid and a new amino acid containing a pyridin ring. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1976 Mar, 26(1), 33 - 45 {Coffee pulp and hulls . XI . Chemical characteristics of silaged coffee pulp with Napier grass (Pennisetum purpurem) and corn plant (Zea mays)}; Murillo B et al.; Various physical and chemical changes that occur during the process of preparation of coffee pulp silage with the addition of molasses and forage, were identified and measured quantitatively . Three types of silage were prepared in duplicate in laboratory concrete silos, 45 cm wide and 50 cm high . The silages contained the following components: coffee pulp (EPC), pulp and Napier grass (EPCN), and pulp with corn fodder (EPCM) . On a fresh basis, the last two contained equal proportions of coffee pulp and forage . Around 16% molasses were aded to all silages . Time of ensiling was 132 to 141 days . In order to determine the physical changes, the silage was weighed at the start and end of the ensiling period; the pH was determined at the end of same, and the drained liquids were measured during the experimental period . To determine the chemical changes, analyses were carried out on the various components used and on the mixtures ensiled at the start and at the end of the experimental period . The pH of the silage was 4.5, 4.3, and 3.8, and the losses of dry matter 10.6, 25.2, and 33.3% for the three types of silages, respectively . These percentages suggest that a better fermentation took place in those silages containing forages . The better fermentation of EPCN over EPC was due to the Napier grass which provided greater amounts of chemical components susceptible of fermentation than those found in coffee pulp . The quality of EPCM was superior due not only to the presence of corn fodder, which produced an effect similar to that of Napier grass, but also due to the fact that the coffee pulp used in this case contained the greater concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and lower levels of lignin than the coffee pulp used alone or with Napier grass . As a result of the fermentation process, in all three types of silage a decrease in dry matter content, of cellular contents and soluble carbohydrates was observed, as well as an increase in cellular walls and its components, and of protein . The magnitude of these changes was found to be directly related to the losses in dry matter . From the results of this research, it was concluded that the addition of forage improves the chemical characteristics of silage prepared from coffee pulp. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 218 - 22 {Use of a rotation chart for studying the flocculation of admixtures in native solutions}; Vernikova LM et al.; The process of admixture flocculation in fermentation broth filtrates of penicillin was studied experimentally according to the schemes of rotatabel planning of the 2nd order . Equations describing the effect of the main factors on the process were worked out and the main effects of the pair interactions were found. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 214 - 8 {Purification of antibiotic solutions of finely dispersed admixtures}; Lin'kova OS et al.; A possibility of complete separation of fine disperse admixtures from antibiotic fermentation broth filtrates by filtration with the use of special additives was shown . The purity of the filtrates and filtration rate depended on the procedure of addition, amount and average size of the particles of the filtration material. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 302 - 5 Evaluation of the API 20 c microtube system for the identification of clinically important yeasts; Roberts GD et al.; The API 20 C microtube system containing 20 biochemical tests for the identification of yeasts was compared with conventional tests used in the Mayo Clinic mycology laboratory . Three hundred isolates of clinically important yeasts were studied, and agreement of the carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation tests between the systems was good . The API 20 C represents a useful, commercially available screening method for the identification of yeasts; however, it is not a complete system and must be used in conjunction with microscopic morphological features and, when appropriate, with other biochemical tests. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Mar, 59(3), 439 - 54 A rumen linear programming model for evaluation of concepts of rumen microbial function; Reichl JR et al.; A linear programming model provides for analysis of general input-output relationships in the rumen, for evaluation of competitive relationships among rumen microbes, and for computation of optimal relationships in the rumen . Eight rumen microbial groups defined on the bases of substrate specificity, nutrient requirements for growth, fermentation products, and relative metabolic activities comprise the central core of the model . Relative metabolic rates of microbial groups calculated from their cell sized were used as coefficients in the objective function . The model was used to evaluate effects of different amounts of protein from feed and various carbohydrates upon microbial population and fermentation patterns as accommodated by current concepts . During the several solutions of the model, considerable simplification of the rumen microflora occurred . This implies that current data and concepts, and the hypothesis regarding relative metabolic rate, as represented in the model, do not accommodate adequately competitions among the several rumen microbial species and, thus, that additional data and concepts regarding rumen microbial interactions are required . Also evaluated were effects of ingestion of bacteria by protozoa upon over-all rumen function, absolute microbial cell yields, cell yields per mole of adenosine triphosphate, and factors affecting these. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 22(3), 342 - 6 Methane fermentation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) latex effluent; Rajagopalan K; Four species of bacteria capable of CH4 fermentation of rubber latex effluent were isolated and identified as a Methanococcus, a strain of M . vannielii, a Methanobacterium and a strain of M . omelianskii . Auxanographic tests using the four strains showed growth and CH4 formation on a basal medium containing mineral salts or added H2 and Co2 . Varied response was obtained when the basal medium was added to formate, acetate, butyrate, methanol, ethanol, and glucose . Previous work has established acid fermentation of Hevea latex arising from bacterial contamination and decomposition of the non-rubber constituents which consist of N-compounds, 2% quebrachitol, and smaller concentration of carbohydrates . This suggests that reduction of CO2 and fermentation of acids formed during metabolism of Hevea latex are possible pathways of CH4 production. Br J Nutr, 1976 Mar, 35(2), 201 - 9 Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep; Wilke PI et al.; 1 . Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1-5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period . 2 . Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment . Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach . 3 . Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e . 78-80 . 4 . Regression of energy gain v . corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310-2 and 302-3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0-75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0-411 and 0-479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively . 5 . It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly. Parazitologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 10(3), 232 - 7 {Effect of the temperature regimen on the kinetic and thermodynamic functions of the enzyme urease in the helminths of warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals}; Shishova-Kasatochkina OA et al.; The determination of the constant of the urea fission rate and study of the temperature dependence (activation energy) of the urease activity on warm- and cold-blooded animals in Ascaris suum and Contracaecum aduncum were undertaken . It has been shown that the constant of the urea fission rate in C . aduncum is more than an order of magnitude higher than that in A . suum . At a temperature of 17 degrees the rate of this process in C . aduncum changes but little while in A . suum it practically ceases . On the contrary, at 47 degrees the urease ferment activity in A . suum increases considerably while in C . aduncum the process rate does not rise as compared to that at 37 degrees . The subsequent calculations of the energy activation have shown that a certain adaptation to definite conditions of ferments functioning can take place. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 234 - 40 {The multiphase character of methane fermentation of cellulose}; Bonch-Osmolovskaia EA; An enrichment culture producing methane from cellulose was studied . The culture is a system of changing microbial populations realizing various pathways of methane formation . This change of microbial associations is expressed in three phases of growth; each phase is characterized by its maximum of methane production . The first maximum is related to accumulation and utilization of propionic acid . The second maximum is due to methane formation from acetate by Methanosarcina . One of the possible pathways regulating the methanogenous ecosystem is the action of concentrations of the main metabolites--glucose and the products of its fermentation. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 241 - 6 {The nucleases of oxytetracycline producing actinomycetes}; Penzikova GA et al.; The activity of exocellular nucleases, especially RNase, differs among cultures producing oxytetracycline, and belonging or similar to Actinomyces rimosus, and cultures which are not related to this species . The activity of RNase therefore may be regarded as an additional taxonomic characteristic within the species Act . rimosus . Formation of various enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleic acids was studied with the strain of Act . re end of fermentation, the content of the antibiotic and the activity of exocellular and endocellular RNases and DNases in the cultural broth were maximal . The cultural broth therefore may be used as a source of both oxytetracycline and nucleases. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 213 - 20 Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms . XV synthesis of 2-methyl-arginine, 2-methyl-l-ornithine and their enantiomers; Maehr H et al.; A new arginine antimetabolite was isolated from the fermentation broth of a new strain of Streptomyces and identified as 2-methyl-L-arginine. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 248 - 64 Antimycin A fermentation . I . Production and selection of strains; Vezina C et al.; Increase in antimycin A production was achieved through a parallel strain and medium improvement program: a 125-fold augmentation (75 to 9,500 mug/ml) was obtained . The selective system included antimycin A productivity, conidiation, sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, growth rate and yield, and absence of pigment and actinomycin D production . Among the original strains tested one natural isolate possessed high productivity and several of the above characteristics, and was selected for mutagenesis . Spontaneous and induced variability was then exploited in isolating high-producing strains . The first mutagen used was ultraviolet radiation; it was replaced by ethylenimine when it became no longer efficient in increasing variability . As new, high producers were isolated, the medium was modified to best suit their requirements for still higher productivity . The critical environmental factors were absence of phosphate and organic salts, concentration of the nitrogen source and ratio organic/inorganic nitrogen, ratio ammonium sulfate/calcium carbonate, and addition of slowly utilizable carbon sources, such as lactose and oil; optimum temperature and initial pH were 25 degrees C and 7.0 . Aeration/agitation requirements of improved strains were high . Fermentation was characterized by abrupt pH changes which impaired rapid accumulation of the antibiotic . Antimycin A was produced during both the trophophase and idiophase. J Infect Dis, 1976 Mar, 133 Suppl, 97 - 102 Purification of the polymyxin-released, heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli; Evans DJ Jr et al.; The heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli strain H-10407 has been purified by use of a commercially available affinity gel (Affi-Gel 202) . This gel possesses a strong and highly specific affinity for the enterotoxin released from intact E . coli cells by polymyxin B . The polymyxin-release technique could be used with fermenter-size batches of E . coli cells grown in a casamino acids-yeast extract medium . With a simple (NH4)2SO4 back-extraction step prior to affinity chromatography, large batches of E . coli enterotoxin could be processed rapidly . Affi-Gel 202-purified E . coli enterotoxin produced a single precipitin band in the presence of several different antisera against crude preparations of the toxin . The same antigen produced a precipitin band in the presence of both cholera antitoxin and antiserum to choleragenoid. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 291 - 7 {Yeast cell wall-dissolving enzymes of the thermotolerant actinomycete Thermoactinomyces vulgaris}; Loginova LG et al.; The thermotolerant culture of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PA II-4A was cultivated in the Biotec fermenter to obtain the enzyme preparation with a high proteolytic and lytic activity . Resistance of the cells of Candida utilis and Saccharomyces fragilis (mesophilic and thermotolerant strains) to the lytic action of the enzyme preparation was different . Preliminary treatment of the yeast cells by L-cysteine increased their susceptibility to the lytic action of the preparation . The degree of lysis of the cells depended also on their age: the cells growing during 10-12 hours were lysed easier than the cells cultivated during 24 hours. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 205 - 10 {Regulation of tetracycline biosynthesis by controlling the growth of the producer}; Makarevich VG et al.; Regulation of the rate growth of Act . aureofaciens in batch fermentation by maintaining the concentrations of phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, glucose and pH values at the levels favourable for intensive growth at the beginning of the process and after accumulation of the biomass at the levels optimal for retarded growth of the organism resulted in significant prolongation of the period of intensive antibiotic production, i.e . intensification of the fermentation process . Microscopic investigation of the organism development under conditions of regulated fermentation revealed the presence of significant amounts of free peripheral highly basophilic hyphae for a prolonged period of time . The hyphae possessed a capacity for growth and intensive metabolism unlike the control culture which was liable to early autolysis. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 265 - 74 Antimycin A fermentation . II . Fermentation in aerated-agitated fermenters; Sehgal SN et al.; Fermentation characteristics, previously studied in shake flasks, were reproduced in aerated-agitated fermenters, using three strains of Streptomyces sp . which had been selected for their high antimycin A productivity in shake flasks . Fermentation in fermenters was run in three stages . The medium consisted of soy flour, glucose, ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate; initial pH was 7.2 approximately 7.5, and temperature 25 degrees C . The course of fermentation was then modified to encourage maximal growth and eliminate the intermediate lag period observed in shake flasks . Useful corrections included continuous addition of soybean oil at 1.25 %/day and maintenance of pH at 6 by addition of ammonium hydroxide on demand . The ammonium hydroxide added also served as a rapidly utilized nitrogen source and could not be replace by NaOH or KOH . Under optimal conditions antimycin A was produced at constant rate from the second to the sixth day, when maximum yields of more than 9 g/liter were attained . A procedure for antimycin A extraction is described. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1976 Feb 23, 282(8), 787 - 90 {Determination of the 14C content of fermentation alcohols}; Martiniere P et al.; The measuring activity in 14C of ethylic alcohol permits one to distinguish fermentation alcohol from synthetic alcohol . This activity is used to determine the corresponding percentages of these alcohols in cases of mixture. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Feb, 59(2), 270 - 7 Effects of fermentation time on in vivo/in vitro relationships; Nelson BD et al.; The effects of six fermentation times, 24 through 84 h at 12 h intervals, were studied on in vivo/in vitro relationships and repeatability and variability of in vitro technique . Three stages of maturity each of bermudagrass, bahiagrass, rye-grass, sorghum-sudan, alfalfa, and orchardgrass were used . For one fermentation time for all types of forages, a 48-h fermentation demonstrated the smallest variation among runs and the least run X forage interaction . However, the optimum fermentation for perennials as a group was 60 h; and for annuals, legumes, and temperate grasses it was 36 h . Further studies in vitro compared a 48-h fermentation for all types of forage with 36 h for annuals and 60 h for perennials . Forty-eight forages, including 20 annuals and 28 perennials, were digested in vitro during three runs . With the 48-h fermentation, forages accounted for 86.43% of the total variation, runs 6.80%, and run X forage interaction 6.44% . Variation due to runs was reduced to .33%, and run X forage interaction to .90%, for a combined 36- and 60-h fermentation for annuals and perennials, respectively . Variation due to forage was increased to 98.53%. J Bacteriol, 1976 Feb, 125(2), 635 - 42 Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli chromosomal mutants affecting plasmid copy number; Cress DE et al.; We have isolated chromosomal mutants of an Escherchia coli K-12 strain that maintain higher levels of an F' plasmid . The mutants are designated as plasmid copy number (pcn) mutants . They were detected by selecting for increased lactose fermentation in bacteria deleted for the lac operon but harboring an F'lacI,P pro+ plasmid . When examined for the amount of F' plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the dye-CsCl isopycnic technique, the mutants show two to seven times as much covalently closed, circular (CCC) DNA as does the parental strain . The increased plasmid level in one mutant strain (pcn-24) was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization; however, this latter technique indicated about a twofold lower increase when compared with the increase measured for pcn-24 by the dye-CsCl technique . In mutant pcn-24 the increased amount of F' DNA reflects a proportional increase in monomeric-size plasmid molecules because oligomeric forms are not found . Also, in mutant pcn-24 the extra CCC plasmid copies do not seem to be randomly distributed throughout the cell's cytoplasm but appear complexed in situ with their host's folded chromosome . In all pcn mutants examined to date, the classical sex factor F is maintained at normal levels, whereas the viral plasmid Pl CM is maintained at two to three times the normal level . In all 17 pcn mutants isolated, the pcn mutation maps on the chromosome and not on the plasmid . Finally, the absolute amount of CCC F' DNA detectable in lysates of the six different pcn mutants examined decreased 50 to 90% upon incubation of the lysate at 37 C . In contrast, no loss of CCC DNA occurs when lysates of the parental F' strain are incubated at 37 C. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 29(2), 125 - 31 Pleuromutilins . Fermentation, structure and biosynthesis; Knauseder F et al.; Derivatives of pleuromutilin, formed during the fermentation of pleuromutilin, were isolated and their structure determined . 14-Acetyl-mutilin and mutilin as well as different unsaturated fatty acid esters of pleuromutilin were identified . The proportion of each derivative formed depends to a considerable degree on the conditions of the fermentation process . The possible biosynthetic pathways are shown. Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 99 - 102 {Lincomycin formation by strain R-367 on a complex medium not containing corn steep}; Kochetkova GV et al.; A new complex medium for biosynthesis of lincomycin by strain R-367 was developed using one-factor experiments and mathematical schemes of planning . A complex of mineral salts containing nitrogen, sulphur, phosphurus, magnesium and trace elements was introduced into the content of the new medium . This provided elimination of corn steep liquor from the medium . The linomycin production level in the fermentation broth with the use of the new medium was at an average 2.5 times higher than that on the initial medium containing corn steep liquor. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 29(2), 140 - 6 Biotransformation, a new approach to aminoglycoside biosynthesis: II . Gentamicin; Testa RT et al.; Utilizing a paromamine-producing mutant of Micromonospora purpurea blocked in the production of gentamicin, bioconversion of various minor gentamicin components into the gentamicin C complex was demonstrated . The compounds tested were structurally related to the gentamicin C's and are found as minor components in the gentamicin fermentation . Based upon the bioconversions detected, a branched pathway for the biosynthesis of the gentamicin C components is proposed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 31(2), 158 - 62 Influence of the rate of ethanol production and accumulation on the viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in "rapid fermentation"; Nagodawithana TW et al.; Whereas "rapid fermentation" of diluted clover honey (25 degrees Brix) fortified with yeast nutrients using 8 X 10(8) brewers' yeast cells per ml resulted in an ethanol content of 9.5% (wt/vol; 12% vol/vol) in 3 h at 30 C, death rate of the yeast cells during this period was essentially logarithmic . Whereas 6 h was required to reach the same ethanol content at 15 C, the yeast cells retained their viability . Using a lower cell population (6 X 10(7) cells/ml), a level at which the fermentation was no longer "rapid," the yeast cells also retained their viability at 30 C . Ethanol added to the medium was much less lethal than the same or less quantities of ethanol produced by the cell in "rapid fermentation." It was considered possible that ethanol was produced so rapidly at 30 C that it could not diffuse out of the cell as rapidly as it was formed . The hypothesis was postulated that ethanol accumulating in the cell was contributing to the high death rate at 30 C . It was found that the intracellular ethanol concentration reached a level of approximately 2 X 10(11) ethanol molecules/cell in the first 30 min of fermentation at 30 C . At 15 C, with the same cell count, intracellular ethanol concentration reached a level of approximately 4 X 10(10) ethanol molecules/cell and viability remained high . Also, at 30 C with a lower cell population (6 X 10(7) cells/ml), under which conditions fermentation was no longer "rapid," intracellular ethanol concentration reached a similar level (4 X 10(10) molecules ethanol/cell) and the cells retained their viability . Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) lost its activity in brewers' yeast under conditions of "rapid fermentation" at 30 C but retained its activity in cells under similar conditions at 15 C . ADH activity was also retained in fermentations at 30 C with cell populations of 6 X 10(7)/ml . It would appear that an intracellular level of about 5 X 10(10) ethanol molecules/cell is normal and that this level does not damage either cell viability or ADH activity . Higher intracellular ethanol concentrations, such as 2 X 10(11) molecules ethanol/cell (a fourfold increase in intracellular ethanol concentration), are accompanied by inactivation of ADH and loss of cell viability. Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 130 - 4 {Tetracycline resistance and cell-free systems of protein and polypeptide synthesis}; Beliavskaia IV et al.; Acellular systems of synthesis of polyphenylalanin containing the supernatant fraction from E . coli B and ribosomes from an oxytetracycline sensitive strain of E . coli and strains resistant to that antibiotic were almost equally sensitive to oxytetracycline . The supernatant fraction from the cells of E . coli 241, a resistant strain absorbing significant amounts of oxytetracycline lowered the inhibiting effect of oxytetracycline in the acellular systems of protein synthesis (with an endogenic matrix) . No fermentative inactivation of oxytetracycline by that fraction was found with both the biological and radiochromatographic methods. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Feb, 62(2), 153 - 9 {Biochemical correlates of functional features of visual cortex neurons}; Pigareva ZD et al.; Changes of protein concentration and of different metabolic ferments activity were studied in the rabbit visual cortex after visual deprivation . Two groups of neurons with different sensitivity to visual deprivation were found . The less sensitive are supposed to have an additional source of activation . These findings corroborate the microelectrode data showing that the activity of about 40% of the visual cortex neurons are modulated by a different nonvisual stimulus. Arch Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 107(1), 87 - 92 Pyruvate fermentation in Rhodospirillum rubrum and after transfer from aerobic to anaerobic conditions in the dark; Schon G et al.; The fermentative metabolism of Rhodospirillum rubrum (strain Ha, F1, S1) was studied after transfering the cells from aerobic to anaerobic dark culture conditions . Pyruvate was metabolized mainly to acetate and formate, and to a lesser extent to CO2 and priopionate, by all strains . Therefore, pyruvate formate lyase would appear to be the characteristic key enzyme of the dark anaerobic fermentation metabolism in R . rubrum . Strain F1 and S1 metabolized the formate further to H2 and CO2 . It is concluded that this cleavage was catalysed by a formate hydrogen lyase system . Strain Ha was unable to metabolize formate . The cleavage of formate and the synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyric acid were increased by a low pH value (approximately 6.5) . Fermentation equations and schemes of the pyruvate metabolism are discussed. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd, 1976 Feb, 86(2), 150 - 66 {Sugar-free, tooth-protecting chewing gum and candy . Results of a 7-year study}; Schneider P et al.; Experiences of 7 years with sugarless chewing gums and lozenges (tab . I and II) regarding their tooth protective properties are reported . Telemetry of interproximal plaque pH allows to assess acid formation from carbohydrates by plaque bacteria under almost natural conditions . Altogether, 5 chewing gums and 8 lozenges containing sorbitol or mixtures of sorbitol and hydrogenated oligosaccharides were investigated . Lowest pH values during and after chewing sugarless gums varied between pH 6.0 and 7.3 . When sucking sugarless lozenges the recorded pH values were between 5.8 and 7.0 . In contrast to lozenges, the consumption of sugarless chewing gums becomes particularly important due to their greater stimulation of saliva and buffering capacity of oral fluid . All products tested did not acidify interproximal plaque below the critical pH and therefore comply with the regulations of the Swiss Federal Health Authorities with respect to the labeling or marketed sweets with "safe for teeth" . New non-fermentable sugar-replacing substrates are being developed . Their utilization in foodstuffs and sweets is being discussed. Brain Res, 1976 Jan 16, 101(2), 185 - 98 Completely isolated molluscan neurons . An ultrastructural study; Bocharova LS et al.; The neurons of the molluscs Lymnaea and Helix isolated by fermentative digestion followed by mechanical treatment do not differ ultrastructurally from intact ones . These cells have sufficient metabolic reserves and incorporate into RNA 8% of the total radioactive pool, even more than neurons in ganglia under equal conditions . Neuronal damage can occur, mainly during the pipetting, and this is usually expressed in vacuolization of the cytoplasm . It is important to note that alterations in cell ultrastructure develop earlier than changes in the membrane electrical properties . The surface of the isolated neurons is enlarged two-fold due to the infoldings of the cell membrane . So, the specific resistance of soma membrane of these neurons was calculated as 78 +/- 13 komega-sq . cm . On the surface of isolated neurons scraps of glial and neuronal processes not connected with their own cell bodies, and as a consequence not powerful, are sometimes found . Some endings of the neuronal processes on the surface of isolated neurons are ultrastructurally similar to the axo-somatic synapses. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 22(1), 52 - 6 Measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide; Alford JS Jr; Several probes for measuring dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration were installed in a 68-litre fermentor and their effectiveness compared . Submerged silastic rubber tubing gave reproducible results over a wide range of operating conditions and was generally superior to all other probes evaluated . The silastic rubber probe was used to compare the partial pressure of CO2 in viscous fermentation media with that in the fermentor exhaust gas . No significant difference was found . Results show that determination of the CO2 partial pressure in the exhaust gas gives an excellent approximation of the partial pressure of dissolved CO2 in the liquid medium, eliminating the need for measurement of CO2 concentration in the broth. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jan, 21(1), 27 - 30 {Study of the dynamics of n-propyl alcohol in an Act . erythreus culture during the biosynthesis of erythromycin using a gas-liquid chromatographic method}; Brinberg LS et al.; The effect of n-propyl alcohol on biosynthesis of erythromycin and the dynamics of the precursor consumption were studied with the method of gas-liquid chromatography . It was shown that neither the optimal concentration of the precursor, nor its stimulating effect on different media correlated . n-Propyl alcohol was used not only for the antibiotic biosynthesis but also according to other metabolic path-ways and in addition its evaporation from the medium was registered . During the first period of the fermentation n-propyl alcohol suppressed the antibiotic biosynthesis. J Environ Sci Health B, 1976, 11(2), 139 - 64 Large scale production, purification and a study of some spectral properties of Penitrem A; Malaiyandi M et al.; A large scale production of the tremorgenic toxin, Penitrem A, from the cultures of Penicillium (P.) palitans and P . crustosum for studying its spectral characteristics was attained . From several fermentation runs using Czapex-Dox medium, P . crustosum was shown to produce nearly 80% more toxic metabolite than P . palitans . A method involving silica-gel column chromatography for a single step isolation of the toxin from the crude extract of the mycelial mats was developed . Some spectral properties of Penitrem A were discussed. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(1), 58 - 69 Bioengineering problems connected with the use of conventional and unconventional raw materials in fermentation . A review; Prokop A et al.; Some bioengineering problems connected with the use of conventional and unconventional raw materials in fermentation research and industry are reviewed . They include the effect of the physical state of different substrates (solid, liquid, gaseous) and considerations of physico-chemical processes, especially the identification of limiting steps . A new concept of classification of fermentors with respect to the macromixing properties is suggested and its applicability for different substrates is considered. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(1), 43 - 9 Effect of some inhibitors on kanamycin formation by Streptomyces kanamyceticus; Basak K et al.; The formation of kanamycin is markedly inhibited by mercuric chloride, sodium iodoacetate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium arsenite and sodium azide particularly when these are added at the start of fermentation . Less inhibition of kanamycin synthesis is observed in case of sodium 5,5-diethylbarbiturate, malonic acid, sodium arsenate and sodium fluoride . Inhibition of kanamycin synthesis is associated with growth inhibition in case of 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium arsenite and sodium azide . Bacitracin and D-cycloserine have a stimulatory effect on kanamycin synthesis with slight inhibition of cellular growth . This stimulation might be due to accumulation of cell wallintermediates--aminosugar and sugar--which are shunted to the pathway of kanamycin synthesis . Penicillin lowers kanamycin synthesis by 65 percent as compared with 19 percent reduction of cellular growth . Chloramphenicol has a stimulatory effect at lower concentration (20 mug/ml), when it is added at 24 h of fermentation . At higher concentration (50 mug/ml) chloramphenicol shows marked inhibition of both cellular growth and antibiotic biosynthesis. J Bacteriol, 1976 Jan, 125(1), 33 - 41 Genetic co-regulation of galactose and melibiose utilization in Saccharomyces; Kew OM et al.; The gal3 mutation of Saccharomyces, which is associated with an impairment in the utilization of galactose, has been shown to be pleiotropic, causing similar impairments in the utilization of melibiose and maltose . Milibiose utilization and alpha-galactosidase production are directly controlled by the galactose regulatory elements i, c, and GAL4 . The fermentation of maltose and the induction of alpha-glucosidase are regulated independently of the i, c, GAL4 system . The production of alpha-galactosidase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase is coordinate in galactokinaseless strains . Galactose serves as a nonmetabolized, gratuitous inducer of alpha-galactosidase in strains lacking the genes for one or more of the Leloir pathway enzymes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1976, 42(1-2), 165 - 80 Differentiation of pathogenic species of Candida by their recovery characteristics following ultraviolet irradiation; Sarachek A et al.; Each of seven pathogenic species of Candida exhibits a unique pattern of light and dark recovery responses to ultraviolet irradiation . C . guiliermondii, C . parapsilosis and C . pseudotropicalis photoreactivate whereas C . albicans, C . krusei, C . stellatoidea and C . tropicalis do not . Within each of these groups, individual species are distinguishable by whether or not they express differential dark recovery during postirradiation growth at 25 C or 37 C on oxidative vs fermentative carbon sources, on inorganic vs amino acid nitrogen sources or in the presence rather than absence of ergosterol . Equivalent recovery patterns are obtained for species of Candida and the ascosporogenous species which are their corresponding perfect forms . These observations indicate strongly that the post-irradation recovery is a reliable, species-specific characteristic of yeasts. Environ Qual Saf Suppl, 1976, (5), 203 - 11 Recycling and degradation of anabolic agents in animal excreta; Calvert CC et al.; A variety of anabolic agents are currently added to animal feeds to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency . These compounds and their metabolites are largely excreted . Prior to the use of anabolic agents as feed additives and the advent of confined livestock production, natural recycling occurred which generally resulted in benefit to the animal with no known adverse effects on consumer health . However, the current interest in the use of animal excreta in livestock feed and the possible presence of anabolic agents and their metabolites from this practice has created an additional need for information on the occurrence of anabolic agent residues in consumer products . This report will consider the definition of anabolic agents in its broadest sense and discuss the research on hormones used in animal feed that may be found in animal excreta . In addition to feed additive residues, endogenous compounds may also be found in animal excreta . Endogenous estrogens and androgens have been detected in excreta from domestic livestock and poultry . Research results suggest that substantial estrogenic and androgenic activity may be detected in fresh animal excreta . However, little is known about the effects of various processing methods of excreta such as heat drying and fermentation on its hormonal activity . The effects of feed additive residues and endogenous hormones in excreta used for feed will be discussed relative to their impact on animal health and occurrence in animal products. IARC Sci Publ, 1976, (14), 321 - 31 Determination of eight volatile nitrosamines in thirty cured meat products with capillary gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry: the presence of nitrosodiethylamine and the absence of nitrosopyrrolidine; Groenen PJ et al.; Five samples each of six cured meat products were analysed for the presence of eight volatile nitrosamines . A combined steam distillation-extraction step at pH 8-9 plus a concentration step were used for preparation of extracts . These were analysed, without further clean-up, using a coupled capillary GC-HRMS system at a resolution of 4 000 . The MS was used in the fixed mass mode, but after the retention time of each nitrosamine the mass adjustment was tuned to the mass of the next nitrosamine . This combination allowed not only an unambiguous identification of the nitrosamines but also their direct quantitative determination . The products investigated were cooked ham, fermented sausage, raw bacon, mildly fried bacon, fried minced mean and smoked meat . Only one nitrosamine, NDEA, was sometimes found to be present in relatively large amounts . It occurred in two of the bacon samples; the concentration increased during mild frying from 4 and 13 mug/kg to 16 and 43 mug/kg, respectively . It was also present in two of the smoked meat samples in amounts of 7 and 91 mug/kg, respectively . Its identity was further confirmed on a second and third capillary column also coupled to the MS, and by direct introduction of the extracts into the MS at a resolution of 15 000 . A silicon compound with practically the same retention time and mass as NDMA, which originates from the antifoam agents used as shown by other investigators, was found in the extracts in amounts corresponding to abuot 2 mug/kg of product . Nevertheless, seven samples were found positively to contain NDMA in amounts of 2-6 mug/kg . NMEA, NMPA, NMBA and NDPA could not be detected in any of the samples, nor could NPip or NPy . That no NPy (i.e., less than 50 mug/kg) was found in the fried bacon samples may be due to the mild frying method used . The use only of capillary GC with a nitrogen-selective detector, without further sample clean up, would have led to many false-positive results due to the presence of other nitrogen-containing compounds. Microbios, 1976, 16(65-66), 191 - 9 Growth and ultrastructure of Streptomyces venezuelae during chloramphenicol production; Bewick MW et al.; Streptomyces venezuelae (3022a) was grown in flask cultures and fermentors, using three media having differential effects on chloramphenicol production . Micromorphology, ultrastructure and chloramphenicol concentrations were studied during the growth cycle in each medium . Chloramphenicol production was greatest in the glycerol-serine-lactate (GSL) medium, less in the glycerol-nutrient broth-yeast extract (GNY) medium and very low in glucose-mineral salts (GA) medium . In GSL and GA, much growth was in the form of microcolonies, especially in flask cultures, while short hyphal fragments predominated in GNY . The major ultrastructural features were the high frequency of mesosomes in fragmenting hyphae in GNY, and electron-transparent zones which appeared during chloramphenicol synthesis in GSL . None of the structural abnormalities induced by chloramphenicol in sensitive organisms were observed in S . venezuelae despite high levels of the antibiotic in GSL medium. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1976, 55(2), 104 - 9 {Research on enzymes of Mycoplasma: enolase of Mycoplasma hominis}; Grossato A et al.; A screening of enzymes on cell-free extracts of various species of mycoplasmas revealed the presence of enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) in significative amount in M . pneumoniae and M . fermentans, in lower amounts in M . hominis, A . laidlawii and in trace only in U . urealyticum . The value of activity of the various mycoplasmas could be correlated with their metabolism . From 40 g of cell paste of M . hominis, 2.5 mg of enolase purified over 70 folds, was obtained with successive steps of salt fractionation and column chromatography . Kinetic studies gave the following constants: Km for 2-phospho-D-glicerate, 0.7 x 10(-4)M; optimum of Mg++ concentration, 1 x 10(-3)M; optimum of pH, 7.7 inhibition by fluoride and phosphate, I = 0.77 X 10(-12)M4 . Molecular weight estimation indicated for the native enzyme a value of about 100,000 daltons . These data suggest closer similarities with the enolase of microorganisms like E . coli and yeast than with the genus Thermus or B . stearothermophilus. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(4), 361 - 74 Studies on some nutritional factors influencing the production of gluconic acid; Mahmoud SA et al.; Investigations were carried out to formulate an economical medium that can give maximum yield of gluconic acid by the submerged culture technique, using Aspergillus niger NRRL3 . It was found that the highest yield of acid could be secured when a medium of the following ingredients was used: 13.0% glucose syrup, 0.1% NaNO3, 0.025% calcium superphosphate, 0.007% KCl, 0.025% MgSO4-7H20, and 0.5% CaCO3 . It was also found that glucose syrup, which represents an available and cheap carbohydrate source for gluconic acid production by fermentation, can replace glucose powder which is more expensive. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1976, 16(6), 437 - 44 Stoichiometry of methane oxidation in the methane-oxidizing strain M 102 under the influence of various CH4/O2 mixtures; Naguib M; In laboratory-scale experiments with growing cells of the obligate methane-oxidizing strain M 102, an overall molar gas turnover ratio of the order given below could be postulated: 1 CH4+1--1.2 O2=0.3 CO2+water . Expectations that the optimal gas mixture of methane and oxygen should lie within the range of this stoichiometric consumption ratio have been verified in fermenter 5 1 batch culture experiments . The optimal range of methane-oxygen mixture, found under the experimental conditions described, is based on the estimated growth parameters as generation and doubling times, yield coefficients related to methane and oxygen, and the efficiency of methane metabolism as indicated in the absolute amounts of CH4, O2, and CO2 turned over . The mentioned stoichiometric relation of 1 CH4:1--1.202 did not change with varying the composition, i.e . the partial pressures of CH4 and O2 introduced as a mixture to the cells . The efficiency of methane oxidation was obviously influenced and decreased markedly when deviating from the broad optimal range of CH4/O2 mixtures . With non-growing cells, on the other hand, the stoichiometric relation showed a considerable shift (1:1.4--1.8 CH4:O2) with a clear tendency towards more O2 consumption . The oxidation potential of growing cells, seems then to have a linear interdependence to the substrate concentrations, i.e . partial pressures. Proc R Soc Edinb {Nat Environ}, 1976, 75(3), 171 - 80 Rumen micro-organisms in red deer, hill sheep and reindeer in the scottish highlands; Hobson PN et al.; The micro-organisms in rumen samples from Red deer, hill sheep and reindeer grazing their natural pastures in the Scottish Highlands were examined at different seasons over a number of years . The total counts of bacteria and protozoa varied with the seasons, and were lowest in winter when fermentative activity was also at its lowest . As is usual in roughage-fed ruminants, viable counts were only a very small proportion of the total counts . The reindeer rumens had the highest concentrations of bacteria . There were no consistent differences in the types of bacteria between seasons, but although there were no bacteria peculiar to any animal species the balance of predominant types varied between the species . The principal types of bacteria were similar to those found in domesticated ruminants . The numbers of protozoa in the Red deer were higher than those in the sheep, and the concentrations in reindeer were higher than those generally reported for domesticated cattle or sheep . A number of species of protozoa were found in each animal and the predominant species differed in the different animals. J Environ Sci Health B, 1976, 11(3), 199 - 210 Fate of DDT and parathion in grapes processed into arak, an alcoholic beverage; Kawar NS et al.; Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, was prepared from grapes to which either DDT or parathion had been added . Samples of the nine fractions produced from the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for DDT and parathion and their respective metabolites . DDT degraded to DDD during the fermentation step resulting in a sharp decrease in DDT level . The two distillation steps contributed to a further decrease in the DDT level so that the final product contained less than 2% of the amount found in the fresh grape juice . Although the concentration of DDD increased sharply during fermentation, it also decreased to a negligible level during the subsequent distillation procedure . Parathion was more stable than DDT during the fermentation and first distillation steps . However, the second distillation process caused a sharp decline in its level and the Arak contained only about 6% of the residues present in the fresh juice, paranithophenol being the only metabolite detected. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(4), 294 - 6 Content of fatty acids of Chlorella kessleri in a deep tank fermentation; Diab MA et al.; Chlorella kessleri cultivated in a deep tank contained 4.8% of non-polar lipid; 51% of this fraction represents saturated fatty acids, 7% unsaturated fatty acids . Our investigation of the fatty acids profile demonstrated even- and odd-numbered saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C12 to C20 . Unlike in other Chlorella species, stearic acid was the dominant fatty acid found . Also shown was an elevated C16:0 fatty acid content and a reduced level of unsaturated fatty acids. Acta Anat (Basel), 1976, 96(1), 135 - 47 Cholinergic innervation of vessels of the base of the brain; Borodulya AV et al.; Distribution and activity of acetylcholinesterase in the intramural nerve apparatus of vessels of the base of the bran have been studied with the histochemical method of Koelle-Gomori . On the whole, 268 arteries have been examined . The activity of the ferment is detected in the effector nerve fibers in the wall of all cerebral vessels constituting the system of the circle of Willis . The periarterial nerve apparatus of cerebral arteries of the anterior and posterior regions of the circle of Willis consists of two cholinergic plexuses - superficial and deep plexus forming a multilayered neural cover . The terminal parts of cholinergic nerve fibres at the border with the muscular coat show a granular structure . Moreover, nerve cells rich in active ferment are found in the cholinergic plexuses . Difference in the character of cholinergic innervation of vessels of the internal carotid and the vertebrobasilar region has been shown . The obtained data indicate that the vessels of the circle of Willis possess a reliable cholinergic system of nerve regulation which along with other systems, such as that of adrenergic nerve fibers, maintains the homeostasis of the cerebral blood flow. Soz Praventivmed, 1976 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 7 - 16 {The quantitative evaluation of alcohol use in German and Western Switzerland}; Wuthrich P; Within the scope of a comprehensive study of social mechanisms of the drinking habits, a household survey was conducted among the 15 to 74-year-old population (sample size: 902) . Overall per-capita-consumption figures have been, so far, the only available information on drinking in Switzerland . The data collected on various dimensions, i.e . quantity, frequency and variability of alcohol intake show a wide variety of drinking patterns among the 89% of the population using alcohol . Frequency of beer, wine and fermented cider consumption falls mainly into the three categories: daily use, up to twice weekly, rarely (once a month or less) . For hard liquor we found: up to twice weekly, rarely . The Swiss have no definite preferences as to wine, beer or other alcoholic beverages . Yet, in the French speaking part wine is used significantly... Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(5), 13 - 7 {Study of Mycoplasma from the genital apparatus of cattle}; Savov N et al.; The study on vaginal mucous secretion in cows with metritis and vaginitis, on fetuses and placentae of cows that had miscarried as well as on preputial secretion of bulls revealed the presence of Mycoplasma organisms associated with V . fetus and other bacterial species . By their reaction to cholesterol, digitonin, sodium polyanetol sulfonate as well as their serum and temperature requirements, the formation of films and spots, their phosphatase activity and biochemical and serologic behaviour the mycoplasmas isolated from the genital tract of cows were specified as A . laidlawii and A . axanthum . From both cows and bulls T-forms of mycoplasmas were isolated . The strains determined as A . laidlawi showed deviations from the species characteristics by the fermentation of glucose, hydrolysis of esculine, and reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride. Nahrung, 1976, 20(4), 347 - 52 {Gas chromatographic study of odor and flavor components of dry wine}; Edelenyi M et al.; 6, 12 and 18 months after bottling, 1 sample of the primary wine, 2 samples of tank-fermented sparkling wines (taken at different production phases, i.e., during and after the second fermentation) and 3 samples of bottle-fermented raw champagne were analysed for aroma and flavour components . The samples were extracted with ether-pentane (2:1) and analysed by gas chromatography . 21 components were detected, 9 of which were identified (isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, isopentanol, heptanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanol, isooctanol) . There were marked qualitative and quantitative differences in composition between the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample and the sparkling wines sample taken during the main phase of the tank-fermenting process . This is essentially attributable to the fermenting activities of the yeasts . On the contrary, the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample agreed in quality with those of the sparkling wines sample taken at the end of tank-fermentation . It is concluded from these findings that greater amounts of new components do not form during the second fermentation . On the other hand, aroma and flavour components already present in the primary wine came to the fore by the quantitative increase of certain bouquet components . The comparison of the samples of bottle-fermented sparkling wines revealed, irrespective of slight changes, a clear-cut developmental trend . During the aging process, the contents of isopentanol and of a still unidentified component decreased, whereas those of isobutanol, isopropanol, heptanol and a still unidentified component increased markedly . It is stated that differences in the fermenting process manifest themselves mainly by the ratios of the components . The bouquet components were almost similar for both fermenting processes. J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jan, 59(1), 167 - 9 Fermentation tubes for in vitro digestion of forages; Moore JE et al.; During in vitro digestion of forages by rumen microorganisms in polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, forage particles formed dense mats which were raised above the level of media by entrapped gas . This did not occur with polyethylene centrifuge tubes . In vitro organic matter digestion was higher in polyethylene than in poly-carbonate tubes . Vacuum infiltration of water into samples prior to inoculation increased in vitro digestion with both types of tubes but to a greater extent with samples of high than of low digestion . Regression analysis of in vivo digestibility on in vitro digestion showed that the lowest residual standard deviation was with polyethylene tubes and vacuum infiltration, but omission of vacuum infiltration gave satisfactory results. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol, 1976 Jan-Feb, 12(1), 3 - 7 {Complex compounds with lipids in the evolution of metalloenzymes}; Boichenko EA; The change of the role of metals in the evolution of enzymes was going on from the formation by them first of labile compounds during activation by ions of various reactions to the formation of more stable complexes in active centres . During the transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis in oxidoreductases with the participation of metals an increase of the oxidationreduction potential values (E'O) occurred . A simultaneous accomplishment of reactions in the cells at strongly differing values of the potential became possible owing to the formation of complexes with lipids by metalloenzymes being active at high E'O . Entering the membranes of subcellular structures these metalloenzymes form complex compounds with various groups of lipids-phospholipids neutral lipids, glycolipids . These are compounds with Fe, Ti, Cu, Mn and other polyvalent metals; they regulate the transfer of electrons and its changes in the evolution of the main fermentative processes of living cells, as for example respiration and assimilation of carbon dioxide. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jan, 29(1), 38 - 43 Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms . XIII . The synthesis and microbiological production of a novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy) butanoic acid; Scannell JP et al.; A novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy-)-butanoic acid, was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . X-11,085 . It was shown to be identical with the chemical reduction product of an antimetabolite antibiotic, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid, a co-product in the fermentation . Addition of the title compound to the fermentation led to an enhanced yield of the antimetabolite suggesting that the saturated amino acid serves as a precursor for the antimetabolite. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(6), 481 - 7 Regulation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites . XVIII . Adenylate level and chlorotetracycline production in Streptomyces aureofaciens; Curdova E et al.; The relationship was studied between the energy metabolism of the actinomycete Streptomyces aureofaciens and the biosynthesis of chlorotetracycline by this organism . The energy charge values in a culture of low-production strain were almost identical with those of a production variant but the total sum of adenylates was about 10 times higher . In the stationary growth phase both strains evinced a drop in energy charge values followed by a rise to the original level . An increase in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in fermentation medium caused a suppression of antibiotic formation in the lowproduction strain and further rise in the total adenylate level . The expression of the energy charge in Streptomyces aureofaciens acquires a complex character owing to the participation, apart from the adenylate system, of high-molecular polyphosphates as energy donors and the probable lack of a regulating mechanism such as the adenylate kinase reaction. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1976, 16(4), 273 - 7 Salt stimulated respiration of Chlorella fusca; Loppert HG; ATP contents have been measured before and after addition of KCl (5 mM final concentration) to suspensions of Chlorella in distilled water under different conditions of energy supply . The levels decreased immediately after salt addition and returned to the original values under conditions both of oxidative phosphorylation and of cyclic photophosphorylation, but not under conditions of fermentation . It appears that this decrease in the ATP level is the cause for salt stimulated respiration (S.S.R.) . Furthermore, it is shown that cycloheximide and EDTA, which interact with Rb+ uptake (active and ATP-driven) at low salt concentration, also reduce S.S.R . From this parallelism it is concluded that the ATPase involved in Rb+ uptake at low salt concentration is also responsible for S.S.R . at high salt concentration . As S.S.R . provides far more energy than is required for the small influx of ions it is suggested that the ATPase is decoupled by the salt from ion transport. Environ Qual Saf Suppl, 1976, (5), 99 - 108 Application of synthetic estrogen in sheep; Abou Akkada AR et al.; Thirty castrated crossbreed lambs of 4 months age were divided into three groups . DES pellets (6 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in lambs of groups II and III, respectively at 4 and 7 months of age whereas those in group I served as controls . The lambs were fed on a dry fattening ration during a period of 29 weeks after which two lambs of each group were slaughtered and three lambs were also used in nitrogen balance studies . The body gains of lambs implanted with DES at 4 months of age were the highest . The growth promoting effect of the hormone in these lambs was significant during a period of 13 weeks after the implantation . The dietary nitrogen retained by treated lamb was significantly higher . The dressing percentage and weights of wholesale cuts in lambs implanted with DES were similar to those of control lambs . However, the percentage of meat in the lambs treated at 4 months of age was the highest . The protein and moisture contents of the tenth rib of these lambs were greater and the fat contents were lower than in the control animals . No DES residual activity was ever noted in the livers of slaughtered lambs . Effect of DES Implantation on Body Components . Six 2 year old Egyptian rams were used in a 2-month experiment, the duration being divided into three successive intervals . The 1st period served as a control . At the beginning of the 2nd period, DES was implanted subcutaneously . Total body water was measured using tritiated water, total muscle mass was determined by the creatinine excretion during 24 hrs, lean body mass, body rat, and nitrogen balance, were measured during the last 5 days of each experimental period . DES implantation increased the body weight of the ram by 10.4% and caused no significant change in total body water, body ash, or total muscle mass . However, body fat increased significantly . The efficiency of nitrogen utilization also increased significantly although nitrogen intake did not change . The maximum effects of DES were observed at the end of the second experimental period . Effect of Some Estrogens on Rumen Metabolism . Three DES treated and three untreated cross bred Egyptian rams were used for studying the effect of DES on rumen microorganisms . Ruminal activity, judged by the diurnal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N determined 3 and 6 weeks after DES implantation, was greater in treated animals . When rumen contents from fistulated sheep were incubated in vitro with stilbestrol dipropionate (SDP), DES, and Estradiol dipropionate (EDP), a significant increase in the number and size of rumen ciliate protozoa was observed . The extent of increase varied according to the type and concentrations of added hormones and type of rumen protozoa . Further in vitro experiments indicated that the addition of DES, SDP, and EDP promoted the fermentation of starch by washed suspensions of mixed populations of ciliate protozoa . EDP seemed to show the greatest effect in stimulating VFA production by the protozoal cells. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 31(1), 99 - 107 Temperature limitation of methanogenesis in aquatic sediments; Zeikus JG et al.; Microbial methanogenesis was examined in sediments collected from Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, at water depths of 5, 10, and 18 m . The rate of sediment methanogenesis was shown to vary with respect to sediment site and depth, sampling date, in situ temperature, and number of methanogens . Increased numbers of methanogenic bacteria and rates of methanogenesis correlated with increased sediment temperature during seasonal change . The greatest methanogenic activity was observed for 18-m sediments throughout the sampling year . As compared with shallower sediments, 18-m sediment was removed from oxygenation effects and contained higher amounts of ammonia, carbonate, and methanogenic bacteria, and the population density of methanogens fluctuated less during seasonal change . Rates of methanogenesis in 18-m sediment cores decreased with increasing sediment depth . The optimum temperature, 35 to 42 C, for sediment methanogenesis was considerably higher than the maximum observed in situ temperature of 23 C . The conversion of H2 and {14C}carbonate to {14C}methane displayed the same temperature optimum when these substrates were added to sediments . The predominant methanogenic population had simple nutritional requirements and were metabolically active at 4 to 45 C . Hydrogen oxidizers were the major nutritional type of sediment methanogens; formate and methanol fermentors were present, but acetate fermentors were not observed . Methanobacterium species were most abundant in sediments although Methanosarcina, Methanococcus, and Methanospirillum species were observed in enrichment cultures . A chemolithotropic species of Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium was isolated in pure culture that displayed temperature optima above 30 C and had simple nutritional requirements. J Pharm Sci, 1976 Jan, 65(1), 102 - 5 Multiliter production and immunochemical cross-reactivity of plant tissue culture antigens; Wu WL et al.; Cells of short ragweed suspension culture were successfully propagated in a multiliter fermentor . Proteins were isolated from tissue cultures (short ragweed, cantaloupe, marigold, and Ammi) and plants (short ragweed pollen, cantaloupe fruit, and marigold flowers) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cross-linked dextran gel filtration, and anion-exchange chromatography . Some fractions elicited allergenic responses in ragweed-sensitive patients but not in ragweed-nonsensitive control patients . Double-immunodiffusion analysis of these fractions showed their nonidentity with short ragweed antigen E. Microbios, 1976, 17(67), 23 - 33 Effect of specific growth rate and glucose concentration on growth and glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12; Hollywood N et al.; Chemostat cultures of E . coli K-12 revealed that the metabolic change from respiration to aerobic fermentation can be obtained with increasing specific growth rate at low glucose input concentration (0.1%), or increasing glucose input concentrations at low specific growth rate (0.1 h-1) . Both effects do not affect biomass formation . The metabolic change is not related to a pathway switch of glucose utilization . The increase in specific growth rate causes suppression of succinate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidase, whereas glucose increases cause suppression of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome a and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase . Both phenomena are reflected in the specific oxygen uptake rate, specific carbon dioxide production rate and respiratory quotient values . Growth limitation could be related to a maximal glucose uptake rate of the cell and thus constitutes an entirely different effect caused by high glucose input concentration. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1976, 30(2-3), 341 - 8 {Constituents of food aromas}; Dubois P; A comprehensive review is given on the nature of the volatile compounds which participate to the aromas of foods . Its seems that light compounds, which are present in every food stuffs, give the fresh impression, and that more heavy components give the characteristic aromas . Although it is very important to consider that these volatile compounds have very different olfactory detection thresholds . The characteristic components of a food are often those which have very low detection thresholds and which are present at very low concentrations . The new analytical techniques have permitted the identification of more than two thousands compounds often present in minute amounts in foods (less than a gram per ton) . But the problem is now to correlate these analytical data with the olfactory impression of tasters . Some correlations have already been obtained when a specific flavor corresponds to a small number of components, as it is often the case for off-flavors . An other problem for the food technologist is the study of the origins of the more interesting components . Some examples are given on raw materials (fruits and vegetables) and on fermented or cooked foods. Arch Geschwulstforsch, 1976, 46(5), 393 - 406 {In vitro culture of human tumours and individual antineoplastic drug sensivity (author's transl)}; Nissen E et al.; The paper summarizes preparations of cell suspensions (mechanical, fermentative, by chemical agents) and from explant cultures . Several techniques of cell and tissue culture and determination of cell damage are described . The use o