Fermentations

Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Mar-Apr, 47(2), 220 - 5
{Effect of the composition of the medium and the conditions of Aspergillus foetidus cultivation on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase}; Makhmud SA et al.; The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of exocellular glucoamylase were found in the course of submerged cultivation of Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916: pH 4.5 at the beginning of cultivation, cultivation for four days, a temperature of 30 degrees C, and an aeration in the fermenter of 1.5 volumes of the air per 1 volume of the medium with a stirring of 280 rpm . The material can be inoculated either as spores (1 X 10(7) spores per 100 ml of the medium) or a material germinated from spores (5% by volume) . The composition of the medium was improved by using waste products of the agricultural industry (wheat and rice bran, yellow maize, etc.) . The maximum biosynthesis of glucoamylase under the optimum conditions of cultivation was observed on crushed yellow maize (10--15%): up to 6.8--8.0 units of GIA (g of glucose per hour) per 1 ml of the cultural filtrate which was 3.4--4.0 times higher than on the original medium and 5--10 times higher than for Endomycopsis bispora, Endomycopsis sp . 20--9, Aspergillus niger and other cultures producing glucoamylase.

Mol Gen Genet, 1978 Feb 27, 159(3), 329 - 35
A yeast mutant with glucose-resistant formation of mitochondrial enzymes; Ciriacy M; Yeast mutants with glucose-insensitive formation of mitochondrial enzymes were isolated starting with a strain completely lacking alcohol dehydrogenase activity . The mutations could uniquely be attributed to a single nuclear gene, designated CCR80 . They were largely dominant . Glucose-resistant enzyme formation was most prominent with regard to mitochondrial enzymes succinate dehydrogenase and NADH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase . The effect of CCR80r mutations was rather small but significant on the gluconeogenetic enzymes isocitrate lyase, malate synthase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and on invertase synthesis . The repressive effect of maltose in CCR80r mutants was also reduced showing that glucose-resistance is not caused by a mere hexose uptake defect . This regulatory disorders were not accompanied by reduced levels of glycolytic enzymes or drastically altered levels of glycolytic intermediates . Aerobic fermentation of glucose was almost completely inhibited in the mutants; anaerobic glucose degradation was reduced but not completely abolished . Therefore, the mutants appear to be altered in the regulation of glycolysis . A largely glucose-resistant synthesis of respiratory enzymes is obviously a corollary of this alteration.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1978 Feb 24, 166(2), 89 - 92
{A method for differentiating between vinegar produced by fermentation and vinegar made from synthetic acetic acid based on determination of the 13C/12C-isotope ratio by mass spectrometry (author's transl)}; Schmid ER et al.; The 13C/12C-isotope ratio is characteristic for vinegar of fermentation and synthetic origin respectively and used for their differentiation . The acetic acid was isolated from the vinegar as calcium acetate, the calcium acetate was pyrolysed to CaCO3 and the CO2 was released from the CaCO3 with H3PO4 . The CO2 was measured in a mass spectrometer with double collector . The difference in the 13C-content between the two varieties of vinegar is 5 0/00; the accuracy of the measurement is between is 0.5 0/00 and 1 0/00 Therefore, addition of synthetic acetic acid in excess of 15--20% to fermentation vinegar can be detected by this method.

J Dairy Sci, 1978 Feb, 61(2), 260 - 2
Effect of technical grade pentachlorophenol on rumen microorganisms; Shull LR et al.; The toxicity of technical grade pentachlorophenol to rumen microorganisms was tested by an in vitro fermentation procedure . Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated mature steer fed a diet of all alfalfa hay . The compound was dissolved in absolute ethanol and added in vitro at concentrations ranging from 0 to 100 ppm . Digestion of cellulose and production of volatile fatty acids over 24 and 48 h of incubation was used to assess toxicity . Both cellulose digestion and propionic acid production were decreased at the 10 ppm concentration . The results suggest that technical grade pentachlorophenol has the potential to interfere with utilization of cellulose in ruminants.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 138 - 43
{Flocculant interaction with native antibiotic solutions . An examination of the mechanism of the process}; Vernikova LM et al.; Some characteristics of the fermentation broth filtrates, i.e . concentration of the disperse particles and some of their parameters (projected length, area, distribution of the particles along the maximum chord) were determined and estimated after flocculation . It was shown that the floccules were mainly formed as fine colloid admixtures present not only in "turbid", but also in visually transparant solutions . It was found that the mechanism of flocculation was rather complicated and not always similar for different batches of the fermentation broth filtrate: it was, in particular, affected by the electrostatic interactions, the flocculant interaction with inorganic reagents, bridge-forming processes.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Feb, 23(2), 109 - 14
{Energy metabolism study of Fusidium coccineum strains with varying levels of antibiotic formation}; Telesnina GN et al.; Energy parameters of the two strains of the inperfect fungus Fusidium coccineum with different levels of antibiotic production were studied comparatively . It was shown that the respiration activity of the both strains was almost completely suppressed by KCN+ salycyl hydroxomate . It provided a supposition that the respiration activity was almost selectively connected with the mitochondria . The analysis of the energy parameters and especially the efficiency of the substrate consumption indicated that the system of oxidative phospholiration was dominant in the energy supply in both the strains . The differences between the strains were observed in the growth rate and the level of KCN-stable respiration . A change in the respiration of the active strain to the alternative KCN-stable path was observed by the end of the 6-8 day fermentation process when significant amounts of fusidin accumulated in the fermentation broth . Correlation between the level of KCN-stability and the antibiotic production was found.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Jan 4, 506(1), 111 - 8
Changes in fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate after bacteriophage T5 infection of Escherichia coli . Initial fluorescence rise coincides with onset of rubidium efflux; Oldmixon E et al.; Escherichia coli cells pre-loaded with 86Rb+ begin to lose 86Rb+ immediately after phage T5 addition . The loss proceeds with negative-exponential (first-order) kinetics for up to approximately 15 min after phage addition . The constant which characterizes the rate of loss increases with increasing numbers of infecting phage per cell . It is known that anaerobic, fermenting cells of E . coli show a two-step increase in 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) fluorescence upon infection with bacteriophage T5; the first rise begins immediately upon phage addition, the second 6 min later . The onset of 86Rb+ release, therefore, is correlated with the first fluorescence rise with respect to timing and response to the multiplicity of infection.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 24(1), 31 - 5
Role of oxygen in the induction of fermentation in the obligately psychrophilic yeast Leucosporidium stokesii; Sinclair NA; Leucosporidium stokesii, an obligately psychrophilic yeast, metabolizes glucose during the initial stages of aerobic growth by aerobic respiration . During later stages of growth and in the presence of excess glucose and limiting oxygen the organism develops a fermentative-type metabolism . Rates of respiration on the other hand remain relatively constant . The change in metabolism occurs only at temperatures which support growth of the organism and does not occur at 25 degrees C . Resting cells prepared from young glucose-grown cultures can be induced to ferment glucose . The induction process occurs only in the presence of glucose and is inhibited by actidione.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(5), 969 - 74
{Enzymatic methods in the analysis of musts and wines}; Lafon-Lafourcade S; The enzymatic methods are based on the property of the enzymes to catalyse specifically and reversibly the conversion of certain metabolites . These methods, developed thanks to the industrial preparation of enzymes, can be applied with no major modification to the analysis of drinks . About 15 constituants of musts and wines can now be determined by these methods . If their cost price was not relatively high, their specificity, sensitivity and rapidity would enable them to compete with the most precise of chemical methods . This is why they are only used in analytic oenology when chemical analysis is most specific enough or too laborious . Enzymatic measurement allows one by its specificity to determine the amount of residual sugar that is fermentable in a dry wine and by its sensitivity to verifie the total disappearance of the malic acid of the wine . Its rapidity must make it preferable to the long and not very specific chemical measurement, especially concerning the determination of citric acid . But glycerol, ethanol and acetic acid can be measured by chemical or chromatographical means with sufficient precision and for a more modest price . In oenology the methods are essentially used for research . They have permitted the study of the combinations of sulphur anhydride in wines (measurement of cetonic acids) . The determination of the isomeric nature of the lactic acid produced from sugars by lactic bacteria is based on their application; this determination is a criterium for the identification and classification of these microorganisms . The measurement of the lactic acid during vinification allows the early disclosure of the first effects of a bacterial development; inversely it permits the invalidation of the existence of a lactic sourness, which a high volatile acidity might point to . Lastly, the enzymatic measurement of gluconic acid allows the health of the crop to be controlled.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(5), 941 - 6
{Determination of the percentage of grain whisky in commercial whiskies by isotopic mass spectrometry}; Koziet J et al.; Commercial whisky is generally a blend between malt whisky and grain whisky . Corn is one of the main sources of grain and it is now well known that in corn the carbon dioxide assimilation proceeds through carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate but in many other plants like barley atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed on ribulose 1,5 diphosphate . Each pathway of carbon dioxide assimilation is characterized by a fractionation factor of carbon isotopes . Consequently, the organic matter and also the fermentation alcohol of corn or barley show different 13C/12C ratio . The determination of the 13C/12C ratio in the alcohol of blended whisky allows the determination of the percentage of corn whisky.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1978, 32(6), 1285 - 99
{Choice of bread}; Rolland MF et al.; Bread can vary according to the flours used, extraction rate of fermentation methods, but the wast majority of French people usually consume white bread made with wheat flour . Size more than composition is the main criterion in the choice of bread . The choice of loaves with a large diameter corresponds to the traditional consumer in rural areas, but the general tendency is in favour of long loaves with a maximum of crust . This shape is more related to the qualities sought by consumers who want a "light", "crusty", well-baked (golden brown) loaf . Thus they are more interested in the consistency than in the taste, as bread is now only an accessory to a well-flavoured dish . Despite the large drop in the consumption of bread, this search for a good consistency is strong enough to justify quite frequently a detour to a baker whose quality of bread is better . However, this desire for quality does not seem to lead to a larger individual consumption . For various reasons, since the beginning of this century, man has lost his "taste for bread" and any improvement in the "taste of bread" would not be sufficient to make him find it again.

ZFA, 1978, 33(5), 391 - 2
{Age-specific features of hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland action on liver cells of rats (author's transl)}; Muradjan CK; Relevant studies show that there is a reduction in the regulation of hormonal stimulation of the genetic system in the cells and tissues at old age, which results in the early appearance of the "fatigue" reaction at old age and in reduced stimulation of the ferments tested . In the hypothalamus-hypophysis-suprarenal gland system the hypothalamus has the smallest regulation range; it reveals manifest changes due to ageing.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(6), 551 - 6
Variability of requirements to fermentation media in Claviceps purpurea strains; El-Sayed OH et al.; The alkaloid-synthesizing activity of the saprophytic Claviceps purpurea strains was variable . This fact was partly due to different requirements of the cultures to nutritional conditions . Not only single strains, but also formation of intra- and extracellular alkaloids differed in this respect . In case of extracellular alkaloids, the influence of medium was more expressive . A positive correlation between accumulation of cell polysaccharides and the level of intracellular alkaloids was evident . Constant or decreasing cell proteins were favourable for alkaloid formation.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(6), 499 - 502
Proteins and acids from petroleum; Zaki D et al.; The wax distillate fraction (boiling range 300 up to 400 degrees C) from the crude oil "El-Alameen" was found to be a good substrate for the biosynthesis of proteins and/or amino acids by bacteria under special culture conditions . The fermentation processes were accompanied by a refining effect to the oil fraction, elevating its refraction index and lowering its melting point, giving dewaxing effect to the oil fraction.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 105, 473 - 95
Production of animal protein from nonprotein nitrogen chemicals; Chalupa W; Ruminants obtain amino acids (AA) from microbial protein synthesized in the rumen and from feed proteins that escape ruminal degradation . Synthesis of microbial protein provides a mechanism for obtaining AA from NPN . Effectiveness of NPN utilization depends upon production and utilization of ammonia by rumen microbes . Because ammonia is produced from protein and NPN, feeding proteins resistant to microbial degradation forces utilization of ammonia derived from NPN . The quantity of microbial cells formed in the anaerobic rumen fermentation system is primarily dependnt upon energy supply but can be modulated by types and supplies of other nutrients (i.e . amino-N, minerals growth factors) and by growth rate of rumen bacteria . Potential quantities of NPN that can be utilized with different feed ingredients can be estimated from amounts of feed protein degraded in the rumen, and requiring transformation into protein via growth of rumen microbes, and from amounts of energy provided by feed ingredients . High energy feed ingredients with low amounts of degradable protein are most favorable for NPN utilization, but NPN has also been used successfully with high-fibrous, low energy feed materials . Growth, lactation and reproduction have been obtained on diets containing more than 97% of the nitrogen from NPN, but microbial protein alone cannot provide quantities of AA needed for high levels of productivity . Regulating ruminal degradation of dietary protein and utilizing NPN for rumen protein production is a highly desirable strategy for producing human foods with ruminants.

Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 49 - 57
In vivo antitumor evaluation of antibiotics . Selected results from the Drug Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute, U.S.A; Venditti JM et al.; A summary is given of the in vivo screening results for selected antitumor antibiotics in various stages of the National Cancer Institute drug development program . In addition a brief description of general screening practices of the program is given . After long-term usage of leukemia L1210 as a primary screen, a new screening panel is being initiated with P388 leukemia as a prescreening system . Illustrative data on anguidine, actinomycin D, macromomycin, aclacinomycin, and other fermentation products are shown.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(3), 261 - 75
Production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea; Abou-Zeid AZ et al.; The natural medium contained the following ingredients (g/l): glucose 8.0, or black strap molasses (treated with 0.2--0.3 g/l EDTA) 12.0, fodder yeast (50.0% total nitrogen) 2.0, or folder yeast (40.0% total nitrogen) 6.0, or yeast extract 8.0, or tryptone 8.0, and CaCO3 1.0 . Treated black strap molasses with EDTA and fodder yeast proved to be effective in the fermentative production of gentamicins . The most suitable chelating agent was EDTA in the form of disodium for the treatment of Komombo molasses in a concentration of 0.2--0.3 g/l, while potassium ferrocyanide and methylene blue had depressing effects on the production of gentamicins . The most effective carbon source, present in Egyptian black strap molasses, was glucose . Addition of glucose to the medium was preferable at the beginning of the fermentation process . Trace elements present in molasses were very essential for the microbial growth and biosynthesis of gentamicins as proved when molasses ash was added to the natural medium . Organic nitrogen sources were more suitable than inorganic nitrogen sources for the production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea . The microorganism utilized the synthetic medium, but the antibiotic yields were less than those produced in the natural medium . The synthetic medium exhibited stimulatory effects of certain amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and purine and pyrimidine bases on the fermentative production of gentamicins . Therefore, the ingredients increasing yields of gentamicins were mainly phenylalanine, iso-leucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, arginine, glycine, beta-alanine, cystine, tryptophan, malic acid, maleic acid, cobalamin, folic acid, riboflavin, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, nicotinamide, uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine . Trace elements (Co, Mo, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn) exhibited their important role on the biosynthesis and production of gentamicins by Micromonospora purpurea.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(4), 292 - 8
Glucose-2-oxidase activity and accumulation of D-arabino-2-hexosulose in cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; Volc J et al.; Submerged cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida, strain III, accumulate D-arabino-2-hexosulose . The maximum yields during cultivations in shaker flasks or in a laboratory fermentor are 6--12 and 15 mg/ml, respectively (20--50% conversion of substrate glucose) . The accumulation is transient, the aldoketose being again utilized after glucose exhaustion . Its production is stimulated by fluoride ions . The enzyme responsible for the C(2)-specific oxidation of D-glucose acts as an intracellular oxidase with a maximum activity in the exponential phase of growth . D-arabino-2-Hexosulose was also detected in the cultivation medium of the wood-rotting fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Phellinus abietis.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(4), 249 - 54
Improved yields of daunomycinone glycosides in developmental mutants of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus; Blumauerova M et al.; When improving Streptomyces coeruleorubidus JA 10092, a producer of antibiotics of the daunomycinone complex, the most active variants were found among isolates of morphological types bld-1 (with a suppressed production of the aerial mycelium on organic media containing glucose) and whi (with an asporogenic aerial mycelium on glucose media and with the bald phenotype on media containing starch) . Submerged cultures of the whi mutants produced increased quantities of daunomycinone glycosides in the antibiotic complex, the amount of free anthracyclinones being simultaneously decreased . The whi strains differed from the wild type also in higher demands for aeration, concentration of glucose and in an increased production capacity in starch media . The overall antibiotic activity increased more than 40 times after a six-step selection (application of UV light, gamma-radiation, nitrous acid and natural spreads) combined with an altered fermentation technology.

Poult Sci, 1978 Jan, 57(1), 166 - 70
Effect of high dietary copper on the ceca of chicks; Jensen LS et al.; Including 120 to 250 mg./kg . additional copper in practical broiler rations significantly affected the cecal appearance . The ceca were distended and the contents were darker in color and more pasty in consistency, compared to controls . Adding monensin sodium, gentian violet, or ferrous sulfate alone or in combination with copper to the ration did not significantly change the appearance of the ceca . Copper concentrations in the cecal contents reached levels above 5000 mg./kg., suggesting that the mechanism of action of copper in changing the appearance of the ceca may be related to an inhibition of normal fermentation that occurs in this part of the gastrointestinal tract . Sulfate, chloride and carbonate forms of copper all significantly changed cecal appearance, but the oxide did not, nor did a non-copper containing sulfate source . Macroscopic appearance of the gizzard lining and the proventriculus was also significantly changed by adding 240 mg./kg . copper to the diet, and liver weight and lipid content of liver dry matter were significantly increased.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 Jan-Feb, 14(1), 156 - 8
{Volatile phenolic compounds in white wines}; Dzhakhua MIa et al.; By gas-liquid chromatography the following volatile phenols were identified in extracts and distillates of white table wines prepared with the aid of husks and pulp used in fermentation: phenol, m-cresol, guaicol, ethyl-4-phenol, vinyl-4-phenol, eugenol, tyrosol; phenol, m-cresol, guaicol, ethyl-4-phenol, vinyl-4-phenol . The amount of volatile oils grew significantly with an increase in the number of husks in the fermenting liquid and fermentation temperature.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1978, 13(1), 1 - 9
Fate of parathion in artificially fortified grape juice processed into wine; Kawar NS et al.; "Semellon" grape juice fortified with a high level of 25 ppm parathion was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var . ellipsoideus . After 12 days inte parathion levels in the wine and lees were 10.3 and 156 ppm, respectively; the paraoxon, aminoparathion, and p-nitrophenol levels in the wine were 0.16, 0.20, and 4.5 ppm, respectively, and in the lees were 0.04, 3.1 and 10 ppm, respectively . Thus, hydrolysis of parathion to p-nitrophenol and parathion sorption to sedimented particulate matter were important pathways for parathion residue reduction in the wine . The 56-day-old finished wine just prior to bottling contained 8.8 ppm parathion, 0.04 ppm paraoxon, 0.21 ppm aminoparathion, and 3.0 ppm p-nitrophenol . Two months storage at 24 degrees, 12 degrees, 4 degrees, and -20 degrees C had no effect on paraoxon and aminoparathion residue levels in the wine; parathion residues in wine decreased at all storage temperatures.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Jan, 31(1), 15 - 8
G2201-C, a new cyclopentenedione antibiotic, isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces cattleya; Noble M et al.; Streptomyces cattleya produced a new cyclopentenedione antibiotic, G2201-C {C6H6O4(I)}, which is moderatley active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, weakly active against Gram-negative bacteria, and inactive against fungi . G2201-C is toxic to mice.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 216 - 8
Catechol and phenol degradation by a methanogenic population of bacteria; Healy JB Jr et al.; An anaerobic population of bacteria became acclimated to catechol and phenol in 32 and 18 days, respectively . Evidence from carbon balance measurements indicates that the aromatic ring is cleaved and that the products are stoichiometrically fermentable to methane and carbon dioxide.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 17 - 23
Analysis of bacterial fermentation products by isotachophoresis; van der Hoeven JS et al.; Various carboxylic acids from bacterial fermentation could easily be separated by isotachophoresis . The analyses were performed on an LKB 2127 Tachophor, and under the conditions used the minimum amount of sample that could be quantitatively estimated was approximately 0.1 nmol . The reproducibility of the method was good (ca . 5 percent) . The time of analysis using a 23-cm column was 12 min . No pretreatment of the samples was required.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1978 Jan, 35(1), 105 - 8
Wild rice as fermentation substrate for mycotoxin production; Lindenfelser LA et al.; Many cereal grains have been studied for their suitability as substrates for the fermentative production of mycotoxins . However, except for aflatoxin, wild rice has not been investigated . Hence, five mold cultures known to produce the mycotoxins ochratoxin-A, penicillic acid, patulin, vomitoxin, and zearalenone were grown on wild rice under varying conditions of moisture and temperature to determine whether this grain would serve as a suitable substrate for toxin production . Under appropriate fermentation conditions, good yields of ochratoxin-A and moderate amounts of patulin were obtained, but only small amounts of penicillic acid, vomitoxin, and zearalenone were elaborated . An extract from a sample of naturally molded wild rice contained 0.8 microgram of patulin per g of rice . The predominating mold was identified as Aspergillus clavatus . Under identical cultural conditions, this isolate and a known patulin-producing strain of A . clavatus yielded approximately equivalent amounts of the mycotoxin.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 12 - 8
{Role of cobalt in the biosynthesis of the components of the gentamicin complex}; Krasnova TP et al.; It was shown that addition of cobalt ions or vitamin B12 to the fermentation medium resulted in an increase in the level of gentamicin accumulation, the relative content of the most methylated components C1 and C2 in the gentamicin complex being increased, while the content of the least methylated components CIa and "minors" decreased . Addition of sulphodimezine lowered the gentamicin biosynthesis rate and the relative content of gentamicins C1 and C2 . It was supposed that cobalt stimulated the B12-dependent synthesis of methionine, being the source of the methyl groups for biosynthesis of the methylated components of gentamicin complex.

J Nutr, 1978 Jan, 108(1), 79 - 89
Estimation of the fraction of the lactose in a high lactose diet available for fermentation in the cecum and colon of the rat; Kim KI et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine the amount of lactose which passed into the large intestine and the lactase activity in the small intestine of rats (200 g) fed a control diet or a diet containing 30% lactose . The fraction of lactose consumed in a single 1-hour meal that escaped hydrolysis in the small intestine was estimated by measuring the area under a smooth curve of a plot of lactose:marker ratio in the terminal ileum expressed as a fraction of intake, against the fraction of the total marker that passed into the large intestine . This amounted to approximately 30% and 31.5% of the lactose consumed for the rats fed the control and 30% lactose diets, respectively . In another experiment in which the rats were fed a diet containing 30% lactose and the Cr-EDTA marker ad libitum for 1 week, approximately 43% of the lactose consumed became available for fermentation in the large intestine . This work suggests that a substantial fraction of the lactose ingested is available for fermentation in the large intestine . The lactase activity of homogenates of the small intestine of rats fed the control or high lactose diet was 106 +/- 5 or 115 +/- 4 mg lactose/30 minutes/rat (P less than 0.05), respectively . The lactase activity in the small intestine homogenate (mucosa + contents) was significantly higher than that actually available in vivo (110 +/- 7 versus 69 +/- 4 mg/30 minutes/rat).

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 105, 749 - 66
Soy protein utilization in food systems; Bookwalter GN; Soy protein products are utilized in food systems as whole beans, flours and grits, concentrates and isolates, and textured products . Soy proteins play a significant role in food systems as a source of supplementary and complementary protein and contribute functional properties such as solubility, water absorption, viscosity, emulsification, texture, and antioxidation . Whole soybeans are processed into snack foods, beverages, and fermented foods . Soy protein is an ideal supplement for cereal protein because it corrects lysine and other amino acid deficiencies . Blends of soy flour or grits with cereals such as corn, wheat, or sorghum are widely used in world feeding programs . The blends are also valuable in domestic food systems such as breakfast cereals and baked foods . Concentrates and isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods . Isolates are utilized in processed meats and baby foods . Isolates are employed as whipping agents and coffee whiteners . Thermoplastic extrusion of defatted flours or protein concentrates produces an expanded type of textured protein . Isolated soy protein is converted to meat analogs by a spun fiber process . Textured soy protein products are used to extend or replace meat products in food systems.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 34 - 7
{Aeration conditions in the process of tetracycline biosynthesis . The role of organic acids}; Cherkasova GN et al.; The effect of the aeration conditions on the content of volatile acids in the fermentation broth was studied . It was shown that deterioration of the aeration conditions during the process of biosynthesis in both flasks and 750 1 fermentors resulted in decreased levels of the antibiotic accumulation and was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the concentration of the volatile acids in the culture fluid . Under unfavourable aeration conditions the volatile acids present in the fermentation broth in higher concentrations than under the optimal conditions had no effect . It was shown that the volatile acid concentration may be used as a parameter for the control of the aeration conditions and as an index of normal biosynthetic process.

Antibiotiki, 1978 Jan, 23(1), 3 - 7
{Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial productivity in the 1st phase of penicillin biosynthesis}; Lur'e LM et al.; The course of the mycelium low productivity during the first phase of the usual two-stage process of penicillin biosynthesis was studied . It was found that the low productivity of the mycelium at the beginning of the fermentation process was probably associated with catabolic regression of the penicillin-producing system . The high specific growth rate registered in the experiments (0.06-0.08 hours-1) had no negative effect on the mycelium productivity . It was not possible to connect the productivity level with the mycelium age, because young and mature mycelium had the same producitivity levels at any developmental stage under the same conditions.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1978, 44(2), 193 - 201
L-Alanine as an end product of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under different hypoxic conditions; Chico E et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under anaerobic or other hypoxic conditions releases L-alanine into the culture medium as an end product of glycolysis . Although the production of alanine is not as high as that of other fermentation products (ethanol, glycerol, succinic acid), consideration of the pathways leading to alanine in fermenting yeasts indicates that the release of alanine is advantageous to the cellular economy and may be considered as a safety device for excreting reducing equivalents derived from NADPH . No significant changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase are found in the yeast when grown under different conditions.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(7-8), 657 - 69
Fermentative production of fodder yeasts; Abou-Zeid AZ et al.; Fermentative production of fodder yeasts are achieved by different microorganisms of yeast . Influence of some biochemical factors on the formation of fodder yeast are examined . The raw ingredients and by-products which are used in the fermentative formation of fodder yeast are also reviewed.

Ann Rech Vet, 1978, 9(2), 385 - 8
Specific protection by colostrum from cows vaccinated with the K 99 antigen in newborn calves experimentally infected with E . coli Ent+ K99+; Contrepois M et al.; We have measured the protective effect of colostrum of vaccinated cows with the K99 antigen comparatively with the colostrum of non vaccinated cows, in calves receiving at birth 2 liters of colostrum and just after 5 times 10(10) to 1 times 10(11) E . coli Ent+, K99+ . The K99 antigen was prepared from E coli B41 (0101:K99:H-) cultured in a fermentor . Cows were vaccinated subcutaneously with 100 mg or 300 mg (wet weight) in emulsion in Freund uncomplete adjuvant 45 and 15 days before parturition . Of 4 calves receiving a colostrum of non vaccinated cows 4 had a diarrhoea, 3 became dehydrated and 2 died . Of 6 calves receiving colostrum of vaccinated cows, 5 were healthy and the 6th calf had a mild diarrhoea for few hours and became again healthy . Control and protected calves excreted E . coli K99+, 24 HOURS AFTER INFECTION . The protection is probably due to K99 antibodies which inhibit adhesion of E . coli K99+ to the intestinal epithelium.

Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 30 - 2
Historical overview of the National Cancer Institute Fermentation Program; Schepartz SA; The background of the National Cancer Institute fermentation program is placed into the historical perspective of the entire NCI drug development program, which began as the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center and metamorphosed into the Chemotherapy Program and ultimately into the Division of Cancer Treatment.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1978, 18(3), 173 - 81
Reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide by Escherichia coli as anaerobic respiration; Ishimoto M et al.; E . coli was found to grow anaerobically on lactate in the presence of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMANO), reducing it to trimethylamine . Anaerobic growth on glucose was promoted in the presence of TMANO . When a culture grown in complex medium was transferred to defined medium, growth on glucose and ammonia took place in the presence of TMANO after consumption of complex nutrients introduced with the preculture, in contrast to growth in nitrate respiration . The amounts of ethanol, succinate, and lactate among the fermentation products were decreased and that of acetate was increased in the presence of TMANO . Formate generation was much reduced at pH 7.4, whereas stoichiometric formation of formate was observed in the absence of TMANO . Cells grown anaerobically in the presence of TMANO had a higher activity of amine N-oxide reductase than cells grown under other conditions . The content of cytochrome-558 was elevated in the presence of TMANO during growth in complex medium . Cytochrome c-552 found in cells grown in diluted complex medium or defined medium in the presence of TMANO was oxidized by TMANO in cell extracts . The molar growth yield on glucose was higher in the presence of TMANO than in its absence and lower than that in the presence of nitrate.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(2), 169 - 79
Antibiotic NRC-501, a new antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species; Abou-Zeid AZ et al.; A new antibiotic, NRC-501, was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces species NRC-501 . Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the antibiotic NRC-501 were revealed.

Parazitologiia, 1978 Jan-Feb, 12(1), 9 - 14
{Enzymatic hydrolysis of fat in the presence of Lamblia duodenalis (in vitro)}; Akimova RF et al.; The influence of Lamblia on the hydrolysis of fat by lipase was studied in vitro . The hydrolysis rate of fat in the presence of live Lamblia and without them was determined colorimetrically by the quantity of the formed glycerine . In addition, the kinetics of this reaction was studied by the method of compensating potentiometry by neutralization of fat acids with alkali . The intact organisms were found to cause an inhibition of fermentative hydrolysis of fat . The importance of this fact from the point of view of interaction in the host-parasite system is discussed.

Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1978, 3(2-4), 75 - 84
Biochemical effects of and bacteriological response to sugar substitutes in the oral environment; Frostell G; The problems of the biochemical effects of sugar substitutes and bacteriologic response to such substitutes in the oral cavity may fill a whole book . Therefore, considerable restrictions in the presentation are necessary . Noncaloric sweeteners and additives are not utilized by the oral microorganisms for metabolism and acid production and are therefore of minor interest in this connection . This presentation mainly concerns sugar alcohols and related substances, primarily sorbitol, xylitol and Lycasin . Monosaccharides and other saccharides are not dealt with in this presentation even if some of them are of considerable interest; for example fructose, invert sugar and others . Sugar alcohols are used as substitutes because they cannot be utilized by the vast majority of oral organisms for fermentation, acid production or production of polysaccharides . There is a risk that the oral flora will adapt to these products and that such a substitute, which is originally nonacidogenic, may subsequently be utilized for fermentation and may even induce dental caries.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1978, (1), 235 - 7
Toxicological studies on a new veterinary antibiotic turimycin; Hartl A et al.; Turimycin is a fermentation product ofStreptomyces hydroscopicus (DDR W-Patent-Nr . 84 450) . It is highly active in vitro against a range of mycoplasma species and gram-positive bacteria . The acute toxicity was determined in mice, rats and dogs . In mice and rats LD50 values ranged from 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally to higher than 3000 mg/kg orally . In a chronic study on dogs oral doseas of 50 nad 125 mg/kg Turimycin were given daily in capsules for 12 months . The results showed no functional or morphological differences between treated and control animals.

Microbios, 1978, 21(83), 47 - 60
Bioenergetic aspects of aerobic glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12 under varying specific growth rates and glucose concentrations; Doelle HW et al.; An attempt was made to find a bioenergetical explanation for the differential effect of specific growth rate and glucose concentration on glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli K-12 with the help of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) . The effect of DNP on biomass occurred only at high glucose concentrations . The presence of this uncoupler strongly stimulated glucose uptake rates and oxygen uptake rates, but repressed severly Yg values . Increase in glucose concentration, however, sharply decreased QO2 . The amount of oxygen required for maintenance was not affected by DNP, but Yomax values were much lower in the presence of DNP . The results are discussed and it is suggested that aerobic fermentation is caused by a severe reduction of site 1 of the respiratory chain region, whereas biomass formation is affected by repression of the terminal cytochrome a2 . In comparing the effect of glucose on biomass formation at similar Qglucose levels aerobic and anaerobic fermentation, repression occurred in both cases at glucose concentrations of 0.3% and above . Although the analyses of 15 enzymes established the metabolic differences, the repression of growth was common to both fermentation types.

Recent Results Cancer Res, 1978, 63, 58 - 68
Antitumor antibiotic bioactivation, biotransformation and derivatization by microbial systems; Rosazza JP; Microbial transformations refer to reactions catalyzed by microbial enzymes, especially when specific and useful metabolites accumulate in fermentation media . These transformations have tremendous potential for use in the development of new antitumor drugs and these can also be used as models of mammalial metabolism . Microbial transformation experiments with antibiotics such as bleomycin, anthracyclines and with a variety of plant products are described.

Antibiot Chemother, 1978, 23, 76 - 87
Recent advances in antitumor antibiotics; Umezawa H; An effective treatment schedule with bleomycin in combination with mitomycin and a new effective area in treatment with neocarzinostatin was introduced . Studies on more useful derivatives or analogues of bleomycin and anthracycline antitumor antibiotics were described . Bleomycin PEP thus selected may become a useful agent . Aclacinomycin and various other anthracycline glycosides were isolated from beer fermentation and tested . Future progress in microbiol secondary metabolites useful in cancer treatment was discussed.

Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1978, 3(2-4), 53 - 68
Cariogenicity and acidogenicity of food, confectionery and beverages; Imfeld T et al.; The advantage of pH-telemetry of plaque and mixed saliva in the evaluation of the cariogenic potential is that, in contrast to in vitro measurements, in vivo telemetry discriminates among pH variations in plaque and saliva as a result of substrate fermentation and those due to dietary acids, acids formed by the oral mucosal microflora and adequately registers salivary buffers . This is illustrated with a summary of acido- hypo- and nonacidogenic products tested.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1978, 36(4), 211 - 8
The effect of stannous fluoride on human plaque acidogenicity in situ (Stephan curve); Svatun B et al.; A system employing an Ingold glass electrode was shown to give reliable measurements of pH drops in dental plaque in situ (Stephan curve readings) . The system was used to demonstrate that mouthrinses of 0.2 per cent aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride reduced the pH drops markedly for at least seven hours . A reduction of the stannous fluoride concentration increased the pH drops and decreased the duration of the inhibiting effect . A commercial toothpaste containing stannous fluoride and stannous pyrophosphate had an effect similar to the 0.2 per cent mouthrinse . It was shown that tin accumulated in dental plaque after application of solutions containing stannous fluoride . About 40 per cent of the amount of tin present in the plaque immediately after the mouthrinse was still retained seven hours later . It is suggested that the reduction in acid formation may be caused by stannous ions adsorbing to the bacterial cell wall thus disturbing membrane transport mechanisms, or through inhibition of enzyme systems essential in the fermentation of sugars . The observed effect may be a part of the mechanism involved in the caries preventive function of stannous fluoride.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1978, 133(2), 115 - 20
Utilization of industrial and agricultural by-products for fungal amylase production; Mahmoud SA et al.; Attempts were made for using industrial and agricultural by-products and wastes as carbon and nitrogen sources in fermentation medium for alpha-amylase production by Aspergillus niger NRRL-337 . The original carbon source of the basal medium was replaced by one of the following materials: rice bran, wheat bran, corn bran, corn starch, cane molasses, and glucose syrup . Rice bran proved to be the best carbon source that secured the highest amylase activity . The nitrogen source of the basal medium was then replaced by different cheap materials, viz: dried yeast, corn steep liquor, gluten-30, gluten-50, and corn steep precipitate . Corn steep precipitate proved to be superior in amylase production . In consideration of these results an economical medium that secured high activity, containing the following ingredients, was suggested: 2.5% corn steep precipitate, 7.2% rice bran, 0.1% MgSO4, 0.1% KH2PO4, and 0.1% CaCO3 . From this medium fungal amylase was precipitated and purified . The pure enzyme gave the highest activity at 40 degrees C and pH 4.3.

Med Hypotheses, 1978 Jan-Feb, 4(1), 1 - 14
New approaches to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer based on the protective action of saliva with special reference to roughage, vegetable fibre and fermented milk products; Malhotra SL; Epidemiologic studies have shown differences in the prevalence of peptic ulcer disease among various communities to be related to variation in diet and eating patterns . Results of studies of the effect of diet and pattern of eating on saliva, on gastric juice, and on the amount of bile are reviewed . It is suggested that bile, and not hydrochloric acid, plays the causative role in pathogenesis of peptic ulceration . The role of saliva in the prevention of peptic ulcer is emphasized . The salivary mucus swallowed with food is protective because it decreases the flow rate of bile which, when held in the gall bladder longer, loses its alkalinity and therefore its ability to damage the mucous cells . Roughage, cellulose and vegetable fibres and fermented milk products act in a similar manner . When food is well masticated, containing plenty of vegetable fibres and fermented milk products such as ghee and yoghurt, resulting in an increase in the amount of salivary mucus, peptic ulceration may be prevented and cured and relapses may be prevented . This does not require a big change in the pattern of diet but only a change in the manner of eating so that hasty eating is avoided and good is chewed well . The pattern of diet, especially the relative dietary preponderance of short-chain fatty acids, such as those present in milk, yoghurt and other fermented milk products, have a protective action; the short-chain fatty acids retard gall bladder contraction and thus diminish the amount of bile entering the duodenal lumen.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1978, 23(1), 6 - 11
Production of amylase by a submerged culture of Aspergillus wentii; Sinha S et al.; Soluble starch was hydrolysed to maltose by Aspergillus wentii Wehmer (IMI 17295) . Studies on nutritional requirements of Aspergillus wentii for production of amylase revealed that the optimum conditions were achieved in fermentation culture medium containing 1% starch, and incubated at 20 degrees C for 3 days at pH 6.0 . Tryptophan was the best nitrogen source . The amylase activity was completely inhibited when 1 mM sodium iodoacetate was incorporated into the medium . With 10 mM sodium citrate the amylase activity was increased from 3.51 to 6.0 mg/ml.

Arch Microbiol, 1977 Dec 15, 115(3), 323 - 31
{Metabolic products of microorganisms . 166 . Optimization of the desferri-ferricrocin production by Aspergillus viridi-nutans Ducker & Thrower (author's transl)}; Kappner M et al.; At low iron(III)-concentrations (less than 10(-5) M) the fungus Aspergillus viridi-nutans Ducker & Thrower excretes desferri-ferricrocin as the main sideramine into the culture medium . While this compound accounts for 95% of the sideramines produced, small amounts of additional sideramines may also be detected . In a search for an inexpensive nutrient medium for optimum production of desferri-ferricrocin, experiments using shake flasks with good aeration were undertaken initially . The best medium conditions were then employed in a fermentor system . In a 20-1 fermentor with "intensor" system, it was shown that at certain growth rates there was an inverse correlation between rate of growth and rate of sideramine production . A defined nutrient medium of glucose plus acetate as carbon sources, and urea or ammonium acetate as nitrogen sources was used . Two different feeding regimens were used in response to changes of pH or to changes of partial pressure of oxygen in the submerged culture: acetic acid/urea or acetic acid/ammonium acetate additions regulated these conditions . The rate of sideramine production under such feeding achieved a maximum of 20 mg 1(-1) h-1 over a period of several days.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1977 Dec 1, 102(23), 1380 - 5
{Structure in rations of dairy cattle (author's transl)}; van Vuuren AM et al.; Efficient utilization of feed by ruminants is closely related to fermentation in the reticulum and rumen . A deficiency is long roughage ("structural material") may impair this fermentation and result in a low-milk fat syndrome . The deficiency in long roughage is particularly apparent in diets containing large amounts of readily available carbohydrates . Factors involved in the absence of structure were described . Readily available carbohydrates such as sugars and starch from grains will promote high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen . Chewing and ruminating stimulate the secretion of salive and so increase the buffering capacity of the rumen fluid . tlong roughage is required to maintain the structural layer in the rumen, inducing regular and rigorous contractions . The buffering capacity in conjunction with adequate rumen motility may partly reduce the effect of high concentrations of volatile fatty acids produced from high amounts of readily available carbohydrates . Coarseness and type of roughage also are important factors . At least one-third of the total uptake of dry matter should consist in long, coarse and fibrous roughage . Extremely high concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of high-yielding cows may be reduced to some extent by providing the mixture of concentrates in more meals a day at intervals of at least 3-4 hours.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Dec, 30(12), 1049 - 54
Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation and isolation of pholipomycin; Arai M et al.; Pholipomycin is a new member of the phosphoglycolipid family of antibiotics . Taxonomic studies of the producing organism revealed that it has morphologically characteristic aerial mycelia in which two to three spores are borne usually on short and clavate side branches . The species name, Streptomyces lividoclavatus, has been proposed . Pholipomycin is produced mainly in the solid residue of the fermentation culture broth and is isolated by methanol extraction of the mycelial cake followed by purification on ion-exchange resin and silica gel chromatography.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1977 Dec, 63(12), 1710 - 4
{Role of sorbed enzymes in the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances from the chyme}; Popova TS et al.; In poly--fistula dogs, a significant suppression of the fermentative hydrolysis and of the absorption ability was revealed in excluded from the digestion intestinal loops . The experiments showed that suppression of the cave enzyme sorption in the area of wall digestion was the factor slowing down the flow of feeding substances from the enteral milieau.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 34(6), 756 - 9
Influence of CH4 production by Methanobacterium ruminantium on the fermentation of glucose and lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium; Chen M et al.; A method is described for increasing the production of H2 from glucose or lactate by Selenomonas ruminantium by sequential transfers in media containing pregrown Methanobacterium ruminantium . The methanogen uses the H2 formed by the selenomonad to reduce CO2 to CH4 . Analysis of fermentation products from glucose showed that lactate was the major product formed from glucose by S . ruminantium alone . Several sequential transfers in the presence of the methanogen caused a marked decrease in lactate production, which was accompanied by an increase in acetate . When lactate was the fermentation substrate, S . ruminantium alone produced propionate, acetate, and CO2 . Addition to the pregrown methanogen in the sequential transfer procedure caused a significant decrease in the production of propionate and an increase in acetate formed from lactate . These results are interpreted in terms of the influence of H2 utilization by the methanogen on the production of H2 versus lactate or propionate from reduced pyridine nucleotides by S . ruminantium.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Dec, 22(12), 1066 - 70
{Isolation and substrate specificity of neomycin (paromomycin)--phosphotransferase from Actinomyces fradiae, a producer of neomycin}; Demina AS et al.; Neomycin (paromomycin) phosphotransferase was isolated from the mycelium and fermentation broth filtrates of Act . fradiae . The substance was partially purified by means of fractionation with ammonium sulphate followed by gel-filtration through Sefadex G-100 . The extracellular and intracellular forms of the enzyme had the same substrate specificity and used only neomycin and paromomycin as substrates . The other aminoglycosides, including kanamycins A and B, lividomycin and ribostamycin were not used . The both forms had the same thermolability . The intracellular form of the enzyme was detected in the mycelium at the early stages of the organism development, while the extracellular form was found in detectable amounts in the culture medium only at the late stages of the actinomycete development . Therefore, the neomycin-producing organism, i.e . Act . fradiae had one enzyme which phosphorilated neomycin and paromomycin and was excreted from the mycellium into the culture medium during the fermentation process.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 34(6), 773 - 6
Production of vitamin B-12 in tempeh, a fermented soybean food; Liem IT et al.; Several varieties of soybeans contained generally less than 1 ng of vitamin B-12 per g . It was found that use of a lactic fermentation typical of tropical conditions during the initial soaking of the soybeans did not influence the vitamin B-12 content of the resulting tempeh . Pure tempeh molds obtained from different sources did not produce vitamin B-12 . It was found that the major source of vitamin B-12 in commercial tempeh purchased in Toronto, Canada, was a bacterium that accompanies the mold during fermentation . Reinoculation of the pure bacterium onto dehulled, hydrated, and sterilized soybeans resulted in the production of 148 ng of vitamin B-12 per g . The presence of the mold, along with the bacterium, did not inhibit or enhance production of vitamin B-12 . Nutritionally significant amounts of vitamin B-12 were also found in the Indonesian fermented food, ontjom.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Dec, 22(12), 1070 - 3
{Effect of the aeration and agitation states on tetracycline biosynthesis in semiproduction-capacity apparatus}; Cherkasova GN et al.; The results of the experiments on determination of the effect of aeration and agitation conditions on biosynthesis of tetracycline in the apparatus of semi-production capacity are discussed . It was shown that the antibiotic production level was not connected with the rate of oxygen solution expressed in the sulphite numbers, i.e . this parameter cannot be used as a scaling-up criterion . Accumulation of the antibiotic in the fermentation broth depended on the volume of the air supplied for aeration . It was determined that the level of CO2 dissolved in the fermentation broth did not reach the values having an inhibitory effect on the biosynthetic process.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 103(2), 353 - 8
Influence of glucose and dissolved oxygen concentrations on yields of Escherichia coli B in dialysis culture; Landwall P et al.; Yields of Escherichia coli B grown on glucose were determined in dialysis and non-dialysis culture . The molar growth yields were compared under conditions of excess glucose and oxygen as well as glucose- and oxygen-limiting conditions . The molar growth yields on glucose (YG) were determined for different periods during growth in non-dialysis cultures . A rapid decrease of YG was observed and growth ceased even in the presence of high concentrations of glucose and dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid . The decrease in YG was delayed in dialysis cultures where a high YG could be maintained at very high cell concentrations . The inhibition of growth depended on the accumulation of end-products of fermentative degradation of glucose . These products interfered with the oxidative phosphorylation . A large proportion of the glucose was fermented even in the presence of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the culture liquid . A decrease in the growth yield per g glucose was also observed.

Am J Vet Res, 1977 Dec, 38(12), 1989 - 91
Biochemical characteristics of enterotoxigenic and nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea; Braaten BA et al.; Eighteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and 15 isolates of nonenterotoxigenic E coli (NETEC) obtained from calves with diarrheal disease were characterized biochemically . Of 64 biochemical tests employed, none allowed making differentiation of ETEC from NETEC . Eleven tests were used to separate ETEC isolates into 1 of 5 biotypes, although the ability to ferment dulcitol, salicin, sucrose, and sorbose gave sufficient information to identify the 5 biotypes of ETEC . The biotype data were confirmed upon testing 159 additional isolates of ETEC of bovine origin . All isolates of ETEC studied belong to serogroups O9:K35, O101:K30, O8:K85, O20:K? O8:K25, and O101:K28 . The ETEC in different serogroups were also different biotypically, with the exception that isolates in serogroups O101:K28 and O101:K30 were of the same biotype . The K99 antigen was detected in 172 of the 177 isolates of ETEC and in 1 of 15 isolates of NETEC . Marked biochemical differences were not found between K99 + and K99- isolates of E coli.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Dec, 22(12), 1088 - 93
{Use of a polarographic method for determining trichothecin}; Krugliak EB et al.; The polarographic behaviour of trichothecin was studied . It was shown that the antibiotic could be detected in solutions at concentrations of 7.10(-7) moles with the help of the polarographic method . Conditions for the polarographic determination of trichothecin in fermentation broth were developed . The error was not more than 3 per cent . The reliability of the results was shown by statistical treatment of data performed in accordance with the requirement of the USSR State Pharmacopeia, X ed., prescribing that the precision of the assay is such that the fiducial limits at p = 95 per cent deviate from the average value by not more than 5 per cent . Comparison of the results of trichothecin determination in the fermentation broth with the polarographic and biological methods showed no significant difference . Therefore, the polarographic method may be recommended for trichothecin determination in the fermentation broth.

Arch Microbiol, 1977 Nov 18, 115(2), 169 - 73
Influence of inorganic phosphate and organic buffers on cephalosporin production by Streptomyces clavuligerus; Aharonowitz Y et al.; A high concentration of potassium phosphate (75--100 mM) stabilized pH and supported extensive growth of Streptomyces clavuligerus in a chemically defined medium; such a concentration also inhibited cephalosporin production . Although Tris buffer was found to have detrimental effects on growth and antibiotic production, 3-(N-morpholine)-propane sulfonate (MOPS) or 2-(NP-morpholine)-ethane sulfonate (MES) buffer provided a nontoxic buffering system . In the presence of MOPS buffer, cephalosporin production was optimal at 25 mM phosphate, whereas higher concentrations of phosphate progressively inhibited antibiotic production up to 85% without modifying the pH pattern . MOPS buffer can be used to conduct fermentations at a relatively constant pH value in shake flasks.

J Chromatogr, 1977 Nov 11, 142, 441 - 7
Application of quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography in the antibiotic industry; Kreuzig F; For the in-process control of antibiotic fermentations and for routine assays of samples for scaling up and for pure products, quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) can be used with advantage . Rapid chromatography on high-performance layers, combined with an automatic spraying device for exact derivatization on the plate and precise computation of the calibration line within an automatic measurement and evaluation, represents a new, inexpensive analysis system . There are only 2 min of labour time (one fifth of that required in thin-layer chromatography) required for one sample and the total analysis time varies from 3 to 9 min (one third to one quarter of that required in thin-layer chromatography) based on one plate with 12 samples . The 95% confidence limits (N = 10) range between 0.5 and 3.0%.

Nature, 1977 Nov 3, 270(5632), 17 - 22
Biochemistry of the bacterial catabolism of aromatic compounds in anaerobic environments; Evans WC; Methods of aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in the biosphere are well understood, but it is only relatively recently that it has been shown how some bacteria can also degrade these substrates in the absence of molecular oxygen . This occurs by photometabolism (Athiorhodaceae), nitrate respiration (Pseudomonas and Moraxella sp.) and methanogenic fermentation (a consortium) in which the benzene nucleus is first reduced and then cleaved by hydrolysis to yield aliphatic acids for cell growth . These methods may be used by microbial communities to catabolise man-made pollutants.

Infect Immun, 1977 Nov, 18(2), 393 - 9
Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: mitogenic potential of mycoplasmas for mouse lymphocytes; Cole BC et al.; Nonviable preparations of a wide variety of glucose-utilizing mycoplasma species, including Acholeplasma laidlawii and Spiroplasma citri, were found to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes . Particularly strong reactions were obtained with Mycoplasma synoviae, M . gallisepticum, M . pneumoniae, S . citri, and a strain of M . fermentans that was previously isolated from a leukemic patient . Nonviable preparations of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas inhibited the uptake of {3H}thymidine by lymphocytes, but this effect could be reversed by heat treatment or arginine supplementation, and a stimulatory effect was then observed . Viable M . arthritidis was also found to have a mitogenic effect, as detected by an increased uptake of {3H}thymidine by normal lymphocytes and by autoradiographic techniques in which an increase in the numbers of transformed cells was seen . These observations provide the potential for enhanced immunological responsiveness or lymphokine-mediated inflammation in mycoplasma-infected hosts.

Arch Tierernahr, 1977 Nov, 27(11), 667 - 71
{Adjustment of the ammonia level in the rumen by sorption on bentonite and dried beet pulp}; Marounek M et al.; The effect was studied of bentonite and spent sugar beet pulp on the ammonia level in the rumen juice sheep fed hay, ground barley and a urea supplementation . In comparison with a control trial, the nitrogen supply to the rumen juice proved more continuous, this fact improving the conditions for the microbial protein synthesis at the time fo the strongest fermentation . The interaction of bentonite, beet pectin and ammonium ions is attributed to the ion exchange.

Vopr Pitan, 1977 Nov-Dec, (6), 15 - 20
{Gluconeogenesis in the liver of rats receiving 1,3-butanediol in their diet}; Velikii NN et al.; Inclusion of 1,3-butandiol as a synthetic source of nutritional energy into the composition of a low-carbohydrate diet produced a fall in the ration of free {NAD+}:{NADN} and {NADP}:{NADPN} calculated for the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the liver cell in rats according to the concentration of oxidated and reduced metabolites and the equilibrium constant of the lactate-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase and malic-fermentative systems . In these conditions the concentration of metabolites, at whose level the conjugation of the carbohydrates decomposition during glycolysis and their synthesis at the time of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenol-pyruvate, malate, oxaloacetate) is realized, as well as the activity of key gluconeogenesis enzymes (phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) increase . The NADN generation in the course of oxidative metabolism of 1,3-butandiol gives rise to reducing properties of the free NAD-par cytoplasm and mitochondria pool, which leads to the intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver, attended by a drop of the phosphate potential level.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Nov, 30(11), 903 - 7
Mutalomycin, a new polyether antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Fehr T et al.; Mutalomycin is a new metal-complexing polyether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces mutabilis NRRL 8088 . The metabolite, a monocarboxylic acid, was isolated as the sodium salt C41H69NaO12 . The structure of this polyether was established by X-ray analysis of its potassium salt C41H69KO12 . Mutalomycin contains six heterocyclic rings and is structurally related to nigericin . The metabolite is active against gram-positive bacteria and Eimeria tenella (chicken coccidiosis).

Br J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 38(3), 437 - 43
Rates of rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration; Mehrez AZ et al.; 1 . Four sheep were fed from automatic continuous feeders on whole barley fortified with graded levels of a urea solution . This approach was to a large extent successful in maintaining relatively steady states of rumen ammonia concentration . 2 . Rates of barley fermentation in the rumen at various rumen NH3 concentrations were assessed by measuring the disappearance of barley dry matter from polyester bags suspended in the rumen of these sheep . 3 . The minimal NH3 concentration for maximal rate of fermentation was estimated as 235 mg/l rumen fluid.

Br J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 38(3), 371 - 84
Design and development of a long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec); Czerkawski JW et al.; 1 . The paper describes the development and construction of an apparatus for maintaining a normal microbial population of the rumen under strictly controlled conditions over long periods of time . 2 . The apparatus is simple to construct and operate . It is possible to do four replicate experiments at the same time . 3 . The results of three experiments are given . The experiments showed that when the steady-state was reached it could be maintained indefinitely, with the type and quantities of products of fermentation very similar to those in the rumen of donor animals, including the maintenance of normal protozoal populations for up to 49 d . 4 . It was found that within wide ranges, the digestibility of rations and the output of products were independent of dilution rate . 5 . Except for the lowest 'level of feeding', the digestibility was independent of the level of feeding . The output of products was proportional to the amount of food digested and was the same as would be expected in sheep on similar rations . 6 . An experiment in which a ration of hay was changed to a mainly concentrate ration showed that the fermentation characteristics were determined mainly by the food given.

Infect Immun, 1977 Nov, 18(2), 310 - 7
Lymphocyte activation by various Mycoplasma strains and species; Naot Y et al.; The capacity of various mycoplasma strains and species to induce lymphocyte transformation in vitro was studied . Of six strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis studied, five displayed mitogenic activity with rat lymphocytes . Among those M . pulmonis strains, our MP15 isolate and the Negroni strain exhibited particularly potent mitogenic capacity . The murine mycoplasmas M . neurolyticum and M . arthritidis shared this mitogenicity for rat lymphocytes . However, the human mycoplasmas M . fermentans, M . pneumoniae, M . hominis, M . orale, and Acholeplasma laidlawii did not activate rat lymphocytes . Lymphocytes obtained from germfree rats were activated to the same extent as those from animals bred under conventional conditions . The mitogenic potency exhibited by mycoplasma was not restricted to infective microorganisms, and preparations of killed mycoplasma particles exerted an extensive lymphocyte transformation . The data show that the mitogenic activity of mycoplasmas is not confined to a single mycoplasma isolate and that it acts in a nonspecific manner.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Nov, 22(11), 989 - 94
{Study of the composition and elaboration of a catalytic method for purifying the gaseous waste from neomycin and monomycin production}; Khanina GF et al.; Composition of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin at the stages of fermentation, coagulation and filtration was studied . It was found that the main components of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin were carbon dioxide (0.15-6.0 mg/1), moisture (22-34 mg/1) and organic substances (0.5-4.2 mg/1) calculated for carbon dioxide . These substances have a specific unpleasant odour . A procedure for purification of the waste gases in the production of neomycin and monomycin by catalytic oxidation was developed.

Biokhimiia, 1977 Nov, 42(11), 1990 - 6
{Properties of mitochondria from cells of the "fermentative" variant of Endomyces magnusii}; Zviagil'skaia RA et al.; The properties of mitochondria from the cells of the "fermentative" variant of End . magnusii were studied . The induced fermentative transformation was brought about by a non-balanced vitamin cultivation . It was shown that the "fermentative" variant of End . magnusii represents an interesting model, in which the energy required for the cell functioning is provided for by a high fermentative activity and a normally functioning respiratory chain . The "fermentative" variant mitochondria were tightly coupled and possessed theoretical efficiency during oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates, which suggested the existence of all the three sites of energy coupling and phosphorylation at the substrate level . A specificity of energy regulation of the End . magnusii "fermentative" variant mitochondria, e . g . tight coupling during oxidation of succinate and lack of tight coupling during oxidation of exogenous NADH, is discussed . The tight coupling during succinate oxidation is confirmed by the observation of reverse electron transfer . Thus, the energy-dependent reduction of NAD during succinate oxidation has been firstly demonstrated for the mitochondria of yeast grown on a fermentable substrate.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Nov, 132(2), 505 - 10
Regulation of superoxide dismutase synthesis in Escherichia coli: glucose effect; Moustafa Hassan H et al.; Growth of Escherichia coli, based upon the fermentation of glucose, is associated with a low intracellular level of superoxide dismutase . Exhaustion of glucose, or depression of the pH due to accumulation of organic acids, causes these organisms to then obtain energy from the oxidative degradation of other substances present in a rich medium . This shift in metabolism is associated with a marked increase in the rate of synthesis of superoxide dismutase . Depression of the synthesis of superoxide dismutase by glucose is not due to catabolite repression since it is not eliminated by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and since alpha-methyl glucoside does not mimic the effect of glucose . Moreover, glucose itself no longer depresses superoxide dismutase synthesis when the pH has fallen low enough to cause a shift to a non-fermentative metabolism . It appears likely that superoxide dismutase is controlled directly or indirectly by the intracellular level of O2- and that glucose depressed the level of this enzyme because glucose metabolism is not associated with as rapid a production of O2- as is the metabolsim of many other substances . In accord with this view is the observation that paraquat, which can increase the rate of production of O2- by redox cycling, caused a rapid and marked increase in superoxide dismutase.

J Nutr, 1977 Nov, 107(11), 1954 - 61
Sites of organic acid production and patterns of digesta movement in the gastrointestinal tract of the rock hyrax; Clemens ET; The rock hyrax, smallest of the present day ungulates and a near relative of the elephant, has a gastrointestinal tract of such complex nature that it may be considered ccomparable to both the simple and complex stomach mammals, and also to birds . They have a stomach to body weight capacity equal to that of sheep . But for all its complexity, the passage of ingesta is reasonably rapid . However, there are three major sites of digesta retention and microbial fermentation of the ingested material . The cranial stomach provides the first major site of fermentation with VFA levels comparable to those observed in the rumen (125-145 mM/liter) . Quantities of lactic acid are also produced in the foregut where the pH may vary from 2 to 5.5 . The ingested particulate material is exclusively retained in the cranial half of the stomach for 4 hours after consumption, and partially retained in the entire stomach for greater than 24 hours . The mid-gut sacculation provides the second major site of fermentation with the retention of the digesta in this gut segment for up to 16 hours . The two ceca provide the third site . Concentrations of VFA in these latter two gut segments approaches 80 mM/liter, while the near stable and neutral pH corresponds to the absence of lactic acid production.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Oct 24, 155(3), 309 - 14
An evaluation of D-glucosamine as a gratuitous catabolite repressor of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis; Furst A et al.; Glucose represses mitochondrial biogenesis and the fermentation of maltose, galactose and sucrose in yeast . We have analyzed the effect of D-glucosamine on these functions in order to determine if it can produce a similar repression . It was found that glucosamine represses the respiration rate (QO2) but more rapidly than glucose and to a final level slightly higher than in glucose-treated cells . Derepression of the respiration rate following either glucose or glucosamine repression was similar . A two hour lag was followed by a linear increase in QO2 to the derepressed level . Both glucose and glucosamine repressed the level of cytochrome oxidase to the same level . Glucosamine was also found to repress maltose and galactose fermentation but not sucrose fermentation . The derepression of maltase synthesis was inhibited by glucosamine . The constitutive synthesis of maltase was repressed by the addition of glucosamine . Glucosamine was judged to produce a repressed state similar to glucose repression in many respects.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Oct, 30(10), 811 - 8
Reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography of antibiotics . II . Use of high efficiency small particle columns; White ER et al.; Improved methods for the separation and quantitation of cephalosporins, penicillins, tetracyclines and several miscellaneous antibiotics by reverse phase high speed liquid chromatography are presented . The methods have been improved significantly by the substitution of high efficiency, small particle (approximately 10 micrometer reverse phase columns in place of the previously used medium efficiency, pellicular columns . The conditions and procedures described here illustrate that considerable improvements in separation and sensitivity of detection of antibiotics are achieved . Pure compounds, complex mixtures of antibiotics in a variety of dosage forms and fermentation broths are routinely analyzed by the described procedures.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 102(2), 269 - 77
Sequential expression of macromolecule biosynthesis and candicidin formation in Streptomyces griseus; Liras P et al.; Streptomyces griseus did not produce the polyene macrolide antibiotic candicidin during the initial growth phase characterized by rapid RNA synthesis . the absence of candicidin production when RNA or protein synthesis was inhibited by rifampicin or chloramphenicol suggests a transcriptionally controlled late formation of the candicidin synthases . Phosphate levels in the medium control the rate of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis . Depletion of phosphate appears to trigger the onset of candicidin synthesis after a drastic reduction of the rate of RNA synthesis . Changes in the ATP pool during the fermentation suggest that ATP may be the intracellular effector controlling the onset of antibiotic synthesis.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Oct, 19(10), 1449 - 62
Theoretical conversion yields for penicillin synthesis; Cooney CL et al.; The efficiency of conversion of the carbon-energy source to product is of primary importance in many fermentation processes . In order to assess the efficiency of a process, one must know how close the actual conversion yield is to the theoretical maximum . Theoretical conversion yields are useful, therefore, as guides in improving a process . This knowledge is particularly important today because the cost of raw materials is rapidly rising . In this study, the biochemical pathway of penicillin synthesis was used to estimate the theoretical yield of penicillin from glucose, ammonia, and sulfate . These values are compared with experimental data from the literature . An analysis of the role of glucose in the synthesis of cell mass and penicillin and in the maintenance of cells makes it possible to assess the efficiency of carbon-source utilization and to direct further advances in penicillin fermentations.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Oct, 22(10), 919 - 22
{Study of the transmissibility of multiple drug resistance and the capacity to ferment lactose in a clinical strain of Kl . pneumoniae}; Belokrysenko SS et al.; The donor properties of K . pneumoniae PI 220 with multiple drug resistance were studied . It was shown that the above strain carried 2 plasmids, i.e . R-plasmid pPI 220 controling resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin and sulphanylamides and plasmid pPI 221 controlling lactose fermentation . Both plasmids can be transfered on conjugation to strain E . coli P678 at a temperture of 28 degrees C at a rate of 10(-5) for pPI 220 and 10(-4) for pPI 221 . The drug resistance controlled by pPI 221 was transfered mainly in a "blocks" simultaneously to 6 drugs . Deletion of plasmid pPI 220 was observed rarely . The donor properties of the strain were defined by the conjugative plasmid pPI 220 controlling the self-transfer and mobilization of plasmid pPI 221 incapable of the self-transfer . E . coli P678 (pPI 220) (PPI 221) acquired the donor properties and transfered both plasmids to E . coli J62 on crossing simultaneously at a rate of 10(-2), as well as to S . typhimurium LT2 and P . rettgeri at a rate of 10(-5) . In all the recipient strains studied the transfered plasmids were unstable and segregated also simultaneously at a rate being the highest for P . retgari PI 230 . The clones with stable preservation of the plasmids could be obtained by selection.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 23(10), 1334 - 9
Effect of exogenous nucleotides on the candicidin fermentation; Martin JF et al.; Addition of cyclic-AMP (c-AMP) to Streptomyces griseus fermentations inhibited candicidin formation . In a phosphate-free resting cell system, c-AMP inhibited net candicidin formation and incorporation of labeled propionate and p-aminobenzoic acid into the antibiotic but did not inhibit protein synthesis . All nucleotides tested, regardless of the position of the phosphate ester, were effective inhibitors; nucleosides and free bases were not . Inhibition occurred whether the nucleotide was added early or late . The results indicate that inhibition of antibiotic formation by exogenous nucleotides, including cyclic nucleotides, is similar to the effect produced by inorganic phosphate.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1977 Oct, 63(10), 1470 - 5
{Ultrastructural localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity in the proximal kidney tubules of white rats}; Panasiuk EN et al.; In white rats, the ferment topography of Mg+2 and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPh-ses in proximal canaliculi was studied with the aid of the ultrastructural cytochemistry . The final product of the fermentative reaction (PhHPO4) in the form of small dense granuli is positioned on the duplicate folds of epithelial cells, the cells limiting the brush border micropiles, and on invaginations of the apical plasmalemme at the micropiles base . For (Na+ %K+)-activated ATPh-ses a localisation of the reaction product was determined in the canaliculi vessels.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 6(4), 343 - 7
Bromothymol blue and carbohydrate-sensitive plating media; DuPree MR et al.; A new plating medium using bromothymol blue (BTB) indicator is described and compared with eosin-methylene blue (EMB), MacConkey, and Endo media . These media were tested with L-arabinose by plating fermenting and nonfermenting mutant strains of Escherichia coli . The minimum concentrations of L-arabinose that permitted differentiation of these strains were determined . Different concentrations were required for differentiating confluent patches of cells, isolated colonies, and closely spaced or adjacent colonies . L-Arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-lactose, and D-galactose were tested with modified enteric media and with BTB medium, again to determine minimum usable concentrations . BTB media and reformulated conventional media allowed detection of acidification, aerobically, at one-fifth to one-hundredth the (1%, wt/vol) concentration of carbohydrate used in standard indicator plates.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Sep 21, 155(1), 41 - 51
On the formation of rho- petites in yeast . II . Effects of mutation tsm-8 on mitochondrial functions and rho-factor stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Bechmann H et al.; 1 . In non-fermentable substrates growth of mutant tsm-8 cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is restricted to about one generation after shift from 23 to 35 degrees C . Non-permissive conditions (35 degrees C, glycerol) cause a gradual decrease in respiration to about 20% of the activity at permissive temperature 23 degrees C) . 2 . Anaerobically grown and glucose-repressed mutant cells exhibit a decreased adaptation rate of mitochondrial functions to aerobic growth and non-fermentative growth, even at 23 degrees C, as revealed by determination of respiratory rates and mitochondrial protein synthesis . 3 . At 35 degrees C, rho+ cells of mutant tsm-8 are converted to p- cells within 6-8 generations of growth, in all fermentable substrates tested . Drugs or antibiotics as nalidixic acid, acriflavin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin, bongkrecic acid, antimycin and FCCP, as well as anaerobiosis, have little or no influence on this kinetics . A heat shock does not yield rho- petites to a significant extent . 4 . Reversion of tsm-8 cells to wild type function, which occurs spontaneously with a frequency of 10(-8), is found to be due to a mitochondrial mutational event.

Farmakol Toksikol, 1977 Sep-Oct, 40(5), 559 - 63
{Fibrinolysis in the blood of animals exposed to the chronic per os use of a heparin-urea complex}; Kudriashov BA et al.; When given per os a complex heparin-urea produces in the organism an intensive anticoagulant and fibrinolytic background which makes itself manifest in 1 hour time and continues to exist for as long as 16 hours after the last (10th) introduction . Upon abolishing the intake of the complex the study figures for the coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic activity return back to their physiological level . Introduction per os of the complex heparin-urea did not cause any changes in the tissues of the liver, heart, lungs, spleen and kidneys, while administration by the same route of an equivalent amount of urea caused mainly an increased non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the kidneys.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 34(3), 251 - 7
Effect of monensin on rumen metabolism in vitro; Van Nevel CJ et al.; The effect of Monensin (Rumensin, Eli Lilly & Co.) in incubations with mixed rumen microorganisms metabolizing carbohydrate or protein substrates was investigated . Monensin partly inhibited methanogenesis and increased propionate production, although the effect was not always statistically significant . Incubations with substrates specific for methane bacteria suggest that inhibition of methanogenesis by Monensin was not due to a specific toxic action on the methanogenic flora, but rather to an inhibition of hydrogen production from formate . Total and net microbial growth were considerably decreased by addition of Monensin, although the amount of substrate fermented was not altered, resulting in lowered values of microbial growth efficiency . In incubations with casein, Monensin lowered protein degradation in line with a lowered ammonia production, whereas a slight accumulation of alpha-amino nitrogen was observed . The results suggest that besides an influence of Monensin on the rumen carbohydrate fermentation pattern, another reason for the beneficial effects observed in vivo might be decreased food protein degradation in the rumen, altering the final site of protein digestion in the animal . Also, the possibility of a decrease in rumen microbial growth efficiency has to be considered when using Monensin as a food additive.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 23(9), 1123 - 7
{Characterization of telluric bacteria attributable to Pseudomonas maltophilia}; Debette J et al.; The taxonomic position of some telluric non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria collected into a phenon representing about a quarter of the soil isolates by an earlier numerical analysis is specified . The Shapiro--Chargaff coefficient determined by thermal-transition curves of the DNA and their hybridization by nitrocellulose filters method show a close affinity with Pseudomonas maltophilia.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Sep, 19(9), 1331 - 49
Hydrocarbon uptake in hydrocarbon fermentations; Gutierrez JR et al.; Candida lipolytica (strain ATCC 8662) was grown on a simple defined medium with n-hexadecane as the main carbon source under batch fementation conditions . The relative importance of the cells growing in the aqueous phase on the overall kinetics was studied . The effect of interfacial tension, unoccupied interfacial area, and pseudosolubility on the specific growth was also studied . Results are presented and discussed here.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 34(3), 297 - 301
Fermentation of cellulose by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in the presence and absence of Methanobacterium ruminantium; Latham MJ et al.; The anaerobic cellulolytic rumen bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens normally produces succinic acid as a major fermentation product together with acetic and formic acids, H2, and CO2 . When grown on cellulose and in the presence of the methanogenic rumen bacterium Methanobacterium ruminantium, acetate was the major fermentation product; succinate was formed in small amounts; little formate was detected; H2 did not accumulate; and large amounts of CH4 were formed . M . ruminantium depends for growth on the reduction of CO2 to CH4 by H2, which it can obtain directly or by producing H2 and CO2 from formate . In mixed culture, the methanobacterium utilized the H2 and possibly the formate produced by the ruminococcus and in so doing stimulated the flow of electrons generated during glycolysis by the ruminococcus toward H2 formation and away from formation of succinate . This type of interaction may be of significance in determining the flow of cellulose carbon to the normal rumen fermentation products.

Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Sep, 85(6), 380 - 6
Fluoride content of dental plaque before, during and after ingestion of sucrose modified with fluoride or bicarbonate-phosphate; Turtola LO; Students ingested tablets daily during a period of 3 d growth of dental plaque and in connection with the collection of plaque specimens . The tablets varied in composition: sucrose (C), sucrose containing sodium bicarbonate-monopotassium orthophosphate and fluoride (BPF), and sucrose modified with fluoride (F) . The daily fluoride dose in conjunction with the growth of plaque and the collection of specimens was 0.5 mg of total fluoride and 0.2 mg in the determination of ionized fluoride . The fluoride taken during the growth period did not significantly affect the total and ionized fluoride contents of the plaque . During the consumption of all the tablets, the total fluoride content of the plaque increased temporarily, after which a drop took place to close to the original value . In the case of the C- and the BPF-tablets, the increase was statistically significant (P-values less than 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively) . During the consumption of the BPF- and F-tablets, the ionized fluoride content dropped significantly (P-values less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, respectively) . The investigation showed that a binding of the free fluoride ions in dental plaque takes place in connection with fermentation.

Rev Can Biol, 1977 Sep, 36(3), 283 - 9
{Comparison between two types of pertussis vaccines}; Bisaillon JG; We have produced pertussis vaccines with laboratory and industrial methods . The characteristic of laboratory cultivation of microorganisms is, in this context, growth on Hornibrook medium in low form flask and in stationary culture . Industrial cultivation is done in homogenous culture on a B-2 medium in fermentor . The strains utilized were isolated from whooping-cough cases in the Montreal region . The yield (org . x 10(9)/ml) obtained with an industrial cultivation of B . pertussis was 4 to 7 times higher than that reached with a laboratory cultivation of this microorganism . The non-toxicity as expressed in weight gain of mice was shown for both types of vaccine . The vaccines produced in fermentor were less histamino sensibilizing for mice than the one produced in stationary flash culture . The quality of the vaccines achieved by industrial method is easily reproducible due to the fact that enough variables can be measured.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Sep, 102(1), 13 - 21
Exopolysaccharide production by Pseudomonas NCIB11264 grown in batch culture; Williams AG et al.; Fermentation studies using batch culture indicated that exopolysaccharide production by Pseudomonas NCIBI1264 in a chemically defined medium increased under conditions of nitrogen limitation and excess carbon substrate at pH values above 6 . The polysaccharide was formed from a variety of carbon substrates and its composition was not affected by the nature of the carbohydrate source . Polysacharide formation did not increase in media containing small amounts of phosphate, and, as in secondary metabolite production, it started late in the exponential growth phase continuing maximally after growth had ceased . The efficiency of glucose conversion into exopolysaccharide was low . Colorimetric, viscometric, and total carbon estimation techniques are described for determining exopolysaccharide levels in cell-free culture supernatants.

Orig Life, 1977 Aug, 8(2), 173 - 4
The position of nitrate respiration in evolution; Broda E; Egami's hypothesis that oxygen respiration evolved from nitrate respiration, and this from nitrate fermentation, is not accepted . The reasons are: (1) Presumably there was no nitrate before O2 in the biosphere . (2) On mechanistic grounds, respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) is to be derived directly from photosynthesis (photosynthetic phosphorylation) rather than from any form of fermentation.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 689 - 93
{Use of aluminum salts for purifying oleandomycin culture broth}; Slavin AA et al.; It was shown that "nepheline coagulant"--Al2 (SO4)3-18H2O was effective in coagulating the admixtures in oleandomycin fermentation broth . The use of the "nepheline coagulant" in an amount of 1 to 3 per cent (by the weight) of the volume of the oleandomycin fermentation broth provided butyl acetate extraction of the antibiotic without formation of stable emulsion . Addition of the "nepheline coagulant" in an amount of 1 to 2 per cent (by the weight) to the fermentation broth markedly increased the rate of the fermentation broth filtration.

Carbohydr Res, 1977 Aug, 57, 273 - 80
An enzyme-P.M.R.-spectroscopic determination of the enantiomers of galactose; Whyte JN et al.; The action of D-galactose oxidase on D-galactose in the presence of oxygen afforded meso-galacto-hexodialdose quantitatively, which allowed p.m.r.-spectroscopic determination of the D enantiomer in a DL mixture . In the spectrum of the products obtained from the enzymic treatment of a mixture of D- and L-galactose, the magnitude of the aldehydrol signals derived solely from the oxidised D enantiomer, relative to those of the anomeric signals, provided the fractional content of the D enantiomer . This simple, accurate, and convenient procedure was applied to the hydrolysate of a seaweed galactan, which was also analyzed, for comparative purposes, by the fermentation technique employing D-galactose-adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1977 Aug, 32(8), 579 - 92
{Studies on substances with antiblastic activity . IX . Anthramycin and analogs . IX . Synthesis of 7-methoxy-8-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo{2,1-c} {1,4} benzodiazepine and other compounds related to oxotomaymycin}; Scalzo M et al.; The synthesis of some pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives related to oxotomaymycin, an antibiotic recovered together with tomaymycin from fermentation broths of Streptomyces achromogenes var . tomaymycetics, is described . Reaction between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzylbromide and pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde afforded 1-(2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzyl)pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde . Catalytic reduction of this compound with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C gave 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5H-pyrrolo{2.1-c} {1,4}benzodiazepine . Amides obtained from condensation between 2-nitro-4-benzyloxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid chloride and proline or hydroxyproline were reduced catalytically to 2,3-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1H-pyrrolo {2,1-c} {1,4}benzodiazepine-5,11 (10H, 11aH)-dione and its 2-hydroxyderivative respectively . The synthesis of 10,11-dihydro-8-hydroxy-9-methoxy-5-pyrrolo {2,1-c} {1,4}benzodiazepine is also reported.

J Parasitol, 1977 Aug, 63(4), 687 - 9
Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation of glucose by Echinostoma liei; Schaefer FW 3rd et al.; Echinostoma liei was incubated in vitro aerobically and anaerobically with various species of 14C glucose . From the recovery of isotope in the respired CO2, it appeared that glucose was incompletely oxidized . The major portion of the CO2 arose from the 3 and 4 carbons of glucose . In addition to CO2, a number of volatile fatty acids accumulated as end-products both aerobically and anaerobically . Lactate and succinate were also isolated . Of these, n-valerate was recovered in the highest concentrations . Qualitatively, the same products were demonstrated after both aerobic and anaerobic incubations, but quantitatively considerably more fatty acids accumulated anaerobically.

Gastroenterology, 1977 Aug, 73(2), 215 - 7
Effect of dietary fiber on complications of gastric surgery: prevention of postprandial hypoglycemia by pectin; Jenkins DJ et al.; The dumping syndrome is a very troublesome problem to some patients after gastric surgery . Gel-forming carbohydrates have recently been used to modify glucose absorption . The addition of 14.5 g of pectin to a 50-g oral glucose load prevented the occurrence of hypoglycemic symptoms and maintained the blood glucose levels above control values by 64% at 90 min (P less than 0.002) and 46% at 120 min (P less than 0.01) in postgastric surgery patients whose 120-min values after 50 g of glucose alone had fallen below 50 mg per 100 ml (2.8 mmoles per liter) . Breath H2 production, used as an index of bacterial fermentation of glucose, was abolished or reduced by pectin in all 5 cases in which this had previously occurred . A trial of 10 g of pectin per day prevented recurrent postprandial hypoglycemic attacks in the most severely affected individual . Pectin and perhaps other unabsorbable polysaccharides are likely to prove useful in the treatment of abnormal carbohydrate absorption after gastric surgery.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 675 - 8
{Interrelationship of the mass transfer coefficient with regard to O2 and CO2 in the process of antibiotic biosynthesis}; Sherstobitova TS et al.; A complex of studies on the effect of technological parameters on the mass transfer coeficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was carried out . It was shown that the ratio between the mass transfer coefficients with respect to O2 and CO2 was constant and equal to 20 for the fermentation broths of the antibiotic-producing organisms studied.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Aug, 22(8), 683 - 9
{Effect of different salts and their concentration on polymyxin M biosynthesis by Bac . polymyxa Ross}; Pavliuk IuV et al.; The effect of various concentrations of ammonium sulfate, sodium and potassium chlorides and sulfates on biosynthesis of polymyxin M by Bac . polymyxa Ross . on media containing wheet meal as the carbon source was studied . The culture growth, antibiotic accumulation and consumption of the main nutrients was studied as dependent on the level of the salts in the medium . The highest productivity was observed on media with the salt concentrations amounting to 1--2 per cent except sodium sulfate: changes in the concentration of the latter had practically no effect on the activity of the fermentation broth.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Aug, 131(2), 533 - 43
Fermentative metabolism of pyruvate by Rhodospirillum rubrum after anaerobic growth in darkness; Gorrell TE et al.; Rhodospirillum rubrum grew anaerobically in darkness and fermented sodium pyruvate by a pyruvate formate-lyase reaction . During 30 min of anaerobic dark or light incubation with sodium pyrivate, crude extracts from fermentatively grown cells produced about 6 micronmol of acetylphosphate and formate per mg of protein in reactions performed at pH 8.3 . Cell extracts also catalyzed the exchange of sodium {14C}formate into sodium pyruvate at an apparent pH optimum of 7.3 to 7.5, but only about 2.5 micronmol of acetylphosphate was produced at this lower pH value . R . rubrum may also form pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity, as evidenced by low bicarbonate exchange activity . However, its participation in pyruvate metabolism in anaerobic dark-grown cells was not understood . During anaerobic, dark growth with pyruvate, formate was an intermediate in H2 and CO2 gas evolution . In contrast with H2 production by a light-dependent H2-nitrogenase system in photosynthetically grown cells, H2 formation in fermenting R . rubrum occurred through a carbon monoxide-sensitive formic hydrogenlyase reaction not influenced by light.

Res Exp Med (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 170(3), 259 - 70
Effect of ischaemia on the enzyme activity of the hepatic tissue; Kupcsulik P et al.; The lactate and pyruvate levels, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutaminic acid-oxalacetic acid transaminase and aldolase levels of rat liver homogenizates were measured at 24 degrees C and 38 degrees C during 120 min ischaemia from 0 to the 120th min . With the exception of transaminase and aldolase, the other enzymes were also enzyme-histochemically studied . The early lesions of the liver can be detected, both the quantitative laboratory tests and enzyme histochemical studies . The deviations from normal, observed at 24 degrees C between the 60th and 100th min, and at 38 degrees C between the 30th and 60th min, might be signs of irreversible lesions . Fractionated study of the liver homogenizate improves the assessability of enzyme determinations . In the course of "warm" ischaemia, the liver lysosomal lesions are early symptoms . Parallel to the breakdown of aerobic glycolysis lactic acid, fermentation, and an active pentose phosphate cycle can be detected . Quantitative testing of the liver homogenizate and enzyme histochemical observation of the hepatic tissue, might be a suitable method for the assessment of ischaemic liver lesions.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 163(2), 99 - 110
Special O:K:H serotypes among enterotoxigenic E . coli strains from diarrhea in adults and children . Occurrence of the CF (colonization factor) antigen and of hemagglutinating abilities; Orskov I et al.; O:H serotypes previously found to be prevalent among a number of toxigenic strains from several geographic areas were examined for polysaccharide K antigen type . Members of each O:H serotype had the same type of K antigen and were found to be characterized by a certain fermentation pattern . Some O:H serotypes had no K antigen . The serofermentative types defined were: 06:K15:H16, 08:K40:H9, 015:H11, 025:K7:H42, 025:K98:H-, 078:H11, 078:H12, and 0149:H10 . Some strains of the last-mentioned serotype, which were suspected of having caused a food-borne infection, had K88 . This serotype belongs to the group of strains causing diarrhea in swine . The surface antigen (CF) described as a colonization factor {5} was demonstrated in 078:H-, 078:H11, and 078:H12 strains; but not in any strain of the other serotypes nor in any of 248 strains belonging to 078 but not isolated from cases of human diarrhea . Presence of the CF antigen was correlated with presence of a mannose-resistant ability to cause agglutination of human red cells . Behavior of the other serotypes as regards hemagglutinating abilities was examined and 025:K7:H42 strains were found to be very similar to the 078 strains in this respect.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 163(2), 93 - 7
Evaluation of two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods; Nord CE et al.; Two test-kits--API and Oxi Ferm tube--have been compared for accuracy in individual tests and for identification on the genus or species level with conventional biochemical tests on 154 oxidative-fermentative gram-negative rods . The two test systems were found to be reliable and permit identification of the clinically most significant oxidative-fermentative strains.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jul-Aug, 46(4), 661 - 6
{Physiological and biochemical properties of Actinomyces kurssanovii, active producter of chitinase}; Pirieva DA et al.; Chitinase biosynthesis by Actinomyces kurssonovii 75 was studied under conditions of periodic cultivation in a laboratory fermenter . The activity of components of the chitinolytic complex correlated with the growth phases of the culture . The activity of chitobiase (beta-N-acetylglucoseaminidase) predominated in the cultural broth in the exponential growth phase of the culture; it decreased later by 40-50 per cent, while the activity of chitinase became maximum . The biosynthesis of chitinolytic enzymes by the growing actinomycete was accompanied with a rapid hydrolysis of demineralized crab shells, and a gradual increase in the pH of the medium to 9.0 . A chitinolytic preparation obtained from the supernatant of the cultural broth of Act kurssanovii hydrolysed ground chitin by 70-80 per cent during 5 days . Fe2+ and Ca2+ ions increased the activity of the preparation by 25 and 30 per cent respectively; Mn2+ ions decreased the activity by 40 per cent.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jul-Aug, 46(4), 605 - 11
{Properties of the respiratory system of Endomyces magnusii at different stages of development}; Zviagil'skaia RA et al.; The respiration activity and the cytochrome content of the cells of Endomyces magnusii were studied during growth on a medium with 0.6 per cent sucrose . The rate of oxidation, the ration between the activities of respiration and fermentation, the quantitative content and molar ration of cytochromes remained almost the same in the course of growth . Only cytochrome oxidase was involved at the terminal stage of oxidation in the course of growth: the respiration of the cells was inhibited by 90-95 per cent by cyanide, but was resistant to the action of salicyl hydroxamate which was an inhibitor of an alternative pathway of oxidation . Mitochondria from cells harvested at the middle of the logarithmic growth phase almost did not differ in parameters from mitochondria relative to the stationary growth phase: they were tightly coupled and had the theoretical effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation typical of oxidation of NAD-dependent substrates . All the three points of energy coupling are supposed to function at the earliest phases of growth . Endomyces magnusii differs from other yeasts in following characteristics: the absence of glucose repression, a high constant level of respiration activity, the maximum effectiveness with which the coupling apparatus functions at the earliest phases of growth, and the absence of alternative oxidation pathways.

Br J Nutr, 1977 Jul, 38(1), 101 - 14
Determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro from 32P-labelled phosphate incorporation; van Nevel CJ et al.; 1 . The extracellular phosphate pool in incubations of rumen fluid or washed cell suspensions of mixed rumen bacteria (WCS) was labelled with 32P . From the constant extracellular phosphate pool specific activity and the amount of radioactivity incorporated during incubation, the amount of P incorporated in the microbial fraction was calculated . From the value for nitrogen: P determined in microbial matter, the amount of N incorporated was calculated as a measure of microbial growth . 2 . Incorporation of soluble non-protein-N in incubations devoid of substrate protein was 50 and 80% of the values obtained using the isotope method for rumen fluid and WCS respectively . It is suggested that results obtained using the former method reflect 'net growth' of micro-organisms which is the result of simultaneous growth and degradation . The isotope method measures 'total growth', as isotope incorporation is not affected by degradation of non-growing cells . 3 . Incorporation of 32P in P-containing microbial components (mainly nucleic acids) was compared with net synthesis of these components in incubations of WCS . The results showed different specific rates of synthesis and degradation for all components studied . It is concluded that the composition of microbial matter changed during growth . 4 . When N incorporation, calculated from results obtained using the isotope method in incubations with rumen fluid, was compared with the amount of carbohydrate substrate fermented and the type of fermentation, values between 18-3 and 44-6 g N incorporated/kg of organic matter fermented were obtained . Low values were associated with large proportions of the substrate being fermented to lactate and the use of glucose instead of disaccharides as substrate . Part of the variation could also be attributed to differences in incubation period, reflected in different proportions of polysaccharide formed . 5 . The use of isotopes for determination of rumen microbial growth in vitro is critically discussed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jul, 34(1), 47 - 9
Epoxidation of 1,7-octadiene by Pseudomonas oleovorans: fermentation in the presence of cyclohexane; Schwartz RD et al.; A very efficient conversion of 1,7-octadiene to 7,8-epoxy-1-octene and 1,2-7,8-diepoxyoctane was achieved by incorporating a high concentration of cyclohexane into the conventional fermentation medium . In the presence of cyclohexane, a 90-ml% conversion of substrate to product was accomplished within 72 h, compared with an 18,5-mol% conversion in the absence of cyclohexane . Furthermore, the products were simultaneously separated and concentrated in the organic phase.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jul, 34(1), 105 - 6
Production of refusal factors by Fusarium strains on grains; Vesonder RF et al.; Corn fermented with strains of Fusarium culmorum NRRL 3288, F . poae NRRL 3287, F . moniliforme NRRL 3197, and F . nivale NRRL 3289 at 28 degrees C for 13 days was refused when fed to 30- to 60-pound (about 13.6- to 27.2-kg) swine . Analyses of the refused corn for trichothecenes (T-2, HT-2, acetyl T-2, fusarenon-X, and vomitoxin) showed that only the corn fermented with F . culmorum contained vomitoxin . None of these five trichothecenes could be detected in the other refused corn.F . culmorum grown on rice at 28 degrees C for 13 days also produced vomitoxin.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 587 - 91
{Study of the equilibrium conditions for the extractive purification of oleandomycin}; Ostrovskii MV et al.; Dependence of the oleandomycin distribution coefficient on the antibiotic concentration, duration of the filtrate storage, extraction temperature and salting-out agents was studied . The distribution coefficient of oleandomycin in the system of fermentation broth filtrate--butylacetate was much lower (about 3 times) than that in the system of oleandomycin phosphate aqueous solution--butylacetate . Addition of sodium sulfate to the aqueous phase provided a significant increase in the oleandomycin distribution coefficient.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jul, 22(7), 581 - 7
{Study of the effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the biosynthesis of penicillin}; Itsygin SB et al.; A method of "acute" experiments with significant dilution of the fermentation broth is proposed for studying the effect of easily assimilable substrates on growth of the culture and production of the antibiotic by it . The effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the parameters of the process kinetics was studied with respect to penicillin . The specific effect of microconcentrations of glucose on the specific rate of the culture growth and productivity was noted.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Jul, 131(1), 123 - 32
Analysis of genetic recombination between two partially deleted lactose operons of Escherichia coli K-12; Zieg J et al.; Genetic recombination between a nontandem duplication of two partially deleted lactose operons (lacMS286phi80dIIlacBK1) in Escherichia coli K-12 has been examined . Since the deletions were nonoverlapping, rare lactose-fermenting (Lac+) recombinants occurred and were detected qualitatively on lactose tetrazolium agar indicator plates as white papillae growing on the surface of red colonies or quantitively on lactose minimal agar plates . Formation of Lac+ recombinants required the recA, recB, and recC gene products . Indirect suppression of recB21 by sbcB15 led to an increase in the frequency of Lac+ recombinants over wild-type levels . recF143 did not appreciably alter the number of Lac+ progeny, whereas recL152 and sbcB15 strains yielded increased numbers of Lac+ recombinants . The nature and formation of Lac+ recombinants was also examined . Respreading analysis indicated that formation of recombinants occurred primarily as the cells entered early stationary phase on the surface of the minimal agar plates and that over 90% of the recombinants contained a phi80dIIlac+ prophage . Time-of-entry experiments suggested that the region of deoxyribonucleic acid between the two operons was not inverted as a result of the recombinational event.

Farmakol Toksikol, 1977 Jul-Aug, 40(4), 428 - 30
{Effect of non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents on components of the kinin system in animals with experimental inflammation}; Klebanov BM et al.; The influence exerted by a number of non-steroid antiphlogistic agents on the fermentative mechanism responsible for the formation and decomposition of kininines in an inflammation focus and on the permeability of vessels in a skin changed under the effect of exogenous bradykininine was studied . Bradykininine, chigamin, sodium salicylate and mephenaminate are shown to inhibit "in vitro" the kininogenic and intensify the kininase activity of the exudate in rats with turpentine-induced pleuritis, while indometacin affects only the activity of kininogenases . Butadion, chingamin and sodium mephenaminate merely reduce the reactivity of the skin with respect to exogenous bradykininine.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Jul, 30(7), 541 - 51
Fortimicins A and B, new aminoglycoside antibiotics . II . Isolation, physico-chemical and chromatographic properties; Okachi R et al.; The aminoglycoside antibiotics fortimicins A and B produced by a naturally occurring strain Micromonospora sp . MK-70 were isolated from its fermentation beer . Fortimicins A and B were isolated as water-soluble, basic, white amorphous powders having molecular formula C17H35N5O6 and C15H32N4O5, respectively . Acid hydrolysis of fortimicin A indicated that it has one mole of glycine in its molecule while fortimicin B has not . Paper chromatography, silica-gel and carbon thin-layer chromatography revealed that fortimicins A and B are novel aminoglycoside antibiotics.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Jul, 19(7), 941 - 58
Growth kinetics and cellulase biosynthesis in the continuous culture of Trichoderma viride; Brown DE et al.; Continuous culture studies have been carried out growing Trichoderma viride QM 9123 in a 10 liter stirred fermentor on a medium containing commercial glucose as the carbon source . Experiments were carried out at 30 degrees C and at three controlled pH values of 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0 over a range of dilution rates from 0.01 to 0.11 hr-1 . Steady-state values of cell, glucose, and cellulase concentration oxygen tension, and outlet gas oxygen partial pressure were recorded . Values of maximum specific growth rate, endogenous metabolism coefficient, Michaelis-Menten coefficient, yield and maintenance coefficient for glucose were derived and correlated the effect of the hydrogen ion concentration . Specific oxygen uptake rates were correlated with specific growth rates and absorption coefficients were shown to be a function of dilution rate independent of pH . Some data on cellulase biosynthesis were examined and correlated in terms of a maturation time model.

Arch Microbiol, 1977 Jun 20, 113(3), 303 - 7
Isothermic variation of the specific growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch culture; Martinez-Peinado J et al.; The specific growth rate (mu) of a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing under defined experimental conditions in batch culture (mineral medium plus glucose and vitamins at 25 degrees C) varied from experiment to experiment over a wide range (0.10-0.24 h-1) and showed a normal distribution . Neither the age of the culture, the history of the inoculum, nor experimental error accounted wholly for the variability of mu . The variation was positively correlated with the specific rate of glucose transfer and negatively with the specific rate of production of non-fermentative CO2 . The yield decreased with mu implying higher maintenance requirements in batch culture (4.7 mmoles g-1 h-1) than in continuous culture (0.8 mmoles g-1 h-1) . It was concluded that the strain is capable of establishing any one of several steady states of growth under the same experimental conditions, each steady state displaying some build in inertia with respect to change . The variations of the specific rates of glucose transfer and non-fermentative CO2 production, and of the yield appeared to be consequences rather than causes of the variation of mu . The ultimate causes of the variation of mu remained unidentified.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1977 Jun 15, 32(12), 259 - 65
{Hepatic coma--causes, recognition, treatment}; Zipprich B et al.; The name of the disease coma hepaticum is a collective notion for etiologically, pathologo-anatomically and biochemically different kinds of a failure of the function of the liver . A demarcation of different forms of the liver coma is necessary above all for prognostic and therapeutic reasons: hepatic disintegration coma, coma in hepatic failure, mixed coma, false hepatic coma, ferment block coma . Despite certain progress the therapeutic possibilities in hepatic coma cannot satisfy in recent years . Also the use of different, partly very expensive methods of the so-called liver substitute (exchange function and plasmapheresis, heterologous and homologous extracorporal liver perfusion, parasymbiotic crossed circulation, haemoperfusion with encapsulated activated charcoal, liver transplantation) up to now did not lead to a decisive improvement of the nearly infaust prognosis of the hepatic disintegration coma . Therefore preventing measures and careful control of endangered patients deserve particular attention.

Eur J Biochem, 1977 Jun 15, 76(2), 373 - 82
Macromolecular synthesis and energy level in a mitochondrial conditional yeast mutant, tsm-8; Bandlow W et al.; Mitochondrial DNA, protein and ATP syntheses persist at non-permissive temperature (35 degrees C) in the mitochondrial, conditionally rho- petites forming yeast mutant, tsm8 . Protein and ATP syntheses, however, are diminished during prolonged incubation at 35 degrees C in non-fermentable substrate . Mitochondrial RNA synthesis decreases rapidly to a residual constant level of about 10% of the initial value after the shift to 35 degrees C . The decrease is reversed by returning to permissive conditions . Evidence is presented that this temperature-induced decrease in mitochondrial transcription rate is effected by a mutationally altered regulatory process rather than by temperature sensitivity of mitochondrial RNA polymerase . It is concluded that rho- petite formation in mutant tsm8 is not effected by complete inhibition of macromolecular and ATP syntheses but is correlated with a reduction in mitochondrial transcription.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Jun, 30(6), 474 - 87
Microbial transformation of antibiotics . Clindamycin ribonucleotides; Argoudelis AD et al.; Addition of clindamycin to whole-cell cultures of Streptomyces coelicolor Muller resulted in the loss of in vitro activity against organisms sensitive to clindamycin . Incubation of such culture filtrates with crude alkaline phosphatase generated a biologically active material identified as clindamycin . Fermentation broths containing inactivated clindamycin yielded clindamycin 3-ribonucleotides and clindamycin 3-phosphate the structure of which was established by physicochemical and enzymatic means . Attempts to transform clindamycin to clindamycin 3-ribonucleotides by lysates or partially purified enzyme preparations from S . coelicolor have failed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Jun, 30(6), 455 - 9
G7063-2, a new nitrogen-containing antibiotic of the epoxydon group, isolated from the fermentation broth of a species of Streptomyces; Noble M et al.; Antibiotic G7063-2, isolated from a Streptomyces species, is a new nitrogen-containing analogue of phyllostine and terreic acid . In vitro G7063-2 is moderately active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and weakly active against fungi . It is toxic to mice.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jun, 22(6), 492 - 5
{Study of the dynamics of hepataene and pentaene formation by a culture of Streptoverticillium mucoheptinicum strain 44B/1 in the process of biosynthesis}; Severinets LIa et al.; In the process of growth Streptoverticillium mycoheptinicum, strain 44B/I produced simultaneously a two-component pentaenic antibiotic (mycopenten) and a heptaenic antibiotic (mycoheptin) by the 1st day of cultivation . The ratio of the components remained constant during the whole fermentation process . When grown on the medium with sodium thiosulfate (under conditions of the changed medium potential) the culture produced the heptaen and a mixture of the components with the background absorption of the UV spectrum at 290--360 nm . The ratio of the heptaen and the mixture was also constant during the whole fermentation process.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 33(6), 1278 - 83
Cellulolytic cocci isolated from the cecum of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus); Dehority BA; Five strains of anaerobic, gram-variable cellulolytic cocci, belonging to the genus Ruminococcus, were isolated from the cecum of a guinea pig . They differed from most previously described strains of cellulolytic ruminococci as follows . (i) Lactate was the major fermentation product; lesser amounts of formate and ethanol and a trace of succinate were also produced, along with an uptake of acetate . (ii) No growth occurred at 30 degrees C; however, good growth was observed at 38 and 45 degrees C, (iii) Glucose, cellobiose, cellulose, xylose, arabinose, xylan, sucrose, and lactose were fermented by all strains . Rumen fluid was required for growth in a complete medium containing all nutrients previously found to be required by species in this genus . Limited growth occurred when rumen fluid was replaced by yeast extract, and maximum, but delayed, growth occurred when a water extract of alfalfa was added to the complete medium . No qualitative differences were found in the cell wall amino acids and sugar composition of these strains as compared to Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus; however, cell walls of the guinea pig strains appeared to contain a higher proportion of glucose.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Jun, 130(3), 1402 - 3
Characterization of plasmids in a sucrose-fermenting strain of Escherichia coli; Palchaudhuri S et al.; A multiply drug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli isolated from a patient in Bangladesh was shown to carry four types of plasmids based on size differences . One type carries a gene or genes for sucrose fermentation.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Jun, 130(3), 1303 - 9
Biochemical and physiological studies of the yeast virus-like particle; Oliver SG et al.; A study was made of the virus-like particle (VLP) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae S7 . This strain contains elevated amounts of P1 double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) but no P2 dsRNA . The amount of dsRNA contained in cells grown on a fermentable carbon source (glucose) was compared with that in cells grown on a nonfermentable carbon source (ethanol) . It was found that ethanol-grown cells contain higher levels of dsRNA than glucose-grown cells . In the former, the amount of dsRNA increased during the logarithmic phase of growth, whereas in the latter it increased during the transition from the logarithmic to the stationary phase . A method was devised to isolate VLPs from these cells by using CsCl gradients, and the yield was assessed by monitoring the recovery of dsRNA . Three proteins were found to be tightly associated with these particles . They have molecular weights of 75,000, 53,000, and 37,000 . Together they account for almost all of the coding capacity of the P1 dsRNA that the VLP contains.

Acta Trop, 1977 Jun, 34(2), 143 - 55
Regulation of aerobic fermentation in protozoans . VI Comparative biochemistry of pathogenic and nonpathogenic protozoans; Marr JJ et al.; We have investigated the oxidation of carbohydrate by several protozoan organisms . The oxidation is incomplete and results in a mixture of organic acid and carbon dioxide . The phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase, enzymes normally under strict metabolic regulation, are not subject to the normal feedback inhibition or activation mechanisms found in other cells . Moreover, our investigations and those of others support the hypothesis that a primary pathway for glucose metabolism is to phosphoenolpyruvic acid and then to oxalacetic acid with subsequent reduction to succinic acid.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 May 16, 284(19), 1879 - 82
{Growth and sporulation of Entomophthora virulenta Hall and Dunn in discontinuous liquid culture}; Latge JP; Fermented cultures of Entomophthora virulenta showed an exponential phase with a specific growth rate of 0,14 h-1 . The deceleration phase was 4 times longer than the exponential phase . Sexual sporulation occurred at the end of the deceleration phase . A technique of medium replacement demonstrated that any lack of nutritive balance induced the sporulation.

J Biol Chem, 1977 May 10, 252(9), 2846 - 54
Yeast mutants deficient in heme biosynthesis and a heme mutant additionally blocked in cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene; Gollub EG et al.; Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which were blocked in heme biosynthesis and required heme for growth on a nonfermentable carbon source . They were rho+, and grew fermentatively on ergosterol or cholesterol and Tween 80, as a source of oleic acid . Cells grown on ergosterol and Tween 80 lacked cytochromes and catalase which were restored by growth on heme . The mutants comprised five nonoverlapping complementation groups . Tetrad analysis showed that the pleiotropic properties of each of the mutants resulted from a single mutation in one of five unlinked loci (hem1 to hem5) affecting heme biosynthesis . Biochemical studies confirmed that each mutation resulted in loss of a single enzyme activity . hem1 mutants grew on delta-aminolevulinate and lacked delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity, hem2 mutants lacked delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase, and hem3 mutants uroporphyrin I synthase . Mutants in hem1, hem2, and hem3 had an additional requirement for methionine on synthetic medium supplemented with either heme or ergosterol and Tween 80, owing to a lack of sulfite reductase which contains siroheme, a modified uroporphyrin III . Since hem4 and hem5 mutants have sulfite reductase activity under all growth conditions, they are blocked after uroporphyrin III . Cell extracts of a hem4 mutant incubated with delta-aminolevulinate accumulated coproporphyrin III suggesting a block in coproporphyrinogenase, the enzyme which converts coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen . Cells and extracts of a hem5 mutant accumulated protoporphyrin IX . Since it was the only mutant that grew on heme but not on protoporphyrin IX, a block in ferrochelatase was suggested for this strain . Mutant strains grown on heme had the sterol composition of wild type cells, whereas without heme only squalene, small amounts of lanosterol, and added sterol was observed . A heme product therefore participates in the transformation of lanosterol to ergosterol . A hem3 mutant was isolated which was also blocked between 2,3-oxidosqualene and lanosterol (erg12) . When grown on lanosterol or ergosterol (with Tween 80) it accumulated a compound which was identified as 2,3-oxidosqualene by comparison with the synthetic compound in thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography, and by proton magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy . Supplementation with heme did not remove the requirement for sterol, but it enabled the mutant to convert lanosterol to ergosterol.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 May-Jun, 46(3), 423 - 7
{Effect of microelements on formation of acids and ethyl alcohol by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis yeasts}; Zhirova VV et al.; The effect of Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Al, Cu, and K on the synthesis of pyruvic, alpha-ketoglutaric and total volatile acids and ethanol was studied in the process of fermentation of 6 per cent maltose solution by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 776 . Experiments were conducted using techniques of their mathematical planning . Fe, Pb, and Mn at concentrations of 15.0, 0.5, and 1.5 mg/litre, respectively, had a positive effect on the synthesis of pyruvic acid whose concentration in the medium increased by 3.3 mg per 100 ml to become equal to 43.3 mg per 100 ml . Fe3+ at a concentration of 15 mg/litre had a negative effect on the synthesis of alpha-ketoglutaric acid . The synthesis of volatile acids depended on the presence of Fe, Zn, Pb, Al, and K . Fe and Al at concentrations of 15 mg/litre favoured the synthesis of volatile acids by 2.72 mg/litre . In the presence of Zn (1.5 mg/litre), Pb (0.5 mg/litre), and K (15 mg/litre), the content of volatile acids decreased by 4.48 mg/litre and became equal to 14.94 mg/litre . Zn at a concentration of 1.5 mg/litre inhibited it.

Antibiotiki, 1977 May, 22(5), 387 - 91
{Effect of the pH of the medium on the growth of a carminomycin producer and on the biosynthesis of the carminomycin complex}; Kochetkova GV et al.; The effect of the nutrient medium acidity on the growth of the carminomycin-producing organism and formation of the carminomycin complex with its aid was studied . Satisfactory development of the organism was observed when pH of the nutrient medium on the culture inoculation was 4.9 to 8.5 . A shift in the alkaline and acid values of pH to 6.3--6.4 was registered during the first 24 hours of the culture growth . The biosynthesis of carminomycin depended on the culture growth time and pH value of the nutrient medium and culture fluid during the fermentation process . Maximum production of the carminomycin complex and its active components was observed on the 7th--8th day of the culture growth . The medium reaction close to the neutral one was optimal for biosynthesis of the carminomycin complex and its active components . Under acid, as well as alkaline conditions the antibiotic production was markedly lower.

Poult Sci, 1977 May, 56(3), 926 - 32
Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in battery raised broiler chickens; Danforth HD et al.; Infections with single species of Eimeria acervulina, E . mivati, E . maxima, E . tenella, E . necatrix, and E . brunetti, and the six species mixed, were utilized in three separate battery experiments to evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of various levels of salinomycin (AHR-3096), a fermentation product of a strain of Streptomyces albus . At the 60 to 100 p.p.m . treatment levels, this compound showed significant anticoccidial activity for all parameters studied (mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, dropping scores, and lesion scores) . The mortality due to coccidiosis was reduced to 0.1% in the medicated infected birds . Some activity, as measured by weight gain, was seen in the lower levels of salinomycin medication (12.5 to 50 p.p.m.), but other parameters, including mortality and lesion scores, indicated less activity than that seen with the higher treatment levels . At 100 p.p.m., there was no apparent effect on the compound on bird performance in uninfected control birds . Salinomycin at the 100 p.p.m . treatment level was statistically as effective as 121 p.p.m . monensin (reference anticoccidial) in controlling coccidiosis.

J Bacteriol, 1977 May, 130(2), 832 - 8
Regulatory changes in the fucose system associated with the evolution of a catabolic pathway for propanediol in Escherichia coli; Hacking AJ et al.; Wild-type strains of Escherichia coli are unable to use L-1,2-propanediol as a carbon and energy source . Strain 3, a mutant selected for the ability to grow on this compound at progressively more rapid rates, synthesizes constitutively a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked propanediol oxidoreductase . This enzyme is normally synthesized during anaerobic growth on L-fucose when it functions as a lactaldehyde reductase . Propanediol, the end product of this fermentation process, escapes irretrievably into the medium . The propanediol-utilizing mutant can no longer grow on fucose in either the presence or absence of molecular oxygen . In the present study nine independent lines of propanediol-positive mutants were characterized . One mutant, strain 418, attained a propanediol growth rate close to that of strain 3 without loss of the ability to grow on fucose . In all cases examined, however, prolonged selection on propanediol did result in the emergence of fucose-negative mutants . All of these mutants had enzyme patterns similar to that of strain 3; namely, fucose permease, fucose isomerase, and fuculose kinase were noninducible, whereas fuculose 1-phosphate aldolase was constitutive . In strain 418 and in the fucose-positive predecessors of the other mutants, the first four enzymes in the pathway remained inducible, as in the wild-type strain . Improvements in the growth rate on propanediol appeared to reflect principally the increased activity level of the oxidoreductase during the early stages of evolution . According to transductional analysis, the mutations affecting the ability to grow on propanediol and those that affect the expression of the first enzymes in the fucose pathway were very closely linked . The loss of the ability to grow on fucose is thought to be a mechanistic consequence incidental to the remodeling of the regulatory system in favor of the utilization of the novel carbon source.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 May, 23(5), 596 - 600
The cellular role of nitrogen in the biosynthesis of alkaloids by submerged culture of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul; Rehacek Z et al.; Asparagine was a superior nitrogen source for clavine-alkaloid production in Claviceps purpurea . Its transport into the cell excedded the cell's biosynthetic need for this amino acid . Asparagine entered the cell without degradation . This disturbed the relative pool sizes of various amino acids resulting in a change in the genetically determined ratio at which amino acids were utilized for protein synthesis . Overproduction of alkaloids (4500 mug.ml-1) may be associated with increased availability of tryptophan because of the enhanced assimilation of asparagine-derived ammonia via glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) . However, ammonium salts in the fermentation broth led to a depression of the alkaloid yield . Partial replacement of the ammonium salt by aspartic acid elevated alkaloid production.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Apr 29, 152(3), 193 - 200
Pyruvate kinase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: biochemical and genetic characterisation; Maitra PK et al.; Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) are described . These have less than 0.5% of the pyruvate kinase activity of the wild type . All the other glycolytic enzymes are present in normal amounts in these mutants . The mutation is recessive and segregates in diploids as a single gene . Five alleles examined fail to complement one another . Tetrad analysis and mitotic recombination data place the mutation on the left arm of chromosome I distal to cys 1 . The majority of single-step spontaneous revertants on glucose regain the enzyme activity fully and this activity appears, by a number of criteria, to be due to the same enzyme present in the wild type . Some of these revertants become nuclear petites . The mutants do neither grow on nor ferment sugars but do grow on ethyl alcohol or pyruvate . Glucose addition to cultures growing on alcohol arrests growth until glucose is exhausted . The steady state rate of glucose utilization is slower than in the wild type . This is associated with the accumulation of as much as 5 micronmoles P-enolpyruvate per g wet weight of cells and proportional amounts of 2-P-glyceric and 3-P glyceric acids . The mutation is believed to involve some regulatory element in the synthesis of pyruvate kinase.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1977 Apr 28, 163(4), 257 - 9
{Correlation of cyanogenic glycosides with content of benzyl alcohol in cherry brandies (author's transl)}; Tuttas R et al.; A clear correlation between cyanogenic glycosides and the content of benzyl alcohol in fermented mash of cherries was indicated by model experiments with amygdalin and fermenting yeast, cherry-stones with and without fermenting yeasts as well as bitter and sweet almonds . These correlations proofed that benzyl alcohol has to be regarded as a metabolic product of mandelonitrileglycosides.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Apr, 22(4), 297 - 301
{Use of flour from sunflower oil cake in the biosynthesis of antigungal antibiotics}; Sukharevich VM et al.; The possibility of replacing soybean meal and corn-steep liquor by food wastes of the oilpress industry and the meal of the sunflower oil cake in particular is discussed as applied to the fermentation media for production of antifungal antibiotics, such as levorin, mycoheptin, amphotericin . The studies showed that replacement of soybean meal by sunflower oil cake meal with simultaneous increasing of the amount of carbohydrates in the medium increased the levorin levels by 60--70 per cent as compared to the media used at present . When soybean meal and corn-steep liquor were simultaneously replaced by sunflower oil cake meal in amounts of 3--4 per cent the levels of mycoheptin in the fermentation broth increased by 30--65 per cent respectively . Replacement of soybean meal and corn-steep liquor by 3 per cent of sunflow oil cake meal in the medium used presently increased the amphotericin levels by 27 percent as compared to the control . Therefore, sunflower oil cake meal is a substitute of full value for soybean meal and corn-steep liquor in the fermentation media for production of antifungal antibiotics.

Arch Tierernahr, 1977 Apr, 27(4), 255 - 60
{Estimation of the net energy using volatile acids produced in the process of in-vitro digestion with ruminal fluid}; Kellner RJ et al.; 47 types of green feeds and roughages were subjected to an in-vitro fermentation with dilute ruminal fluid . The volatile fatty acids produced in this process were determined quantitatively in accordance with the method of digestibility estimation proposed by Tilley and Terry (1963) . An average of 5 Mol FFS (FFS=volatile fatty acids) was found per kg of dried feed, a value is also reported in the literature . The ratios of acetate to propionate to n-butyrate to iso-butyrate to n-valerianate were 64.2 : 25.4 : 6.6 : 0.8 : 1.5 : 1.5 . In this ratio, propionic acid predominated so that acetic acid and n-butyric acid were misrepresented compared with the data of in-vivo measurements made for the corresponding foodstuffs . Consequently, it is only within certain limits that values of FFS concentrations obtained in vitro may be used for estimating net energy data, disregardful of the fact that the FFS are the main source of metabolizable energy in ruminants . The reliability index for an estimation of Starch Equivalents and NEFr based on the above-mentioned method was found to be considerable lower (0.71 and 0.80) than that based on in-vitro digestibility measurements (0.86).

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Apr, 19(4), 445 - 58
Computation of the fraction of induced cells in enzyme induction systems; Von Stockar U et al.; A theoretical model is developed for continuous multistage enzymed production systems, which consist of a growth fermentor used for growing microorganisms rapidly without enzyme production and a subsequent system of induction reactors in which enzyme induction and production occurs . The model allows the computation of the fraction of induced cells residing in the induction reactors for organisms exhibiting a lag phase in enzyme induction . For this model a general analytical solution was obtained for the cumulative internal residence time distribution of a series of n well-sterred vessels with a recycle . The theoretical results are compared in a preliminary way with experimentally measured cellulase productivities of continuous multistage cellulose fermentations with Trichoderma viride QM 9414.

Fertil Steril, 1977 Apr, 28(4), 488 - 98
The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis on fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro of mouse eggs; Fraser LR et al.; The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis suspension on mouse on mouse fertilization and preimplantation development in vitro was examined . When sperm were preincubated with M . pulmonis, fertilization of eggs occured less consistently than when untreated sperm were used . There was also a highly significant and consistent reduction in embryonic develoment in the treated group, with relatively few embryos reaching the blastocyst stage . The adverse effects were not seen with M . fermentans or with M . pulmonis organisms inactivated by heating or sonication before incubation with gametes . Likewise, preincubation of M . pulmonis in medium containing tetracycline, an antibiotic which interferes with protein synthesis, resulted in embryonic development similar to that seen in the untreated group . These results suggest that the deleterious effects obtained with viable mycoplasmas are due to some substance produced by their active metabolism . Other results indicate that the egg is susceptible to M . pulmonis for a limited time, since incubation of two-cell embryos with mycoplasmas had no effect on development to the blastocyst stage . The findings are discussed in relation to the possible association between human infertility and mycoplasma infection.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Apr, 130(1), 232 - 41
Isolation and characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deficient in pyruvate kinase activity; Sprague GF Jr; A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is deficient in pyruvate kinase activity has been isolated . The mutant strain is capable of growth when supplied with lactate as the carbon source but not capable of growth when supplied with dextrose or other fermentable sugars or glycerol as the carbon source . Genetic analysis demonstrated that the phenotype of the pyruvate kinase-deficient strain was due to a single nuclear mutation, which was designated pyk1, and preliminary genetic mapping experiments located the pyk1 locus on chromosome I, 30 centimorgans from the ade1 locus . Adenine nucleotide levels in the mutant and parental strains were compared when the cells were subjected to various growth and starvation conditions . When carbon supply and energy production were dissociated by supplying the mutant strain with dextrose, adenine nucleotide levels fell dramatically . This result suggests that the initial reactions of glycolysis are not rate limiting, nor are they readily inhibited by feedback controls.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1977 Apr, 63(4), 532 - 8
{Stimulation of the reflex response of the anticoagulant system by intermediate product-1 of prothrombin proteolysis}; Kudriashov BA et al.; Injection of the intermediate 1 of prothrombin proteolysis into the frog's systemic circulation mobilized the anticoagulating and the fibrinolytic potential of the organism . This is not so in frogs with destroyed c.n . s . Electrical activity of the carotid chemoreceptors in considerably higher after perfusion with intermediate 1 of the frog's humorally isolated carotid labyrinth, as well as the total coagulation time, the total fibrinolytic activity, and the non-fermentative fibrinolysis in the systematic circulation . The data obtained suggest that the reflex activation of the physiological anticoagulating system can be induced can be induced by intermediate 1 which has the structure similar to thrombin but no clotting activity.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Apr, 22(4), 312 - 6
{Relationship between the quality of the inoculum material and carminomycin biosynthesis by a culture of Actinomadura carminata}; Gladkikh EG et al.; The effect of the inoculum mycelium quality on carminomycin biosynthesis by Actinomadura carminata was studied . The time of the organism growth on the culture medium containing cornsteep liquor continued for 6 hours without losing by the inoculum of its seeding qualities during that period . The mycelium growth in the inoculum was more intensive under conditions of moderate aeration, i.e . 0.98-2.64 mg O2H1-min . Anincrease in the aeration rate up to 18.56 mg O2/1-min resulted in the growth suppression up to 40 per cent . No correlation between the aeration rate during the inoculum growth and the culture capacity for carminomycin biosynthesis and of the content of the complex in active components the fermentation medium were observed, when a 5-10 per cent of inoculum was used.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Apr, 19(4), 459 - 65
Fermentation of glucose by Acetobacter melanogenus; Stroshane RM et al.; Growing cultures of Acetobacter melanogenus ATCC 9937 concerted D-glucose to 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid with D-gluconic acid and 5-keto-D-gluconic acid as intermediates . The 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid was isolated from the fermented medium by treatment with an anion exchange resin.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Mar 25, 119(12), 397 - 402
{Significance of plaques for the etiology of caries and marginal periodontopathies (author's transl)}; Bossmann K; The genesis of dental caries and marginal periodontopathies has a conclusive connection with dento-gingival plaque . Plaque is a constantly regenerating accumulation of salivary constituents and especially of various oral micoorganisms . Microbial decomposition of sugars from the food produces acids from fermentation which lead to local demineralization of the teeth and carious destruction . Antigenic plaque substances cause immunological reactions . With persistent bad oral hygiene, a gingivitis may develop into a progressive periodontitis with deepened gingival pockets.

Biochem J, 1977 Mar 15, 162(3), 591 - 9
The absorption of protons with alpha-methyl glucoside and alpha-thioethyl glucoside by the yeast N.C.Y.C . 240 . Evidence against the phosphorylation hypothesis; Brocklehurst R et al.; 1 . When yeast N.C.Y.C . 240 was grown with maltose in a complex medium based on yeast extract and peptone, washed cell preparations fermented alpha-methyl glucoside much more slowly than maltose . 2 . The yeast absorbed alpha-methyl{14C}glucoside from a 10mM solution in the presence of antimycin and iodoacetamide, producing {14C}glucose, which accumulated outside the cells . The yeast itself contained hexose phosphates, trehalose, alpha-methyl glucoside and other products labelled with 14C, but no alpha-methyl glucoside phosphate . 3 . About 1 equiv . of protons was absorbed with each equivalent of alpha-methylglucoside, and 1 equiv . of K+ ions left the yeast . 4 . alpha-Thioethyl glucoside was also absorbed along with protons . Studies by g.l.c . showed that the yeast concentrated the compound without metabolizing it . 5 . The presence of trehalose, sucrose, maltose, L-sorbose, glucose or alpha-phenyl glucoside in each case immediately stimulated proton uptake, whereas fructose, 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxyglucose failed to do so . 6 . The observations support the conclusion that alpha-thioethyl glucoside, alpha-methyl glucoside and maltose are substrates of one or more proton symports, whereas they seem inconsistent with the notion that the absorption of alpha-methyl glucoside involves the phosphorylation of the carbohydrate {Van Stevenick (1970) Biochim . Biophys . Acta 203, 376-384}.

Vopr Pitan, 1977 Mar-Apr, (2), 77 - 81
{Determination of folacin in the liver with the use of its enzymes}; Grigor'eva MP et al.; A method of instituting hydrolysis by using enzymes of the examined liver is proposed as an adjunct to the formerly elaborated fluorometric procedure of determining folacin in the liver . The fermentative hydrolysis is conducted in two stages . The purpose of the first of them is to split the combined form of folacin under the effect of the examined liver conjugases; the second stage involves transformation of xanthopterin contained in the liver into leucopterin by xanthinoxidase of the liver . When utilizing enzymes of the examined liver the need for producing and application of the enzymatic preparation made of the pig kidneys falls away, this simplifying the fluorometric determination of folacin in the liver and increasing its accuracy.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 5(3), 378 - 80
Mycoplasma growth inhibition by arginine; Washburn LR et al.; Arginine enhances the growth of nonfermenting mycoplasmas . However, arginine can restrict the growth of glucose-fermenting mycoplasmas and should not be added to media used to cultivate these species.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Mar, 67(3), 269 - 71
Evaluation of the API 20C for identification of yeasts; Zwadyk P Jr et al.; The API 20C reactions were compared with the results of conventional methods for identifying yeasts using 45 strains . There was a 98% (44/45) correlation between the two methods in the identification of the yeasts . Individual fermentation tests ranged from 89 to 100% correlation, with an average agreement of 96.7% . The assimilation tests ranged from 85 to 100% correlation, with an overall agreement of 97.3% . The two methods had 91% agreement for cycloheximide resistance . The results of this limited study indicate that the API 20C may prove to be an acceptable substitute for conventional carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation tests.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Mar-Apr, 46(2), 283 - 7
{Morphofunctional study of the development of Actinomyces aureofaciens under conditions of regulated and unregulated fermentation}; Zaslavskaia PL et al.; Actinomyces aureofaciens producing tetracycline and its inactive proactinomyces-like variant were studied by electron microscopy during their growth under conditions of regulated and non-regulated fermentation . The ultrastructure of the active variant changed: the cell wall and ribosomes underwent modification, amorphous electron-transparent structures appeared, and tubular membrane structures were formed . No changes were found in the inactive variant . When Act . aureofaciens grows in conditions of non-regulated fermentation, it shows rapid disintegration and autolysis; then, wide fragmented hyphae are formed . The morphology of these hyphae is similar to that of spore forming hyphae of the aerial mycelium . Viable hyphae exist for a long time if the active culture grows in conditions of regulated fermentation with periodic addition of nutrient substances . Amorphous electron-transparent structures, apparently of the antibiotic nature, are formed in the hyphae and liberated into the medium.

Vet Med (Praha), 1977 Mar, 22(3), 153 - 60
{Significance of ruminal juice examination in the diagnosis of subclinical rumen dysfunction}; Jagos P et al.; The suitability of the metabolic test of rumen liquor for the diagnosis of subclinical rumen dysfunction was tested . The test for the assessment of the metabolic profile of the rumen included: the determination of pH, total titration acidity in clinical units, lactic acid in mg%, fatty acids in mmol 1-1, ammonia N in mg%, urea N in mg% and the number of infusorians in 1 ml of rumen liquor . This test enabled, on the basis of the examination of rumen liquor, to determine not only the kind and form of the disease but also its cause, with an incomplete clinical syndrome . Therapeutic measures, either direct (in the rumen liquor) or indirect (adjusted monodiet) improved the health condition and provided optimum rumen fermentation of permanent character . The resuption of rumen fermentation also enabled an increased production of fatty acids which favourably influenced the content of butterfat in milk.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Feb 28, 151(1), 49 - 56
Extra-chromosomal inheritance of rhodamine 6G resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Carignani G et al.; Rhodamine 6G was found to be a specific inhibitor of aerobic growth of yeast, having no effect on fermentative growth . A single step spontaneous mutant of S . cerevisiae resistant to rhodamine 6G was isolated, which showed cross-resistance to the ATPase inhibitors venturicidin and triethyltin, to the uncoupler 1799, to bongkrekic acid and to cycloheximide, but not to oligomycin or to the inhibitors of mito chondrial protein synthesis, chloramphenicol and erythromycin . The genetic analysis of this mutant showed that both nuclear and cytoplasmic (but apparently not mitochondrial) factors may be involved in the determination of the mutation . The behaviour is discussed as a possible function for 2 micron circular (omicron) DNA.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Feb 28, 151(1), 95 - 103
Genetics of carbon catabolite repression in Saccharomycess cerevisiae: genes involved in the derepression process; Zimmermann FK et al.; A recessive mutant cat1-1, wild type CAT1, was isolated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . It did not grow on glycerol nor ferment maltose even with fully constitutive, glucose resistant maltase synthesis . It prevented derepression of isocitrate lyase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and maltase in a constitutive but glucose sensitive maltase mutant . Derepression of malate dehydrogenase was retarded and slowed down . Sucrose fermentation and invertase synthesis was not affected . Respiration was normal . From this mutant, two reverse mutants were isolated . One was recessive, acted as a suppressor of cat1-1 and was called cat2-1, wild type CAT2; the other was dominant and allelic to CAT1 and designated CAT1-2d and cat2-1 caused an earlier derepression of enzymes studied but did not affect the repressed nor the fully derepressed enzyme levels . CAT1-2d and cat2-1 did not show any additive effects . It is proposed that carbon catabolite repression acts in two ways . The direct way represses synthesis of sensitive enzymes, during growth on repressing carbon sources whereas the other way regulates the derepression process . After alleviation of carbon catabolite repression, gene CAT1 becomes active and prevents the activity of CAT2 which functions as a repressor of sensitive enzyme synthesis . The CAT2 gene product has to be eliminated before derepression can actually occur . The time required for this causes a delay in derepression after the depletion of a repressible carbon source . cat1-1 cannot block CAT2 activity and therefore, derepression is blocked . cat2-1 is inactive and derepression can start after carbon catabolite repression has ceased . CAT1-2d permanently active as a repressor of CAT2 and eliminates the delay in derepression.

Arch Microbiol, 1977 Feb 4, 112(1), 119 - 22
A new anaerobic, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum (emend.) acetoxidans; Widdel F et al.; A new strictly anaerobic, polarly flagellated, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from anaerobic fresh or sea water mud samples . The oxidation of acetate to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the formation of H2S from sulfate . Ethanol, butanol and butyrate are also used . Hydrogen, lactate or pyruvate are not used as electron donors; organic substances are not fermented . A cytochrome of the b-type and a supposed sulfite reductase, P582, were detected spectrophotometrically . An emended description of the genus Desulfotomaculum is proposed which includes the new bacterium as the species Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Feb, 19(2), 219 - 23
Degradation of polysaccharides by endo- and exoenzymes: dextran-dextranase model systems; Wheatley MA et al.; Experiments were carried out on dextran-dextranase systems to test the prediction of a mechanistic model recently proposed by us, for the synergistic effect of combined exo/endo enzymic action in the degradation of polymeric substrates . Soluble forms of the substrate were used . Preliminary experiments with an insoluble form of the substrate were also carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the analytical techniques to these cases . Molecular weight distributions of the degradation products were determined (by gel-permeation chromatography) and the rates of production of glucose and of other reducing sugars were also measured . It was found that the exodextranase alone had very little effect on the molecular weight distributions compared to a significant shift towards lower molecular weights obtained with the endodextranase which was synergistically enhanced by the action of the combined enzymes . Glucose was produced more rapidly by the exoenzyme compared to the endoenzyme, but combinations of the two enzymes gave a rate enhancement greater than the linear sum of the effects of the two individual enzymes . In comparing the degradation indices and polydispersities of the various degradation products, similar synergistic effects of the combined enzymes in accordance with the theoretical predictions, were observed . The practical implications of these findings to the design of fermentation processes which depend on the action of endo- and exoenzyme mixtures are noted.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 98(2), 569 - 78
A novel pleiotropic mutation in Escherichia coli K12 which affects transduction, transformation and rates of mutation; Stacey KA et al.; A mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12, R2721, has been shown to differ from its parent strain, S491, in four associated phenotypic characters as a result of a single mutation . This strain did not give recombinants with DNA transduced by bacteriophage PI or bacteriophage Mu, nor transformats after exposure to R factor DNA: lysates of bacteriophage PI grown on this strain did not appear to contain any transducing particles when tested on normal recipients . Moreover, the reversion rates, both spontaneous and ultraviolet-induced, for two auxotrophic markers were reduced . The frequency of revertants was at least two orders of magnitude lower in cultures of R2721 than in cultures of S491I . Many of the rare revertants for one or other of the auxotrophic markers were found to have regained normal reversion frequencies for the other marker and for the capacity to be transduced . In all other respects, recombination in R2721 appeared normal, the frequency of chromosomal mobilization by and F' factor was unaffected and normal yields of recombinants were obtained from matings with Hfr strains . The only circumstance in which transduction of R2721 was observed was when the capacity to ferment galactose was selected and PI had been grown on a strain carrying lambdadgal when, presumably, integration was effected by the phage-coded gene products . The mutation has been located on the E . coli chromosone map between tonA and pro and has been given the symbol tdi (transduction inhibition) . Double mutants, (tdi recA) and (tdi recB), have been isolated and show no unexpected properties.

Angew Parasitol, 1977 Feb, 18(1), 41 - 8
{The origin of histological changes in amebiasis}; Candreviotis N; On microscopic examination of histological specimens from an autopsy case with severe amoebiasis, extensive ulcerative-necrotic lesions in the colon were found associated with an amoebic peritonitis and severe degenerative lesions of the ganglion-cells of the plexus myentericus induced by Entamoeba histolytica . There was also an infiltration of a mesenteric lymphnode by amoebae carried by the lymph through the vasa afferentiae lymphaticae . In the liver several granulomas (amoebic granulomas) and numerous small necrotic areas, surrounded by a dense leucocytic infiltration, were observed . The origin of the lesions in the colon could be attributed to the motility of the amoebae and the secretion of lytic substances (ferments) by the amoebae, whereas the lesions in the liver (amoebic granulomas and necrotic areas) must be considered as the residues of the destroyed amoebae which were brought by the circulation into the liver parenchyma . These lesions are similar to those seen in experimentally produced amoebiasis.

J Parasitol, 1977 Feb, 63(1), 123 - 9
The carbohydrate metabolism of Brugia pahangi microfilariae; Rew RS et al.; Evidence is presented that the microfilariae of Litomosoides carinii, Dipetalonema viteae and Brugia pahangi have an aerobic requirement for motility, but possibly not for survival . In addition, the data suggest that in an in vitro anaerobic environment, B . pahangi microfilariae ferment glucose only as far as lactate . In an aerobic environment, however, the data are consistent with a portion of glucose being dissimilated via a one step oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate formed from glycolysis to acetate and CO2 . In addition, a low level of complete oxidation, possibly via a tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway, may be occurring . Finally, if B . pahangi microfilariae are immobilized with levamisole in an aerobic atmosphere, the drug appears to alter the aerobic glucose metabolism of the parasite both qualitatively and quantitatively . A decreased glucose utilization occurs, together with a shift to a more nearly homolactate fermentation . It is suggested that the effects of levamisole on the metabolism of the microfilariid are secondary to the observed paralysis.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1977 Feb, 70(2), 119 - 22
{Significance of enzyme-histochemical examinations in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma}; Gorski J et al.; With the help of literary data is reported on the results of the ferment histochemistry and its significance in the recognition of the biological behaviour of a tumour achieved during the experimental cancerogenesis . At the same time the value of this method in diagnosing the prostatic carcinoma is emphasized, taking into consideration the investigations carried out already on the prostate gland.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 33(2), 257 - 61
Effect of culture conditions on synthesis of L-asparaginase by Escherichia coli A-1; Barnes WR et al.; The nutritional requirements and culture conditions affecting biosynthesis of L-asparaginase in a mutant of Escherichia coli HAP designated strain A-1 were studied . Asparaginase activity was increased by the addition of L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, or commercial-grade monosodium glutamate . The rate of enzyme synthesis was dependent on the interaction between the pH of the culture and the amount of oxygen dissolved in the medium . A critical oxygen transfer rate essential for asparaginase formation was identified, and a fermentation procedure is described in which enzyme synthesis is controlled by aeration rate . Enhancement of L-asparaginase activity by monosodium glutamate was inhibited by the presence of glucose, culture pH, chloramphenicol, and oxygen dissolved in the fermentation medium.

J Chromatogr, 1977 Jan 21, 131, 191 - 203
Separation of gentamicin C-complex into five components by Craig distribution; Byrne KM et al.; A gentamicin C-complex preparation was separated preparatively into five components by Craig distribution . Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1a were the major components, whereas components C2a and C2b represented only 4% of the total C-complex mixture . Paper chromatographic analysis showed that the gentamicin C2b separated by Craig distribution was identical with a gentamicin isolated from Micromonospora purpurea var . JI-33 fermentation broth and identified as 6'-N-methylgentamicin C1a . Similarly, component C2a was identical with a previously separated gentamicin component tentatively identified as the 6'-C epimer of gentamicin C2.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1977 Jan 15, 32(2), 23 - 6
{Standard methods of blood group serology--state and trends of development}; Brandstadter W; The notion of transfusion serology comprises also serologic examinations in connection with transfusions of thrombocytes and leucocytes . The minimum demands of serological methods in the German Pharmacopoeia 7 (DAB 7) obligatory nowadays before transfusions of full blood and concentrates of erythrocytes should be changed and enlarged as follows: Obligatory carrying-through of the bed-side-test, inclusion of the ferment- and/or Coombs-test as major test into the cross typing, abolition of the minor test . In connection with the transfusions of leucocytes and thrombocytes determinations of the HLA-antibodies and cross typings are practicable in the institutions of the transfusion service . Transfusion must principally be striven for, taking into consideration the HLA-typing, but at present it is only limitedly possible . The search for donors among relations by blood increases the chances of the serological compatibility . Necessity and scale of an "emergency serology" still need discussion . Optimum haemotherapy is possible only then, when clinics and transfusion service work together in very close coordination.

Arch Microbiol, 1977 Jan 11, 111(3), 239 - 44
Synthesis, storage and degradation of polyglucose in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum; Sirevag R et al.; Cultures of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum form polyglucose during growth . The polyglucose is laid down within the cells as rosette-like granules, which are made up from smaller grains . The size of each granule appears to be limited to less than 30 nm, since an increase in polyglucose content leads to more granules being formed rather than an increase in granule size . The polyglucose in washed cells is fermented in the dark to acetate, propionate, caproate and succinate, of which acetate by far comprises the largest fraction (68%) . During incubation of washed cells without hydrogen donor, the level of polyglucose decreases regardless of whether the cells are incubated in the dark or in the light . Since the products formed from polyglucose under the two different conditions are not the same, it is suggested that polyglucose in the dark serves as an energy source, whereas when in the light the role of polyglucose is mainly to provide the cell with reducing power.

Mol Gen Genet, 1977 Jan 7, 150(1), 107 - 8
Effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylgucoside fermentation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae; Khan NA et al.; Several hundred petite mutants were isolated from yeast strains of different genotype to examine the effect of the petite mutation on maltose and alpha-methylglucoside fermentation . In most cases petite mutants isolated retain the ability to ferment maltose and alpha-methylglucoside, although at a slower rate . In one strain (1403-7A), however, the ability to ferment alpha-methylglucoside is completely lost in all petite mutants isolated from this strain . It is suggested that mitochondrial factors may be involved in the utilization of alpha-methylglucoside in strain 1403-7A.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(5), 347 - 52
{Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes . X . Biological degradation of paromomycin and alkaline phosphatase activity depending on antibiotic production by Streptomyces albus var . metamycinus nov . var.}; Liebermann B et al.; After adding 14C-paromomycin to the fermentation broth we observed a varying course of decomposition of the antibiotic, which is dependent on the intensity of paromomycin biosynthesis running simultaneously . At a reduced rate of antibiotic biosynthesis, the activity of alkaline phosphatase is lower than with an increased rate of production . This applies for mycelium as well as for broth.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1977, 22(5), 373 - 5
Biochemical dehydrogenations of saccharides . IX . D-lyxo-5-hexulosonic acid from D-mannose by Acetomonas oxydans fermentation; Kulhanek M et al.; Fermentation of nutrient media by a selected strain of Acetomonas oxydans with a continuous pH control gave D-lyxo-5-hexulosonate in the form of a calcium or potassium salt with a yield equal to 95% of theory . The media contained up to 20 g D-mannose per 100 ml and a small amount of a readily assimilated monosaccharide.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1977, 22(4), 295 - 7
5-Deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose originating from 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucitol by fermentation with Acetomonas oxydans; Kulhanek M et al.; Using fermentation with a selected strain of Acetomonas oxydans it was possible to convert 2-deoxy-2-fluro-D-glucitol to 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-L-sorbose, in agreement with Bertrand's and Hudson's rule . The last-named compound was isolated in a yield of 88% . Both compounds were little toxic against Acetomonas oxydans.

Polim Med, 1977, 7(1), 27 - 55
{Modification of the properties of drugs combined with polymers . II.}; Virnik AD et al.; In the second part of the paper there have been discussed the works on modification of drugs properties when coupled with polymers in terms of covalent links . It was proved on a number of cases that chemical bonds of specified drugs and polymers allows to increase the durability and effective action of these remedies, to decrease the toxicity, to increase the solubility and immunity against ferments and, moreover, enable the advantageous disposal of these substances in particular organs.

Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jan-Feb, 46(1), 155 - 60
{Ultrastructural changes in the mycelia of Actinomyces hygroscopicus var . var . enhygrus--a proteolytic enzyme producer--during submerged fermentation}; Kuimova TF et al.; Ultrastructural changes were found to occur in the mycelium of Actinomyces hygroscopicus, strain 33x, which produced an exocellular proteolytic enzyme during submerged fermentation, in both laboratory and semiindustrial conditions (in 100-1 fermenters) . In the course of the enzyme accumulation, numerous vacuoles appeared in the hyphae, some hyphae became wider, and the cell walls were more loose . The greatest structural changes were found in the intracytoplasmic membrane systems . The ultrastructural changes of the mycelium are not presumably connected with the accumulation of the enzyme, but are the result of the differentiation of cellular structures during aging of the cells and their transition to the stage of autolysis.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 17 - 21
{Oxygen demand of an Actinomyces rimosus culture dependent on the composition of the medium}; Oblozhko LS et al.; Consumption of oxygen by Act . rimosus depending on the medium composition was studied . It was shown that the level of dissolved oxygen in the fermentation broth decreased as the level of carbohydrates in the fermentor increased from 6 to 7.5 per cent . Under such conditions oxytetracycline biosynthesis appeared to be limited by oxygen and the maximum level of the antibiotic was not attained . A 2-fold increase in the concentration of the medium components resulted in an almost 2-fold increase of the biomass, while the potency level increased only by 54 per cent . The oxygen deficiency lowered the mycelium productivity with respect to the antibiotic biosynthesis to a greater extent that the rate of the culture growth.

Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 7 - 12
Interactions between mycoplasma pneumoniae and the first components of complement; Bredt W et al.; Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells were rounded and killed by fresh guinea pig serum (GPS) which did not contain detectable amounts of antibody . The first component of complement (C1) was bound by M . pneumoniae in considerable amounts from both GPS and purified C1 . The C1 bound by the cells was reacting with C4 . Sequential addition of C1, C4, C2, and C-ethylenediaminetetraacetate to glass-grown M . pneumoniae cells resulted in rounding of a significant number of cells . M . orale and M . fermentans showed a reduced binding capacity for C1 as compared with M . pneumoniae . Both species were only slowly killed by fresh GPS, whereas M . hominis was as sensitive as M . pneumoniae . The results suggest an antibody-independent interaction between some components of the membrane surface of M . pneumoniae and C1, resulting in an activation of the complement system leading to the killing of the mycoplasma cells.

Microbios, 1977, 19(75), 27 - 35
Effects of addition of chloramphenicol on the growth and ultrastructure of Streptomyces venezuelae; Bewick MW et al.; The effects of adding chloramphenicol before inoculation and during exponential growth of Streptomyces venezuelae (3022a) in fermentors were studied . The responses of the organism during synthesis of chloramphenicol (in a glycerol-serine-lactate medium) were compared with those in media supporting less (glycerol-nutrient broth-yeast extract) or no synthesis (glucosemineral salts) . In systems where little or no synthesis of the chloramphenicol occurred, addition of the antibiotic induced micromorphological and ultrastructural abnormalities similar to those reported for sensitive bacteria . There was also an increase in the frequency of mesosomes and electron-light areas . It was suggested that the former may be associated with activity of chloramphenicol hydrolase and the latter with storage and/or excretion of the breakdown product; N-acetyl p-nitro-phenylserinol . When chloramphenicol synthesis occurred, addition of the antibiotic had less effect on the micromorphology or ultrastructure of S . venezuelae as permeability barriers to external chloramphenicol had been established . Electron-light areas were frequent, possibly being associated with storage and excretion of precursors of chloramphenicol.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(7), 648 - 54
Studies on protein production by yeasts . IV . Incremental feeding modulus; El-Sawy M et al.; S . cerevisiae Gr . 104 which seemed to be the most efficient strain in protein production, was used for investigating its optimum incremental feeding modulus that gives the highest economical yield . Therefore, different hourly rates of incremental feeding, ranging from 1.14 to 1.22, were used and the yeast yield for each rate was determined . Experiments were carried out in a laboratory fermentor vessel of 5 liter capacity, using molasses, ammonium sulphate, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate as feeding substances with optimum pH, temperature, and effective aeration . The optimum incremental feeding for this strain (which is the rate of molasses feeding corresponding to the exponential growth rate) was found to be 1.18 . At this rate the best economical use of the substrate was obtained with the production of yield, close to the theoretically calculated yield.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1977, 43(3-4), 341 - 50
The taxonomy of Penicillium species from fermented cheeses; Samson RA et al.; The taxonomy of the Penicillium camberti and P . roqueforti series is re-investigated . P . caseicolum Bainier is regarded as a synonym of P . camemberti Thom on the basis of morphological characters . P . casei Staub is considered to be identical with P . verrucosm Dierckx var . cyclopium (Westling) Samson, Stolk et Hadlok . Descriptions and illustrations of P . camemberti and P . roqueforti Thom are given . The occurrence and mycotoxin production of both species are shortly discussed.

Ann Rech Vet, 1977, 8(2), 105 - 10
Magnesium absorption in the caecum of rats related to volatile fatty acids production; Rayssiguier Y et al.; Rats were fed with a semi-synthetic diet with or without raw potato starch . (The level of minerals was the same in the two diets.) Because of its special structure raw potato starch was not attacked by rat enzymes . The rats fed on the raw potato starch diet showed increase in caecal weight . The increase in caecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) and decrease in pH were evidence of increased microbial fermentation from the presence of substrate in the caecum . There was also an increase in the arteriovenous difference in VFA and Mg in the caecum . Nutritional balance study was performed and confirmed the better Mg absorption in rats fed on the raw potato starch diet . The lower parts of the digestive tract seem to play an important role in Mg absorption and further studies on the relations between caecal volume, pH, VFA, microbial activity and Mg absorption are necessary.

Nahrung, 1977, 21(1), 69 - 78
{Production of yeast biomasses from starch}; Thi Son N et al.; The well known fodder yeasts do not accumulate extracellular amylolytic enzymes and are therefore unable to utilize starches for the production of microbial biomasses . Some of the Endomycopsis yeasts produce glucoamylase but their specific growth rate is so small that continuous cultivation in starch containing media results in low productivites . In the "Symba-process" this drawback is overcome by a twostage fermentation process . In the first stage only Endomycopsis fibuliger yeasts are continuously cultivated and in the second stage the main part of the starch containing medium is converted to microbial biomasses by a mixed culture consisting of fodder yeasts (p.a . Candida utilis) and Endomycopsis fibuliger transferred continously from the first stage . In this work methods for evaluating conditions of cultivation of such a process are presented and a two stage continuous fermentation of a starch containing medium is performed . In the second stage with a dilution rate of D Y 0,174 h-1 a productivity of 1,7 g dry biomasses/1-h was attained Methods for improving the productivity are discussed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1977, 132(2), 117 - 22
Effect of media composition on the penicillin production; El-Marsafy M et al.; The conventional penicillin fermentation medium is composed of corn steep liquor, glucose, lactose, minerals, oil, and precursor . The penicillin activity was not affected, due to the addition of carbonate 0-1% or whale oil 0.5% instead of 1% . Also the omission of cupric, magnesium, manganese, zinc sulphates, and acetic acid did not affect the penicillin activity, while the omission of ammonium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate decreased the penicillin activity in the medium . The penicillin activity of a medium containing 2% calcium superphosphate was higher than that of the control medium, containing 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1% calcium carbonate . Instead of adding the precursor twice, after 0 and 48 hrs, the addition of phenylacetamide in the amount of 0.2%, at the start, did not affect the activity, while addition of phenylacetic acid (0.2%), at the start, decreased the penicillin activity . The omission of the precursors in the medium decreased the penicillin activity measured microbiologically, however, 6-aminopenicillanic acid content was relatively higher as compared with that of the control medium, containing precursor . These results were confirmed, using iodometric assay and paper chromatographic analysis.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1977, 31(4-6), 685 - 91
Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage; Cole RJ et al.; Results are presented which show that Aspergillus fumigatus was one of the predominant fungi contaminating moldy silage . Growth of A . fumigatus on silage appeared to depend on a preliminary aerobic fermentation by other natural microflora in silage . The clavine alkaloid, fumigaclavine A, and a new clavine alkaloid designated fumigaclavine C were produced by A . fumigatus . The LD50 of fumigaclavine C was approximately 150 mg/kg oral dose in day-old cockerels.

Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(8), 87 - 90
{Biochemical and serological studies of the E . coli strains isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis}; Mekhandzhiiska L et al.; Studies were serologically and biochemically a total of 17 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from mastitis-affected cows in the districts of Sofia, Varna, and Plovidiv . Demonstrated were the serogroups 0125, 0111, 086, 025, 026, 055, and 0128, which were pathogenic for humans too . Via the milk they were shown to reach both newborn animals and children and to cause severely expressed colienteritis . All investigated strains attacked glucose and manite, reduced nitrates into nitrites, and gave a positive reaction with methyl red but did not ferment starch, insulin, sucrose, and maltose; neither did they produce hydrogen sulfide and liquefaction of gelatin . They gave a negative Voges-Proscauer reaction . Single strains were negative with regard to lactose and indole, and the strains' activity with regard to sorbite, inosite and adonite varied.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977, 237(2-3), 189 - 95
Transfer of invertase production from a wild strain of Escherichia coli; Shinebaum R et al.; A wild type strain of E . coli which produced an invertase capable of hydrolysing sucrose and raffinose transmitted this ability at high frequency to a recipient strain . E . coli C . The ability to ferment both sucrose and raffinose was lost both in the wild type parent and recombinant strains by treatment with ethidium bromide.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1977, 22(2), 128 - 33
Physical properties of microbial suspensions . II . Properties of microbial suspensions and their supernatants during fermentation conditions; Rudis M et al.; Physical properties of suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Escherichia coli (density, viscosity and surface tension) were measured in synthetic suspensions formed of centrifuged biomass and supernatants from various stages of batch cultivation in the range from 0 to 10% w/v for yeasts and from 0 to 0.25% w/v for bacteria . Surface tension was also measured in native suspensions in the range of 0 less than or equal to Cm less than or equal to 2.0% w/v . All single cell suspensions were found to be Newtonian in behaviour . Densities strictly obey the mixing law, viscosities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suspensions were correlated by an empirical relation in dependence of Cm and t, surface tensions were correlated graphically for suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, since experiments with both microorganisms have shown that the previously published approximate correlation can safely be used.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 Jan, 19(1), 55 - 67
Computer-aided material balancing for prediction of fermentation parameters; Cooney CL et al.; Despite the importance of biomass as a parameter in fermentation processes, there are no commercially available sensors suitable for its measurement . An indirect approach for the assessment of biomass concentration can be based on material balances and on the direct monitoring of fermentation parameters for which there are established sensors (e.g., gaseous oxygen and carbon dioxide) . As a consequence, this method requires no assumption of cellular yield coefficients or rate constants . This approach is also readily adaptable to general use since it requires only some knowledge of the compositions of the substrate, cells, and noncellular products.

J Dairy Sci, 1977 Jan, 60(1), 1 - 15
Gluconeogenesis in cattle: significance and methodology; Young JW; Gluconeogenesis is a continual process that is of great importance in ruminants because almost all dietary carbohydrates are fermented to volatile fatty acids in the rumen . In turn, propionate is the only major volatile fatty acid that contributes to gluconeogenesis . Many different techniques and analytical procedures are involved in studying ruminant gluconeogenesis . Glucose kinetics can be examined by single-injection or continuous-infusion isotope dilution techniques with a variety of glucose labels . Correcting for recycling of label is an important consideration . Absorption of glucose from the gut can be measured by combining arterial-venous differences and flow rates of portal blood or can be estimated by determining the amount of glucose plus alpha-glucose polymers passing into the small intestine . Production of propionate in the ruminoreticulum can be measured by isotope dilution techniques . Quantitating the conversion of propionate to glucose requires the use of {carbon-14}propionate with careful corrections for propionate carbon entering the citric acid cycle before incorporation into glucose; The same fundamental techniques used with propionate are required to quantitate the contributions of amino acids and other precursors to glucose . In vitro studies of gluconeogenic enzymes, and cellular, tissue, or organ preparations provide valuable insights into the gluconeogenic processes and controls but must be validated by in vivo experiments . Progress has been considerable in understanding some aspects of ruminant gluconeogenesis, but many more studies will be required to obtain a complete understanding.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1977 Jan, 60(1), 100 - 3
Stability of patulin to sulfur dioxide and to yeast fermentation; Burroughs LF; The affinity of patulin for sulfur dioxide (SO2) is much less than was previously reported and is of little significance at the SO2 concentrations (below 200 ppm) used in the processing of apple juice and cider . However, at concentrations of 2000 ppm SO2 and 15 ppm patulin, combination was 90% complete in 2 days . Removal of SO2 liberated only part of the patulin, which suggests that 2 mechanisms are involved: one reversible (opening the hemiacetal ring) and one irreversible (SO2 addition at the double bond) . Test with 2 yeasts used in English commercial cider making confirmed that patulin is effectively removed during yeast fermentation.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1977, 32(5 Suppl 1), S36 - 42
{Metabolic behavior of disaccharide alcohols and related substances}; Siebert G et al.; The present study suggests that part of the digestion of disaccharide alcohols is due to microbic processes, primarily in the cecum . The utilization of sorbitol and palatinitol by endogenous metabolic systems seems to be restricted insofar as these substances become accessible to the intestinal flora . Interim products of the bacterial fermentation are likely to be utilized by the host organism.

Biochimie, 1977, 59(1), 79 - 84
Thermosensitive respiratory deficiency in yeast associated with specific effects on particulate cytochrome oxidase; Bex F et al.; A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, unable to grow at the expense of non fermentable carbon sources at 37 degrees C, has been selected; at 25 degrees C the mutant strain behaves like the parental wild strain . Evaluations of respiration rates during aerobic growth at restrictive temperature on one hand, enzymatic and/or spectral evaluations of the individual components of the respiratory chain on the other hand show that the respiratory deficiency is specifically correlated with a reduced level of cytochrome oxidase . The decrease of enzyme activity is the direct consequence of a lowering of hemoprotein (a,a3) concentration . Temperature-activity relationship of cytochrome oxidase elaborated at the permissive temperature by the mutant strain is modified as far as the particulate enzyme is concerned, but no difference is observed after partial solubilization of the enzyme by non ionic surfactant . Genetic analysis shows that the mutant phenotype results from a nuclear gene mutation.

Antibiotiki, 1977 Jan, 22(1), 25 - 8
{Effect of Actinomyces rimosus ribonuclease on the reproduction of viruses}; Batalina TA et al.; Antiviral activity of RNA-ase isolated from the fermentation broth of Actinomyces rimosus was studied . The effect of the enzyme on multiplication of the viruses of vesicular stomatitis, Newcastle and cariolovaccine diseases was investigated . It was found that the enzyme was capable of suppressing reproduction of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the culture of chick fibroblast cells . The suppression level directly depended on the enzyme concentration and decreased with an increase in the infection multiplicity . The enzyme had no effect on multiplication of other viruses tested . RNA-ase decreased the infectious properties of the freshly isolated virus-containing material in concentrations showing the antiviral effect . Preliminary incubation of the cells with the enzyme resulted in suppression of the plaque formation by VSV . The RNA synthesis in such cultures treated with RNA-ase was somewhat lower . It was shown that the antiviral effect of RNA=ase was connected with its enzymic activity . RNA-ase has no antiviral effect in the experiments with mice infected with VSV.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(1), 51 - 6
{Physiology and biochemistry of streptomycetes . VIII . Esterase activity and production of turimycin in cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599}; Reuter G et al.; Esterase in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599 has a temperature-optimum of 35 degrees C, a pH-optimum with p-nitrophenylacetate as substrate at pH 7.7--8.1, with alpha-naphthylacetate at pH 7--9 . Michaelis constants in cell-free extracts: with alpha-naphthylacetate Km = = 0.71 mM, with p-nitrophenylacetate Km = 0.21 mM . Phenylesters were better hydrolyzed than naphthylesters, phenylacetate was best hydrolyzed; beta-naphthylacetate was better hydrolyzed than alpha-naphthylacetate . Among the naphthylesters the ester of propionic acid was hydrolyzed best . Caprylate, stearate, and 0,0-diethyl-0-(p-nitrophenyl)-phosphate inhibit the splitting of alpha-naphthylacetate . A comparison with esterases of other biological origin shows that the enzyme studied can be a carboxylesterase (E.C.3.1.1.1.) . In cultures of JA 6599 V13 and JA 6599-6 the change of esterase activity during the fermentation was determined . We found a carrelation between the enzymatic activity and the antibiotic-concentration in the culture medium.

Nahrung, 1977, 21(2), 125 - 30
Isolation of amylolytic system of Aspergillus oryzae by sorption on DEAHP amylum; Skachova H et al.; Conditions of effective sorption of amylolytic enzyme from a solution or from fermentative liquid on DEAHP amylum were studied . Isolating action is in a direct dependence on the relation between activity and amount of DEAHP amylum, the curve of this dependence was illustrated . The enzyme can be released by elution or adsorbate can be used in a pulverised from . In the conclusion of the work laboratory isolation technique is described.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1977, 22(1), 47 - 54
The fermentative production of oxytetracycline on industrial by-products by Streptomyces rimosus 12907; Abou-Zeid AA et al.; Three strains of Streptomyces rimosus were grown on four different media . The one suitable for the production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12907 was modified by black strap molasses, fodder yeast (40% total protein) and rice bran . The volume of the fermentation medium was sealed up in a 1200-litre fermentor aerated with sterile air obtained from a system used in the purification of air . 850 g crude oxytetracycline was obtained when the fermented medium (700 litres) was extracted with 1-butanol.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1976 Dec 31, 162(4), 401 - 6
{Gaschromatographic determination of ingredients in fermentated beverages v . quantitative gaschromatographic determination of anthocyanes and anthocyanides in red wine (author's transl)}; Drawert F et al.; After special preparation of several red wines, anthocyanidines like pelargonidine, delphinidine, cyanidine, paeonidine, malvidine and petunidine as well as their 3,5-glucosides have been determined quantitatively with high accuracy by gas chromatography.

Pflugers Arch, 1976 Dec 28, 367(2), 165 - 8
Elimination of vasopressin by the normal and the damaged liver . Experiments on unanaesthetized normal and thiocetamide treated rats with a note on the influence of ethanol; Aziz O et al.; Arginine vasopressin was infused into the V . portae and into the V . cava of unanesthetized rats in water diuresis . The differential antidiuretic response of the same animal to these infusions was used to calculate extraction fraction of ADH by the liver . In the normal rat no extraction was detected . The liver of rats hydrated with 5% ethanol extracted 10% and that of rats treated with thioacetamide extracted 60% of the ADH infused into the portal vein . It is postulated that disturbances of liver cell function by narcotics and substances causing liver damage may liberate ADH-destroying ferments into the blood.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Dec 22, 149(3), 311 - 22
On the formation of rho- petites in yeast . I . Multifactorial mitochondrial crosses (rho+ X rho+) involving a mutation conferring temperature-sensitivity of rho factor stability; Schweyen RJ et al.; The inheritance of an extrakaryotic mutation conferring temperature-sensitive growth on non-fermentable substrates and a high frequency of mutation to rho- has been studied . Multifactorial crosses (rho+ X rho+) involving this mutation TS8 and mitochondrial mutations conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, oligomycin or paromomycin revealed: a) Mutation TS8 is localized on the mitDNA, referring to a new gene locus TSM1 . b) Locus TSM1 appears to be weakly linked to the locus PAR1 and to the loci RIB1 and RIB3 but unlinked to the locus OLI1 . c) The position of TSM1 is between PAR1 and the two closely linked loci RIB1 and RIB3, OLI1 is outside and not linked to the segment PAR-TSM-RIB . d) Mutation TS8 does not significantly influence the process of mitochondrial recombination and its control by the mitochondrial locus omega.

Med J Aust, 1976 Dec 18-25, 2(25-26), 929 - 36
A case of manslaughter by heat-stroke; Macpherson RK; In the course of his treatment by a herbalist who had undertaken to cure his disability, a mildly spastic retarded four-year-old child was immersed in a heap of fermenting horse manure for 40 minutes . He was unconscious when removed and died two days later despite intensive care in a children's hospital . When medical aid was sought a false history was given and the true nature of the child's illness, heat stroke, was not determined until after death . The herbalist was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

Experientia, 1976 Dec 15, 32(12), 1526 - 7
Heterozygous effects on cell yield and generation time in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Lucchetti E et al.; The data obtained analyzing generation time, cell yield and their variability in different culture media in diploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrate the existence of a biochemically determined heterotic effect, that could be of some relevance for the study of yeast population genetics, as well as for the improvement of microbial fermentation processes.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Dec, 21(12), 1062 - 5
{Effect of aeration conditions on the biosynthesis of carminomycin by an actinomadura carminata culture}; Kochetkova GV et al.; The effect of the aeration rate on biosynthesis of carminomycin by Actinomadura carminata and biochemical changes in the fermentation broth on the use of 3 complex media of different composition was studied . The carminomycin-producing organism can grow and produce the antibiotic within the ranges of the aeration changes from 0.98 to 18.56 mgO2/1-min . A decrease in the maximum rate of oxygen dissolution up to 0.98 mgO2/1-min resulted in some decrease in the activity level . Intensive aeration, i.e . 18.56 mgO2/1-min induced suppression of the antibiotic production by 25 per cent.

Arch Tierernahr, 1976 Dec, 26(12), 857 - 63
{The effect of straw in ground and pelleted form on the rumen fermentation and protozoa}; Piatkowski B et al.; Cows possessing a large ruminal fistula were fed straw meal and pelleted wheat straw to investigate its effect on ruminal fermentation (concentration of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (FFS), pH, molar proportions of FFS, rates of FFS production) and on the protozoa population . The straw-concentrate mixture used in the present trial contained 40% of straw . The feeding of pelleted straw produced a significant rise in FFS concentrations (from 8.8 . to 12.3 mMole/100 ml) and a corresponding decline of pH (from 6.7 to 6.1) . With high molar proportions of acetate (72 mole%) the influence of the straw diet on molar FFS proportions was low . The NH3 peak observed 1 hr after feeding was higher with the pelleted straw than with the straw meal . The feeding of finely gound straw produced a higher level of FFS production (by 10%) than that of straw pellets . (3.88 and 4.29 mMole per gm DM) . The number of protozoa (per ml of ruminal fluid) was 335,000 (straw meal) and 121,833 (pellets) . The number of large infusorial cells (Isotricha, Diplodinium, Ophryoscolex) decreased correspondingly from 70,000 (straw meal) to 18,870 per ml (pellets) . These results suggest that the feeding of pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures to cows as sole feed will not bring about optimum conditions for ruminal fermentation (FFS formation, protein synthesis) and for the layering of ruminal contents.

Arch Tierernahr, 1976 Dec, 26(12), 839 - 48
{The effect of addition of formic acid to the rations on the energy metabolism of sheep and young bulls}; Wittenburg H et al.; Total metabolism trials were carried out with 8 fattening bulls and 4 male sheep receiving rations supplemented with formic acid . Comparative trials were performed with lucerne conservates . The following results were obtained: Formic acid supplements of up to 0.7 gm/kg liveweight per animal/day did not influence the ruminal fermentation and the digestibility of the food beyond ordinary dissimilation processes nor did they influence the energy turnover in the animals . Already in the rumen, the added HCOOH was largely broken down into CO2 and CH4 . Higher levels of N retention were observed if the animals were fed fresh lucerne silage supplemented with formic acid as compared with dried green feed and the other types of silage.

Nord Vet Med, 1976 Dec, 28(12), 615 - 7
The occurrence of cyanide in certain smoked meat products; Pekkanen TJ et al.; Fifteen samples of smoked reindeer meat, two samples of smoked mutton from Iceland and five samples of smoked salamitype fermented sausage were analysed for their cyanide (CN) content by a steam distillation method . The mean cyanide content of the smoked reindeer meat was found to be 1.38 +/- 1.01 mg CH/kg, range 0.27--4.27 mg/kg . The two smoked mutton samples, contained 1.93 and 1.78 mg CN/kg and the mean cyanide content of the five Salami samples was found to be 0.19 +/- 0.13 mg CH/kg, range 0.06--0.40 mg/kg . The toxicological aspects of the findings are discussed, with special reference to the possible effects of nitrate and nitrite in the products.

Biomed Mass Spectrom, 1976 Dec, 3(6), 272 - 7
The structure of narasin and a related ionophore; Occolowitz JL et al.; Using electron impact and field desorption mass spectrometry, structures are proposed for narasin and a related ionophore, A28086B, derived from fermentation . The ionic fragmentation of these compounds and their derivatives is discussed and compared with that of salinomycin, whose structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Dec, 18(12), 1713 - 8
A simple device for stationary cultivation of microorganisms; Kybal J et al.; A new device is designed that is suitable for both laboratory- and industrial-scale cultivation of microorganisms, particularly filamentous fungi, on the surface of liquid media . The device reliably ensures the sterility of cultivation, regardless of its duration . Its installation costs are relatively low and maximum production is reached per unit of installation space . In comparison with submerged cultures in fermentors, the proposed mode does not use a high consumption of energy for stirring and aeration (consequently, the duration of cultivation is not an economically relevant factor) and does not require maintenance of complicated equipment . Due to the building and construction of the technological equipment, the production plant is capable of very fast expansion and, when the need arises of very fast and economical liquidation.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 145 - 60
Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 unable to use fumarate as an anaerobic electron acceptor; Lambden PR et al.; Mutants of Escherichia coli K12 strain WGAS-GF+/LF+ were selected for their inability to use fumarate as terminal electron acceptor for supporting growth on glycerol or lactate in an atmosphere of H2 plus 5% CO2 . Eighty-three mutants were grouped into seven different categories according to their ability to grow on different media and their ability to produce gas during glucose fermentation . Enzymological and genetic studies indicated that the major class (type I), representing nearly 70% of the isolates, lacked fumarate reductase and corresponded to the frdA mutants studied previously (Spencer & Guest, 1973, 1974) . Members of a second class (type II) were phenotypically similar to men mutants, blocked in menaquinone biosynthesis . They differed from menA mutants in having lesions in the 44 to 51 min region of the chromosome rather than at 87 min . It was concluded that fumarate reductase and menaquinone are essential for anaerobic growth when fumarate serves as electron acceptor but not when nitrate performs this function . Fumarate reductase and menaquinone are also essential for H2-dependent growth on fumarate . Type III mutants, originally frdB, were designated fnr because they were defective in fumarate and nitrate reduction and impaired in their ability to produce gas . The fnr gene was located at 28-5 min by its cotransducibility with pyrF (5-7 to 9-2%) and trpA (2-7 to 5-7%) and the gene order fnr-qmeA-pyrF-trpA was established . It was not possible to assign specific metabolic lesions to the fnr mutants nor to the remaining classes, which all exhibited pleiotropic phenotypes . Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that functional or organizational relationships exist between the fumarate reductase system, nitrate reduction and hydrogen production.

Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med, 1976 Dec, 30(6), 501 - 9
Photodynamic action of thiopyronine on the respiration and fermentation in yeast; Nishiyama-Watanabe S; The efficiency of photodynamic treatment with thiopyronine (TP) on the respiration and fermentation of yeast cells, on the metabolic oxygen uptake of isolated mitochondrial preparations from yeast, and on the enzyme activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in vivo and in vitro were studied . Respiration was inactivated by treatment with TP and visible light more at the initial stage than was the fermentation . Isolated mitochondria and ADH in vitro were not as sensitive to treatment as were respiration and fermentation in vivo . Inactivation patterns of respiration and fermentation in vivo showed that the inactivation was not due to damage to the DNA . The hindrance of respiration and fermentation might be one of main causes of cell-death resulting from photodynamic treatment.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Dec, 128(3), 730 - 4
Homoazasterol-mediated inhibition of yeast sterol biosynthesis; Bailey RB et al.; A naturally occurring azasterol has been shown to inhibit sterol transmethylation in both in vitro and in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The inhibition was competitive, with a calculated dissociation constant of 43 muM . The compound prevented the accumulation of ergosterol in aerobically adapting cells . Cultures forced to gain energy by respiration were found to be much more sensitive to growth inhibition by the azasterol than those cells fermenting glucose . The growth inhibition is reversible at low concentrations of the azasterol.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1976 Nov 24, 162(3), 279 - 84
{Biosynthesis of aroma compounds by microorganisms II . Formation of sulphur containing flavour substances from methionine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (author's transl)}; Schreier P et al.; Using methionine as single nitrogen source 3-(methylthio)-1-propanol, 3-(methylthio)-propanal, 3-(methylthio)-propylacetate and 2-methylthiophan-3-one were formed in anaerobic model fermentations by Saccharomyces cerebisiae . The sulphur compounds were enriched by liquid-liquid extraction and detected by a selective flame photometric detector (FPD) . The identities of the components were confirmed by mass spectrometry . It could be shown by quantitative determiniations that methionine was metabolized with 56--61% to 3-(methylthio)=1-propanol, when it was given to the medium in concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/1 . 3-(methylthio)-propylacetuate, 3-(methylthio)-propanal, and 2-methylthiophan-3-one only could be detected in traces.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Nov 2, 110(23), 145 - 7
Heterotrophic micro- and macrocultures of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium; Wolk CP et al.; Anabaena variabilis can be cloned in the dark from fragments with one and few cells, with an efficiency of about 40%, on the nitrogen-free medium of Allen and Arnon solidified with 0.5% agarose and supplemented with 5 mM fructose . The organism can be grown exponentially (tau2 approximately or equal to 36 h) in fermentor cultures in the dark, fixing N2, to a density of greater than 10 g dry weight/l.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Nov, 21(11), 971 - 3
{Study of the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activity of Act . noursei}; Pobedinskii NA et al.; Activity of aldolase and threosophosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Act . noursei, strain 153 and its inactive mutant 149 was studied comparatively . The enzyme activity of the inactive mutant was investigated in the absence of the antibiotic production and under conditions of reduced biosynthesis of nystatin in this strain after addition of the fermentation broth filtrate of the inactive mutant 369 to the medium . The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathway in the active strain 153 of Act . noursei was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant 149 . The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathways increased and reached the level of the enzyme of the active mutant . The high level of the enzyme activity of the hexosomonophosphate glycolysis pathway is probably one of the necessary conditions for nystatin production.

CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1976 Nov, 8(2), 191 - 228
Enzymes of Penicillium roqueforti involved in the biosynthesis of cheese flavor; Kinsella JE et al.; The ripening of blue and Roquefort cheeses is accomplished by the concerted and controlled actions of enzymes of the mold Penicillium roqueforti . The properties and effects of the enzymes involved in flavor development (i.e., proteases, lipase and beta-ketoacid decarboxylase) are reviewed . The metabolic activities of both spores and mycelia of P . roqueforti in relation to fatty acid metabolism and flavor generation are discussed . The chemical composition of blue cheese flavor and the simulation of this flavor by fermentation and formulation are briefly surveyed . Some nutritional aspects of blue cheese are cited.

Fiziol Zh SSSR Im I M Sechenova, 1976 Nov, 62(11), 1684 - 90
{Enzymatic processes and chemical composition of the cecal contents of swine fed carbohydrates from different plants}; Slivitskii MG; A considerable amount of low-molecular acids (14.5-18.2 meqv/100 ml) is formed in the coecum in consequence of fermentation of cellulose, starch, and other components of chyme with microflora . The total concentration and molecular per cent ratio of the acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids depended on the composition of the carbohydrate ration.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Oct 18, 148(2), 199 - 204
Thermal inactivation of maltase and its application to temperature-sensitive mutants of yeast; Eaton NR et al.; Three maltases have been detected in each of a variety of strains of Saccharomyces . These are present in constant relative amounts in a particular strain and are characterized by reproducible first order thermal decay constants . Four of six mutants, temperature-sensitive for maltose fermentation, lack the maltase of intermediate stability . This deficiency appears to be the basis of the temperature sensitivity, and it is concluded that these strains carry a mutation in the structural gene for that maltase.

Mol Gen Genet, 1976 Oct 18, 148(2), 205 - 11
The role of mitochondria in carbon catabolite repression in yeast; Haussmann P et al.; The role of mitochondria in carbon catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated by comparing normal, respiratory competent (RHO) strains with their mitochondrially inherited, respiratory deficient mutant derivatives (rho) . Formation of maltase and invertase was used as an indicator system for the effect of carbon catabolite repression on carbon catabolic reactions . Fermentation rates for glucose, maltose and sucrose were the same in RHO and rho strains . Specific activities of maltase and invertase were usually higher in the rho-mutants . A very pronounced difference in invertase levels was observed when cells were grown on maltose; rho-mutants had around 30 times more invertase than their RHO parent strains . The fact that rho-mutants were much less sensitive to carbon catabolite repression of invertase synthesis than their RHO parents was used to search for the mitochondrial factor(s) or function(s) involved in carbon catabolite repression . A possible metabolic influence of mitochondria on this system of regulation was tested after growth of RHO strains under anaerobic conditions (no respiration nor oxidative phosphorylation), in the presence of KCN (respiration inhibited), dinitrophenol (uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation) and of both inhibitors anaerobic conditions and dinitrophenol had no effect on the extent of invertase repression . KCN reduced the degree of repression but not to the level found in rho-mutants . A combination of both inhibitors gave the same results as with KCN alone . Erythromycin and chloramphenicol were used as specific inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis . Erythromycin prevented the formation of mitochondrial respiratory systems but did not induce rho-mutants under the conditions used . However, repression of invertase was as strong as in the absence of the inhibitor . Chloramphenicol led only to a slight reduction of the respiratory systems and did not affect invertase levels . A combination of both antibiotics had about the same effect as growth in the presence of KCN . The results showed that mitochondria are involved in carbon catabolite repression and they cause an increase in the degree of repression . These effects cannot be due to mere metabolic activities nor to factors made on the mitochondrial protein synthesizing machinery . This regulatory role of mitochondria is observed as long as an intact mitochondrial genome is maintained.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Oct 11, 110(1), 3 - 12
Desulfuromonas acetoxidans gen . nov . and sp . nov., a new anaerobic, sulfur-reducing, acetate-oxidizing bacterium; Pfennig N et al.; Anaerobic sea or fresh water media with acetate and elemental sulfur yielded enrichments of a new type of strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, laterally flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium . Three pure culture-strains from different sulfide-containing sea water sources were characterized in detail and are described as a new genus and species Desulfuromonas acetoxidans . The new bacterium is unable to ferment organic substances; it obtains energy for growth by anaerobic sulfur respiration . Acetate, ethanol or propanol can serve as carbon and energy source for growth; their oxidation to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the reduction of elemental sulfur to sulfide . Organic disulfide compounds, malate or fumarate are the only other electron acceptors used . Butanol and pyruvate are used in the presence of malate only; no other organic compounds are utilized . Biotin is required as a growth factor . The following dry weight yields per mole of substrate are obtained: in the presence of sulfur: 4.21 g on acetate, 9.77 g on ethanol; in the presence of malate: 16.5 g on acetate, 34.2 g on ethanol and 46.2 g on pyruvate . Accumulations of cells are pink; cell suspensions exhibit absorption spectra resembling those of c-type cytochromes (abs . max . at 419, 523 and 553 nm) . Malate-ethanol grown cells contain a b-type cytochrome in addition . In the presence of acetate, ethanol or propanol, Desulfuromonas strains form robust growing syntrophic mixed cultures with phototrophic green sulfur bacteria.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Oct, 29(10), 1015 - 8
A new antibiotic XK-90 I . Taxonomy of the producing organism, fermentation, isolation and physicochemical and biological properties; Takasawa S et al.; A new antibiotic XK-90 is produced by Streptomyces sp . MK-90 and is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria . The taxonomy of the organism, fermentation, isolation and physiochemical and biological properties are described.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Oct, 18(10), 1371 - 92
Application of dynamic calorimetry for monitoring fermentation processes; Mou DG et al.; The rate of heat evolution (kcal/liter-hr) in mycelial fermentations for novobiocin and cellulase production with media containing noncellular solids was measured by an in situ dynamic calorimetric procedure . Thermal data so obtained have proved significant both in monitoring cell concentration during the trophophase (growth phase) and in serving as a physiological variable in the fermentation process . The validity of this technique has been demonstrated by closing the overall material and energy balances . The maintenance energy in a batch fermentation can be calculated by integrating heat evolution data . This integration method is applicable to a fermentation lacking a precise cell growth curve . The maintenance coefficient, obtained for the novobiocin fermentation by Streptomyces niveus, is equal to 0.028 g glucose equivalent/g cell-hr . The production of novobiocin in the idiophase (production phase) also correlates well with the amount of energy catabolized for maintenance and this results in an observed conversion yield of glucose to novobiocin of 11.8 mg of novobiocin produced per gram of glucose catabolized . A new physiological variable, kilocalories of heat evolved per millimole of oxygen consumed, has been proposed to monitor the state of cells during the fermentation . This method may provide a simple way to monitor on-line shifts in the efficiency of cell respiration and changes in growth yields during a microbial process.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 32(4), 623 - 32
Morphological and physiological characteristics of Gemmiger formicilis isolated from chicken ceca; Salanitro JP et al.; Morphological and physiological studies were made on chicken cecal isolates of the strictly anaerobic bacterial species Gemmiger formicilis . Structural features (phase-contrast and electron microscopy) of these microorganisms indicate they (i) are highly pleomorphic, (ii) possess a trilaminar cell wall like gram-negative bacteria, (iii) exhibit an unusual growth process characterized by polar swelling (resembling budding bacteria), and (iv) grow into elongated cells when exposed to a subinhibitory concentration of penicillin . The morphological data presented suggest that this species has a rod-shaped structure . These bacteria ferment a variety of sugars to produce formic, butyric, and lactic acids . There appear to be two groups of Gemmiger, one producing primarily lactate and the other producing formate as major fermentation metabolites . Growth of six strains in a basal medium, consisting of Trypticase, minerals, carbohydrate, Na2CO3 buffer, and cysteine as reducing agent, was stimulated by rumen fluid and yeast extract . Volatile fatty acids partially replaced the requirement for rumen fluid with some strains . Single deletions of vitamins (from a defined vitamin mixture) indicated that pantothenate, riboflavin, and thiamine were highly stimulatory to growth of the organism in a medium containing rumen fluid and Trypticase as source of vitamins . Other vitamin requirements were not studied.

J Cell Biol, 1976 Oct, 71(1), 123 - 35
Environmentally induced changes in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis yeast; Damsky CH; The effects of culture environment on the volume density and surface density of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum in a facultative yeast were studied . When compared with cells grown aerobically on a nonrepressive substrate, cells grown in the absence of oxygen showed a sharp reduction in both volume density of mitochondria and surface density of the inner mitochondrial membrane (imm) in the remaining mitochondrial profiles . Use of fermentable (repressive) substrates under aerobic conditions restricted the volume density of mitochondria to a much greater extent than the surface density of imm . The range of mitochondrial volume densities in these experiments was 4-11% . Surface density of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was sensitive to growth rate and in particular to changes in oxygen tension, showing large fluctuations during both anaerobic and aerobic adaptation . These fluctuations in ER are discussed in relation to the known role of this organelle in lipid metabolism.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Oct, 18(10), 1433 - 43
Automatic membrane-filtration system for the "on-demand" supply of large volumes of sterile medium in continuous culture; Larsen VF et al.; The construction and use of an automated membrane filtration system is described which produces 300 liters per day of sterile medium over at least four months of continuous fermentation . The capacity of the system is limited only by choice of filter type and has applications in continuous pilot plant work or medium-scale batch fermentation, in the bulk supply of communally used laboratory medium, in supplying banks of small-scale continuous fermentors, and for remote control of medium supply in hazardous fermentations (e.g., methane) with great savings in time and materials . Only two sterile storage jars are needed, irrespective of the total demand for the medium.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Oct, 59(10), 1769 - 75
Responses of rumen microflora to high-concentrate low-roughage diets containing whey products; Metzger VL et al.; After 3 wk on a standardization ration of alfalfa hay and corn silage ad libitum and concentrate at 1 kg/3 kg milk, 15 lactating Holstein cows were fed 2.3 kg hay/day and one of five concentrate rations ad libitum for a 6-wk experiment . Cows were returned to the standardization ration after the experimental period . Concentrate rations during experimental period were: 1) control, 2) 14% dried whole whey, 3) 5.9% high mineral whey product, 4) 11.8% demineralized whey product, and 5) 9.8% lactose . Ration 3 contained the same amount of minerals from whey as ration 2 while rations 4 and 5 contained the same amounts of lactose as ration 2 . Whey products replaced portions of corn and soybean meal in the rations . Total protozoa numbers in rumen contents averaged 1.8 X 105 /ml and were not different among times although they tended to be less during the experimental period on ration 4 . Dasytricba decreased on rations 1, 2, and 4, while trends in numbers of Isotricha, Entodinium, and Diplodinium were not consistent . Only a few Ophryscolex were in a couple of the rumen samples . Bacterial numbers increased from 4.0 X 109/ml during standardization to 5.8 X 109/ml during the high-grain period, then returned to 3.8 X 109/ml in the post-experimental period . The number of lactose fermenters increased on all diets containing whey or whey products but not on the control diet . No differences in numbers of starch digesters were detected between times or among experimental rations because of large variations in numbers . Numbers of proteolytic organisms were not different among experimental rations but were generally lower during the post-experimental period.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 32(4), 603 - 9
Isoelectric focusing of mycoplasma proteins; Sayed IA et al.; Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing (PAGIF) in thin layer was used to resolve proteins of Mycoplasma spp., Acholeplasma spp., and eight strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-strain) . A mixture of urea, Triton X-100, and dithioerythritol was used to solubilize sonically disrupted cells . PAGIF was performed in the range of pH 3 to 10 . Protein patterns were carefully compared, demonstrating resolved and distinguishable species-specific protein bands . The eight serotypes of U . urealyticum (T-strain) gave identical protein patterns in the pH 3 to 10 range . The characteristic "fingerprints" of a species appeared to correlate with the biochemical nature and not the habitat in each case . Arginine-hydrolyzing species seemed to show more diverse focusing than those that ferment glucose, or prefer an acid environment . Characterization and identification of highly resolved species-specific proteins, ease of performance, and reproducibility of this method suggest that PAGIF might be employed as a taxonomic aid.

J Bacteriol, 1976 Oct, 128(1), 99 - 104
Transport of vitamin B12 in Escherichia coli: energy dependence; Bradbeer C et al.; This paper presents some evidence that the osmotic shock-sensitive, energy-dependent transfer of vitamin B12 from outer membrane receptor sites into the interior of cells of Escherichia coli requires an energized inner membrane, without obligatory intermediation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) . The experiments measured the effects of glucose, D-lactate, anaerobiosis, arsenate, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol upon the rates of B12 transport by starved cells of E . coli KBT001, which possesses a functional Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca,MgATPase), and of E . coli AN120, which lacks this enzyme . Both strains were able to utilize glucose and D-lactate aerobically to potentiate B12 transport, indicating that the Ca,MgATPase was not essential for this process . When respiratory electron transport was blocked, either by cyanide or by anaerobic conditions, and the primary source of energy for the cells was presumably ATP from glucose fermentation, the rate of B12 transport was much reduced in E . coli AN120 but not in E.coli KBT001 . These results support the view that the CaMgATPase can play a role in B12 transport but only when the energy for this process must be derived from ATP . The results of experiments with arsenate also supported the conclusion that the generation of phosphate bond energy was not absolutely required for B12 transport.

Mol Cell Biochem, 1976 Sep 30, 12(3), 161 - 9
Regulation of the level of yeasts citrate synthase by oxygen availability; Nunez de castro I et al.; The activity of yeasts citrate synthase in cells grown under different hypoxic conditions has been investigated . A linear relationship between the citrate synthase activity and the respiratory capacity of the cells has been found . When Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown on fermentable substrates the activity decreased as the concentration of sugars in the medium increased . The enzyme of the yeast Rhodoturula showed a high activity in spite of the existence of high sugar concentration in the culture medium . Neither feed-back repression by glutamate nor feed-forward induction by ammonia has been found in bakers' yeast . The results suggest that the regulation of the enzyme by oxygen availability takes place by the ""de novo'' synthesis of the enzyme.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Sep 13, 440(3), 661 - 74
Energy metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae discrepancy between ATP balance and known metabolic functions; Lagunas R; The contribution of metabolic pathways to the catabolism of glucose, galactose and ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in aerobiosis has been studied . The results suggest that: 1 . Of the total ATP formed in catabolism yeast obtain as much as 60% from ethylic fermentation during logarithmic growth on glucose . However, about 80% of ATP is formed in oxidation of galactose . Oxidation seems to be the only important catabolic pathway of ethanol . 2 . The ratios between growth yield and ATP formed in catabolism were approx . 9, 7 and 3 g dry yeast/mol ATP in glucose, galactose and ethanol cultures, respectively . 3 . The balance between ATP produced in catabolism of substrates and the requirements of ATP for the biosynthesis of cellular material indicates that as much as 60% of ATP is spent in functions other than net biosynthesis . 4 . The rate of ATP expenditure in non net-biosynthetic functions during growth was approx . 20 mmol/g dry yeast per h . 5 . In conditions in which no growth occurred but cell viability was maintained, that is, in the absence of exogenous carbon and nitrogen source, the ATP production rate was approx . 1 mmol ATP/g dry yeast per h . 6 . These results indicate that the ATP required for maintaining the yeast alive, what would be considered maintenance energy "sensu stricto", is only a minor proportion of the ATP spent in non net-biosynthetic functions during growth . The identification of the processes related to growth which spend more energy than that required for net biosynthesis could lead to important insights in cell biology.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Sep, 29(9), 902 - 6
High performance liquid chromatography of natural products . I . Separation of cephalosporin C derivatives and cephalosporin antibiotics;isolation of cephalosporin C from fermentation broth; Miller RD et al.; Microbonded propylamine silica with a solvent system containing acetic acid, methanol, acetonitrile and water (2:4:7.5:86.5) is suitable for an efficient separation of mixtures containing several closely related cephem derivatives . The same system with preparative columns was used for the isolation of cephalosporin C directly from the filtered broth of C . acremonium fermentation.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Sep, 29(9), 870 - 5
Herbicidins A and B, two new antibiotics with herbicidal activity II . Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical characterization; Haneishi T et al.; Herbicidins were produced in submerged fermentation by Streptomyces sagonomensis . Isolation of the antibiotics from the culture broth was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous acetone . Herbicidins A and B were separated from each other by counter-current distribution on a Ronor column or by silica gel chromatography . Physico-chemical characterization revealed that herbicidins are new antibiotics having an adenine nucleoside moiety in their structures.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Sep, 134(3), 224 - 9
Morphology, ultrastructure, and mode of division of Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma orale, and Mycoplasma salivarium; Furness G et al.; The morphology of viable Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma orale types 1 and 2, and Mycoplasma salivarium was studied in broth cultures by interference microscopy and in thin sections by electron microscopy . Only spherical cells were seen by interference microscopy . M . hominis had a capsule-like outer layer . Except for M . orale type 1, mycoplasmas in thin sections were 0.3-1 mum in diameter, with a bounding trilaminar membrane 7.5-10 nm thick . The mycoplasmas contained DNA fibrils and randomly distributed ribosomes . No polyribosomes were seen . Dividing mycoplasmas elongated slightly; the membrane invaginated, forming one bud . Sometimes M . hominis and M . salivarium produced one bud by elongation, and the bud was attached by a tube . This method of division is not considered as characteristic but rather as due to centrifugal force separating unfixed cells during preparation for electron microscopy . Cross-septa were never observed . In thin sections M . orale type 1 was elongated and without buds, an observation which suggested that preparation for electron microscopy distorted the mycoplasmas.

Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Sep, 18(9), 1315 - 23
Utilization of cellulosic materials through enzymatic hydrolysis . II . Preliminary assessment of an integrated processing scheme; Wilke CR et al.; An integrated processing scheme is described for the conversion of a celluosic waste (newsprint) to sugrsa by enzymatic hydrolysis and then to ethanol and yeast by fermentation . The unconverted solids are burned to produce process energy requirements and surplus electrical power . Preliminary designs and cost studies are developed to provide a rough perspective on the potential economic feasibility of this method of cellulose utilization.

Br J Nutr, 1976 Sep, 36(2), 199 - 209
Nitrogen metabolism in calves . Effect of giving different amounts of dietary casein with and without formaldehyde treatment; Williams AP et al.; I . Calves were given a basal diet of straw and flaked maize (12 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM)) or diets with some flaked maize replaced by untreated (UT) casein or formaldehyde-treated (FT) casein to give 19, 29 or 34 g N/kg DM . 2 . At all intakes rumen ammonia concentrations were lower and amounts of total-N, non-ammonia-N and amino acid-N entering the duodenum were high when FT-rather the UT-casein supplements were given . 3 . Direct measurement of casein entering the duodenum indicated that giving FT rather than UT casein led to much greater amounts of dietary casein escaping degradation in the rumen (70--90% compared to 10--20%) . Calculated values for fermentable N indicated that with this low degradability diets containing FT-casein would have provided inadequate N for maximum microbial synthesis in the rumen, and this probably accounted for the marked reduction in amounts of non-casein-N entering the duodenum when FT rather than UT casein was given . 4 . Amino acid patterns in duodenal digesta samples after giving the basal diet or diets containing UT-casein were similar . Giving diets containing FT-casein led to changes in this pattern which could sometimes, although not always, be accounted for by estimated differences in proportions of dietary and microbial proteins . 5 . At the highest level of N intake FT-casein-supplemented diets led to significantly higher concentrations of most essential amino acids and lower concentrations of most non-essential amino acids in plasma than did UT-casein-supplemented diets . Plasma urea concentrations increased with increasing N intake but were not significantly different for UT- and FT-casein-supplemented diets.

Arch Microbiol, 1976 Sep 1, 109(3), 319 - 20
{Mixed cultures of heterotrophic, sulfate-reducing and sulfur phototrophic bacteria (author's transl)}; Matheron R et al.; In mixed cultures, carbon and electron sources for Desulfovibrio desulfuricans are excreted by Escherichia coli from glucose fermentation . Desulfovibrio produces substrates for Chlorobium strain.

Nord Vet Med, 1976 Sep, 28(9), 417 - 29
Differences between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from neonatal E . coli diarrhoea (N.C.D.) and post weaning diarrhoea (P.W.D.) in pigs; Larsen JL; Significant differences have been proved between strains of E . coli isolated from neonatal E . coli diarrhoea (N.C.D.) and post weaning diarrhoea (P.W.D.) . The biochemical differences were pronounced in the criteria sucrose, dulcitol, adonitol and urease when comparing the total number of strains from the two syndromes . However, adonitol positive strains were only found among strains of the serogroup O 149:K91(B) of which all the N.C.D. . strains were positive and only 8 of the 86 P.W.D . strains were adonitol fermenters . The dominant fermentation pattern of the N.C.D . strains were sucrose--, dulcitol--, urease-- . Contrary the P.W.D . strains were sucrose +, dulcitol +, and 56.6 per cent urease + (Table III) . In the possible plasmid determined characters significant differences were found in the ability to produce the K88 antigen and the colicins . The K88 antigen was demonstrated in 97.9 per cent of the N.C.D . strains and 6.2 per cent of the P.W.D . strains whereas 40.6 and 79.6% respectively were colicinogenic . In the serogroup O 149:K91(B) 90.7% of the P.W.D . strains and 47.6% of the N.C.D . strains produced colicins (Table V) . The impairment of these features in the pathogenesis of neonatal E . coli diarrhoea, post weaning diarrhoea and the possible causality of the domination of the serogroup O 149:K91(B) is discussed . Furthermore it seems justified to relate the syndrome designation to the serotype of porcine enteropathogenic E . coli strains as it will be difficult to compare strains described from different research workers.

J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 96(1), 51 - 62
The regulation of diaminopimelate decarboxylase activity in Escherichia coli strain w; White PJ; Activity of diaminopimelate decarboxylase in Escherichia coli strain W, growing in an aerated fermenter, was only slightly (14%) repressed by 2 mM-lysine when approximately equimolar diaminopimelate was present in the medium . Lysine alone caused 78% repression . Diaminopimelate did not interfere with uptake of lysine by growing organisms . Organisms grown in medium containing diaminopimelate, without lysine, had a decarboxylase activity 24% higher than organisms from minimal medium . The extent of repression by pyridoxine (56% when added to minimal medium) was decreased (to 31%) when diaminopimelate was also present in the medium . A diaminopimelate-requiring mutant, with limited ability to take up diaminopimelate, formed almost three times less diaminopimelate decarboxylase than did a diaminopimelate-requiring second-stage mutant that had an increased rate of transport of this amino acid . The internal concentration of diaminopimelate thus probably regulates the activity of the decarboxylase by induction . Lysine might not directly repress the enzyme but might give an apparent repression by restricting the biosynthesis of diaminopimelate . This restriction is probably not caused only by inhibition or repression of aspartokinase . Lysine and threonine together, though not singly, almost completely inhibited aspartokinase in vitro but caused less apparent repression of diaminopimelate decarboxylase than did lysine alone . Lysine plus diaminopimelate strongly repressed the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase (85%) without much affecting diaminopimelate decarboxylase formation, and pyridoxine repressed the decarboxylase without affecting aspartokinase.

Farmakol Toksikol, 1976 Sep-Oct, 39(5), 619 - 22
{Functional-morphological state of the digestive organs after administration of dianabol}; Narodetskaia RV et al.; In tests set up on rats the effect of methandrostenolone on the external secretion of the liver, fermentative activity of the pancreatic tissue and histological and hisochemical findings subsequent to an investigation of internal organs were studied . Introduction of methandrostenolone led to changes in bilification and to a reduced concentration basic components of the bile, to a distinctly pronounced rise in the level of the trypsin inhibitor and to a depressed activity of trypsin in the pancreatic tissue . It also resulted in a change of histochemical and fermentative indices in the tissue of the liver, spleen and other organs.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 32(3), 381 - 7
Factors affecting production of mold mycelium and protein in synthetic media; Graham DC et al.; The effects of certain cultural conditions on the yield of dry mycelium, protein, and total amino acid content of Rhizopus oligosporus Saito (NRRL 2710), Rhizopus rhizopodiformis (Cohn apud Lichtheim) Zopf (NRRL 6246), and Absidia corymbifera (Cohn) Sacc . et Trotter (NRRL 6247) were studied . The yield of mycelium was found to significantly increase as the spore inoculum was increased from 187,500 to 2,250,000 spores . But the total amino acids (grams/liter) did not change significantly, whereas the percentage of crude protein decreased . An inoculum containing approximately 750,000 spores/ml was used in all of the other experiments . Mycelial production was highest at 37 degrees C for all three molds . However, the best temperature for percentage of crude protein and total amino acids varied with the organism . The mycelial yield and total crude protein of R . oligosporus showed some significant changes as the C/N ratio was increased in 3% glucose medium . In a synthetic medium having a 15:1 C/N ratio, the strains of R . oligosporus, R . rhizopodiformis, and A . corymbifera had better yields from falactose than glucose, not only in dry mycelium but also in total crude protein (grams/liter) and total amino acids (grams/liter) . R . oligosporus grew very well on several ammonium salts . but the maximum yield of dry mycelium, total crude protein (grams/liter), and total amino acids (grams/liter) occurred with ammonium sulfate . The optimum pH for both Rhizopus species was 4.0, although R . oligosporus grew equally well at pH 3.0 and slightly less at pH 5.0 . The highest yield of mycelium for A . corymbifera was obtained in a medium with an initial pH of 8.0 . It was calculated that a fermenter chanrged with an adequate medium and 1,000 lb (about 450 kg) of R . oligosporus or A . corymbifera cells could produce 88 or 90 lb of protein (on a dry-weight basis) per h if the product was removed continuously.

Br Poult Sci, 1976 Sep, 17(5), 499 - 507
Composition of crop and gizzard contents in the laying hen; Mongin P; Crop and gizzard contents were analysed at six stages of egg formation . 2 . The crop was empty during the day and full during the night while the gizzard contained a constant amount of dry matter . The water content of the crop did not change but that of the gizzard was at a minimum just after the ovulation and at a maximum 18 h later . 3 . The osmotic pressure of the gizzard contents remained constant and close to that of the blood; that of the crop contents was almost isotonic at oviposition but hypertonic 18 h later . In both organs the pH of the liquid phase varied cyclicly with the egg formation and was lowest during egg shell deposition . 4 . The Na+, K+ and Cl- contents of the crop liquid phase did not vary but Ca2+ increased with decreasing pH.Na+ and K+ were also constant in the gizzard liquid phase but Cl- and Ca2+ increased during shell formation . 5 . It is concluded that the amount of HCl secreted by the proventiculus is related to egg shell deposition and that calcium solubilisation depends on microbial fermentation in crop and HCl secretion by proventriculus.

Orig Life, 1976 Aug, 7(3), 235 - 8
The palirrhotrophic origin of energy metabolism; Ycas JW; It is proposed that the earliest cellular organisms relied upon a novel type of energy transduction termed palirrhotrophy, which generates a high-energy "currency" chemiosmotically by exploiting the rhythmic variations in salinity which occur in the estuarine environment . Calculations based on estimates of contemporary chemiosmotic transduction efficiency suggest that such a mechanism could produce usable energy in high yield . The minimum polypeptide requirement for palirrhotrophy compares favorably with that of a fermentative pathway . It is suggested that palirrhotrophic organisms exist today but are difficult to detect.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Aug, 29(8), 804 - 8
Deisovalerylblastmycin produced by Streptomyces SP; Ishiyama T et al.; A new antifungal antibiotic was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . 5140-A1 . Degradation studies of the crystalline antibiotic, m.p . 186 approximately 188 degrees C, C21H28O8N2, suggested Piricularia oryzae and less toxicity against killfish than antimycin A--blastmycin antibiotics.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Aug, 29(8), 797 - 803
Production of quinoline-2-methanol and quinoline-2-methanol acetate by a new species of Kitasatoa Kitasato griseophaeus; Omura S et al.; Two metabolites have been isolated from the fermentation broth of a new species of Kitasatoa, Kitasatoa griseophaeus . These alkaloids have been identified as quinoline-2-methanol and quinoline-2-methanol acetate . The former exhibits hypoglycemic activity in the rat.

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1976 Aug, 22 SUPPL, 7 - 12
Reactivation mechanisms of thiamine with thermostable factors; Murata K et al.; It was observed, in vitro, that the water extract of the fermented-tea customarily chewed by Thai people has a similar thermostable thiamine-inactivating factor to that found in the water extract of fern . It was also observed that the percentage of thiamine disulfide formed from thiamine with some flavones, catechol, pyrogallol, caffeic acid, dihydroxyphenylalanine, and hemin is greater at pH 7.5 than at pH 7.0 . With some flavonoids, such as quercetin, rutin, and 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone, and pyrogallol, hemin, catechol and caffeic acid at pH 7.5, around 30-100% of thiamine is changed into thiamine disulfide . Water extract of shiitake, okra, coffee, black tea and fukinoto have only weak activities of thermostable thiamine-inactivating factors as a large percentage of thiamine disulfide is formed from thiamine even at pH 7.0 . 2-Methyl-4-amino-5-aminomethylpyrimidine was isolated from the reaction mixture of 1 g thiamine with 20 mg catechol (1:0.5 mole) at pH 7.0, 45 degrees C, and identified with the synthesized pyrimidine.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1083 - 92
The citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger: regulation by zinc of growth and acidogenesis; Wold WS et al.; The citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger is divided into two consecutive phases, a growth phase when the cells proliferate but do not accumulate citrate, followed by an accumulating phase when they produce citrate but do not proliferate, or else do so at a much reduced rate . When studied in a low sucrose (0.4-0.8%) mpinimal salts medium the growth-accumulation alternative was controlled by the concentration of zinc: high zinc (about 1-2 muM) maintained growth phase, while at low zinc (below 1 muM) growth became limited by zinc deficiency and the cultures passed into accumulating phase . Addition of zinc to accumulating cultures resulted in their reversion to growth phase . Iron, manganese, calcium at concentrations as high as 5-10 muM had no influence on either growth or citrate accumulation . These results suggest that zinc plays a role in the regulation of growth and citric acid accumulation.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1065 - 71
{Metabolic activity of Candida lipolytica adsorbed to bentonite with hydrophobic chains}; Pareilleux A et al.; The respiration of Candida lipolytica on n-tetradecane is decreased in the presence of bentonite . This inhibition is less pronounced by the introduction of hydrophobic chains on the bentonite . Oxygen demand of resting cells varies with the length of hydrophobic chains . In fermentor, addition of adsorbant does not stimulate growth, but assimilation of n-tetradecane is enhanced with certain concentrations of the adsorbant . On glucose, addition of hydrophobic chains on the adsorbant does not change the effects of bentonite on exogenous respiration and substrate assimilation.

J Dairy Sci, 1976 Aug, 59(8), 1444 - 51
Factors influencing rumen fermentation: effect of hydrogen on formation of propionate; Schulman MD et al.; The effect of hydrogen on fermentation of lactate, pyruvate, fumarate, and succinate by resting rumen microorganisms has been investigated . Under an atmosphere of nitrogen, lactate was fermented to yield acetate as the major product (85 to 100 mole %) and propionate (0 to 17 mole %) and butyrate (0 to 3%) as secondary products . Under hydrogen, there was increased formation of both propionate and total volatile fatty acids . The amount of propionate increased 4 to 8 times and total volatile fatty acids 2.5 to 3.2 times . Propionate formation was proportional to the hydrogen concentration and reached a maximum at a partial pressure of hydrogen of .2 N/m2 . With {2-carbon-14} lactate, propionate was formed via the dicarboxylic acid pathway under both nitrogen or hydrogen . Hydrogen did not affect significantly the fermentation of pyruvate or succinate . With fumarate under hydrogen, propionate and total volatile fatty acids increased 6.8 and 2 times while acetate was unchanged . The mechanism by which hydrogen exerts these effects is discussed in relation to the role of methanogenesis in the rumen.

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1976 Aug, 8(3), 137 - 46
Caprine pneumonia . II . Biochemical characterisation and serological identification of mycoplasmas; Ojo MO; Thirty strains Mycoplasma isolated from pneumonic lungs of goats were chracterised biochemically and serologically . On the basis of biochemical characteristics, the strains were divided into three groups . (A) Eighteen strains which fermented glucose and mannose, digested serum and reduced tetrazolium, (B) 10 strains which reduced tetrazolium, formed "film and spots" and possessed phosphatase activity and (C) two strains which catabolised arginine only . Serologically group A strains were identified as M . mycoides subspecies, group B strains could not be fully identified but on the basis of immunofluorescence and biochemical reactions were put in the M . agalactiae subspecies; there are to be further investigated . Group C strains were identified as M . arginini.

Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Aug, 26(4), 566 - 72
Transmission of enteritis in the Syrian hamster; Amend NK et al.; Twenty-six of 39 Syrian hamsters obtained by this laboratory from a pet supplier had enteritis and showed signs of "wet tail." An enteritis was reproduced in healthy hamsters by oral inoculation of homogenized ilea and jejuna from the diseased hamsters . The most characteristic pathologicfeatures were a variably enlarged distal jejunum and ileum and granulomatous lesions in the ileal subserosal wall . Histologic findings included a greatly hyperplastic jejunal and ileal mucosa that frequently contained submucosal accumulations of inflammatory cells . Often mucosal glands extended into these areas . The gross and histologic lesions produced were identical to those described in proliferative ileitis . Bacterial cultures from infected tissues consistently grew a slow lactose-fermenting Escherichia coli . Although diarrhea could be produced by oral inoculation of the organism, the typical morphologic lesions were not produced.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 22(8), 1093 - 101
Regulation by zinc and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate of growth and citric acid accumulation in Aspergillus niger; Wold WS et al.; The citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger is divided into two consecutive phases, growth phase when the cells proliferate but do not accumulate citrate, followed by an accumulating phase when they excrete citrate but do not proliferate . The phase alternative was controlled by the concentration of zinc: high zinc (2 muM) maintained growth phase, and a zinc 'deficiency' apparently signaled the ransition to the accumulating phase . Cyclic AMP affected the rates of growth and acidogenesis when added to cultures growing at low but not at high zinc: that is, cAMP did not induce the phase transition, zinc deficiency did, Cyclic AMP enhanced growth early in the fermentation, but at later stages the response of the mycelia to cAMP changed, and then cAMP inhibited growth . When citrate eventually began to accumulate cAMP augmented its sypthesis . The growth and acidogenic responses were quite specific to cAMP, and were sensitive to concentrations of about 1 muM . Cyclic AMP also either promoted or retarded the appearance of an unidentified yellow pigment . It is proposed that the growth and accumulating phases are distinct differentiated states, at least with respect to cAMP metabolism.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1976 Aug, 60(8), 1069 - 80
Lower plants as a source of anticancer drugs; Douros JD; The NCI's antineoplastic fermentation program is reviewed . Clinically useful antitumor antibiotics are discussed in terms of their activity, mechanism of action, and the producing microbe.

Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 685 - 8
{Determination of rifamycin B activity in culture liquids and in preparations with varying degrees of purity}; Makarova RA et al.; A possibility of using the biological method of rifamycin B activity determination in the fermentation broth and dry preparations of various purity levels was studied . It was found that the biological method was useful only for determination of rifamycin B activity in preparations containing not less than 850 gamma/mg of the main product . When the activity of rifamycin B was determined in the fermentation broth and crude preparations containing less than 800 gamma/mg of the main product, the results of the biological assay were always higher as compared to those of spectrophotometrical estimation . It was accounted for the effect of other rifamycin types possessing high biological activity.

J Periodontol, 1976 Jul, 47(7), 398 - 404
The relationship between cemental caries, oral hygiene status and fermentable carbohydrate intake; Hix JO et al.; Two groups of patients were evaluated for the presence of active, restored, and recurrent root surface caries . One group of 120 subjects had received treatment for moderate to severe periodontitis . The second group consisted of 124 subjects who were affected by moderate to severe periodontitis but had received no treatment . The two groups were also evaluated for amounts of recession, pocket depth, and the presence of bacterial plaque . In addition, each subject was asked to compile a record of his/her dietary intake for a seven-day period . The treated group was found to brush and floss more frequently than the untreated group and had a lower mean plaque score (45.8), than the untreated group (61.4) . There was no difference in the mean plaque scores for the subgroups with and without root surface caries within either the treated groups . The prevalence of root surface caries increased through age 59 in the treated group, then diminished after age 60 . In the untreated group the prevalence increased steadily with age . Analysis of the data from the dietary hisories revealed that the subjects in both the treated and the untreated groups who were affected with root surface caries had a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) number of fermentable carbohydrate exposures per week.

S TA NU, 1976 Jul-Aug, 6(4), 223 - 9
{Results of some experiences on modern techniques of vinification of red grapes}; Pallotta U et al.; The results of experiences carryed out at the "Istituto di Industrie Agrarie" of the University of Bologna in the last five years, applying the techniques of vinification by carbonic maceration (CM) and by heat treatment of the crushed in the production of Emilia-Romagna wines, are reported . In particular, the evolution of the main organic constituents during anaerobic conditioning of grapes, the possibility of applying the CM to Sangiovese, Merlot and Canina grapes, the different variations of the CM technique, that is, CM followed by information with skins, the rifermentation of wines produced by traditional method with 10-20% of grape juice obtained by CM, the influence of CM on aging of barbera wine, some laboratory tests to explain the mechanism that regulate same interaction phenomena during the "intracellular fermentation", are discussed . The results of technique of heat treatment of the crushed, in the vinification of Sangiovese grapes, in a pilot plant, are exposed . Finally, the effects of some parameters (treatment of the crushed integral or partially dripped, heating temperature, rest time, sulphur dioxide employ, etc.) on the chemical characteristics and on the organoleptic quality, are estimated.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1976 Jul-Aug, 12(4), 541 - 3
{Method of obtaining enzymatic preparations of lipase from the fungi of the genus Geotrichum under semi-industrial conditions}; Kuimova TF et al.; A method of manufacturing stable enzymic preparations of lipase from fungi Geotrichum candidum and G . asteroides under semi-industrial conditions has been developed . The paper describes the preparation of the inoculate, fermentation nutrient medium, scheme of cultivation and isolation of the raw enzyme with a yield of 31.2%.

Arch Tierernahr, 1976 Jul, 26(7), 533 - 40
{Variations in the pattern of ruminal volatile free fatty acids, acetoacetate and glucose in the blood plasma of lactating cows after a period of fasting and renewed feeding}; Munchow H et al.; 3 lactating cows were fasted for 4 days and then again received food . The trial was performed to investigate the effect of fasting on the concentration and molar proportion of volatile fatty acids in the rumen, on the concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in blood plasma and on the acetoacetate concentration in the blood . Fasting produced a considerable decrease in the total concentration of volatile fatty acids . Processes of ruminal fermentation were characterized, during the fasting period, by a continuous increase in the molar proportions of acetic acid, isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid whereas a significant decline observed to occur in the molar proportions of propionic acid and butyric acid . The reciprocal behaviour of acetate and propionate under conditions of fasting lead to a linear increase in the C2 to C3 ratio from 4.4 : 1 to 9,6 : 1 . With renewed food supply all fermentation data returned to normal levels . The concentrations of blood glucose declined after 24 hrs of fasting, remained at the same level for the following 2 days and rose again to normal values on the 4th day of fasting . The concentration of acetoacetate decreased significantly on the first day of fasting to values that were 4 times as high as the initial value . The concentration of free fatty acids in blood plasma increased tremendously to a value 40 times as high as that observed at the beginning of the fasting period . It proved to be a good indicator for the energy requirements of the organism.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 746 - 9
{Spontaneous crystallization of antibiotic substance during submerged fermentation of Actinomyces hygroscopicus}; Kuimova TF et al.; A rare case of spontaneous crystallization of the antibiotic substance was detected during submerged cultivation of Actinomyces hygroscopicus, strain 33x, under periodic conditions directly in the MTF 5L3 fermenter ("Marubishi") . Leaf-shaped plates of the antibiotic found in the cultural broth of the strain 33x were active against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, yeasts, and fungi . The crystalline state of the structures was confirmed by the X-ray analysis . According to their UV spectrum (maximum at 233-234 nm in ethanol), the crystals belong to the group of nyphimycin A1-scopafungin, antibiotics produced by some cultures of Act . hygroscopicus.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 729 - 32
{Fermentation equipment of the USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology for continuous cultivation of microorganisms}; Rabotnova IL et al.; A fermentation apparatus has been constructed in the Institute of Microbiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences . The apparatus permits to cultivate microorganisms both under periodic and continuous conditions with automatic regulation of pH, Eh, temperature, measurement of pO2, etc.

Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 625 - 9
{Production of chitinase by Actinomyces kurssanovii and its properties}; Tiunova NA et al.; Actinomyces kurssanovii, a culture producing large amounts of chitinase and chitobiase, was cultivated on a medium of the following composition (%): demineralized crab shells, 3.0; K2HPO4, 0.5; peptone, 0.2; yeast extract, 0.1; MgSO4-H2O, 0.09 . The maximum amount of the enzymes was synthesized after growth in a fermenter of the actinomycete during 48 hours . The highest activity of chitinase is manifested at pH 7.0 and depends on ionic composition of the buffer, being higher in veronal buffer than in phosphate or tris//HC1 buffers . The chitinase and chitobiase of the strain decompose completely colloid chitin and chitin in demineralized crab shells with the formation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 4(1), 49 - 53
Evaluation of commercial systems for the identification of clinical yeast isolates; Bowman PI et al.; The Analytab Products Inc . (API), Micro-Drop (MD), and Uni-Yeast-Tek (UYT) systems for the presumptive identification of common clinical yeast isolates were compared with the oxidation-fermentation (OF) and a conventional procedure . With 229 coded isolates, the identification accuracies were API 94, MD 83, OF 82, and UYT 99% . The API system required the greatest technical ability . The MD materials were prone to malfunction . OF media, if incubated beyond 14 days, gave an accuracy of 87%, but this offered no advantage over the conventional procedure . The UYT system was the easiest to use.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jul, 29(7), 685 - 7
A new metabolite from Streptomyces hygroscopicus I . Fermentation and isolation; Slechta L et al.; A deoxypentulose has been isolated from the fermentations of a new soil isolate of Streptomyces hygroscopicus (UC-5601) . It was found to inhibit weakly and specifically the growth of one strain of Mycobacterium avium (UC-159).

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