Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Mar-Apr, 47(2), 220 - 5 {Effect of the composition of the medium and the conditions of Aspergillus foetidus cultivation on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase}; Makhmud SA et al.; The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of exocellular glucoamylase were found in the course of submerged cultivation of Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916: pH 4.5 at the beginning of cultivation, cultivation for four days, a temperature of 30 degrees C, and an aeration in the fermenter of 1.5 volumes of the air per 1 volume of the medium with a stirring of 280 rpm . The material can be inoculated either as spores (1 X 10(7) spores per 100 ml of the medium) or a material germinated from spores (5% by volume) . The composition of the medium was improved by using waste products of the agricultural industry (wheat and rice bran, yellow maize, etc.) . The maximum biosynthesis of glucoamylase under the optimum conditions of cultivation was observed on crushed yellow maize (10--15%): up to 6.8--8.0 units of GIA (g of glucose per hour) per 1 ml of the cultural filtrate which was 3.4--4.0 times higher than on the original medium and 5--10 times higher than for Endomycopsis bispora, Endomycopsis sp . 20--9, Aspergillus niger and other cultures producing glucoamylase. Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Feb 27, 159(3), 329 - 35 A yeast mutant with glucose-resistant formation of mitochondrial enzymes; Ciriacy M; Yeast mutants with glucose-insensitive formation of mitochondrial enzymes were isolated starting with a strain completely lacking alcohol dehydrogenase activity . The mutations could uniquely be attributed to a single nuclear gene, designated CCR80 . They were largely dominant . Glucose-resistant enzyme formation was most prominent with regard to mitochondrial enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and NADH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase . The effect of CCR80r mutations was rather small but significant on the gluconeogenetic enzymes isocitrate lyase, malate synthase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and on invertase synthesis . The repressive effect of maltose in CCR80r mutants was also reduced showing that glucose-resistance is not caused by a mere hexose uptake defect . This regulatory disorders were not accompanied by reduced levels of glycolytic enzymes or drastically altered levels of glycolytic intermediates . Aerobic fermentation of glucose was almost completely inhibited in the mutants; anaerobic glucose degradation was reduced but not completely abolished . Therefore, the mutants appear to be altered in the regulation of glycolysis . A largely glucose-resistant synthesis of respiratory enzymes is obviously a corollary of this alteration. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1978 Feb 24, 166(2), 89 - 92 {A method for differentiating between vinegar produced by fermentation and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid based on determination of the 13C/12C-isotope ratio by mass spectrometry (author's transl)}; Schmid ER et al.; The 13C/12C-isotope ratio is characteristic for vinegar of fermentation and synthetic origin respectively and used for their differentiation . The acetic acid was isolated from the vinegar as calcium acetate, the calcium acetate was pyrolysed to CaCO3 and the CO2 was released from the CaCO3 with H3PO4 . The CO2 was measured in a mass spectrometer with double collector . The difference in the 13C-content between the two varieties of vinegar is 5 0/00; the accuracy of the measurement is between is 0.5 0/00 and 1 0/00 Therefore, addition of synthetic acetic acid in excess of 15--20% to fermentation vinegar can be detected by this method. J Dairy Sci, 1978 Feb, 61(2), 260 - 2 Effect of technical grade pentachlorophenol on rumen microorganisms; Shull LR et al.; The toxicity of technical grade pentachlorophenol to rumen microorganisms was tested by an in vitro fermentation procedure . Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated mature steer fed a diet of all alfalfa hay . The compound was dissolved in absolute ethanol and added in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm . Digestion of cellulose and production of volatile fatty acids over 24 and 48 h of incubation was used to assess toxicity . Both cellulose digestion and propionic acid production were decreased at the 10 ppm concentration . The results suggest that technical grade pentachlorophenol has the potential to interfere with utilization of cellulose in ruminants. Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 138 - 43 {Flocculant interaction with native antibiotic solutions . An examination of the mechanism of the process}; Vernikova LM et al.; Some characteristics of the fermentation broth filtrates, i.e . concentration of the disperse particles and some of their parameters (projected length, area, distribution of the particles along the maximum chord) were determined and estimated after flocculation . It was shown that the floccules were mainly formed as fine colloid admixtures present not only in "turbid", but also in visually transparant solutions . It was found that the mechanism of flocculation was rather complicated and not always similar for different batches of the fermentation broth filtrate: it was, in particular, affected by the electrostatic interactions, the flocculant interaction with inorganic reagents, bridge-forming processes. Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 109 - 14 {Energy metabolism study of Fusidium coccineum strains with varying levels of antibiotic formation}; Telesnina GN et al.; Energy parameters of the two strains of the inperfect fungus Fusidium coccineum with different levels of antibiotic production were studied comparatively . It was shown that the respiration activity of the both strains was almost completely suppressed by KCN+ salycyl hydroxomate . It provided a supposition that the respiration activity was almost selectively connected with the mitochondria . The analysis of the energy parameters and especially the efficiency of the substrate consumption indicated that the system of oxidative phospholiration was dominant in the energy supply in both the strains . The differences between the strains were observed in the growth rate and the level of KCN-stable respiration . A change in the respiration of the active strain to the alternative KCN-stable path was observed by the end of the 6-8 day fermentation process when significant amounts of fusidin accumulated in the fermentation broth . Correlation between the level of KCN-stability and the antibiotic production was found. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Jan 4, 506(1), 111 - 8 Changes in fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate after bacteriophage T5 infection of Escherichia coli . Initial fluorescence rise coincides with onset of rubidium efflux; Oldmixon E et al.; Escherichia coli cells pre-loaded with 86Rb+ begin to lose 86Rb+ immediately after phage T5 addition . The loss proceeds with negative-exponential (first-order) kinetics for up to approximately 15 min after phage addition . The constant which characterizes the rate of loss increases with increasing numbers of infecting phage per cell . It is known that anaerobic, fermenting cells of E . coli show a two-step increase in 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence upon infection with bacteriophage T5; the first rise begins immediately upon phage addition, the second 6 min later . The onset of 86Rb+ release, therefore, is correlated with the first fluorescence rise with respect to timing and response to the multiplicity of infection. Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 24(1), 31 - 5 Role of oxygen in the induction of fermentation in the obligately psychrophilic yeast Leucosporidium stokesii; Sinclair NA; Leucosporidium stokesii, an obligately psychrophilic yeast, metabolizes glucose during the initial stages of aerobic growth by aerobic respiration . During later stages of growth and in the presence of excess glucose and limiting oxygen the organism develops a fermentative-type metabolism . Rates of respiration on the other hand remain relatively constant . The change in metabolism occurs only at temperatures which support growth of the organism and does not occur at 25 degrees C . Resting cells prepared from young glucose-grown cultures can be induced to ferment glucose . The induction process occurs only in the presence of glucose and is inhibited by actidione. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(5), 969 - 74 {Enzymatic methods in the analysis of musts and wines}; Lafon-Lafourcade S; The enzymatic methods are based on the property of the enzymes to catalyse specifically and reversibly the conversion of certain metabolites . These methods, developed thanks to the industrial preparation of enzymes, can be applied with no major modification to the analysis of drinks . About 15 constituants of musts and wines can now be determined by these methods . If their cost price was not relatively high, their specificity, sensitivity and rapidity would enable them to compete with the most precise of chemical methods . This is why they are only used in analytic oenology when chemical analysis is most specific enough or too laborious . Enzymatic measurement allows one by its specificity to determine the amount of residual sugar that is fermentable in a dry wine and by its sensitivity to verifie the total disappearance of the malic acid of the wine . Its rapidity must make it preferable to the long and not very specific chemical measurement, especially concerning the determination of citric acid . But glycerol, ethanol and acetic acid can be measured by chemical or chromatographical means with sufficient precision and for a more modest price . In oenology the methods are essentially used for research . They have permitted the study of the combinations of sulphur anhydride in wines (measurement of cetonic acids) . The determination of the isomeric nature of the lactic acid produced from sugars by lactic bacteria is based on their application; this determination is a criterium for the identification and classification of these microorganisms . The measurement of the lactic acid during vinification allows the early disclosure of the first effects of a bacterial development; inversely it permits the invalidation of the existence of a lactic sourness, which a high volatile acidity might point to . Lastly, the enzymatic measurement of gluconic acid allows the health of the crop to be controlled. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(5), 941 - 6 {Determination of the percentage of grain whisky in commercial whiskies by isotopic mass spectrometry}; Koziet J et al.; Commercial whisky is generally a blend between malt whisky and grain whisky . Corn is one of the main sources of grain and it is now well known that in corn the carbon dioxide assimilation proceeds through carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate but in many other plants like barley atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed on ribulose 1,5 diphosphate . Each pathway of carbon dioxide assimilation is characterized by a fractionation factor of carbon isotopes . Consequently, the organic matter and also the fermentation alcohol of corn or barley show different 13C/12C ratio . The determination of the 13C/12C ratio in the alcohol of blended whisky allows the determination of the percentage of corn whisky. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(6), 1285 - 99 {Choice of bread}; Rolland MF et al.; Bread can vary according to the flours used, extraction rate of fermentation methods, but the wast majority of French people usually consume white bread made with wheat flour . Size more than composition is the main criterion in the choice of bread . The choice of loaves with a large diameter corresponds to the traditional consumer in rural areas, but the general tendency is in favour of long loaves with a maximum of crust . This shape is more related to the qualities sought by consumers who want a "light", "crusty", well-baked (golden brown) loaf . Thus they are more interested in the consistency than in the taste, as bread is now only an accessory to a well-flavoured dish . Despite the large drop in the consumption of bread, this search for a good consistency is strong enough to justify quite frequently a detour to a baker whose quality of bread is better . However, this desire for quality does not seem to lead to a larger individual consumption . For various reasons, since the beginning of this century, man has lost his "taste for bread" and any improvement in the "taste of bread" would not be sufficient to make him find it again. ZFA, 1978, 33(5), 391 - 2 {Age-specific features of hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland action on liver cells of rats (author's transl)}; Muradjan CK; Relevant studies show that there is a reduction in the regulation of hormonal stimulation of the genetic system in the cells and tissues at old age, which results in the early appearance of the "fatigue" reaction at old age and in reduced stimulation of the ferments tested . In the hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland system the hypothalamus has the smallest regulation range; it reveals manifest changes due to ageing. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(6), 551 - 6 Variability of requirements to fermentation media in Claviceps purpurea strains; El-Sayed OH et al.; The alkaloid-synthesizing activity of the saprophytic Claviceps purpurea strains was variable . This fact was partly due to different requirements of the cultures to nutritional conditions . Not only single strains, but also formation of intra- and extracellular alkaloids differed in this respect . In case of extracellular alkaloids, the influence of medium was more expressive . A positive correlation between accumulation of cell polysaccharides and the level of intracellular alkaloids was evident . Constant or decreasing cell proteins were favourable for alkaloid formation. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(6), 499 - 502 Proteins and acids from petroleum; Zaki D et al.; The wax distillate fraction (boiling range 300 up to 400 degrees C) from the crude oil "El-Alameen" was found to be a good substrate for the biosynthesis of proteins and/or amino acids by bacteria under special culture conditions . The fermentation processes were accompanied by a refining effect to the oil fraction, elevating its refraction index and lowering its melting point, giving dewaxing effect to the oil fraction. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 105, 473 - 95 Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals; Chalupa W; Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation . Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN . Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes . Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN . The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependnt upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e . amino-N, minerals growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria . Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients . High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials . Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity . Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants. Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 49 - 57 In vivo antitumor evaluation of antibiotics . Selected results from the Drug Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute, U.S.A; Venditti JM et al.; A summary is given of the in vivo screening results for selected antitumor antibiotics in various stages of the National Cancer Institute drug development program . In addition a brief description of general screening practices of the program is given . After long-term usage of leukemia L1210 as a primary screen, a new screening panel is being initiated with P388 leukemia as a prescreening system . Illustrative data on anguidine, actinomycin D, macromomycin, aclacinomycin, and other fermentation products are shown. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(3), 261 - 75 Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea; Abou-Zeid AZ et al.; The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0 . Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins . The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins . The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose . Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process . Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium . Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea . The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium . The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins . Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine . Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(4), 292 - 8 Glucose-2-oxidase activity and accumulation of D-arabino-2-hexosulose in cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; Volc J et al.; Submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, strain III, accumulate D-arabino-2-hexosulose . The maximum yields during cultivations in shaker flasks or in a laboratory fermentor are 6--12 and 15 mg/ml, respectively (20--50% conversion of substrate glucose) . The accumulation is transient, the aldoketose being again utilized after glucose exhaustion . Its production is stimulated by fluoride ions . The enzyme responsible for the C(2)-specific oxidation of D-glucose acts as an intracellular oxidase with a maximum activity in the exponential phase of growth . D-arabino-2-Hexosulose was also detected in the cultivation medium of the wood-rotting fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Phellinus abietis. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(4), 249 - 54 Improved yields of daunomycinone glycosides in developmental mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus; Blumauerova M et al.; When improving Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JA 10092, a producer of antibiotics of the daunomycinone complex, the most active variants were found among isolates of morphological types bld-1 (with a suppressed production of the aerial mycelium on organic media containing glucose) and whi (with an asporogenic aerial mycelium on glucose media and with the bald phenotype on media containing starch) . Submerged cultures of the whi mutants produced increased quantities of daunomycinone glycosides in the antibiotic complex, the amount of free anthracyclinones being simultaneously decreased . The whi strains differed from the wild type also in higher demands for aeration, concentration of glucose and in an increased production capacity in starch media . The overall antibiotic activity increased more than 40 times after a six-step selection (application of UV light, gamma-radiation, nitrous acid and natural spreads) combined with an altered fermentation technology. Poult Sci, 1978 Jan, 57(1), 166 - 70 Effect of high dietary copper on the ceca of chicks; Jensen LS et al.; Including 120 to 250 mg./kg . additional copper in practical broiler rations significantly affected the cecal appearance . The ceca were distended and the contents were darker in color and more pasty in consistency, compared to controls . Adding monensin sodium, gentian violet, or ferrous sulfate alone or in combination with copper to the ration did not significantly change the appearance of the ceca . Copper concentrations in the cecal contents reached levels above 5000 mg./kg., suggesting that the mechanism of action of copper in changing the appearance of the ceca may be related to an inhibition of normal fermentation that occurs in this part of the gastrointestinal tract . Sulfate, chloride and carbonate forms of copper all significantly changed cecal appearance, but the oxide did not, nor did a non-copper containing sulfate source . Macroscopic appearance of the gizzard lining and the proventriculus was also significantly changed by adding 240 mg./kg . copper to the diet, and liver weight and lipid content of liver dry matter were significantly increased. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 Jan-Feb, 14(1), 156 - 8 {Volatile phenolic compounds in white wines}; Dzhakhua MIa et al.; By gas-liquid chromatography the following volatile phenols were identified in extracts and distillates of white table wines prepared with the aid of husks and pulp used in fermentation: phenol, m-cresol, guaicol, ethyl-4-phenol, vinyl-4-phenol, eugenol, tyrosol; phenol, m-cresol, guaicol, ethyl-4-phenol, vinyl-4-phenol . The amount of volatile oils grew significantly with an increase in the number of husks in the fermenting liquid and fermentation temperature. J Environ Sci Health B, 1978, 13(1), 1 - 9 Fate of parathion in artificially fortified grape juice processed into wine; Kawar NS et al.; "Semellon" grape juice fortified with a high level of 25 ppm parathion was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var . ellipsoideus . After 12 days inte parathion levels in the wine and lees were 10.3 and 156 ppm, respectively; the paraoxon, aminoparathion, and p-nitrophenol levels in the wine were 0.16, 0.20, and 4.5 ppm, respectively, and in the lees were 0.04, 3.1 and 10 ppm, respectively . Thus, hydrolysis of parathion to p-nitrophenol and parathion sorption to sedimented particulate matter were important pathways for parathion residue reduction in the wine . The 56-day-old finished wine just prior to bottling contained 8.8 ppm parathion, 0.04 ppm paraoxon, 0.21 ppm aminoparathion, and 3.0 ppm p-nitrophenol . Two months storage at 24 degrees, 12 degrees, 4 degrees, and -20 degrees C had no effect on paraoxon and aminoparathion residue levels in the wine; parathion residues in wine decreased at all storage temperatures. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Jan, 31(1), 15 - 8 G2201-C, a new cyclopentenedione antibiotic, isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces cattleya; Noble M et al.; Streptomyces cattleya produced a new cyclopentenedione antibiotic, G2201-C {C6H6O4(I)}, which is moderatley active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, weakly active against Gram-negative bacteria, and inactive against fungi . G2201-C is toxic to mice. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 216 - 8 Catechol and phenol degradation by a methanogenic population of bacteria; Healy JB Jr et al.; An anaerobic population of bacteria became acclimated to catechol and phenol in 32 and 18 days, respectively . Evidence from carbon balance measurements indicates that the aromatic ring is cleaved and that the products are stoichiometrically fermentable to methane and carbon dioxide. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 17 - 23 Analysis of bacterial fermentation products by isotachophoresis; van der Hoeven JS et al.; Various carboxylic acids from bacterial fermentation could easily be separated by isotachophoresis . The analyses were performed on an LKB 2127 Tachophor, and under the conditions used the minimum amount of sample that could be quantitatively estimated was approximately 0.1 nmol . The reproducibility of the method was good (ca . 5 percent) . The time of analysis using a 23-cm column was 12 min . No pretreatment of the samples was required. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 105 - 8 Wild rice as fermentation substrate for mycotoxin production; Lindenfelser LA et al.; Many cereal grains have been studied for their suitability as substrates for the fermentative production of mycotoxins . However, except for aflatoxin, wild rice has not been investigated . Hence, five mold cultures known to produce the mycotoxins ochratoxin-A, penicillic acid, patulin, vomitoxin, and zearalenone were grown on wild rice under varying conditions of moisture and temperature to determine whether this grain would serve as a suitable substrate for toxin production . Under appropriate fermentation conditions, good yields of ochratoxin-A and moderate amounts of patulin were obtained, but only small amounts of penicillic acid, vomitoxin, and zearalenone were elaborated . An extract from a sample of naturally molded wild rice contained 0.8 microgram of patulin per g of rice . The predominating mold was identified as Aspergillus clavatus . Under identical cultural conditions, this isolate and a known patulin-producing strain of A . clavatus yielded approximately equivalent amounts of the mycotoxin. Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 12 - 8 {Role of cobalt in the biosynthesis of the components of the gentamicin complex}; Krasnova TP et al.; It was shown that addition of cobalt ions or vitamin B12 to the fermentation medium resulted in an increase in the level of gentamicin accumulation, the relative content of the most methylated components C1 and C2 in the gentamicin complex being increased, while the content of the least methylated components CIa and "minors" decreased . Addition of sulphodimezine lowered the gentamicin biosynthesis rate and the relative content of gentamicins C1 and C2 . It was supposed that cobalt stimulated the B12-dependent synthesis of methionine, being the source of the methyl groups for biosynthesis of the methylated components of gentamicin complex. J Nutr, 1978 Jan, 108(1), 79 - 89 Estimation of the fraction of the lactose in a high lactose diet available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of the rat; Kim KI et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine the amount of lactose which passed into the large intestine and the lactase activity in the small intestine of rats (200 g) fed a control diet or a diet containing 30% lactose . The fraction of lactose consumed in a single 1-hour meal that escaped hydrolysis in the small intestine was estimated by measuring the area under a smooth curve of a plot of lactose:marker ratio in the terminal ileum expressed as a fraction of intake, against the fraction of the total marker that passed into the large intestine . This amounted to approximately 30% and 31.5% of the lactose consumed for the rats fed the control and 30% lactose diets, respectively . In another experiment in which the rats were fed a diet containing 30% lactose and the Cr-EDTA marker ad libitum for 1 week, approximately 43% of the lactose consumed became available for fermentation in the large intestine . This work suggests that a substantial fraction of the lactose ingested is available for fermentation in the large intestine . The lactase activity of homogenates of the small intestine of rats fed the control or high lactose diet was 106 +/- 5 or 115 +/- 4 mg lactose/30 minutes/rat (P less than 0.05), respectively . The lactase activity in the small intestine homogenate (mucosa + contents) was significantly higher than that actually available in vivo (110 +/- 7 versus 69 +/- 4 mg/30 minutes/rat). Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 105, 749 - 66 Soy protein utilization in food systems; Bookwalter GN; Soy protein products are utilized in food systems as whole beans, flours and grits, concentrates and isolates, and textured products . Soy proteins play a significant role in food systems as a source of supplementary and complementary protein and contribute functional properties such as solubility, water absorption, viscosity, emulsification, texture, and antioxidation . Whole soybeans are processed into snack foods, beverages, and fermented foods . Soy protein is an ideal supplement for cereal protein because it corrects lysine and other amino acid deficiencies . Blends of soy flour or grits with cereals such as corn, wheat, or sorghum are widely used in world feeding programs . The blends are also valuable in domestic food systems such as breakfast cereals and baked foods . Concentrates and isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods . Isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods . Isolates are employed as whipping agents and coffee whiteners . Thermoplastic extrusion of defatted flours or protein concentrates produces an expanded type of textured protein . Isolated soy protein is converted to meat analogs by a spun fiber process . Textured soy protein products are used to extend or replace meat products in food systems. Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 34 - 7 {Aeration conditions in the process of tetracycline biosynthesis . The role of organic acids}; Cherkasova GN et al.; The effect of the aeration conditions on the content of volatile acids in the fermentation broth was studied . It was shown that deterioration of the aeration conditions during the process of biosynthesis in both flasks and 750 1 fermentors resulted in decreased levels of the antibiotic accumulation and was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the concentration of the volatile acids in the culture fluid . Under unfavourable aeration conditions the volatile acids present in the fermentation broth in higher concentrations than under the optimal conditions had no effect . It was shown that the volatile acid concentration may be used as a parameter for the control of the aeration conditions and as an index of normal biosynthetic process. Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 3 - 7 {Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial productivity in the 1st phase of penicillin biosynthesis}; Lur'e LM et al.; The course of the mycelium low productivity during the first phase of the usual two-stage process of penicillin biosynthesis was studied . It was found that the low productivity of the mycelium at the beginning of the fermentation process was probably associated with catabolic regression of the penicillin-producing system . The high specific growth rate registered in the experiments (0.06-0.08 hours-1) had no negative effect on the mycelium productivity . It was not possible to connect the productivity level with the mycelium age, because young and mature mycelium had the same producitivity levels at any developmental stage under the same conditions. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1978, 44(2), 193 - 201 L-Alanine as an end product of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under different hypoxic conditions; Chico E et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under anaerobic or other hypoxic conditions releases L-alanine into the culture medium as an end product of glycolysis . Although the production of alanine is not as high as that of other fermentation products (ethanol, glycerol, succinic acid), consideration of the pathways leading to alanine in fermenting yeasts indicates that the release of alanine is advantageous to the cellular economy and may be considered as a safety device for excreting reducing equivalents derived from NADPH . No significant changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase are found in the yeast when grown under different conditions. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(7-8), 657 - 69 Fermentative production of fodder yeasts; Abou-Zeid AZ et al.; Fermentative production of fodder yeasts are achieved by different microorganisms of yeast . Influence of some biochemical factors on the formation of fodder yeast are examined . The raw ingredients and by-products which are used in the fermentative formation of fodder yeast are also reviewed. Ann Rech Vet, 1978, 9(2), 385 - 8 Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K 99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E . coli Ent+ K99+; Contrepois M et al.; We have measured the protective effect of colostrum of vaccinated cows with the K99 antigen comparatively with the colostrum of non vaccinated cows, in calves receiving at birth 2 liters of colostrum and just after 5 times 10(10) to 1 times 10(11) E . coli Ent+, K99+ . The K99 antigen was prepared from E coli B41 (0101:K99:H-) cultured in a fermentor . Cows were vaccinated subcutaneously with 100 mg or 300 mg (wet weight) in emulsion in Freund uncomplete adjuvant 45 and 15 days before parturition . Of 4 calves receiving a colostrum of non vaccinated cows 4 had a diarrhoea, 3 became dehydrated and 2 died . Of 6 calves receiving colostrum of vaccinated cows, 5 were healthy and the 6th calf had a mild diarrhoea for few hours and became again healthy . Control and protected calves excreted E . coli K99+, 24 HOURS AFTER INFECTION . The protection is probably due to K99 antibodies which inhibit adhesion of E . coli K99+ to the intestinal epithelium. Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 30 - 2 Historical overview of the National Cancer Institute Fermentation Program; Schepartz SA; The background of the National Cancer Institute fermentation program is placed into the historical perspective of the entire NCI drug development program, which began as the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center and metamorphosed into the Chemotherapy Program and ultimately into the Division of Cancer Treatment. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1978, 18(3), 173 - 81 Reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide by Escherichia coli as anaerobic respiration; Ishimoto M et al.; E . coli was found to grow anaerobically on lactate in the presence of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMANO), reducing it to trimethylamine . Anaerobic growth on glucose was promoted in the presence of TMANO . When a culture grown in complex medium was transferred to defined medium, growth on glucose and ammonia took place in the presence of TMANO after consumption of complex nutrients introduced with the preculture, in contrast to growth in nitrate respiration . The amounts of ethanol, succinate, and lactate among the fermentation products were decreased and that of acetate was increased in the presence of TMANO . Formate generation was much reduced at pH 7.4, whereas stoichiometric formation of formate was observed in the absence of TMANO . Cells grown anaerobically in the presence of TMANO had a higher activity of amine N-oxide reductase than cells grown under other conditions . The content of cytochrome-558 was elevated in the presence of TMANO during growth in complex medium . Cytochrome c-552 found in cells grown in diluted complex medium or defined medium in the presence of TMANO was oxidized by TMANO in cell extracts . The molar growth yield on glucose was higher in the presence of TMANO than in its absence and lower than that in the presence of nitrate. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(2), 169 - 79 Antibiotic NRC-501, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species; Abou-Zeid AZ et al.; A new antibiotic, NRC-501, was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces species NRC-501 . Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the antibiotic NRC-501 were revealed. Parazitologiia, 1978 Jan-Feb, 12(1), 9 - 14 {Enzymatic hydrolysis of fat in the presence of Lamblia duodenalis (in vitro)}; Akimova RF et al.; The influence of Lamblia on the hydrolysis of fat by lipase was studied in vitro . The hydrolysis rate of fat in the presence of live Lamblia and without them was determined colorimetrically by the quantity of the formed glycerine . In addition, the kinetics of this reaction was studied by the method of compensating potentiometry by neutralization of fat acids with alkali . The intact organisms were found to cause an inhibition of fermentative hydrolysis of fat . The importance of this fact from the point of view of interaction in the host-parasite system is discussed. Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1978, 3(2-4), 75 - 84 Biochemical effects of and bacteriological response to sugar substitutes in the oral environment; Frostell G; The problems of the biochemical effects of sugar substitutes and bacteriologic response to such substitutes in the oral cavity may fill a whole book . Therefore, considerable restrictions in the presentation are necessary . Noncaloric sweeteners and additives are not utilized by the oral microorganisms for metabolism and acid production and are therefore of minor interest in this connection . This presentation mainly concerns sugar alcohols and related substances, primarily sorbitol, xylitol and Lycasin . Monosaccharides and other saccharides are not dealt with in this presentation even if some of them are of considerable interest; for example fructose, invert sugar and others . Sugar alcohols are used as substitutes because they cannot be utilized by the vast majority of oral organisms for fermentation, acid production or production of polysaccharides . There is a risk that the oral flora will adapt to these products and that such a substitute, which is originally nonacidogenic, may subsequently be utilized for fermentation and may even induce dental caries. Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1978, (1), 235 - 7 Toxicological studies on a new veterinary antibiotic turimycin; Hartl A et al.; Turimycin is a fermentation product ofStreptomyces hydroscopicus (DDR W-Patent-Nr . 84 450) . It is highly active in vitro against a range of mycoplasma species and gram-positive bacteria . The acute toxicity was determined in mice, rats and dogs . In mice and rats LD50 values ranged from 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally to higher than 3000 mg/kg orally . In a chronic study on dogs oral doseas of 50 nad 125 mg/kg Turimycin were given daily in capsules for 12 months . The results showed no functional or morphological differences between treated and control animals. Microbios, 1978, 21(83), 47 - 60 Bioenergetic aspects of aerobic glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12 under varying specific growth rates and glucose concentrations; Doelle HW et al.; An attempt was made to find a bioenergetical explanation for the differential effect of specific growth rate and glucose concentration on glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12 with the help of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) . The effect of DNP on biomass occurred only at high glucose concentrations . The presence of this uncoupler strongly stimulated glucose uptake rates and oxygen uptake rates, but repressed severly Yg values . Increase in glucose concentration, however, sharply decreased QO2 . The amount of oxygen required for maintenance was not affected by DNP, but Yomax values were much lower in the presence of DNP . The results are discussed and it is suggested that aerobic fermentation is caused by a severe reduction of site 1 of the respiratory chain region, whereas biomass formation is affected by repression of the terminal cytochrome a2 . In comparing the effect of glucose on biomass formation at similar Qglucose levels aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, repression occurred in both cases at glucose concentrations of 0.3% and above . Although the analyses of 15 enzymes established the metabolic differences, the repression of growth was common to both fermentation types. Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 58 - 68 Antitumor antibiotic bioactivation, biotransformation and derivatization by microbial systems; Rosazza JP; Microbial transformations refer to reactions catalyzed by microbial enzymes, especially when specific and useful metabolites accumulate in fermentation media . These transformations have tremendous potential for use in the development of new antitumor drugs and these can also be used as models of mammalial metabolism . Microbial transformation experiments with antibiotics such as bleomycin, anthracyclines and with a variety of plant products are described. Antibiot Chemother, 1978, 23, 76 - 87 Recent advances in antitumor antibiotics; Umezawa H; An effective treatment schedule with bleomycin in combination with mitomycin and a new effective area in treatment with neocarzinostatin was introduced . Studies on more useful derivatives or analogues of bleomycin and anthracycline antitumor antibiotics were described . Bleomycin PEP thus selected may become a useful agent . Aclacinomycin and various other anthracycline glycosides were isolated from beer fermentation and tested . Future progress in microbiol secondary metabolites useful in cancer treatment was discussed. Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1978, 3(2-4), 53 - 68 Cariogenicity and acidogenicity of food, confectionery and beverages; Imfeld T et al.; The advantage of pH-telemetry of plaque and mixed saliva in the evaluation of the cariogenic potential is that, in contrast to in vitro measurements, in vivo telemetry discriminates among pH variations in plaque and saliva as a result of substrate fermentation and those due to dietary acids, acids formed by the oral mucosal microflora and adequately registers salivary buffers . This is illustrated with a summary of acido- hypo- and nonacidogenic products tested. Acta Odontol Scand, 1978, 36(4), 211 - 8 The effect of stannous fluoride on human plaque acidogenicity in situ (Stephan curve); Svatun B et al.; A system employing an Ingold glass electrode was shown to give reliable measurements of pH drops in dental plaque in situ (Stephan curve readings) . The system was used to demonstrate that mouthrinses of 0.2 per cent aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride reduced the pH drops markedly for at least seven hours . A reduction of the stannous fluoride concentration increased the pH drops and decreased the duration of the inhibiting effect . A commercial toothpaste containing stannous fluoride and stannous pyrophosphate had an effect similar to the 0.2 per cent mouthrinse . It was shown that tin accumulated in dental plaque after application of solutions containing stannous fluoride . About 40 per cent of the amount of tin present in the plaque immediately after the mouthrinse was still retained seven hours later . It is suggested that the reduction in acid formation may be caused by stannous ions adsorbing to the bacterial cell wall thus disturbing membrane transport mechanisms, or through inhibition of enzyme systems essential in the fermentation of sugars . The observed effect may be a part of the mechanism involved in the caries preventive function of stannous fluoride. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(2), 115 - 20 Utilization of industrial and agricultural by-products for fungal amylase production; Mahmoud SA et al.; Attempts were made for using industrial and agricultural by-products and wastes as carbon and nitrogen sources in fermentation medium for alpha-amylase production by Aspergillus niger NRRL-337 . The original carbon source of the basal medium was replaced by one of the following materials: rice bran, wheat bran, corn bran, corn starch, cane molasses, and glucose syrup . Rice bran proved to be the best carbon source that secured the highest amylase activity . The nitrogen source of the basal medium was then replaced by different cheap materials, viz: dried yeast, corn steep liquor, gluten-30, gluten-50, and corn steep precipitate . Corn steep precipitate proved to be superior in amylase production . In consideration of these results an economical medium that secured high activity, containing the following ingredients, was suggested: 2.5% corn steep precipitate, 7.2% rice bran, 0.1% MgSO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, and 0.1% CaCO3 . From this medium fungal amylase was precipitated and purified . The pure enzyme gave the highest activity at 40 degrees C and pH 4.3. Med Hypotheses, 1978 Jan-Feb, 4(1), 1 - 14 New approaches to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer based on the protective action of saliva with special reference to roughage, vegetable fibre and fermented milk products; Malhotra SL; Epidemiologic studies have shown differences in the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease among various communities to be related to variation in diet and eating patterns . Results of studies of the effect of diet and pattern of eating on saliva, on gastric juice, and on the amount of bile are reviewed . It is suggested that bile, and not hydrochloric acid, plays the causative role in pathogenesis of peptic ulceration . The role of saliva in the prevention of peptic ulcer is emphasized . The salivary mucus swallowed with food is protective because it decreases the flow rate of bile which, when held in the gall bladder longer, loses its alkalinity and therefore its ability to damage the mucous cells . Roughage, cellulose and vegetable fibres and fermented milk products act in a similar manner . When food is well masticated, containing plenty of vegetable fibres and fermented milk products such as ghee and yoghurt, resulting in an increase in the amount of salivary mucus, peptic ulceration may be prevented and cured and relapses may be prevented . This does not require a big change in the pattern of diet but only a change in the manner of eating so that hasty eating is avoided and good is chewed well . The pattern of diet, especially the relative dietary preponderance of short-chain fatty acids, such as those present in milk, yoghurt and other fermented milk products, have a protective action; the short-chain fatty acids retard gall bladder contraction and thus diminish the amount of bile entering the duodenal lumen. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(1), 6 - 11 Production of amylase by a submerged culture of Aspergillus wentii; Sinha S et al.; Soluble starch was hydrolysed to maltose by Aspergillus wentii Wehmer (IMI 17295) . Studies on nutritional requirements of Aspergillus wentii for production of amylase revealed that the optimum conditions were achieved in fermentation culture medium containing 1% starch, and incubated at 20 degrees C for 3 days at pH 6.0 . Tryptophan was the best nitrogen source . The amylase activity was completely inhibited when 1 mM sodium iodoacetate was incorporated into the medium . With 10 mM sodium citrate the amylase activity was increased from 3.51 to 6.0 mg/ml. Arch Microbiol, 1977 Dec 15, 115(3), 323 - 31 {Metabolic products of microorganisms . 166 . Optimization of the desferri-ferricrocin production by Aspergillus viridi-nutans Ducker & Thrower (author's transl)}; Kappner M et al.; At low iron(III)-concentrations (less than 10(-5) M) the fungus Aspergillus viridi-nutans Ducker & Thrower excretes desferri-ferricrocin as the main sideramine into the culture medium . While this compound accounts for 95% of the sideramines produced, small amounts of additional sideramines may also be detected . In a search for an inexpensive nutrient medium for optimum production of desferri-ferricrocin, experiments using shake flasks with good aeration were undertaken initially . The best medium conditions were then employed in a fermentor system . In a 20-1 fermentor with "intensor" system, it was shown that at certain growth rates there was an inverse correlation between rate of growth and rate of sideramine production . A defined nutrient medium of glucose plus acetate as carbon sources, and urea or ammonium acetate as nitrogen sources was used . Two different feeding regimens were used in response to changes of pH or to changes of partial pressure of oxygen in the submerged culture: acetic acid/urea or acetic acid/ammonium acetate additions regulated these conditions . The rate of sideramine production under such feeding achieved a maximum of 20 mg 1(-1) h-1 over a period of several days. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1977 Dec 1, 102(23), 1380 - 5 {Structure in rations of dairy cattle (author's transl)}; van Vuuren AM et al.; Efficient utilization of feed by ruminants is closely related to fermentation in the reticulum and rumen . A deficiency is long roughage ("structural material") may impair this fermentation and result in a low-milk fat syndrome . The deficiency in long roughage is particularly apparent in diets containing large amounts of readily available carbohydrates . Factors involved in the absence of structure were described . Readily available carbohydrates such as sugars and starch from grains will promote high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen . Chewing and ruminating stimulate the secretion of salive and so increase the buffering capacity of the rumen fluid . tlong roughage is required to maintain the structural layer in the rumen, inducing regular and rigorous contractions . The buffering capacity in conjunction with adequate rumen motility may partly reduce the effect of high concentrations of volatile fatty acids produced from high amounts of readily available carbohydrates . Coarseness and type of roughage also are important factors . At least one-third of the total uptake of dry matter should consist in long, coarse and fibrous roughage . Extremely high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of high-yielding cows may be reduced to some extent by providing the mixture of concentrates in more meals a day at intervals of at least 3-4 hours. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Dec, 30(12), 1049 - 54 Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation and isolation of pholipomycin; Arai M et al.; Pholipomycin is a new member of the phosphoglycolipid family of antibiotics . Taxonomic studies of the producing organism revealed that it has morphologically characteristic aerial mycelia in which two to three spores are borne usually on short and clavate side branches . The species name, Streptomyces lividoclavatus, has been proposed . Pholipomycin is produced mainly in the solid residue of the fermentation culture broth and is isolated by methanol extraction of the mycelial cake followed by purification on ion-exchange resin and silica gel chromatography. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1977 Dec, 63(12), 1710 - 4 {Role of sorbed enzymes in the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances from the chyme}; Popova TS et al.; In poly--fistula dogs, a significant suppression of the fermentative hydrolysis and of the absorption ability was revealed in excluded from the digestion intestinal loops . The experiments showed that suppression of the cave enzyme sorption in the area of wall digestion was the factor slowing down the flow of feeding substances from the enteral milieau. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 34(6), 756 - 9 Influence of CH4 production by Methanobacterium ruminantium on the fermentation of glucose and lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium; Chen M et al.; A method is described for increasing the production of H2 from glucose or lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium by sequential transfers in media containing pregrown Methanobacterium ruminantium . The methanogen uses the H2 formed by the selenomonad to reduce CO2 to CH4 . Analysis of fermentation products from glucose showed that lactate was the major product formed from glucose by S . ruminantium alone . Several sequential transfers in the presence of the methanogen caused a marked decrease in lactate production, which was accompanied by an increase in acetate . When lactate was the fermentation substrate, S . ruminantium alone produced propionate, acetate, and CO2 . Addition to the pregrown methanogen in the sequential transfer procedure caused a significant decrease in the production of propionate and an increase in acetate formed from lactate . These results are interpreted in terms of the influence of H2 utilization by the methanogen on the production of H2 versus lactate or propionate from reduced pyridine nucleotides by S . ruminantium. Antibiotiki, 1977 Dec, 22(12), 1066 - 70 {Isolation and substrate specificity of neomycin (paromomycin)--phosphotransferase from Actinomyces fradiae, a producer of neomycin}; Demina AS et al.; Neomycin (paromomycin) phosphotransferase was isolated from the mycelium and fermentation broth filtrates of Act . fradiae . The substance was partially purified by means of fractionation with ammonium sulphate followed by gel-filtration through Sefadex G-100 . The extracellular and intracellular forms of the enzyme had the same substrate specificity and used only neomycin and paromomycin as substrates . The other aminoglycosides, including kanamycins A and B, lividomycin and ribostamycin were not used . The both forms had the same thermolability . The intracellular form of the enzyme was detected in the mycelium at the early stages of the organism development, while the extracellular form was found in detectable amounts in the culture medium only at the late stages of the actinomycete development . Therefore, the neomycin-producing organism, i.e . Act . fradiae had one enzyme which phosphorilated neomycin and paromomycin and was excreted from the mycellium into the culture medium during the fermentation process. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 34(6), 773 - 6 Production of vitamin B-12 in tempeh, a fermented soybean food; Liem IT et al.; Several varieties of soybeans contained generally less than 1 ng of vitamin B-12 per g . It was found that use of a lactic fermentation typical of tropical conditions during the initial soaking of the soybeans did not influence the vitamin B-12 content of the resulting tempeh . Pure tempeh molds obtained from different sources did not produce vitamin B-12 . It was found that the major source of vitamin B-12 in commercial tempeh purchased in Toronto, Canada, was a bacterium that accompanies the mold during fermentation . Reinoculation of the pure bacterium onto dehulled, hydrated, and sterilized soybeans resulted in the production of 148 ng of vitamin B-12 per g . The presence of the mold, along with the bacterium, did not inhibit or enhance production of vitamin B-12 . Nutritionally significant amounts of vitamin B-12 were also found in the Indonesian fermented food, ontjom. Antibiotiki, 1977 Dec, 22(12), 1070 - 3 {Effect of the aeration and agitation states on tetracycline biosynthesis in semiproduction-capacity apparatus}; Cherkasova GN et al.; The results of the experiments on determination of the effect of aeration and agitation conditions on biosynthesis of tetracycline in the apparatus of semi-production capacity are discussed . It was shown that the antibiotic production level was not connected with the rate of oxygen solution expressed in the sulphite numbers, i.e . this parameter cannot be used as a scaling-up criterion . Accumulation of the antibiotic in the fermentation broth depended on the volume of the air supplied for aeration . It was determined that the level of CO2 dissolved in the fermentation broth did not reach the values having an inhibitory effect on the biosynthetic process. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 103(2), 353 - 8 Influence of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yields of Escherichia coli B in dialysis culture; Landwall P et al.; Yields of Escherichia coli B grown on glucose were determined in dialysis and non-dialysis culture . The molar growth yields were compared under conditions of excess glucose and oxygen as well as glucose- and oxygen-limiting conditions . The molar growth yields on glucose (YG) were determined for different periods during growth in non-dialysis cultures . A rapid decrease of YG was observed and growth ceased even in the presence of high concentrations of glucose and dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid . The decrease in YG was delayed in dialysis cultures where a high YG could be maintained at very high cell concentrations . The inhibition of growth depended on the accumulation of end-products of fermentative degradation of glucose . These products interfered with the oxidative phosphorylation . A large proportion of the glucose was fermented even in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid . A decrease in the growth yield per g glucose was also observed. Am J Vet Res, 1977 Dec, 38(12), 1989 - 91 Biochemical characteristics of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea; Braaten BA et al.; Eighteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and 15 isolates of nonenterotoxigenic E coli (NETEC) obtained from calves with diarrheal disease were characterized biochemically . Of 64 biochemical tests employed, none allowed making differentiation of ETEC from NETEC . Eleven tests were used to separate ETEC isolates into 1 of 5 biotypes, although the ability to ferment dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, and sorbose gave sufficient information to identify the 5 biotypes of ETEC . The biotype data were confirmed upon testing 159 additional isolates of ETEC of bovine origin . All isolates of ETEC studied belong to serogroups O9:K35, O101:K30, O8:K85, O20:K? O8:K25, and O101:K28 . The ETEC in different serogroups were also different biotypically, with the exception that isolates in serogroups O101:K28 and O101:K30 were of the same biotype . The K99 antigen was detected in 172 of the 177 isolates of ETEC and in 1 of 15 isolates of NETEC . Marked biochemical differences were not found between K99 + and K99- isolates of E coli. Antibiotiki, 1977 Dec, 22(12), 1088 - 93 {Use of a polarographic method for determining trichothecin}; Krugliak EB et al.; The polarographic behaviour of trichothecin was studied . It was shown that the antibiotic could be detected in solutions at concentrations of 7.10(-7) moles with the help of the polarographic method . Conditions for the polarographic determination of trichothecin in fermentation broth were developed . The error was not more than 3 per cent . The reliability of the results was shown by statistical treatment of data performed in accordance with the requirement of the USSR State Pharmacopeia, X ed., prescribing that the precision of the assay is such that the fiducial limits at p = 95 per cent deviate from the average value by not more than 5 per cent . Comparison of the results of trichothecin determination in the fermentation broth with the polarographic and biological methods showed no significant difference . Therefore, the polarographic method may be recommended for trichothecin determination in the fermentation broth. Arch Microbiol, 1977 Nov 18, 115(2), 169 - 73 Influence of inorganic phosphate and organic buffers on cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus; Aharonowitz Y et al.; A high concentration of potassium phosphate (75--100 mM) stabilized pH and supported extensive growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus in a chemically defined medium; such a concentration also inhibited cephalosporin production . Although Tris buffer was found to have detrimental effects on growth and antibiotic production, 3-(N-morpholine)-propane sulfonate (MOPS) or 2-(NP-morpholine)-ethane sulfonate (MES) buffer provided a nontoxic buffering system . In the presence of MOPS buffer, cephalosporin production was optimal at 25 mM phosphate, whereas higher concentrations of phosphate progressively inhibited antibiotic production up to 85% without modifying the pH pattern . MOPS buffer can be used to conduct fermentations at a relatively constant pH value in shake flasks. J Chromatogr, 1977 Nov 11, 142, 441 - 7 Application of quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography in the antibiotic industry; Kreuzig F; For the in-process control of antibiotic fermentations and for routine assays of samples for scaling up and for pure products, quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) can be used with advantage . Rapid chromatography on high-performance layers, combined with an automatic spraying device for exact derivatization on the plate and precise computation of the calibration line within an automatic measurement and evaluation, represents a new, inexpensive analysis system . There are only 2 min of labour time (one fifth of that required in thin-layer chromatography) required for one sample and the total analysis time varies from 3 to 9 min (one third to one quarter of that required in thin-layer chromatography) based on one plate with 12 samples . The 95% confidence limits (N = 10) range between 0.5 and 3.0%. Nature, 1977 Nov 3, 270(5632), 17 - 22 Biochemistry of the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds in anaerobic environments; Evans WC; Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood, but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen . This occurs by photometabolism (Athiorhodaceae), nitrate respiration (Pseudomonas and Moraxella sp.) and methanogenic fermentation (a consortium) in which the benzene nucleus is first reduced and then cleaved by hydrolysis to yield aliphatic acids for cell growth . These methods may be used by microbial communities to catabolise man-made pollutants. Infect Immun, 1977 Nov, 18(2), 393 - 9 Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: mitogenic potential of mycoplasmas for mouse lymphocytes; Cole BC et al.; Nonviable preparations of a wide variety of glucose-utilizing mycoplasma species, including Acholeplasma laidlawii and Spiroplasma citri, were found to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes . Particularly strong reactions were obtained with Mycoplasma synoviae, M . gallisepticum, M . pneumoniae, S . citri, and a strain of M . fermentans that was previously isolated from a leukemic patient . Nonviable preparations of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas inhibited the uptake of {3H}thymidine by lymphocytes, but this effect could be reversed by heat treatment or arginine supplementation, and a stimulatory effect was then observed . Viable M . arthritidis was also found to have a mitogenic effect, as detected by an increased uptake of {3H}thymidine by normal lymphocytes and by autoradiographic techniques in which an increase in the numbers of transformed cells was seen . These observations provide the potential for enhanced immunological responsiveness or lymphokine-mediated inflammation in mycoplasma-infected hosts. Arch Tierernahr, 1977 Nov, 27(11), 667 - 71 {Adjustment of the ammonia level in the rumen by sorption on bentonite and dried beet pulp}; Marounek M et al.; The effect was studied of bentonite and spent sugar beet pulp on the ammonia level in the rumen juice sheep fed hay, ground barley and a urea supplementation . In comparison with a control trial, the nitrogen supply to the rumen juice proved more continuous, this fact improving the conditions for the microbial protein synthesis at the time fo the strongest fermentation . The interaction of bentonite, beet pectin and ammonium ions is attributed to the ion exchange. Vopr Pitan, 1977 Nov-Dec, (6), 15 - 20 {Gluconeogenesis in the liver of rats receiving 1,3-butanediol in their diet}; Velikii NN et al.; Inclusion of 1,3-butandiol as a synthetic source of nutritional energy into the composition of a low-carbohydrate diet produced a fall in the ration of free {NAD+}:{NADN} and {NADP}:{NADPN} calculated for the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the liver cell in rats according to the concentration of oxidated and reduced metabolites and the equilibrium constant of the lactate-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase and malic-fermentative systems . In these conditions the concentration of metabolites, at whose level the conjugation of the carbohydrates decomposition during glycolysis and their synthesis at the time of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenol-pyruvate, malate, oxaloacetate) is realized, as well as the activity of key gluconeogenesis enzymes (phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) increase . The NADN generation in the course of oxidative metabolism of 1,3-butandiol gives rise to reducing properties of the free NAD-par cytoplasm and mitochondria pool, which leads to the intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver, attended by a drop of the phosphate potential level. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Nov, 30(11), 903 - 7 Mutalomycin, a new polyether antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Fehr T et al.; Mutalomycin is a new metal-complexing polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces mutabilis NRRL 8088 . The metabolite, a monocarboxylic acid, was isolated as the sodium salt C41H69NaO12 . The structure of this polyether was established by X-ray analysis of its potassium salt C41H69KO12 . Mutalomycin contains six heterocyclic rings and is structurally related to nigericin . The metabolite is active against gram-positive bacteria and Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis). Br J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 38(3), 437 - 43 Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration; Mehrez AZ et al.; 1 . Four sheep were fed from automatic continuous feeders on whole barley fortified with graded levels of a urea solution . This approach was to a large extent successful in maintaining relatively steady states of rumen ammonia concentration . 2 . Rates of barley fermentation in the rumen at various rumen NH3 concentrations were assessed by measuring the disappearance of barley dry matter from polyester bags suspended in the rumen of these sheep . 3 . The minimal NH3 concentration for maximal rate of fermentation was estimated as 235 mg/l rumen fluid. Br J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 38(3), 371 - 84 Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec); Czerkawski JW et al.; 1 . The paper describes the development and construction of an apparatus for maintaining a normal microbial population of the rumen under strictly controlled conditions over long periods of time . 2 . The apparatus is simple to construct and operate . It is possible to do four replicate experiments at the same time . 3 . The results of three experiments are given . The experiments showed that when the steady-state was reached it could be maintained indefinitely, with the type and quantities of products of fermentation very similar to those in the rumen of donor animals, including the maintenance of normal protozoal populations for up to 49 d . 4 . It was found that within wide ranges, the digestibility of rations and the output of products were independent of dilution rate . 5 . Except for the lowest 'level of feeding', the digestibility was independent of the level of feeding . The output of products was proportional to the amount of food digested and was the same as would be expected in sheep on similar rations . 6 . An experiment in which a ration of hay was changed to a mainly concentrate ration showed that the fermentation characteristics were determined mainly by the food given. Infect Immun, 1977 Nov, 18(2), 310 - 7 Lymphocyte activation by various Mycoplasma strains and species; Naot Y et al.; The capacity of various mycoplasma strains and species to induce lymphocyte transformation in vitro was studied . Of six strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis studied, five displayed mitogenic activity with rat lymphocytes . Among those M . pulmonis strains, our MP15 isolate and the Negroni strain exhibited particularly potent mitogenic capacity . The murine mycoplasmas M . neurolyticum and M . arthritidis shared this mitogenicity for rat lymphocytes . However, the human mycoplasmas M . fermentans, M . pneumoniae, M . hominis, M . orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii did not activate rat lymphocytes . Lymphocytes obtained from germfree rats were activated to the same extent as those from animals bred under conventional conditions . The mitogenic potency exhibited by mycoplasma was not restricted to infective microorganisms, and preparations of killed mycoplasma particles exerted an extensive lymphocyte transformation . The data show that the mitogenic activity of mycoplasmas is not confined to a single mycoplasma isolate and that it acts in a nonspecific manner. Antibiotiki, 1977 Nov, 22(11), 989 - 94 {Study of the composition and elaboration of a catalytic method for purifying the gaseous waste from neomycin and monomycin production}; Khanina GF et al.; Composition of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin at the stages of fermentation, coagulation and filtration was studied . It was found that the main components of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin were carbon dioxide (0.15-6.0 mg/1), moisture (22-34 mg/1) and organic substances (0.5-4.2 mg/1) calculated for carbon dioxide . These substances have a specific unpleasant odour . A procedure for purification of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin by catalytic oxidation was developed. Biokhimiia, 1977 Nov, 42(11), 1990 - 6 {Properties of mitochondria from cells of the "fermentative" variant of Endomyces magnusii}; Zviagil'skaia RA et al.; The properties of mitochondria from the cells of the "fermentative" variant of End . magnusii were studied . The induced fermentative transformation was brought about by a non-balanced vitamin cultivation . It was shown that the "fermentative" variant of End . magnusii represents an interesting model, in which the energy required for the cell functioning is provided for by a high fermentative activity and a normally functioning respiratory chain . The "fermentative" variant mitochondria were tightly coupled and possessed theoretical efficiency during oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates, which suggested the existence of all the three sites of energy coupling and phosphorylation at the substrate level . A specificity of energy regulation of the End . magnusii "fermentative" variant mitochondria, e . g . tight coupling during oxidation of succinate and lack of tight coupling during oxidation of exogenous NADH, is discussed . The tight coupling during succinate oxidation is confirmed by the observation of reverse electron transfer . Thus, the energy-dependent reduction of NAD during succinate oxidation has been firstly demonstrated for the mitochondria of yeast grown on a fermentable substrate. J Bacteriol, 1977 Nov, 132(2), 505 - 10 Regulation of superoxide dismutase synthesis in Escherichia coli: glucose effect; Moustafa Hassan H et al.; Growth of Escherichia coli, based upon the fermentation of glucose, is associated with a low intracellular level of superoxide dismutase . Exhaustion of glucose, or depression of the pH due to accumulation of organic acids, causes these organisms to then obtain energy from the oxidative degradation of other substances present in a rich medium . This shift in metabolism is associated with a marked increase in the rate of synthesis of superoxide dismutase . Depression of the synthesis of superoxide dismutase by glucose is not due to catabolite repression since it is not eliminated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and since alpha-methyl glucoside does not mimic the effect of glucose . Moreover, glucose itself no longer depresses superoxide dismutase synthesis when the pH has fallen low enough to cause a shift to a non-fermentative metabolism . It appears likely that superoxide dismutase is controlled directly or indirectly by the intracellular level of O2- and that glucose depressed the level of this enzyme because glucose metabolism is not associated with as rapid a production of O2- as is the metabolsim of many other substances . In accord with this view is the observation that paraquat, which can increase the rate of production of O2- by redox cycling, caused a rapid and marked increase in superoxide dismutase. J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 107(11), 1954 - 61 Sites of organic acid production and patterns of digesta movement in the gastrointestinal tract of the rock hyrax; Clemens ET; The rock hyrax, smallest of the present day ungulates and a near relative of the elephant, has a gastrointestinal tract of such complex nature that it may be considered ccomparable to both the simple and complex stomach mammals, and also to birds . They have a stomach to body weight capacity equal to that of sheep . But for all its complexity, the passage of ingesta is reasonably rapid . However, there are three major sites of digesta retention and microbial fermentation of the ingested material . The cranial stomach provides the first major site of fermentation with VFA levels comparable to those observed in the rumen (125-145 mM/liter) . Quantities of lactic acid are also produced in the foregut where the pH may vary from 2 to 5.5 . The ingested particulate material is exclusively retained in the cranial half of the stomach for 4 hours after consumption, and partially retained in the entire stomach for greater than 24 hours . The mid-gut sacculation provides the second major site of fermentation with the retention of the digesta in this gut segment for up to 16 hours . The two ceca provide the third site . Concentrations of VFA in these latter two gut segments approaches 80 mM/liter, while the near stable and neutral pH corresponds to the absence of lactic acid production. Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Oct 24, 155(3), 309 - 14 An evaluation of D-glucosamine as a gratuitous catabolite repressor of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis; Furst A et al.; Glucose represses mitochondrial biogenesis and the fermentation of maltose, galactose and sucrose in yeast . We have analyzed the effect of D-glucosamine on these functions in order to determine if it can produce a similar repression . It was found that glucosamine represses the respiration rate (QO2) but more rapidly than glucose and to a final level slightly higher than in glucose-treated cells . Derepression of the respiration rate following either glucose or glucosamine repression was similar . A two hour lag was followed by a linear increase in QO2 to the derepressed level . Both glucose and glucosamine repressed the level of cytochrome oxidase to the same level . Glucosamine was also found to repress maltose and galactose fermentation but not sucrose fermentation . The derepression of maltase synthesis was inhibited by glucosamine . The constitutive synthesis of maltase was repressed by the addition of glucosamine . Glucosamine was judged to produce a repressed state similar to glucose repression in many respects. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Oct, 30(10), 811 - 8 Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics . II . Use of high efficiency small particle columns; White ER et al.; Improved methods for the separation and quantitation of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and several miscellaneous antibiotics by reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography are presented . The methods have been improved significantly by the substitution of high efficiency, small particle (approximately 10 micrometer reverse phase columns in place of the previously used medium efficiency, pellicular columns . The conditions and procedures described here illustrate that considerable improvements in separation and sensitivity of detection of antibiotics are achieved . Pure compounds, complex mixtures of antibiotics in a variety of dosage forms and fermentation broths are routinely analyzed by the described procedures. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 102(2), 269 - 77 Sequential expression of macromolecule biosynthesis and candicidin formation in Streptomyces griseus; Liras P et al.; Streptomyces griseus did not produce the polyene macrolide antibiotic candicidin during the initial growth phase characterized by rapid RNA synthesis . the absence of candicidin production when RNA or protein synthesis was inhibited by rifampicin or chloramphenicol suggests a transcriptionally controlled late formation of the candicidin synthases . Phosphate levels in the medium control the rate of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis . Depletion of phosphate appears to trigger the onset of candicidin synthesis after a drastic reduction of the rate of RNA synthesis . Changes in the ATP pool during the fermentation suggest that ATP may be the intracellular effector controlling the onset of antibiotic synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Oct, 19(10), 1449 - 62 Theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis; Cooney CL et al.; The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes . In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum . Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process . This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising . In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate . These values are compared with experimental data from the literature . An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations. Antibiotiki, 1977 Oct, 22(10), 919 - 22 {Study of the transmissibility of multiple drug resistance and the capacity to ferment lactose in a clinical strain of Kl . pneumoniae}; Belokrysenko SS et al.; The donor properties of K . pneumoniae PI 220 with multiple drug resistance were studied . It was shown that the above strain carried 2 plasmids, i.e . R-plasmid pPI 220 controling resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and sulphanylamides and plasmid pPI 221 controlling lactose fermentation . Both plasmids can be transfered on conjugation to strain E . coli P678 at a temperture of 28 degrees C at a rate of 10(-5) for pPI 220 and 10(-4) for pPI 221 . The drug resistance controlled by pPI 221 was transfered mainly in a "blocks" simultaneously to 6 drugs . Deletion of plasmid pPI 220 was observed rarely . The donor properties of the strain were defined by the conjugative plasmid pPI 220 controlling the self-transfer and mobilization of plasmid pPI 221 incapable of the self-transfer . E . coli P678 (pPI 220) (PPI 221) acquired the donor properties and transfered both plasmids to E . coli J62 on crossing simultaneously at a rate of 10(-2), as well as to S . typhimurium LT2 and P . rettgeri at a rate of 10(-5) . In all the recipient strains studied the transfered plasmids were unstable and segregated also simultaneously at a rate being the highest for P . retgari PI 230 . The clones with stable preservation of the plasmids could be obtained by selection. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 23(10), 1334 - 9 Effect of exogenous nucleotides on the candicidin fermentation; Martin JF et al.; Addition of cyclic-AMP (c-AMP) to Streptomyces griseus fermentations inhibited candicidin formation . In a phosphate-free resting cell system, c-AMP inhibited net candicidin formation and incorporation of labeled propionate and p-aminobenzoic acid into the antibiotic but did not inhibit protein synthesis . All nucleotides tested, regardless of the position of the phosphate ester, were effective inhibitors; nucleosides and free bases were not . Inhibition occurred whether the nucleotide was added early or late . The results indicate that inhibition of antibiotic formation by exogenous nucleotides, including cyclic nucleotides, is similar to the effect produced by inorganic phosphate. Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1977 Oct, 63(10), 1470 - 5 {Ultrastructural localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity in the proximal kidney tubules of white rats}; Panasiuk EN et al.; In white rats, the ferment topography of Mg+2 and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPh-ses in proximal canaliculi was studied with the aid of the ultrastructural cytochemistry . The final product of the fermentative reaction (PhHPO4) in the form of small dense granuli is positioned on the duplicate folds of epithelial cells, the cells limiting the brush border micropiles, and on invaginations of the apical plasmalemme at the micropiles base . For (Na+ %K+)-activated ATPh-ses a localisation of the reaction product was determined in the canaliculi vessels. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 6(4), 343 - 7 Bromothymol blue and carbohydrate-sensitive plating media; DuPree MR et al.; A new plating medium using bromothymol blue (BTB) indicator is described and compared with eosin-methylene blue (EMB), MacConkey, and Endo media . These media were tested with L-arabinose by plating fermenting and nonfermenting mutant strains of Escherichia coli . The minimum concentrations of L-arabinose that permitted differentiation of these strains were determined . Different concentrations were required for differentiating confluent patches of cells, isolated colonies, and closely spaced or adjacent colonies . L-Arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-lactose, and D-galactose were tested with modified enteric media and with BTB medium, again to determine minimum usable concentrations . BTB media and reformulated conventional media allowed detection of acidification, aerobically, at one-fifth to one-hundredth the (1%, wt/vol) concentration of carbohydrate used in standard indicator plates. Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Sep 21, 155(1), 41 - 51 On the formation of rho- petites in yeast . II . Effects of mutation tsm-8 on mitochondrial functions and rho-factor stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Bechmann H et al.; 1 . In non-fermentable substrates growth of mutant tsm-8 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is restricted to about one generation after shift from 23 to 35 degrees C . Non-permissive conditions (35 degrees C, glycerol) cause a gradual decrease in respiration to about 20% of the activity at permissive temperature 23 degrees C) . 2 . Anaerobically grown and glucose-repressed mutant cells exhibit a decreased adaptation rate of mitochondrial functions to aerobic growth and non-fermentative growth, even at 23 degrees C, as revealed by determination of respiratory rates and mitochondrial protein synthesis . 3 . At 35 degrees C, rho+ cells of mutant tsm-8 are converted to p- cells within 6-8 generations of growth, in all fermentable substrates tested . Drugs or antibiotics as nalidixic acid, acriflavin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, bongkrecic acid, antimycin and FCCP, as well as anaerobiosis, have little or no influence on this kinetics . A heat shock does not yield rho- petites to a significant extent . 4 . Reversion of tsm-8 cells to wild type function, which occurs spontaneously with a frequency of 10(-8), is found to be due to a mitochondrial mutational event. Farmakol Toksikol, 1977 Sep-Oct, 40(5), 559 - 63 {Fibrinolysis in the blood of animals exposed to the chronic per os use of a heparin-urea complex}; Kudriashov BA et al.; When given per os a complex heparin-urea produces in the organism an intensive anticoagulant and fibrinolytic background which makes itself manifest in 1 hour time and continues to exist for as long as 16 hours after the last (10th) introduction . Upon abolishing the intake of the complex the study figures for the coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic activity return back to their physiological level . Introduction per os of the complex heparin-urea did not cause any changes in the tissues of the liver, heart, lungs, spleen and kidneys, while administration by the same route of an equivalent amount of urea caused mainly an increased non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the kidneys. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 34(3), 251 - 7 Effect of monensin on rumen metabolism in vitro; Van Nevel CJ et al.; The effect of Monensin (Rumensin, Eli Lilly & Co.) in incubations with mixed rumen microorganisms metabolizing carbohydrate or protein substrates was investigated . Monensin partly inhibited methanogenesis and increased propionate production, although the effect was not always statistically significant . Incubations with substrates specific for methane bacteria suggest that inhibition of methanogenesis by Monensin was not due to a specific toxic action on the methanogenic flora, but rather to an inhibition of hydrogen production from formate . Total and net microbial growth were considerably decreased by addition of Monensin, although the amount of substrate fermented was not altered, resulting in lowered values of microbial growth efficiency . In incubations with casein, Monensin lowered protein degradation in line with a lowered ammonia production, whereas a slight accumulation of alpha-amino nitrogen was observed . The results suggest that besides an influence of Monensin on the rumen carbohydrate fermentation pattern, another reason for the beneficial effects observed in vivo might be decreased food protein degradation in the rumen, altering the final site of protein digestion in the animal . Also, the possibility of a decrease in rumen microbial growth efficiency has to be considered when using Monensin as a food additive. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 23(9), 1123 - 7 {Characterization of telluric bacteria attributable to Pseudomonas maltophilia}; Debette J et al.; The taxonomic position of some telluric non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria collected into a phenon representing about a quarter of the soil isolates by an earlier numerical analysis is specified . The Shapiro--Chargaff coefficient determined by thermal-transition curves of the DNA and their hybridization by nitrocellulose filters method show a close affinity with Pseudomonas maltophilia. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Sep, 19(9), 1331 - 49 Hydrocarbon uptake in hydrocarbon fermentations; Gutierrez JR et al.; Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8662) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-hexadecane as the main carbon source under batch fementation conditions . The relative importance of the cells growing in the aqueous phase on the overall kinetics was studied . The effect of interfacial tension, unoccupied interfacial area, and pseudosolubility on the specific growth was also studied . Results are presented and discussed here. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 34(3), 297 - 301 Fermentation of cellulose by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in the presence and absence of Methanobacterium ruminantium; Latham MJ et al.; The anaerobic cellulolytic rumen bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens normally produces succinic acid as a major fermentation product together with acetic and formic acids, H2, and CO2 . When grown on cellulose and in the presence of the methanogenic rumen bacterium Methanobacterium ruminantium, acetate was the major fermentation product; succinate was formed in small amounts; little formate was detected; H2 did not accumulate; and large amounts of CH4 were formed . M . ruminantium depends for growth on the reduction of CO2 to CH4 by H2, which it can obtain directly or by producing H2 and CO2 from formate . In mixed culture, the methanobacterium utilized the H2 and possibly the formate produced by the ruminococcus and in so doing stimulated the flow of electrons generated during glycolysis by the ruminococcus toward H2 formation and away from formation of succinate . This type of interaction may be of significance in determining the flow of cellulose carbon to the normal rumen fermentation products. Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Sep, 85(6), 380 - 6 Fluoride content of dental plaque before, during and after ingestion of sucrose modified with fluoride or bicarbonate-phosphate; Turtola LO; Students ingested tablets daily during a period of 3 d growth of dental plaque and in connection with the collection of plaque specimens . The tablets varied in composition: sucrose (C), sucrose containing sodium bicarbonate-monopotassium orthophosphate and fluoride (BPF), and sucrose modified with fluoride (F) . The daily fluoride dose in conjunction with the growth of plaque and the collection of specimens was 0.5 mg of total fluoride and 0.2 mg in the determination of ionized fluoride . The fluoride taken during the growth period did not significantly affect the total and ionized fluoride contents of the plaque . During the consumption of all the tablets, the total fluoride content of the plaque increased temporarily, after which a drop took place to close to the original value . In the case of the C- and the BPF-tablets, the increase was statistically significant (P-values less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively) . During the consumption of the BPF- and F-tablets, the ionized fluoride content dropped significantly (P-values less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively) . The investigation showed that a binding of the free fluoride ions in dental plaque takes place in connection with fermentation. Rev Can Biol, 1977 Sep, 36(3), 283 - 9 {Comparison between two types of pertussis vaccines}; Bisaillon JG; We have produced pertussis vaccines with laboratory and industrial methods . The characteristic of laboratory cultivation of microorganisms is, in this context, growth on Hornibrook medium in low form flask and in stationary culture . Industrial cultivation is done in homogenous culture on a B-2 medium in fermentor . The strains utilized were isolated from whooping-cough cases in the Montreal region . The yield (org . x 10(9)/ml) obtained with an industrial cultivation of B . pertussis was 4 to 7 times higher than that reached with a laboratory cultivation of this microorganism . The non-toxicity as expressed in weight gain of mice was shown for both types of vaccine . The vaccines produced in fermentor were less histamino sensibilizing for mice than the one produced in stationary flash culture . The quality of the vaccines achieved by industrial method is easily reproducible due to the fact that enough variables can be measured. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 102(1), 13 - 21 Exopolysaccharide production by Pseudomonas NCIB11264 grown in batch culture; Williams AG et al.; Fermentation studies using batch culture indicated that exopolysaccharide production by Pseudomonas NCIBI1264 in a chemically defined medium increased under conditions of nitrogen limitation and excess carbon substrate at pH values above 6 . The polysaccharide was formed from a variety of carbon substrates and its composition was not affected by the nature of the carbohydrate source . Polysacharide formation did not increase in media containing small amounts of phosphate, and, as in secondary metabolite production, it started late in the exponential growth phase continuing maximally after growth had ceased . The efficiency of glucose conversion into exopolysaccharide was low . Colorimetric, viscometric, and total carbon estimation techniques are described for determining exopolysaccharide levels in cell-free culture supernatants. Orig Life, 1977 Aug, 8(2), 173 - 4 The position of nitrate respiration in evolution; Broda E; Egami's hypothesis that oxygen respiration evolved from nitrate respiration, and this from nitrate fermentation, is not accepted . The reasons are: (1) Presumably there was no nitrate before O2 in the biosphere . (2) On mechanistic grounds, respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) is to be derived directly from photosynthesis (photosynthetic phosphorylation) rather than from any form of fermentation. Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 689 - 93 {Use of aluminum salts for purifying oleandomycin culture broth}; Slavin AA et al.; It was shown that "nepheline coagulant"--Al2 (SO4)3-18H2O was effective in coagulating the admixtures in oleandomycin fermentation broth . The use of the "nepheline coagulant" in an amount of 1 to 3 per cent (by the weight) of the volume of the oleandomycin fermentation broth provided butyl acetate extraction of the antibiotic without formation of stable emulsion . Addition of the "nepheline coagulant" in an amount of 1 to 2 per cent (by the weight) to the fermentation broth markedly increased the rate of the fermentation broth filtration. Carbohydr Res, 1977 Aug, 57, 273 - 80 An enzyme-P.M.R.-spectroscopic determination of the enantiomers of galactose; Whyte JN et al.; The action of D-galactose oxidase on D-galactose in the presence of oxygen afforded meso-galacto-hexodialdose quantitatively, which allowed p.m.r.-spectroscopic determination of the D enantiomer in a DL mixture . In the spectrum of the products obtained from the enzymic treatment of a mixture of D- and L-galactose, the magnitude of the aldehydrol signals derived solely from the oxidised D enantiomer, relative to those of the anomeric signals, provided the fractional content of the D enantiomer . This simple, accurate, and convenient procedure was applied to the hydrolysate of a seaweed galactan, which was also analyzed, for comparative purposes, by the fermentation technique employing D-galactose-adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Farmaco {Sci}, 1977 Aug, 32(8), 579 - 92 {Studies on substances with antiblastic activity . IX . Anthramycin and analogs . IX . Synthesis of 7-methoxy-8-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo{2,1-c} {1,4} benzodiazepine and other compounds related to oxotomaymycin}; Scalzo M et al.; The synthesis of some pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives related to oxotomaymycin, an antibiotic recovered together with tomaymycin from fermentation broths of Streptomyces achromogenes var . tomaymycetics, is described . Reaction between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzylbromide and pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde afforded 1-(2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzyl)pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde . Catalytic reduction of this compound with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C gave 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5H-pyrrolo{2.1-c} {1,4}benzodiazepine . Amides obtained from condensation between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid chloride and proline or hydroxyproline were reduced catalytically to 2,3-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo {2,1-c} {1,4}benzodiazepine-5,11 (10H, 11aH)-dione and its 2-hydroxyderivative respectively . The synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-9-methoxy-5-pyrrolo {2,1-c} {1,4}benzodiazepine is also reported. J Parasitol, 1977 Aug, 63(4), 687 - 9 Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of glucose by Echinostoma liei; Schaefer FW 3rd et al.; Echinostoma liei was incubated in vitro aerobically and anaerobically with various species of 14C glucose . From the recovery of isotope in the respired CO2, it appeared that glucose was incompletely oxidized . The major portion of the CO2 arose from the 3 and 4 carbons of glucose . In addition to CO2, a number of volatile fatty acids accumulated as end-products both aerobically and anaerobically . Lactate and succinate were also isolated . Of these, n-valerate was recovered in the highest concentrations . Qualitatively, the same products were demonstrated after both aerobic and anaerobic incubations, but quantitatively considerably more fatty acids accumulated anaerobically. Gastroenterology, 1977 Aug, 73(2), 215 - 7 Effect of dietary fiber on complications of gastric surgery: prevention of postprandial hypoglycemia by pectin; Jenkins DJ et al.; The dumping syndrome is a very troublesome problem to some patients after gastric surgery . Gel-forming carbohydrates have recently been used to modify glucose absorption . The addition of 14.5 g of pectin to a 50-g oral glucose load prevented the occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms and maintained the blood glucose levels above control values by 64% at 90 min (P less than 0.002) and 46% at 120 min (P less than 0.01) in postgastric surgery patients whose 120-min values after 50 g of glucose alone had fallen below 50 mg per 100 ml (2.8 mmoles per liter) . Breath H2 production, used as an index of bacterial fermentation of glucose, was abolished or reduced by pectin in all 5 cases in which this had previously occurred . A trial of 10 g of pectin per day prevented recurrent postprandial hypoglycemic attacks in the most severely affected individual . Pectin and perhaps other unabsorbable polysaccharides are likely to prove useful in the treatment of abnormal carbohydrate absorption after gastric surgery. Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 675 - 8 {Interrelationship of the mass transfer coefficient with regard to O2 and CO2 in the process of antibiotic biosynthesis}; Sherstobitova TS et al.; A complex of studies on the effect of technological parameters on the mass transfer coeficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was carried out . It was shown that the ratio between the mass transfer coefficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was constant and equal to 20 for the fermentation broths of the antibiotic-producing organisms studied. Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 683 - 9 {Effect of different salts and their concentration on polymyxin M biosynthesis by Bac . polymyxa Ross}; Pavliuk IuV et al.; The effect of various concentrations of ammonium sulfate, sodium and potassium chlorides and sulfates on biosynthesis of polymyxin M by Bac . polymyxa Ross . on media containing wheet meal as the carbon source was studied . The culture growth, antibiotic accumulation and consumption of the main nutrients was studied as dependent on the level of the salts in the medium . The highest productivity was observed on media with the salt concentrations amounting to 1--2 per cent except sodium sulfate: changes in the concentration of the latter had practically no effect on the activity of the fermentation broth. J Bacteriol, 1977 Aug, 131(2), 533 - 43 Fermentative metabolism of pyruvate by Rhodospirillum rubrum after anaerobic growth in darkness; Gorrell TE et al.; Rhodospirillum rubrum grew anaerobically in darkness and fermented sodium pyruvate by a pyruvate formate-lyase reaction . During 30 min of anaerobic dark or light incubation with sodium pyrivate, crude extracts from fermentatively grown cells produced about 6 micronmol of acetylphosphate and formate per mg of protein in reactions performed at pH 8.3 . Cell extracts also catalyzed the exchange of sodium {14C}formate into sodium pyruvate at an apparent pH optimum of 7.3 to 7.5, but only about 2.5 micronmol of acetylphosphate was produced at this lower pH value . R . rubrum may also form pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity, as evidenced by low bicarbonate exchange activity . However, its participation in pyruvate metabolism in anaerobic dark-grown cells was not understood . During anaerobic, dark growth with pyruvate, formate was an intermediate in H2 and CO2 gas evolution . In contrast with H2 production by a light-dependent H2-nitrogenase system in photosynthetically grown cells, H2 formation in fermenting R . rubrum occurred through a carbon monoxide-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase reaction not influenced by light. Res Exp Med (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 170(3), 259 - 70 Effect of ischaemia on the enzyme activity of the hepatic tissue; Kupcsulik P et al.; The lactate and pyruvate levels, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminic acid-oxalacetic acid transaminase and aldolase levels of rat liver homogenizates were measured at 24 degrees C and 38 degrees C during 120 min ischaemia from 0 to the 120th min . With the exception of transaminase and aldolase, the other enzymes were also enzyme-histochemically studied . The early lesions of the liver can be detected, both the quantitative laboratory tests and enzyme histochemical studies . The deviations from normal, observed at 24 degrees C between the 60th and 100th min, and at 38 degrees C between the 30th and 60th min, might be signs of irreversible lesions . Fractionated study of the liver homogenizate improves the assessability of enzyme determinations . In the course of "warm" ischaemia, the liver lysosomal lesions are early symptoms . Parallel to the breakdown of aerobic glycolysis lactic acid, fermentation, and an active pentose phosphate cycle can be detected . Quantitative testing of the liver homogenizate and enzyme histochemical observation of the hepatic tissue, might be a suitable method for the assessment of ischaemic liver lesions. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 163(2), 99 - 110 Special O:K:H serotypes among enterotoxigenic E . coli strains from diarrhea in adults and children . Occurrence of the CF (colonization factor) antigen and of hemagglutinating abilities; Orskov I et al.; O:H serotypes previously found to be prevalent among a number of toxigenic strains from several geographic areas were examined for polysaccharide K antigen type . Members of each O:H serotype had the same type of K antigen and were found to be characterized by a certain fermentation pattern . Some O:H serotypes had no K antigen . The serofermentative types defined were: 06:K15:H16, 08:K40:H9, 015:H11, 025:K7:H42, 025:K98:H-, 078:H11, 078:H12, and 0149:H10 . Some strains of the last-mentioned serotype, which were suspected of having caused a food-borne infection, had K88 . This serotype belongs to the group of strains causing diarrhea in swine . The surface antigen (CF) described as a colonization factor {5} was demonstrated in 078:H-, 078:H11, and 078:H12 strains; but not in any strain of the other serotypes nor in any of 248 strains belonging to 078 but not isolated from cases of human diarrhea . Presence of the CF antigen was correlated with presence of a mannose-resistant ability to cause agglutination of human red cells . Behavior of the other serotypes as regards hemagglutinating abilities was examined and 025:K7:H42 strains were found to be very similar to the 078 strains in this respect. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 163(2), 93 - 7 Evaluation of two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods; Nord CE et al.; Two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with conventional biochemical tests on 154 oxidative-fermentative gram-negative rods . The two test systems were found to be reliable and permit identification of the clinically most significant oxidative-fermentative strains. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jul-Aug, 46(4), 661 - 6 {Physiological and biochemical properties of Actinomyces kurssanovii, active producter of chitinase}; Pirieva DA et al.; Chitinase biosynthesis by Actinomyces kurssonovii 75 was studied under conditions of periodic cultivation in a laboratory fermenter . The activity of components of the chitinolytic complex correlated with the growth phases of the culture . The activity of chitobiase (beta-N-acetylglucoseaminidase) predominated in the cultural broth in the exponential growth phase of the culture; it decreased later by 40-50 per cent, while the activity of chitinase became maximum . The biosynthesis of chitinolytic enzymes by the growing actinomycete was accompanied with a rapid hydrolysis of demineralized crab shells, and a gradual increase in the pH of the medium to 9.0 . A chitinolytic preparation obtained from the supernatant of the cultural broth of Act kurssanovii hydrolysed ground chitin by 70-80 per cent during 5 days . Fe2+ and Ca2+ ions increased the activity of the preparation by 25 and 30 per cent respectively; Mn2+ ions decreased the activity by 40 per cent. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jul-Aug, 46(4), 605 - 11 {Properties of the respiratory system of Endomyces magnusii at different stages of development}; Zviagil'skaia RA et al.; The respiration activity and the cytochrome content of the cells of Endomyces magnusii were studied during growth on a medium with 0.6 per cent sucrose . The rate of oxidation, the ration between the activities of respiration and fermentation, the quantitative content and molar ration of cytochromes remained almost the same in the course of growth . Only cytochrome oxidase was involved at the terminal stage of oxidation in the course of growth: the respiration of the cells was inhibited by 90-95 per cent by cyanide, but was resistant to the action of salicyl hydroxamate which was an inhibitor of an alternative pathway of oxidation . Mitochondria from cells harvested at the middle of the logarithmic growth phase almost did not differ in parameters from mitochondria relative to the stationary growth phase: they were tightly coupled and had the theoretical effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation typical of oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates . All the three points of energy coupling are supposed to function at the earliest phases of growth . Endomyces magnusii differs from other yeasts in following characteristics: the absence of glucose repression, a high constant level of respiration activity, the maximum effectiveness with which the coupling apparatus functions at the earliest phases of growth, and the absence of alternative oxidation pathways. Br J Nutr, 1977 Jul, 38(1), 101 - 14 Determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro from 32P-labelled phosphate incorporation; van Nevel CJ et al.; 1 . The extracellular phosphate pool in incubations of rumen fluid or washed cell suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria (WCS) was labelled with 32P . From the constant extracellular phosphate pool specific activity and the amount of radioactivity incorporated during incubation, the amount of P incorporated in the microbial fraction was calculated . From the value for nitrogen: P determined in microbial matter, the amount of N incorporated was calculated as a measure of microbial growth . 2 . Incorporation of soluble non-protein-N in incubations devoid of substrate protein was 50 and 80% of the values obtained using the isotope method for rumen fluid and WCS respectively . It is suggested that results obtained using the former method reflect 'net growth' of micro-organisms which is the result of simultaneous growth and degradation . The isotope method measures 'total growth', as isotope incorporation is not affected by degradation of non-growing cells . 3 . Incorporation of 32P in P-containing microbial components (mainly nucleic acids) was compared with net synthesis of these components in incubations of WCS . The results showed different specific rates of synthesis and degradation for all components studied . It is concluded that the composition of microbial matter changed during growth . 4 . When N incorporation, calculated from results obtained using the isotope method in incubations with rumen fluid, was compared with the amount of carbohydrate substrate fermented and the type of fermentation, values between 18-3 and 44-6 g N incorporated/kg of organic matter fermented were obtained . Low values were associated with large proportions of the substrate being fermented to lactate and the use of glucose instead of disaccharides as substrate . Part of the variation could also be attributed to differences in incubation period, reflected in different proportions of polysaccharide formed . 5 . The use of isotopes for determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro is critically discussed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jul, 34(1), 47 - 9 Epoxidation of 1,7-octadiene by Pseudomonas oleovorans: fermentation in the presence of cyclohexane; Schwartz RD et al.; A very efficient conversion of 1,7-octadiene to 7,8-epoxy-1-octene and 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane was achieved by incorporating a high concentration of cyclohexane into the conventional fermentation medium . In the presence of cyclohexane, a 90-ml% conversion of substrate to product was accomplished within 72 h, compared with an 18,5-mol% conversion in the absence of cyclohexane . Furthermore, the products were simultaneously separated and concentrated in the organic phase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jul, 34(1), 105 - 6 Production of refusal factors by Fusarium strains on grains; Vesonder RF et al.; Corn fermented with strains of Fusarium culmorum NRRL 3288, F . poae NRRL 3287, F . moniliforme NRRL 3197, and F . nivale NRRL 3289 at 28 degrees C for 13 days was refused when fed to 30- to 60-pound (about 13.6- to 27.2-kg) swine . Analyses of the refused corn for trichothecenes (T-2, HT-2, acetyl T-2, fusarenon-X, and vomitoxin) showed that only the corn fermented with F . culmorum contained vomitoxin . None of these five trichothecenes could be detected in the other refused corn.F . culmorum grown on rice at 28 degrees C for 13 days also produced vomitoxin. Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 587 - 91 {Study of the equilibrium conditions for the extractive purification of oleandomycin}; Ostrovskii MV et al.; Dependence of the oleandomycin distribution coefficient on the antibiotic concentration, duration of the filtrate storage, extraction temperature and salting-out agents was studied . The distribution coefficient of oleandomycin in the system of fermentation broth filtrate--butylacetate was much lower (about 3 times) than that in the system of oleandomycin phosphate aqueous solution--butylacetate . Addition of sodium sulfate to the aqueous phase provided a significant increase in the oleandomycin distribution coefficient. Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 581 - 7 {Study of the effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the biosynthesis of penicillin}; Itsygin SB et al.; A method of "acute" experiments with significant dilution of the fermentation broth is proposed for studying the effect of easily assimilable substrates on growth of the culture and production of the antibiotic by it . The effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the parameters of the process kinetics was studied with respect to penicillin . The specific effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the specific rate of the culture growth and productivity was noted. J Bacteriol, 1977 Jul, 131(1), 123 - 32 Analysis of genetic recombination between two partially deleted lactose operons of Escherichia coli K-12; Zieg J et al.; Genetic recombination between a nontandem duplication of two partially deleted lactose operons (lacMS286phi80dIIlacBK1) in Escherichia coli K-12 has been examined . Since the deletions were nonoverlapping, rare lactose-fermenting (Lac+) recombinants occurred and were detected qualitatively on lactose tetrazolium agar indicator plates as white papillae growing on the surface of red colonies or quantitively on lactose minimal agar plates . Formation of Lac+ recombinants required the recA, recB, and recC gene products . Indirect suppression of recB21 by sbcB15 led to an increase in the frequency of Lac+ recombinants over wild-type levels . recF143 did not appreciably alter the number of Lac+ progeny, whereas recL152 and sbcB15 strains yielded increased numbers of Lac+ recombinants . The nature and formation of Lac+ recombinants