Fermentations

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jul, 29(7), 677 - 84
Micromonospora-produced sisomicin components; Lee BK et al.; A sisomicin fermentation carried out in the presence of (methyl-14C)-L-methionine resulted in a crude mixture, composed of methyl-14C-labeled sisomicin as a major component; and two 4''-C-desmethylsisomicin (66-40B and 66-40D) isomer-like components, an unidentified component and a gentamicin A-like antibiotic as minor components . When (methyl-14C)-L-methionine was added in an early stage of the fermentation (24 hours), incorporation of methyl-14C-label into polar components (e.g., gentamicin A-like antibiotic) preceded that into sisomicin . Chromatographic evidence for the bioconversion of (methyl-14C)-gentamicin A to a radioactive sisomicin-like product (possibly (3''-N-methyl-14C)-sisomicin) was seen, when a Micromonospora blocked mutant was incubated in the presence of the former antibiotic.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jul, 59(7), 1340 - 1
Synthesis of ruminal microbial protein and volatile fatty acid production in vitro; Harmeyer J et al.; Growth of a mixed ruminal population taken from a sheep on a protein-free (all urea) purified diet was estimated by an in vitro fermentation technique including precipitation of microbial protein by trichloracetic acid . Volatile fatty acid production in vitro was determined, and the associated a denosine triphosphate was estimated as moles volatile fatty acids X 2.4 . On this basis, the quantity of microbial protein synthesized per mole of adenosine triphosphate increased at higher microbial growth rates.

Am J Med Technol, 1976 Jul, 42(7), 238 - 42
Evaluation of a multitest microtechnique for yeast identification; Miller RE Jr et al.; A new, multitest, microtechnique system, API 20C (Analytab Products Inc . Clinical Yeast System), was evaluated by comparing it to the U.S . Center for Disease Control (CDC) standard techniques for the identification of yeast . Forty-four yeast strains isolated from clinical specimens were tested by fermentation and assimilation . Six fermentation carbohydrates and ten assimilation carbohydrates were compared . API results were read after incubation of 24 and 48 hours while the standard CDC system was read after 48 hours and 14 days when needed . One hundred per cent agreement in identification was found between the two systems in the strains studied . Growth in the presence of actidione was tested by the API strip only and gave unreliable results with nine per cent of the strains tested . The API 20 Clinical Yeast System provides a reliable and rapid approach to yeast identification enabling the clinical laboratory to completely identify a yeast organism in 48 hours instead of the usual four to 14 days . A cost comparison showed the API system to be significantly more economical than the conventional method of identification.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Jul, 127(1), 31 - 40
{Compatibility groups of metabolic plasmids (author's transl)}; Le Minor L et al.; The compatibility groups of eleven plasmids determining metabolic characters used in taxonomy and isolated from naturally-occurring strains were examined . Seven of these plasmids determined lactose fermentation . Two were fi+: one of these belonged to group FI and the other to a novel group . Of the remainder, which were fi-, one (which also determined chloramphenicol resistance) belonged to group H; the others were compatible with representative plasmids from every group so far recognized . Two plasmids determined sucrose fermentation . Both were fi-: one belonged to group H, the other was compatible with plasmids of every group . Two plasmids determined haemolysin production . One was fi+ and belonged to group FIII; the other was fi- and belonged to group I2 . Plasmids belonging to known compatibility groups and determining metabolic characters only should prove particularly useful in the classification of plasmids determining antibiotic resistance.

Poult Sci, 1976 Jul, 55(4), 1535 - 43
Protein, methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys; Potter LM et al.; A study was conducted to determine the effects of adding methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue to practical-type diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein for young turkeys . A 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design of variables was used in each of two seven-week experiments . A total of 864 poults were divided into groups such that the 24 diets were each fed to 9 males and 9 females in each experiment . Seven-week body weights were increased 11.4% from 0.1% added DL-methionine and decreased 13.7% from 1.5% added fermentation residue, L-Lysine added at 0.157% failed to increase significantly body weights . Increasing the protein from 24 to 27 and 30% increased seven-week body weights 16.7 and 28.9%, respectively . As dietary protein increased, the increases in body weight from added methionine became smaller, i.e., 16.9, 14.4 and 4.8% in diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein, respectively . Plots of body weight on (1) amount of methionine and on (2) amount of total sulfur amino acids in the diet show a closer relationship with the latter . The sulfur amino acid requirement of poults to seven weeks of age appears to be at least 1.03%, the highest quantity used in this study . The fermentation residue, a product not currently marketed, remains after the isolation of spectinomycin from controlled fermentation of Streptomyces flavopersicus and contains 14% dry matter . The cause of the depressed growth from the added fermentation residue has been discussed.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 22(7), 1048 - 53
{Bidimensional immunoelectrophoretic study of the antigenic composition of the membrane in various mycoplasma strains}; Wroblewski H et al.; Membrane antigenic composition of Acheloplasma laidlawii PG9, A . granularum BTS-39, and Mycoplasma fermentans PG 18(G) was determined by means of bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of sodium desoxycholate 0.5% . Depending upon the mycoplasma species from which membranes were obtained, 7 to 15 antigens were evidenced . Using sodium desoxycholate presents the advantage over non-ionic detergents to dissolve better the mycoplasmic membrane antigenic complexes . A comparative study of five strains belonging to the above-noted species confirms the serological heterogeneity of the Mycoplasmateles order and shows variability at the membrane antigenic composition level of Acheloplasma laidlawii.

Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1976 Jul-Dec, 14(2), 161 - 72
{Stability of tetracycline during fermentation}; Cunha BC; The stability of tetracycline was studied at pH 6.0 and 1.5 . The thermal inactivation constant at the lower pH was found to vary between 1.62 min-1 (40 degrees C) and 65.83 min-1 (100 degrees C) . A degradation mechanism was proposed in the light of the variation of entropy and steric factors.

Br J Nutr, 1976 Jul, 36(1), 71 - 86
Gastric secretion and fermentation in the suckling pig; Cranwell PD et al.; 1 . The contribution to acidification of the stomach contents of pigs by hydrochloric acid secretion or by lactic acid produced by fermentation was studied in fifteen suckling pigs from six litters born and reared either in a 'conventional' environment or in an isolated 'clean' environment . Sequential samples of stomach contents obtained during periods of up to 24 h were analysed for their chloride and lactic acid contents, pH and total titratable acidity . These values gave a measure of organic and inorganic acids respectively . 2 . Six pigs from two litters born and reared in a 'clean' environment had acid secretion in the stomach at 2 d of age, and the concentrations of lactic acid in stomach contents remained low (0-40 mmol/l) throughout the suckling period . 3.Eight pigs from three litters born and reared in a 'conventional' environment, and a ninth pig born in this environment but moved to the 'clean' environment at 24 h of age, had lactic acid in concentrations of up to 250 mmol/l in stomach contents within the 1st week of life . The pattern of lactic acid production (and hence the acidity of stomach contents) was governed by frequency of suckling . 4 . Both between- and within-litter variation in the age of onset of HC1 secretion was evident in the group reared in a 'conventional' environment, and when HC1 secretion did occur it was usually accompanied by a reduction in lactic acid production . 5 . It is concluded: (1) that the environment at birth is important in determining the fermentative ability of the stomach flora; (2) that if lactic acid is produced in large amounts in the stomach, it may partly or completely inhibit acidification by HC1.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jun, (6), 70 - 3
{Identification of serological group 0128:K67 Escherichia}; Kiseleva BS et al.; The authors present the results of studies of etiology of acute group intestinal diseases in neonates from whom escherichia of serological group 0128ac:K67 possessing the following characteristics were isolated: of the same (with the H12 antigen) serological and enzymatic type (nonfermenting sucrose and raffinose, fermenting dulcit and sorbit the first 24 hours, and slowly fermenting ramnose) . All the cultures isolated were resistant to the majority of antibiotics used at present, and were only weakly sensitive to erythromycin . Difficulties (agglutination of live cultures with production sera in the absence of low agglutinability of heated cultures) in serological typing of the cultures were due to different partial O-antigen composition of the cultures isolated and of the production strain used in the preparation of commercial sera of the given serological group (0128ab:K67) . Because circulation of escherichia of serological 0128ac variant was revealed in the USSR there occurred a necessity of their identification in practical laboratories; for this purpose organization of industrial production of the corresponding serum is necessary.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Jun, 37(6), 667 - 72
Induction of pulmonary edema and emphysema in goats by intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole; Dickinson EO et al.; The effects of intraruminal administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) were determined in goats . The 3MI was given to 4 goats at the dose level of 0.3 g/kg of body weight, to 2 goats at 0.2 g/kg, and to 2 goats at 0.1 g/kg; 3 nontreated goats were used as controls . Clinical signs of acute progressive respiratory tract disease were seen in all treated goats . Goats given the largest dose of 3MI (0.3 g/kg) died between 5 and 11 hours after treatment; those given smaller doses (0.2 and 0.1 g/kg) died between 79 and 92 hours . Increased plasma concentrations of 3MI were detected in goats give 0.1 or 0.2 g/kg within 3 hours after administration . By 24 and 36 hours, the concentrations of 3MI in the plasma decreased to low or nondetectable amounts and remained low for the duration of the experiment . Clinical signs of respiratory distress in the goats progressed after 3MI had been cleared from the plasma . Diffuse pulmonary edema and hydrothorax were extensive in goats which died early in the course of the experimentally induced disease . In goats which died at later stages, the lungs were firm and had less watery transudate . Temporal variations in the nature of pulmonic changes were even more obvious by microscopic examination . Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant early change . Small foci of emphysema were apparently caused by overdistention of some clusters of alveoli . Marked septal thickening and proliferation of alveolar cells were the prominent changes in goats which died between 79 and 92 hours after treatment . Incubation of L-tryptophan with caprine ruminal fluid resulted in formation of indoleacetic acid, indole, and 3MI . Similar incubations did not convert indoleacetic acid to 3MI . Control incubations showed 3MI as a fermentation metabolite, indicating it exists in caprine ruminal fluid in vivo . Results demonstrated that goats are susceptible to intraruminal administration of 3MI . The transitory appearance of 3MI in the plasma associated with progressive respiratory tract disease was similar to observations in cattle give 3MI . Clinical signs and lesions seen at necropsy were qualitatively similar to those reported in cattle given tryptophan and indoleacetic acid.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jun, 126(3), 1194 - 206
Isolation and characterization of conjugation-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli K-12; Falkinham JO 3rd et al.; Conjugation-deficient mutants (Con-) of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated by a variety of indirect selective techniques . Mutants with mutations conferring ampicillin resistance, fosfomycin resistance, an alanine requirement, and a failure of ferment a number of carbohydrates were selected because the impaired functions occur in association with cell wall and cell membrane defects . The integrity of these catalytic or structural elements is postulated to have a role in conjugation . The mutants could be divided into at least six general categories corresponding to their defectiveness in the following postulated recipient cell functions: (i) specific-union formation, (ii) effective-union formation, (iii) deoxyribonucleic acid transfer, (iv) plasmid establishment, (v) plasmid maintenance, and (vi) recombination . The availability of these mutants should contribute to the description of the molecular events involved in each of these conjugation steps and the elucidation of these genetic control over the inheritance of conjugationally transferred deoxyribonucleic acid.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Jun, 18(6), 847 - 64
Optimal control of a semibatch fermentation; Ohno H et al.; This work is concerned with the optimization study of the semibatch fermentation by which an amino acid is produced . The particular fermentation studied is the synthesis of lysine by the auxotrophic mutant . Applying Green's theorem to the maximization problem was proposed, and it succeeded in determining the feed rate of the substrate that maximized the production rate of the desired product.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Jun, 18(6), 839 - 46
Pilot scale exponential growth of Escherichia coli W to high cell concentration with temperature variation; Bauer S et al.; An efficient method to grow Escherichia coli W to high cell concentrations on the pilot scale is described and discussed . The method involves growth linked introduction of glucose and ammonia to the culture, sparging with oxygen, and maintenance of aerobic conditions by gradually decreasing the temperature in the culture in order to keep the oxygen demand within the limits of the capacity of supply . Under these conditions the linear rate of cell mass production is actually the result of exponential growth with a gradually decreasing growth-rate constant . About 10 kg packed cells were produced in a 50 liter working-volume fermentor in one run of 13 hr . The concentration of the cells at the end of the growth was about 47 g dry cells/liter . The expenditure for nutrients was minimal and the controls were of simple automatic nature . From the determined yield constants for glucose, nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen it may be inferred that the cells grown by this method are similar to those grown exponentially at constant temperature.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 494 - 9
{Effect of different pH values on the medium on the synthesis of antibiotics in the joint cultivation of Actinomyces levoris with yeasts}; Iakovleva EP; Changes in the pH level of the fermentation medium used for preliminary cultivation of C . tropicalis were studied with respect to its initial aciditv or alkalinitv . When C . tropicalis was grown on the medium used for levorin fermentation with ph 5.1--10.3, the yeast changed it in 24 hours to the level of 6.2--7.9 . As dependent on the initial pH values for cultivation of C . trophicalis, production of levorin on subsequent inoculation of Act . levoris changed . The antibiotic activity increased and ranged within 120--178% of the control . Synthesis of levoristatin, a non-polyenic antibiotic equally increased under such conditions and ranged within 153--163% of the control . The pH values of 9.4--10.3 of the initial fermentation medium were optimal for mixed cultivation of Act levoris and C . tropicalis and maxium production of levorin and levoristatin.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jun, 59(6), 1100 - 3
Effects of citrus pulp in high urea rations for steers; Pinzon FJ et al.; Effects of pelleted and conventional citrus pulp as a replacement for corn, with soybean meal added to keep protein comparable, were tested in rations with 5% urea and 33.33% sugarcane bagasse for fistulated steers . Thus, all rations were low in readily fermented carbohydrates other than those of corn or citrus pulp . Evaluation criteria were concentrations of urea in blood and of pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids of rumen fluid . Citrus pulp for diets 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 0, 19, 38, or 55% . Rumen fluid and blood were sampled 1 h before and 2, 4, 7, and 12 h after feed was placed directly into the rumen . No differences between pelleted and conventional pulp or among time trends were significant except that for both forms rumen ammonia was lower with the two highest percents of citrus pulp . Addition of citrus pulp at 0, 19, 38, or 55% of the ration reduced rumen pH (6.85, 6.65, 6.61, 6.51) . Blood urea and rumen ammonia decreased in steers fed 19, 38, or 55% pulp; thus, the acetic to propionic ratio was higher . Butyric acid changed only in the time trend . Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were higher at 19, 38, and 55% than at 0% pulp . They were higher at 38 and 55 than at 19%.

Experientia, 1976 May 15, 32(5), 568 - 9
{Observation of bacteriophages in wine (author's transl)}; Sozzi T et al.; Electron microscopic examination of samples of Swiss wine, collected during the malolactic fermentation, revealed the presence of bacteriophages of three different morphological types . It is interesting to note that these phages have been found in a product whose pH is lower than 3.5.

Med Klin, 1976 May 7, 71(19), 820 - 4
{Investigations of the lipase activity of a pancreatin compound (author's transl)}; Preisich P; In connection with the physiologic process of digestion, the requirements for an enzyme-based drug are stated . Quick release of highly active enzymes in the duodenum is a prerequisite of physiological stimulation of the pancreatic excretory function . Digestive potency is regarded as a suitable gauge for comparing of results in large-scale in vitro scanning . Our own in vitro and in vivo studies have borne out the possibility of transferring in vitro findings to the therapeutic value of this compound . As shown by our investigations, quick release of highly active enzymes in vitro is coupled with a high degree of bioavailability in Fermento duodenal . As a result, normalization or reduction of the lipid content of faeces--as a sign of therapeutic efficacy--is seen in patients with pancreatic excretory insufficiency . Statistical evaluation resulted in the following: 1 A statistically significant (p less than 0.1%) increase in lipase activity in the duodenal juice in vitro after addition of one capsule of Fermento duodenal . 2 . Lipase activity in vivo after 15 minutes is significantly different from all other values . 3 . A statistically significant (p less than 1%) drop in the amount and lipid content of faeces following the treatment with Fermento duodenal.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 May, 18(5), 601 - 21
The kinetics of cholesterol oxidase synthesis by Nocardia rhodocrous; Buckland BC et al.; The production of cholesterol oxidase by 3 liter batch cultures of Nocardia rhodocrous growing on a glycerol/yeast extract medium was investigated . Cholesterol was shown to be a good inducer of the enzyme . The optimum time for cholesterol addition and the quantity to be added were determined, resulting in a 15-fold yield increase . Cholesterol oxidase synthesis was influenced by the dissolved oxygen tension . Maximum cholesterol oxidase production was obtained at 30-40% air saturation . The effect of growth conditions on the extraction of cholesterol oxidase by Triton X-100 was investigated . The scale-up of the fermentation to 800 liters in a pilot-plant fermenter is described.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 May, 59(5), 992 - 6
Ration digestibility and mineral balance in lactating cows fed rations containing dried whey; Schingoethe DJ et al.; Including dried whey in rations of nonruminants usually increases digestibilities and mineral retention, presumably because of the lactose in the whey . A trial with total collection had five lactating cows per treatment to determine the effects of 5% dried whey product in the concentrate on digestibility of the ration and on absorption and retention of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus . Rations included corn silage ad libitum, 3 kg alfalfa hay, and either control or dried whey product in concentrate ration at 1 kg/3 kg milk produced . Rations were balanced for content of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus . Digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were not increased with dried whey product in the ration . Apparent absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was not affected significantly by inclusion of whey in the ration . Productive (milk plus retained) calcium and magnesium were not increased when dried whey product was in the ration although productive phosphorus was slightly higher with the dried whey product . Adding small amounts of dried whey to a ruminant's ration will not increase mineral absorption and retention probably because tthe lactose in dried whey is fermented in the rumen and unavailabe for aiding absorption from the small intestine.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 May, 59(5), 894 - 901
Rumen volatile fatty acids and milk composition from cows fed hay, haylage, or urea-treated corn silage; Schingoethe DJ et al.; Alfalfa-brome hay, haylage, .5% urea-treated corn silage, or .5% urea plus 1% dried whey-treated corn silage was fed as the only forage to one of four groups of 10 lactating cows per group for a lactation trial of 10 wk . Rumen samples were collected via stomach tube 3 to 4 h after the morning feeding . The pH of the rumen samples from cows fed hay was higher than for cows fed haylage, urea-treated corn silage, and urea-whey corn silage, 6.69 versus 6.36, 6.40, and 6.50 . Total volatile fatty acids and propionate were highest from cows fed urea-whey corn silage and were higher on all three fermented forages than cows fed hay . Acetate/propionate ratio was highest from cows fed hay and lowest from cows fed corn silages . Butyrate was highest from cows fed haylage or hay . Milk protein composition was not affected by ration although nonprotein nitrogen of milk was highest from cows fed the urea-treated corn silages . Oleic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids were lowest in milk fat from cows fed hay while palmitic acid was highest from cows fed hay and haylage . These results suggest that type of forage fed may cause small changes in rumen fermentation and in milk composition . The importance of these changes is unknown but may affect properties of dairy products produced from this milk.

Br J Nutr, 1976 May, 35(3), 343 - 63
The utilization of diets containing acetate salts by growing lambs as measured by comparative slaughter and respiration calorimetry, together with rumen fermentation; Hovell FD et al.; 1 . In a comparative slaughter experiment, growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 14 or 19% metabolizable energy (ME) provided by barley was replaced by sodium, calcium and potassium salts of acetic acid . As the proportion of ME as acetate was increased, energy retention decreased . ME intake was 9271, 9430, and 9217 +/- 67 kJ/d and energy retention was 2698, 2422 and 2280 +/- 71 kJ/d for the diets containong 0, 14 or 19% ME as acetate respectively . There were no differences in protein deposition . The efficiency of utilization of acetate for energy retention (kf) was calculated by difference to be 3 and 10 +/- 13% respectively for the diets containing 14 and 19% ME as acetate.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 May, 29(5), 501 - 6
Gardimycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes . I . Description of the producer strain and fermentation studies; Parenti F et al.; Two strains of Actinoplanes have been isolated that produce a new peptide antibiotic named gardimycin . A detailed taxonomical study of such strains indicates that they differ between themselves and from all the described species of Actinoplanes . For this reason they are considered to be new species; for which the names A . garbadinensis nov . sp . and A . liguriae nov . sp . are proposed . The type strain of A . garbadinensis is A/10889(=ATCC 31049), the type strain of A . liguriae is A/6353 (=ATCC 31048) . Studies on the medium and fermentation conditions are reported.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 May, 29(5), 488 - 91
The structure of antibiotic G-52, a new aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora zionensis; Daniels PJ et al.; Antibiotic G-52, a new aminocyclitol-aminoglycoside antibiotic produced in the fermentation of Micromonospora zionensis, has been shown to be 6'-N-methylsisomicin on the basis of its spectral characteristics . This assignment was confirmed by synthesis of the antibiotic from sisomicin.

Poult Sci, 1976 May, 55(3), 975 - 81
Fungus-fermented soybeans benefit the life cycle of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica); Chah CC et al.; Feeding quail chicks diets containing soybeans fermented with two cultures of Aspergilli (A . oryzae N.R.R.L . 451 and A . oryzae N.R.R.L . 506) resulted in significantly superior weight gains (p less than 0.05) through a 4-week growth period and confirmed previous observations made with identical cultures in broiler studies . Subsequent hen-day egg production and egg size were changed little by diets containing fermented soybeans . The numerical increases in fertility and hatchability were not significant . Progeny also responded to the fermented soybean diets, some carry-over effects were evident.

Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 452 - 5
{Microflora of theintestines of persons in contact with aminoglycosides and penicillin}; Mazitova OP et al.; A total of 90 persons being in contact with aminoglycosides and penicillin were examined . It was found that such a contact resulted in dysbacteriosis of the intestine . The culture of Coli bacteria isolated from the persons had a low fermentative activity and lost their mobility . Bificol, a biological preparation proved to be promising in the treatment of persons with dysfunction of the intestine against the background of dysbacteriosis.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 May-Jun, 127(4), 521 - 8
{Influence of air enriched with oxygen injection on the bacterial yield during the fermentation and correction of the anti-foam effect (author's transl)}; Plichon B et al.; Addition of an anti-foam such as the silicon "Rhodorsil" during fermentation provokes an important diminution of the dissolved oxygen rate and an interruption of bacterial growth . Injection of air enriched with oxygen prevents the interruption of bacterial growth.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 May, 31(5), 778 - 80
One-tube oxidation-fermentation methods: limitations posed by atypical fermentative reactions; Sivendra R; Atypical fermentation in the two-tube method of Hugh and Leifson (1953), whereby acid was produced in the sealed tube but not in the open tube, was determined to be the result of a preferential metabolism of peptone over the reactant carbohydrate . These atypical fermentations are only partially detected by one-tube oxidation-fermentation methods, and as such they constitute a source of limitation to the routine use of these abbreviated techniques for oxidative-fermentation determinations.

Experientia, 1976 Apr 15, 32(4), 485 - 7
Fermentative digestion of food in the colobus monkey, Colobus, polykomos; Kay RN et al.; Fermentation of leafy food occurs in the enlarged saccus gastricus of the colobus monkey with the formation of volatile fatty acid, as in the rumen of ruminant animals . About half of the digestible organic matter and cellulose of the diet is digested in this way.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Apr, 62(4), 609 - 14
{Enzyme activity of the mucous membrane of the rat small intestine during heat exposure}; Rakhimov I et al.; In acute experiments, the amylolytic, invertase, glycyl-L-tyrosindipeptidase, monoglyceridlipase,and alkaline phosphatase activity of the mucosa homogenate of the rat small intestine was studied 4, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after a two-hour exposure to 36-37 and 40-41 degrees C . No decrease in the activity of any of the ferments was observed . Exposure to heat is concluded to lead to the changes of small intestine ferments spectrum . The character of these changes depends on the heat stress degree and its duration.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Apr, 62(4), 559 - 65
{The state of anticoagulant system of animals following injections of purified thrombin and N-acetyl-thrombin}; Kudriashov BA et al.; I . v . administration of N-acetyl-thrombin, similar to thrombin, increases the fermentative fibrinolytic potency of the plasma, although to a lesser extent . This is also expressed in the increased esterase activity of the plasma and euglobulin fraction . When blocking the forming plasmin, esterase activity is observed in kallekreine . (The inhibitory effect of plasma after N-acetyl-thrombin administration tells also on the nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity of the Fibrinogen-Heparin complex, activity of the latter dropping practically to the zero level . Warming up at 60 degrees C decreases the nonfermentative fibrinolytic activity of the complex N-acetyl-thrombin (thrombin-esterase) does not provoke the activation of the second anticoagulang system, while the native thrombin does it.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 296 - 8
{Madumycin biosynthesis by an Actinomadure flava culture under conditions of varying aeration}; Kochetkova GV et al.; Production of madumycin I and madumycin II by 2 strains of Actinomadure flava 2171 was studied . Intensive aeration was an obligatory condition for the antibiotic biosynthesis . The content of madumycins I and II in the culture fluid depended on the strain, aeration conditions and fermentation cycle . Strain 2171/852 produced maximum amounts of madumycin I and madumycin II by the 2nd--3rd and 5th days of cultivation respectively . Strain 2171/2544 mainly produced madumycin I during the whole period of fermentation.

Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Apr, 26(2 Pt l), 206 - 10
Development of an animal model for Mycoplasma-related reproductive failure; Gabridge MG et al.; Pregnant hamsters and mice were injected ip with various doses of Mycoplasma hominis, M fermentans, and M arthritidis, all of which may have a potential role in human or animal reproductive failure . Inoculations were made near the completion of each trimester, and the products of conception were removed by hysterectomy 24 hr before anticipated delivery . Resorptions and birth defects were tabulated . Preliminary data on 1869 fetuses indicate that BALB mice merit further evaluation as a possible model for mycoplasma-related reproductive failure.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Apr, 18(4), 493 - 512
The influence of oxygen concentration and of specific rate of growth on the kinetics of penicillin production; Giona AR et al.; The role of fundamental parameters in the conduction of penicillin semicontinuous fermentations is analyzed . Biomass concentration, penicillin production, and main nutrient consumption are particularly studied . Furthermore, the conduction of the operation is simulated with regard to conditions of constant specific rate of growth and of constant oxygen concentration in the broth . An intermediate condition is also considered.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Apr, 18(4), 473 - 92
Kinetic analysis of penicillin production by semicontinuous fermenters; Giona AR et al.; The relationships between the specific rate of nutrient consumption and biomass growth and between the specific rate of penicillin production and oxygen concentration in the broth are analyzed . The functional dependencies which have been obtained from the experimental data of industrial fermenters are used with the mass balances to develop a model of the behavior of semicontinous operations . The proposed model allows one to study the influence of some operational parameters . The obtained results agree with the data of industrial processes.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Apr, 59(4), 648 - 55
Factors influencing rumen microbial growth rates and yields: effect of amino acid additions to a purified diet with nitrogen from urea; Maeng WJ et al.; Effects of isonitrogenous urea and amino acid additions upon microbial growth in rumen contents from a cow fed a purified diet in which urea was the sole nitrogen source were studied . Incorporation of amino acids into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide was estimated . Rates of microbial growth, volatile fatty acid production, and effects of amino acids upon microbial nitrogen yields were highest right after feeding and decreased with time after feeding . Microbial growth and amounts of amino acids incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids and carbon dioxide were related closely to quantity of starch remaining in the rumen . High amounts of starch increased microbial protein synthesis from carbon-14 labeled amino acids and reduced amounts of amino acid fermentation . Estimated microbial protein yields per day were 326.0, 444.4, 497.3, and 527.3 g when 0, 15, 30, and 45 mg amino acid nitrogen replaced urea nitrogen during incubation . Respective values for microbial cells per mole estimated adenosine triphosphate were 15.2, 19.2, 21.0, and 24.5 . Microbial cell yields per kg carbohydrate digested were 139.0, 189.5, 212.0, and 224.8 g for 0, 15, 30, and 45 mg amino acid nitrogen . Addition of small amounts of amino acids to a diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source improved considerably rumen microbial protein yields.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Apr, 59(4), 636 - 42
Dynamics of fermentation of a purified diet and microbial growth in the rumen; Maeng WJ et al.; Ruminal fermentation and disappearance of glucose, starch, and cellulose, and incorporation of glucose and starch into microbial cells were estimated in a fistulated Jersey cow fed twice daily a purified diet containing urea as the sole nitrogen source . Estimated rumen volume was 59.8 liters . Turnover time and rate of passage of rumen contents were 33.4 h and 1.8 liters per h . Turnover times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 4.7, and 14.2 h . Fermentation times of glucose, starch, and cellulose were .17, 5.5, and 25.1 h . Percentages of glucose, starch, and cellulose utilized in the rumen were 99.4, 85.4, and 60.6 . Thus, 18.5% of the carbohydrate fed bypassed rumen fermentation, and 81.5% was utilized in the rumen . All glucose disappeared from the rumen within an hour . An average of 32.1, 43.0, and 14%, respectively, of glucose utilized was incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide . Percentage of starch incorporated into cells varied, with time being highest 2 h after feeding at 40% and lowest at 20%, 10 h after feeding . Respective percentages of starch incorporated into microbial cells, volatile fatty acids, and carbon dioxide were 32.4, 45.9; and 13.3 . Total microbial protein and cell yields per kilogram carbohydrate utilized in the rumen were 77.1 and 117.5 g . Microbial cell yield per mole (estimated) of adenosine triphosphate was 16.2 g.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Apr, 126(1), 501 - 10
Role of arginine deiminase in growth of Mycoplasma hominis; Fenske JD et al.; Arginine has been considered as the major energy source of nonglycolytic arginine-utilizing mycoplasmata . When three strains of Mycoplasma arginini, and one strain each of Mycoplasma arthritidis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma gallinarum, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma hominis were grown in the medium with high arginine concentration (34 mM) compared with low arginine (4 mM), both the protein content of the organisms and the specific activity of arginine deiminase increased . M . fermentans, the one arginine-utilizing species included in the survey which is also glycolytic, showed an increase in protein content but no increase in specific activity of the enzyme . The glycolytic non-arginine-utilizing M . gallisepticum did not show an increase in either parameter . The Km for arginine deiminase from crude cell extracts was 1.66 X 10(-4)M . The enzyme demonstrated a hyperbolic activation curve subject to substrate inhibition and was not affected by the presence of L-histidine . When mycoplasmic protein and arginine deiminase were determined for M . hominis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, aerobically grown cells exhibited no detectable enzymatic increases until late in log phase . Higher levels of arginine deiminase were observed earlier in the anaerobic growth cycle . The rate of 14CO2 evolution from {guanido-14C}arginine was not altered in arginine-supplemented cells compared with cells grown in low arginine . In addition, CO2 production did not parallel increased arginine deiminase activity . These observations argue that arginine is used only as an alternate energy source in these organisms.

Cornell Vet, 1976 Apr, 66(2), 152 - 63
Some biological and physical chemical properties of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; White TG et al.; Fourteen strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, representing extremes of host-range and world distribution, were examined for: 1) protein composition as determined by electrophoresis and electrofocus patterns, 2) guanine-cytosine mole ratios of their respective deoxyribonucleic acids, and 3) carbohydrate fermentation patterns . No correlation is apparent between any particular physical-chemical property and virulence in mice . The role the bacterial fragments play in the pathogenesis of a rabbit model of rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.

Surgery, 1976 Apr, 79(4), 480 - 4
Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: an unusual complication of jejunoileal bypass; Sicard GA et al.; A case of pneumatosis cytoides intestinalis associated with jejunoileal bypass is reported . The association of increased colonic gas, secondary to fermentation of undigested lactose in the colon, and the reflux of the excessive gas into the excluded segment of small bowel and dissection of the gas into the bowel wall and mesentery are postulated as the causes of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in patients with jejunoileal bypass.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Apr, 29(4), 438 - 43
Microbial production of amphotericin B-3H and the synthesis of its sodium desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and methyl-14C-ester; Monji N et al.; Amphotericin B-3H with a specific radioactivity in excess of 4 muCi/mg was produced by fermentation of Streptomyces nodosus IMRU 3694 in a complex medium, using acetate-3H as a precursor . The medium employed gave a production yield of 2.5 approximately 3.5 mg/ml of amphotericin B . The most efficient incorporation of acetate-3H occurred when the precursor was added at 24 hours after inoculation . It was observed, that the amount of amphotericin A co-produced in the fermentation broth with amphotericin B was significantly reduced by the addition of ethanol to the production medium . Complete inhibition of amphotericin A production was achieved at a level of 2% ethanol in the fermentation medium without an appreciable effect on the yield of amphotericin B . Methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol lowered the yield of both antibiotics indiscriminately . The syntheses of amphotericin B-3H-Na desoxycholate (carboxyl-14C) complex and amphotericin B-3H methyl-14C-ester are also described.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Apr, 29(4), 354 - 65
Antibiotic DE-3936, a polyether antibiotic identical with lonomycin . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Ohshima M et al.; Antibiotic DE-3936 was isolated from the fermentation broth of a streptomycete No . 9735-1, which is identified as a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus . The antibiotic is a hydrophobic compound having the molecular formula of of C44H75O14Na and is active against Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and protozoa, especially coccidia . Its chemical and biological properties indicate that antibiotic DE-3936 belongs to the group of polyether antibiotics and is identical with lonomycin.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Apr, 21(4), 291 - 5
{Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on tetracycline biosynthesis}; Sherstobitova TS et al.; The paper presents data on the effect of CO2 dissolved in the fermentation broth on biosynthesis of tetracycline . It was shown that there was optimal concentration of CO2 for the tetracyline-producing organism . As a result of the experiments the ranges of the optimal concentrations within 2 to 8 ml of CO2 per 100 ml of the fermentation broth were determined.

Can J Comp Med, 1976 Apr, 40(2), 190 - 7
Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets in the Province of Quebec; Lariviere S et al.; During 1972 to 1974, 112 Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic piglets were recieved from different parts of the Province of Quebec, Canada . Fifty-six strains elicited a positive gut loop response in three week old piglets and were then considered as Moon's class 1 enteropathogens, while four of the 56 remaining strains reacted only in ten day old piglets and were classified as class 2 enteropathogens . Forty-eight strains produced both a heat-labile and a heat-stable enterotoxin, while 12 isolates which included the four class 2 enteropathogens produced only a heat-stable enterotoxin . Fifty-one enterotoxigenic strains could be serogrouped using OK antisera against E . coli strains commonly associated with colibacillosis in piglets . The most common serogroups encountered were O157: K "V17"; 88a,c, O149:K91; 88a.c . O157:K"V1c, O149:K91; 88a.c, O157:K"V17"; 88 a,c or a,b and O45:K"E5"; 88a,c . No significant difference was observed in the fermentation patterns, antibiotic susceptibility, colicin production, production of a filterable hemolysin and transferable tetracycline resistance between the enterotoxigenic and the nonenterotoxigenic strains.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 31(4), 487 - 91
Influence of specific growth rate on biomass yield, productivity, and compostion of Candida utilis in batch and continuous culture; Paredes-Lopez O et al.; Candida utilis was grown in batch and continuous culture on prickly pear juice as sole carbon and energy source . In batch culture the maximum specific growth rate (mum) and the substrate yield coefficient (Yps) varied according to sugar concentration . When the fermentation was carried out with 1% sugar, mum and Ys were 0.47/h and 42.6%, respectively . The best yields occurred in a chemostat at the pH range of 3.5 to 4.5 and temperature of 30 C . A beneficial effect on Ys was observed when the dilution rate (D) was increased . At a D of 0.55/h, the productivity was 2.38 g/liter per h . The maintenance coefficient attained a value of 0.09 g of sugar/g of biomass per h . Increases of D produced higher protein contents of the biomass . The information obtained indicates that protein production with Candida utilis, using prickly pear juice, should be carried out a high dilution rates where the Ys and protein content of the cell mass are also higher.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Mar 19, 107(2), 143 - 60
Stoffwechselprodukte von mikroorganismen . 154 . Mitteilung . Nikkomycin, ein neuer hemmstoff der chitinsynthese bei pilzen; Dahn U et al.; From the fermentation broth of Streptomyces tendae Tu 901 a substance was isolated which inhibits the growth of several fungi . The new antibiotic affects the chitchin biosynthesis . Its structure was identified by mass spectrometry of the products obtained after chemical degradation . Nikkomycin is a nucleoside-peptide antibiotic consisting of uracil, an amino hexuronic acid and a new amino acid containing a pyridin ring.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1976 Mar, 26(1), 33 - 45
{Coffee pulp and hulls . XI . Chemical characteristics of silaged coffee pulp with Napier grass (Pennisetum purpurem) and corn plant (Zea mays)}; Murillo B et al.; Various physical and chemical changes that occur during the process of preparation of coffee pulp silage with the addition of molasses and forage, were identified and measured quantitatively . Three types of silage were prepared in duplicate in laboratory concrete silos, 45 cm wide and 50 cm high . The silages contained the following components: coffee pulp (EPC), pulp and Napier grass (EPCN), and pulp with corn fodder (EPCM) . On a fresh basis, the last two contained equal proportions of coffee pulp and forage . Around 16% molasses were aded to all silages . Time of ensiling was 132 to 141 days . In order to determine the physical changes, the silage was weighed at the start and end of the ensiling period; the pH was determined at the end of same, and the drained liquids were measured during the experimental period . To determine the chemical changes, analyses were carried out on the various components used and on the mixtures ensiled at the start and at the end of the experimental period . The pH of the silage was 4.5, 4.3, and 3.8, and the losses of dry matter 10.6, 25.2, and 33.3% for the three types of silages, respectively . These percentages suggest that a better fermentation took place in those silages containing forages . The better fermentation of EPCN over EPC was due to the Napier grass which provided greater amounts of chemical components susceptible of fermentation than those found in coffee pulp . The quality of EPCM was superior due not only to the presence of corn fodder, which produced an effect similar to that of Napier grass, but also due to the fact that the coffee pulp used in this case contained the greater concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and lower levels of lignin than the coffee pulp used alone or with Napier grass . As a result of the fermentation process, in all three types of silage a decrease in dry matter content, of cellular contents and soluble carbohydrates was observed, as well as an increase in cellular walls and its components, and of protein . The magnitude of these changes was found to be directly related to the losses in dry matter . From the results of this research, it was concluded that the addition of forage improves the chemical characteristics of silage prepared from coffee pulp.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 218 - 22
{Use of a rotation chart for studying the flocculation of admixtures in native solutions}; Vernikova LM et al.; The process of admixture flocculation in fermentation broth filtrates of penicillin was studied experimentally according to the schemes of rotatabel planning of the 2nd order . Equations describing the effect of the main factors on the process were worked out and the main effects of the pair interactions were found.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 214 - 8
{Purification of antibiotic solutions of finely dispersed admixtures}; Lin'kova OS et al.; A possibility of complete separation of fine disperse admixtures from antibiotic fermentation broth filtrates by filtration with the use of special additives was shown . The purity of the filtrates and filtration rate depended on the procedure of addition, amount and average size of the particles of the filtration material.

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 3(3), 302 - 5
Evaluation of the API 20 c microtube system for the identification of clinically important yeasts; Roberts GD et al.; The API 20 C microtube system containing 20 biochemical tests for the identification of yeasts was compared with conventional tests used in the Mayo Clinic mycology laboratory . Three hundred isolates of clinically important yeasts were studied, and agreement of the carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation tests between the systems was good . The API 20 C represents a useful, commercially available screening method for the identification of yeasts; however, it is not a complete system and must be used in conjunction with microscopic morphological features and, when appropriate, with other biochemical tests.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Mar, 59(3), 439 - 54
A rumen linear programming model for evaluation of concepts of rumen microbial function; Reichl JR et al.; A linear programming model provides for analysis of general input-output relationships in the rumen, for evaluation of competitive relationships among rumen microbes, and for computation of optimal relationships in the rumen . Eight rumen microbial groups defined on the bases of substrate specificity, nutrient requirements for growth, fermentation products, and relative metabolic activities comprise the central core of the model . Relative metabolic rates of microbial groups calculated from their cell sized were used as coefficients in the objective function . The model was used to evaluate effects of different amounts of protein from feed and various carbohydrates upon microbial population and fermentation patterns as accommodated by current concepts . During the several solutions of the model, considerable simplification of the rumen microflora occurred . This implies that current data and concepts, and the hypothesis regarding relative metabolic rate, as represented in the model, do not accommodate adequately competitions among the several rumen microbial species and, thus, that additional data and concepts regarding rumen microbial interactions are required . Also evaluated were effects of ingestion of bacteria by protozoa upon over-all rumen function, absolute microbial cell yields, cell yields per mole of adenosine triphosphate, and factors affecting these.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 22(3), 342 - 6
Methane fermentation of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) latex effluent; Rajagopalan K; Four species of bacteria capable of CH4 fermentation of rubber latex effluent were isolated and identified as a Methanococcus, a strain of M . vannielii, a Methanobacterium and a strain of M . omelianskii . Auxanographic tests using the four strains showed growth and CH4 formation on a basal medium containing mineral salts or added H2 and Co2 . Varied response was obtained when the basal medium was added to formate, acetate, butyrate, methanol, ethanol, and glucose . Previous work has established acid fermentation of Hevea latex arising from bacterial contamination and decomposition of the non-rubber constituents which consist of N-compounds, 2% quebrachitol, and smaller concentration of carbohydrates . This suggests that reduction of CO2 and fermentation of acids formed during metabolism of Hevea latex are possible pathways of CH4 production.

Br J Nutr, 1976 Mar, 35(2), 201 - 9
Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep; Wilke PI et al.; 1 . Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1-5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period . 2 . Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment . Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach . 3 . Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e . 78-80 . 4 . Regression of energy gain v . corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310-2 and 302-3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0-75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0-411 and 0-479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively . 5 . It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.

Parazitologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 10(3), 232 - 7
{Effect of the temperature regimen on the kinetic and thermodynamic functions of the enzyme urease in the helminths of warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals}; Shishova-Kasatochkina OA et al.; The determination of the constant of the urea fission rate and study of the temperature dependence (activation energy) of the urease activity on warm- and cold-blooded animals in Ascaris suum and Contracaecum aduncum were undertaken . It has been shown that the constant of the urea fission rate in C . aduncum is more than an order of magnitude higher than that in A . suum . At a temperature of 17 degrees the rate of this process in C . aduncum changes but little while in A . suum it practically ceases . On the contrary, at 47 degrees the urease ferment activity in A . suum increases considerably while in C . aduncum the process rate does not rise as compared to that at 37 degrees . The subsequent calculations of the energy activation have shown that a certain adaptation to definite conditions of ferments functioning can take place.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 234 - 40
{The multiphase character of methane fermentation of cellulose}; Bonch-Osmolovskaia EA; An enrichment culture producing methane from cellulose was studied . The culture is a system of changing microbial populations realizing various pathways of methane formation . This change of microbial associations is expressed in three phases of growth; each phase is characterized by its maximum of methane production . The first maximum is related to accumulation and utilization of propionic acid . The second maximum is due to methane formation from acetate by Methanosarcina . One of the possible pathways regulating the methanogenous ecosystem is the action of concentrations of the main metabolites--glucose and the products of its fermentation.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 241 - 6
{The nucleases of oxytetracycline producing actinomycetes}; Penzikova GA et al.; The activity of exocellular nucleases, especially RNase, differs among cultures producing oxytetracycline, and belonging or similar to Actinomyces rimosus, and cultures which are not related to this species . The activity of RNase therefore may be regarded as an additional taxonomic characteristic within the species Act . rimosus . Formation of various enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleic acids was studied with the strain of Act . re end of fermentation, the content of the antibiotic and the activity of exocellular and endocellular RNases and DNases in the cultural broth were maximal . The cultural broth therefore may be used as a source of both oxytetracycline and nucleases.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 213 - 20
Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms . XV synthesis of 2-methyl-arginine, 2-methyl-l-ornithine and their enantiomers; Maehr H et al.; A new arginine antimetabolite was isolated from the fermentation broth of a new strain of Streptomyces and identified as 2-methyl-L-arginine.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 248 - 64
Antimycin A fermentation . I . Production and selection of strains; Vezina C et al.; Increase in antimycin A production was achieved through a parallel strain and medium improvement program: a 125-fold augmentation (75 to 9,500 mug/ml) was obtained . The selective system included antimycin A productivity, conidiation, sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, growth rate and yield, and absence of pigment and actinomycin D production . Among the original strains tested one natural isolate possessed high productivity and several of the above characteristics, and was selected for mutagenesis . Spontaneous and induced variability was then exploited in isolating high-producing strains . The first mutagen used was ultraviolet radiation; it was replaced by ethylenimine when it became no longer efficient in increasing variability . As new, high producers were isolated, the medium was modified to best suit their requirements for still higher productivity . The critical environmental factors were absence of phosphate and organic salts, concentration of the nitrogen source and ratio organic/inorganic nitrogen, ratio ammonium sulfate/calcium carbonate, and addition of slowly utilizable carbon sources, such as lactose and oil; optimum temperature and initial pH were 25 degrees C and 7.0 . Aeration/agitation requirements of improved strains were high . Fermentation was characterized by abrupt pH changes which impaired rapid accumulation of the antibiotic . Antimycin A was produced during both the trophophase and idiophase.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Mar, 133 Suppl, 97 - 102
Purification of the polymyxin-released, heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli; Evans DJ Jr et al.; The heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli strain H-10407 has been purified by use of a commercially available affinity gel (Affi-Gel 202) . This gel possesses a strong and highly specific affinity for the enterotoxin released from intact E . coli cells by polymyxin B . The polymyxin-release technique could be used with fermenter-size batches of E . coli cells grown in a casamino acids-yeast extract medium . With a simple (NH4)2SO4 back-extraction step prior to affinity chromatography, large batches of E . coli enterotoxin could be processed rapidly . Affi-Gel 202-purified E . coli enterotoxin produced a single precipitin band in the presence of several different antisera against crude preparations of the toxin . The same antigen produced a precipitin band in the presence of both cholera antitoxin and antiserum to choleragenoid.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 291 - 7
{Yeast cell wall-dissolving enzymes of the thermotolerant actinomycete Thermoactinomyces vulgaris}; Loginova LG et al.; The thermotolerant culture of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PA II-4A was cultivated in the Biotec fermenter to obtain the enzyme preparation with a high proteolytic and lytic activity . Resistance of the cells of Candida utilis and Saccharomyces fragilis (mesophilic and thermotolerant strains) to the lytic action of the enzyme preparation was different . Preliminary treatment of the yeast cells by L-cysteine increased their susceptibility to the lytic action of the preparation . The degree of lysis of the cells depended also on their age: the cells growing during 10-12 hours were lysed easier than the cells cultivated during 24 hours.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 205 - 10
{Regulation of tetracycline biosynthesis by controlling the growth of the producer}; Makarevich VG et al.; Regulation of the rate growth of Act . aureofaciens in batch fermentation by maintaining the concentrations of phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, glucose and pH values at the levels favourable for intensive growth at the beginning of the process and after accumulation of the biomass at the levels optimal for retarded growth of the organism resulted in significant prolongation of the period of intensive antibiotic production, i.e . intensification of the fermentation process . Microscopic investigation of the organism development under conditions of regulated fermentation revealed the presence of significant amounts of free peripheral highly basophilic hyphae for a prolonged period of time . The hyphae possessed a capacity for growth and intensive metabolism unlike the control culture which was liable to early autolysis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 265 - 74
Antimycin A fermentation . II . Fermentation in aerated-agitated fermenters; Sehgal SN et al.; Fermentation characteristics, previously studied in shake flasks, were reproduced in aerated-agitated fermenters, using three strains of Streptomyces sp . which had been selected for their high antimycin A productivity in shake flasks . Fermentation in fermenters was run in three stages . The medium consisted of soy flour, glucose, ammonium sulfate and calcium carbonate; initial pH was 7.2 approximately 7.5, and temperature 25 degrees C . The course of fermentation was then modified to encourage maximal growth and eliminate the intermediate lag period observed in shake flasks . Useful corrections included continuous addition of soybean oil at 1.25 %/day and maintenance of pH at 6 by addition of ammonium hydroxide on demand . The ammonium hydroxide added also served as a rapidly utilized nitrogen source and could not be replace by NaOH or KOH . Under optimal conditions antimycin A was produced at constant rate from the second to the sixth day, when maximum yields of more than 9 g/liter were attained . A procedure for antimycin A extraction is described.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1976 Feb 23, 282(8), 787 - 90
{Determination of the 14C content of fermentation alcohols}; Martiniere P et al.; The measuring activity in 14C of ethylic alcohol permits one to distinguish fermentation alcohol from synthetic alcohol . This activity is used to determine the corresponding percentages of these alcohols in cases of mixture.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Feb, 59(2), 270 - 7
Effects of fermentation time on in vivo/in vitro relationships; Nelson BD et al.; The effects of six fermentation times, 24 through 84 h at 12 h intervals, were studied on in vivo/in vitro relationships and repeatability and variability of in vitro technique . Three stages of maturity each of bermudagrass, bahiagrass, rye-grass, sorghum-sudan, alfalfa, and orchardgrass were used . For one fermentation time for all types of forages, a 48-h fermentation demonstrated the smallest variation among runs and the least run X forage interaction . However, the optimum fermentation for perennials as a group was 60 h; and for annuals, legumes, and temperate grasses it was 36 h . Further studies in vitro compared a 48-h fermentation for all types of forage with 36 h for annuals and 60 h for perennials . Forty-eight forages, including 20 annuals and 28 perennials, were digested in vitro during three runs . With the 48-h fermentation, forages accounted for 86.43% of the total variation, runs 6.80%, and run X forage interaction 6.44% . Variation due to runs was reduced to .33%, and run X forage interaction to .90%, for a combined 36- and 60-h fermentation for annuals and perennials, respectively . Variation due to forage was increased to 98.53%.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Feb, 125(2), 635 - 42
Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli chromosomal mutants affecting plasmid copy number; Cress DE et al.; We have isolated chromosomal mutants of an Escherchia coli K-12 strain that maintain higher levels of an F' plasmid . The mutants are designated as plasmid copy number (pcn) mutants . They were detected by selecting for increased lactose fermentation in bacteria deleted for the lac operon but harboring an F'lacI,P pro+ plasmid . When examined for the amount of F' plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the dye-CsCl isopycnic technique, the mutants show two to seven times as much covalently closed, circular (CCC) DNA as does the parental strain . The increased plasmid level in one mutant strain (pcn-24) was confirmed by DNA-DNA hybridization; however, this latter technique indicated about a twofold lower increase when compared with the increase measured for pcn-24 by the dye-CsCl technique . In mutant pcn-24 the increased amount of F' DNA reflects a proportional increase in monomeric-size plasmid molecules because oligomeric forms are not found . Also, in mutant pcn-24 the extra CCC plasmid copies do not seem to be randomly distributed throughout the cell's cytoplasm but appear complexed in situ with their host's folded chromosome . In all pcn mutants examined to date, the classical sex factor F is maintained at normal levels, whereas the viral plasmid Pl CM is maintained at two to three times the normal level . In all 17 pcn mutants isolated, the pcn mutation maps on the chromosome and not on the plasmid . Finally, the absolute amount of CCC F' DNA detectable in lysates of the six different pcn mutants examined decreased 50 to 90% upon incubation of the lysate at 37 C . In contrast, no loss of CCC DNA occurs when lysates of the parental F' strain are incubated at 37 C.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 29(2), 125 - 31
Pleuromutilins . Fermentation, structure and biosynthesis; Knauseder F et al.; Derivatives of pleuromutilin, formed during the fermentation of pleuromutilin, were isolated and their structure determined . 14-Acetyl-mutilin and mutilin as well as different unsaturated fatty acid esters of pleuromutilin were identified . The proportion of each derivative formed depends to a considerable degree on the conditions of the fermentation process . The possible biosynthetic pathways are shown.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 99 - 102
{Lincomycin formation by strain R-367 on a complex medium not containing corn steep}; Kochetkova GV et al.; A new complex medium for biosynthesis of lincomycin by strain R-367 was developed using one-factor experiments and mathematical schemes of planning . A complex of mineral salts containing nitrogen, sulphur, phosphurus, magnesium and trace elements was introduced into the content of the new medium . This provided elimination of corn steep liquor from the medium . The linomycin production level in the fermentation broth with the use of the new medium was at an average 2.5 times higher than that on the initial medium containing corn steep liquor.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 29(2), 140 - 6
Biotransformation, a new approach to aminoglycoside biosynthesis: II . Gentamicin; Testa RT et al.; Utilizing a paromamine-producing mutant of Micromonospora purpurea blocked in the production of gentamicin, bioconversion of various minor gentamicin components into the gentamicin C complex was demonstrated . The compounds tested were structurally related to the gentamicin C's and are found as minor components in the gentamicin fermentation . Based upon the bioconversions detected, a branched pathway for the biosynthesis of the gentamicin C components is proposed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 31(2), 158 - 62
Influence of the rate of ethanol production and accumulation on the viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in "rapid fermentation"; Nagodawithana TW et al.; Whereas "rapid fermentation" of diluted clover honey (25 degrees Brix) fortified with yeast nutrients using 8 X 10(8) brewers' yeast cells per ml resulted in an ethanol content of 9.5% (wt/vol; 12% vol/vol) in 3 h at 30 C, death rate of the yeast cells during this period was essentially logarithmic . Whereas 6 h was required to reach the same ethanol content at 15 C, the yeast cells retained their viability . Using a lower cell population (6 X 10(7) cells/ml), a level at which the fermentation was no longer "rapid," the yeast cells also retained their viability at 30 C . Ethanol added to the medium was much less lethal than the same or less quantities of ethanol produced by the cell in "rapid fermentation." It was considered possible that ethanol was produced so rapidly at 30 C that it could not diffuse out of the cell as rapidly as it was formed . The hypothesis was postulated that ethanol accumulating in the cell was contributing to the high death rate at 30 C . It was found that the intracellular ethanol concentration reached a level of approximately 2 X 10(11) ethanol molecules/cell in the first 30 min of fermentation at 30 C . At 15 C, with the same cell count, intracellular ethanol concentration reached a level of approximately 4 X 10(10) ethanol molecules/cell and viability remained high . Also, at 30 C with a lower cell population (6 X 10(7) cells/ml), under which conditions fermentation was no longer "rapid," intracellular ethanol concentration reached a similar level (4 X 10(10) molecules ethanol/cell) and the cells retained their viability . Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) lost its activity in brewers' yeast under conditions of "rapid fermentation" at 30 C but retained its activity in cells under similar conditions at 15 C . ADH activity was also retained in fermentations at 30 C with cell populations of 6 X 10(7)/ml . It would appear that an intracellular level of about 5 X 10(10) ethanol molecules/cell is normal and that this level does not damage either cell viability or ADH activity . Higher intracellular ethanol concentrations, such as 2 X 10(11) molecules ethanol/cell (a fourfold increase in intracellular ethanol concentration), are accompanied by inactivation of ADH and loss of cell viability.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 130 - 4
{Tetracycline resistance and cell-free systems of protein and polypeptide synthesis}; Beliavskaia IV et al.; Acellular systems of synthesis of polyphenylalanin containing the supernatant fraction from E . coli B and ribosomes from an oxytetracycline sensitive strain of E . coli and strains resistant to that antibiotic were almost equally sensitive to oxytetracycline . The supernatant fraction from the cells of E . coli 241, a resistant strain absorbing significant amounts of oxytetracycline lowered the inhibiting effect of oxytetracycline in the acellular systems of protein synthesis (with an endogenic matrix) . No fermentative inactivation of oxytetracycline by that fraction was found with both the biological and radiochromatographic methods.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Feb, 62(2), 153 - 9
{Biochemical correlates of functional features of visual cortex neurons}; Pigareva ZD et al.; Changes of protein concentration and of different metabolic ferments activity were studied in the rabbit visual cortex after visual deprivation . Two groups of neurons with different sensitivity to visual deprivation were found . The less sensitive are supposed to have an additional source of activation . These findings corroborate the microelectrode data showing that the activity of about 40% of the visual cortex neurons are modulated by a different nonvisual stimulus.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 107(1), 87 - 92
Pyruvate fermentation in Rhodospirillum rubrum and after transfer from aerobic to anaerobic conditions in the dark; Schon G et al.; The fermentative metabolism of Rhodospirillum rubrum (strain Ha, F1, S1) was studied after transfering the cells from aerobic to anaerobic dark culture conditions . Pyruvate was metabolized mainly to acetate and formate, and to a lesser extent to CO2 and priopionate, by all strains . Therefore, pyruvate formate lyase would appear to be the characteristic key enzyme of the dark anaerobic fermentation metabolism in R . rubrum . Strain F1 and S1 metabolized the formate further to H2 and CO2 . It is concluded that this cleavage was catalysed by a formate hydrogen lyase system . Strain Ha was unable to metabolize formate . The cleavage of formate and the synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyric acid were increased by a low pH value (approximately 6.5) . Fermentation equations and schemes of the pyruvate metabolism are discussed.

SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd, 1976 Feb, 86(2), 150 - 66
{Sugar-free, tooth-protecting chewing gum and candy . Results of a 7-year study}; Schneider P et al.; Experiences of 7 years with sugarless chewing gums and lozenges (tab . I and II) regarding their tooth protective properties are reported . Telemetry of interproximal plaque pH allows to assess acid formation from carbohydrates by plaque bacteria under almost natural conditions . Altogether, 5 chewing gums and 8 lozenges containing sorbitol or mixtures of sorbitol and hydrogenated oligosaccharides were investigated . Lowest pH values during and after chewing sugarless gums varied between pH 6.0 and 7.3 . When sucking sugarless lozenges the recorded pH values were between 5.8 and 7.0 . In contrast to lozenges, the consumption of sugarless chewing gums becomes particularly important due to their greater stimulation of saliva and buffering capacity of oral fluid . All products tested did not acidify interproximal plaque below the critical pH and therefore comply with the regulations of the Swiss Federal Health Authorities with respect to the labeling or marketed sweets with "safe for teeth" . New non-fermentable sugar-replacing substrates are being developed . Their utilization in foodstuffs and sweets is being discussed.

Brain Res, 1976 Jan 16, 101(2), 185 - 98
Completely isolated molluscan neurons . An ultrastructural study; Bocharova LS et al.; The neurons of the molluscs Lymnaea and Helix isolated by fermentative digestion followed by mechanical treatment do not differ ultrastructurally from intact ones . These cells have sufficient metabolic reserves and incorporate into RNA 8% of the total radioactive pool, even more than neurons in ganglia under equal conditions . Neuronal damage can occur, mainly during the pipetting, and this is usually expressed in vacuolization of the cytoplasm . It is important to note that alterations in cell ultrastructure develop earlier than changes in the membrane electrical properties . The surface of the isolated neurons is enlarged two-fold due to the infoldings of the cell membrane . So, the specific resistance of soma membrane of these neurons was calculated as 78 +/- 13 komega-sq . cm . On the surface of isolated neurons scraps of glial and neuronal processes not connected with their own cell bodies, and as a consequence not powerful, are sometimes found . Some endings of the neuronal processes on the surface of isolated neurons are ultrastructurally similar to the axo-somatic synapses.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 22(1), 52 - 6
Measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide; Alford JS Jr; Several probes for measuring dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration were installed in a 68-litre fermentor and their effectiveness compared . Submerged silastic rubber tubing gave reproducible results over a wide range of operating conditions and was generally superior to all other probes evaluated . The silastic rubber probe was used to compare the partial pressure of CO2 in viscous fermentation media with that in the fermentor exhaust gas . No significant difference was found . Results show that determination of the CO2 partial pressure in the exhaust gas gives an excellent approximation of the partial pressure of dissolved CO2 in the liquid medium, eliminating the need for measurement of CO2 concentration in the broth.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jan, 21(1), 27 - 30
{Study of the dynamics of n-propyl alcohol in an Act . erythreus culture during the biosynthesis of erythromycin using a gas-liquid chromatographic method}; Brinberg LS et al.; The effect of n-propyl alcohol on biosynthesis of erythromycin and the dynamics of the precursor consumption were studied with the method of gas-liquid chromatography . It was shown that neither the optimal concentration of the precursor, nor its stimulating effect on different media correlated . n-Propyl alcohol was used not only for the antibiotic biosynthesis but also according to other metabolic path-ways and in addition its evaporation from the medium was registered . During the first period of the fermentation n-propyl alcohol suppressed the antibiotic biosynthesis.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1976, 11(2), 139 - 64
Large scale production, purification and a study of some spectral properties of Penitrem A; Malaiyandi M et al.; A large scale production of the tremorgenic toxin, Penitrem A, from the cultures of Penicillium (P.) palitans and P . crustosum for studying its spectral characteristics was attained . From several fermentation runs using Czapex-Dox medium, P . crustosum was shown to produce nearly 80% more toxic metabolite than P . palitans . A method involving silica-gel column chromatography for a single step isolation of the toxin from the crude extract of the mycelial mats was developed . Some spectral properties of Penitrem A were discussed.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(1), 58 - 69
Bioengineering problems connected with the use of conventional and unconventional raw materials in fermentation . A review; Prokop A et al.; Some bioengineering problems connected with the use of conventional and unconventional raw materials in fermentation research and industry are reviewed . They include the effect of the physical state of different substrates (solid, liquid, gaseous) and considerations of physico-chemical processes, especially the identification of limiting steps . A new concept of classification of fermentors with respect to the macromixing properties is suggested and its applicability for different substrates is considered.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(1), 43 - 9
Effect of some inhibitors on kanamycin formation by Streptomyces kanamyceticus; Basak K et al.; The formation of kanamycin is markedly inhibited by mercuric chloride, sodium iodoacetate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium arsenite and sodium azide particularly when these are added at the start of fermentation . Less inhibition of kanamycin synthesis is observed in case of sodium 5,5-diethylbarbiturate, malonic acid, sodium arsenate and sodium fluoride . Inhibition of kanamycin synthesis is associated with growth inhibition in case of 2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium arsenite and sodium azide . Bacitracin and D-cycloserine have a stimulatory effect on kanamycin synthesis with slight inhibition of cellular growth . This stimulation might be due to accumulation of cell wallintermediates--aminosugar and sugar--which are shunted to the pathway of kanamycin synthesis . Penicillin lowers kanamycin synthesis by 65 percent as compared with 19 percent reduction of cellular growth . Chloramphenicol has a stimulatory effect at lower concentration (20 mug/ml), when it is added at 24 h of fermentation . At higher concentration (50 mug/ml) chloramphenicol shows marked inhibition of both cellular growth and antibiotic biosynthesis.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jan, 125(1), 33 - 41
Genetic co-regulation of galactose and melibiose utilization in Saccharomyces; Kew OM et al.; The gal3 mutation of Saccharomyces, which is associated with an impairment in the utilization of galactose, has been shown to be pleiotropic, causing similar impairments in the utilization of melibiose and maltose . Milibiose utilization and alpha-galactosidase production are directly controlled by the galactose regulatory elements i, c, and GAL4 . The fermentation of maltose and the induction of alpha-glucosidase are regulated independently of the i, c, GAL4 system . The production of alpha-galactosidase and galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase is coordinate in galactokinaseless strains . Galactose serves as a nonmetabolized, gratuitous inducer of alpha-galactosidase in strains lacking the genes for one or more of the Leloir pathway enzymes.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1976, 42(1-2), 165 - 80
Differentiation of pathogenic species of Candida by their recovery characteristics following ultraviolet irradiation; Sarachek A et al.; Each of seven pathogenic species of Candida exhibits a unique pattern of light and dark recovery responses to ultraviolet irradiation . C . guiliermondii, C . parapsilosis and C . pseudotropicalis photoreactivate whereas C . albicans, C . krusei, C . stellatoidea and C . tropicalis do not . Within each of these groups, individual species are distinguishable by whether or not they express differential dark recovery during postirradiation growth at 25 C or 37 C on oxidative vs fermentative carbon sources, on inorganic vs amino acid nitrogen sources or in the presence rather than absence of ergosterol . Equivalent recovery patterns are obtained for species of Candida and the ascosporogenous species which are their corresponding perfect forms . These observations indicate strongly that the post-irradation recovery is a reliable, species-specific characteristic of yeasts.

Environ Qual Saf Suppl, 1976, (5), 203 - 11
Recycling and degradation of anabolic agents in animal excreta; Calvert CC et al.; A variety of anabolic agents are currently added to animal feeds to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency . These compounds and their metabolites are largely excreted . Prior to the use of anabolic agents as feed additives and the advent of confined livestock production, natural recycling occurred which generally resulted in benefit to the animal with no known adverse effects on consumer health . However, the current interest in the use of animal excreta in livestock feed and the possible presence of anabolic agents and their metabolites from this practice has created an additional need for information on the occurrence of anabolic agent residues in consumer products . This report will consider the definition of anabolic agents in its broadest sense and discuss the research on hormones used in animal feed that may be found in animal excreta . In addition to feed additive residues, endogenous compounds may also be found in animal excreta . Endogenous estrogens and androgens have been detected in excreta from domestic livestock and poultry . Research results suggest that substantial estrogenic and androgenic activity may be detected in fresh animal excreta . However, little is known about the effects of various processing methods of excreta such as heat drying and fermentation on its hormonal activity . The effects of feed additive residues and endogenous hormones in excreta used for feed will be discussed relative to their impact on animal health and occurrence in animal products.

IARC Sci Publ, 1976, (14), 321 - 31
Determination of eight volatile nitrosamines in thirty cured meat products with capillary gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry: the presence of nitrosodiethylamine and the absence of nitrosopyrrolidine; Groenen PJ et al.; Five samples each of six cured meat products were analysed for the presence of eight volatile nitrosamines . A combined steam distillation-extraction step at pH 8-9 plus a concentration step were used for preparation of extracts . These were analysed, without further clean-up, using a coupled capillary GC-HRMS system at a resolution of 4 000 . The MS was used in the fixed mass mode, but after the retention time of each nitrosamine the mass adjustment was tuned to the mass of the next nitrosamine . This combination allowed not only an unambiguous identification of the nitrosamines but also their direct quantitative determination . The products investigated were cooked ham, fermented sausage, raw bacon, mildly fried bacon, fried minced mean and smoked meat . Only one nitrosamine, NDEA, was sometimes found to be present in relatively large amounts . It occurred in two of the bacon samples; the concentration increased during mild frying from 4 and 13 mug/kg to 16 and 43 mug/kg, respectively . It was also present in two of the smoked meat samples in amounts of 7 and 91 mug/kg, respectively . Its identity was further confirmed on a second and third capillary column also coupled to the MS, and by direct introduction of the extracts into the MS at a resolution of 15 000 . A silicon compound with practically the same retention time and mass as NDMA, which originates from the antifoam agents used as shown by other investigators, was found in the extracts in amounts corresponding to abuot 2 mug/kg of product . Nevertheless, seven samples were found positively to contain NDMA in amounts of 2-6 mug/kg . NMEA, NMPA, NMBA and NDPA could not be detected in any of the samples, nor could NPip or NPy . That no NPy (i.e., less than 50 mug/kg) was found in the fried bacon samples may be due to the mild frying method used . The use only of capillary GC with a nitrogen-selective detector, without further sample clean up, would have led to many false-positive results due to the presence of other nitrogen-containing compounds.

Microbios, 1976, 16(65-66), 191 - 9
Growth and ultrastructure of Streptomyces venezuelae during chloramphenicol production; Bewick MW et al.; Streptomyces venezuelae (3022a) was grown in flask cultures and fermentors, using three media having differential effects on chloramphenicol production . Micromorphology, ultrastructure and chloramphenicol concentrations were studied during the growth cycle in each medium . Chloramphenicol production was greatest in the glycerol-serine-lactate (GSL) medium, less in the glycerol-nutrient broth-yeast extract (GNY) medium and very low in glucose-mineral salts (GA) medium . In GSL and GA, much growth was in the form of microcolonies, especially in flask cultures, while short hyphal fragments predominated in GNY . The major ultrastructural features were the high frequency of mesosomes in fragmenting hyphae in GNY, and electron-transparent zones which appeared during chloramphenicol synthesis in GSL . None of the structural abnormalities induced by chloramphenicol in sensitive organisms were observed in S . venezuelae despite high levels of the antibiotic in GSL medium.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1976, 55(2), 104 - 9
{Research on enzymes of Mycoplasma: enolase of Mycoplasma hominis}; Grossato A et al.; A screening of enzymes on cell-free extracts of various species of mycoplasmas revealed the presence of enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) in significative amount in M . pneumoniae and M . fermentans, in lower amounts in M . hominis, A . laidlawii and in trace only in U . urealyticum . The value of activity of the various mycoplasmas could be correlated with their metabolism . From 40 g of cell paste of M . hominis, 2.5 mg of enolase purified over 70 folds, was obtained with successive steps of salt fractionation and column chromatography . Kinetic studies gave the following constants: Km for 2-phospho-D-glicerate, 0.7 x 10(-4)M; optimum of Mg++ concentration, 1 x 10(-3)M; optimum of pH, 7.7 inhibition by fluoride and phosphate, I = 0.77 X 10(-12)M4 . Molecular weight estimation indicated for the native enzyme a value of about 100,000 daltons . These data suggest closer similarities with the enolase of microorganisms like E . coli and yeast than with the genus Thermus or B . stearothermophilus.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(4), 361 - 74
Studies on some nutritional factors influencing the production of gluconic acid; Mahmoud SA et al.; Investigations were carried out to formulate an economical medium that can give maximum yield of gluconic acid by the submerged culture technique, using Aspergillus niger NRRL3 . It was found that the highest yield of acid could be secured when a medium of the following ingredients was used: 13.0% glucose syrup, 0.1% NaNO3, 0.025% calcium superphosphate, 0.007% KCl, 0.025% MgSO4-7H20, and 0.5% CaCO3 . It was also found that glucose syrup, which represents an available and cheap carbohydrate source for gluconic acid production by fermentation, can replace glucose powder which is more expensive.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1976, 16(6), 437 - 44
Stoichiometry of methane oxidation in the methane-oxidizing strain M 102 under the influence of various CH4/O2 mixtures; Naguib M; In laboratory-scale experiments with growing cells of the obligate methane-oxidizing strain M 102, an overall molar gas turnover ratio of the order given below could be postulated: 1 CH4+1--1.2 O2=0.3 CO2+water . Expectations that the optimal gas mixture of methane and oxygen should lie within the range of this stoichiometric consumption ratio have been verified in fermenter 5 1 batch culture experiments . The optimal range of methane-oxygen mixture, found under the experimental conditions described, is based on the estimated growth parameters as generation and doubling times, yield coefficients related to methane and oxygen, and the efficiency of methane metabolism as indicated in the absolute amounts of CH4, O2, and CO2 turned over . The mentioned stoichiometric relation of 1 CH4:1--1.202 did not change with varying the composition, i.e . the partial pressures of CH4 and O2 introduced as a mixture to the cells . The efficiency of methane oxidation was obviously influenced and decreased markedly when deviating from the broad optimal range of CH4/O2 mixtures . With non-growing cells, on the other hand, the stoichiometric relation showed a considerable shift (1:1.4--1.8 CH4:O2) with a clear tendency towards more O2 consumption . The oxidation potential of growing cells, seems then to have a linear interdependence to the substrate concentrations, i.e . partial pressures.

Proc R Soc Edinb {Nat Environ}, 1976, 75(3), 171 - 80
Rumen micro-organisms in red deer, hill sheep and reindeer in the scottish highlands; Hobson PN et al.; The micro-organisms in rumen samples from Red deer, hill sheep and reindeer grazing their natural pastures in the Scottish Highlands were examined at different seasons over a number of years . The total counts of bacteria and protozoa varied with the seasons, and were lowest in winter when fermentative activity was also at its lowest . As is usual in roughage-fed ruminants, viable counts were only a very small proportion of the total counts . The reindeer rumens had the highest concentrations of bacteria . There were no consistent differences in the types of bacteria between seasons, but although there were no bacteria peculiar to any animal species the balance of predominant types varied between the species . The principal types of bacteria were similar to those found in domesticated ruminants . The numbers of protozoa in the Red deer were higher than those in the sheep, and the concentrations in reindeer were higher than those generally reported for domesticated cattle or sheep . A number of species of protozoa were found in each animal and the predominant species differed in the different animals.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1976, 11(3), 199 - 210
Fate of DDT and parathion in grapes processed into arak, an alcoholic beverage; Kawar NS et al.; Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, was prepared from grapes to which either DDT or parathion had been added . Samples of the nine fractions produced from the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for DDT and parathion and their respective metabolites . DDT degraded to DDD during the fermentation step resulting in a sharp decrease in DDT level . The two distillation steps contributed to a further decrease in the DDT level so that the final product contained less than 2% of the amount found in the fresh grape juice . Although the concentration of DDD increased sharply during fermentation, it also decreased to a negligible level during the subsequent distillation procedure . Parathion was more stable than DDT during the fermentation and first distillation steps . However, the second distillation process caused a sharp decline in its level and the Arak contained only about 6% of the residues present in the fresh juice, paranithophenol being the only metabolite detected.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(4), 294 - 6
Content of fatty acids of Chlorella kessleri in a deep tank fermentation; Diab MA et al.; Chlorella kessleri cultivated in a deep tank contained 4.8% of non-polar lipid; 51% of this fraction represents saturated fatty acids, 7% unsaturated fatty acids . Our investigation of the fatty acids profile demonstrated even- and odd-numbered saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C12 to C20 . Unlike in other Chlorella species, stearic acid was the dominant fatty acid found . Also shown was an elevated C16:0 fatty acid content and a reduced level of unsaturated fatty acids.

Acta Anat (Basel), 1976, 96(1), 135 - 47
Cholinergic innervation of vessels of the base of the brain; Borodulya AV et al.; Distribution and activity of acetylcholinesterase in the intramural nerve apparatus of vessels of the base of the bran have been studied with the histochemical method of Koelle-Gomori . On the whole, 268 arteries have been examined . The activity of the ferment is detected in the effector nerve fibers in the wall of all cerebral vessels constituting the system of the circle of Willis . The periarterial nerve apparatus of cerebral arteries of the anterior and posterior regions of the circle of Willis consists of two cholinergic plexuses - superficial and deep plexus forming a multilayered neural cover . The terminal parts of cholinergic nerve fibres at the border with the muscular coat show a granular structure . Moreover, nerve cells rich in active ferment are found in the cholinergic plexuses . Difference in the character of cholinergic innervation of vessels of the internal carotid and the vertebrobasilar region has been shown . The obtained data indicate that the vessels of the circle of Willis possess a reliable cholinergic system of nerve regulation which along with other systems, such as that of adrenergic nerve fibers, maintains the homeostasis of the cerebral blood flow.

Soz Praventivmed, 1976 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 7 - 16
{The quantitative evaluation of alcohol use in German and Western Switzerland}; Wuthrich P; Within the scope of a comprehensive study of social mechanisms of the drinking habits, a household survey was conducted among the 15 to 74-year-old population (sample size: 902) . Overall per-capita-consumption figures have been, so far, the only available information on drinking in Switzerland . The data collected on various dimensions, i.e . quantity, frequency and variability of alcohol intake show a wide variety of drinking patterns among the 89% of the population using alcohol . Frequency of beer, wine and fermented cider consumption falls mainly into the three categories: daily use, up to twice weekly, rarely (once a month or less) . For hard liquor we found: up to twice weekly, rarely . The Swiss have no definite preferences as to wine, beer or other alcoholic beverages . Yet, in the French speaking part wine is used significantly...

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(5), 13 - 7
{Study of Mycoplasma from the genital apparatus of cattle}; Savov N et al.; The study on vaginal mucous secretion in cows with metritis and vaginitis, on fetuses and placentae of cows that had miscarried as well as on preputial secretion of bulls revealed the presence of Mycoplasma organisms associated with V . fetus and other bacterial species . By their reaction to cholesterol, digitonin, sodium polyanetol sulfonate as well as their serum and temperature requirements, the formation of films and spots, their phosphatase activity and biochemical and serologic behaviour the mycoplasmas isolated from the genital tract of cows were specified as A . laidlawii and A . axanthum . From both cows and bulls T-forms of mycoplasmas were isolated . The strains determined as A . laidlawi showed deviations from the species characteristics by the fermentation of glucose, hydrolysis of esculine, and reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride.

Nahrung, 1976, 20(4), 347 - 52
{Gas chromatographic study of odor and flavor components of dry wine}; Edelenyi M et al.; 6, 12 and 18 months after bottling, 1 sample of the primary wine, 2 samples of tank-fermented sparkling wines (taken at different production phases, i.e., during and after the second fermentation) and 3 samples of bottle-fermented raw champagne were analysed for aroma and flavour components . The samples were extracted with ether-pentane (2:1) and analysed by gas chromatography . 21 components were detected, 9 of which were identified (isopropanol, n-propanol, isobutanol, n-butanol, isopentanol, heptanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanol, isooctanol) . There were marked qualitative and quantitative differences in composition between the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample and the sparkling wines sample taken during the main phase of the tank-fermenting process . This is essentially attributable to the fermenting activities of the yeasts . On the contrary, the aroma and flavour components of the primary wine sample agreed in quality with those of the sparkling wines sample taken at the end of tank-fermentation . It is concluded from these findings that greater amounts of new components do not form during the second fermentation . On the other hand, aroma and flavour components already present in the primary wine came to the fore by the quantitative increase of certain bouquet components . The comparison of the samples of bottle-fermented sparkling wines revealed, irrespective of slight changes, a clear-cut developmental trend . During the aging process, the contents of isopentanol and of a still unidentified component decreased, whereas those of isobutanol, isopropanol, heptanol and a still unidentified component increased markedly . It is stated that differences in the fermenting process manifest themselves mainly by the ratios of the components . The bouquet components were almost similar for both fermenting processes.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jan, 59(1), 167 - 9
Fermentation tubes for in vitro digestion of forages; Moore JE et al.; During in vitro digestion of forages by rumen microorganisms in polycarbonate centrifuge tubes, forage particles formed dense mats which were raised above the level of media by entrapped gas . This did not occur with polyethylene centrifuge tubes . In vitro organic matter digestion was higher in polyethylene than in poly-carbonate tubes . Vacuum infiltration of water into samples prior to inoculation increased in vitro digestion with both types of tubes but to a greater extent with samples of high than of low digestion . Regression analysis of in vivo digestibility on in vitro digestion showed that the lowest residual standard deviation was with polyethylene tubes and vacuum infiltration, but omission of vacuum infiltration gave satisfactory results.

Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol, 1976 Jan-Feb, 12(1), 3 - 7
{Complex compounds with lipids in the evolution of metalloenzymes}; Boichenko EA; The change of the role of metals in the evolution of enzymes was going on from the formation by them first of labile compounds during activation by ions of various reactions to the formation of more stable complexes in active centres . During the transition from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis in oxidoreductases with the participation of metals an increase of the oxidationreduction potential values (E'O) occurred . A simultaneous accomplishment of reactions in the cells at strongly differing values of the potential became possible owing to the formation of complexes with lipids by metalloenzymes being active at high E'O . Entering the membranes of subcellular structures these metalloenzymes form complex compounds with various groups of lipids-phospholipids neutral lipids, glycolipids . These are compounds with Fe, Ti, Cu, Mn and other polyvalent metals; they regulate the transfer of electrons and its changes in the evolution of the main fermentative processes of living cells, as for example respiration and assimilation of carbon dioxide.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jan, 29(1), 38 - 43
Antimetabolites produced by microorganisms . XIII . The synthesis and microbiological production of a novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy) butanoic acid; Scannell JP et al.; A novel amino acid, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy-)-butanoic acid, was isolated from a fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . X-11,085 . It was shown to be identical with the chemical reduction product of an antimetabolite antibiotic, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid, a co-product in the fermentation . Addition of the title compound to the fermentation led to an enhanced yield of the antimetabolite suggesting that the saturated amino acid serves as a precursor for the antimetabolite.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(6), 481 - 7
Regulation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites . XVIII . Adenylate level and chlorotetracycline production in Streptomyces aureofaciens; Curdova E et al.; The relationship was studied between the energy metabolism of the actinomycete Streptomyces aureofaciens and the biosynthesis of chlorotetracycline by this organism . The energy charge values in a culture of low-production strain were almost identical with those of a production variant but the total sum of adenylates was about 10 times higher . In the stationary growth phase both strains evinced a drop in energy charge values followed by a rise to the original level . An increase in the concentration of inorganic phosphate in fermentation medium caused a suppression of antibiotic formation in the lowproduction strain and further rise in the total adenylate level . The expression of the energy charge in Streptomyces aureofaciens acquires a complex character owing to the participation, apart from the adenylate system, of high-molecular polyphosphates as energy donors and the probable lack of a regulating mechanism such as the adenylate kinase reaction.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1976, 16(4), 273 - 7
Salt stimulated respiration of Chlorella fusca; Loppert HG; ATP contents have been measured before and after addition of KCl (5 mM final concentration) to suspensions of Chlorella in distilled water under different conditions of energy supply . The levels decreased immediately after salt addition and returned to the original values under conditions both of oxidative phosphorylation and of cyclic photophosphorylation, but not under conditions of fermentation . It appears that this decrease in the ATP level is the cause for salt stimulated respiration (S.S.R.) . Furthermore, it is shown that cycloheximide and EDTA, which interact with Rb+ uptake (active and ATP-driven) at low salt concentration, also reduce S.S.R . From this parallelism it is concluded that the ATPase involved in Rb+ uptake at low salt concentration is also responsible for S.S.R . at high salt concentration . As S.S.R . provides far more energy than is required for the small influx of ions it is suggested that the ATPase is decoupled by the salt from ion transport.

Environ Qual Saf Suppl, 1976, (5), 99 - 108
Application of synthetic estrogen in sheep; Abou Akkada AR et al.; Thirty castrated crossbreed lambs of 4 months age were divided into three groups . DES pellets (6 mg) were implanted subcutaneously in lambs of groups II and III, respectively at 4 and 7 months of age whereas those in group I served as controls . The lambs were fed on a dry fattening ration during a period of 29 weeks after which two lambs of each group were slaughtered and three lambs were also used in nitrogen balance studies . The body gains of lambs implanted with DES at 4 months of age were the highest . The growth promoting effect of the hormone in these lambs was significant during a period of 13 weeks after the implantation . The dietary nitrogen retained by treated lamb was significantly higher . The dressing percentage and weights of wholesale cuts in lambs implanted with DES were similar to those of control lambs . However, the percentage of meat in the lambs treated at 4 months of age was the highest . The protein and moisture contents of the tenth rib of these lambs were greater and the fat contents were lower than in the control animals . No DES residual activity was ever noted in the livers of slaughtered lambs . Effect of DES Implantation on Body Components . Six 2 year old Egyptian rams were used in a 2-month experiment, the duration being divided into three successive intervals . The 1st period served as a control . At the beginning of the 2nd period, DES was implanted subcutaneously . Total body water was measured using tritiated water, total muscle mass was determined by the creatinine excretion during 24 hrs, lean body mass, body rat, and nitrogen balance, were measured during the last 5 days of each experimental period . DES implantation increased the body weight of the ram by 10.4% and caused no significant change in total body water, body ash, or total muscle mass . However, body fat increased significantly . The efficiency of nitrogen utilization also increased significantly although nitrogen intake did not change . The maximum effects of DES were observed at the end of the second experimental period . Effect of Some Estrogens on Rumen Metabolism . Three DES treated and three untreated cross bred Egyptian rams were used for studying the effect of DES on rumen microorganisms . Ruminal activity, judged by the diurnal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia-N determined 3 and 6 weeks after DES implantation, was greater in treated animals . When rumen contents from fistulated sheep were incubated in vitro with stilbestrol dipropionate (SDP), DES, and Estradiol dipropionate (EDP), a significant increase in the number and size of rumen ciliate protozoa was observed . The extent of increase varied according to the type and concentrations of added hormones and type of rumen protozoa . Further in vitro experiments indicated that the addition of DES, SDP, and EDP promoted the fermentation of starch by washed suspensions of mixed populations of ciliate protozoa . EDP seemed to show the greatest effect in stimulating VFA production by the protozoal cells.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jan, 31(1), 99 - 107
Temperature limitation of methanogenesis in aquatic sediments; Zeikus JG et al.; Microbial methanogenesis was examined in sediments collected from Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, at water depths of 5, 10, and 18 m . The rate of sediment methanogenesis was shown to vary with respect to sediment site and depth, sampling date, in situ temperature, and number of methanogens . Increased numbers of methanogenic bacteria and rates of methanogenesis correlated with increased sediment temperature during seasonal change . The greatest methanogenic activity was observed for 18-m sediments throughout the sampling year . As compared with shallower sediments, 18-m sediment was removed from oxygenation effects and contained higher amounts of ammonia, carbonate, and methanogenic bacteria, and the population density of methanogens fluctuated less during seasonal change . Rates of methanogenesis in 18-m sediment cores decreased with increasing sediment depth . The optimum temperature, 35 to 42 C, for sediment methanogenesis was considerably higher than the maximum observed in situ temperature of 23 C . The conversion of H2 and {14C}carbonate to {14C}methane displayed the same temperature optimum when these substrates were added to sediments . The predominant methanogenic population had simple nutritional requirements and were metabolically active at 4 to 45 C . Hydrogen oxidizers were the major nutritional type of sediment methanogens; formate and methanol fermentors were present, but acetate fermentors were not observed . Methanobacterium species were most abundant in sediments although Methanosarcina, Methanococcus, and Methanospirillum species were observed in enrichment cultures . A chemolithotropic species of Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium was isolated in pure culture that displayed temperature optima above 30 C and had simple nutritional requirements.

J Pharm Sci, 1976 Jan, 65(1), 102 - 5
Multiliter production and immunochemical cross-reactivity of plant tissue culture antigens; Wu WL et al.; Cells of short ragweed suspension culture were successfully propagated in a multiliter fermentor . Proteins were isolated from tissue cultures (short ragweed, cantaloupe, marigold, and Ammi) and plants (short ragweed pollen, cantaloupe fruit, and marigold flowers) by ammonium sulfate precipitation, cross-linked dextran gel filtration, and anion-exchange chromatography . Some fractions elicited allergenic responses in ragweed-sensitive patients but not in ragweed-nonsensitive control patients . Double-immunodiffusion analysis of these fractions showed their nonidentity with short ragweed antigen E.

Microbios, 1976, 17(67), 23 - 33
Effect of specific growth rate and glucose concentration on growth and glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12; Hollywood N et al.; Chemostat cultures of E . coli K-12 revealed that the metabolic change from respiration to aerobic fermentation can be obtained with increasing specific growth rate at low glucose input concentration (0.1%), or increasing glucose input concentrations at low specific growth rate (0.1 h-1) . Both effects do not affect biomass formation . The metabolic change is not related to a pathway switch of glucose utilization . The increase in specific growth rate causes suppression of succinate dehydrogenase, and NADH oxidase, whereas glucose increases cause suppression of succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome a and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase . Both phenomena are reflected in the specific oxygen uptake rate, specific carbon dioxide production rate and respiratory quotient values . Growth limitation could be related to a maximal glucose uptake rate of the cell and thus constitutes an entirely different effect caused by high glucose input concentration.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1976, 30(2-3), 341 - 8
{Constituents of food aromas}; Dubois P; A comprehensive review is given on the nature of the volatile compounds which participate to the aromas of foods . Its seems that light compounds, which are present in every food stuffs, give the fresh impression, and that more heavy components give the characteristic aromas . Although it is very important to consider that these volatile compounds have very different olfactory detection thresholds . The characteristic components of a food are often those which have very low detection thresholds and which are present at very low concentrations . The new analytical techniques have permitted the identification of more than two thousands compounds often present in minute amounts in foods (less than a gram per ton) . But the problem is now to correlate these analytical data with the olfactory impression of tasters . Some correlations have already been obtained when a specific flavor corresponds to a small number of components, as it is often the case for off-flavors . An other problem for the food technologist is the study of the origins of the more interesting components . Some examples are given on raw materials (fruits and vegetables) and on fermented or cooked foods.

Arch Geschwulstforsch, 1976, 46(5), 393 - 406
{In vitro culture of human tumours and individual antineoplastic drug sensivity (author's transl)}; Nissen E et al.; The paper summarizes preparations of cell suspensions (mechanical, fermentative, by chemical agents) and from explant cultures . Several techniques of cell and tissue culture and determination of cell damage are described . The use of these techniques and the evaluation for individual testing of antineoplastic drug sensitivity are discussed.

Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1976 Jan-Jun, 14(1), 1 - 21
{Use of chemical disinfectants in alcoholic fermentation of must of sugar cane molasses}; Brazzach ML et al.; The use of hexaclorophene as desinfectant for alcoholic fermentation was studied . Its effect upon alcoholic yield and acidity levels of "beers" and "spirit" was observed . The optimal concentration of hexaclorophene in fermentation broth was found to be 4%.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1976, 16(8), 573 - 86
{Fermentation of pyruvate by 7 species of phototrophic purple bacteria}; Gurgun V et al.; The dark, anaerobic fermentation of pyruvate under growth conditions was examined with the following species of phototrophic purple bacteria: Rhodospirillum rubrum strains Ha and S1, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa strain 2150, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain ATCC 17001, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains Kb1 and 6950, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023, and Chromatium vinosum strain D . Fermentation balances were established for all experiments . Under fermentative conditions cell protein and dry weight increased only slightly, if at all . The species differed considerably in their fermentative activity; R . rubrum and R . gelatinosa exhibited the highest rates (2-8 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h) . R . acidophila and R . capsulata showed an intermediate fermentation rate (0.4--2.0 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h), while the other strains tested fermented at quite low rates (0.2-0.4 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h) . The extremes of fermentation times were from 30-380 hours . Based on the products of fermentation which were formed in addition to acetate, formate, and CO2, the species can be grouped as follows: a) R . rubrum, R . gelatinosa, and R . sphaeroides additionally form propionate . b) R . gelatinosa, R . palustris, R . capsulata, R . sphaeroides, and C . vinosum additionally form lactate . R . palustris also produces butyrate . c) R . acidophila and R . capsulata additionally form much 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, and diacetyl . Small amounts of acetoin were formed by the rest of the strains . A comparison of the fermentation of pyruvate by normal and starved cells (4 days in the light without a carbon source) of R . rubrum and R . gelatinosa shows that the latter ferment more slowly and produce less acetate and formate, but more propionate or lactate . The fermentation of pyruvate by R . rubrum was also studied in cultures in which the pH fell (7.2--6.6) . Compared with the fermentation at neutral pH (7.3, 7.4), the following differences were found: a slower fermentation rate, an increased production of dry weight, an increased formation of propionate, but a reduced formation of acetate and a very low production of formate.

Proc R Soc Edinb {Nat Environ}, 1976, 75(3), 181 - 98
Rumen function in red deer, hill sheep and reindeer in the scottish highlands; Hobson PN et al.; Red deer, sheep and reindeer grazing on their normal hill ranges were examined at intervals over a period of four years . Samples from the digestive tract were taken at different seasons and processed in the field . The Red deer and reindeer were killed before samples were taken; rumen samples from the sheep were taken by stomach tube, but a number of animals were also killed at different seasons to correlate stomach tube and whole rumen samples . The animals sampled were representative of the general condition of the herds . Examinations were made for parasites and any pathological conditions . In most instances parasitic infections were slight . Apparent seasonal changes were found in the compositions of the diets . The Red deer and sheep ate principally heather and grass, the proportion of heather increasing in the winter . The reindeer ate mainly grass in the summer, with lichens and grass forming the winter diet, and these animals seemed to have a higher nutritional status in the winter than did the other two species . The weights of the animals and of their rumen contents, the concentrations of rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acid, and the rates at which different dietary components were fermented are recorded . Rumen fermentation was low in winter and the diets were generally inadequate for the animals . A lack of nitrogen seemed to be a major factor . Some data on caecal contents are also given.

Biochem Soc Symp, 1976, (41), 133 - 168
Facultative anaerobiosis in molluscs; de Zwaan A et al.; The glycolytic fermentation of molluscs is rather complex . Multiple end products accumulate (lactate, alanine, octopine, succinate, propionate, acetate and CO2), which are partly formed in the cytoplasm and partly in the mitochondrion . Various schemes have been presented to account for these end products as well as for the maintenance of the redox balance . With respect to the role of alanine there are two opinions: (1) alanine accumulation is continuous and is essential for the generation of the mitochondrial NADH required in the reduction of fumarate and (2) succinate and alanine (initial end products) accumulate in different compartments and their accumulation occurs independently . Both statements are evaluated in the light of the latest experimental observations including the regulatory properties at the phosphoenolpyruvate branchpoint and the effect of pH and 'energy charge' . For nervous tissue the function of oxygen can be replaced by the lipochrome pigment, which enables carbohydrates to be totally oxidized to CO2 and water . The simultaneous mobilization of carbohydrates and amino acids is not supported by the experimental data . Various advantages of the glycolytic fermentation in molluscs as compared with classical glycolysis in skeletal muscle are discussed.

Nahrung, 1976, 20(5), 489 - 93
{Significance of starter cultures for raw sausage aging in view of food and nutrition hygiene}; Liebetrau B et al.; The authors studied the effects of liquid starter cultures on the survival of pathogenic germs . It was found that the foreign bacteria tested differed in growth limitation which is obviously dependent on acidity and the amount of lactic acid produced by fermentation . Since the pathogenic bacteria differ in the ability to survive, it is imperative to observe strict hygienic measures in preparing starter cultures and to use absolutely sterile monocultures for raw sausage ageing.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Jan, 21(1), 23 - 6
{Criteria for evaluating calcium carbonate from the point of view of chlortetracycline biosynthesis}; Velvard L et al.; Calcium carbonate is added to fermentation media in biosynthesis of tetracyclines for providing definite pH values and binding tetracycline into insoluble complexes . Seven different samples were studied with respect to their physical properties, such as the microscopic size of the particles, their form, capacity for agglomeration, specific volume, rate of the particle precipitation and chemical properties, such as purity, buffer capacity, effect on the medium pH before and after sterilization . The above properties were studied in comparison with activity chlortetracycline biosynthesis . Microfine calcium carbonate proved to be the best from the point of view of productivity of Str . aureofaciens . With its use the activity of the culture fluid increased by 20 per cent as compared to the other samples . The titration curve of the sample had the lowest bend.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Jan, 59(1), 45 - 7
Qualitative and quantitative changes in carbohydrates during the manufacture of yogurt; Goodenough ER et al.; The average lactose content of yogurt mix was 8.50% and decreased during fermentation to 5.75% . The initial galactose content of the mix was a trace but increased to 1.20% during fermentation . Glucose content remained a trace throughout fermentation . Several brands of commercial yogurt were purchased from local supermarkets and analyzed for carbohydrate content . Lactose ranged from 3.31 to 4.74%, galactose varied from 1.48 to 2.50%, and glucose was only a trace in all samples . Several samples of buttermilk also exhibited the near absence of glucose.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jan, 125(1), 14 - 8
Microcalorimetric study of the anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli: growth thermograms in a synthetic medium; Belaich A et al.; A microcalorimetric technique was used for studying the growth of Escherichia coli during anaerobiosis . The growth thermograms obtained are complex and the shape of curves is dependent on the hydrogen lyase activity of the cells . Fermentation balances are given for different culture conditions, and simple growth thermograms are obtained when the hydrogen lyase activity is inhibitied.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Dec 31, 106(3), 245 - 9
{Mitomycin and a new phenoxazone pigment from Streptomyces michiganensis . Metabolic products of microorganisms (author's transl)}; Wolf G et al.; Streptomyces michiganensis strain Tu 1074, was isolated from a Tunesian soil sample and produces in liquid medium an antibiotic active pigment complex . Besides mitomycin A the separation of this complex yielded a nonactive phenoxazone, which hitherto has not been described in the literature . In contrary to all known phenoxazones from micro-organisms the new compound lacks a 2-amino-function . The production of this phenoxazone could be enhanced by optimizing the condtions of fermentation.

Arch Tierernahr, 1975 Dec, 25(9-10), 647 - 55
{Effect of different types of rations on various characteristics of ruminal and intermediary metabolism in sheep . 1 . Formation of volatile fatty acids}; Munchow H et al.; Studies on Ruminal Physiology were made with 15 growing female Merino sheep to investigate the influence of different types of rations on the fermentation of volatile fatty acids . The rations were constructed of green feed, straw and concentrates (type 1) or chemically treated straw pellets + concentrates (type 2) . One ration (type 3) consisted of concentrates only . With regard to the total concentration of acids ration 3 was significantly superior to the 2 other types of rations . Moreover, ration 3 produced a specific fermentation pattern of the volatile fatty acids . This was characterized by a significant reduction in the molar proportion of acetate compared with ration 1 and 2 and a significant increase in the level of propionic and valeric acid relative to ration 1 . Differences in the fermentation pattern between rations 1 and 2 were mainly limited to differences in the absolute and molar proportions of propionate where the straw pellet rations in each case produced the significant higher values . The acetate to propionate ratio was narrowed in the order of ration 1-3 (4.1 :1, 3.1:1, 2.6-2.9 :1) . Statistically wellestablished negative correlations were found to exist between the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and the pH values which were established simultaneously.

Steroids, 1975 Dec, 26(6), 697 - 706
Microbiological synthesis of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone; Graham RL et al.; 16Alpha, 18-Dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC) (1) and 1, 2-3H-16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC (1,2-3H-16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC) of high specific activity were obtained in good yield by microbiological hydroxylation of 18-OH-DOC and 1,2-3H-18-OH-DOC by Streptomyces roseochromogenus (ATCC 13400) . The identity of the fermentation product to human adrenal produced 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC was established by chromatographic studies, derivative formation and gas-liquid chromatography . Yield of the product was about 30% of sutstrate and, allowing for losses in recovery, about 60% of the substrate 18-OH-DOC was converted to this product . A second product of fermentation isolated in lower yield appeared to be a dimer of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC found in the acidic conditions of the fermentation . This method of synthesis of 16alpha, 18-dihydroxy-DOC is a practical way to make large quantities of the compound for further study of its possible role in human and experimental hypertension.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Dec, 124(3), 1046 - 51
Effect of growth conditions on the activation and inactivation of citrate lyase of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa; Giffhorn F et al.; Cells of Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa growing with citrate anaerobically in the light contained citrate lyase only in the acetylated, enzymatically active form of this enzyme . After exhaustion of citrate in the culture medium citrate lyase was deacetylated to yield the inactive sulfhydryl (HS) enzyme . Acetylation of HS-citrate lyase required light, anaerobic conditions and the availability of citrate as substrate . The acetylation reaction already in progress stopped immediately when the culture was placed in the dark . Deacetylation of citrate lyase occurred anaerobically in the light when citrate was exhausted and under aerobic conditions in the presence or absence of citrate . In cells of R . gelatinosa fermenting citrate in the dark neither the acetylating enzyme nor the deacetylating enzyme was active.

Gastroenterology, 1975 Dec, 69(6), 1254 - 64
Short chain fatty acids in rats with jejunal blind loops . I . Analysis of SCFA in small intestine, cecum, feces, and plasma; Prizont R et al.; The luminal and plasma levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), products of bacterial fermentation, were measured in rats with surgically produced, self-filling blind loops located in the proximal small intestine . High levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids were detected in the blind loop segment and in the distal small bowel, regions which in normal and sham-operated rats contain no SCFA . Isobutyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were also present . Feeding or fasting made little difference in the amount or composition of luminal SCFA . Although the amount of SCFA in each animal varied, the ratio of these acids was relatively constant . The ceca of the blind loop rats had relatively less acetic acid (48% of total SCFA) than did normal rats (64%) and proportionately more isobutryic, isovaleric, and valeric acids . The concentrations of SCFA increased in the feces of blind loop rats . The acetic acid concentration was 50% higher in blind loop rat feces; propionic, isobutryic, and isovaleric acids were elevated to a greater extent . The total output of most of the SCFA was also of acetic acid (137 +/- 32 mug per ml), the rest being isovaleric (5.2 +/- 2.6 mug per ml) and isobutyric (1.4 +/- 0.7 mug per ml) acids . Blind loop animals had nearly twice the concentration of acetic acid in the plasma (240 +/- 29 mug per ml) as normal animals, while the other acids were unchanged . The present study suggests that endogenous substances may be important substrates for the production of SCFA in the intestinal lumen . The high levels of SCFA in the small intestine and in feces and the substantial increase in the concentration of acetic acid in thvergrowth syndrome if the same relationships were found in man.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1975 Dec, 28(12), 1458 - 63
Effects of betel nut and fermented fish on the thiamin status of northeastern Thais; Vimokesant SL et al.; Thiamin deficiency could result either from inadequate intake of thiamin or consumption of food containing antithiamin factors . Dietary surveys conducted in northeastern Thailand indicated that both thiamin and caloric intake of subjects under studies were sufficient . In Thailand, correlation exists between the consumption of food containing antithiamin factors and the prevalence of thiamin deficiency . Betel nuts and raw fermented fish possess antithiamin activity . Abstention from both betel nut chewing and raw fermented fish consumption resulted in a significant reduction of thiamin pyrophosphate effect . The thiamin pyrophosphate effect again increased significantly when the subjects resume their chewing habits . Cooking of fermented fish destroyed thiaminase, resulted in a significant decrease of thiamin pyrophosphate effect of the subjects . Thiamin supplementation (10 mg/day) could further reduce their thiamin pyrophosphate effect . This amount of thiamin could counteract the effect of raw fermented fish consumption but was not sufficient to neutralize the effect of betel nut chewing.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Dec, 30(6), 916 - 21
Relationship of lactate dehydrogenase specificity and growth rate to lactate metabolism by Selenomonas ruminantium; High-temperature production of protein-enriched feed from cassava by fungi; A simple, nonaseptic, low-cast process for the conversion of cassava, a starchy tropical root crop, into microbial protein for use as animal feed was sought . Screening tests culminated in the isolation of a thermotolerant, amylase-producing mold, designated I-21, which was identified as Aspergillus fumigatus . The optimum pH for protein synthesis was 3-5, but the optimum temperature was less than the desired temperature (larger than or equal to 45 C) required for a nonaseptic fermentation . A . fumigatus I-21 and its asporogenous mutant I-21A grew equally well in a medium prepared from whole cassava roots with a mean protein doubling time at 45 C and pH 3.5 of 3.5 h . In batch culture, approximately 4% carbohydrate, supplied as whole cassava, could be feremented in 20 h, giving a final yield of 24 g of dry product, containing 36.9% crude protein, per liter . The conversion of carbohydrate used to crude protein was 22.1% . When determined as amino acids, the protein content of the product, which contained cassava bark and other unfermented residues, was 27.1% . With urea as the nitrogen source, no pH control was necessary . Preliminary data indicated that medium prepared from whole cassava roots was inhibitory to the mold unless the cassava pulp was heated to 70 C immediately after being ground . Heating to 70 C was required to gelatinize the starch and permit its complete utilization.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Dec, 17(12), 1839 - 45
Profiles for pH, temperature, and dissolved O2 levels in enzyme production: monitoring in small-scale fermentors; Peterson RE et al.; The profiles thus established may be utilized for investigations of an organism's relationship to its microenvironment including metabolic shifts and pathways . Areas of maximum respiratory activity, enzyme production, enzyme degradation, and attainment of the stationary phase are quite evident; however, duration and magnitude of the various phenomena may change with nutrient, temperature, and aeration efficiency . Practical application of this simplified method would include: a) determination of environmental conditions existing during maximum growth or enzyme synthesis and application of these conditions to feedback control; b) estimation of requirements for pH, oxygen, and heat removal capacities needed for scale-up; c) specific points during the fermentation at which samples should be analyzed to yield maximum information on depletion of nutrients and its effects on microbial activity.

J Biol Chem, 1975 Nov 25, 250(22), 8712 - 9
Escherichia coli enterotoxin . Purification and partial characterization; Dorner F; Enterotoxin, a diarrheagenic protein elaborated by pathogenic Escherichia coli strains has been isolated from the supernatant of fermenter cultures of E . coli strain P263, a porcine enteropathogen . Purification steps involving Bio-Gel agarose A-5m, Sephadex G-75 chromatography, and preparative isotachophoresis were used in the isolation . The resulting product appears to be pure according to immunoelectrophoretic, disc electrophoretic, ultracentrifugal, and immunologic criteria . The entertoxin has an apparent molecular weight of 102,000 as judged by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its isoelectric point is 6.90 . The isolated product is highly active in inducing experimental diarrhea in adult rabbits and piglets . It also elicits, in small dosage, a marked increase in adenylate cyclase activity in broken cell preparations of cat heart tissue . The enterotoxin activity is acid-labile and is destroyed by heating at 65 degrees for 30 min . It is suggested that the heat-stable enterotoxin material is derived from heat-labile enterotoxin by forming a complex with endotoxin or capsular material present in the culture supernatant.

FEBS Lett, 1975 Nov 15, 59(2), 263 - 7
Magnetic enzyme membranes as active elements of electrochemical sensors . Lactose, saccharose, maltose bienzyme electrodes; Cordonnier M et al.; The direct monitoring of sugars such as lactose, maltose, saccharose is not only useful at the applied point of view but also at the fundamental point of view for studying enzymology, especially in microbiology and fermentation . Benzyme systems were extensively used in solution for analytical applications in industry and medicine . The progress in the field of immobilization of bienzyme systems {1-3}, especially within membranes {4-5}, makes possible the production of new analytical devices . From the studies dealing with concentration profiles in artificial enzyme membranes {14}, evidence was obtained for a well defined relationship between the local concentration of a metabolite and concentration of the first substrate in the bulk solution . In the described systems a substrate is transformed into glucose within a membrane, the glucose is then transformed in gluconic acid with a local oxygen consumption . The local pO2 level is linked to the glucose oxidase velocity, which is only linked to the glucose production, that is to say to the concentration of the first substrate . The enzyme electrode is based on the transformation of kinetic phenomena (reaction rates) into absolute values (local concentrations) through the diffusion-reaction coupling process . The manufacture of magnetic enzyme electrodes {6} allows convenient use of the active sensors . The pO2 electrode has some adventages, namely the specificity based on the selectivity of the gas permeable membrane and the linear relationship between the oxygen and the output of the electrode . pCO2, pH, ion electrodes give a logarithmic response as a function of the concentration . The grafting of a multienzyme system on a sensor allows a study of sequential systems in a defined context with a measurement of the local concentration of the metabolites . The tool is useful for both kinetics {4} and regulation studies {5}.

FEBS Lett, 1975 Nov 15, 59(2), 258 - 62
Magnetic enzyme membranes as active elements of electrochemical sensors: specific amino acid enzyme elctrodes; Calvot C et al.; The basic principle of the described magnetic enzyme electrodes is a kinetic accumulation of CO2 at the active layer electrode interface . The local pCO2 level is linked to three simultaneous phenomena: substrate diffusion in, enzyme reaction CO2 diffusion out . After a transient state there is a stationary state between the quantity of CO2 produced by the enzyme reaction and the CO2 diffusing from the active membrane to the bulk solution . Continuous determination of free amino acids in biological media is useful in biological processing, fermentation, medicine, pharmaceutical industries and biological research . No methods are presently available for any specific continuous measurement of lysine which is of nutritional importance in protein industrial syntheses; of phenylalanine and tyrosine which have to be monitored in several inborn diseases (phenylketonuria being the most important of them); of arginine and histidine which play a still imperfectly understood part in neurochemistry . The use of decarboxylase bearing membranes as sensors in such measurements could offer several novel advantages: (a) a simple device made of a currently manufactured electrode slightly modified by the use of an enzyme membrane; (b) The absence of any enzymic consumption due to the immobilization and the negligible consumption of substrate during the measurements; (c) The sensitivity which can be sharpened by a systematic study of the membrane parameters; (d) the continuous response of the electrode as long as it is in contact with the substrate solution; (e) the further feasibility as a miniature sensor . The magnetic device introduced allows obviously a convenient use of the enzyme electrode, the active part can be removed and replaced without disturbance for the pCO2 electrode itself . The enzyme electrodes are not only useful at the applied point of view but also at the fundamental point of view by allowing a direct measurement of an intra membrane concentration . The influence of simple structures on enzyme kinetics was studied with enzyme electrodes by our group, in the case of memory and oscillations obtained with enzyme systems.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 30(5), 876 - 8
Fibrous material in feedlot waste fermented by Trichoderma viride; Kaneshiro T et al.; Trichoderma viride QM9123 fermented fiber isolated from feedlot waste at concentrations up to 16.7% solids . The fermented fiber solids decreased by 32%, and carbohydrate decreased by 60% . Cellulotyic enzyme production was better with fiber substrates that had been alkali pretreated and had a lower hemicellulose-to-cellulose ratio.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Nov, 20(11), 966 - 72
{Biosynthesis and the isolation of the new anthracyclin antibiotics, violamycins A, BI, BII and their aglycones}; Fleck W et al.; The conditions of fermentation, isolation and some of the physico-chemical properties of the new anthracycline antibiotics, i . e . viomycin A, BI, BII and their aglycones, produced by a strain of Streptomyces violaceus IMET JA 6844 are described . Violamycin A is mainly a complex of aminoglycosides of epsilon- and dzeta-isorhodomycinone, beta-rhodomycinone and (alpha)2-rhodomycinone . The sugar component is rhodosamine . Violomycin BI is mainly a complex of trisaccharides of the same aglycones mentioned above . The sugar components are rhodosamine, 2-desoxy-L-fucose and rhodinose . Violomycin BII is mainly a rhodosaminyl-2-desoxy-L-fucosyl-derivative of epsilon- and dzeta-isorhodomycinone, beta- and epsilon-rhodomycinone and (alpha)2-rhodomycinone . Violamycin complexes A, BI, BII mainly consist of 6 aglycone components which are similar to the other members of anthracyline antibiotics but can be diferentiated from them by physico-chemical and biological properties . Epsilon- and dzeta-isorhodomycinone, epsilon- and (alpha)2-rhodomycinone and dzeta-rhodomycinone one of the 8 minor components contained in the mixture of the aglycones of the violomycin complex so far has been determined as constituents of an antibiotic.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Nov-Dec, 44(6), 1046 - 50
{Yeast growth on solid natural oil}; Vol'fova O et al.; Two strains of the yeast Candida lipolytica with a specific response to n-alkanes could grow on a medium with paraffins only in the case of contact of the cells with the particles of hydrocarbons . A mixture of paraffins with a solidification point of 35 degrees C contained 41.6% of n-alkanes with the carbon chain from C8 to C36 . Assimilation of n-alkanes was studied along with the yeast growth in the course of fermentation . Penetration of the hydrocarbons into the yeast cells and the specificity of the substrates for both yeast strains are discussed.

J Exp Zool, 1975 Nov, 194(2), 439 - 48
Multienzymic nature of pyruvate kinase during development of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda); Carter CE et al.; H . diminuta at different stages of development contained as many as five pyruvate kinase isozymes . Four of these were unusually sensitive to allosteric activation by fructose-1,6-P2 . One isozyme which occurred only in adults or near-adults was insensitive but had a relatively low Km . All were inhibited by ATP and Ca2+, none by alanine, and the pH optimum was unaffected by fructose-1,6-P2 . The five isozymes were present in gravid or reproductively active proglottids . Two of them occurred after eight days growth in the rat intestine, and three after four days . These three were also present in the immature, anterior proglottids of adult parasites . Hexacanth larvae from gravid proglottids, as well as cysticercoids developing from these larvae in Tenebrio molitor, possessed only two isozymes . It was inferred from information on tissue concentrations of ADP, ATP, phosphoenolypyruvate (PEP) and on K0.5S and Km that competition between pyruvate kinase and PEP carboxykinase is probably controlled by fructose-1,6-P2 concentrations . Since H . diminuta is an obligatory fermenter in which gluconeogenesis is minimal, the probable function of its L-type pyruvate kinases is to control the specific composition of lactic, acetic and succinic acid mixtures that are excreted at different stages of development.

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Nov, 58(11), 1645 - 59
Efficiency of energy utilization by mixed rumen bacteria in continuous culture; Isaacson HR et al.; Mixed bacterial cultures derived from the rumen were grown in a remen fluid medium in a chemostat at three dilution rates (.02, .06, and .12 per h), each at four growth-limiting glucose concentrations (5.8, 9.9, 12.7, and 25.0 mM) . Microscopic observations indicated that a relatively complex mixture of bacterial species was maintained and proportions of fermentations products were similar to those of the rumen except for elevated proportions of methane and acetate . Cell concentration increased linearly with increases in glucose concentration . The range of glucose concentrations had little effect on yields of cells or products produced per mole of glucose fermented . With increases in dilution rates, the amount of butyrate and methane produced per mole of glucose fermented decreased and the amount of propionate increased . Yield glucose (grams cells produced per mole of glucose fermented) increased from 42 at a dilution rate of .02 to 84 at a dilution rate of .12 . These large increases are discussed in relationship to the energy requirements for maintenance of bacteria . A theoretical maximum yield glucose of 89.3 and a maintenance requirement of .26 mmol glucose per g cells per h were calculated . Moles of adenosine triphosphate produced per mole of glucose fermented and yield of cells produced per mole of adenosine triphosphate are discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 91(1), 150 - 6
Loss of cytochrome oxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by erythromycin and chloramphenicol; Stone AB et al.; There is a major reduction in respiratory competence, and inhibitionof growth, several hours after the addition of erythromycin or chloramphenicol to Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing in medium containing a non-fermentable carbon source . Spectrographic evidence is presented for a loss of cytochrome oxidase as a consequence of the antibiotic treatment . This loss is prevented by cyanide or oligomycin . When glucose is added, however, the loss occurs irrespective of the presence of the respiratory inhibitors . Cycloheximide does not affect respiratory competence or cause loss of cytochrome oxidase, and it prevents the loss elicited by erythromycin if both compounds are added together . However, if cycloheximide is added some time after the addition of erythromycin, it fails to block the response to the latter drug . The results cannot be accounted for on the basis of the segregation of a finite number of mitochondria into an increasing number of progeny cells but, rather, suggest that the mitochondria are modified during growth in chloramphenicol or erythromycin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Nov, 28(11), 854 - 9
Septamycin, a polyether antibiotic . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Keller-Juslen C et al.; Septamycin is a metal complexing polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 5678 . The metabolite, a monocarboxylic acid, was isolated as the sodium salt C48H81NaO16 . The crystal structure and absolute configuration were established by X-ray analysis of the p-bromophenacyl derivative . Septamycin has a thirty-carbon backbone and contains seven heterocyclic rings . Supported by direct comparison septamycin proved to be identical with antibiotic A28695 A isolated from Streptomyces albus NRRL 3883 . The metabolite is active against gram-positive bacteria and Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis).

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1975 Oct 27, 158(6), 351 - 60
{The biosynthesis of aroma compounds by microorganisms . I . Formation of N-acetyl-amines by saccharomyces cerevisiae}; Schreier P et al.; Only primary amines were transformed to secondary acetamides by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in anaerobic model fermentations . Secondary amines and L-amino acids don't form N-acetyl-amines . Maximal rates of acetylation were obtained with 2- and 3-methyl-butylamine as acceptors of the postulated aminacetylase-reaction . The rate of acetylation of 2-phenylethylamine amounted to 12%; n-heptyl- and n-octylamine were transformed only in traces . At the example of 2-methyl-butylamine the kinetics of the reaction and the influence of the pH-value, of different N-sources and different concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the rate of acetylation have been examined . The identification and the determination of the microbiologically formed volatile compounds have been realised by means of the gaschromatography, concerning the qualitative experiments under mass-spectrometrical control.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Oct 20, 405(2), 500 - 12
Multiple forms of mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Wiesenfeld M et al.; Three forms of NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase have been characterized in yeast by their heat sensitivity, their specificity and their electrophoretic patterns . Thermal stability increases in the following order: alcohol dehydrogenase I (fermentative enzyme), alcohol dehydrogenase II (oxidative enzyme), alcohol dehydrogenase III (mitochondrial enzyme) . Work with isolated mitochondria shows that alcohol dehydrogenase III is the only form of alcohol dehydrogenase present in these organelles . Starch gel electrophoresis of alcohol dehydrogenase III reveals an active zone of slow migration which consists of five sub-bands . The relative activity of these five sub-bands varies with the conditions of growth . Mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase represents never more than 10% of the total cellular alcohol dehydrogenase . Information for its biosynthesis seems to be located in nucleic DNA . The mitochondrial enzyme shows a high affinity for alcohols with a double bond conjugated to the alcohol function.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Oct, 90(2), 237 - 46
Molar growth yields, respiration and cytochrome patterns of Beneckea natriegens when grown at different medium dissolved-oxygen tensions; Linton JD et al.; The effect of medium dissolved-oxygen tension on the molar growth yield, respiration and cytochrome content of Beneckea natriegens in chemostat culture (D 0-37 H-1) was examined . The molar growth yield (Y), the specific rate of oxygen (qo2) and glucose consumption, and the specific rate of carbon dioxide evolution were independent of the dissolved-oxygen tension above a critical value (greatest than 2 mmHg) . However, the potential respiration rate increased with reduction in the dissolved-oxygen tension at values of the dissolved-oxygen tension well above the critical value . Changes in the cytochrome content occurred at dissolved-oxygen tensions well above the critical value . An increase in cytochrome c relative to cytochrome b was observed as the dissolved-oxygen tension was decreased . Reduction of the dissolved-oxygen tension to less than I mmHg caused a switch to fermentative metabolism shown by the apparent rise in YO2 and decrease in the molar growth yield from glucose . At this point the potential respiration rate (qO2) increased to its highest value, while the cytochrome pattern reverted to that observed at dissolved-oxygen tensions above 96 mmHg . There appeared to be no correlation between cytochrome content, potential qO2, in situ qO2, and cyanide sensitivity of the organism at various dissolved-oxygen tensions.

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Oct, 58(10), 1482 - 91
Fungal cellulase and hemicellulase prediction of forage digestibility; McQueen R et al.; An enzymatic procedure using Trichoderma viride carbohydrases, a fungal hemicellulase, and pepsin was developed to provide a laboratory method for predicting forage digestibility . The amount of forage dry matter solubilized by enzymes and incubation buffer was less than that in vivo or by in vitro fermentation by rumen microorganisms . Total forage dry matter solubilized by the enzymatic procedure was correlated (.92) with in vitro digestibility . Simple correlation coefficients between in vivo true digestibility of 18 forages and total dry matter solubilized by enzymes and buffer was .87; that soluble in the buffer only, .65; and that solubilized by the enzymes, .82 . Correlation coefficients with in vivo true digestible amount of cell-wall and protein were greater when the forage species were considered separately than when pooled together . With this restriction, the enzymatic procedure can be a useful method for predicting forage digestibility . Fermentations with rumen inoculum however, provided more accurate predictions of in vivo digestibility in a variety of forage species.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Oct, 28(10), 783 - 8
Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins . III . Production, isolation and structures of platenolides I and II; Furumai T et al.; Two neutral macrocyclic lactones designated platenolides I and II have been isolated as the major products from the fermentation broth of the blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp . malvinus . These two compounds were isolated by solvent extraction and purified by column chromatography . Both platenolides {PL-I: C20H32O6, PL-II: C20H34O6} are closely related to the platenomycin aglycone.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Oct, 28(10), 775 - 82
Studies on the biosynthesis of basic 16-membered macrolide antibiotics, platenomycins . II . Production isolation and structures of 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I and II, 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin and demycarosyl platenomycin; Furumai T et al.; Four basic glycosides have been isolated from the fermentation broth of the blocked mutants of Streptomyces platensis subsp . malvinus MCRL 0388 . These compounds isolated and purified by solvent extraction and column chromatography were identified as 3-O-propionyl-5-O-mycaminosyl platenolides I (PPL-I-MC) and II (PP-II-MC), 9-dehydro demycarosyl platenomycin (DDM-PLM) and demycarosyl platenomycin (DM-PLM).

J Nutr, 1975 Oct, 105(10), 1351 - 5
Free fatty acids identified as antitryptic factor in soybeans fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus; Wang HL et al.; The trypsin-inhibitory activity observed in cooked soybeans fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus (fungus used in tempeh fermentation) has been examined . The active compounds have now been isolated by ethanol extraction and thin-layer chromatography and have been identified as free fatty acids by infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography . Oleic, lineoleic, and linolenic acids are primarily responsible for the increased trypsin-inhibiting activity of cooked soybeans after fermentation . The free fatty acids are liberated from oil in the soybeans by fungal lipase, and they differ from other reported soybean trypsin inhibitors that are protein in nature . Free fatty acids have been previously reported to inhibit various enzymes, such as glycolytic, glyconeogenic, lipogenic, and also proteolytic . Their effect appears to be a nonspecific type of inhibition . Further studies are required to determine their physiological relevance, if any.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Oct, 20(10), 876 - 80
{Metabolites toxic for penicillin biosynthesis in P . chrysogenum fermentation}; Verkhovtseva TP et al.; Substances toxic for biosynthesis of penicillin accumulated in the medium at the end of the process during penicillin fermentation . Accumulation of such substances was associated with the mycelium autolysis . Addition of nutrient substances as soon as they are consumed prevented autolysis of the mycelium and accumulation of the toxic metabolites.

J Parasitol, 1975 Oct, 61(5), 808 - 14
Intestine of Ascaris: oxygen consumption, fermentation acids, and anaerobic synthesis of protein; Harpur RP et al.; The oxygen uptakes by pieces of gut from the porcine roundworm, Ascaris suum, under Po2 10 to 710 torr were from 0.6 to 3.0 mul/mg dry wt/hr (Qo2) . Increasing concentrations of tissue, 30 to 90 mg (dry wt/3 ml) decreased Qo2 in air from 1.9 to 1.1 and only technical grade catalase was found to relieve this inhibition . Conversely aerobic fermentation, judged by acid production, was directly proportional to the amount of tissue present: the acids from this fermentation were 2-methyl-butyric (1% of the total), succinic (8%), propionic (40%), and acetic (51%) . Glucose did not increase Qo2 but it doubled the incorporation of labeled carbon into protein from glycine-1-14C . Judged by this, protein synthesis proceeded at the same rate under low Po2 (0.01 torr) as under air.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Oct, 17(10), 1529 - 43
The response of a bioelectrochemical cell with Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolizing glucose under various fermentation conditions; Videla HA et al.; Working conditions of a biochemical fuel cell formed by an oxygen cathode and a platinum bioanode in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspension metabolizing glucose are described . The biocell response in terms of bioanode potential and current drainage under different fermentation conditions is reported . A kinetic equation relating the current, the number of microorganisms, and the substrate concentration is obtained . The bioanode potential corresponds to that of an oxygen concentration polarization cell.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Oct, 83(5), 463 - 70
Canine mycoplasmas: serological studies of type and reference strains, with a proposal for the new species, Mycoplasma opalescens; Rosendal S; The type and reference strains of all Mycoplasma species or "serogroups" presently known to occur in dogs were compared serologically . Tests of growth inhibition and metabolism inhibition as well as indirect immunofluorescence tests did not disclose any cross reactions . Examination by double immunodiffusion revealed at least one antigen specific for each strain tested . In addition, the common antigens were found within the glucose fermenting group and within the arginine metabolizing group of Mycoplasma strains, respectively . No antigens were shared by these groups . The arginine positive strain MH5408, serogroup D was found to differ serologically from all other arginine positive Mycoplasma species . Serogroup D is therefore a new species for which the name Mycoplasma opalescens is proposed . The type strain is MH5408 (ATCC 27921 and NTCC 10149) . Finally, serological data are presented which relate strain HRC689 to M . mycoides.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Sep 30, 105(1), 13 - 6
Experimental investigation of the bound dissipation function: change of the psi u-function during the growth of yeast; Schaarschmidt B et al.; By means of a microcalorimeter (direct calorimetry) and a Warburg-apparatus (indirect calorimetry) that part of the dissipation of a growing culture of yeast cells which remains irreversible in the cells is determined (psi u) . The course of the psi u-function with time correlates with the increase of the specific cell concentration being conditioned by the growth phase of the culture but similar for fermentative and respirative metabolism.

J Mol Evol, 1975 Sep 8, 5(4), 279 - 90
Mutagenic topography of the E . coli chromosome; van Brunt J et al.; The lactose fermenting genes in E . coli have been transposed to various chromosomal locations . The bacterial strains were mutagenized with different chemical mutagens and the frequency of Lac negative mutant colonies was measured as a function of lactose gene location in the chromosome . There appears to be a highly mutable location between 58-60 minutes on the E . coli map . This region does not appear to be correlated with the origin of DNA replication or with the terminus . The possible significance of this mutable region in the evolution of new bacterial genes is discussed.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1975 Sep, 80(9), 31 - 3
{Influence of high temperature on the enzyme activity of the small intestine in thyroidectomized rats}; Rakhimov K et al.; It was revealed in acute experiments that exposure to high temperature changed the invertase, dipeptidase, lipolytic and alkaline phosphatase activity of the small intestinal mucosa in rats . The direction of these changes and their degree differed in the thyroidectomized and sham-operated animals . It is suggested that the thyroid hormones took part in the reaction of the fermentative systems of the small intestine to the action of the thermal factor.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1975 Sep, 61(9), 1402 - 7
{An analysis of the mechanisms of depression of the blood's anticoagulating system}; Kudriashov BA et al.; On depression of the anticoagulating system's function due to a prolonged keeping of animals on aterogenic diet, a decrease in the speed of clearance of thrombin-J131 was observed in the blood flow, the absorption of non-fermentative dissolvents of unstabilized fibrin (the heparin complex compounds) is sharply reduced in the liver and lungs tissues, and the fatty dystrophy of the liver cells followed by appearance of vacuoles in cytoplasm and decrease of the RNA and total protein contents in the cells, was observed.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Sep-Oct, 44(5), 800 - 3
{Effect of ammonium on certain oxidoreductases of wine yeasts}; Velikodnaia VG et al.; The effect of ammonium ions on the activity of alcohol:NAD-, L-malate:NAD-, L-glutamate:NADP-oxidoreductases was studied in wine yeast during fermentation of wine wort containing 18% of sugar, and also after the biomass cultivated in the conditions of nitrogen deficiency had been transferred to media with various amounts of nitrogen and carbohydrates . Ammonium stimulated the activity of all these enzymes during fermentation and their activity in the biomass transferred to a medium with a low content of nutrient component; its effect was less pronounced on a complete medium.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Sep, 233(1), 80 - 92
Untraditional glucose fermenting actinomycetes as human pathogens . Part II: Rothia dentocariosa as a cause of abdominal actinomycosis and a pathogen for mice; Scharfen J; Rothia dentocariosa was proved as a primary pathogen for man in the case of abdominal infection of a 19 year old woman . Clinical findings were typical for actinomycosis and the patient was cured with penicillin following surgery . Actinomycotic granules were proved by direct microscopy in the pus and R . dentocariosa was recovered as a single pathogen according to the microscopy . Two morphologically distinct isolates recovered from primocultures were described . They were studied separately and finally they were recognized as physiologically identical varieties of a single organism . In addition, the two morphological varieties of R . dentocariosa were considered to represent a particular kind of variability of the A-N type . The isolated germ was found to be pathogen for mice . Intraperitoneal infections provoked multiple nodules formation which were grown into the internal organs of experimental animals . The nodules were encapsulated and tended to spread without regard to the natural tissue plan . They contained pus involving microgranules of viable germs . This first report of the natural human infection caused by R . dentocariosa is the precedent for the definite establishing of this aerobic glucose fermenting actinomycete amidst the untraditional potential pathogens of human actinomycosis.

Arthritis Rheum, 1975 Sep-Oct, 18(5), 435 - 41
Studies on the infectious etiology of human rheumatoid arthritis . II . Search for humoral and cell-bound antibodies against mycoplasmal antigens; Cole BC et al.; A total of 29 rheumatoid patients and 19 nonrheumatoid patients were tested for evidence of present or past infection by M pneumoniae, M hominis, M fermentans, M arthritidis, M pulmonis, and M hyorhinis . The techniques of lymphocye transformation, metabolic-inhibiting antibody test, and mycoplasmcidal antibody test indicated no significant difference in the response of rheumatoid as opposed to nonrheumatoid patients.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Sep, 17(9), 1301 - 12
A model for diauxic growth; Van Dedem G et al.; A model is developed to predict batch and continuous culture behavior of fermentations on two different carbon and energy sources . The basic assumption of the model is that the permease for the favored substrate is constitutive, whereas the premease for the second substrate is subject to induction and catabolite repression . Simulations of the model show features of diauxic growth described in the literature.

Am J Vet Res, 1975 Sep, 36(9), 1349 - 52
Ruminal and plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole associated with tryptophan-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle; Yokoyama MT et al.; Five Hereford cows were given an intraruminal dose of L-tryptophan (0.35 g/kg of body weight), and 2 cows were used as controls . Of the 5 treated cows, 3 developed clinical signs of interstitial pul monary edema, and emphysema and severe pulmonary lesions were seen at necropsy after 96 hours . Another cow developed moderate clinical signs and pulmonary lesions, and the remaining cow had few clinical signs and mild pulmonary lesions . The severity of clinical signs in each cow was related to the severity of pulmonary lesions at necropsy . The 3-methylindole (3MI) was present in ruminal fluid and plasma within 6 hours after administration of tryptophan, and the concentrations increased to 3.0 and 9.0 mug/ml within 12 to 24 hours . Severity of pulmonary lesions was related to maximal concentration and duration of 3MI in the plasma . At necropsy, gross lesions were characterized by diffuse, pulmonary edema and interstital emphysema; and the lungs were dark red, firm, and heavier than normal . Predominant microscopic changes included accumulation of proteinaceous residue, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar lining epithelium, thickening of alveolar septums, and emphysematous thickening of interstitial tissues . These changes were similar to previously reported 3MI-induced pulmonary lesions . The presence of 3MI in ruminal fluid and plasma after administration of tryptophan and the relationship between concentration of 3MI and severity of clinical signs indicate that 3MI is the principal metabolite of ruminal fermentation which leads to the development of acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle given tryptophan.

Am J Vet Res, 1975 Sep, 36(9), 1341 - 7
Pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle after intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole; Carlson JR et al.; Intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) caused interstitial pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle . In 3 adult heifers given the intraruminal dose of 0.2 g of 3 MI per kilogram of body weight, clinical signs of respiratory disease appeared between 6 and 12 hours after dosing, and death due to pulmonary edema and emphysema occurred at 33, 69, and 72 hours . The mean plasma concentration of 3MI became maximal (18.5 mug/ml) at 3 hours and then decreased to low concentrations by 48 hours . In 2 heifers given an intraruminal dose of 0.1 g of 3MI/kg, clinical signs developed, but they did not die during the 96-hour experiment . The mean plasma concentration of 3 MI became maximal (16.8 mug/ml) at 3 hours and decreased to 1.6 and 0.4 mug/ml at 12 and 36 hours, respectively . At necropsy of the heifers, the lung were large, firm, dark red, and heavier than normal . Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant change in cattle which died early, and interstitial emphysema was more severe at later stages of the disease . During the early stages, alveoli were overdistended, and a few more ruptured . Most alveolar spaces were filled with proteinaceous residue, but the alveolar septums were smooth and of normal thickness . At later stages, proliferation of alveolar cells was observed, and alveolar septums were thickened . In 3 cows given 0.06 g of 3MI/kg by jugular infusion, clinical signs appeared in all cows, and 1 cow died of pulmonary edema and emphysema 56 hours after the infusion was started . Severe pulmonary lesions seen in all of the cows given a 3MI infusion were similar to those in the cows given an intraruminal dose of 3MI . The mean plasma concentration of 3MI increased to 10.7 mug/ml at 9 hours after starting the infusion and decreased to 0.5 mug/ml at 18 hours . The results indicate that 3MI, a product of ruminal tryptophan fermentation, can cause pulmonary edema and interstitial emphysema in cattle and support the hypothesis that 3MI is the causative agent in tryptophan-induced pulmonary disease.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Sep, 17(9), 1291 - 9
Cellulase and protein production from mixed cultures of Trichoderma viride and a yeast; Peitersen N; Fermentations with mixed cultures of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Candida utilis were examined . The fermentations were carried out in an aerated 5 liter fermentor with NaOH treated barley straw as the cellulose source (2-4%) . Yeast was inoculated 24-32 hr after the fungus and the growth of the two organisms was followed through the production of CO2 and cell protein . In comparison with fermentations with T . viride alone, the production time for maximum yields of cellulases and cell protein was reduced by several days, depending on the straw concentrations . The protein content of the growth product was 21-22% and the amino acid composition of the product resembled that of T . viride alone.

Vopr Pitan, 1975 Sep-Oct, (5), 24 - 7
{Activity of phosphofructokinase in some organs of guinea pigs with different ascorbic acid levels}; Shevchenko VI; Changes of the phosphofructokinase (PFK; KF.2.7.I.II) activity in the skeletal and heart muscle, in the liver and skin of guinea pigs with different ascorbic acid allowances of their organism were studied . In animals receiving physiological and high vitamin "C" doses no changes in the activity of the tissues under study were observed . In cases of acute C-hypovitaminosis the activity of the enzyme in the skin fell by 26 per cent, in scurvy it declined in the liver by 28 per cent and in the skin -- by 46 per cent . In these conditions the PFK activity in the skeletal and heart muscles remained invariable . In one group of the animals chronic latent C-hypovitaminosis was simulated it attended by a diminishing fermentative activity in the heart by 24 and in the skin -- by 20 per cent . No changed activity in the liver was revealed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Aug, 232(4), 512 - 20
{On the theory of the growth of germs as function of time and concentration (author's transl)}; Meyer R; The experimental harvest of germs is proportional to the amount of the minimal substrate . We formulate, therefore, the growth of germs as function of the employment of complete nutrient mediae containing all substrates required between two divisions . This conception may also be used for the function of time of the growth curve even beyond the log phase and allows a hard-and-fast rule for the region of nutritional deficiency . Our growth rates estimated as function of the concentration deviates from those established by Monod . This deviation can experimentally not be determined as the values of both estimations are in the experimental margin of tolerance . In contract to Monod's ferment conception implicating a growth of germs up to an unlimited dilution of nutrient mediae, our conception can more be recommended because of the defined beginning of growth.

Comput Programs Biomed, 1975 Aug, 4(4), 209 - 13
Iterative computation of metabolic flux and stoichiometric parameters for alternate pathways in rumen fermentation; Koong LJ et al.; A model is presented which has been derived to compute the end-products of rumen fermentation from knowledge of the input of feedstuff . The model comprises a set of algebraic equations for the fermentation of each of the following feedstuff components: soluble sugars, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and protein . The equations were derived from known biochemical stoichiometric relationships . A iterative, non-linear least sqares method (steepest descent) was used to estimate parameter values . In a sample run the inputs used were from an experiment where eight sheep were fed white clover . The model predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Aug, 28(8), 573 - 9
Biotransformation, a new approach to aminoglycoside biosynthesis . I . Sisomicin; Testa RT et al.; Utilizing a mutant of Micromonospora inyoensis which requires the addition of 2-deoxystreptamine for sisomicin production, the bioconversion of 2-deoxstreptamine containing pseudodisaccharides and pseudotrisaccharides into sisomicin was demonstrated . The trisaccharides tested were structurally related minor components found in the sisomicin or gentamicin fermentations . Based upon the specificity of the structural configuration of those compounds which were converted to sisomicin versus those which were not, a pathway for the biosynthesis of sisomicin is proposed.

Infect Immun, 1975 Aug, 12(2), 233 - 9
Levels of lysosomal enzymes in tissues of mice infected with Mycoplasma fermentans; Gabridge MG et al.; The effects of a toxic dose of Mycoplasma fermentans on levels of lysosomal enzymes in mice were examined . Washed cell suspensions (approximately 10(10) colony-forming units) of a recent isolate of M . fermentans were injected intraperitoneally into 3- to 4-week-old BALB mice, and levels of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were monitored in liver, spleen, thymus, and serum . Levels of acid phosphatase remained essentially normal, but levels of beta-glucuronidase were markedly evevated in serum and to a lesser extent in liver and thymus . The peak response of serum beta-glucuronidase was noted at 8 h postinjection, with a level of 30 mug of phenolphthalein released per ml per h, representing a six-fold increase over control levels . Pretreatment with BCG did not potentiate the effect as it did with endotoxin . The implication of this increased lysosomal enzyme activity in "lethal toxicity" is that that the increase may be secondary to some other cytotoxic event, or that the affinity of mycoplasmas for biological membranes may be involved . The data suggest that the role of lysosomal enzymes in other models of mycoplasma-induced disease should be evaluated.

J Exp Med, 1975 Aug 1, 142(2), 378 - 90
Growth properties and alloantigenic expression of murine lymphoblastoid cell lines; Zwerner RK et al.; Murine lymphoblastoid cell lines were evaluated for their expression of Thy-1 and thymus leukemia (TL) differentiation alloantigens . Two culture conditions were shown to affect this expression . Cells grown in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-enriched medium expressed up to 15 times the amount of TL as cells grown in horse serum (HS)-enriched medium . Thy-1 expression was less affected by the type of serum used for culture . The phase of growth when the cells were harvested, was demonstrated to affect the expression of Thy-1 . The expression of Thy-1.2 for one cell line examined, L-251A, during logarithmic growth was threefold greater than cells collected during either lag or stationary growth . When culture conditions were standardized a ranking of the amount of Thy-1 and TL expressed by several cell lines was made . All cell lines, except one, L-1210, expressed Thy-1 . There was a 450-fold difference in the expression of Thy-1 between the cell lines evaluated . Seven cell lines expressed TL-1,2,3 with a ninefold difference in the amount of expression . The L-251A cell line was cultured in a 14 liter fermentor for a 26 day period . During this time TL and Thy-1 expression did not vary significantly, demonstrating that lymphoblastoid cell lines can be cultured on a continuous basis and will continue to express their surface alloantigens.

Eur J Biochem, 1975 Aug 1, 56(1), 205 - 13
Enzymic synthesis of an aromatic ring from acetate units . Partial purification and some properties of flavanone synthase from cell-suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense; Kreuzaler F et al.; Flavanone synthase was isolated and purified about 300-fold from fermenter-grown, light-induced cell suspension cultures of Petroselinum hortense . The enzyme catalyzed the formation of the flavanone naringenin from p-coumaroyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA . Trapping experiments with an enzyme preparation, which was free of chalcone isomerase activity, revealed that in fact the flavanone and not the isomeric chalcone was the immediate product of the synthase reaction . Thus the enzyme is not a chalcone synthase as previously assumed . No coafactors were required for flavanone synthase activity . The enzyme was strongly inhibited by the two reaction products naringenin and CoASH, by the antibiotic cerulenin, by acetyl-CoA, and by several compounds reacting with sulfhydryl groups . Optimal enzyme activity was found at pH 8.0, at 30 degrees C, and at an ionic strength of 0.1--0.3 M potassium phosphate . EDTA, Mg2+, Ca2+, or Fe2+ at concentrations of about 0.7 muM did not affect the enzyme activity . Apparent molecular weights of approx . 120 000, 50 000, and 70 000, respectively, were determined for flavanone synthase and two metabolically related enzymes, chalcone isomerase and malonyl-CoA: flavonoid glycoside malonyl transferase . The partially purified flavanone synthase efficiently catalyzed the formation of malonyl pantetheine from malonyl-CoA and pantetheine . This malonyl transferase activity, and a general similarity with the condensation steps involved in the mechanisms of fatty acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid synthesis from "acetate units", are the basis for a hypothetical scheme which is proposed for the sequence of reactions catalyzed by the multifunctional flavanone synthase.

J Pharm Sci, 1975 Aug, 64(8), 1401 - 3
Colorimetric determination of peptide antibiotics: in-process assay of cyclic octapeptidic antibiotics in fermentation broths; Ivashkiv E; A spectrophotometric method is presented for monitoring the biosynthesis of a new complex of cyclic octapeptidic antibiotics in fermentation broths . The method is based on the extraction of antibiotic from alkaline broth with butanol . An ion-pair, formed between the octapeptides and bromthymol blue, is extracted into chloroform from a solution buffered to pH 7.5 . The absorbance of the colored solution is measured at 420 nm . Results are in good agreement with those obtained by microbiological assay . The method is also applicable to other peptidic antibiotics such as polymyxin B and gramicidin.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Aug, 17(8), 1199 - 210
The effect of acid pH on the growth kinetics of Trichoderma viride; Brown DE et al.; Batch cultures of Trichoderma viride have been carried out in a 10 liter stirred fermenter a controlled pH values of 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, and 4.0 and without pH control at a temperature of 28 degrees C . Cell and glucose concentrations and dissolved oxygen values are reported . The yield coefficient was found to be constant at 0.40 kg cells/kg glucose and the maximum specific growth rate was linearly correlated with the hydrogen ion concentration.

Biochemistry, 1975 Jul 15, 14(14), 3138 - 43
Biosynthesis of flaviolin and 5,8-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; McGovern EP et al.; Tracer experiments indicate a polyketide origin for the production of flaviolin (2,5,7-trihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) by Aspergillus niger and 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin (5,8-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) by Streptomyces no . 12396 . With the Streptomycete, a "solid state fermentation" technology was used for the incorporation studies . Radioactivity from shikimic acid was effectively incorporated into flaviolin; this conversion, however, proceeded by way of acetic acid . The latter stages of biosynthesis of 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin by the Streptomycete were shown to be as follows: flaviolin leads to mompain leads to 2,7-dimethoxynaphthazarin.

Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1975 Jul-Sep, 19(3), 161 - 3
Effect of fermented (butter milk) food on fibrinolytic activity; Dabholkar NA et al.; Effect of one day fermented milk (butter milk) was studied in 18 medical students between 18 to 20 years of age . Results showed that there is a significant decrease in fibrinolytic activity two hours after giving butter milk and the effect persists even at the end of six hours.

Arch Tierernahr, 1975 Jul, 25(5), 365 - 77
{Studies on the various sugar-urea and sugar-starch-urea relationships with reference to the fermentation in the rumen and the digestibility of nutrients in fattening cattle}; Sommer A et al.; Recommendations are given saying that sugar-to-crude fibre rations of not more than 1.7:1 and sugar-to-urea ratios of 12:1 should be used in the fattening of cattle fed urea-supplemented rations of roughages in which 40% to 50% of the crude protein content of the ration had been replaced by urea . The amount of sugar per kg live-weight should not exceed 4 g . Higher quantities reduce the digestibility of crude fibre and, additionally, decrease the NH3 level and the pH in the rumen . At the same time the amount of volatile fatty acids is increased while the content of ruminal acetic acid decreases . Variations in the sugar-to-starch ratio had no statistically significant influence on the nitrogen balance whereas it was found that increasing quantities of sugar significantly decreased the digestibility of crude fibre . The proportional content of sugar in the readily metabolisable carbohydrates contained in the ration should not exceed 20% to 50%.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 2(1), 21 - 34
Rapid methods for identification of yeasts; Huppert M et al.; Opportunistic infections by yeasts have been implicated as one of the major causes of complications in the compromised patient . Rapid recognition and identification of these yeasts is essential for patient management, but conventional liquid medium methods for completing identification tests are cumbersome and time consuming . Rapid tests have been devised based on modifications of methods commonly used in bacteriology . These rapid methods included tests for carbohydrate and nitrate assimilation, fermentation, and urease production . These were compared with several current methods for accuracy of results, for time to final identification, and for economy of time and reagents . In addition, the usual tests for pseudogerm tube formation, for production of hyphae or pseudohyphae, and for growth temperatures were included . The rapid tests achieved 96% or better accuracy compared with expected results, and 46 species of yeasts were identified in 1 to 2 days compared with the 10 to 14 days required by conventional liquid culture methods.

Farmakol Toksikol, 1975 Jul-Aug, 38(4), 441 - 4
{Influence of low doses of a heparin-urea complex on the aggregation of thrombocytes and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in intravenous infusion and in in vitro experiments}; Kudriashov BA et al.; An addition in in vitro experiments of a heparin-urea (HU) complex to a thrombocyte rich plasma completely blocked the onset of the thrombocytes aggregation, induced by thrombin, and reduced the degree of aggregation caused by adenosine-diphosphate . An intravenous administration of a 0.01% HU complex solution to rats 5 minutes after injection also blocked the thrombocytes aggregation induced by thrombin . The effect of the HU complex on the thromocytes aggregation proceeded against the background of a significantly delayed blood clotting time and an activation of of a fermentative and non-fermentative fibrinolysis, emerging after introduction of the heparin-urea complex.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 308 - 17
Untraditional glucose fermenting actinomycetes as human pathogens . Part I: Actinomyces naselundii as a cause of abdominal actinomycosis; Scharfen J; Actinomyces naeslundii was proved as a primary pathogen in the case of a fulminant abdominal infection of a 74 aged woman . The preliminary diagnosis of actinomycosis based on direct microscopical findings of microgranules in the pus was confirmed by the results of cultivation and casuistry in addition . The case was of a typical course for actinomycosis and penicillin following surgery was of life saving effect for the patient who was dismissed asymptomatic after 55 days of hospitalization . Actinomycotic microgranules were demonstrated in the pus from the natural infection and from experimentally infected mice and the causative agent Actinomyces naeslundii TR 91/67 was defined . Nevertheless it was concluded that the judgment of the pathogenicity of Actinomyces naeslundii and of the other members of the heterogenous group of etiological agents of human actinomycosis still remains a matter of delicacy in any actual case of their isolation . In practice however, the presumption of actinomycotic etiology of an actual infection may be supported in retrospect by the dramatical effect of penicillin without regard to the presence of concomitant microflora not necessarily sensitive to penicillin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Jul, 28(7), 503 - 7
Isolation and characterization of mannopeptins, new antibiotics; Hayashi T et al.; New antibiotics, mannopeptins A and B, were isolated from the fermented broth of Streptomyces platensis strain FS-351 . Ferrous ion is essential for the antibiotic production, since no productivity was noted with media containing less than 0.11 mM ferrous ion and maximum production was achieved at a concentration of 1.8 mM . The antibiotics are basic glycopeptides with relatively high molecular weight and are similar to ristocetin and vancomycin but can be differentiated from them in view of their chemical composition and chromatographic behavior . The antibiotics were named mannopeptin after the glycopeptide containing mannose.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 21(7), 984 - 8
Nitrogenase in synchronized Azotobacter vinelandii OP; Kurz WG et al.; Azotobacter vinelandii OP was synchronized by the continuous phased culture technique . The nitrogenase (nitrogen:(acceptor)oxidoreductase)(EC 1.7.99.2) activity of the culture was determined continuously within the fermentor by acetylene reduction . Addition of NH4+ in excess of 5 x 10(-3)M to the culture lowered nitrogenase activity immediately . Other sources of fixed nitrogen had no immediate effect on nitrogenase activity, but nitrogenase synthesis decreased in the cell cycle following the one in which the fixed nitrogen was added.

Br J Nutr, 1975 Jul, 34(1), 125 - 39
The influence of food intake on portal blood flow and heat production in the digestive tract of sheep; Webster AJ et al.; 1 . Measurements were made of portal blood flow, heat production and oxygen consumption in the digestive tract of sheep either fasted or given the following diets: chopped, dried grass, pelleted, dried grass; chopped, dried lucerne; pelleted, dried lucerne, or a pelleted barley diet . 2 . For sheep that had been fasted for 48 h, portal blood flow was 1.84 l/min, total visceral heat production was 62.3 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 per 24 h and aerobic heat production, estimated from oxygen consumption, was 62.1 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 per 24 h . 3 . Portal blood flow was markedly influenced by food intake, increasing from 1.8 l/min for starved sheep to 2.4 and 4 l/min for sheep feed at maintenance and 2.5 times maintenance levels of intake respectively . Variations in the quality and physical form of the diets had no apparent effect on portal blood flow . 4 . There was a curvilinear relationship between total heat production in the gut and metabolizable energy (ME) intake . The increase obtained for levels of intake below maintenance was greatest with lucerne diets, and least with pelleted, dried grass or pelleted barley diets . Above maintenance levels of intake the rate of increase in heat production, with all diets, was about 150 kJ/MJ ME intake . 5 . The heat of fermentation, estimated from the difference between total visceral metabolism and the aerobic metabolism of the tissues of the gut wall, was 76, 60 and 22 kJ/MJ digestible energy intake for the dried grass, lucerne and barley diets respectively . 6 . The contribution of fermentation heat and the aerobic metabolism of the gut to the total heat increment of feeding in sheep was assessed . It was concluded that about half the heat increment must be derived from tissues outside the digestive tract.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 30(1), 4 - 9
Production of trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium species in shake culture; Ueno Y et al.; Twelve T-2 toxin-producing isolates and four fusarenon-X-producing isolates of Fusarium species were examined for their ability to produce trichothecene mycotoxins in shake culture and jar fermentation . T-2 toxin producers such as Fusarium solani, F . sporotrichiodes, and F . tricinctum produced T-2 toxin and neosolaniol in semisynthetic medium . F . solani M-1-1 produced the largest amount of the mycotoxins in a nutrient medium consisting of 5% glucose (or sucrose), 0.1% peptone, and 0.1% yeast extract in either shake culture or jar fermentation at 24 to 27 C for 5 days . None of the isolates produced significant amount of fusarenon-X in shake cultures.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Jul, 123(1), 294 - 301
Phospholipid composition and cardiolipin synthesis in fermentative and nonfermentative marine bacteria; Diervo AJ et al.; Twenty biochemically distinct isolates of marine bacteria, comprising a collection of gram-negative, motile, straight and curved rod-shaped organisms, were separated into fermentative and nonfermentative groups . The isolates were analyzed fro phospholipid composition and the activities of the enzymes, cardiolipin synthetase, and a phosphilipase were determined . The phospholipid compositions of all isolates were generally similar . Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major phospholipid classes detected . The absence of cardiolipin in most of the nonfermentative isolates was the most striking observation noted . This was verified chromatographically and by the absence of cardiolipin synthetase activity . In isolates which had cardiolipin, it apparently was synthesized by the condensation of two molecules of phosphatidylglycerol, a mechanism similar to that observed in terrestrial bacteria . Possible correlations between the presence of cardiolipin and Mg-2+ requirements for growth are discussed.

Jikken Dobutsu, 1975 Jul, 24(3), 95 - 101
{Characterization of Mycoplasms isolated from imported nonhuman primates (author's transl)}; Koshimizu K et al.; Mycoplasms were isolated from 35 (16%) of 215 specimens collected from 20 crab-eating monkeys (Macaca irus), 9 green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and from 9 common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciurea) . All these animals had been imported from South-East Asia, Africa and South America being apparently healthy . A total of 38 large and 20 small colony-mycoplasma strains were isolated from the nasal and oral cavity, urethra, vagina and rectal feces . The large colony-mycoplasmas could be differentiated into 5 groups on the basis of their biological and serological characteristics . Six and 7 of them were identified as M . orale 2 and M . salivarium, respectively . Twenty strains were clearly distinguished not only from M . orale 2 and M . salivarium, but also from such arginase positive species as M . orale 1, M . fermentans, M . hominis, M . arthritidis, M . maculosum and M . gateae . These were divided into 2 groups, comprising 9 and 11 strains, respectively, by growth inhibition as well as various biological tests . The remaining 5 strains were not identified serologically . The small colony-mycoplasmas were found to be urease-positive and appeared to be T-mycoplasmas, while not examined serologically.

Acta Virol, 1975 Jul, 19(4), 311 - 7
Streptovirudins -- new antibiotics with antiviral activity . The antiviral spectrum and inhibition of Newcastle disease virus in cell cultures; Tonew E et al.; Streptovirudins are new antibiotics isolated as a mixture of several structurally related compounds from fermentations of Streptomyces griseoflavus (Krainsky) Waksman et Henrici var . thuringensis JA 10124 . They possess antiviral activity against RNA and DNA viruses cultivated in chick embryo cells, namely Sindbis, fowl plague, Newcastle disease (NDV), pseudorabies, vaccinia and sheep abortion viruses . The naturally formed streptovirudin complex, in concentrations of 20-2.5 mug/ml inhibited the viral cytopathic effect and caused 100 percent plaque reduction . Mengo, Coxsackie B1-B5, ECHO 30 and 33, and polio (wild and attenuated types 1, 2, and 3) viruses grown in FL cells were not sensitive in the agar-diffusion plaque-inhibition test . The antibiotics failed to show a direct virucidal effect on the NDV virion itself or to influence virus adsorption and penetration processes . Addition of streptovirudin complex during a one-step growth cycle of NDV from 0-4 hours after virus adsorption resulted in complete suppression of virus yield . The antibiotic complex consists of two main groups: I - A1, B1, C1, D1, E1 and II - A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, each of which possess antiviral activity.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Jun 20, 104(1), 57 - 65
Lactate dehydrogenases in cyanobacteria; Sanchez JJ et al.; NAD-linked lactate dehydrogenases specific for the D- and L-lactate have been demonstrated in a number of strains of unicellular cyanobacteria . The D-lactate dehydrogenase of one strain (Synechococcus 6716) was partially purified and its properties were studied . The enzyme has a molecular weight of ca . 115000-120000, is highly specific, autooxidizable, and susceptible to inhibition by iodoacetamide, oxamate and ATP . The possible physiological functions of the enzyme in the metabolism of the organism were investigated . D-lactate carbon was incorporated in cell material during photosynthetic growth with CO2, but lactate was not used as sole source for carbon for photosynthetic or chemosynthetic development . D-lactate and pyruvate were oxidized aerobically in the dark by resting cell suspensions with the assimilation mainly of the C2 and the C3 carbon atoms . In the oxidation of lactate, acetate was excreted into the medium . No fermentation of glucose was found, but a small amount of D-lactate was detected as a product of endogenous dark metabolism of the cell . All enzymes required for the production of lactate from glucose and from glycogen were found in exponentially growing cells, but the activity of some key enzymes was low or undetectable in old cultures.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Jun 13, 117(24), 1037 - 40
{Symbiosis and antibiosis of mycoplasma and bacteria (author's transl)}; Metz H et al.; The typical colony formations of mycoplasma are strongly influenced by reduced amounts of serum in the agar . The interactions between different types of mycoplasma and bacteria were investigated on antibiotic-free mycoplasma agar . The behavior of the strains of bacteria tested shows distinct differences against M . hominis in comparison with M . fermentans, M . arthritidis and Acholaplasma Pg 8.

Gastroenterology, 1975 Jun, 68(6), 1445 - 8
Factors affecting the concentration of combustible gases in the colon during colonoscopy; Bond JH Jr et al.; The colonic concentrations of the combustible gases, H2 and CH4, were well below hazardous levels in 60 consecutive patients at the time of colonoscopy . Independent analysis of the effect of a low residue liquid diet, a 12-hr fast, and bowel cleansing on the pulmonary excretion of these gases suggest that the low colonic concentrations encountered were largely the result of our patient preparation procedure . Both ingestion of the liquid diet and fasting decreased the pulmonary excretion of H2 markedly but caused only a slight fall in CH4 excretion . Thus H2, but not CH4, production appears to depend on the delivery to the colonic bacteria of exogenous fermentable substrate . Bulk removal of bacteria from the colon resulted in about a 10-fold reduction in the excretion of both gases . The results of these studies do not support the need for routine CO2 insufflation prior to colonoscopic electrosurgical polypectomy.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Jun, 20(7), 596 - 600
{Effect of the degree of dilution of the antibiotic fermentation broths on the filtration indices}; L'in'kova OS et al.; Dilution of the fermentation broths with water before the mycelium separation lowered the specific cake resistance . The effect of the dilution on the filtration duration was different and depended on the fermentation broth type . As for the erythromycin fermentation broth, the time of its filtration decreased after the dilution, while the filtration time of the fermentation broths of the other 2 antibiotic-producing organisms increased after the dilution.

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1975 Jun, 14(2), 125 - 32
{Proteins from hydrocarbon fermentation}; Champagnat A; The research work for the culture of yeasts on hydrocarbon substrates has started in 1959 at the research laboratory of Lavera in France, under Champagnat as leader . Its result is the construction and exploitation of 2 industrial plants in France and England, and a new big one is being built in Italy . The paper describes the various hydrocarbon substrates in use or proposed, and the two BP processes . It gives the main characteristics of the yeasts produced . It emphasizes the methods used for the evaluation of the yeasts both toxicologically and nutritionally by independent organizations of international level . A number of tables are given upon the nutritional performances of the yeasts on farm animals . Authorizations of use have been obtained from the hygiene authorities of the main European countries . The use for human consumption is now being considered.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 29(6), 739 - 44
Comparison of the survival and metabolic activity of psychrophilic and mesophilic yeasts subjected to freeze-thaw stress; Meyer ED et al.; A mesophilic yeast, Candida utilis, and a psychrophilic yeast, Leucosporidium stokesii, were subjected to freeze-thaw cycling over the range 25 to -60 C . Viability after freeze-thaw stress was directly correlated with the rate of cooling and the physiological age of the cultures . Rates of glucose fermentation and oxidation could be directly correlated with viability . The optimal cooling rate for both yeast strains was 4.5 to 6.5 C/min; however, their levels of survival obtained at this optimal cooling rate varied considerably . In addition, the psychrophile was less resistant to freeze-thaw stress than was the mesophile.

Aust Vet J, 1975 Jun, 51(6), 317 - 9
Candida ingens as a potential fodder protein; Henry DP; Pig wastes were fermented and the supernatant was inoculated at the surface with Candida ingens which grew as a pellicle . This was harvested, dried and incorporated with wheat into 2 rations of 20% and 17.9% crude protein as were 2 similar rations using casein and wheat . Using rats the rations were compared for 43 d . There was no significant difference in weight gain or feed conversion between the yeast and casein fed rats at 20% crude protein nor was there a difference in weight gain at 17.9% crude protein; there was a significant difference in feed conversion at 17.9% crude protein (P less than .05) . Rats fed C . ingens showed no abnormality at autopsy.

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Jun, 58(6), 879 - 90
Rumen modeling: rumen input-output balance models; Reichl JR et al.; Two models of rumen fermentative relationships expressed as systems of simultaneous linear equations and based on requirements for maintenance of balances of elementary imput and output and metabolic pathways are presented in matrix format consistent with solution by linear programs . Matrix entries defining the two models were verified carefully based upon a survey of the literature, and conceptual bases of the models were validated by comparisons of model outputs with experimental data not used in model construction . The models then were used to evaluate interactions among feed composition, volatile fatty acid yields and patterns, microbial growth yields and efficiencies, and microbial metabolic pathways.

J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Jun, 74(3), 385 - 407
Mycoplasmas isolated from the respiratory tract of horses; Allam NM et al.; Ten mycoplasmas were isolated from 130 nasopharyngeal swabs from thoroughbred horses with acute respiratory disease and three from 198 apparently normal horses . Two mycoplasmas were isolated from 21 tracheal swabs taken at necropsy . These mycoplasmas, together with six isolated from the equine respiratory tract by other workers, were subjected to biochemical and serological tests . Other properties examined in certain representative strains were appearance under the electron microscope, ability to adsorb or agglutinate the erythrocytes of various animal species and the electrophoretic pattern of the cell proteins . On the basis of these test, mycoplasmas from the equine respiratory tract were divided into seven species . Three species belonged to the genus Acholeplasma, members of which do not require sterol for growth, and were identified as A . laidlawii, A . oculi (formerly A . oculusi) originally isolated from the eyes of goats, and a recently named species A . equifoetale, previously isolated from aborted equine fetuses . Of the four sterol-dependent Mycoplasma species, one was indentified as M . pulmonis, a common rodent pathogen . Another cross-reacted serologically with M . felis and should probably be classified as that species . The other two species probably represent new species peculiar to the horse . One of these, represented by the strains N3 and N11, ferments glucose and is serologically distinct from 19 recognized species of glucose-utilizing mycoplasmas and from two species which do not metabolize either glucose or arginine . The other species, represented by four strains, hydrolyses arginine and, because it is serologically distinct from all the named arginine-hydrolysing Mycoplasma species, the name M . equirhinis sp.nov . is proposed for it . Of the seven species, only M . pulmonis and the glucose-utilizing species represented by N3 and N11 were found exclusively in horses with acute respiratory disease . A . oculi was isolated from an apparently normal horse . The other four species were found in normal horses as well as those with respiratory disease, although three out of the four strains of M . equirhinis were from sick horses.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1975 Jun, 77(6), 1271 - 5
R17 RNA replicase . VI . A large scale preparation of R17 template RNA; Igarashi S; A new procedure for R17 RNA preparation was devised using a 300 liters fermenter . The key factor in processing such a large quantity is the purification of phage particles prior to RNA extraction . The method involves the preparation of 250 liters of crude lysate, condensation of phage particles by the partition method, purification by DEAE-cellulose column, and removal of adherent proteins by a series of high-salt washes . The method permits preparation of approximately 3 g of phage particles free of ribosomal fragments and RNase . Phage RNA extracted in gram quantities using conventional methods often contain phenol . Thus repeated extraction of R17 RNA with salt-alcohol mixture is required.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1975 May 30, 158(1), 27 - 9
{On the nonexistence of propionic acid in various kinds of breeds (author's transl)}; Luck E et al.; Analyses of 45 samples of sour dough and various kinds of bread have shown that no appreciable amounts of propionic acid are formed during sour dough fermentation . Bread has no natural propionic acid content.

Lancet, 1975 May 17, 1(7916), 1099 - 104
Epidemiology of Escherichia coli K1 in healthy and diseased newborns; Sarff LD et al.; Although at least 100 different Escherichia coli capsular antigens have been recognised, strains possessing the K1 antigen are responsible for 77% of neonatal E . coli meningitis cases . K1 strains were found in 20-40% of rectal swab cultures from healthy infants, children, and adult women . Vertical transmission from mother to infant was the most common means of aquiring K1 organisms in term infants . Premature babies in a nursery with little maternal contact aquired K1 strains later then did term infants, and this aquisition may have been related to carriage by nursery staff . Capsular content and fermentation reactions of cerebrospinal-fluid K1 organisms were comparable to those found in rectal strains from healthy individuals . E . coli K1 with identical O and H antigens were found in maternal and infantile cultures of babies with E . coli meningitis . It seems very likely that host immune mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neonatal E . coli K1 meningitis.

S TA NU, 1975 May-Jun, 5(3), 177 - 82
{Chemical characteristics of "artificial wines" (author's transl)}; Amati A et al.; A wide investigation has been carried out in order to evidenciate the differences of composition between "artificial wines" and genuine wines . "Artificial wines" have been produced by fermentation of mixtures of different amounts of wine making by-products (less, pomaces and press-wines), water and sucrose . The results showed, in particular, that "artificial wines" have a very low content of both malic acid and proline and a high content of nitrates . Significant differences have been also found in the content of polyphenols, alkaline and alkaline earth metals and citric acid.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 May, 28(5), 358 - 65
A new antibiotic victomycin (XK 49-1-B-2) . I . Taxonomy and production of the producing organism; Kawamoto I et al.; A new antibiotic designated as victomycin which belongs to the phleomycin-bleomycin group antibiotics was isolated from a sporangia-forming actinomycete . From taxonomic studies, the producing strain was classified as Streptosporangium violaceochromogenes nov., sp . Kawamoto et Nara 1974 . Fermentative production of antibiotic complex XK 49 is described.

Poult Sci, 1975 May, 54(3), 703 - 7
Scanning electron microscopy of the chicken crop--the avian rumen?
Bayer RC, Chawan CB, Bird FH.
The mucosal surface of the chicken crop was examined with the scanning electron microscope . The proximal region in relation to the esophagus differed markedly from the distal region . The region nearest the esophagus showed a slightly folded surface with a very dense surface bacterial population while the region located in the apical region of the diverticulum was smoother with numerous sloughing cells and a sparse bacterial population . A potential for significant microbiological fermentation and digestion of feed in the crop is indicated.

J Pharm Sci, 1975 May, 64(5), 825 - 9
Synthesis of sparsomycin analogs as potential antitumor agents; Dubois RJ et al.; No information is available on the structural requirements for the antitumor activity of sparsomycin, an antibiotic obtained from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sparsogenes . Its high in vivo and in vitro activity, novel structure, and uncommon mode of action have, therefore, suggested the synthesis of analogs . This report describes the preparation and screening of a series of N-substituted 3-aryl acrylamides which are closely related to sparsomycin . Three compounds exhibited some tumor inhibition but insufficient to warrant further testing.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1975 May, 61(5), 778 - 84
{Enzyme activity of the rat small intestine mucosa in conditions of repeated exposure to high ambient temperatures}; Rakhimov K et al.; Acute experiments showed that daily 12-hr heating leads to different changes in fermentative activity (amylase, invertase, glycin-1-leycin-dipeptidase, monoglyceridiypase) in mucous membrane of the small intestine in white rats . These changes are due to not only the decrease of food consumption, but evidently are the result of functional changes in different organs and systems.

Antibiotiki, 1975 May, 20(5), 409 - 15
{Characteristics of Actinomyces griseus actinophages and the production of phage-resistant mutants of the producer of grisin}; Zvenigorodskii VI et al.; Analysis of phagolysates in production of fodder grisin provided determination of 3 serologically and morphologically different actinophages, 2 of which, i . e . Pg 81 and Pg 100 affected the sensitive culture as virulent phages and 1, i . e . Pg 2 affected it as a moderate phage . Investigation of the fermentation broth of strain 15 of Act . griseus did not confirm the supposition that this strain was polylysogenic and actinophages Pg 81 and Pg 100 were virulent mutants of moderate phages present in the cells . A phenomenon of limitation and modification controlled by the host cell was noted in the sensitive culture infected with actinophage Pg 81 . The actinomycete mutants which did not limit but modified the phage were isolated . Under the effect of chemical mutagens the actinomycete mutants stable to virulent phages were selected . Treatment of the phage-stable mutants with ethylene imine and UV-light provided an increase in their antibiotic production levels by 75 to 80 per cent.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 May, 28(5), 345 - 50
Grisorixin, an ionophorous antibiotic of the nigericin group . I . Fermentation, isolation, biological properties and structure; Gachon P et al.; Grisorixin is an ionophorous antibiotic of the nigericin group isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces griseus . It shows activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi but is also very toxic . The isolation and purification procedures are reported . Its structure and physico-chemical properties are also described.

J Dent Res, 1975 May-Jun, 54(3), 461 - 70
Enamel demineralization by snack foods; Bibby BG et al.; The amount of enamel destroyed by salivary fermentation of snack foods and confections was not dependent on their sugar content; starch, flavoring agents, and other components also played a part . Most enamel destruction was produced by fruit-flavored candies in which the inherent acid or high sugar concentration or both inhibited bacterial fermentation.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 May, 54(5), 1237 - 44
Chemical studies on tobacco smoke . XXXIII . N' -nitrosonornicotine in tobacco: analysis of possible contributing factors and biologic implications; Hecht SS et al.; A chemical analytic method to determine N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and N' -nitrosoanabasine (NAB) in tobacco was developed . NNN was found in the unburned tobacco of commercial products at concentrations betweeen 0.3 and 88.6 mug/g . The highest levels were observed in highly fermented snuff (29.1 mug/g) and fine-cut chewing tobacco (88.6 mug/g) . NAB was not detected (smaller than 0.5 ng/g) in any tobacco examined . Two new tobacco components, N' -carbomethoxynornicotine and N' -carbomethoxyanabasine,were found . Possible origins of NNN in tobacco were discussed, especially in relation to concentrations of nitrite, nitate, and alkaloids, and in relation to pH and curing . Biologic implications, including the possible function of NNN (the first organic carcinogen isolated from unburned tobacco) as a causative factor in cancer of the oral cavity in tobacco chewers and betel quid chewers, were also discussed.

Br J Nutr, 1975 May, 33(3), 447 - 56
A relationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid and the clearance rate of the liquid phase in the rumen of the sheep; Hodgson JC et al.; 1 . Four rumen-cannulated sheep were given a forage mixture (F) of chopped hay-ground, pelleted, dried grass (92:8, w/w) and two concentrate mixtures (C and S) of ground barley-ground hay-flaked maize (46:24:30 and 56:24:20, by wt respectively) in twenty-four hourly meals each day . Each of the diets was offered in successive periods of 16 d to give a feeding sequence F-S-C-S for one pair of sheep and C-S-F-S for the other pair . 2 . The average composition (mol/100 mol) of the mixture of short-chain fatty acids, acetic, propionic and butyric, in the rumen was respectively 70-1, 18-5 and 7-5 with diet F, and 55-8, 24-8 and 13-6 with diet C . With diet S, the pattern of fermentation varied both between animals and in the same animal for different periods having either 'high' (28-39 mol/100 mol) or 'low' (16-21 mol/100 mol) proportions of propionic acid . On average when diet S followed diet F there was less propionic acid in the fermentation mixture than when diet S followed diet C (59-3 acetic, 22-2 propionic and 14-1 butyric as compared with 52-7, 29-4 and 13-1 respectively) but this trend was not significant and there was evidence of interactions between the feeding sequences and the individual sheep . 3 . The mean concentrations of ammonia, sodium, potassium and chloride were similar for all diets but the pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus tended to be higher and the buffering capacity lower for diet F than for diets C or S . In animals receiving diet S there was no relationship between the concentrations of minerals, the pH or buffering capacity and the pattern of fermentation except for ammonia, the concentration of which was high when the molar proportion of propionic acid was low . 4 . Rumen volume, outflow rate and clearance rate, determined using polyethylene glycol, were higher for diet F than for diets C and S but within each diet, particularly for diet S, values varied considerably between sheep and between periods . 5 . There was evidence of an interrelationship between the molar proportion of propionic acid in the fermentation products and the clearance rate, which indicated that the clearance rate may be an important factor influencing the pattern of fermentation in the rumen.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1975 Apr 28, 280(16), 1907 - 10
{Trehalose, the principle disaccharide of wine}; Bertrand A et al.; By gas chromatography of trimethylsilylated derivatives of sugars, trehalose has been shown to be the main disaccharide in wines; its amount can reach 600 mg/l . Other disaccharides identified (sucrose, isomaltose, lactose and turanose) are present in small amounts, seldom above 50 mg/l, sometimes below 5 mg/l . Traces of melibiose and gentiobiose are possible . Conditions of trehalose formation by yeast during fermentation are described . Also technological applications of these results are discussed.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Apr 16, 390(1), 133 - 6
Mitochondrial and cellular inhibition by the folate analogue pyrimethamine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: reversal of cellular effects by TMP; Stone AB et al.; The inhibitory effect of pyrimethamine on the growth of TMP-permeable strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a fermentable medium supplemented with adenine, glycine, methionine and pantothenate was substantially reduced by exogenous TMP . This compound also suppressed the drug's killing effect, and to some extent its ability to induce the mitochondrial petite mutation . In a non-fermentable medium, TMP failed to reduce growth inhibition, in line with our earlier finding that as well as blocking synthesis pyrimethamine prevents mitochondrial protein synthesis.

J Lab Clin Med, 1975 Apr, 85(4), 546 - 55
Investigation of small bowel transit time in man utilizing pulmonary hydrogen (H2) measurements; Bond JH Jr et al.; Pulmonary H2 excretion was used to quantitate the small bowel transit time in man . This technique is based on the observation that H2 is produced when carbohydrate is fermented by colonic bacteria and that this H2 production is reflected by a concomitant increase in breath H2 excretion . The time, therefore, between ingestion of the unabsorbable disaccharide, lactulose, and the rise in breath H2 represents the small intestinal transit time of the head of the lactulose load as it passes through the gut . Following ingestion of a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactulose by 9 subjects, transit time measured by H2 excretion correlated closely with the simultaneously determined time for PEG to reach the distal ileum (r equals 0.97) . The ileal appearance of PEG preceded the rise in H2 excretion by a mean of 7.6 minutes . Transit time of 19 Gm . of lactulose in 40 healthy subjects averaged 72 minutes (range 25 to 118) . Studies repeated 3 to 5 times in 6 subjects showed good individual reproducibility with subsequent measurements differing from initial by a mean of plus or minus 14 per cent . There was an inverse relation between transit time and dose of lactulose ingested by 9 subjects with 5, 10 and 20 Gm . of lactulose having mean transit times of 128 plus or minus 19, 94 plus or minus 15, and 40 plus or minus 8 (S$M.) minutes, respectively . This technique appears to provide a simple, safe, and noninvasive means of studying small bowel transit time in man.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Apr, 28(4), 247 - 52
Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes . I . Description of the producer strain and fermentation studies; Parenti F et al.; The producer strain of the new antibiotic, lipiarmycin, is described . The colony morphology, the presence of globose sporangia bearing motile spores, the absence of aerial mycelium and the presence of meso-DAP in cell wall, ascribe this strain to the genus Actinoplanes . The pigmentation and morphological characteristics together with the cultural and physiological features distinguish this strain from all the described Actinoplanes species . It is considered to be a new species for which the name Actinoplanes deccanensis nov . sp . is proposed . Lipiarmycin is produced in an organic complex medium containing NaCl . Production occurs at the end of trophophase and continues, though at decreasing rate, during isophase.

Helv Odontol Acta, 1975 Apr, 19(1), 31 - 6
Effect of enamel solubility reducing agents on erosion in the rat; Regulati B et al.; Three experiments performed on Osborne-Mendel rats tested the effects on erosion of the topical application of aluminum, cerium and titanium salts as well as sodium fluoride and sodium mono-fluorophosphate . In two experiments the compounds were applied during the erosion period and in a third trial, the test substances were applied prior to exposure to the erosive agent which was fermented apple juice . While cerium had no significant effects on erosion, aluminum fhloride and titanium chloride significantly increased the severity of erosive tooth destruction . Only sodium fluoride and sodium mono-fluorophosphate were effective in preventing erosion.

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Apr, 58(4), 611 - 9
Evaluation of protein nutrition by metabolizable protein and urea fermentation potential; Burroughs W et al.; Metabolizable protein and selected metabolizable amino acid requirements for lactating cows were described, and tentative values were established for differnt yields of milk.A new expression"urea fermentation potential of feeds," describes urea use in lactation rations for partial satisfaction of protein and amino acid requirements . Tentative urea fermentation values were established for the more common cattle feedstuffs . Four lactation rations were formulated with different fermentation values to illustrate the variable feeding value of urea in satisfying amino acid requirements at different yields of lactation . Urea had the highest feeding value in lower-protein rations when fed to cows with medium to low yields of milk.Conversely, urea, by the metabolizable protein system, had little or no feeding value in lactation rations having more than about12% protein on a dry matter basis or in rations supporting lactations in excess of 25 to 30 kg of milk per cow per day.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Apr, 20(4), 295 - 9
{Effect of orthophosphate on the growth rate and biosynthesis of tetracycline by an Actinomyces aureofaciens culture}; Makarevich VG et al.; A low initial rate of the culture growth is an obligatory condition for intensive biosynthesis of tetracycline by Act . aureofaciens in batch fermentations . The mineral phosphorus concentration is a factor limiting the growth rate . Under conditions of model experiments, the maximum specific rate of the culture growth equaled to 0.07--0.08 hours-1 was observed in the presence of at least 40 gamma/ml of phosphorus: such a rate correlated with the mycelium productivity equaled to 0.40--0.42 gamma/mg/hour . Cultures growing at a rate of 0.02--0.03 hours-1 were most productive (4.8--4.2 gamma/mg/hour) . Such a rate was attained at the phosphorus concentration of 25--30 gamma/ml.

Helv Odontol Acta, 1975 Apr, 19(1), 13 - 7
The antiglycolytic action on dental plaque of amine chlorides; Breitenmoser T; The influence on the glycolytic activity of dental plaque of different amine-hydrochloride compounds 300, 315 and 356 (oleylamine) respectively at concentrations equimolar to their corresponding amine fluorides 297, 242 and 335 at 250 ppm F-concentrations and of hexetidine and sodium laurylsulfate was tested in an in vivo/in vitro combination . Hexetidine and sodium laurylsulfate were assessed at concentrations equimolar to compound 315 . After having refrained from oral hygiene for three days four test subjects rinsed for 3 minutes with 10 ml H2O . Plaque was collected from interdental areas immediately after the control water rinse and 6 and 60 minutes after rinsing for 3 minutes with 10 ml of test solution . The plaque then was exposed in vitro to 10% glucose solution, and pH-decreases due to glycolysis were recorded for 30 minutes . Rinsing with amine chlorides resulted in strong inhibition of glycolytic activity 6 minutes as well as 1 hour after rinsing . Hexetidine and sodium laurylsulfate did not depress the fermentation of glucose.

J Dairy Sci, 1975 Apr, 58(4), 532 - 9
Fungal growth and acid production during fermentation and refermentation of organic acid treated corn silages; Britt DG et al.; Chopped corn (35% dry matter) treated with either propionic, formic, 60% propionic plus 40% formic, or 80% propionic plus 20% acetic acids at 0, .5, 1, and 2%, was placed in polyethylene bags inside metal drums, and evacuated . During fermentation silages were sampled and temperatures determined . On day 40 of fermentation silages were placed in open containers at 25 C and were sampled during refermentation . All samples were analyzed for volatile and lactic acids, pH, and number and type of fungi . Lactate fermentation was totally inhibited at 2% addition of all acids, but formic acid was more effective than propionic acid at .5 and 1% . Acerate production was equally depressed by both propionic and formic additions . Heating, growth of fungi, and days until spoilage were delayed by all acid additions during refermentation, with propionic more effectivethan formic . The large increases in lactate and acetate of treated silages during refermentation reflect a protection of soluble sugars during fermentation and subsequent use by microbes after exposure to air . Silages treated with more than 1%propionic (as propionic or a mixture) did not increase in fungal colonies during refermentation . At initiation of fermentation yeasts werehigher than other fungi but decreases by day 40 . During refermentation, yeasts again grew . Geotrichum comprised 35% on day 40 of refermentation but was lower at other times . Aspergillus proliferated during refermentation and few Penicillium were detected.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Apr, 20(4), 333 - 9
{Characteristics of the oxidative metabolism in strains with varying levels of fucidin biosynthesis}; Gol'dshtein VL et al.; Oxidative capacity of the fusidin-producing strains with various biosynthetic activity was studied comparatively . The studies showed that by their capacity to oxidize pyruvate and some metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (acetate, succinate, malate) the strains were arranged in the order reverse to their antibiotic activity . Such regularity was observed during the whole fermentation process and was most pronounced by the 3rd and 4th days (beginning of the idiophase) . The rate of glucose oxidation was higher in more active strains . The same regularity was noted in the 2nd phase of the strain development associated with beginning of fusidin biosynthesis . In the 1st phase (the 1st and 2nd days) the strains almost did not differ by their capacity to oxidize glucose . By oxidation of phosphorylated ethers of carbohydrates (glucose-6-phosphate and fructoso-6-phosphate) the strains did not differ . Various fusidin-producing strains oxidized NAD-N and NADP-N approximately with the same rate . It is supposed that mutations leading to increased antibiotic production are associated with changes in acetate metabolism in the direction of more intensive biosynthesis of isoprenoid compounds, potential precursors of the fusidin molecule.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Mar 14, 385(1), 133 - 44
Metabolism of N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tryptophan by Chromobacterium violaceum; Davis PJ et al.; Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472) metabolizes N-carbobenzoxyl-L-tryptophan into its 2', 3'-dehydro-derivative, and indole-3-propionic acid into indole-3-acrylic acid . The biotransformation accurs in resting cell incubations, and in growing cultures of the bacterium . Tryptophan in fermentation media enhances the ability of Chromobacterium violaceum to perform the conversion by an undetermined mechanism . The amino acid also prevents stored cultures from losing the ability to accomplish the biotransformation . The reaction apparently requires oxygen, and preliminary experiments suggest that it is catalyzed by a dehydrogenase.

Arch Microbiol, 1975 Mar 12, 103(1), 13 - 9
Physiological and biochemical contributions to the taxonomy of the genus Chlorella . X . Products of glucose fermentation; Vinayakumar M et al.; The products of glucose fermentation were studied in 87 strains of the genus Chlorella . Lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, glycerol, ethanol, H2 and CO2 were identified . The lactic acid was shown to be D(minus)lactic acid . The pattern of fermentation produces is species-specific and can therefore be used as a taxonomic character . Lactic acid was found in C . fusca (varieties vacuolata, fusca, and rubescens), C . zofingiensis, C . vulgaris (var . vulgaris and f.tertia), and C . protothecoides . Formic acid and H2 appeared in those species which contain hydrogenase . Rather large amounts of glycerol were produced only by the most salt-tolerant species C . luteoviridis, C . saccharophila, and C . protothecoides.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1975 Mar 11, 157(3), 143 - 6
{Further measurements of the 14C-content of fermentation alcohol in dependence of growth times and location of the fermentation material (author's transl)}; Rauschenbach P et al.; The carbon-14 content of ethanol obtained from material (mostly potatoes) grown in the years 1964--1973 is compared with that of material of the vegetation periods 1956--1966 determined by other laboratories . Six ethanol samples from material grown 1973 in different parts of Europe show no significant differences . The average value is 19.3 dpm/g carbon . Furthermore no significant difference was found in ethanol from potatoes cultivated 50--800 m east and west of a freeway with very heavy traffic . The same is true also for ethanol from potatoes grown near a large industrial area and others grown far from such an area.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 362 - 4
{Yeasts utilizing methyl alcohol}; Blagodatskaia VM et al.; The ability to utilize methanol was found in the yeast strains isolated from forest substrates (Zygowillia pini IBFM y-655, Torulopsis molicshiana IBFM y-657) and in the collection yeast cultures (Candida boidinii IBFM y-588 and IBFM )-587) . These yeasts assimilated not only methanol but other alcohols (ethanol, glycerol, erythrol, mannitol, and sorbitol), nitrates or nitrites . Their fermentation ability was low.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 357 - 61
{Saccharomyces phenotypes (killer, neutral, sensitive) in viticulture and methods for their determination}; Tiurina LV et al.; A method for determination of the Saccharomyces phenotypes-- "killer" (K), neutral (N), and sensitive (S) -- has been elaborated . These phenotypes were studied in the collection cultures of the Institute of Viticulture and Viniculture and in the samples of fermented grape must . The phenotypes K and N prevailed in the samples, and the phenotype S in the collection cultures . The interconversion of the phenotypes K, N, and S was shown to be possible.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 351 - 6
{Enzymatic breakdown of steroids during 11 alpha- and 11 beta-hydroxylation of the 21-acetate of Reichstein's "substance S" by Tieghemella orchidis (fam . Mucoraceae)}; Mogil'nitskii GM et al.; By-products of the transformation were studied, which were formed in the process of 11alpha and 11beta-hydroxylation of 21-acetate of the Reichstein substance "S" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis . The following steroid derivatives, known before, were isolated: epihydrocortisone, 6beta-hydroxy derivative of the Reichstein substance "S", hydrocortisone, cortisone . The following steroid derivatives were isolated from the initial chloroform extract of the fermentation medium, and identified: prednisolone, androstendione, testololactone, and 1,2-dehydro derivatives of the Reichstein substance S" and its 21-acetate . The quantitative ratio between the products of transformation depended on the conditions of growth and transformation . These compounds seem to be intermediate metabolites in the course of the steroid destruction via the pathway common for fungi and involving the destruction of D ring of the steroid molecule.

Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 333 - 8
{New species of yeast from soil--Candida podzolica sp . n}; Bab'eva IP et al.; A new species of Candida podzolica is described . This species is widely distributed in podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils of the forest zone and in krasnozem . The yeast belongs to the nitrate-negative species of the genus Candida Berkhout, which do not ferment sugars, and is similar to the species C . humicola and C . curvata inhabiting soil . C . podzolica has a peculiar shape of the cells and does not produce films in liquid media . Extracellular polysaccharides contain glucose, mannose, galactose, and xylose; G+C in DNA is 62 mole percent.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Mar, 20(3), 217 - 21
{Determination of the filtration characteristics of the fermentation broths of antibiotic producers}; Zhukovskaia SA et al.; Main filtration characteristics of the fermentation broths are necessary for estimation of the filtration equipment, rational choice of the filtering apparatus, determination of the optimal conditions for their exploitation . In this connection studies were carried out with a purpose of determining the specific resistance and the content of the solid phase in the fermentation broths of the main antibiotics . It was shown that the above characteristics were closely connected with the biosynthetic conditions and medium composition . It was noted that the specific resistance of the precipitates of the fermentation broths of various antibiotic-producing organisms significantly differed, sometimes by several orders . Preliminary treatment of the fermentation broths before filtration provided a marked decrease in the resistance of the precipitate.

Lloydia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 38(2), 125 - 30
Biotransformation of tryptophan by Phaseolus vulgaris suspension culture; Veliky IA et al.; The carboline alkaloids, harman and norharman, detected in the culture filtrate of Phaseolus vulgaris suspension culture are the two major products of the biotransformation of tryptophan by this culture . The peak concentration of harman and norharman in the medium was reached between the second and fourth day of fermentation, depending on the size of the inoculum . A supplement of 0.1 mg of tryptophan per ml of 67V medium (with a low basal concentration of 15 to 20 mug of tryptophan per ml medium) increased the peak concentration of harman by an average of 2.1 times and of norharman by an average of 4.7 times in medium.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 29(3), 323 - 7
Solid-substrate fermentor for ochratoxin A production; Lindenfelser LA et al.; A laboratory-scale fermentor designed for solid-substrate fermentation was constructed and tested . Its capacity to produce ochratoxin under varied conditions was determined with wheat as substrate . Ochratoxin yields of 2,000 to 2,500 mug/g of wheat were regularly obtained, and occasionally yields as high as 4,000 mug/g were obtained . The most critical factor in the fermentation was initial substrate moisture content; wheat tempered at 30 to 31% moisture produced the highest yields . Other variables tested were agitation and aeration rates, initial static culture time, and inoculum types and volumes.

Infect Immun, 1975 Mar, 11(3), 460 - 5
Cytotoxic effect of Mycoplasma fermentans on mouse thymocytes; Gabridge MG et al.; The in vitro response of mouse thymocytes to various mycoplasmas was evaluated . Cultures of thymus cells from BALB mice were prepared in Earle minimal essential medium with 10 per cent fetal calf serum . After an initial drop in viability, cell populations stabilized at approximately 10-5 viable cells/ml for 3 to 5 days . Concentration of 10-6 to 10-8 colony-forming units of toxic isolates of Mycoplasma fermentans per ml killed over 50 per cent of these cells in a dose-dependent fashion . Four other mycoplasmas (M . pneumoniae, M . hominis, M . arthritidis and a nontoxic strain of M . fermentans) did not induce cytotoxicity of mouse thymocytes . Toxic isolates of M . fermentans multiplied in the presence of thymus cells as they were being inactivated . However, nonviable membrane preparations of these mycoplasma were also toxic, indicating that growth of the organisms is not a prerequisite for the toxic effect . The relevance of these findings for the isolation and identification of the membrane-associated toxic factor is discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Mar, 28(3), 200 - 4
The diumycin complex . Comparative studies on antibiotics from diumycin-and macarbomycin-fermentations; Sattler A et al.; Six phosphorus-containing antibiotics were isolated from both diumycin and macarbomycin fermentation products . On the basis of their chromatographic behavior and of their physico-chemical and microbiological properties it can be assumed that not only the main component but also the five minor components are the same in both antibiotic complexes . A comparison of the six components with the known classifications of diumycins and macarbomycins was made.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Mar, 20(3), 222 - 5
{Extraction of rifamycin B from native and aqueous solutions}; Tolstykh IV et al.; Optimal conditions for extraction of rifamycin B from aqueous solutions and fermentation broth filtrates at pH values within 2.0-7.0 were determined . When the antibiotic was extracted from the aqueous solutions, the highest yield was obtained at pH 2.0 . When the antibiotic was extracted from the fermentation broth filtrates, it was found that chloroform was the most selective solvent with respect to rifamycin B, the chloroform selectivity being increased at pH 3.5-4.0 . It was shown that rifamicin B passed from the buffer solutions with a concentration of 3-20 mg/ml to chloroform in amounts of 6-7 mg/ml and to ethylacetate and butanol in amounts of 20 mg/ml . Such conditions of chloroform and butanol (9 : 1) increased the rifamycin B contents in the extract up to 40 mg/ml.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1975 Mar-Apr, 9(2), 44 - 8
{Preservation of food wastes by a mixture of quinosol and salicyclic acid}; Rogatina LN et al.; A 90-day experiment has shown that a number of toxic gaseous contaminants are released into the atmosphere as a result of storage of mixed food wastes . The microorganisms dwelling upon decaving food wastes include different microbial species from the environment and food products . A preserving agent consisting of a mixture of quinosole and salicylic acid (1:1) has been used . The agent inhibited microbial activity and terminated processes of decay . This was indicated by a decline in the concentration of ammonia and amine compounds . In the presence of the agent fermentation processes, on the contrary, continued and increased.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1975 Mar, 11(1), 58 - 81
{Methods of qualitative detection of proteinuria in mass surveys}; Ciampi G et al.; In a survey of the qualitative methods of research into proteinuria, the Authors recall, apart from later modifications, the old techniques based on the occurrence of turbidity from precipitation of proteins obtained with heat and/or by the use of various anionic reagents . Particular attention is given to the rapid tests with paper strip based on the phenomenon of error made by indicators in the presence of protein solutions . Their sensitivity, their specificity and above all the fact that their use is unbeatably practical are discussed, both on the basis of data derived from other studies and on the basis of various personal observations . From the latter, the Authors deduce and demonstrate the substantial constancy in the behaviour of various types of paper strip test, even those produced in different periods and by different manufacturers; how the data obtained with these various papers can be compared with the best modern methods of measuring turbidity; and the different sensitivities of the papers with various types of proteins such as albumins, globulins and in particular immunoglobulinic micromolecular fragments . Finally, they show that falsely positive reactions in alkaline urines because of ammoniacal fermentation cannot be ascribed to the increase of pH, but rather directly to an excess of ammonium ions . After having remarked that tests with paper strip have to a large extent taken the place of classical methods, more for obvious reasons of expediency than for any real qualitative superiority, the Authors maintain that it is advisable, though only in border-line cases, to make a routine check with one of the traditional methods in order to screen genuine cases of proteinuria.

Eur J Biochem, 1975 Feb 21, 51(2), 393 - 402
Studies on energy-linked reactions: isolation and properties of mitochondrial venturicidin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Griffiths DE et al.; Venturicidin is a specific inhibitor of aerobic growth of yeast and has no effect on fermentative growth, a result which is consistent with its known mode of action on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation . Venturicidin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been isolated and form two general classes: class 1, nuclear mutants which are resistant to a variety of mitochondrial inhibitors and uncouplers, and class 2, mitochondrial mutants of phenotype VENR OLYR and VENR TETR in vivo . VENR OLYR mutants show a high degree of resistance to venturicidin and oligomycin at the whole cell and mitochondrial ATPase level but, in contrast, no resistance at the mitochondrial level is observed with VENR TETR mutants . Venturicidin resistance/sensitivity can be correlated with two binding sites on mitochondrial ATPase, one of which is common to the oligomycin binding site and the other is common to the triethyl tin binding site . Biochemical genetic studies indicate that two mitochondrial genes specify venturicidin resistance/sensitivity and that the mitochondrial gene products are components of the mitochondrial ATPase complex.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Feb 17, 376(2), 195 - 209
Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 unable to grow on non-fermentable carbon substrates; Daniel J et al.; Among a number of mutants unable to utilize non-fermentable carbon substrates, scoring for membrane ATPase and for ATP-driven transhydrogenase activity permitted to distinguish two phenotypes: (A) mutants lacking ATPase and ATP-driven transhydrogenase; (B) one mutant with an ATPase which behaved according to several criteria as released into solution instead of being membrane bound, a.o it exhibited no ATP-driven transhydrogenase activity . All A and B mutants exhibited a common nutritional pattern . The ATPase-deficient group, when scored for ATPase-binding sites on its membrane particles revealed three different subgroups: (1) mutants having free ATPase-binding sites, (2) mutants with ATPase-binding sites made available by the procedure which releases ATPase from wild-type membrane, and (3) mutants with no detectable ATPase-binding sites . Membranes of the mutant B with unbound ATPase also exhibited a deficiency in ATPase-binding sites, but its soluble ATPase was also found unable to bind to ATPase-binding sites of wild type membranes . The double alteration, namely abnormal or inactive ATPase and absence of ATPase-binding sites on the membrane is compatible with a single mutational defect.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1975 Feb 7, 157(1), 34 - 7
{GLC-mass-spectrometrical investigation of volatile constituents of wine . IV . Identification of secondary amides in wines (author's transl)w}; Schreier P et al.; Aroma extracts obtained by liquid-liquid extraction of wines from various sorts have been fractioned employing column-chromatography and using silicagel as adsorbent . In the polar methanol-elutions the following secondary amindes have been gaschromatographically separated and identified by means of a mass-spectrometer: N-ethyl-acetamide, N-isobutyl-acetamide, N-(2-methylbutyl)-acetamide, N-(3-methylbutyl)-acetamide, N-(3-{methylthio}-propyl)-acetamide, and N-(2-phenylethyl)-acetamide . Moreover the sulphur containing compound has been identified by means of an attached flame photometric detector . The different possibilities of the formation of the secondary amides during the fermentation process are discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Feb, 28(2), 102 - 11
New azasteroidal antifungal antibiotics from Geotrichum flavo-brunneum . II . Isolation and characterization; Michel KH et al.; A novel group of antibiotics, comprising microbiologically-active structurally-related factors A25822A, B, D, H, L, M and N, produced by culturing Geotrichum flavo-brunneum NRRL 3862 under submerged aerobic fermentation conditions was isolated by extraction . The individual factors were separated and purified by chromatography and crystallization . The major factor, A25822B, a 15-aza-24-methylene-D-homocholestadiene is a white crystalline compound, C25H45NO . The antibiotics are highly active against fungi and marginally active against bacteria.

J Nutr, 1975 Feb, 105(2), 245 - 52
Cecal nitrogen metabolism and amino acid absorption in the rabbit; Hoover WH et al.; Nitrogen balance and weight changes were determined in two groups of rabbits fed diets containing all natural protein or part nonprotein nitrogen from urea . The rabbits were fed the experimental diets for a 10-week period starting at 7 weeks of age . No significant differences in weight gains or nitrogen retention were found between groups . Total nitrogen, ammonia, urea, and free amino acid levels were determined in the contents of several segments of the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits fed both diets . Significantly less total nitrogen, ammonia, and free amino acids were found in the lower colon compared with the cecal contents of both groups . Subsequent studies with (C)alanine revealed considerable fermentation of alanine in both the cecum and upper colon contents, but there was little absorption into the blood . It was concluded that the disappearance of nitrogen that occurred between the cecum and colon was in the form of ammonia, and that the value of urea as a nitrogen source resulted primarily from tissue synthesis of dispensable amino acids and coprophagy.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 1(2), 237 - 8
Serotyping and biotyping of 160 Escherichia coli strains: comparative study; Van Der Waaij D et al.; One hundred and sixty Escherichia coli strains were serotyped and biotyped . Serotyping revealed 68 different types, with 25 strains not typable . Biotyping was possible in all strains but revealed 55 different types . One biotype could be subdivided into 35 different serotypes, indicating that for this biotype the series of biochemical and fermentation reactions could be extended for further differentiation.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 29(2), 179 - 85
Detection and growth of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in soft ripened cheese; Fantasia LD et al.; The organism most frequently encountered during the 1971 outbreak of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in soft ripened cheese was a strain that failed to ferment lactose broth within 48 h . Since existing methods for E . coli are dependent upon fermentation of this sugar, such strains can remain undetected, particularly when present in low numbers . Therefore a cultural testing procedure was developed to insure isolation of both lactose-positive and -negative strains . This method used GN broth, modified by substituting lactose and arabinose for glucose and D-mannitol, as an enrichment medium . MacConkey agar, used as a plating medium, was modified by substituting arabinose for half the lactose . The cultural procedure was used in conjunction with a fluorescent antibody method to screen cheese for the presence of presumptive enteropathogenic E . coli . Suspected isolates were subjected to further biochemical and serological testing and identified as members of specific serogroups . These methods were used for the analysis of over 2,000 wheels of cheese; over 10% of the samples tested were found to contain strains belonging to six different serogroups associated with diarrheal diseases . No attempt was made to confirm pathogenicity by in vivo tests . Enumeration of E . coli in cheese showed that numbers increased during storage . Cheese with less than 10 organisms/g initially increased to over 10-5 at room temperature and over 10-3 at 4 C within 10 days . With higher initial counts, levels up to 10-9 were found at 4 C . These studies showed that the high levels of E . coli encountered in these products cannot be used as a direct indicator of post-processing contamination.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Feb, 28(2), 95 - 101
New azasteroidal antifungal antibotics from Geotrichum flavo-brunneum . I . Discovery and fermentation studies; Boeck LD et al.; Although Geotrichum species occur ubiquitously, antibiotic production by members of this genus has not previously been reported . The antibiotic complex designated A25822, consisting of one major and six minor structurally-related components active primarily against Candida and Trichophyton, represents a new family of naturally-occurring compounds . Approximately 90% of the antibiotic activity synthesized remained associated with the fungal cell mass, from which it was recovered by multiple methanolic extractions for quantitation . Antibiotic production was enhanced by tryptophan, iron, zinc, and high levels of dextrin.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 29(2), 224 - 8
Influence of modified atmosphere storage on aflatoxin production in high moisture corn; Wilson DM et al.; Samples of freshly harvested corn and remoistened corn were inoculated with Asphergillus flavus and stored for 4 weeks at about 27 C in air and three modified atmospheres . Aflatoxins and fat acidity were determined weekly . Corn stored in the modified atmospheres did not accumulate over 15 mug of total aflatoxins per kg . Corn from the high CO2 treatment (61.7 per cent CO2, 8.7 per cent O2, and 29.6 per cent N2) was visibly molded at 4 weeks and had a higher fat acidity than the other treatments . In the N2 (99.7 per cent N2 and 0.3 per cent O2) and controlled atmosphere (13.5 per cent CO2, 0.5 per cent O2, 84.5 per cent N2) treatments, a fermentation-like odor was detected . When the corn was removed from the modified atmospheres it deteriorated rapidly and was soon contaminated with aflatoxins.

SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd, 1975 Feb, 85(2), 141 - 53
{Dental plaque pH in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance}; Hess J et al.; There is little doubt that the initial cariogenic attack upon dental enamel is caused by acids stemming from metabolic activity of dental plaque microorganisms fermenting carbohydrates . However, a direct correlation between caries activity and pH changes of plaque has not yet been established . In-vio and in-vitro plaque pH was recorded in 4 caries-free HFI children by the method of Graf, R., and Graf, H . Application of 10% glucose were followed regularly by pH drops from the fasting range pH 6.2-7.2) reaching values of 4.7 to 6.5 after 20 minutes . These were comparable to values found in normal subjects . 10% sucrose treatment resulted in a slower and less pronounced pH lowering, reaching a pH between 4.8 and 6.5 compared to normal control subjects, which showed the classical drop down to pH 4.0 to 4.3 The results indicate that human dental plaque grown under sucrose- free conditions cannot metabolize sucrose (or its initial breakdown produce fructose) to produce an in-vivo pH drop below the critical range of enamel demineralization . The zero caries activity of the children may be explained by the lack of a demonstrable classical pH drop or acid attack.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 111 - 6
{Rate of benyzylpenicillin inactivation in native solutions during extraction}; Zhukovskaia SA et al.; The constants of benzylpenicillin inactivation in acidified fermentation broth filtrates were different in various filtrate batches . Marked inactivation of the antibiotic in the filtrates immediately after their acidification was observed . Possible losses of the antibiotic due to inactivation under conditions of extraction were estimated.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 102 - 6
{Carbon metabolism under conditions of regulated penicillin biosynthesis}; Verkhovtseva TP et al.; Carbon metabolism of P . chrysogenum under conditions of periodical addition of the nutrients was studied . It was found that a proper rate of the carbon source addition to the culture was of significant importance for intensive biosynthesis . The use of carbon for the energetic and constructive needs was not the same at different fermentation periods.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 106 - 10
{Chromatography of penicillins on a thin layer of sorbents . The utilization of "Silufol" plates}; Serova LI et al.; Carbon metabolism of P . chrysogenum under conditions of periodical addition of the nutrients was studied . It was found that a proper rate of the carbon source addition to the culture was of significant importance for intensive biosynthesis . The use of carbon for the energetic and constructive needs was not the same at different fermentation periods.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 1(1), 75 - 8
Identification of Actinomyces viscosus from canine infections; Davenport AA et al.; Actinomyces viscosus is a gram-positive, non-acid-fact, facultative, catalase-positive, filamentous, or diphtheroidal microorganism . It was isolated from six canine infections during a period of 1.5 years . The organism was cultured from exudate and flaky granules aspirated from infectious granulomas and empyemas . All cultures grew well aerobically and anaerobically with the addition of 10% carbon dioxide . They fermented lactose, produced catalase and acetylmethylcarbinol, reduced nitrates, hydrolyzed aesculin, and did not produce gelatinase or urease . These physiological characteristics distinguish A . viscosus from other morphologically similar organisms.

Probl Khig, 1975, 1, 61 - 9
{Problems of work hygiene in the manufacture of penicillin and streptomycin}; Dzhedzhev A et al.; During the production of penicillin and streptomycin, substantially high concentrations of butyl alcohol and butylacetate are measured in the working environment atmosphere . The penicillin and streptomycin dust appears to be the chief unfavourable factor of the workplace in the drying, sorting and packing processes of the antibiotics . An unfavourable microclimate is observed only in the fermentation sections-- in the extraction and chemical purification, and particularly, in the drying process of the two antibiotics . The specific features of the working activities performed by vial examiners and sorters constitute factors predisposing to visual analysor strain . The latter might be also explained by changes taking place in the working ability and steadiness of attention in the course of the working shift.

Ann Rech Vet, 1975, 6(4), 369 - 77
{Distribution of volatile fatty acids in digestive tract contents of rabbit . II.--Rabbits subjected to fasting (author's transl)}; Vernay M et al.; Volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured by gas chromatography in the digestive material of Rabbits subjected to:--alimentary fast for 48 hours;--stercoral fast for 96 hours . A 48 hour alimentary fast caused a substantial drop in VFA in the digestive tract, butyric acid was the most affected, its concentration falling below that of propionate . Fasting for 48 hours did not cause a total cessation of fermentation . Stercoral fasting did not diminish the quantity of VFA in the digestive tract . VFA production was even augmented in the posterior parts (caecum and colon).

Rev Farm Bioquim Univ Sao Paulo, 1975 Jan-Jun, 13(1), 75 - 90
{Acid hydrolysis of mandioca}; Colombo AJ et al.; The influence of time of hydrolysis, pression of the process, ratio of mass of flour and volume and concentration of the acid solution was studied in the hydrolytic processes for Cassava flour . The aim was to obtain fermentable sugars, and the results were submitted to variance analysis.

Beitr Trop Landwirtsch Veterinarmed, 1975, 13(2), 217 - 23
Preliminary study on using fermented skim milk in poultry rations; Marai IF et al.; 80 (4 X 20) four-month-old cockerels were fed the following rations for six weeks: Group 1 = corn and green berseem, group 2 = corn, green berseem, and skim milk, groups 3 and 4 = corn, green berseem, and fermented skim milk . Feeding was ad libitum in groups 1 to 3, and 80% of the group 3 standard in group 4 . The live weight increased in all groups during the experimental period . In group 4 it was higher at the end of the experiment than that of groups 1 to 3 . But the difference was statistically not significant . The amount of starch units required per unit of live weight increase during the experimental period was 9.76 (group 1) 11.00 (group 2), 10.72 (group 3), and 9.66 (group 4) . The visceral fat weights were higher in groups 2 and 3 (not significant) . 40 (2 x 20) four-week-old ducklings were fed a commercial ration (group 5) or 65% of this ration supplemented with 35 ml of fermented skim milk (group 6) . There were no significant differences in the live weight gains . The amount of starch units required per unit of live weight increase was 2.89 (group 5) and 3.61 (group 6).

Zentralbl Gynakol, 1975, 97(4), 225 - 7
{Therapy of adnexa inflammation}; Dimitrov D et al.; To women with chronic inflammatory diseases of uterus adnexes is applied intrauterine electrophoresis and intrauterine hydrotubation with streptomycin (1 gram) and hyaluronidase ferment (400--600 U . Hylaze "Dessau") and experimental studies are carried out . The new method for application of the antibiotic in inner genitals tissue, i.e., intrauterine Electrophoresis with streptomycin finds application in treatment practice under the observation of the relevant indications and conditions.

Biotechnol Bioeng Symp, 1975, (5), 49 - 65
Economical factors in the assessment of various cellulosic substances as chemical and energy resources; Humphrey AE; Economic factors in the assessment of various cellulosic substances as chemical and energy resources are many and complex . No substrate nor conversion process can be singled out as significantly advantageous . Agricultural wastes appear to have the best volume and availability characteristics . If glucose is to be the end product, then it will probably have to compete with corn syrup . If SCP is to be the end product, then productivities of 2-4 g/liter-hr must be achieved and the protein demand be such that the product can sell for at least $225/ton . If alcohol is to be the end product, then an intermediate product stream of glucose and other sugars must be obtained for 1-3cent/lb of fermentable sugars.

Biotechnol Bioeng Symp, 1975, (5), 345 - 52
Ethanol fermentation and potential; Miller DL; Ethyl alcohol is one of the United States and world's major chemicals . Beverage alcohol in the United States must be prepared from cereal grains or other natural products . The U.S . industrial alcohol market has remained relatively stable for several years at approximately 300 million gallons annually . Most of this has been produced synthetically from petroleum raw material (gas and oil) . These raw materials are experiencing major price increases and are in short supply . The production of ethyl alcohol from cereal grains and cellulosic raw materials by fermentation is technically feasible and has been proven . Alcohol produced from all such materials is equal to synthetic alcohol in quality and performance . Competitive economics have controlled the basic raw materials used . The major potential new ethyl alcohol market is as a component of automobile fuels . A 10% alcohol-gasoline blend in the United States would annually require over 10 billion gallons of anhydrous alcohol . Use of alcohol for this purpose is technically feasible . However, alcohol has not been economically competitive to date.

Acta Microbiol Pol B, 1975, 7(3), 185 - 93
Kinetic studies on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger . I . Phases of mycelium growth and product formation; Chmiel A; The physiology and growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger B-64-5 in shaken culture were studied, five successive phases of citric acid fermentation being distinguished . Growth was found to be diauxic, spore germination being followed by an exponential growth phase, then a period of growth disturbance, and last of all a phase of secondary growth, characterized by a constant coefficient of growth decline appeared . The citric acid production started in the phase of growth disturbance . The chief increase in citric acid concentration took place in the production phase, i.e . in the last fermentation phase.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1975, 15(5), 345 - 55
{Mechanism of action of terrazol}; Lyr H et al.; Higher concentrations of terrazol inhibit the growth of a large number of fungi, but oomycetes are most sensitive . At medium concentrations (ED50 = 10 ppm) in Mucor mucedor several alterations of ultrastructure are recognizable even after short incubation periods . Significant observations are vacuolization of the mitochondrial cristae, invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, and thickening of the cell wall . Later on, numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm are visible . Primary effects on the cell membrane (destructive effect), on O2-consumption, on fermentation, or on nucleic acid synthesis could not be demonstrated . Lipid synthesis under the influence of terrazol showed characteristic changes . The synthesis of triglycerides and sterolesters was inhibited while the synthesis of free fatty acids and phospholipids was stimulated . Addition of lipids, vitamines, amino acids, or nucleic acids did not counteract the effect of terrazol . Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the primary mechanism of action.

Pol Arch Weter, 1975, 18(1), 53 - 62
{Presence of coryneform organisms (C) in cow udders . III . Fermentation and hemagglutination properties as well as pathogenicity of C . uberis}; Kurek C; Altogether 111 strains of C . uberis isolated from cow udders of a dairy herd were studied . Only 27 strains gave positive fermentation without gas formation from glucose, 6 strains from maltose, lactose and galactose, 9 strains from maltose, 4 strains from sucrose, and 5 strains from sucrose and lactose . No fermentation was found in 48 strains; 12 strains decomposed various carbohydrates except glucose . Statistically significant differences in the slide haemagglutination test (OH), type A, were obtained only with human blood cells, group O, in connection with acid-producing strains (X20=12.64 greater than 9.21), as well as with those biochemically inactive (X20=9.12 greater than 7.82) . The results of OH obtained with sheep, rabbit, horse, cow and calf blood cells were not characteristic, remaining on the levels of X2alpha=0.01 and X2alpha=0.02 . Inoculation of C . uberis 22 (2-10(9) organisms in 10 ml inoculum) into 4 udder quarters free from bacteria, and into 8 quarters naturally infected with non-pathogenic coryneform organisms provoked a short-lived positive CMT reaction without clinical symptoms, and elimination of the bacteria . It seems to result from the author's current investigations that C . uberis is able to protect the cow udder against mastitis caused by bacteria.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1975, 20(2), 171 - 89
Design methods for tubular fermentation systems; Sterbacek Z; Methods for the design of tubular fermentation systems are summarized . The first part, on tubular system hydrodynamics, is concerned with the design methods for gas hold-up, pressure drop, drop-size distribution and actual interfacial area, and with non-ideal flow conditions . This being a critical review, only the more important methods have been selected . More recent design methods for the prediction of oxygen transfer coefficients in fermentation systems and methods of determining of true kinetic relations are also reviewed, accounting for the inevitable non-ideality of flow . General rules for system optimization are presented.

Scand J Rheumatol, 1975, 4(3), 165 - 8
Mycoplasma antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis; Jansson E et al.; Sera of 100 patients under examination at the Outpatient Department of the Rheumatism Foundation Hospital were studied by the indirect hemagglutination technique, using both mycoplasma reference strains, and isolates from RA and SLE as antigens . The series consisted of five groups: I, definite RA (49 patients); II, probable RA (11); III, possible RA or nonspecific inflammatory arthritis (34); IV, osteoarthrosis (2); V, Reiter's disease (4) . Mycoplasma antibodies in titres of 16 or higher were encountered in groups I-IV in 26, 8, 19, and one case respectively . Twenty-one out of 106 blood donors had antibodies against an isolate from RA and/or M . arthritidis strain PG 6 . The titres found were 16 or 32, except in two cases, 128 . In the definite RA group, 21 out of 26 patients possessing mycoplasma antibodies, showed titres of 16 or higher against isolates from RA and/or SLE, 12 against M . arthritidis strain PG 6 and/or Campo, 8 against M . fermentans, and 6 against a T-strain from NGU . Antibodies against M . arthritidis strain Campo were found more often than against strain PG 6 . The longer the duration of the arthritic symptoms was, the more frequent seemed also to be the occurrence of mycoplasma antibodies.

Chemotherapy, 1975, 21 Suppl 1, 47 - 57
Human respiratory tract infections with mycoplasmas and their in vitro susceptibility to tetracyclines and some other antibiotics; Mardh PA; The role played by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possibly by other species of mycoplasma in respiratory tract infections in man is considered . The in vitro sensitivity of human mycoplasmas, that is, M . hominis, M . fermentans, M . orale type 1, M . pneumoniae, M . salivarium and T-mycoplasmas to different tetracycline analogues and some other antibiotics was determined . The strains tested were often somewhat more susceptible to doxycycline than to methacycline, minocycline and tetracycline, while oxytetracycline, per unit of weight, was in most instances 8-16 times less effective than doxycycline . The difference between the minimum concentrations of the above-mentioned tetracyclines, that inhibited metabolism of M . pneumoniae in liquid medium, and the minimum lethal concentrations of these antibiotics was small . Variation of the inoculum size of this organism had comparatively little effect on the result of the susceptibility tests with doxycycline . The study indicates a cidal rather than static action of doxycycline on M . pneumoniae . This organism as well as T-mycoplasmas were sensitive to low concentrations of erythromycin, while the strains of the other species studied were resistant to even 100 mug/ml of this antibiotic . M . pneumoniae and T-mycoplasmas were resistant to 20-80 mg/ml lincomycin, while the other human mycoplasmas were moderately sensitive . Chloramphenicol and gentamycin were generally less effective, per unit of weight, than the tetracyclines against most of the strains of mycoplasma tested . Some known effects of antibiotic treatment of mycoplasma infections in man are also discussed.

Orig Life, 1975 Jan-Apr, 6(1-2), 247 - 51
The begginning of photosynthesis; Broda E; There is no evolutionary continuity between photochemical abiosynthesis and bacterial photosynthesis . Rather, the photosynthetic bacteria are descendants of fermenters that did not use light . Photosynthesis and respiration, both using electron flow coupled with phosphorylation, have a common origin ('conversion hypothesis'), but photosynthesis came first . Anaerobic (nitrate or sulphate) respiration cannot have preceded photosynthesis as neither nitrate nor sulphate existed on the early earth . Sulphate was made first by photosynthetic sulphur bacteria . Nitrate arose even later, namely, in the aerobic biosphere produced by the blue-green algae, the first 'phytotrophs' . Photophosphorylation may have originated through the combination with membrane function of substrate level phosphorylation in reactionsand function of substrate level phosphorylation in reactions of photoproducts . Cyclic photophosphorylation arose while the biosphere was still reducing . It was supplemented later by processes for the light-based production of reducing power (NADH), ATP-powered electron flow, and subsequently light-powered electron flow with ATP production (noncyclic photophosphoryaltion) . These later processes served the assimilation of CO2.

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