Erwinia

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Aug, (8), 59 - 63
{Genetic transfer of pAP38, pAP39, and pAP41 plasmids into E . coli, Erwinia, and Hafnia strains}; Avdienko ID et al.; Genetic transfer factors pAP38, pAP39 and pAP41 can be transferred to E . coli, both typed and untypecd, as well as to Erwinia and Hafnia strains, with different frequency (10(-2) to 10(-8)) . The transconjugates thus obtained possess donor activity and can transfer the factors they have received to recipient E . coli strains . After transfer these factors are stably maintained in a new host for at least 10 days . Under the action of ethidium bromide or elevated temperature the elimination of the transfer factors from host bacteria is observed . The studied transfer factors pAP38, pAP39 and pAP41 (F-like factors) are plasmids fi+.

Vopr Virusol, 1982 May-Jun, 27(3), 348 - 54
{Electron microscopic structure of Erwinia carotovora moderate phage 59 and its DNA}; Kishko IaG et al.; Electron microscopic examinations showed the moderate phage 59 Erwinia carotovora to consist of a head of icosahedral shape 50.0+/- +/-2.5 nm in diameter, a noncontractile process 150.0+/-3.5 nm in length and 8.2+/-1.0 nm in diameter with a basal plate of 20.0+/-1,5 nm . The head of the virion of 45.9 X 10(3) nm3 in volume is formed by 812 morphological subunits about 3.0 nm in diameter; the number of structural subunits is 4860 on the basis of triangulation number (81) . The process of the virus is cross-striated, the pattern being formed by 35+/-1 rows (43+/-5 A) of subunits 3.0 nm in diameter . The total number of subunits in the process is 210+/-6 . DNA of the virus under study has a trend of ring formation . Its modal length is 14.61+/-0.53 micron corresponding to a molecular weight of 28.66+/-1.04 X 10(6) daltons . The volume of DNA molecule is 45.9 X X 10(3) nm3, indicating that a portion of phage DNA is in the virion, probably in denaturated state . An electron microscopic model of the organization of the virus under study is proposed.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1982 Apr 24, 10(8), 2639 - 50
The chromosomal origin of replication (oriC) of Erwinia carotovora; Takeda Y et al.; The chromosomal DNA replication origin (oriC) of the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora has been isolated and sequenced . The minimal E . carotovora oriC regional functional in Escherichia coli is a 374 base pair region located on a 7.9 kilobase pair SalI fragment which also contains a functional asnA gene . Differences between the nucleotide sequence of the minimal origin regions of E . carotovora and those of E . coli and Salmonella typhimurium are clustered nucleotide substitutions, with regions of complete homology, up to 19 base pairs long, between the three origins . Nine GATC sites are found in the minimal origin, and all are conserved . In contrast, the region toward asnA from the minimal origin shows little clustering and the differences occur mainly every third nucleotide, suggesting that this region is a protein coding region.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Apr, (4), 34 - 7
{Properties of a toxic substance from Erwinia carotovora var . citrullis}; Shcheglova MK et al.; The toxic substance of Erwinia carotovora, isolated in a pure form, is a protein-polysaccharide complex with molecular weight of 90000 daltons . The protein part of the complex contains 17 amino acids with the prevalence of dicarbonic acids and with insignificant quantities of thyrosine and phenylalanine, while the polysaccharide part of the complex contains 6 sugars . The antigenic specificity of the complex is linked with its hydrocarbon part, and the toxicity of the complex is determined by protein . The toxic complex is heat-resistant and most active at the neutral pH value of the culture medium.

Cancer, 1982 Apr 1, 49(7), 1378 - 83
Anaphylactoid reactions to Escherichia coli and Erwinia asparaginase in children with leukemia and lymphoma; Evans WE et al.; The incidence and clinical characteristics of anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous asparaginase were assessed in 196 patients given E . coli asparaginase and 49 patients given Erwinia asparaginase . All patients were given a 50 IU intravenous test dose followed in 30 min by the full dosage (10,000 IU/m2), if no reaction occurred to the test dose . Twenty-nine of 196 patients (14.8%) given E . coli asparaginase had an anaphylactoid reaction, occurring after their first through 12th doses . The probability of an anaphylactoid reaction was significantly greater in those patients not receiving concomitant prednisone-vincristine and patients with a hiatus between courses of asparaginase therapy . By logistic regression analysis, other variables such as age, sex, race, diagnosis, total number of doses and concurrent methotrexate or arabinosylcytosine did not contribute significantly to the probability of a reaction . Twenty-three of the patients who had reacted to E . coli asparaginase and 26 patients who had not reacted to E . coli asparaginase were subsequently given Erwinia asparaginase . Seven of these 49 patients (14%) had an anaphylactoid reaction . The probability of a reaction to Erwinia asparaginase was significantly related to a prior reaction to E . coli asparaginase, concomitant prednisone-vincristine therapy, total number of asparaginase doses, number of prior E . coli asparaginase doses, and diagnosis, when assessed by a logistic regression model . However, after adjusting for prior reaction to E . coli asparaginase and the total number of asparaginase doses given, the other variables did not contribute significantly to the probability of a reaction . Only 5/29 patients reacting to E . coli asparaginase and 1/7 reacting to Erwinia asparaginase had a reaction to the test dose . None of the reactions were fatal.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Apr, 150(1), 251 - 9
Direct DNA repeat in plasmid R68.45 is associated with deletion formation and concomitant loss of chromosome mobilization ability; Currier TC et al.; Plasmid R68.45 has been useful in promoting the transfer of chromosomal markers in bacteria of many genera . In donors harboring R68.45, chromosome-mobilizing ability (Cma) may be lost without the loss of other plasmid markers . However, Cma can be somewhat stabilized by maintenance of the donors in the presence of kanamycin (Km) . We isolated variants of R68.45 from four bacterial species of three genera . Plasmid variants isolated included those without Cma, without transfer function (Tra) and Cma, or without Tra, Cma, and Km resistance . In Erwinia carotovora subsp . atroceptica EA153, the loss of plasmid markers is dependent on the culture medium on which the donors are maintained . Restriction endonuclease analyses of the variant plasmids revealed that most are deletion mutants of R68.45 . In all cases when the uncertainty in the ends of the deletions was not too great, one end of the deletion was shown to originate within or near the direct DNA duplication in R68.45 which is required for Cma and which maps close to the Km resistance determinant . Furthermore, the types of deletions observed are consistent with what might be expected for deletions generated by tandemly repeated insertion sequences . Therefore, we suggest that the DNA duplication is the source of much of the instability observed in R68.45 . However, data are presented for E . carotovora subsp . atroceptica EA153 which suggest that another region of R68.45 may also play a role in its stability in this species.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Mar, 27(3), 165 - 70
{Induction of bacteriocin synthesis in Erwinia cells}; Lysak VV et al.; The effect of UV light and mitomycin C as inductors of bacteriocins biosynthesis by Erwinia was studied . 46 strains of Erwinia were tested and the synthesis of bacteriocins was induced by irradiation with UV light only in 14 of them . The irradiation dose providing the highest increase of the bacteriocin titer was different for every strain . The survival of the strains ranged within 0.06 to 11.3 per cent . The time course of the bacteriocin synthesis induced by UV light in 9 strains of Erwinia was studied and it was shown that the process had common similar characteristics: gradual increasing of the bacteriocin titer immediately after exposure to UV light, reaching the maximum level 5-7 hours after incubation and its persisting for the subsequent observation period . Mitomycin indices bacteriocin production by the Erwinia strains tested only in individual cases, the character of the effect being dependent on the drug concentration and exposure time.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Feb, 149(2), 626 - 34
An exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase implicated in the regulation of extracellular pectate lyase production in Erwinia chrysanthemi; Collmer A et al.; Pectic enzymes in the supernatants of Erwinia chrysanthemi cultures in late-logarithmic-phase growth on D-galacturonan were resolved into three components: two pectate lyase isozymes and an exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase previously unreported in this organism . The hydrolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, preparative electrofocusing in Ultrodex gel, and gel filtration through Ultrogel AcA54 . The enzyme had a specific activity of 591 mumol/min per mg of protein, a pI of 8.3, a molecular weight of 67,000, a pH optimum of 6.0, and a Km of 0.05 mM for D-galacturonan . Analyses of reaction mixtures by paper chromatography revealed that the enzyme released only digalacturonic acid from D-galacturonan . The action of the hydrolytic enzyme on D-galacturonan labeled at the nonreducing end by partial digestion with pectate lyase revealed that it rapidly released 4,5-unsaturated digalacturonic acid from 4,5-unsaturated pectic polymers . The production of extracellular exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase was coordinately regulated with pectate lyase production . The action patterns of the two enzymes appeared complementary in the degradation of pectic polymers to disaccharides that stimulated pectic enzyme production and supported bacterial growth.

Vopr Virusol, 1982 Jan-Feb, (1), 64 - 9
{Physicochemical and biological properties of the DNA of virulent and temperate Erwinia carotovora phages}; Kishko IaG et al.; DNA of virulent and moderate E . carotovora viruses, of marked AT-type, was shown to have molecular weights determine by 2 independent methods from 49.2 to 54 and 28 to 29.8 MD, respectively . The genomes of the viruses under study differed by the point and curve profiles of the melting temperature and sedimentation constant . DNA of the moderate phage contains an unidentified abnormal base and has no free cohesive ends . DNA of the moderate virus contains 15% of nucleotide sequences homologous with those of the virulent virus DNA . Calcium-competent cells are the most acceptable system for the study of DNA transfection of these phages . The virulent virus DNA gives a higher yield of transfectants (by 2 orders) than that of the moderate virus . Herring DNA reduces the level of DNA transfection of both phages approximately by 100-fold . In competitive transfection experiments, the virulent virus DNA was found to be more competitive.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 42(4), 599 - 604
Characterization of plasmids in Erwinia stewartii; Coplin DL et al.; Plasmids in 39 strains of Erwinia stewartii were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis . Most virulent strains had from 11 to 13 plasmids ranging in molecular mass from 2.8 to 210 megadaltons and contained plasmids of 210, 70, 49, 43, 29.5, 16.8, 8.8, and 2.8 megadaltons . Plasmids in strains SW2 and SS104 were characterized by both electron microscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis and may be useful as convenient references for sizing plasmids by electrophoresis . Specific size classes of plasmids could not be associated with antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, carbohydrate utilization, bacteriocin production, or pathogenicity to corn . However, avirulent strains tended to have fewer plasmids than virulent strains.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 1015 - 20
Plasmid ColVBtrp maintenance in Erwinia carotovora; Schukin NN; Plasmid ColVBtrp maintenance in Erwinia carotovora cells was followed by measuring kinetics of elimination of plasmid genetic markers and loss of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid . An E . carotovora mutant stably carrying plasmid ColVBtrp was isolated . Besides stable plasmid maintenance, the mutant showed altered sensitivity to male-specific phage MS2, sensitivity to drugs, and colony morphology.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1981, 64, 253 - 69
Defective packing of an unusual DNA in a virulent Erwinia phage, Erh 1; Kozloff LM et al.; A newly isolated bacteriophage, Erh 1, for Erwinia herbicola, has been characterized . This virulent phage has been found to have an elongated rod-like head and a short complex tail structure . One major protein and 5 minor proteins have been identified as phage components . The head structure was found to be transparent, flexible and could be twisted or flattened by various treatments . The DNA, isolated from highly purified phage particles, was linear, double-stranded, had a G-C content of 46-47% and displayed two unique features . (1) The isolated phage DNA molecules were highly heterogeneous in contour lengths; the most prevalent molecules had a length of 6-12 mu, but molecules have been measured with lengths ranging from 2.3 mu to 37 mu . (2) One or two long single-stranded regions, "gaps," ranging in length from 0.3 to 3.1 mu with an average length of 1.4 +/- 0.7 mu, were found in about 25% of the phage DNA molecules . Upon density gradient centrifugation of p32 labeled phage, it was found that most of the DNA was contained in apparently noninfectious, defective particles, with densities ranging from 1.34 to 1.41 while most of the infectious particles were found in fractions of density of 1.44 +/- 0.02 . When used to multiply infect cells, the lower density particles were able to complement each other and form infectious centers . Further, it was found that infectious particles themselves were heterogeneous and had sedimentation constants varying from 600 S to 1400 S . From the distribution of DNA sizes in these particles, the variations in sedimentation behavior, and the flexibility of the head structure of most particles, it appears that the head structure is formed first and then the DNA is packed inefficiently into this head structure . Apparently, most phage particles are only partly filled and do not contain a complete genome while a few others may contain a large amount of redundant viral DNA.

Genetika, 1981, 17(11), 2048 - 51
{Conjugation transfer of chromosome markers in an Erwinia chrysanthemi bacterial system . I . Construction of a strain capable of transferring the chromosome during conjugation}; Prokulevich VA et al.; The donor strain Erwinia chrysanthemi VY1-10, capable of transferring chromosomal markers at a high frequency (4,7.10(-5)-1,8.10(-3) in crosses with the isogenic polyauxotrophic recipient strain E . chrysanthemi VY7 lac, thr1, leu1, pro1, his2, str-r, was obtained from the strain E . chrysanthemi ENA49 Flac+ (VY1) after growth at 28 degrees on the medium containing acridine orange . Furthermore, the cells of the donor obtained are characterized by stable inheritance of lac+ character.

Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol, 1980 Dec, 30(3), 535 - 45
Affinity chromatography of some pyridoxal phosphate-requiring enzymes on Cibacron Blue F3GA-agarose; Meadows GG et al.; Tyrosine phenol-lyase from Erwinia herbicola was purified from a cell-free extract in a single step on Cibacron Blue F3GA-agarose . The protein was purified as the apoenzyme and was unstable after affinity chromatography . Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase from porcine heart also bound to Cibacron Blue F3GA-agarose . These enzymes were partially purified as holoenzymes from a crude porcine heart extract by elution with NADH and KCl . Alanine aminotransferase was purified 19 fold by this procedure.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 26(9), 1023 - 8
Sensitivity of some Erwinia carotovora serogroups to macromolecular bacteriocins; Crowley CF et al.; Representative strains from each of 18 Erwinia carotovora serogroups were tested for bacteriocin activity . Eight bacteriocin producing strains were found and the bacteriocins partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and high-speed centrifugation . Bacteriocins from all eight strains were morphologically similar to bacteriophage tails . Specific absorption of bacteriocins from one of the antagonistic strains to sensitive bacterial cells was demonstrated with electron microscopy . In four of the serogroups tested each strain was sensitive to only one or two of the bacteriocins while in other serogroups sensitivity varied . Strains of both E . carotovora var . atroseptica and E . carotovora var . carotovora were sensitive to the same bacteriocins, but the two serogroups of var . atroseptica could be differentiated from each other on the basis of sensitivity to one bacteriocin.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 127(2), 115 - 8
Expression of Klebsiella his and nif genes in Serratia marcescens, Erwinia herbicola and Proteus mirabilis; Krishnapillai V et al.; Plasmid pRD1, an R plasmid of the P incompatibility group which carries his and nif genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae in addition to drug resistance markers derived from RP4, was transferred to His- mutants of Serratia marcescens, Erwinia herbicola and Proteus mirabilis . His+ transconjugants were obtained at low but different frequencies according to recipient genus . Transconjugants all acquired the drug resistance, and were Nif+ in S . marcescens and E . herbicola, having acetylene-reducing activities of the same order of magnitude as the parent K . pneumoniae and fixing 15N2 . No evidence for nif expression in P . mirabilis transconjugants was obtained though the nif genes were present.

Plasmid, 1980 Sep, 4(2), 228 - 30
Plasmid pEA566 from Erwinia aroideae; Schukin NN et al.; A new plasmid designated pEA566 was isolated from Erwinia aroideae . The molecular weight of the plasmid, as determined by neutral and alkaline sucrose gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy, and agarose gel electrophoresis, was 6.6 X 10(6) . The plasmid replicated under relaxed control, had three cleavage sites for KpnI restriction endonuclease, and no sites for EcoRI, BamHI, SalI, PstI, and HindIII.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1980 May-Jun, 16(3), 372 - 6
{Some properties of bacteriocins from Erwinia}; Lysak VV; The following properties of eight bacteriocins produced by Erwinia strains were investigated: thermal stability, sensitivity to proteolytc enzymes and enzymes involved in nucleic acid catabolism, dialyzability through a cellophane membrane . Their molecular weight was also measured . The bacteriocins proved to be protein substances with a molecular weight of 17,000--33,000 that differed in their thermal stability and sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 May, 26(5), 567 - 71
Serological relationships among flagella of Erwinia carotovor var . atroseptica and some E . carotovora var . carotovora serogorups; De Boer SH; The 2 Erwinia carotovora var . atroseptica serogroups and 2 out of 16 E . carotovora var . carotovora serogroups previously established on the basis of diffusible somatic antigens were shown to be serologically related by agglutination procedures using whole cells . The common agglutinating antigen in serogroups I, III, V, and XVIII was heat labile and identified as the bacterial flagella by the fluorescent antibody staining procedure . A few strains in serogorups I and III apparently lacked flagella altogether . Fluorescent antibody staining of whole cells also confirmed that the cell wall antigens of serogroups I, II, and XVIII were related and that the cell wall antigens of serogroups III and V were not related to each other or to the other serogroups.

Biochem J, 1980 Apr 15, 188(1), 131 - 5
Phosphatidylethanolamine distribution and fluidity in outer and inner membranes of the gram-negative bacterium Erwinia carotovora; Shukla SD et al.; 1 . The distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine, the major lipid of Erwinia carotovora, was investigated in intact bacteria, spheroplasts and outer- and inner-membrane preparations, with the amino-group reagent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid . Only 4% was found on the external surface of the outer membrane with 30% on the internal surface, whereas the inner membrane had 27 and 38% on its external and internal surfaces respectively . Some comparative studies were made with three other bacteria . 2 . The fluidity of the membranes of E . carotovora was studied by using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenylhexa-1,3,5-triene . Results were consistent with the hydrocarbon region of the outer membrane bilayer being less fluid than that of the inner one . 3 . On the basis of these and other results a model for the outer- and inner-membrane structures of E . carotovora is proposed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Apr, 33(4), 353 - 8
Herbicolins--New peptide antibiotics from Erwinia herbicola; Winkelmann G et al.; Erwinia herbicols (strain A 111) produces two acylated peptide antibiotics herbicolins A and B . Isolation of herbicolins was performed by adsorption on a polystryrol adsorbent followed by elution with methanol . Further purification was achieved by gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20, counter-current distribution or by TLC . Herbicolin A was chemically characterized, containing 2 glycines, 1 L-threonine, 1 D-allo-threonine, 1 D-glutamic acid, 1 D-leucine, 1 L-agrinine and beta-hydroxy myristic acid . Herbicolins A and B are inactive against bacteria, but highly active against yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Biochem J, 1980 Jan 15, 186(1), 13 - 9
Microbial metabolism of amino alcohols . Biosynthetic utilization of ethanolamine for lipid synthesis by bacteria; Shukla SD et al.; 1 . Ten bacteria utilizing {2-14C}ethanol-2-amine as the sole or major source of nitrogen for growth on glycerol + salts medium incorporated radioactivity into a variety of bacterial substances . A high proportion was commonly found in lipid fractions, particularly in the case of Erwinia carotovora . 2 . Detailed studies of {14C}ethanolamine incorporation into lipids by five bacteria, including E . carotovora, showed that all detectable lipids were labelled . Even where phosphatidylethanolamine was the major lipid labelled, radioactivity was predominantly in the fatty acid rather than the base moiety . The labelled fatty acids were identified in each case . 3 . The addition of acetate to growth media decreased the incorporation of radioactivity from ethanolamine into both fatty acid and phosphatidyl-base fragments of lipids from all the bacteria except Mycobacterium smegmatis . Experiments with {3H}ethanolamine and {14C}acetate confirmed that unlabelled acetate decreased the incorporation of both radioactive isotopes into lipids, except in the case of M . smegmatis . 4 . Enzyme studies suggested one of two metabolic routes between ethanolamine and acetyl-CoA for each of four bacteria . A role for ethanolamine O-phosphate was not obligatory for the incorporation of {14C}ethanolamine into phospholipids, but correlated with CoA-independent aldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1980, 46(2), 191 - 204
Nutritional requirements and biochemical activities of pineapple pink disease bacterial strains from Hawaii; Cho JJ et al.; Bacteria which cause pink disease of pineapple, identified on the basis of their nutritional and biochemical activities, were found to belong to three genera . These bacteria include the following species: Gluconobacter oxydans, Acetobacter aceti, and Erwinia herbicola . Several pink disease strains required one to three vitamins for growth . Both G . oxydans strains 303D and 180 required biotin, nicotinic acid, and pantothenic acid for growth; E . herbicola 189 required only nicotinic acid; however, A aceti 295 was able to grow without any added supplements in glucose mineral salts medium . Optimal vitamin concentrations for maximal growth and optimal pH for the maximal number of generations per hour was established for a few pink disease strains.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980, (2), 77 - 81
{Properties of the bacteriocin of Erwinia aroideae}; Shukin NN et al.; Erwinicin, produced by Erwinia aroideae cells, consists of rod-shaped particles . The molecular weight of such particles, determined by the method of sedimentation in saccharose gradient, is 15 megadaltons . The size of the particles is 14 x 160 nm . The preparations of erwinicin are thermolabile, insensitive to the action of RNAase, pronase, DNAase and possess antigenic properties . The synthesis of erwinicin is an inducible process.

Tohoku J Exp Med, 1979 Sep, 129(1), 103 - 4
Significance of Erwinia in the vagina as causative agents of urinary tract infections; Umenai T et al.; The isolation of Erwiniae from the vagina became positive just before the occurrence of erwiniuria . It is proposed that the appearance of Erwiniae in the vagina is an important indicator in the prediction of urinary tract infection by Erwiniae.

Cancer Res, 1979 Jun, 39(6 Pt 1), 1927 - 33
Improvement in the therapeutic, immunological, and clearance properties of Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginases by attachment of poly-DL-alanyl peptides; Uren JR et al.; The chemical modification of both Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora asparaginases by a DL-alanine-N-carboxyanhydride polymerization technique produced modified enzymes which had greater protease stability, retained most of their catalytic activity, and demonstrated a 7- to 10-fold prolongation in plasma clearance properties in normal mice and rats . Concomitantly, plasma substrate depletion was also extended 5 to 13 days longer for the modified as compared with the native enzymes . For preparations of modified enzymes with plasma half-lives longer than 24 hr, the therapeutic activity was superior to that of the native enzymes . In addition, the modified E . coli preparations were less immunogenic in mice than was the native enzyme, and they cross-reacted with antibodies developed to the native enzyme to a 300-fold lesser degree, such that the modified enzyme still showed prolonged clearance in an animal which had been immunized previously to the native enzyme . The native enzyme was immediately cleared from the plasma of such immune animals, although hyperimmune animals would rapidly clear both the native and modified enzymes . Similarly, the modified E . carotovora enzyme would cross-react to a 500-fold lesser degree with antibodies developed against the native E . carotovora enzyme.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Feb, 137(2), 1035 - 6
"Self-catabolite repression" of pectate lyase in Erwinia carotovora; Tsuyumu S; The induction of pectate lyase of Erwinia carotovora was repressed by a high concentration of its inducer . The concomitant addition of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate reversed this repression.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(1), 43 - 63
{Model trials for isolation of soft rot bacteria by media containing pectic substances (author's transl)}; Naumann K et al.; 1 . Under aerobic conditions bacterial soft rots are caused in the most cases by pectolytic Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus spp . 2 . Using 7 soft rotting strains several selective media were tested for their ability to sure a quick and exact isolation and differentiation of these pathogens . By bile salt-lactose-medium all Erwinia spp . under test could be isolated . For isolation of pectinolytic Pseudomonas strains the D4 medium of Kado and Heskett was suitable as the best one . 3 . By the use of substrats containing pectic substances the results of isolation could be essentially improved: So, a sure differentiation of soft rotting bacteria and saprophytic organisms already upon the substrate and in addition, the isolation of pectinolytic Bacillus strains also became possible . The pectinolytic activity of the test strains on pectin-double layer-media was dependent upon the composition of the basal medium . 4 . On the base of the results we obtained an isolation scheme is proposed, that allowed to indicate the pectolytic active bacilli (after heating to 80 degrees C for 10 min) on thioglycollate medium covered by a pectin layer, the Erwinia spp . on Stewart-Medium covered by pectin layer and the pectolytic pseudomonads on FPA-medium described by Sands, Hankin and Zucker (containing citrus pectin) to the equal time . 5 . The trials also demonstrated, that the preparing of double layer-media instead of sodium polypectate mostly being recommended in literature lower estered pectic compounds can be used successfully.

Nahrung, 1979, 23(2), 105 - 9
The post-harvest fruit rots of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) in Nigeria; Fajola AO; A survey of the post-harvest fruit rot diseases of tomato was conducted in five states of Nigeria . During severe infections, the diseases could cause 25% loss at harvest and 34% loss of the remaining product in transit, storage and market stalls; thus giving an overall loss of about 50% of the product . Two types of rots, soft and dry were recognised . The soft rot was found to account for about 85% and the dry rot about 15% of the overall loss . Erwinia carotovora, Rhizopus oryzae, R . stolonifer, Fusarium equiseti, F . nivale and F . oxysporum were established as the soft rot pathogens; while Aspergillus aculeatus, A . flavus, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Corynespora cassiicola, Curvularia lunata, Penicillium expansum P . multicolor and Rhizoctonia solani were established as the dry rot pathogens of tomato fruits in Nigeria.

Genetika, 1979, 15(10), 1739 - 45
{Acceptance and transfer of plasmid Rts1 by bacteria of the genus Erwinia}; Lobanok TE et al.; The ability of 13 Erwinia strains to accept, to inherit and to transmit the Rts1 factor by conjugation was studied . 11 strains accepted the Rts1 factor from Escherichia coli K-12 CSH-2 with the frequency of about 10(-7)--10(-3) . The Rts1 factor was genetically stable in the Erwinia cells and was not eliminated by acriflavine and under the temperature of 37 and 42 degrees C . All the R+ exconjugants were characterized with more high degree of the resistance of kanamycin than E . coli cells harbouring the same R factor . Erwinia strains harbouring the Rts1 plasmid transferred it by conjugation into homologic (Erwinia) and heterologic (E . coli) bacteria . The study of kinetics of the transfer of the Rts1 factor in different mating systems showed that the transfer of this plasmid from R+ Erwinia into R- Erwinia and R- E . coli--in the liquid medium . It is concluded that Erwinia can be the host and the donor of the Rts1 factor.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1979, 134(2), 187 - 92
Production of cellulase (Cx) by different species of Erwinia; El-Helaly AF et al.; The tested isolates of Erwinia chrysanthemi (corn pathotype) and E . carotovora constitutively produce high levels of cellulase(s) (Cx) in presence or absence of carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) as substrate in the medium . The tested isolates of E . atroseptica produced high levels of cellulase when grown in presence of both carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) and sucrose, low levels in presence of carboxymethyl-cellulose alone, and traces of cellulase(s) in presence of sucrose alone . The activity of cellulase(s), present in culture supernatants of E . chrysanthemi (corn pathotype) and E . carotovora, occurred in a broad range of pH value (2.2--9) with an optimum pH ranging from pH 4 to 7 . However, the activity of cellulase(s), present in culture supernatant of E . atroseptica, occurred in a narrow range of pH value (3--7) with an optimum of about pH 5.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 36(6), 831 - 8
Distribution of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants in nature; Lindow SE et al.; A replica plating method for rapid quantitation of ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria was developed . Leaf washings of plant samples from California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, and Wisconsin were tested for the presence of INA bacteria . Of the 95 plant species sampled, 74 were found to harbor INA bacteria . Only the conifers were, as a group, unlikely to harbor INA bacteria . All of the INA bacteria isolated resembled either Pseudomonas syringae or Erwinia herbicola . Sufficient numbers of INA bacteria were present on the samples to account for the ice nuclei associated with leaves that are necessary for freezing injury to occur . Numbers of INA bacteria were large enough to suggest that plant surfaces may constitute a significant source of atmospheric ice nuclei.

Genetika, 1978 Nov, 14(11), 1892 - 9
{Transmission of F'lac plasmid from Escherichia coli K-12 to bacteria of the genus Erwinia}; Prokulevich VA et al.; The F'lac plasmid was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli K-12 W1655 to 21 lac- strains of Erwinia spp . (5.2 . 10(-6) to 6.8 . 10(-2) lac+ exconjugants per donor cell) . Erw . herbicola and Erw . chrysanthemi were the better recipients than others . The degree of the stability of lac+ genes in Erwinia exconjugants depends on the strains . Stable exconjugants of Erwinia, which harbored F'lac plasmid, were able to utilize lactose, to transfer lac genes by conjugation to Erwinia spp . and E . coli, and were sensitive to the F-specific phages f1, f2, Qbeta . The F'lac plasmid was eliminated from the exconjugants by the treatment with acridine orange, which indicates that this genetic element is not integrated into the Erwinia chromosome.

Arch Environ Health, 1978 Sep-Oct, 33(5), 260 - 70
Exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture . II . Immunological survey; Dutkiewicz J; In order to investigate whether high exposure to Erwinia herbicola causes sensitization in grain handlers, immunological tests (agargel precipitation, complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and intradermal) with the extracts of these bacteria were performed in different groups of grain workers and in other groups of population . Tests with extracts of grain dust and other microorganisms were also performed . Grain workers showed in all the tests high incidence of positive reactions to E . herbicola, being significantly higher, as compared with unexposed subjects . Different actinomycetal and fungal extracts gave lower percentages of positive reactions . Skin reactions to E . herbicola were significantly correlated with the reactions to grain dust and showed a close relationship with the degree of exposure . The grain workers with respiratory symptoms reacted more frequently to E . herbicola than asymptomatic ones, both in intradermal and precipitation tests . Thus, these bacteria should be considered as a factor increasing risk of the respiratory disorders among grain handlers.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Aug, 24(8), 1010 - 2
Effect of three antagonists on the development of bacterial leaf streak of rice; Rao CS et al.; Among 11 epiphytic microorganisms one species each of Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Aspergillus were antagonistic to Xanthomonas translucens subsp . oryzicola . Symptoms of bacterial leaf streak did not develop when the antagonists were sprayed on rice leaves 24 h before inoculation . Although the symptoms developed when the antagonists were applied 24 h after inoculation, the number of lesions and their length was significantly reduced over control . When the mixture of each antagonist and the pathogen was applied, no symptoms developed with Pseudomonas and Aspergillus sp . However, the symptoms could develop with Erwinia sp . although the number and length of the lesions was reduced over control.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jun, 23(6), 509 - 13
{Bacteriocinogenic activity of strains of the genus Erwinia}; Lysak VV et al.; Antibacterial activity of 272 Erwinia strains was studied . It was found that 182 or 66.9 per cent of the strains were capable of producing spontaneously antibacterial substances belonging to the class of bacteriocins; 125 bacteriocynogenic strains were divided into 25 groups on the basis of their antibacterial spectrum similarity; 57 bacteriocynogenic strains were not included into any of these groups because of their significant heterogenicity with respect to the feature studied . It was shown that most of the strains inhibited viability of the bacteria of both its own and other species . Investigation of the antagonistic activity of the Erwinia strains with broad antibacterial spectra with respect to E . coli indicative for colicins gave negative results . The study of the Erwinia strains sensitivity to the antibacterial effect of the bacteriocynogenic cultures showed that 210 out of 272 cultures were sensitive to separate bacteriocins.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Apr, 24(4), 448 - 54
Isolation and characterization of Hfr strains of Erwinia amylovora; Pugashetti BK et al.; Hfr strains (Hfr 159 and its derivatives, Hfr 160 and Hfr 161) were constructed from Erwinia amylovora ICPB EA178 by introducing an Escherichia coli F'his+ plasmid and then selecting for integration of F'his+ after treatment with acridine orange . The Hfr strains were relatively stable upon repeated transfers on nonselective media . Interrupted mating experiments and analyses of inheritance of unselected markers showed that his+ is transferred by Hfr 159 as the proximal marker at a relatively high frequency (about 5 x 10(-4) recombinants per input donor cell), followed by ilv+, orn+, arg+, pro+, rbs+, met+, trp+, leu+, ser+, and thr+ (not necessarily in that precise order) . The donor strains, previously constructed in E . amylovora by integration of F'lac+ from E . coli transfer cys+ as the proximal marker followed by ser+ . Further analysis of one of those earlier donor strains, Hfr99, showed that ser+ is followed by arg+, orn+, met+, pro+, leu+, ilv+, rbs+, his+, trp+, and thr+ (not necessarily in that precise order) . Thus, the Hfr strains constructed by integration of F'his+ are different, in terms of origin and direction of transfer, from those derived from integration of F'lac+ . The applicability of these Hfr strains to mapping the genes on the E . amylovora chromosome is indicated.

Genetika, 1978 Mar, 14(3), 487 - 501
{F'ColVColBtrpcys plasmid in Erwinia aroideae}; Gol'farb DM et al.; Erwinia aroideae carries a cryptic plasmid with 30 S sedimentation coefficient . Plasmid F'ColVColBtrpcys does not dissociate in E . aroideae and is replicated under stringent control since the number of plasmid copies per chromosome does not exceed one . The behaviour of F'ColVColBtrpcys plasmid in E . aroideae is characterized by (1) instability observed at both spontaneous and after EB treatment, (2) depression of plasmid genes that determine colicin synthesis.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(7-8), 680 - 5
Identification of Erwinia sp., causing stalk rot of maize in Egypt; El-Helaly AF et al.; The physiological characteristics, pathogenic propensities, and the sensitivity towards certain antibiotics of the causal bacterium of stalk rot of maize, isolated in Egypt, were studied . Different isolates of Erwinia carotovora and E . atroseptica were included for comparative studies . The antibiotic sensitivity tests (including erythromycin) are of no value in differentiating between E . carotovora and E . atroseptica . The cultures of the causal bacterium of stalk rot of maize showed physiological characteristics similar to those known for E . chrysanthemi . The pathogenic propensities of E . chrysanthemi isolates suggest the presence of a number of pathotypes of E . chrysanthemi . The proposal of HARTMAN and KELMAN to identify maize stalk rot pathogen as E . chrysanthemi (corn pathotype) seems, therefore, to be the most appropriate name for this bacterium.

Genetika, 1978, 14(12), 2119 - 27
{Characteristics of the conjugation transfer of the R plasmids in bacteria of the intestinal group to Erwinia cells}; Lobanok TE et al.; The conjugal transfer of seven R factors with different genes of drug resistance from Escherichia coli bacteria to twenty Erwinia strains was studied . Seven Erwinia strains were able to accept R plasmids, however the frequency of R factors transfer from E . coli to Erwinia was about 10(-6)-10(-4), and as a rule was higher when the cross was made at optimum temperature for the donor . The most of R- exconjugants showed higher degree of resistance to streptomycin and lower degrees of resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol than donor E . coli strains . R plasmids which were transferred to Erwinia from enteric bacteria were characterized by low genetical stability and in some cases were eliminated at first generations of recipient bacteria . Some R- strains of Erwinia exconjugants were able to transfer the accepted plasmids by conjugation into E . coli cells, but were not able to do it in homologous systems.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(1), 80 - 5
Serologic studies of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f . sp . zeae; Prasad M et al.; With the help of serological techniques, namely microprecipitin, agglutination, and gel diffusion, sixteen isolates of maize stalk rot pathogen were proved to be identical . Serological techniques have thus been utilized as an additional tool for identifying the pathogen Erwinia carotovora f . sp . zea . It was also established that the pathogen does not perpetuate in the seed, either externally of internally . It could, however, be found through serological tests that infected ears carried the pathogen and transmitted it as a contaminant to the healthy seeds.

Clin Chim Acta, 1977 Dec 1, 81(2), 125 - 30
A simple colorimetric method for determination of serum triglycerides with lipoprotein lipase and glycerol dehydrogenase; Sugiura M et al.; A simplified enzymic procedure to determine accurately serum triglycerides is described . Serum triglycerides are hydrolyzed completely to free fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens . The released glycerol is oxidized with glycerol dehydrogenase from Erwinia aroideae in the presence of NAD+, were the reduction of the enzyme-linked NAD+ is coupled to the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium as a chromogenic indicator with phenazine methosulfate serving as an intermediate electron carrier of NADH . The absorbance at 570 nm is measured . The method requies only 20 microliter of serum and a 10-min incubation and is rapid and simple . The present method offers the measurement of a high concentration of triglyceride up to 1000 mg/dl serum . The results obtained by the present method show good correlation with those obtained by the glycerol kinase method (correlation coefficient, 0.989) or the acetylacetone method (correlation coefficient, 0.979) . These results suggest that the proposed method will be utilized as a method or routine clinical test.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 23(10), 1433 - 47
Numerical taxonomy of heavy metal-tolerant bacteria isolated from an estuary; Austin B et al.; A total of 230 strains of metal-tolerant bacteria from water and sediment samples collected in Chesapeake Bay were isolated on a medium containing cobalt, lead, mercury, or molybdenum . In addition, a set of 71 cultures were simultaneously isolated on glucose tryptone yeast extract agar medium without metals . Twenty-three reference strains were also included in the numerical taxonomy study of these bacteria, bringing the grand total of strains examined to 324 . All strains were examined for 112 biochemical, cultural, morphological, and physiological characters . The taxonomic data obtained were analyzed by computer and the simple matching (SSM) and Jaccard (SJ) coefficients were calculated . Clustering achieved by unweighted average linkage is presented and, from sorted similarity matrices and dendrograms, 294 strains, i.e., 97% of the total, were recovered in 12 phenetic groups defined at the 75 to 80% similarity level . Among the strains there were nine phena presumptively identified as Bacillus, Erwinia, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, and coryneforms . From the results of the taxonomic study, it is concluded that metal tolerance in estuarine water and sediment bacteria occurs among a restricted range of taxa distributed throughout the estuarine environment.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 617 - 20
{Study of the drug resistance of bacteria of the genus Erwinia}; Lobanok TE et al.; Sensitivity of 788 strains of Erwinia isolated from natural substrates and received from other laboratories was studied with respect to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and kanamycin . It was found that 346 (43.9 per cent) strains were drug resistant . However, the levels of the resistance to most of the drugs tested were not high and amounted to 5-10 gamma/ml . Penicillin resistance was the most frequent characteristics of the strains studied (341 strains) . The resistance levels to this drug were higher than those to the other drugs and ranged from 25 to 100 gamma/ml . In some cases they were higher . Analysis of the drug resistance spectra showed that Erwinia strains resistant to 1 (172 strains) or 2 (149 strains) antibiotics were most frequent . 25 strains were multiresistant (to 3-5 drugs) . All the resistant strains had 18 types of drug resistance . The genetic control of the drug resistance feature was carried out in the experiments on crossing of the drug resistant strains of Erwinia with the sensitive bacteria of the same genera, i.e . Erwinia chrysanthemi EP-3 and E . coli K-12 . The results of the experiments were negative, which should be considered as an evidence of chromosomal localization of the antibiotic resistant genes in the Erwinia bacteria studied.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1977 Jun, 10(1-2), 37 - 47
Transfer of episome F'lac+ and chromosomal trp+ genes from Erwinia amylovora to Salmonella typhimurium; Wu WC et al.; The F'lac+ episome of Escherichia coli origin was transferred by conjugation with frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-5) from Erwinia amylovora to 14 out of 15 Salmonella typhimurium trp female parents . The chromosomal trp+ genes were transferred with frequencies of 10(-7) to 10(-6) only to one trpB and 2 trpD female parents, which have a point mutation in the 2nd and fourth structural genes, respectively, of the tryptophan operon . The transferred male trp+ genes became integrated at the selected sites of the S . tryphimurium chromosome . The resulting Trp+ hybrids were phenotypically stable, lacked a cryptic trp allele selected against in the female parent, had high genetic homology values in the tryptophan region, and showed biochemical reactions and pathogenicity typical of S . typhimurium.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1977 May, 95(5), 824 - 5
Endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species; Oesterle CS et al.; A 14-year-old boy developed exogenous endophthalmitis presumably caused by an Erwinia species . To our knowledge, this is the firs reported case of endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species, which has been considered pathogenic for only the last ten years . The endophthalmitis developed after a piece of wood penetrated the patient's sclera . After removal of the foreign body, the patient received intravitreally and subconjunctivally administered gentamicin sulfate, intramuscularly administered cephaloridine, and a short course of orally administered prednisone . The patient had clinical and visual improvement.

Dev Biol Stand, 1977 Apr 13-15, 38, 73 - 9
Amino acid degrading enzymes for cancer therapy; Wade HE; The development of microbial enzymes for cancer therapy presents difficulties not commonly experienced with biological drugs . The development of the enzyme asparaginase from Escherichia coli in the USA and of the serologically different asparaginase from the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora in this Establishment, has not only added to the choice of antileukaemia drugs but also provided a valuable guide to the selection and development of new therapeutic enzymes . Our own programme has led to the study of enzymes that degrade other amino acids (glutamine, arginine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that appear to be important to certain leukaemia cells . Microbes with only remote associations with man were considered as a source of these to minimize initial immunological sensitivity . In the case of erwinia asparaginase the benefits of this have probably included a lower incidence of anaphylaxis compared with the escherichia enzyme . The selection of a stable, high-affinity enzyme that operates efficiently under physiological conditions ensures effective depletion of a circulating amino acid but the choice is very limited . It is also difficult to assess from laboratory tests the likely persistence, toxicity and efficacy of the enzyme in clinical use and to arrive at meaningful biological tests for the quality control of the finished product . Some of the difficulties will be described and proposals made for criteria of acceptance for this type of drug in experimental use.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(1), 89 - 92
Studies on certain aspects of chemical control of bacterial stalk rot disease of maize; Sinha SK et al.; Sandoz seed dressing 6335 showing high efficacy in checking the growth of the maize stalk rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora f . sp . zeae Sabet in culture . Brestan, Antracol, Difolatan, Aratan, Duter, Ceresan wet, Flit-406, Cuman, Blitox-50, Streptocycline, Agrimycin, Terramycin, Actidione, Aureomycin, Chloromycetin, Penicillin G, and Streptomycin were moderately effective . The rest of the 35 chemicals was negligible in its influence . 15 different chemicals, namely Agrimycin, Streptocycline, Chloromycetin, Sodium penicillin G, Actidione, Terramycin, Aureomycin, Sandoz seed dressing 6335, Antracol, Aratan, Blitox-50, Diflotan-80, Ceresan wet, Cuman and Brestan 60 could also control the disease, but only when the plants were treated in vivo immediately after inoculation . They could not show any effectiveness, however, after 24, 48, and 72 hours of inoculation, showing their failure to control, once the infection has taken place by the pathogen.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(1), 81 - 8
Bacterial stalk rot of Maize, its symptoms and host-range; Sinha SK et al.; Stalk rot of maize, caused by Erwinia carotovora f . sp . zeae Sabet (re-designated as Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pathovar . zeae by KELMAN 1974) showed first premature withering and drying up of the uppermost leaves which was soon followed by the lower leaves . The rot either extended from the base upwards (basal rot) or from the top downwards (top rot) . In the case of basal rot, the leaves become yellow and the infected tissue becomes brown, soft, and water soaked . Internally, the stalk turns into a soft mass of disintegrated tissue . At this stage the plants usually topple over . A foul odour, accompanied with the presence of dipterous larvae on and in decaying tissues, are the characteristic symptoms of this disease . With the advance of the disease the stalk finally dries up into a conglomeration of dry and shredded or disjointed fibrous tissue . The top rot begins with wilting and drying up ot the tips of middle leaves of the whorl . A decay that continues rapidly spreads downwards throughout the stalk and the affected plants soon droop . The host range studies were suggestive of the fact that the maize pathogen, apart from causing the disease on maize, could produce soft rot in potato, carrot, onion, sugarbeet, sweet potato, papaya, cabbage, and many other plants and could also infect Sorghum vulgare, Pennisetum typhoidium, tobacco, and tomato.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(5-6), 607 - 12
Effect of dusts emitted by copper smelters on Erwinia carotovara; Balicka N et al.; The effect of the dust emitted by copper smelters on Erwinia carotovora was examined . The dust contains considerable amounts of heavy metals which inhibited the growth and enzymatic activity of the bacterial cultures . The inhibition of dehydrogenase and protease activity was greater than that of the growth rate . The phenolase production and virulence of strain was also inhibited, depending on the doses of dust . Calcium carbonate counteracted the toxic effect of dust, restoring enzymatic activity and virulence of bacteria.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1977, 27(11), 2046 - 50
Toxic and immunodepressive effects of L-asparaginase from E . coli and from Erwinia carotovora following chronic administration in rats; Celle G et al.; The effects of the administration of L-asparaginase from E . coli and Erwinia carotovora were studied in rats treated for 90 days with 800 or 3200 IU/kg body weight . The studies included overall toxicity on the liver, pancreas, and enteric mucosa as evaluated by both opitcal and electron microscopic examination, biochemical findings, behaviour of IgM-hemolysin producing cells, and antias-paraginase antibody production . The toxic effect and the immunodepressive activity appeared rather early, tending later to decrease . No sex correlation or clear cut dose correlation were observed . However, slight differences in toxicity between the two types of L-ASN-ase were present.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(1), 75 - 80
Application and standardization of various procedures for inoculation of maize by Erwinia carotovora f . sp . zeae; Prasad M et al.; Hypodermic syringe and toothpick methods were best for evaluating pathogenicity of the maize plant against Erwinia carotovora f . sp . zeae, both in glass house and in the field . The portion of the stalk above the ground was best suited for reproducing the disease symptoms . Leaf and leaf whorl did not show any rotting hero . Seed inoculation showed least mortality percentage . Root inoculation was suitable only for young seedlings . Cotyledons, as an organ for inoculation for getting best reproducible infection, were not at all suitable.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Nov, 29(11), 1230 - 6
Sensitivity distribution of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi to antibiotics; Sakurai H et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics and fungicides for Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas coronafaciens var . atropurpurea, P . lachrymans, Alternaria mali, A . kikuchiana, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis sp . and Sclerotinia sp . isolated from diseased plants in various localities of Japan were examined to enable the isolates to be gruoped into sensitive and resistant strains . To minimize the effects of various variable conditions, MIC of isolates were pooled for either 2 or 3 years and were plotted in a single figure . The grouping values were determined on the basis of MIC values of the antibiotics and agricultural chemicals on phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi under investigations . The relationships between grouping values for isolates of bacteria and fungi and the control of disease on the plants correlated to each other were studied.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Oct, 128(1), 309 - 16
Acceptance and transfer of R-factor RP1 by members of the "herbicola" group of the genus Erwinia; Gibbins LN et al.; The R-factor RP1 was transferred by conjugation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO12r(RPI) to various strains of Erwinia herbicola and to one strain of Erwinia stewartii . The exconjugate strains had minimum inhibitory concentration values for carbenicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tetracycline somewhat lower than the corresponding values for the pseudomonad RP1 donor strain . The biochemical characteristics of the exconjugant strains displayed minor variation in some instances from those of the corresponding R- strains . Sensitivity of the RP1+ strains to the RP1-specific bacteriophages PRD1 and PRR1 varied from an efficiency of plating {compared with P . aeruginosa PA067(RP1)} of 0 {E . herbicola Y46(RP1)} to 133 {E . herbicola Y190(RP1)} and 148 {E . stewartii SS104R(RP1)} for PRD1, and from 0 {E . herbicola Y46(RP1)} to 0.0002 {E . herbicola Y185(RP1)} and 18.4 {E . stewartii SS104R(RP1)} for PRR1 . The phage-resistant strain E . herbicola Y46(RP1), would donate, by conjugation, the R-factor to E . herbicola Y46rifr, P, aeruginosa PAT900, or Escherichia coli UB1005 only at extremely low frequencies, if at all . Transformation of E . coli JC7620 by covalently closed circular DNA from E . herbicola Y46(RP1) gave and E . coli R+ strain exhibiting the expected antibiotic resistance pattern and having the ability to donate RP1 by conjugation . It is suggested (i) that some strains of E . herbicola RP1 either do not produce RP1 pili or produce defective pili, and (ii) that sensitivity to the bacteriophages PRD1 and PRR1 is not a suitable means of diagnosing the presence RP1 in E . herbicola strains.

Cancer, 1976 Oct, 38(4), 1843 - 6
Comparison of anaphylactic reactions to asparaginase derived from Escherichia coli and from Erwinia cultures; Dellinger CT et al.; A retrospective study was undertaken comparing the frequency and severity of anaphylactic reactions to E . coli-derived and Erwinia-derived asparaginase given intravenously on a weekly dosage schedule . Both drugs were found to produce life-threatening hypersensivity reactions with the chance of reaction per dose administered being almost identical--8% for each dose administered . Eleven of 31 patients (35%) experienced anaphylactic reactions, 9/27 (33%) with E . coli and 3/10 (30%) with Erwinia asparaginase, with one patient suffering anaphylaxis to both preparations . A marked increase in the percentage of patients having reactions occurred after the fourth dose of either preparation, with the incidence per dose increasing from 3.3% with the first dose to 32% on the fifth and subsequent doses . Rationale for an antibody-mediated allergic reaction is presented to explain the data.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 839 - 43
{Formation and structure of oval aggregates of Erwinia herbicola cells}; Belikova VL et al.; Formation and structure of oval aggregates were studied by electron and light microscopy of the cells of Erwinia herbicola . Some cells in these cultures were found to synthesize extracellular slime which caused the formation of the aggregates . As has been established by cytochemical techniques, the slime consists mainly of polysaccharides . The aggregates are compact groups of cells submerged into the slime whose bulk is located at the periphery . Formation of slime synthesizing cells in the cultures of Erwinia herbicola presumably does not depend on the composition of growth media and the age of the culture.

Vopr Virusol, 1976 Sep-Oct, (5), 605 - 9
{Various properties of virulent and moderate Erwinia carotovora phages}; Kolesnik LV et al.; A bacterial culture of E . carotovora 8638 lysed by virulent phage 62 after treatment with UV rays produces a moderate phage . The virulent and moderate viruses, antigenically unrealted, have a similar prolonged latent period (100 min) and the period of lysis (60 min) . They also differ in the sizes of the capsids and the length of processes which are 750+/-30 and 2000+/-50A in the virulent phage and 600+/-30 and 1500+/-50A, in the moderate phage, respectively . The sedimentation constants are 602 and 340 S, respectively . In the virulent virus, the volume of the cavity of the protein capsid contianing 8 major and 5 minor peptides is twice as large as that in the moderate one (with 8 peptides); the molecular weight of their DNA shows approximately similar ratios: 52.53+/-17X10(6) and 29.79+/-0.88X10(6) daltons . Evidently, the moderate phage because of the reduced size of the genome contains less message for coding for structural proteins and nucleoprotein as a whole.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Jul, 127(1), 451 - 60
Polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase in the osmotic shock fluid of Erwinia rubrifaciens: characterization of the purified enzyme and its effect on plant cells; Gardner JM et al.; An endopolygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase (EC 4.2.2.2), released by osmotic shock of Erwinia rubrifaciens cells, has been purified to near homogeneity (3, 100-fold) by column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxyapatite-cellulose followed by isoelectric focusing . It has a molecular weight of 41,000, s20,w of 3.09S, an isoelectric point of pH 6.25, pH optimum of 9.5, and a temperature optimum of 37 C and requires Ca2+ with an optimum concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mM . Mg2+ could not substitute for Ca2+ . Tyrosinyl residues seem essential for enzyme catalysis based on rapid inactivation by tetranitromethane . The enzyme prefers unmethylated polygalacturonic acid as the substrate, cleaving alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages randomly to form unsaturated galacturonides at a Vmax of 1,166 mumol of product/min per mg of protein and a Km of 5 mg of polygalacturonic acid per ml . Over 90% of the enzyme activity is released from osmotically shocked E . rubrifaciens cells . Unlike E . rubrifaciens, trans-eliminase is not released from Erwinia carotovora cells by osmotic shock treatment, but enzyme activity is detected in the culture medium . The release of the enzyme is reduced fivefold by the addition of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate . The hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves was induced within 60 min after injection of less than 1 mug of purified E . rubrifaciens trans-eliminase . Single cells of tobacco in suspension culture are readily killed by the enzyme, whereas tobacco protoplasts remain unaffected when treated in the same manner . These results indicate that endopolygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase is a constitutive enzyme possibly located in the periplasmic space of the E . rubrifaciens cell and releases enzyme into the culture medium in the presence of substrate . The release of the enzyme in tobacco tissue and the trans-eliminative cleavage of plant cell wall components may be steps leading to hypersensitivity of the tobacco tissue.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jun 15, 434(2), 297 - 310
An investigation of the electronic and steric environments of tyrosyl residues in ribonuclease A and Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase through fluorescence quenching by caesium, iodide and phosphate ions; Homer RB et al.; The fluorescence lifetimes and relative quantum yields of several derivatives of tyrosine are reported . The quenching of the fluorescence of these compounds by phosphate, caesium and iodide ions has been investigated; the encounter rate constants, calculated from the quenching parameters and lifetimes, show a clear dependence on the charges borne by the quenchers and fluorophores . The ratio of the Stern-Volmer constants of iodide and caesium, ions of similar size, defines an electrostatic parameter sensitive to the charge of the fluorophore which can be evaluated without knowledge of the fluorescent lifetimes . The mean of the encounter rate constants for caesium and iodide ions defines a rate constant which is largely charge-independent and is used to establish a steric parameter . The two parameters are used to investigate the tyrosine environment in bovine ribonuclease A (EC 3.1.4.23) and Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) . The quantum yield of L-asparaginase (0.12) is very high for a class A protein and may be associated with the absence of disulphide bridges . There was no evidence for more than one type of tyrosine residue from the quenching experiments with either enzyme, an observation which is attributed to efficient energy transfer amongst tyrosine residues . At pH values close to the isoelectric points of the enzymes the electrostatic parameter suggests that the environment of the quenchable tyrosines in L-asparaginase is somewhat more positive than in ribonuclease . In 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate the tyrosine environment of L-asparaginase becomes markedly negative as expected . The steric parameter indicates a lower accessibility of the tyrosine residues in L-asparaginase than in ribonuclease; an illustrative calculation is provided linking the steric parameter with the number of exposed tyrosine residues by taking into account the greater collision frequency of the larger protein molecules and the encounter distance for quenching determined from charge effects on the quenching of the model compounds . The calculation suggests that three tyrosyl residues are accessible in ribonuclease, in good agreement with other studies, but in L-asparaginase the number increases from 0.4 at pH 5.73 to 0.8 at pH 9.16 suggesting a loosening of the enzyme structure at high pH.

Cancer Biochem Biophys, 1976 May, 1(4), 175 - 8
A comparative study of the antitumor effectiveness of E . coli and Erwinia asparaginases; Roberts J et al.; The relative antineoplastic effectiveness of E . coli and Erwinia asparaginases was tested against lymphoid leukemias EARAD-1 and L5178Y/CA55 . E . coli and Erwinia asparaginases had similar clearance rates from plasma in mice, and at a dose of 250 IU/kg body weight both enzymes lowered plasma asparagine to undetectable levels . Nevertheless, the dosage of Erwinia asparaginase needed to cause similar prolongation of median survival time in leukemic mice was at least twice that of E . coli asparaginase . The factors which may be responsible for the more potent therapeutic effectiveness of the E . coli asparaginase are discussed.

J Biol Chem, 1976 Apr 25, 251(8), 2330 - 3
Nucleoside phosphotransferase from Erwinia herbicola, a new membrane-bound enzyme; Chao HM; A nucleoside phosphotransferase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleotides by low energy phosphate esters, has been isolated and purified 500-fold from the membrane fraction of Erwinia herbicola . Its most noteworthy difference from other enzymes of this class is that it is membrane bound and can be isolated and handled only in the presence of a detergent . With a ribonucleoside acceptor, adenosine, the reaction product is exclusively 5'-AMP; with deoxyadenosine, 5'- and 3'-nucleotide products appear in the approximate ratio of 2:1, respectively . The enzyme has no detectable phosphatase activity with the best phosphate donors, 5'-dAMP and 5'-dTMP, and very little with less active donors, such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate . This phosphotransferase should be a useful agent for preparing 5'-nucleotides from unusual synthetic bases.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Mar, 125(3), 968 - 74
Requirement for pantothenate for filament formation by Erwinia carotovora; Grula MM et al.; Pantothenate is required for the formation of filaments by Erwinia carotovora . This has been demonstrated for the following division-inhibiting agents: D-serine, D-cycloserine, penicillin, vancomycin, fluoride ion, and ultraviolet light . D-Serine inhibits pantothenate synthesis in an ammonia-glucose or an ammonia-pyruvate medium; therefore, it is necessary to add pantothenate to obtain filament formation in these media, using D-serine as the division-inhibiting agent . Under conditions in which pantothenate synthesis is not inhibited by the agent producing filaments, the need for it for filamentation was shown by the use of salicylate, an inhibitor of endogenous pantothenate synthesis . Evidence is presented that the production of filaments is a specific response to pantothenate, rather than a nonspecific growth stimulation.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 93(1), 111 - 25
Derivation and properties of F-prime factors in Escherichia coli carrying nitrogen fixation genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae; Cannon FC et al.; A His+ Nif+ Escherichia coli K12, Hfr strain (UNF43) was constructed by an intergeneric mating between a Klebsiella pneumoniae donor strain (HF3) and a his-HFR E . coli strain (SBI824) which transfers his as an early marker . An F-prime nif plasmid, FN39, carrying genes which correspond to the E . coli chromosomal region, metG gnd his shiA, but excluding purF and aroD, was isolated from UNF43 . Translocation of carbenicillin resistance genes from a P-type R-factor, R68, to FN39 increased the stability of his and nif on the derivative F-prime, FN68 . Sedimentation analysis of both F-primes in sucrose gradients revealed our covalently closed circular(CCC) DNA species of molecular weights 279 +/- 9, 136 +/- 3, 90 +/- 1 and 44 +/- 1 megadaltons . It is suggested that the two smallest CCC-DNA species are component replicons of the composite F-primes of molecular weight 136 +/- 3 megadaltons, and that the molecules of 279 +/- 9 megadaltons are CCC-dimers . FN68 was transferable in intergeneric matings to Klebsiella aerogenes, K . pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium but not to Proteus mirabilis; only carbenicillin resistance and sex factor activity were transferred to Erwinia herbicola . nif genes on FN68 were expressed in a Nif- mutant of K . pneumoniae and also in S . typhimurium, which in conventional tests is naturally non-nitrogen-fixing; expression of the his determinant of FN68 became temperature-sensitive in S . typhimurium.

Cancer Res, 1976 Jan, 36(1), 167 - 71
Some biological properties and an in vivo evaluation of tyrosine phenol-lyase on growth of B-16 melanoma; Meadows GG et al.; Tyrosine phenol-lyase from Erwinia herbicola was purified with the goal of assessing its effect on growth of malignant melanoma . Ammonium sulfate-sodium citrate fractionation and diethylaminoethyl cellulose-hydroxylapatite chromatography were used . The purified enzyme was shown to reduce plasma tyrosine levels when administered to normal C57BL x DBA/2 F1 mice . The plasma half-life value of the enzyme was found to be 6 to 7 hr . Unlike results reported with glutaminase and asparaginase preparations, the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus had no significant influence on plasma clearance of tyrosine phenol-lyase . The enzyme significantly inhibited growth of established B-16 melanoma tumors.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1976, 42(4), 421 - 8
Erwinia salicis: its metabolism and variability in vitro, and a method to demonstrate the pathogen in the host; de Kam M; Morphological, biochemical and serological features of eleven Erwinia salicis isolates were examined . Three groups were demonstrated, one of which comprises the Dutch isolates . Serological techniques proved to be a valuable addition to conventional plating techniques for detecting the pathogen . Willow wood extract with 5% sucrose, 0.06% "Lab Lemco" broth and 1.5% agar appeared to be a suitable medium for the isolation of E . salicis, because of its selectivity.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(8), 751 - 6
{The influence of choramphenicol and streptomycinsulphate on the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum var . atrosepticum (van Hall) Dowson (author's transl)}; Brazda G et al.; The influence of the antibiotics chloraphenicol (D-threo-form) and streptomycin sulphate against Pectobacterium carotovorum var . atrosepticum (syn . Erwinia carotovora) was investigated in vitro and on potato tubers . Chloramphenicol showed a greater effect as streptomycinsulphate in the applied concentrations . The success of the control of soft rot is determined by the period between the inoculation and the treatment of the tubers . 6 several strains of P . carotovorum var . atrosepticum showed a different sensibility to chloramphenicol and streptomycinsulphate.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 21(8), 1282 - 7
Induction of avirulent variants in Erwinia stewartii by incubation at supraoptimal temperatures; Garibaldi A et al.; High temperatures (37 degrees C) induced non-pigmented, and (or) small colony variants in some Erwinia stewartii strains . The former differed from the parent strain serologically and in having lost virulence to Zea mays . The small colony variants retained phytopathogenicity.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 21(7), 937 - 44
The isolation and characterization of a temperate phage, Y46/(E2), from Erwinia herbicola Y40; Harrison A et al.; A temperate phage was induced from exponential phase cells of Erwinia herbicola Y46 by treatment with mitomycin C . The phage was purified by single plaque isolation, and produced in bulk by successive cultivation in young cultures of E . herbicola Y 178 . Phages were concentrated from culture filtrates by rate zonal centrifugation and resuspension in 0.02 M Tris buffer, pH 7.2, twice, yielding suspensions of about 5 times 10(11) PFU/ml . Purification was achieved by centrifugation in buffered sucrose solutions . The band at the 30/40% sucrose interface yielded intact particles having regular hexagonal heads and lonb contractile tails, with base plates . Fibers were not seen . The mean dimensions were head, 51 nm; neck length, 11 nm; overall tail length, extended, 98 nm and contracted, 75 nm; diameter of tail sheath, 24 nm . The phage was stable from pH 4.0 to 11.0, but unstable at pH 3.0, the response being independent of the suspending medium used . At pH 3.0, a survival curve having biphasic appearance was observed, which was not due to a mixed population of phages . Stability to heat was good up to 45 degrees C, above which a logarithmic decline with temperature increase occurred . The average inactivation rate constant at 50 degrees C and pH 6.8 was 0.15 min-1 . Adsorption to E . herbicola Y 178 cells exhibited first-order kinetics, the adsorption rate constant being 2.5 times 10(-10) ml/min . One-step growth-curve experiments indicated a burst size of 35-40, and a minimum latent period of 80 min . Probit analysis gave a mean latent period of 140 min (SD 25) . The phage caused lysis of only E . herbicola strains Y178 and Y186.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 29(6), 780 - 1
Microflora and invert sugars in juice from healthy tissue of stored sugarbeets; Bugbee WM et al.; Bacterial populations increased in juice of healthy tissue of sugarbeet roots stored at 5 C . Average counts showed a sixfold increase after 150 days of storage . Invert sugar levels increased over threefold in "American 4 Hybrid A" and remained fairly constant in "Mono-Hy D-2." The former cultivar also had significantly higher bacterial colony counts than the latter before 90 days of storage . Of 36 isolates identified, 16 were Pseudomonas spp . including P . chlororaphis; 6 Bacillus spp . including B . subtilis; 5 Arthrobacter spp . including A . globiformis; 4 yeasts; 2 Erwinia spp; 2 Flavobacterium spp . including F . aquatile; and Streptomyces longisporus . Isolates of all genera except S . longisporus were able to hydrolyze sucrose in vitro.

J Bacteriol, 1975 May, 122(2), 485 - 91
Conjugational transfer of genes determining plant virulence in Erwinia amylovora; Pugashetti BK et al.; A stable virulent donor strain (EA 178R1-99) of Erwinia amylovora can transfer, by conjugation during a 3-h mating period, the gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence to avirulent recipient strains (EA178-M64S1 and EA178-M173S1) of Escherichia amylovora . The virulence of over 200 recombinant clones was tested; they all were as virulent on immature Bartlett pear fruits (and, in the smaller series of strains tested, also, on Pyracantha twigs) as was the parent donor strain . Although the avirulent recipeint strains are amino acid auxotrophs, addition of the required amino acids to the inocula in plant virulence trials does not of itself restore virulence . Two small series of prototrophic revertant clones were selected from the auxotrophic avirulent recipient strains; only nine of the 21 prototrophic revertant clones regained virulence, whereas the other 12 prototrophic revertant clones remained avirulent, again suggesting a lack of parallelism between nutritional status and virulence in this system . Preliminary interrupted mating trials, carried out at 15-min intervals over 3 h, show that ser is transferred during the first 15 min, that pro starts entering at about 75 min (and with a higher frequency later), and that lac (originating from an integrated Escherichia coli F'lac) enters toward the end of the 3-h mating period and at a reduced frequency compared to the other markers . The gene or genes which determine(s) plant virulence in this Escherichia amylovora donor strain appear(s) to be transferred readily and seemingly completely to recipient strains during the first 15 min of a 3-h mating period . Exposure of the virulent donor strain to acridine orange or ethidium bromide does not result in loss of virulence, suggesting (but, of course, not proving conclusively) that the determinant(s) of virulence in Escherichia amylovora might be chromosomal rather than extrachromosomal.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Apr 29, 386(2), 576 - 89
Comparative study on conformational stability and subunit interactions of two bacterial asparaginases; Marlborough DI et al.; The denaturation and reconstitution of Erwinia carotovora and Escherichia coli L-asparaginases has been followed by optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism and analytical ultracentrifugation . Denaturation in urea results in dissociation of the native enzyme (mol . wt . 140 000 approx.) to produce unfolded subunits (mol . wt . 35 000 approx.); the Erwinia L-asparaginase subunits can be refolded by dilution or dialysis in alkaline conditions, pH 10.5, without aggregation to the active tetramer, to give a rather unstable solution of a monomer possibly in equilibrium with dimer . These alkaline-reconstituted subunits undergo a conformational change to a more ordered state in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate, similar to those produced by the action of sodium dodecylsulphate on the native enzyme . If the denatured subunits are reconstituted in the pH range 5.0-7.5, the enzymically active tetramer is reformed in up to 80% yield, depending upon the conditions of temperature and concentration . Kinetic data for these various transitions suggest that dissociation is a rate-limiting step while conformational changes of the polypeptide chains are relatively much more rapid . The possible significance of these different rates of change to therapeutic considerations is discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Apr, 122(1), 192 - 8
Genetic transfer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa R factors to plant pathogenic Erwinia species; Cho JJ et al.; The R factors RP1, R68 and R91 were freely transmissible to and from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and various plant pathogenic Erwinia spp . The antibiotic resistance spectrum of R+ Erwinia recipients was similar to those of other bacteria harboring these R factors, but maximum resistance levels differed with each recipient . The sponstaneous elimination of these factors from the Erwinia strains and the ability to transfer multiple antibiotic resistance suggest that these exist as plasmids in these hosts . Several, but not all, RP1-carrying Erwinia strains were sensitive to the RP1 specific phage PRR1 . The R factor R18-1 was also transferred from P . aeruginosa to Erwinia spp . R18-1 was unstable in all Erwinia strains . Stable strains were isolated in which R18-1 could not be eliminated by sodium dodecyl sulfate and could not be transferred to other strains.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 21(4), 513 - 20
Partial purification and properties of a beta-glucosidase from Erwinia herbicola Y46; Garibaldi A et al.; A constitutive beta-glucosidase of Erwinia herbicola Y46 was studied as a prerequisite to an assessment of its significance in the release of bacteriotoxic aglycones from plant beta-glucosides, and the possible effects of the aglycones on the course of such plant diseases as "fire-blight" . The enzyme was purified 86.5-fold from crude extracts of cells grown on yeast beef broth . Ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose fractionation, and gel filtration through Sephadex G-100 resulted in a preparation having one peak of activity on isoelectrofocussing, on gel filtration through Sephadex G-200, and on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The latter techniques demonstrated, in addition to the major protein band associated with activity, a single minor impurity . The enzyme was active against p-nitrophenyl-beta-glucoside (p-NPG) and phloridzin, but showed only very slight activity against salicin and arbutin, and no detectable activity against beta-methyl-D-glucoside, cellobiose, lactose, and esculin . The production of beta-glucosidase was maximum at the late log phase of growth on yeast beef broth medium and declined somewhat thereafter . The incorporation of inducers (carbohydrates) in defined basal medium resulted in only small variations in specific activity in the resulting cells; The activity (p-NPG substrate) was not inhibited by D-glucose, phloretin, esculin, salicin, arbutin, lactose, or cellobiose, but was slightly inhibited by 1.0 mM phloridzin . Slight inhibition was observed in the presence of sulfhydryl reagents (iodoacetamide, p-chloromercuribenzoate), but sodium azide, ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid, Cu2+, and Zn2+ ions produced no effect . The activity was stable, in both crude and purified preparations, over the pH ranges 6.0-7.5 (100% activity) and 4.5-greater than 8.5 (50% activity) . The enzyme retained 80% activity after 30 min at 50 degrees C, but only 25% after 30 min at 60 degrees C . The enzyme had a mean K-m value (phloridzin) of 1.35 times 10-4 M, an isoelectric point of 4.75, a molecular weight, determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, of about 122 000, and an optimum pH for activity of 6.5-7.0.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 21(3), 343 - 52
Variation in the activity levels of selected enzymes of Erwinia amylovora 595 in response to changes in dissolved oxygen tension and growth rate of D-glucose-limited chemostat cultures; Farago DA et al.; Chemostat cultures of Erwinia amylovora 595, grown in mineral salts-nicotinic acid medium at 30 degrees C, and limited by D-glucose concentrations in the presence of dissolved oxygen tensions (D.O.T.) greater than about 6mm Hg, became limited by oxygen availability below about 4 mm Hg.This latter limitation was accompanied by a marked increase in acid production as the D.O.T . was depressed . The transition between D-glucose- and oxygen-limitation was also characterized by a maximum in succinate oxidase activity, and a minimum in the in situ respiration . D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and D-fructose-1, 6-diphosphate aldolase showed small reductions in specific activity in the region 4-6 mm Hg D.O.T., but further reduction to 2 mm Hg resulted in a marked increase in the specific activity of aldolase . Malate dehydrogenase followed the converse trend, and attained very low activity levels when the D.O.T . decreased beyond the lower limits of detection . The in situ respiration was maximal at 2 mm Hg D.O.T., while potential respiration values were minimal at 2 mm Hg, and maximal at about 8 mm Hg D.O.T . The insitu respiration rate was proportional to dilution rate (D), in presence of excess oxygen, up to 0.18 h-1, after which a marked diminution occurred and continued until the wash-out rate was attained . Succinate oxidase activity decreased with increase in dilution rate, but remained constant above D equals 0.18 h-1 . Malate dehydrogenase showed a persistent decline with increase in dilution rate, while D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate activity increased somehwat at higher dilution rates . The data are interpreted in terms of two transition points, at 6 and 2 mm Hg D.O.T., and of a change from respiratory to fermentative metabolism at low D.O.T., and at high dilution rates.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Feb, 121(2), 721 - 5
Demonstration of cell division by septation in a variety of gram-negative rods; Gilleland HE Jr et al.; Through use of an initial fixative employing a combination of crotonaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, septa were preserved in thin sections of dividing cells of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, and Escherichia coli when grown at 30 C in a dilute basal medium . The same procedures, however, revealed only a constrictive division process in Proteus vulgaris and Erwinia sp . This adds to the evidence that septation, although difficult to demonstrate, is the process of cell division in the enteric gram-negative rods and the pseudomonads and that constriction is a fixation artifact in these organisms.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 21(1), 35 - 41
In vitro and in vivo interactions between Erwinia amylovora and related saprophytic bacteria; Erskine JM et al.; Under carefully controlled laboratory conditions, a highly virulent strain of Erwinia amylovora coinhabited susceptible host tissues with a yellow saprophytic bacterium, which was invariably isolated from fire blight infected trees, with or without producing symptoms of the disease depending on the status of a number of environmental factors, both climatic and physiological . In particular, variation of temperature and sucrose concentration determined, independently, the equilibrium of a readily reversible alternation of predominance of the two bacteria . It is suggested that E . amylovora may sometimes exist as an avirulent resident on the surface or within healthy host plants when environmental conditions favor growth of the yellow saprophyte rather than the pathogen . Such conditions, which are more likely to be obtained in midsummer and the fall, include temperature fall or rise below or above the optimum for E . amylovora, decreased humidity or diminution of sap flow, and increased sugar content in the host tissues.

Biokhimiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 40(1), 78 - 82
{Purification of microbial asparaginases by the aid of affinity chromatography}; Mardashev SR et al.; Asparaginases from Escherichia coli and Erwinia caratovora were isolated and purified by column chromatography with a specific sorbent (sepharose, covalently bound to N-alpha-(6-aminohexyl)-D-asparagine) . Homogenous asparaginase from E . coli was isolated by one-step procedure, while the enzyme from Er . carotovara was 50-60-fold purified . Asparaginase from Mycobacterium n . sp . was found not to bind with the specific sorbent.

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