Antibiotics

Eur Urol, 1981, 7(6), 343 - 5
Creation of caverno-glandular shunt for treatment of priapism; Chary KS et al.; Caverno-glandular shunt was performed in 8 patients with priapism during the past 3 years . Complete and sustained detumescence was achieved immediately in all patients . Only one case developed a complication, viz . cavernositis which responded to antibiotic administration systemically as well as locally . This procedure was performed under local anaesthesia in 5 patients . The technical details and advantages of this procedure over conventional operations for priapism are discussed.

Toxicology, 1981, 21(1), 59 - 69
Determinants of the toxicity of L-alanosine to various organs of the mouse; Tyagi AK et al.; Toxicologic and biochemical properties of the antitumor antibiotic, alanosine {L-2-amino-3-(N-hydroxy,N-nitrosamino)propionic acid}, were studied in mice . The LD50 of L-alanosine (given intraperitoneally) was approximately 2 g/kg; L-5178Y/AR tumor, small intestine, liver, and lung were the tissues more consistently or severely damaged by the drug . L-5178Y/AR tumor, small intestine, liver, and lung, which were more susceptible to damage by L-alanosine, showed high concentrations of the putative active antimetabolite of L-alanosine, "L-alanosyl-AICOR", and either high concentrations of SAICAR synthetase, which forms this conjugate or low specific activities of adenylosuccinate lyase, the enzyme believed to decompose it . In addition, a low specific activity of the enzyme, adenylosuccinate synthetase, appeared to predispose an organ to the toxicity of alanosine . These data are compatible with the hypothesis that "L-alanosyl-AICOR" is the molecule responsible both for the therapeutic and toxicologic effects of L-alanosine and suggest that it is the dynamic interplay of the synthesizing enzyme, the catabolizing enzyme, and the target enzyme which determines whether this anabolite accumulates to a concentration capable of inflicting cellular damage.

Zentralbl Chir, 1981, 106(11), 734 - 41
{Gallbladder decompression in acute cholecystitis (author's transl)}; Dederer JM et al.; Decompression of the acute inflamed gallbladder via laparoscopy and inserting a small catheter not only allow to reduce the pressure on the wall but to instill antibiotic solutions into the gallbladder as well . In this way the inflammatory process will fade away and the operation (cholecystectomy) can be performed with much lesser risk . In old aged people the authors recommend so called "minioperations" like laproscopic cholecystotomy and -cholecystostomy.

J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1981, 63-B(3), 413 - 6
The importance of cephradine in hip surgery; Wicks MH et al.; Effective concentrations of antibiotic in the fluid bathing implanted hip prostheses are essential to prevent infection by micro-organisms . Twenty patients undergoing total hip replacement were given one gram of Cephradine intramuscularly one hour before operation and one other received a single bolus of Cephradine intravenously before operation and one other received a single bolus of Cephradine intravenously before operation . The concentrations of antibiotic were greater and persisted longer in the tissue fluid than in the blood . The antibiotic was sufficient to inhibit most micro-organisms causing contamination . We recommend that Cephradine is given intramuscularly one hour before operation and at six-hourly intervals after operation until the drainage tubes and intravenous lines have been removed.

Clin Gastroenterol, 1981 Jan, 10(1), 177 - 89
Recurrent or chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction; Anuras S et al.; Recurrent or chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is not a rare problem . More cases will be recognized and diagnosed when clinicians are more aware of this problem . Medical treatment is unsatisfactory in most cases unless the patients have such treatable associated systemic diseases as myxoedema, hypoparathyroidism or phaeochromocytoma . Intermittent antibiotic therapy may be needed to alleviate diarrhoea or steatorrhoea due to bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine . Surgery may help to relieve the symptoms in those cases with short segmental dilatation of the bowel . Most patients will have an exploratory laparotomy to rule out an organic obstructing lesion . Either a drainage procedure or resection of a short dilated segment should be carried out . Once the diagnosis of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is made, repeated exploratory operations must be avoided . Preoperative antibiotic therapy to treat bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel will reduce postoperative peritonitis from peritoneal soiling by septic small bowel contents.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 95 - 100
Clindamycin therapy for toxoplasmosis; Ferguson JG Jr; Clindamycin hydrochloride hydrate (Cleocin), a semisynthetic antibiotic shown experimentally to be effective in ocular toxoplasmosis in the rabbit, was used in the treatment of four patients with active retinochoroiditis secondary to toxoplasmosis . The drug was administered subjunctivally on alternate days for 30 days . Both subjective and objective evidence indicated beneficial results in these patients during the first 30 days . One of the four did not respond during the first 30 days but did respond during an extended period . One of those who responded initially had exacerbations when the drug was stopped and required treatment.

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 1981, 60(2), 121 - 3
Persistance of ampicillin in the intrauterine content following single and multiple doses to pregnant women; Philipson A; Cord plasma, and amniotic fluid (AF), as well as maternal plasma from women who had been given ampicillin in single or multiple doses prior to delivery were assayed for levels of the antibiotic . If medication had been discontinued two days prior to delivery or less, ampicillin could still be demonstrated in AF, where it remained demonstrable longer than in cord plasma . Ampicillin, when given during pregnancy, crosses the placenta, enters the fetal circulation, and is excreted by the fetal kidneys into the AF . The results of the present study indicate that as medication is continued, the level of ampicillin in AF rises through continuous renal excretion by the fetus . Once medication is discontinued, ampicillin is slowly cleared from the AF mainly through absorption from AF to fetal circulation and further passage to maternal circulation.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Jan, 34(1), 16 - 20
{The effects of fosfomycin on antigenicity (author's transl)}; Shibata U et al.; The antigenicity of fosfomycin (FOM), a new antibiotic agent, was studied . The binding of 3H-FOM with human serum protein was measured by the short term dialysis method . The binding was very weak only by 2.16% and reversible . The rabbits were immunized subcutaneously by fosfomycin as sodium salt (FOM-Na) with FREUND'S complete adjuvant . Antigenicity of IgG was examined by means of agar gel precipitation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and passive hemagglutination . To study the antigenicity of IgE, the BALB/cA mice were immunized intraperitoneally by FOM-Na with aluminum hydroxide gel and, passive cutaneous IgG and IgE . Consequently, it can be concluded that FOM does not conjugate with human serum protein to form its hapten and has not antigenicity.

Biomaterials, 1981 Jan, 2(1), 3 - 8
Synthesis and characterization of PVNO and PVNO-PVP hydrogels; Hasirci VN; Hydrogels of crosslinked poly(2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide), PVNO, and poly(2-vinylpyridine-1-oxide)-poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone), PNVO-PVP, were synthesized . PVNO hydrogels were found to be degradable in a pseudo-biological medium and their stability could be increased by increasing the relative concentration of the crosslinking agent . PVNO-PVP hydrogels were also degradable and their stability could be increased by increasing the relative concentration of crosslinking agent and/or poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) . Swelling ratio and percent solvent content for both types of gels were determined . In addition, for PVNO-PVP gels, swelling properties in solvents with different dielectric constants, at different temperatures and ionic strengths were determined . Antibiotic releasing and water vapour behaviour were also investigated . From the data obtained, the free energy change involved in water vapour adsorption was calculated.

Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 1981, 81(2), 47 - 52
{Clinical picture and pathogenesis of generalized forms of herpes zoster}; Smirnov IuK et al.; Clinical examination of 83 patients with generalized herpes zoster has given the authors grounds to regard this disease as a result of activation of latent varicella-zoster virus . This assumption was confirmed by the results of indirect hemagglutination inhibition tests with 37 serum specimens taken from 18 patients . Treatment with antibiotics, the drug proper-myl, and by dehydration was the more effective, the earlier the patients were admitted to the clinic . Dehydration, proper-myl and combination of chloramphenicol with dehydration produced a more beneficial effect than the antibiotic alone . Five patients died . Problems of pathogenesis are discussed.

Sex Transm Dis, 1981 Jan-Mar, 8(1), 12 - 5
Rosaramicin and tetracycline treatment in Chlamydia trachomatis-positive and -negative nongonococcal urethritis; Juvakoski T et al.; Rosaramicin, a new macrolide antibiotic, is active in vitro against Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum . Its efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated nongonococcal urethritis was evaluated in 78 men . There were two parallel groups, one receiving rosaramicin and the other receiving tetracycline (dosage of either drug, 250 mg four times daily for seven days); all data were evaluated blindly . The follow-up period was six weeks . C . trachomatis was eliminated from all of 21 patients receiving rosaramicin and from 25 of 26 patients receiving tetracycline . C . trachomatis-negative patients responded clinically to both treatments . The results suggest that these two antibiotics yield similar clinical outcomes in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis in adult men.

Int Ophthalmol Clin, 1981 Spring, 21(1), 41 - 6
Iridectomy with scleral cautery; Scheie HG; I have described modifications that have evolved over the years in doing iridectomy with cautery and have reviewed some of my experiences with the method . All filtering operations leave a great deal to be desired . Each technique has certain advantages and disadvantages . A great advantage of the cautery procedure is its safety and simplicity . It is as effective in lowering pressure as most other procedures . Even if the operation fails to control pressure, little harm is done to the eye, and it can be repeated . One of the great advances in management of open-angle glaucoma in recent years has been the adoption of stringent indications for surgery . Surgery should not be advised until a thorough trial of maximal medical therapy has been made . In many instances, however, the pendulum has been allowed to swing too far . When medical treatment has failed, and the patient is faced with progressive loss of vision if control of pressure is not achieved, the ophthalmic surgeon should resist the temptation to procrastinate . Surgery should be done promptly and deterioration should not be allowed to occur . Should a cataract occur, it can be removed . Endophthalmitis can be prevented or cured by antibiotic therapy . Although filtering operations leave a great deal to be desired, when effective, they will preserve a functioning optic nerve.

Chemotherapy, 1981, 27(1), 18 - 28
Biliary excretion of cefuroxime . Experimental and human study; Brogard JM et al.; The biliary excretion of cefuroxime was studied experimentally, using a preparation of isolated rabbit liver (n = 5) perfused in vitro during 3 h; 0.92% of the cefuroxime (10 mg) added to the circulating blood was found in the bile, while peak antibiotic activity reached a mean value of 8.0 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml . In man, 1 h after a single intravenous injection of cefuroxime (0.5 g), a maximum concentration of 4.0 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml was found in the duodenal aspiration fluid collected from 5 healthy subjects . In 10 patients with T-tube drainage, a mean biliary peak of 10.3 +/- 2.4 microgram/ml was observed 2 h after intravenous injection of the same dose; the biliary excretion of cefuroxime during the 12-hour experiment corresponded to 0.13% of the administered dose . Assays performed during cholecystectomy in 10 patients 1 h after cefuroxime intravenous injection of 0.5 g showed concentrations of 11.9 +/- 0.8 microgram/ml in the serum, 12.0 +/- 1.5 microgram/ml in the common duct bile and 7.4 +/- 1.1 microgram/ml in the gallbladder bile . These results were compared with those observed after administration of 11 other beta-lactam antibiotics in identical experimental and clinical conditions.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Jan, 26(1), 50 - 5
{Pharmacokinetic analysis of the nephrotoxic effect of sisomycin}; Firsov AA et al.; The kinetics of the urea nitrogen in serum was studied on anesthetized cats with constant concentrations of sisomycin in the blood . A correlation between the nephrotoxic effect of sisomycin and its concentration in the blood serum was found . High nephrotoxicity of sisomycin as compared to that of gentamicin, kanamycin or streptomycin under conditions of their equal levels in the blood was revealed on the basis of the above correlation . Still, when the antibiotic concentrations in the blood serum were maintained at the respective therapeutic levels, the nephrotoxic effects of sisomycin and gentamicin were almost equal . The above correlation was used for calculation of the maximum value of the sisomycin safe concentration in blood serum . The safe concentration of gentamicin in blood serum is 8 micrograms/ml, while that of sisomycin in 6 micrograms/ml . This approach may be used in estimation of safe concentrations for new aminoglycosides.

J Cell Biol, 1981 Jan, 88(1), 199 - 204
Inhibition of fusion of embryonic muscle cells in culture by tunicamycin is prevented by leupeptin; Olden K et al.; The carbohydrate requirement for alignment and fusion of embryonic quail muscle cells has been examined in tissue culture by use of tunicamycin (TM) . The mononucleated, spindle-shaped proliferating myoblasts were treated with TM at various times before fusion and differentiation into multinucleated muscle fibers capable of spontaneous contraction . Tm blocked protein glycosylation and expression of glycoproteins on the cell surface, and strongly inhibited fusion when added to cultures of differentiating muscle cells before the fusion "burst," but had no apparent effect on cell alignment . The inhibition of fusion was partially prevented when TM was administered in the presence of protease inhibitors such as leupeptin and pepstatin, but the inhibition of glycosylation was not prevented . Both glycosylation and fusion were completely restored to normal by the removal of the antibiotic from the medium . These studies provide strong support for the idea that myoblast fusion is partially mediated by glycoproteins with asparagine-linked oligosaccharides . However, the requirement for the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein appears to be indirect in that it acts to stabilize the protein moiety against proteolytic degradation . Our findings do not rule out the possibility that oligosaccharide units of surface glycolipids have some role in myoblast fusion.

J Int Med Res, 1981, 9(1), 52 - 7
Safety and efficacy of netilmicin in neonates with serious systemic infections; Trujillo H et al.; Twenty-five hospitalized neonates, each with two or more serious symptomatic infections, were given netilmicin by intramuscular injection . The antibiotic was administered usually at 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg twice a day (q 12 hr) for 7 to 13 days . At the end of therapy the signs and symptoms of infection were completely resolved in twenty-four of the twenty-five patients and markedly improved in the remaining one . Thirty-five causative organisms were isolated from 30 of the 59 infection sites; after netilmicin therapy 31 causative organisms were completely eliminated and 4 were markedly reduced in number . One of the babies had a slight increase in serum creatinine level, possibly related to therapy, and a mild transient rash which was doubtfully related to netilmicin . None of the other neonates had adverse reactions.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(12), 2116 - 7
Comparison of distribution of doxycycline in mice after oral and intravenous application measured by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method; Bocker R et al.; Doxycycline levels in various organs of mice after i.v . and p.o . administration were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method . When given as a single dose (50 mg/kg) i.v . doxycycline accumulated in the lung . High concentrations were also measured in liver and kidneys . When 50 mg/kg doxycycline were administered by stomach tube to fed mice the antibiotic accumulated to a lesser degree in the lung . On the other hand, the antibiotic levels in the liver and the kidneys were higher as after i.v . injection . The absorption of doxycycline administered p.o . was about 92% and seemed not to be influenced by food in the stomach . The elimination half-life in mice was 170 min independent of the route of administration.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(12), 2085 - 8
Biotransformation of reproterol in the intestinal tract of the rat; Kucharczyk N et al.; The major metabolite of reproterol (Broncho-spasmin) in rat feces is 2-{3-theophyllinyl(7)-propyl}-4,6,8-trihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline . It was also found in the bile of orally or intravenously dosed rats in the form of glucuronides . The biotransformation of an oral dose of reproterol to this metabolite occurred mostly in the cecum-colon section of the intestinal tract . Experiments in antibiotic treated rats showed no significant effect of the treatment on the extent of metabolite formation . This metabolite was also formed by incubation of reproterol with cecum-colon homogenates under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions . The pharmacological action after an oral dose must be attributed to reproterol absorbed as intact form, since the metabolite is inactive.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(9), 1456 - 8
Effect of unilateral nephrectomy on the pharmacokinetics of rolitetracycline in rabbits; Wojcicki J et al.; An analysis of the single-dose pharmacokinetics of rolitetracycline in rabbits after unilateral nephrectomy is presented . Rolitetracycline was injected i.v . 3.5 mg/kg before operation and after 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months from unilateral nephroctomy . The concentration of the antibiotic in plasma was estimated by the fluorimetric method of Kohn . The two-compartment open model was applied to calculate rolitetracycline concentration changes . The calculations of pharmacokinetic parameters were performed using the Hewlett-Packard 9830B computer and fitting the concentrations of the antibiotic in blood to the general biexponential equation . AUC of rolitetracycline was increased in operated animals by 130% after 6 months . The mean kel at this time decreased, while t0.5 beta was prolonged from 1.0 h to 3.0 h . It is assumed that the dosage regimen of rolitetracycline should be changed in subjects possessing one kidney.

Arch Geschwulstforsch, 1981, 51(5), 398 - 404
{Antineoplastic activity of lambdamycin in different murine test models compared with cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil (author's transl)}; Gutsche W et al.; Lambdamycin, a chromoglycoside antibiotic like chartreusin was found to be very active against leukemias L 1210 and P 388 and moderate effective against melanoma B 16 and Lewis lung carcinoma of mice . It was nearly without any effect when tested on Walker 256 carcinoma of rats . The effectiveness of lambdamycin was compared with that of cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil and 6-mercaptopurine.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(7), 1165 - 8
Penetration into human urogenital tissues, muscle tissues, rib and cerebrospinal fluid of thiamphenicol; Plomp TA et al.; The penetration of D(+)-threo-2-dichloroacetamido-1-(p-methylsulfonylphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (thiamphenicol, TAP, Urfamycine) into human renal, ureter, prostatic, testicular and muscle tissue, perirenal fat, rib as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after a single i.v . injection of 1.0 g of thiamphenicol glycinate ester was investigated . 2 h after TAP administration to 17 patients with severely diseased kidneys, the antibiotic concentration in renal tissue ranged from 9.8 to 138.7 microgram/g (mean value 40.4 +/- 29.9 microgram/g), in ureter tissue from 6.3 to 62.0 microgram/g (mean value 20.8 +/- 17.0 microgram/g), in muscle tissue from 1.7 to 13.7 microgram/g (mean value 8.2 +/- 3.6 microgram/g), in rib from 0.8 to 3.4 microgram/g (mean value 2.4 +/- 1.5 microgram/g) and in perirenal fat from 0.6 to 5.7 microgram/g (mean value 2.1 +/- 1.5 microgram/g) . At the same time the TAP serum level varied from 4.6 to 15.2 microgram/ml (mean value 9.4 +/- 3.1 microgram/ml) . Prostatic tissue concentration, measured in 16 patients with prostate adenomas, varied at 2 h after dosing, from 2.1 to 15.1 microgram/g (mean value 5.7 +/- 3.8 microgram/g) . The simultaneous serum level was between 4.6 and 14.5 microgram/ml (mean value 8.9 +/- 3.4 microgram/ml) . In 6 of these patients additionally CSF level was measured at 1.5 h post inj . and ranged from 0.11 to 0.65 microgram/ml (mean value 0.32 +/- 0.19 microgram/ml) . Testicular tissue concentration assessed in 7 patients with prostate carcinomas varied at 2 h after i.v . injection from 3.4 to 8.4 microgram/g (mean value 6.1 +/- 1.9 microgram/g) . The respective serum level in these patients was between 5.2 and 10.4 microgram/ml (mean value 8.5 +/- 1.7 microgram/ml) . Several factors affecting the diffusion of TAP into the reported tissues and CSF are discussed . TAP should be regarded as an antibiotic with good penetration into urogenital tissues.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(5), 816 - 22
Preclinical toxicologic studies of netilmicin; Weinberg EH et al.; 1-N-Ethylsisomicin (netilmicin), a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, was given parenterally to mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs for toxicological evaluation . Acute signs of toxicity were consistent with neuromuscular blockade . Results of teratological studies in rats and rabbits were negative; the only effect observed was wavy ribs, a minor developmental variation, in rats . No effects were found on fertility, reproduction, or development of offspring . Single daily doses of 60 mg/kg s.c . for 10 weeks in young rats and 30 days in young dogs were non-toxic . No indication of toxicity was found in rats and dogs given single daily doses of 7.5 mg/kg i.v . for 2 weeks . Daily i.m . doses caused signs of neuromuscular blockade in rats after 2 weeks at 100 mg/kg and after 1 month at 50 mg/kg, and in dogs after 2 months at 75 mg/kg; dose levels of 150 mg/kg did not cause renal failure . No ocular changes or impairment of vestibular or auditory function were evident at any dose studied . Comparison with tobramycin, gentamicin, and kanamycin at s.c . doses of 50 or 150 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks showed netilmicin to be less nephrotoxic in rats than tobramycin or gentamicin and only slightly more nephrotoxic than kanamycin . Only mild changes were seen microscopically in kidneys of dogs given netilmicin at daily doses of 75 mg/kg i.m . for 3 months . The renal effects of netilmicin given at high multiples of the human therapeutic dose were one-half to one-third less that those of gentamicin and were not severe at any dosage.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1981, 26(1), 8 - 13
Mucidin-nonproducing mutants of oudemansiella mucida; Semerdzieva M et al.; Mutants of Oudemansiella mucida, blocked in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic mucidin, were obtained at a 0.28% frequency after the application of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNG) to basidiospores under conditions leading to 0.5--5.0% survival rates . Loss of antibiotic activity was in most isolates accompanied by a decrease in mycelium growth rate and a suppression of dikaryotizing and fructification ability . Recombination analysis of two stable mutants revealed that the block in mucidin synthesis is the result of mutation in the same chromosomal gene (muc) . In contrast to the action of MNG, UV-irradiation leads neither to the loss of biosynthetic activity nor to any morphological change.

Br Heart J, 1981 Jan, 45(1), 20 - 8
Rastelli procedure for transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction . Early and late results in 41 patients (1971 to 1978); Moulton AL et al.; Forty-one children with transposition of the great arteries, ventricular septal defect, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction underwent a Rastelli operation between 1971 and 1978 . A homograft valve preserved in an antibiotic solution and extended with A dacron tube was the conduit of choice . Alternatively, conduits with porcine heterografts or valves constructed from calf pericardium were used . They were positioned to the left of the aorta whenever possible . The intraventricular tunnel from the left ventricle to the aorta was constructed from Dacron velour . There were four early and seven late deaths . The last 13 consecutive patients have survived . Early deaths were related to unfavourable anatomy, conduit compression, and sepsis . Residual ventricular septal defects and postoperative infection were the main factors contributing to the late deaths.

Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc, 1981, 46, 36 - 40
Neurological sequelae of cervical spine trauma; Rubin BD et al.; It is estimated that there will be 5,000 new spinal cord injured patients each year . Prolonged survival has resulted from better understanding of the pathophysiology of cord damage, as well as from the advances in antibiotic and ventilatory therapy . Most well-motivated patients with lesions at or below C5 can attain a level of independence which obviates institutional care . Regional spinal injury centers have done much to increase the survival of and quality of life of cord injured patients . These realities make initial care of patients with acute traumatic lesions of the cervical spine of paramount importance . Neurologic function at both the nerve root and cord levels can be adversely affected by excessive motion of the unstable spine . Early evaluation of X-rays must therefore be carried out in an attempt to determine the stability of the spine.

Mol Gen Genet, 1981, 183(1), 197 - 8
Synergistic action of genetic and phenotypic suppression of nonsense mutations in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Surguchov AP et al.; It was found that the phenotypic suppression induced by the paromamine-containing antibiotic paromomycin could be significantly strengthened by a ribosomal suppressor mutation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . As a result the suppressor efficient towards ochre mutations in the presence of paromomycin acquired the ability to suppress both amber and opal mutations . It is suggested that phenotypic suppression by paromomycin and genotypic suppression by sup 1 both involve a similar mechanism of misreading.

Adv Otorhinolaryngol, 1981, 27, 144 - 58
Drug-induced sudden hearing loss and vestibular disturbances; Federspil P; Today the number of potentially ototoxic substances in high, but the most important class is that of the aminoglycoside antibiotics . The clinical symptoms and signs of the aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity are considered as well as the symmetry of these lesions, their possible reversibility or progressiveness . The data collected up to now concerning the main factors influencing ototoxicity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics are perused . In special paragraphs the intrinsic ototoxic potential of the newer aminoglycoside antibiotics, the influence of the dosage and route of administration, of renal function, preexisting hearing disturbances, individual and familial sensitivity, pregnancy, newborn age and the combination with sound exposure, diuretics and cephalosporins are considered . Finally, the treatment of ototoxic damage is indicated.

Microbios, 1981, 31(123), 7 - 16
On the uptake of nystatin by Saccharomyces cerevisiae . 2 Effects of pH, ionic strength, sterol concentration and "protecting" ions; Beezer AE et al.; Uptake of nystatin by sensitive cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied as a function of pH and ionic strength . The pH was shown to affect radically uptake kinetics and extent, whilst ionic strength variation appeared not to modify uptake at all . The effects of variation in the sterol concentration of the cells employed showed a decrease in nystatin uptake as sterol concentration increased . This was not the anticipated observation . Calcium ions were shown to "protect" the yeast cells by associating with the cell and not the antibiotic . Possible explanations are discussed.

Microbios, 1981, 30(120), 109 - 30
Plasmid-determined resistance to tetracycline; Sompolinsky D et al.; A general concept is proposed to explain the mechanism of bacterial resistance to tetracycline, and is essentially based on experimental date and a review of recently of recently published studies . It is assumed that tetracyclines are accumulated in the bacterial cell by an energy-demanding, carrier-mediated influx-mechanism, at a rate depending on the concentration of the antibiotic in the medium . Tetracyclines seep out of the cell by facilitated diffusion at a rate depending on the concentration inside the cell . At steady state, when no net alteration of the intracellular concentration is evident, the molecules of the antibiotic, inside and outside the cell, are exchanged by influx and efflux . In the resistant organism, an additional energy-demanding and carrier-mediated efflux-mechanism is assumed . The total efflux rate is therefore increased, and the steady state is obtained at a lower intracellular level of tetracyclines . It is possible that, in addition, the influx is decreased in the resistant organism.

Ther Drug Monit, 1981, 3(2), 167 - 9
Quantitation of tobramycin by solid-phase immunofluorescence; Gerson B et al.; Tobramycin usage, as for most aminoglycoside antibiotic usage, may require careful monitoring to avoid irreversible toxicity . Several methods for tobramycin quantitation are available . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of solid-phase immunofluorescence as an alternative . Tobramycin was quantitated in the sera of 81 patients by radioimmunoassay and solid-phase immunofluorescence . No statistically significant or medically important difference was demonstrated (bias, 0.006 micrograms/ml, t = 0.09, s = 1.02, r = 0.97) . Within-run and run-to-run precision for the two methods were comparable . Interference by gentamicin could not be demonstrated . Solid-phase immunofluorescence may be an acceptable alternative method for tobramycin quantitation in some laboratories.

Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am, 1981, 9(1), 67 - 71
{Multiple applications of closed permanent wet dressings . Their mode of action}; Mirande LM et al.; New applications and forms of Darier's humid permanent closed cures are analysed specially in connection with concepts of cutaneous hydratation . The multiplicity of their application however makes it necessary to find an explanation for their excellent effects which are probably related to the anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antiinfectious actions as well as the permanent draining effect from the deeper layers to the surface of the epidermis . The hydratation affected by HPCC is very important in dry and exudative stasis dermatitis with both a complete or a partial loss of stratum corneum . Cutaneous eutrophia is restored quite rapidly and an anti-infectious effect is brought about simultaneously . Especially in cases of stasis dermatitis with excessive secretions and pus formation the permanent drainage and hydratation make possible rapid healing . The preference for sodium borate does not exclude the use of other substance both alone or in combination . On the contrary, HPCC may be employed with especific antibiotics . Topical corticosteroid and antibiotic combination is frequently used in stasis dermatitis . In cases of pyoderma, the results obtained are definitively better when antibiotics are of the treatment . Eventually systematic corticoids may be included in the therapeutic arsenal.

J Int Med Res, 1981, 9(4), 274 - 6
Prospective clinical trial on the efficacy of amoxycillin administered twice or four times daily in children with respiratory tract infections; Daschner FD et al.; Thirty-four children with upper or lower respiratory tract infections were randomly allocated to receive either a twice daily or four times daily dose of 50 mg amoxycillin/kg body-weight/day . Mean duration of therapy was identical in both groups . Peak and trough antibiotic concentrations were determined . Eradication of bacteria, clinical improvement and side-effects were comparable in both groups.

Circ Shock, 1981, 8(3), 291 - 300
Survival of primates in lethal septic shock following delayed treatment with steroid; Hinshaw LB et al.; We recently developed a methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS)/gentamicin sulfate (GS) regimen that prevented death in baboons given a 2-hour infusion of LD100 E coli (J . Surg . Res . 28:151, 1980) . Steroid treatment was begun in that study 30 minutes after initiation of E coli . Our current aim was to determine if baboons would survive if MPSs treatment was delayed until all E coli were infused and severe hypotension had ensued . Fourteen lightly anesthetized baboons (P.c . cynocephalus) were administered E . coli and seven were then treated with MPSS and GS for 10 hours . All nontreated baboons died, while six of seven treated animals survived . In the treated group, hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia were reversed, tachycardia was reduced and neutrophil recovery was improved . Baboons with delayed MPSS, however, evidenced diminished perfusion and recovered more slowly than those with earlier MPSs treatment . In conclusion, primates in septic shock are clearly protected with delayed steroid/antibiotic therapy.

Mol Gen Genet, 1981, 181(3), 390 - 4
A novel form of suppression due to an altered RNA polymerase; Ephrati-Elizur E et al.; A group of mutants isolated from E coli K12(tif-1) display a very pleiotropic phenotype . The main characteristic of these mutants, temporarily designated 'S' strains, is their ability to suppress a large number of mutations . High efficiency of suppression is correlated with increased thermolability of cellular proteins, indicating an impairment in the fidelity of protein synthesis . Efficient suppression is also accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics like simultaneous resistance to several antibiotic drugs (Sm, Spc, and Mer), and plasmid-like DNA circles . Genetic studies show that the suppressor character is located in the rpoBC region . In a large number of spontaneous Rifr mutants, isolated from these strains, suppression or resistance to drugs is lost . The findings suggest that the phenotype of 'S' strains is due to an altered RNA polymerase causing erroneous transcription.

J Reprod Fertil Suppl, 1981, 29, 159 - 72
Embryonic and uterine factors in delayed implantation in rodents; Surani MA et al.; An hypothesis for delayed implantation and embryonic quiescence is proposed on the basis of adaptation of blastocysts to changes in their environment . The environmental factors considered consist of macromolecules and essential ions and metabolites such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and glucose . Macromolecules appear to induce an influx of these essential metabolites which is followed by metabolic enhancement in blastocysts in the absence of any of the essential factors, the initial stages of embryonic diapause follow . The prevention of influx of metabolites such as Ca2+ by specific inhibitors, D600 or papaverine, also prevents activation of blastocysts . Early cleavage stage embryos show little or no response to changes in environmental macromolecules which may explain why embryos usually enter into quiescence at the blastocyst stage when the environmental constraints on blastocyst development become very marked . This also coincides with termination of cleavage and initiation of cell growth in embryos . The increase in responsiveness of embryos is attributed to several inherent changes including cell surface and functional changes in the plasma membrane . The conditions for embryonic quiescence in vivo are not species specific . Trophoblastic vesicles without the inner cell mass can also enter into quiescence . Studies using the antibiotic, tunicamycin, which inhibits protein glycosylation and prevents trophoblast adhesion and giant cell outgrowths, suggest that the cell surface interactions may involve glycoproteins . Such interactions may be crucial for implantation as well as for maintaining embryos in diapause for prolonged periods of time . A short sojourn in diapause for certain blastocysts which do not normally develop to an advanced stage, appears to have a beneficial effect on subsequent development . The overall significance of this suggestion for other species showing obligatory diapause is unclear.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1981 Jan, 29(1), 25 - 30
{Experimental and clinical study of the biliary excretion of cefamandole (author's transl)}; Brogard JM et al.; Using the isolated rabbit liver perfusion model, it could be shown that 11.1% of 10 mg of cefamandole added to the circulating blood were recovered in the 3 hours collected bile . The maximal biliary antibiotic activity averaged 214 +/- 37 microgram/ml . In humans a peak concentration of 19.0 +/- 6.1 microgram/ml could be measured in the aspirated duodenal fluid (n = 5) 1 hour after a single intravenous injection of 1 g of cefamandole . In 10 patients provided with a Kehr's drainage, a mean biliary peak of 141.4 +/- 86.4 microgram/ml was observed at the 2nd hour after administration of the same dose of cefamandole . Assays performed during cholecystectomy showed 1 after the intravenous injection of 1 g of cefamandole mean values of 64.0 +/- 18.0 microgram/ml in the gallbladder bile and 87.2 +/- 16.1 microgram/ml in the common duct bile . These data are compared with those obtained by administration of 11 other beta-lactamines under similar experimental and clinical conditions.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Jan, 145(1), 654 - 6
Preferential selection of deletion mutations of the outer membrane lipoprotein gene of Escherichia coli by globomycin; Zwiebel LJ et al.; Globomycin is an antibiotic which inhibits the processing of the prolipoprotein . Eighty globomycin-resistant mutants were independently isolated from Escherichia coli K-12 which had a deletion mutation in chromosomal lipoprotein gene (lpp), but contained a plasmid carrying the wild-type lpp gene . Twenty-six of the mutants did not have the lipoprotein in the membrane fractions . From the analysis of the plasmids of these mutants, all of the lipoprotein-deficient mutations were found to be due to deletion mutations around the lpp gene.

Laryngoscope, 1981 Jan, 91(1), 17 - 29
Hemophilus influenzae type B soft tissue infections of the head and neck; Simpson GT et al.; Hemophilus influenzae soft tissue infections produce a variety of specific and dangerous pathologic manifestations in the head and neck . Problems include periorbital cellulitis and abscess, sinusitis, supraglottitis and otitis media . Complications include meningitis, airway obstruction and death . Pediatric patients are especially susceptible to these infections and complications . Effective management includes correct diagnosis, prevention of complications, and high doses of appropriate antibiotics . Increasing ampicillin resistance necessitates alternative antibiotic regimens . Specific physical findings, diagnostic studies and appropriate current treatments are discussed with illustrative cases from Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, and reference to pertinent recent literature.

J Immunol, 1981 Jan, 126(1), 270 - 5
Biosynthesis and cell surface localization of nonglycosylated human histocompatibility antigens; Ploegh HL et al.; The effects of the inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, tunicamycin, on the synthesis of HLA-A and -B antigens in the human lymphoblastoid cell line JY are described . HLA-A and -B antigens are membrane glycoproteins that consist of a two chain complex, the heavy chain being glycosylated at Asn 86, whereas the light chain, identical to beta 2-microglobulin, is not glycosylated . HLA-A and -B antigens synthesized in the presence of the antibiotic are devoid of carbohydrate . This lack of carbohydrate does not affect the association of the heavy and light chains, nor does it affect the reactivity with human alloantisera, or a mouse monoclonal antibody W6/32, that reacts with all HLA-A and -B specificities examined so far . Nonglycosylated HLA-A and -B antigens are no more susceptible to proteolysis with trypsin, chymotrypsin, or papain than their fully glycosylated counterparts . Thus it may be concluded that the carbohydrate side chains of HLA-A and -B antigens do not contribute significantly to the conformation of HLA-A and -B antigens, at least as measured by these procedures . Pulse-chase experiments, in conjunction with the isolation of cell-surface HLA-A and -B antigens by adsorbing the monoclonal antibody W6/32 to intact cells, indicate that nonglycosylated molecules reach the cell surface at a rate indistinguishable from that of fully glycosylated molecules (although the absolute amount synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin was decreased) . Thus glycosylation is also not required for membrane insertion of HLA antigens, nor for their subsequent transport to the cell surface.

J Cell Physiol, 1981 Jan, 106(1), 41 - 7
Amphotericin B resistance is recessive in Chinese hamster hybrid cells; Hidaka K et al.; Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that Chinese hamster V79 cells mutated to high level resistance to amphotericin B have a lower cellular level of cholesterol, the target molecule for the polyene antibiotic . Two amphotericin B-resistant (AMBR) mutants were each hybridized to their parental amphotericin B-sensitive (AMBS) V79 cells . All the hybrids derived from AMBR/AMBS fusions were as sensitive to polyene antibiotics (amphotericin B, filipin, and pimaricin) as AMBS cells or AMBS/AMBS hybrids . The AMBR/AMBS hybrids were found to contain cholesterol per phospholipids that is comparable to those in AMBS or AMBS/AMBS . The analysis of hybrids formed between mutant and wild-type cells thus indicated that resistance to amphotericin B is a recessive marker, and that the cellular level of cholesterol is compensated in the AMBS/AMBR hybrids . Hybrids of AMBR and AMBR cells were all resistant, so that the three AMBR mutants all fell into a single complementation group.

Transfusion, 1981 Jan-Feb, 21(1), 74 - 6
Altered platelet function and circulation induced by amphotericin B in leukemic patients after platelet transfusion; Kulpa J et al.; Four adults, recently diagnosed, acute leukemic patients received 40 separate platelet transfusion treatments before, during, and after intravenous administration of amphotericin B . Fourteen of these platelet transfusions were administered while the patients also received amphotericin B; 26 platelet transfusions were given before or after amphotericin B therapy . The mean platelet increment for platelet transfusions administered while the patients were untreated with amphotericin B was 58 +/- 6 per cent . While the same patients were being treated with amphotericin B, the mean platelet increment was significantly decreased to 29 +/- 8 per cent (t = 3.1; p less than 0.005) . In addition, when the patients were not being given amphotericin B, a highly significant negative relationship (r = -0.77; p less than 0.001) between the values for bleeding time and venous platelet count was present . In contrast, during amphotericin B treatment there was no correlation between the patients' bleeding times and venous platelet counts . We propose that amphotericin B therapy has a direct toxic effect on the function and circulation of transfused platelets . These toxic effects are quickly corrected by discontinuing this antifungal antibiotic.

Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol, 1981, 216(3), 191 - 203
Effects of commercial ophthalmic drugs on rabbit corneal epithelium . A scanning electron-microscopic study; Maudgal PC et al.; Surface changes on rabbit cornea were studied by scanning electron-microscopy after instillation of commercial corticosteroid and antibiotic collyria extensively used in ophthalmic practice . All the collyria caused loss of surface microvilli and cell damage . The collyrium containing dexamethasone, neomycin, and benzalkonium chloride caused less damage than similar collyrium with polymyxin, but without dexamethasone . On the other hand the collyrium containing dexamethasone and neomycin was still less damaging than similar collyrium with benzalkonium chloride as preservative . Chloramphenicol with dexamethasone caused damage similar to collyria containing dexamethasone, neomycin, polymyxine B sulphate, and benzalkonium chloride.

Int J Oral Surg, 1981, 10(Suppl 1), 168 - 77
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy with subtotal extirpation surgery in the management of radionecrosis of the mandible; Guernsey LM et al.; Radiation-induced obliterative endarteritis causes ischemia and hypoxia in tissue wounds, making them prone to dehiscence, infection and delayed healing . The successful use of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjunct to intensive antibiotic and surgical therapy in the treatment of radionecrosis of the mandible is well established . This report details our experience in four cases of radionecrosis of the mandible of long duration, prior to acceptance of the patients into our hyperbaric oxygen protocol.

Derm Beruf Umwelt, 1981, 29(6), 151 - 6
{Allergy to ed-edta and formaldehyde (author's transl)}; Pevny I et al.; 1 . Comparison of the ED/EDTA allergies as determined by epicutaneous testing from 1977-79 with the test results from 1980 . An increase in the sensitization indices for ED as well as for EDTA is evident . 2 . Additional information concerning the occurrence of ED/EDTA . 3 . EDTA and formaldehyde allergy . 4 . ED/EDTA and antibiotic allergy.

Ann Chir Gynaecol, 1981, 70(5), 292 - 6
Management of massive defects of the abdominal wall; Hockerstedt K et al.; Full-thickness abdominal wall defects are mainly traumatic or infectious in origin . After adequate resuscitation, treatment of associated visceral trauma, antibiotic therapy and careful debridement to vital tissues, primary repair of the abdominal wall should be carried out by simple methods by using synthetic mesh and/or split skin grafts . Local pedicle skin flaps or musculocutaneous flaps are advocated for secondary repair of the abdominal wall and also used in elective tumour surgery when total resection of the abdominal wall is indicated.

Mol Gen Genet, 1981, 184(2), 249 - 54
Vectors for cloning in cyanobacteria: construction and characterization of two recombinant plasmids capable of transformation of Escherichia coli K12 and Anacystis nidulans R2; Kuhlemeier CJ et al.; Two plasmids were constructed consisting of the E . coli vector pACYC184 and the cyanobacterial plasmid pUC1 . These recombinants, designated pUC104 and pUC105, can be transformed to E . coli K12 as well as to the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 and in both hosts they express their antibiotic markers . pUC104 and pUC105 differ with respect to the location and the orientation of the pACYC184 segment in pUC1 . pUC104 was found to be stable under all circumstances . Transformation of pUC105 to A . nidulans R2 gave intact plasmids when chloramphenicol was the selective agent, but upon ampicillin selection a deletion derivative was produced identical to pUC1 . Further characteristics of pUC104 and pUC105 are described and their usefulness as cloning vectors is discussed.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1981 Jan-Feb, 9(1), 29 - 36
The viral factor in the etiology of acute asthma attacks in children; Oehling A et al.; Over the last decade firm proponents of a viral etiology have risen, alongside those considering mycoplasma as prime agent in the induction of bronchospasm . Since we are not convinced as to the validity of the viral hypothesis, we decided to study a group of asthmatics to detect the different viral antigens serologically, in order to determine which can play a decisive role in the pathogenesis of the asthmatic crisis . Without previous etiologic selection, 37 children admitted as emergency cases with severe asthmatic crises, were chosen for the study . All were being treated as asthmatics and were diagnosed as bacterial or mixed asthmatics according to the Ciba Symposium criteria; the ages ranged from one to eleven years . Four patients presented infections by RS virus and of these, two showed an accompanying infection by Coxsackie B3 and B5 . Only one patient presented antibodies against mycoplasma pneumoniae . The incidence of maxillary sinusitis was 75.6% . We found the only 13.5% of the children showed specific antibodies, against any of the 16 viral antigens tested . That is, we find that in parallel with the bacterial infection, there exists a viral infection which is manifested by the increment of specific antibody titers after ten days . The asthmatic symptoms disappeared after antibiotic and corticoid therapy, as opposed to the resistance to this form of treatment reported by McIntosh.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jan, 19(1), 22 - 8
Suction skin blister, skin window, and skin chamber techniques to determine extravascular passage of cefotaxime in humans; Frongillo RF et al.; We report the results obtained in comparative study on the extravascular passage of cefotaxime, employing three different methods: suction skin blister, skin window, and skin chamber . Applying the skin blister method in two different ways, we also studied the influence that suction pressure and time lapse between blister formation and antibiotic injection had on the results obtained in order to standardize the method and establish repeatability of the results . Using the skin chamber method, we studied the influence that the different protein contents in the fluid used to fill the skin chamber had on extravascular concentrations.

J Virol, 1981 Jan, 37(1), 307 - 16
Mutational changes in the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein affect the requirement of carbohydrate in morphogenesis; Chatis PA et al.; The role of carbohydrate in the morphogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus was studied, using the antibiotic tunicamycin to inhibit glycosylation . It has been reported previously (Gibson et al., J . Biol . Chem . 254:3600-3607, 1979) that the San Juan strain of vesicular stomatitis virus requires carbohydrate for efficient migration of the glycoprotein (G) to the cell surface and for virion formation, whereas the prototype or Orsay strain of vesicular stomatitis virus is less stringent in its carbohydrate requirement at 30 degrees C . However, there are many differences between the two strains . We found that mutational changes within the G protein of the same strain of virus (prototype or Orsay) alters the requirement for carbohydrate at 30 degrees C . Group V or G protein mutants tsO45 and tsO44, like their prototype parent, did not require carbohydrate for efficient morphogenesis . In contrast, the G protein of another group V mutant, tsO110, was totally dependent upon carbohydrate addition for migration to the cell surface . Furthermore, no tsO110 particles were released in the absence of glycosylation . The wild-type prototype strain did require carbohydrate at 39.5 degrees C for insertion of the G protein into the plasma membrane and virion formation . However, a pseudorevertant of tsO44 (tsO44R), unlike the prototype parent, no longer exhibited this temperature-sensitive requirement for carbohydrate . At 39.5 degrees C in the presence of tunicamycin, tsO44R-infected cells released normal yields of particles and the unglycosylated G reached the cell surface very efficiently . In contrast to tsO110, which absolutely requires carbohydrate, mutational change in the tsO44R G protein has eliminated the requirement for carbohydrate . Thus, simple mutational changes, as opposed to many changes in the molecule, are sufficient to alter the carbohydrate requirement.

J Rheumatol, 1981 Jan-Feb, 8(1), 100 - 9
Septic Discitis; McCain GA et al.; The clinical and laboratory findings in 15 patients with septic discitis are reported . The clinical picture was that of a sub-acute illness characterized by back pain, spinous process tenderness, and sciatic nerve root irritation . There was a considerable delay from clinical presentation to diagnosis (average 14 wk) . The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was the most useful diagnostic laboratory blood test and the best indicator of disease activity . The relative value of plain radiographs, tomography, and radionuclide bone scans is discussed . Needle aspiration of the disc space was found to be a useful diagnostic test . We found that a diagnosis of septic discitis could be made even in the absence of positive bacterial cultures from various biologic fluids or from the disc space . Long-term oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy with controlled rest resulted in a favourable outcome.

Eur J Immunol, 1981 Jan, 11(1), 48 - 55
Role of glycosylation in the H-2-restricted cytolysis of virus-infected cells; Black PL et al.; The role of the oligosaccharide portions of cell surface glycoproteins in the susceptibility of virus-infected cells to H-2-restricted cytolysis was investigated by using the antibiotic tunicamycin (TM) . TM inhibits the addition of sugars to the polypeptides of glycoproteins . TM treatment of P815 cells before and during infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) inhibited glycosylation of proteins and reduced by about 50% the lysis of infected P815 cells by VSV-immune, H-2-identical killer cells . In contrast, TM treatment had a modest inhibitory effect on cytolysis of P815 cells by alloimmune effector cells . TM treatment did not inhibit the surface expression of either H-2 or VSV glycoprotein . Thus, glycosylation of H-2 and/or viral glycoprotein is a prerequisite for the lysis of infected cells by H-2-identical, VSV-immune cytotoxic cells.

Eur J Biochem, 1981 Jan, 113(2), 391 - 6
Inhibition of the links between electron transfer and proton translocation in mitochondria; Tu SI et al.; The mechanism by which proton extrusion is linked to electron transfer in mitochondria was investigated by means of the primary amine-specific reagent fluorescamine, and of compounds obtained from the reaction of fluorescamine with simple amines (e.g . benzylamine) and with the mycosamine-containing antibiotic amphotericin B . The effect of these 'modifiers' (i.e . fluorescamine transfer chain were assayed separately using specific inhibitors to block the action associated with the other site . Both types of modifiers inhibited the proton extrusion across the membrane to a significantly greater extent than the electron transfer process in both sites II and III . In contrast, the lactone derivative (or cyclic form) of the amine-fluorescamine compounds had no significant inhibitory effect on the proton extrusion and its associated electron transfer . These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the link between proton extrusion and electron transfer in mitochondria is indirect in nature . The results show that: (a) the links involved in sites II and III are identical or very similar in nature; (b) a covalent modification of primary amino groups in the inner membrane is not essential for the expression of these differential inhibitory effects; (c) specific structural features in the amine-fluorescamine compounds, and in the mitochondria-fluorescamine derivatives, are crucial for the expression of the inhibitory effects . Our results contradict the 'redox loop' model of Mitchell, and are compatible with the proton pump concept for the linked proton translocation in oxidative phosphorylation.

Anticancer Res, 1981, 1(3), 175 - 86
Neocarzinostatin in cancer chemotherapy (review); Maeda H; This article describes previous studies on a unique protein antitumor antibiotic, neocarzinostatin . Namely, its chemical nature, mode of action at molecular and cellular levels, toxicity and pharmacology, and recent results in clinical trials obtained primarily in Japan have been reviewed briefly.

Pediatr Pharmacol (New York), 1981, 1(4), 357 - 64
Alterations induced by Nesdonal and Revrin on the heptic and nervous tissues of chick embryo; Farid M; The effect of two common drugs, namely, Nesdonal (a general anesthetic drug containing thiobarbitone) and Revrin (a common antibiotic containing tetracycline) on the glycogen content of the hepatocytes and the motor neurones of the lumbosacral region of 10-day-old chick embryos was studied in the present investigation . These drugs had been selected as they are frequently prescribed to pregnant women and their cytopathologic action in chick embryos had not been studied before . It was found that both drugs lead to the degeneration of the cells, pyknosis of the nuclei, and vacuolation of the cytoplasm . The glycogen content of the cells under investigation markedly decreased, fragmented, or disappeared . In these respects Revrin seems to exert a more powerful effect than Nesdonal.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981, 75(3), 394 - 8
Bleomycin-induced life prolongation of mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei EATRO 110; Nathan HC et al.; The antitumour antibiotic bleomycin, supplied as commercial BlenoxaneR (a mixture of bleomycinic acids), at 7 or 14 mg/kg prolonged life greater than 30 days beyond death of controls without relapse or sign of trypanosomes in the peripheral blood of mice infected with Trypanosoma b . brucei EATRO 110 . Control mice died in three to four days . The purified A2 and B2 bleomycin congeners were also active at this dose . Spermidine, spermine and hirudonine (1,8-diamidinospermidine) but not putrescine, co-administered with drug, annulled the curative effects of these compounds, as signalled by appearance of trypanosomes in the blood and death of the animals.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1981, 26(5), 345 - 50
The mechanism of resistance to streptomycin in Escherichia coli . Functional analysis of the permeability barrier of cells harbouring the R1 drd-19Km- plasmid; Brana H et al.; The mechanism of phenotypically altered SM resistance in mutants of Escherichia coli JC5455 (Rldrd-19Km-) lrs and JC5455 (pON5300) was compared with that of the standard strain JC5455 (Rldrd-19Km-) . On analyzing the membrane polypeptides in polyacrylamide gel both mutants were found to possess a protein spectrum different from that of ths standard strain . Transport of D-xylose and L-arginine was the same in all strains, transport of L-proline was decreased in JC5455 (pON5300) which may indicate a mutational interference with energy metabolism . The basic uptake of dihydrostreptomycin was the same in all strains but there were differences after preincubation of cells with streptomycin or glucose . The increased resistance of JC5455 (Rldrd-19Km-) lrs may be due to observed quantitative differences in membrane polypeptides that might play a role in the binding and functional expression of aminoglycoside-3'adenylyl transferase which modifies streptomycin . The increased sensitivity toward streptomycin in JC5455 (pON5300) can be explained by a mutation due to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in the host cell since this change of sensitivity to streptomycin could not be transferred by transformation into a nonmutagenized strain . The coincidence of inducibility of increased transport of streptomycin by this antibiotic and the altered frequency of reversion to high levels of streptomycin resistance in JC5455 (pON5300) and in the transformant JC5455 (pON5302) may indicate that the altered reversibility toward phenotypically high resistance to streptomycin is a property of pON5300 and is transferred by transformation.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Jan, 26(1), 5 - 7
{New actinomycin from Actinomyces sp . No . 2}; Kuznetsova VS et al.; A new actinomycin was isolated from a mixture of actinomycins formed by Actinomyces sp . No . 2, an organism producing auranthin, an actinomycetous antibiotic . The peptide chains of the new actinomycin contain such amino acids as threonine, valine, proline and sarcosine in a ratio of 2 : 4 : 2 : 2 . N-Methyl-valine characteristic of all actinomycins is replaced in position 5 of both pentapeptide chains of the new actinomycin by valine . The new actinomycin is actinomycin D undermethylated in position 5 by valine . When the growing culture of Actinomyces olivobrunneus producing actinomycin D was exposed to sulfadimesine, an inhibitor of biological methylation, production of actinomycin D0 (sarcosine replaced by glycine in one of the pentapeptide chains) markedly increased, which indicated impairment of the glycine residue methylation . Still, no impairment of the valine residue methylation in position 5 of the pentapeptide chains was observed an no actinomycin with N-methyl-valine replaced by valine was formed.

Endoscopy, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 27 - 30
ERCP: Complications and prophylaxis a controlled study; Brandes JW et al.; Prophylactic measures for the prevention of complications (pancreatitis, pancreatic and biliary sepsis) after an ERCP examination were investigated in a controlled study . A total of 118 patients were selected at random and divided into three groups by post-ERCP treatment (Group A: no treatment, Group B: oral prophylaxis with broad spectrum tetracycline, Group C: bedrest for 36 hours, fasting, stomach catheter and infusion prophylaxis . The total rate of complications in the study as a whole was 5% (2.5% pancreatitis, 2.5% bacterial complications) . Statistical comparison of the groups produced no significant differences, i.e . neither the antibiotic nor the infusion prophylaxis proved advantageous with respect to the frequency of pancreatitis and bacterial complications . In addition to this, prophylactic measures after ERCP had no influence on the frequency, duration and extent of such temporary symptoms as abdominal discomfort, fever, leukocytosis, hyperamylasemia, hyperamylasuria and cholestasis . It is worth considering carrying out ERCP on an out-patient basis in special cases.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Dec 19, 105(51), 1776 - 9
{Treatment of severe febrile neutropenia (author's transl)}; Meuret G et al.; Random allocation of 22 patients with benign and malignant diseases with neutrophil counts of up to 1 X 10(9)/l blood and probably infection-caused fever of more than 38 degrees C to intravenous treatment with one of the following antibiotic combinations was performed: carbenicillin (6 g/m(2) . 6 h) plus sisomicin (45 g/m2 . 6 h) or mezlocillin (3 g/m2 . 6 h) plus sisomicin (45 g/m2 . 6 h) . Both combinations were tolerated equally well . Patients became afebrile in 16 out of 23 treatment periods . Seven out of 11 patients responded to carbenicillin - sisomicin, and 9 out of 12 to mezlocillin - sisomicin . Mezlocillin thus leads to equal success of treatment in febrile neutropenia as the double dose of carbenicillin when both antibiotics are combined with the same aminoglycoside.

Fed Regist, 1981 Jan 2, 46(1), 28 - 30
Prescription drug products; patient package insert requirements--Food and Drug Administration . Final rule; Purification and properties of adenylosuccinate synthetase from Yoshida sarcoma ascites tumor cells; Adenylosuccinate synthetase (IMP:L-aspartate ligase (GDP-forming), EC 6.3.4.4) was purified about 750-fold to a homogeneous state from Yoshida sarcoma ascites tumor cells . A yield of 38% purified enzyme was achieved by a procedure including affinity chromatography on hadacidin-Sepharose 4B . Ultracentrifugal analyses showed that the molecular weight of the native enzyme was 102 000 with an s20,w value of 4.5 and that the molecular weight in 6 M guanidine-HCl was 47 000 . These values indicate that the native enzyme is composed of two subunits . The isoelectric point was determined to be 5.9 by isoelectric focusing . The optimum pH for activity was 6.8-7.0 . The Km values for IMP, aspartate and GTP were calculated to be 4.1, 9.8 and 0.7 . 10(-4) M, respectively . The antibiotic, hadacidin was strongly inhibitory, causing competitive inhibition with respect to aspartate with a Ki value of 2.5 . 10(-6) M . Nucleoside mono- and diphosphate also inhibited the enzyme activity, but their inhibitions were not apparently specific . The purified enzyme showed full activity in the presence of Mg2+, and Mg2+ could be partially replaced by Mn2+, Co2+, Ca2+ or Cu2+ . Divalent metal ions, such as Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+, interfered with the activity by antagonizing Mg2+ . Hg2+ or PCMB inactivated the enzyme, suggesting that an SH-group may be important for activity.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Dec, 25(12), 928 - 31
{Action of levorin on amino acid transport in the rat small intestine}; Lishnevskaia EB et al.; Levorin, a polyenic antibiotic, in concentration of 2.10(-6) M markedly inhibited the active transport of amino acids in the cells of rat thin intestine, thus decreasing the oxygen dependent transfer of 14C-glycine and 14C-leucine and antigradient accumulation of glycine in the enterocytes . The effect increases with an increase in the period of the intestine mucosa contact with the antibiotic . Introduction of levorin from th serous side had no effect on the glycine transport . Inhibition of the transmembrane transport of glycine by levorin is due to its effect on transfer and accumulation of amino acids in the cells.

Angiology, 1980 Dec, 31(12), 846 - 56
Echocardiographic abnormalities in acute rupture of the aortic valve due to infective endocarditis; Chia BL et al.; The M-mode echocardiographic findings seen in 5 patients with acute rupture of the aortic valve leaflets due to infective endocarditis are described . These findings embrace a wide spectrum of abnormalities seen in the aortic root in diastole and they are (1) fine, high frequency oscillating echoes, (2) thick oscillating bands of echoes, and (3) dense shaggy echoes loosely attached to the aortic valve leaflets . Three patients showed persistence of these aortic root echoes right up to the level of the left ventricular outflow tract . All 5 patients demonstrated early closure of the mitral valve and exaggerated motion of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle . Two patients died from the illness and the remaining 3 had successful aortic valve replacement after appropriate antibiotic therapy . The aortic valve and the aortic root were carefully examined in all 5 patients either at necropsy or at operation . Two patients had leaflet perforation alone, whereas the remaining 3 had both leaflet perforations as well as vegetations . An attempt was made to correlate morphologic findings with the echocardiographic abnormalities . It is concluded that it is frequently difficult from abnormal echoes in the aortic root alone to differentiate between ruptured leaflets and vegetations . However, the presence of the combination of early closure of the mitral valve, exaggerated motion of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle, together with abnormal aortic root echoes as described above should strongly suggest acute rupture of the aortic valve leaflets due to infective endocarditis, or in rare cases myxomatous degeneration of the aortic valve.

Br J Dermatol, 1980 Dec, 103(6), 681 - 4
Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a premature neonate; Granstein RD et al.; A case of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a 3-week-old premature infant is reported . The lesion, which presented as a solitary nodule surmounted by three pustules, occurred following the use of elasticized and cloth adhesive tape and was cured by surgical excision . Factors predisposing to this infection included maceration, antibiotic usage, and prematurity.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Dec 1, 138(7 Pt 1), 755 - 8
Intrauterine irrigation with cefamandole nafate solution at cesarean section: a preliminary report; Long WH et al.; The effectiveness of intrauterine irrigation with an antibiotic solution of cefamandole nafate in reducing the incidence of endometritis after cesarean section was studied in a prospective, double-blind fashion . Ninety patients who underwent cesarean section at Tripler Army Medical Center were divided into three equal groups . Each group received one of the following treatments at the time of operation: (1) intrauterine irrigation with the antibiotic solution, (2) irrigation with normal saline solution, or (3) no irrigation . The resulting incidences of endometritis were 0%, 26.7%, and 23.3%, respectively . Intrauterine irrigation with cefamandole nafate solution at the time of cesarean section significantly reduced the incidence of endometritis.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1980 Dec, 62(8), 1345 - 50
Late hematogenous infection of total joint replacement; Stinchfield FE et al.; Late deep wound infection secondary to hematogenous spread of bacteria from a distant focus is an infrequent but devastating complication of total joint replacement . Nine patients (ten implants) with documented late hematogenous infection are reported, all of whom demonstrated several characteristic features . The initial operation was free of clinical evidence of infection and a long asymptomatic interval ensued, followed by a definite febrile illness and acute joint pain . The source of the infection often was not recognized until late and prophylactic antibiotics were not given when it was identified . Seven of the ten implants had to be removed . The primary responsibility for the prevention of this devastating complication lies with the surgeon, who must inform each patient of the risk of late hematogenous seeding from infection elsewhere in the body . It is also important to pay special attention to patients who are at particularly high risk, such as those with rheumatoid arthritis or other systemic diseases . A knowledge of the bacterial flora of the various areas of the human body is essential in choosing the appropriate prophylactic antibiotic.

Cancer Res, 1980 Dec, 40(12), 4390 - 7
Identification of the antimetabolite of L-alanosine, L-alanosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid ribonucleotide, in tumors and assessment of its inhibition of adenylosuccinate synthetase; Tyagi AK et al.; The conjugate of L-alanosine {L-2-amino-3-(N-hydroxyN-nitrosamino)propionic acid} and 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid ribonucleotide has been synthesized in good yield by enzymatic means, using partially purified chicken liver 5-amino-4-imidazole-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase (EC 6.3.2.6) . The chromatographic behavior of this molecule was characterized, as was its ability to inhibit adenylosuccinate synthetase, an enzyme long considered to be the locus of action of the drug . The Ki of-L-alanosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid ribonucleotide versus a partially purified adenylosuccinate synthetase frm the L5178y/AR leukemia of C57BL X DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called BD2F1) mice was 0.228 microM, whereas the Ki of L-alanosine was 57.23 mM . Administration of 50 microCi of DL-{1-14C}alanosine along with unlabeled L-alanosine (500 mg/kg) to BD2F1 mice bearing s.c . nodules of Leukemia L5178Y/AR resulted in the accumulation in tumors of a material with properties compatible with those of L-alanosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid ribonucleotide . It coeluted with L-alanosyl-5-amino-r-imidazolecarboxylic acid ribonucleotide in the high-resolution chromatographic system used, was Bratton-Marshall positive, and inhibited adenylosuccinate synthetase strongly . In tumor nodules 2 hr after dosage, the concentration of this compound approximated 70 microM . Under the same circumstances, the intratumoral concentration of L-alanosine was found to be 440 microM . At this concentration, the antibiotic itself exerts only a marginal inhibition of leukemic adenylosuccinate synthetase . In ancillary studies, it was shown for the first time in vivo that the parenteral administration of L-alanosine reduces the specific activity of intratumoral adenylosuccinate synthetase by 70% and depresses the synthesis of DNA to an equivalent or greater extent; adenine but not hypoxanthine (both at 250 mg/kg) was able to reverse the latter inhibition . No effect on purine salvage enzymes was exerted by L-alanosine . Viewed in concert, these experiments establish that the adduct of L-alanosine with 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxylic acid is formed by neoplastic cells in vivo and that this anabolite is most probably responsible for the inhibition of adneylosuccinate synthetase and, in turn, for the diminished synthesis of DNA seen after a therapeutic dose of L-alanosine.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1980 Dec, 80(6), 909 - 20
Calcification of aortic homografts used for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract; Saravalli OA et al.; Calcification of aortic homografts used for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was studied in assess the frequency of occurrence, location, extent, speed of progression, and clinical and hemodynamic implications . Radiologic follow-up by means of penetrated posteroanterior and lateral radiograms ranged from 2 to 10 years in two groups of patients . Group 1 comprised 40 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease in whom an aortic homograft was used to restore continuity between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries . Results from this group were correlated with those from Group 2, which included 80 patients who had a homograft implanted as a substitute for their own pulmonary valve, which had been used as an autograft for replacing the diseased aortic or mitral valve . In Group 1, 92% of the grafts were calcified 6 months to 4 years after operation . Calcification was severe in two cases, moderate in 33, and mild in two . One of the grafts had to be removed in the tenth postoperative year for progressive obstruction . In Group 2, 27% showed signs of calcification, never before the second year after implantation . Calcium development was severe in two, moderate in 12, and mild in eight . Two obstructed homografts were removed . Aortic homograft calcification has been more common, developed earlier, and been more severe in patients operated upon for congenital lesions . The lower age, the peculiar metabolism, the distorted anatomy, and the development of pulmonary hypertension in this group may account for this fact . In 96% of the patients who were followed, calcification has not yet meant clinical disability or hemodynamic dysfunction . Use of "fresh," antibiotic-sterilized homografts has reduced the incidence of calcification in Group 2 and is expected to decrease its severity in all cases.

Ophthalmology, 1980 Dec, 87(12), 1309 - 13
Ocular pathology for clinicians . 8 . Orbital cellulitis; Macy JI et al.; Orbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis has been the most common cause of proptosis in children . A case report is presented which emphasizes that the signs and laboratory findings in orbital cellulitis may be confusing, especially when modified by prior antibiotics . When orbital cellulitis is a possibility, adequate antibiotic therapy should be instituted while diagnostic studies are being performed . CT scanning is a new and useful modality for the evaluation of these patients, but cautious and experienced interpretation is essential . In patients who do not respond promptly to appropriate medical therapy, surgical intervention is indicated for drainage and biopsy.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Dec, 33(12), 1318 - 31
Pharmacokinetics of ribostamycin in healthy volunteers and patients with impaired renal function; Yamasaku F et al.; Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus, and extracted and isolated by NIIDA et . al . It has been used widely clinically with its characteristic of low ototoxicity . UMEMURA et al . studied the pharmacokinetics of this antibiotic in animals and reported that it has a similar pharmacokinetic behavior in vivo to kanamycin . In the present studies, the pharmacokinetic behavior of ribostamycin was studied in 5 healthy adult volunteers receiving different doses (0.5 g, 1.0 g and 1.5 g) by intramuscular injection, and 0.5 g by intravenous drip infusion . In addition, a similar study was conducted with 11 patients with varying degrees of renal dysfunction in order to study the application of ribostamycin in such patients.

Ann Neurol, 1980 Dec, 8(6), 631 - 3
Mollaret meningitis: report of a case with recovery after colchicine; Mora JS et al.; A 13-year-old boy developed closely spaced episodes of recurrent febrile meningitis that persisted for 22 months despite antibiotic therapy . During exacerbations the cerebrospinal fluid contained up to 2,500 leukocytes per cubic millimeter, including up to 20% activated monocytoid cells, with high IgM and IgG levels . No cause for the disorder was found, but steroids improved the condition and colchicine therapy apparently cured it.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Dec, 11(4), 572 - 81
Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in patients with diarrhoea in Bangkok; Khusmith S et al.; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were recovered from 17 of 82 patients (20.7%) with diarrhoea admitted to Bamrajnaradura Hospital . Six patients (7.3%) were infected with LT + ETEC, 6 patients (7.3%) with ST + ETEC, 2 patients (2.4%) with LT + ST + ETEC and 3 patients with mixed ETEC infection, two of them had LT + ST + and LT + and one had LT + and ST + ETEC infections . There was no significant differences between the age group and the positive isolation of ETEC . Only 33 of 63 isolates could be typed . Two of 4 patients with LT + ST + ETEC had 078 serotype . There was no correlation between enteroxigencity and enteropathogenicity as determined by the antisera used . Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that 51.6% of ETEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline, and all ETEC were sensitive to gentamicin and cotrimoxazole.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Dec 1, 138(7 Pt 2), 1078 - 81
Problems and proposals for the surveillance and control of sexually transmitted diseases associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in South America; de la Torre LA; PIP: The number of women at risk for gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease has increased greatly in South America as has the incidence rates for gonorrhea . IN an effort to summarize the problems encountered in the control of sexually transmitted disease (STD) agents associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), official documents prepared for the Pan American Health Organization and articles published in South American journals were reviewed . The problem of PID essentially involves fertile women between the ages of 15 and 49 years . Fertile women are at greater risk for STD, and the number of such women has increased markedly . Between 1970 and 1975, the reported incidence rates of gonoccal infection increased 29% in Bolivia, 25% in Uruguay, 15% in Argentina, and 13% in Colombia . The rates in Paraguay declined by 50% . Surveillance systems for STD are inaccurate in South American countries, and the health care services offer highly variable population coverage . In most South American countries, programs for the control of STD are limited to the control of prostitution and evaluation and treatment of prostitutes, prenatal serologic screening for syphilis, and studies performed in women attending hospital gynecology clinics . The other factors contributing to poor STD control are: the medical care system; medical care coverage; professional STD training; laboratory system; antibiotic misuse; and public education . Ignorance regarding STD on the part of physicians works as a major barrier to more effective control programs . It is essential that clinical services for STDs be available for the majority of a country's population .

J Pediatr Surg, 1980 Dec, 15(6), 790 - 6
Corticosteroid therapy in hemorrhagic and septic shock in puppies; Connors RH et al.; The efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of shock remains controversial . In order to evaluate this question, the following controlled experimental study was undertaken . There were 44 puppies (2-6 kg) used to examine the effects of methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) in both hemorrhagic and live Escherichia coli septic shock . In order to isolate the effects of steroid treatment, no volume or antibiotic therapy was given . Arterial, venous, and pulmonary artery catheterization allowed continuous hemodynamic and metabolic monitoring . One control group received steroid treatment and was not subjected to shock . Septic shock was achieved by a rapid bolus infusion of 10(9) live E . coli organisms . Hemorrhagic shock was produced by bleeding the puppy an average of 43% of his blood volume . Four septic and four hemorrhagic shock groups received either no treatment, steroids at the time of shock, or steroids 30 min before or after shock . Cardiac outputs of less than 50% of control values and significant lactic acidosis were documented in all of the shock animals . The septic groups showed more profound alterations in these parameters and a decreased overall survival . No statistically significant differences could be found, however, in the hemodynamic, metabolic or survival figures among the different septic shock groups, or among the various hemorrhagic shock animals . The anticipated preservation of cardiac output and decrease in leakage of lysosomal acid phosphatase were not seen with any treatment schedule . The theoretical benefits of corticosteroid treatment in shock could not be documented in these two models of severe septic and hemorrhagic shock in puppies.

Chest, 1980 Dec, 78(6), 867 - 9
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of Hemophilus influenzae pleural effusion; Holsclaw DS Jr et al.; A child with a sterile pleural effusion resulting from an infection with Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hi b) is described . The diagnosis was established by use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) . The alarming increase in incidence of pneumonia due to Hi b is noted, as is the large number of associated pleural effusions . CIE provides a rapid, reliable, and sensitive means by which to establish the exact etiology of such bacterial infections so that optimal antibiotic therapy can be started promptly.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1980 Dec, 66(6), 447 - 51
The effect of troleandomycin on methylprednisolone elimination; Szefler SJ et al.; Troleandomoycin (TAO), a macrolide antibiotic, has an apparent "steroid-sparing" effect when used in the treatment of severe steroid-dependent asthma . This study was designed to investigate the effect of TAO on methylprednisolone elimination . Pharmacokinetic studies were performed before and 1 wk after starting TAO in 10 severe steroid-dependent asthmatics . Baseline total body clearance of methylprednisolone was 406 +/- 139 (mean +/- SD) ml/min/1.73 m2 and decreased significantly (p < 0.001) to 146 +/- 57 ml/min/1.73 m2 1 wk after TAO therapy was initiated . Methylprednisolone half-life was 2.46 +/- 0.75 hr before TAO and increased significantly (p < 0.01) to 4.63 +/- 1.35 hr after 1 wk on TAO therapy . A follow-up evaluation of methylprednisolone pharmacokinetics in three patients after at least 1 mo on TAO therapy demonstrated continuation of the reduced methylprednisolone elimination . TAO inhibition of methylprednisolone clearance may contribute to the beneficial effects observed initially with combined methylprednisolone-troleandomycin therapy in severe steroid-dependent asthma.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1980 Dec, 66(6), 438 - 46
Efficacy of troleandomycin in outpatients with severe, corticosteroid-dependent asthma; Zeiger RS et al.; Sixteen severe, corticosteroid-dependent yet resistant outpatient asthmatics were treated with troleandomycin (TAO), a macrolide antibiotic, in an attempt to both induce a clinical remission and reduce methylprednisolone requirements . Within the first 2 wk of initiating TAO therapy, 50% of the patients experienced a greater than 20% increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and 80% noted a greater than 20% increase in forced vital capacity between 25% and 75% (FVC 25%-75%) . Maximal increases in FEV1 and FVC 25%-75% were noted in all patients within the first 6 wk on TAO and methylprednisolone . There was a concomitant clinical improvement in all patients . Corticosteroid-induced side effects, gastrointestinal tract discomfort, and elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were common yet generally transient during TAO and methylprednisolone therapy . After a 4- to 18-mo follow-up 15/16 patients were well-controlled on TAO and methylprednisolone . Methylprednisolone requirements were reduced at least four- to fivefold in most patients during TAO therapy . Normal morning serum cortisol levels were documented after varying intervals in most patients when both TAO (250 mg) and methylprednisolone (4 to 16 mg) could be reduced to alternate-day administration . Only one patient was forced to discontinue therapy due to side effects . The present study extends the effectiveness of TAO therapy to ambulatory asthmatics, establishes a clinical strategy that maximizes benefit/risk factors, and provides practical guidelines for the long-term use of TAO and methylprednisolone.

Aust N Z J Surg, 1980 Dec, 50(6), 622 - 3
A case of Fournier's gangrene; Bruce M; Fournier's gangrene of the scrotum is an uncommon condition . Its aetiology remains obscure . It has a potentially serious and possibly fatal outcome if not treated quickly and effectively . The following case history demonstrates that a combination of early surgical intervention and intravenous antibiotic therapy will substantially reduce morbidity and mortality.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Dec, 77(12), 7049 - 53
DNA polymerase alpha mutants from a Drosophila melanogaster cell line; Sugino A et al.; Aphidicolin, a tetracyclic diterpenoid antibiotic, is a specific inhibitor of DNA synthesis in vivo and DNA polymerase (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) alpha of eukaryotic organisms . After ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis, we have recovered mutants of Drosophila melanogaster Schneider cell line no . 2 that grow at concentrations of aphidicolin that completely inhibit wild-type cells . The DNA polymerase alpha from one of these mutants, aph-10, is much more resistant to inhibition by the drug; the apparent Ki of the wild-type enzyme is 12 nM aphidicolin, whereas the apparent Ki of the aph-10 polymerase is more than 100 nM . (The apparent Km for dCTP is the same for both enzymes.) Another mutant, aph-13, overproduces DNA polymerase alpha at least 8-fold . The DNA polymerase of this mutant has the same apparent Km and Ki for dNTPs and aphidicolin as does wild-type polymerase.

AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1980 Dec, 135(6), 1205 - 10
Neonatal candidiasis: renal and pulmonary manifestations; Patriquin H et al.; A description of three newborns with renal candidiasis and a review of 14 others suggest the following pathogenesis: antibiotic therapy in a premature baby with an intravascular catheter is followed by hematogenous renal spread, candiduria, and acute obstructive nephropathy by mycotic bezoars . The radiologic appearance is often characteristic . Prompt therapy is the only possibility for survival . Primary thoracic candidiasis occurs more frequently in the full term baby and is probably aspirated during birth . One patient is described and 20 cases from the literature are reviewed . The radiologic appearance is nonspecific.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Dec, 18(6), 933 - 8
Pharmacokinetics of moxalactam in subjects with various degrees of renal dysfunction; Bolton WK et al.; We have examined the pharmacokinetics of moxalactam (LY127935) in 36 subjects with various degrees of renal dysfunction . Creatinine clearance (Ccr)/1.73 m2 ranged from zero to 135.8 ml/min . After a 1-g administration of moxalactam intravenously, the volume of distribution was 20.6 /+- 9.5 liters (0.28 liter/kg), and the mean half-life ranged from 3.1 h for subjects with Ccr greater than 65 ml/min to 19.3 h for subjects with Ccr less than 10 ml/min . The moxalactam clearance was closely correlated to Ccr (r = 0.93, P less than 0.0001) and excretion of antibiotic was 73.6 +/- 13% in normal subjects . Renal clearance accounted for 90% of moxalactam clearance in the normal subjects . A dosage schedule for administering moxalactam to patients with various degrees of renal dysfunction is provided.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Dec, 25(12), 924 - 7
{Antitumor activity of bleomycetin against ascitic tumors in mice}; Bazhanov VS et al.; When used intraperitoneally in doses of 18.0-0.006 mg/kg daily bleomycetin inhibited th growth of lymphadenosis NK/Li by 90-100 per cent . When used subcutaneously or intravenously in maximum tolerated doses the antibiotic inhibited the development of lymphadenosis NK/Li by 90 and 70 per cent respectively . The antitumor effect of bleomycetin on Ehrlich's carcinoma was somewhat less pronounced . Inhibition of Ehrlich's carcinoma growth by 50-90 per cent was observed with intraperitoneal and subcutaneous use of the antibiotic in doses of 0.2-1.0 and 5.0-13.0 mg/kg respectively . When used intraperitoneally bleomycetin markedly prolonged the life span of mice with lymphocytic leucosis P-388 and was superior by its efficiency to methotrexate used as a reference . On subcutaneous administration the efficiency of the antibiotic was almost the same as that of methotrexate and on intravenous administration it amounted to 70 per cent of the methotrexate efficiency . No effect of bleomycetin on its intraperitoneal use was observed with respect to lymphoid leucosis L-1210.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1980 Nov 25, 8(22), 5519 - 31
Counterion dependent variation of DNA secondary structure in (A . T) clusters: evidence by use of netropsin as a structural probe; Reinert KE et al.; The interaction of the oligopeptide antibiotic netropsin (Nt) with (A . T) regions of DNA is characterized by a spectrum of discrete modes . This has been revealed by viscometric analysis, at 20 degrees C and 0.2 M "counterions", for NaDNA in a preceding and for NH4DNA in this paper . The increase of DNA contour length as induced by one Nt molecule was found to depend on the special mode only, while the respective stiffening is generally higher for NH4DNA . The latter property is interpreted in terms of an enhanced flexibility, relative to that of NaDNA, of the (A . T) cluster segments before complex formation . For some of the interaction modes of the DNA-Nt systems a difference in the number of corresponding binding sites has been observed . This phenomenon is understood by assuming an influence of the counterion species upon existing equilibria between different forms of the (A . T) cluster secondary structure . Not less than 5 to 10% of the total DNA are effected in this manner . Upper limits for the local differences in the axial rise per base pair are 0.04 nm and 0.02 nm.

C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1980 Nov 24, 291(11), 897 - 9
{Visceral localization of 14C gentamicin in the rat after administration of a single dose}; Fresel J et al.; When administered intravenously to Rats, 14C Gentamicin decreased very fast in all tissues, except in kidney and cartilage . Some flexures of the small intestine contained radioactive carbon, and that was evidence for the biliary elimination of a part of the aminoglycoside . In animals with water restriction, the distribution of the antibiotic in tissues was similar to the distribution in animals with free access to water.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Nov 14, 122(46), 1651 - 4
{Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxim in geriatric patients (author's transl)}; Naber K et al.; The behavior of plasma concentrations after intravenous and intramuscular administration of 2 g cefotaxim (Claforan) was determined in an intra-individual cross-over comparison in 10 geriatric patients . The half-lives measured of about 2 hours were approximately twice as long as in healthy subjects . Thus an effective level is maintained over the same period with half the recommended dose of antibiotic compared with younger patients, which could be clinically relevant.

Biochemistry, 1980 Nov 11, 19(23), 5411 - 6
Nonenzymic translocation and spontaneous release of noncognate peptidyl transfer ribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli ribosomes; Cabanas MJ et al.; Poly(uridylic acid)-programmed ribosomes have been used to synthesize the noncognate peptidyl-tRNA Ac-Phe-Tyr-tRNATyr and its cognate counterpart Ac(Phe)2-tRNAPhe . After synthesis, Ac(Phe)2-tRNAPhe remains, as expected, in the ribosomal acceptor (A) site, but the noncognate AcPhe-Tyr-tRNATyr does not; part of it spontaneously falls off the ribosome and the rest translocates, without elongation factor (EF) G, to the ribosomal donor site . The inhibitor of translocation viomycin prevents both the spontaneous release and the nonenzymatic translocation by confining the noncognate peptidyl-tRNA to the A site . Under these conditions, the interaction of AcPhe-Tyr-tRNATyr with the A site appears to be similar to that of Ac(Phe)2-tRNAPhe without the antibiotic, and EF-G promotes the translocation and subsequent elongation of both peptidyl-tRNAs to comparable extents . The results indicate that, without viomycin, the noncognate peptidyl-tRNA is weakly held in the ribosomal A site and support the proposal that the release of peptidyl-tRNA occurring during protein synthesis in vivo is related to a ribosomal editing mechanism which discards mistranslated nascent proteins {Menninger, J . R . (1977) Mech . Ageing Dev . 6, 131}.

J Biol Chem, 1980 Nov 10, 255(21), 10517 - 22
Mutants of Escherichia coli lacking ribosomal protein L11; Stoffler G et al.; Three mutants with ribosomes apparently lacking Protein L11, AM68, AM76, and AM77, were investigated using a variety of immunological techniques to determine whether L11 was indeed lacking . Ouchterlony double diffusion, modified immunoelectrophoresis, and dimer formation on sucrose gradients all gave results indicating Protein L11 was missing from the ribosome in these mutants . Electron micrographs of ribosomes of the mutants were indistinguishable from those of wild type . Ribosomes of AM68, AM76, and AM77, did not bind the antibiotic thiostrepton, but binding was recovered upon reconstitution with wild type Protein L11.

Sem Hop, 1980 Nov 8-15, 56(41-42), 1748 - 53
{Studies on liver abscesses (author's transl)}; Ragnaud JM et al.; The authors report 25 observations of liver abscesses in the same service over a 5 years period . Diagnostic difficulties are pointed out and the value of echography, a simple and well tolerated examination, are emphasized immunologic studies allow the differentiation of the two types off liver abscesses i.e., pyogenic and amoebic, thus orientating their different treatments . The treatment of pyogenic abscesses (12 cases) is chiefly surgical, supported with suitable antibiotic therapy . Amoebic abscesses require medical treatment in collected abscesses of little or mean volume . In our series the number of patients requiring surgery is important (13 cases) . This is due to persisting residual pouches or to the absence of well defined cliical improvement with medical treatment and the occurence of pre-burst or burst symptoms.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Nov 4, 602(2), 260 - 8
Application of differential spectra in the ultraviolet-visible region to study the formation of amphotericin B-sterol complexes; Gruda I et al.; The extent of complex formation between the polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B, and cholesterol or ergosterol was investigated and a method for a quantitative measurement of the complex formation was developed . The effect of experimental conditions on the magnitude of the amphotericin B-sterol interaction and on the selectivity of this interaction showed that there was only a narrow range of solvent composition in which the differential selectivity of amphotericin B towards these two sterols could be observed.

Br J Cancer, 1980 Nov, 42(5), 692 - 6
Survival of intestinal crypts after treatment by adriamycin alone or with radiation; Moore JV et al.; A survival curve has been established for jejunal crypts of BDF1 mice treated by single i.p . doses of the antibiotic agent adriamycin . The threshold dose and Do were twice that for marrow CFU-S of these mice . The overall extrapolation number of the crypt survival curve was very low (1.3 +/- 0.13) compared to the value for gamma radiation . This observation is discussed with respect to the interpretation of crypt survival curves . We were unable to demonstrate any enhancement by adriamycin (reduction in Dq) of the response of microcolony-forming cells to radiation given immediately before the drug.

Anaesth Intensive Care, 1980 Nov, 8(4), 402 - 3
The period of nasotracheal intubation in acute epiglottitis; Phelan PD et al.; Experience during the last three years with nasotracheal intubation in children with acute epiglottitis indicates that a period of intubation of 8-12 hours after the institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy is satisfactory in most patients . Shortening the period of intubation should have benefits to the patient . A shorter period of intubation should provide less opportunity for complications to develop and allow earlier discharge.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1980 Nov 1, 177(9), 849 - 51
Coccidial infections in ranch mink; Myers GH et al.; A field study was conducted from April through June of 1976 to determine whether coccidial infections adversely affect the growth and survivability of young mink . Two anticoccidials, lasalocid (62 mg/kg of feed) and an antibiotic-sulfonamide preparation (220 mg/kg of feed), were incorporated into a standard pelleted ration . Comparisons of weight gains, mortality, and oocyst numbers were made between control and treated groups . Treatment reduced mortality (P < 0.001) but did not significantly affect weight gains . The antibiotic-sulfonamide preparation and, to a lesser extent lasalocid, reduced oocyst discharge . Increased oocyst shedding was detected among adult female mink from parturition to weaning of their kits.

Cell, 1980 Nov, 22(2 Pt 2), 459 - 67
Role of ATP in binding and migration of 40S ribosomal subunits; Kozak M; Two assays have been devised to demonstrate ATP-dependent migration of 40S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA . The first is a two-step runoff assay . Reovirus mRNA was initially loaded with 40S subunits by incubation with wheat germ ribosomes in the presence of the antibiotic edeine . During the second phase of the incubation, in which further attachment of ribosomes was inhibited, the preformed complexes were shown to dissociate (presumably by runoff) only if ATP was included in the reaction . A more direct demonstration of ATP-dependent migration of 40S subunits was carried out using 3' end-labeled brome mosaic virus mRNA . In the presence of edeine and ATP, 40S ribosomal subunits were shown to advance all the way to the 3' end of the message, as shown by protection of the labeled 3'-proximal segment against nuclease digestion . Depletion of ATP by the addition of hexokinase prevented this migration . A variety of observations has raised the possibility that attachment of eucaryotic ribosomes to messenger RNA proceeds via a "scanning mechanism." The hypothesis is that a 40S subunit binds initially at or near the 5' terminus of the message and subsequently migrates toward the interior, stopping when it encounters the first AUG triplet . If migration of 40S subunits requires ATP, as the present studies suggest, the scanning mechanism predicts that in a system depleted of ATP a single 40S ribosome should be trapped near the 5' terminus of the message--upstream of the AUG initiator codon . This prediction was confirmed by analyzing binding of wheat germ ribosomes to a synthetic ribopolymer in which the 5'-proximal region (lacking AUG codons) and the AUG-containing segment near the 3' end of the molecule were differentially labeled.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Nov, 18(5), 691 - 5
Stimulation of leucomycin production by magnesium phosphate and its relevance to nitrogen catabolite regulation; Omura S et al.; Addition of magnesium phosphate {Mg3(PO4)2 x 8H2O} to a complex medium or to an ammonium ion-containing, chemically defined medium stimulated leucomycin production by Streptomyces kitasatoensis . Ammonium ions in high concentrations inhibited leucomycin production, but their limitation by magnesium phosphate led to the high production of the antibiotic.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Nov, 25(11), 868 - 70
{14C-alanine incorporation into rat thymus nuclear proteins on actinomycin D administration at different times of day}; Savina MI; Actinomycin D was administered to rats at various day periods and it was observed that the levels of the nuclear protein synthesis in the thymus cells significantly lowered depending on the period of the drug administration . This was most pronounced with respect to histones H1 and nonhistone proteins . The antibiotic effect was determined by the stage of the lymphocyte living cycle: G1 period was most sensitive to the actinomycin block.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Nov, 25(11), 850 - 4
{Action of levorin on glucose transport in the rat small intestine}; Roshchina GM et al.; The technique of accumulating preparation of the mucosa and "turned out sac" was used to show that levorin, a polyenic antibiotic in a concentration of 10(-6) M, lowered the transport rate and accumulation of glucose by the epithelial cells of the rat thin intestine under conditions of oxygenation . Suppression of the glucose transport in the first stages resulted in partial inhibition of the transmembrane transfer . It is suggested that levorin suppression of the glucose transport through the erythrocyte apical membrane in the thin intestine is associated with a decrease in the electrochemical gradient of Na+.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Nov, 25(11), 822 - 8
{Morphological and biochemical characteristics of Streptomyces hygroscopicus mutants induced by streptomycin and hygromycin B}; Pronina MI et al.; Under the effect of streptomycin and hygromycin B there were obtained morphological mutants of Str . hygroscopicus differing in their capacity for synthesis of the antibiotic and a complex of proteolytic enzymes, as well as their resistance to high concentrations of the antibiotics . The mutation of resistance to the aminoglycosides with preservation of the initial phenotype did not result in significant changes in biosynthesis of hygromycin B and the enzyme . At the same time the antibiotic resistant mutants with changed morphology of the colonies were characterized by different capacity for the biosynthesis of the enzyme and antibiotic . Mutants with high, productivity of hygrolytin, not producing hygromycin B were most valuable . Production of hygromycin B correlated with the culture capacity to form aerial mycelium and spores . On the contrary, synthesis of hygrolytin by Str . hygroscopicus did not depend on the morphological characteristics of the culture: strains active with respect to hygrolytin synthesis were found among both the mutants forming abundant aerial mycelium and those not forming it . The study on the biochemical characteristics of the cultures showed that by the lipid content and fatty acid composition they belonged to the same group.

South Med J, 1980 Nov, 73(11), 1473 - 5
Use, misuse, and cost of parenteral cephalosporins at a county hospital; Appleby DH et al.; We reviewed total usage of parenteral cephalosporins at a county hospital during 1978 with regard to appropriateness, pattern of use, and cost . In addition, we determined the impact of replacing cephalothin with cephapirin in the hospital formulary . During the 12-month study 366 patients received 409 courses of parenteral cephalosporins: 167 received cefazolin, 160 received cephapirin, and 35 received a combination of cefazolin and cephapirin . The surgical service prescribed 87% of the cephapirin and 92% of the cefazolin . Parenteral cephalosporins were used 62% of the time for prophylaxis and 38% of the time for therapy . Usage was judged inappropriate in 47% of all courses based on our criteria; 25% of the therapeutic courses were judged inappropriate, compared to 60% of the prophylactic courses . Pharmacy costs of cefazolin used as prophylaxis were more than twice the cost for cephapirin . Cost of a mean therapeutic course for cefazolin was 43% higher than for cephapirin . Antibiotic audits and continued education combined with judicial substitution of therapeutic equivalents should limit the inappropriate use and expense of parenteral cephalosporins for large as well as small hospitals.

Johns Hopkins Med J, 1980 Nov, 147(5), 182 - 5
Unrecognized Candida brain abscess in infancy: two cases and a review of the literature; Haruda F et al.; Two infants with presumed Candida species brain abscesses are presented . Six other infants with the same problem were found in a search of the literature, and some of the clinical and pathologic features of these patients are presented and discussed . All diagnoses were made post-mortem . There was frequent association with gastrointestinal pathology and subsequent surgery, and with antibiotic administration . Central nervous system signs and symptoms were not a prominent feature, and although most patients had disseminated candidiasis, one patient had an isolated macroscopic cerebral abscess.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1980 Nov, 98(11), 2050 - 2
Intraocular penetration of sisomicin in rabbits; Faris BM et al.; The intraocular penetration of sisomicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was studied in 47 normal rabbits following subconjunctival and/or intramuscular (IM) injections . Sisomicin levels were determined in the cornea and the aqueous humor of the injected eye as well as in the aqueous of the fellow eye by means of the cylinder-plate bioassay technique . When the IM route alone was used, the eye tissue concentrations remained negligible . One hour after subconjunctival injection, highly therapeutic sisomicin concentrations were achieved in the aqueous humor of both injected and fellow eyes, but the level dropped to very low concentrations 12 hours after the injection . The concomitant administration of sisomicin intramuscularly and subconjunctivally resulted in a significant delay of the clearance of sisomicin from the eye tissues . The use of the combined subconjunctival-IM regimen for administering aminoglycoside antibiotics needs further evaluation.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Nov, 151(5), 604 - 8
Candidal abscess of the spleen in patients with acute leukemia; Page CP et al.; Between January 1974 and July 1976, three adult patients with leukemia, therapy-associated granulocytopenia and febrile courses unresponsive to broad spectrum antibiotic therapy were operated upon for a preoperative diagnosis of candidal abscess of the spleen . The diagnosis was based upon a high index of suspicion of invasive candidiasis in this immunosuppressed group of patients; the failure of the patients to respond to the empiric administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, salicylates and steroids, and the presence of discrete scintiscan defects on liver-spleen scan with both 99Tc sulfur colloid and 67Ga citrate . Multiple splenic abscesses containing candidal organisms were confirmed in all three patients, and two of the three also had multiple small abscesses of the liver . The fourth patient, whose liver-spleen scintiscans were abnormal only in showing splenomegaly and whose febrile course responded to aspirin, did not have a candidal abscess of the spleen at the time of celiotomy which was undertaken for fever of unknown cause . The antemortem diagnosis and treatment of candidal splenic abscess in patients with leukemia is dependent upon a high index of suspicion and appropriate clinical correlation with diagnostic tests . Although the prophylactic oral administration of mycostatin to patients at high risk may prevent this once fatal complication, only prompt and aggressive treatment can cure it.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Nov, 144(2), 666 - 71
Role of vacuolar ion pool in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis: potassium efflux from vacuoles is coupled with manganese or magnesium influx; Lichko LP et al.; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis cells accumulated Mn2+ (or Mg2+) ions in the presence of glucose, fructose, or mannose, but not of deoxyglucose, 3-O-methylglucose, and sorbose . Accumulation of one equivalent of Mn/2+ was coupled with the efflux of two equivalents of K+ from the cells . Mg/2+ did not exit during Mn2+ uptake . Preliminary treatment of cells with various proton conductors or glucose led to the loss of K+ and to the proportional inhibition of Mn2+ uptake . Polyene antibiotic candicidin together with glucose elicited rapid efflux of K+ and completely inhibited Mn2+ accumulation . Exogenous K+ (more than 1 mM), 100 microM N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and 30 mM sodium arsenate inhibited both K+ efflux and Mn2+ influx . K+ efflux from S . carlsbergensis cells affected the vacuolar pool of K+ both during the accumulation of Mn2+ or Mg2+ and during glucose uptake.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Nov 1, 138(5), 541 - 4
Contraceptive practice and tuboovarian abscess; Edelman DA et al.; PIP: In an effort to evaluate the possible relationship between contraceptive usage and the occurrence of tubovarian abscess (TOA), the hospital records of 346 women who were treated as inpatients at the North Carolina Memorial Hospital over the January 1970 to June 1979 period and were discharged with a diagnosis of TOA were reviewed retrospectively . A TOA diagnosis was made by review of the operative notes and pathology reports for patients who were surgically treated or by review of the reports of physicians contained in the hospital records for patients who were not surgically treated . 28 women were excluded from the analysis . Comparisons were made only between women using IUDs or oral contraceptives (OCs) and those using no contraceptive method . Compared to women using OCs or no contraceptive method, a significantly lower proportion of the IUD users had a previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and a significantly higher proportion of IUD users were admitted with acute PID and were treated with antibiotic therapy alone . Among women who needed surgical treatment, total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed for 92.5%, and unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed for 7.6% . Regardless of the contraceptive method used, the proportions of women with unilateral and bilateral TOAs were similar . This was the case when diagnosis was based on physical examination alone or when it was confirmed at operation .

Minerva Anestesiol, 1980 Nov, 46(11), 1177 - 81
{The use of sodium cefoxitin in resuscitation and intensive therapy}; Sinatra A et al.; The cefoxitin sodium has been used in 20 patients with surgical infections admitted in out Intensive Care Unit . This antibiotic was administered by central venous catheter and in 9 patients was associated with other antibiotics . 75% of the patients so treated was cured and no side effects were noted . The seriousness of the infective process was most likely responsible of the 25% of failure.

Ann Intern Med, 1980 Nov, 93(5), 723 - 34
Aspects of the management of shock; Shine KI et al.; Shock is a state of systemic imbalance between supply and demand for oxygenated blood . We discuss here management of shock states not primarily of cardiac origin . Inadequacy or maldistribution of blood volume is important in the pathogenesis of most forms of shock . The Military Anti-Shock Trouser (MAST) suit assists the redistribution of blood from the periphery to the central circulation . Normal saline and Ringer's lactate solution may be used interchangeably for acute volume replacement . Colloid replacement requires smaller volumes but carries a higher risk of pulmonary edema, whereas crystalloid replacement requires larger volumes and leads to more systemic edema . Myocardial injury may contribute notably to the transition from reversible to irreversible shock . Naloxone, lidocaine, and indomethacin have improved survival in animal models of endotoxin shock, but proof of efficacy in humans is lacking . A role for corticosteroid administration in shock remains to be defined . Effective antibiotic therapy is the best treatment for septic shock; antisera against endotoxic antigens may develop as important adjunctive therapy.

J Anim Sci, 1980 Nov, 51(5), 1182 - 8
Thiopeptin for the prevention of ovine lactic acidosis induced by diet change; Muir LA et al.; Inclusion of thiopeptin, a sulfur-containing peptide antibiotic, at 0, 2.75, 5.5, 8.25, 11 and 22 ppm in the feed was evaluated in 8-week growth trials with 252 lambs . An abrupt diet shift to micronized milo at the start of the trials was used to provide a lactic acidosis challenge . Five of 78 control lambs died within 48 hr after the challenge . In lambs fed diets containing thiopeptin at levels of 11 ppm or more, there was no evidence of lactic acidosis . Lambs given thiopeptin at 11 ppm or more ate 11% more (P less than .05) and gained 20% more (P less than .05) than controls during the 8-week trial . Most of the improvement occurred during the first 2 weeks . Incidence of death was lower among lambs given thiopeptin at 2.75 to 8.25 ppm, but these animals showed no improvement in performance . In another study, abruptly shifting lambs to the micronized milo diet was found to provide an acute lactic acidosis challenge . After the shift, four of eight lambs developed ruminal lactic acidosis, with one dying of systemic lactic acidosis, with one dying of systemic lactic acidosis when plasma lactate exceeded 20 mumoles/ml . In affected lambs, ruminal lactate increased rapidly from an initial level of .2 mumoles/ml to over 130 mumoles/ml within 12 hr of consumption of the milo . Ruminal lactate returned to normal levels of less than 1 mumole/ml by 30 hr in lambs that recovered . High ruminal concentrations of lactate reduced total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ruminal pH reflected total ruminal acids . Lactic acidosis did not occur in eight lambs after the switch to micronized milo when thiopeptin was included in the feed at 22 ppm . Ruminal lactate was reduced by 68% (P less than .01) and total ruminal VFA increased by 33% (P less than .05) in lambs fed thiopeptin in comparison with average levels in all controls.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1980 Nov, 18(11), 503 - 9
Disposition of cefoxitin in the elderly; Garcia MJ et al.; The pharmacokinetics off cefoxitin were studied after a single i.v . and i . m . dose of 15 mg/kg of cefoxitin to 15 younger people (15-55 years) and to 16 geriatric patients (66-94 years) . The kinetics of the antibiotic follow an open two-compartment model for both administration routes . After i.m . administration of the antibiotic, there are modifications in the distribution with respect to i.v . administration, and there is a decrease in beta K21 and as a consequence, an increase in Vp . In geriatric patients, pharmacokinetic modifications take place with respect to those recorded in the younger people in both administration routes, there being a decrease in the following pharmacokinetic parameters: alpha, beta, K12, K21, K13 and Clp, together with an increase in the apparent distribution volume Vdss . A linear relationship has been established between the constant beta and the age of the patient . In spite of the pharmacokinetic modifications observed as a function of age, given the wide safety margin of the antibiotic, it is not necessary to modify the dosage regimen of cefoxitin in geriatric patients.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 121(1), 221 - 9
Evidence for more than one mechanism of plasmid-determined tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli; Shales SW et al.; The basis of tetracycline resistance mediated by TetA determinants and joint resistance to tetracycline and minocycline coded by TetB determinants was investigated . The TetA class of determinants was represented by those carried on plasmids pSC101, RP1 and pIP7 and TetB by Tn10 . The relationships between expression of tetracycline and minocycline resistance and accumulation of these antibiotics suggest that there are three mechanisms of plasmid-determined resistance conferring (1) about a 10- to 20-fold increase in resistance to tetracycline that is not associated with decreased antibiotic accumulation, (2) a 4- to 7-fold increase in resistance to tetracycline that is associated with decreased drug accumulation, and (3) about a 2- to 3-fold increase in resistance to both tetracycline and minocycline that is not associated with decreased accumulation of either antibiotic . Mechanism 1 was coded by the tetracycline resistance determinant of pSC101 (TetA), mechanisms 1 and 2 by the determinants in RP1 and pIP7 (TetA) and all three mechanisms by Tn10 (TetB).

Neurosurgery, 1980 Nov, 7(5), 459 - 63
Prospective randomized study of therapy in cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection; James HE et al.; Thirty patients who met the rigid criteria for a prospective randomized study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infections underwent therapy with the three currently advocated treatment modalities to determine the efficacy of each form of therapy . Ten patients (Group A) underwent shunt removal and, in addition to receiving systemic antibiotics, were treated by either external ventricular drainage or intermittent ventricular taps for decompression and antibiotic administration; 10 patients (Group B) were treated by removal and immediate replacement of the shunt and intrashunt antibiotic therapy; and 10 patients (Group C) received antibiotics without removal or replacement of the shunt . All patients were given intravenous and intraventricular antibiotics as follows: in Group A, antibiotics were given by both the intravenous and the intraventricular routes for a minimal period of 7 days; in Group B, intravenous antibiotics were administered for a minimal period of 3 weeks and twice daily intraventricular antibiotics were given for a minimal period of 2 weeks; in Group C, intravenous antibiotics were administered for a minimal period of 3 weeks and twice daily intraventricular antibiotics were given for a minimal period of 2 weeks . In all patients, CSF was obtained from the shunt and cultured 48 hours after the cessation of antibiotic therapy, and the cultures were repeated within 4 months of the completion of treatment . All patients in Group A and 9 of 10 patients in Group B were treated successfully . They were clinically asymptomatic, and cultures after treatment were sterile . However, only 3 patients in Group C responded to treatment . The remaining patients of Group C had persistent infections requiring additional therapy . The mean follow-up of the study group was 23 +/- 14 (SD) months . The mean hospitalization time for the study group was 33 +/- 21 days; the hospitalization time was 24.7 +/- 17 days for Group A alone, 32.7 +/- 8 days for Group B, and 47 +/- 37 days Group C.

Acta Med Okayama, 1980 Nov, 34(5), 349 - 54
Treatment of refractory acute leukemia with aclacinomycin-A; Takahashi I et al.; Twelve patients with refractory acute leukemia (7 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia and 5 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia) were treated with a new anthracycline antibiotic, aclacinomycin-A (ACM) . ACM was administrated by intravenous drip infusion at a dose of 20 mg/day for 7 or 14 days and this was repeated after at least 7 days . Four of 12 patients (33.3%) achieved a complete remission; 3 of 7 acute myelocytic leukemia (42.8%) and 1 of 5 acute lymphocytic leukemia (20.0%) . The days required for achieving the complete remission ranged from 23 to 78 days (median: 61) and the total doses of ACM used from 180 to 500 mg (median: 310), and the durations of complete remission from 11 to 28+ weeks (median: 21+) . The untoward effects on digestive organs, such as nausea, vomiting and anorexia, and hematological toxicities were frequently seen; however, they were controlled by supportive treatment . Alopecia was not observed . Arrythmia was recognized in one patient at the initiation of ACM infusion with complete remission without withdrawal of ACM . These results suggest that ACM is a potentially effective anthracycline antibiotic in the clinical management of acute leukemia.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Nov, 25(11), 844 - 7
{Changes in the membrane ATPase activity of erythrocytes and Candida guilliermondii under the action of roseofungin}; Aitkhozhina NA et al.; Changes in the Mg-ATPase and Na, K-ATPase activity of the rat erythrocyte and Candida guilliermondii membranes under the effect of roseofungin were studied . The antibiotic was totally bound to the isolated plasmatic membranes of Candida guilliermondii, up to 3 micrograms of the antibiotic per 1 microgram of the yeast protein . The Mg-APTase activity of these membranes was slightly inhibited by the antibiotic . The activity of Na, K-ATPase was almost completely inhibited even at 0.04 mg of roseofungin per 1 mg of protein . Much higher concentrations of the antibiotic inhibited the Mg-ATPase and Na, K-ATPase activity of the erythrocyte membranes to a less extent.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Nov, 25(11), 815 - 7
{Action of novobiocin on the capacity of Nocardia fructiferi var . ristomycini for ristomycin biosynthesis}; Toropova EG et al.; The effect of novobiocin in concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2--0.3 microgram/ml on morphological variation of N . fructifer and its capacity for ristomycin production was studied . It was found that the number of colonies with the maximum activity increased under the effect of novobiocin used in a concentration of 0.05 microgram/ml . An increase in the level of novobiocin in the medium up to 0.2--0.3 . microgram/ml markedly increased the number of the colonies with low antibiotic productivity.

Dis Colon Rectum, 1980 Nov-Dec, 23(8), 550 - 1
Intralesional bleomycin injection in treatment of condyloma acuminatum; Figueroa S et al.; The antitumoral antibiotic, bleomycin, was given by intralesional injection to ten patients with condyloma acuminatum . Our 70 per cent success rate suggests this is a reasonable alternative treatment in the management of anal warts which prove unresponsive to other modalities.

Eur J Biochem, 1980 Nov, 112(1), 53 - 8
Inhibition of lipid-linked mannose and mannoprotein synthesis in yeast by diumycin in vitro; Babczinski P; Diumycin, a phosphoglycolipid antibiotic, inhibits different mannosyl transfer reactions in yeast . Using membrane preparations, the drug effectively inhibited the formation of dolichyl phosphate mannose (DolP-Man); 50% inhibition was observed at approximately 10 microgram/ml . To a lesser extent also mannosyl transfer from DolP-Man to protein decreased in presence of diumycin . Both mannosyl transfer to protein-serine/threonine acceptor sites as well as into positions within the asparagine-linked polymannose part of the yeast mannoprotein are inhibited to about 60% under conditions where DolP-Man formation is blocked . DolP-Man synthesis as well as mannosyl transfer from DolP-Man to protein are also inhibited by diumycin using solubilized enzymes and exogenous acceptor substrates . Glycosyltransfer reactions from GDP-mannose either to protein-serine/threonine-linked mannose (formation of short manno-oligosaccharides) or to dolichyl-diphosphate-linked chitobiose (formation of lipid-linked trisaccharide) are not inhibited by diumycin under conditions where DolP-Man synthesis is blocked by the antibiotic . The inhibitory action of diumycin on DolP-Man formation does not seem to be competitive with respect to dolichyl phosphate, since it cannot be overcome by higher concentrations of dolichyl phosphate.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1980 Nov-Dec, 14(6), 1392 - 5
{Participation of various adenosine and guanosine derivatives in the abortive RNA synthesis initiation reaction: effect of Mg2+, Mn2+, and rifampicin}; Shemiakin MF et al.; Adenosine, TMP, ADP, ATP and UpA along with guanosine and tis analogous derivatives have different reactivity towards {alpha-32P}UTP in abortive initiation reactions catalyzed by E . coli RNA polymerase on T2 DNA in the presence of Mg2+ or Mn2+ . Rifampicin moderately inhibited almost all of the above mentioned reactions, except the ATP and the GTP which were even 2.5 times more reactive in the presence of this antibiotic.

Mol Biol Rep, 1980 Oct 31, 6(3), 163 - 7
Block in the elongation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte by action of the ionophore valinomycin; Herzberg M et al.; In this paper we show that ribosomes isolated from cells inhibited for protein synthesis by the antibiotic ionophore Valinomycin can still support incorporation of {14C}-leucine into polypeptides in a cell-free system . The extent of this functional integrity depends upon the concentration of Valinomycin used and whether it acted as an ionophore or not . We demonstrate that the antibiotic acts on protein synthesis at the level of elongation and has no action either at the initiation level or as activating an RNase . Moreover, we show that it can inhibit protein synthesis at concentrations where its action as an ionophore cannot be detected.

Mol Biol Rep, 1980 Oct 31, 6(3), 137 - 41
Interaction between membrane properties and protein synthesis in reticulocytes: influence of trypsinization on {3H}-valinomycin action; Herzberg M et al.; Using {3H}-Valinomycin we show here that two types of sites can be described for this cyclic depsipeptide . A first type is sensitive to low concentration of trypsin while the other, more internal, is uncovered by the use of the protease . Of these two kinds of sites, the more external one seems more concerned with the effect that Valinomycin has on protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes . However, when a high concentration of Valinomycin is used, all the sites can be occupied even those which can be revealed only by tripsinization . In this case, even prolonged trypsin action does not result in release of the protein synthesis inhibitory action of Valinomycin . It is concluded that hydrophobic sites are occupied by Valinomycin only after the cell surface has been saturated by hydrophylic bonds with the antibiotic.

Br Med J, 1980 Oct 18, 281(6247), 1050 - 2
Surgical audit: Comparison of the work load and results of two hospitals in the same district; Gilmore OJ et al.; Surgical audit is being undertaken to monitor and compare (by computer) the type of patient, work load, and results of two similar surgical units . Both units are in the City and Hackney District of London, one at St Bartholomew's Hospital and the other at Hackney Hospital . During 1978, 736 patients were admitted by the unit at St Bartholomew's Hospital and 902 by the unit at Hackney . At St Bartholomew's 70% of admissions were elective compared with 49% at Hackney, where 86% of patients lived within the district compared with only 36% at St Bartholomew's . The wound was the commonest site for complications, infection affecting 9% of those at Hackney and 6% at St Bartholomew's, despite identical antibiotic policies . There were six post-operative deaths at St Bartholomew's and 32 at Hackney . In both hospitals the length of stay was similar, 50% of patients being discharged within one week and 80% within two weeks . As a result of the audit a vigorous venous thrombosis prophylactic regimen has been instituted, and at Hackney the anaesthetic department has been strengthened and a new intensive care unit opened.

Biochemistry, 1980 Oct 14, 19(21), 4780 - 5
Requirement for reducing agents in deoxyribonucleic acid strand scisson by the purified chromophore of auromomycin; Kappen LS et al.; By methanol extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography a nonprotein chromophore has been obtained from the antitumor protein antibiotic auromomycin (AUR) which possesses the cytotoxic and the in vivo and in vitro deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand scission activities of the parent material . The rate of DNA strand breakage by the purified chromophore is markedly stimulated by reducing compounds (maximally at approximately 0.1 mM dithiothreitol), but DNA strand scission activity is lost upon pretreatment of the chromophore with these agents . Apoprotein specifically protects against such inactivation but blocks the activity of both the stimulated and unstimulated reactions, presumably by complexing the chromophore and making it less available to the target DNA . Dithiothreitol-dependent scission of DNA by chromophore is faster and more complete at 0 degrees C than at 37 degrees C . The reaction at 0 degrees C is almost entirely dependent on the presence of a reducing compound . Although 2-mercapto-ethanol does not stimulate the reaction of either AUR or its chromophore at 37 degrees C, it has a significant stimulatory effect at 0 degrees C.

Biochemistry, 1980 Oct 14, 19(21), 4786 - 90
Stabilization of neocarzinostatin nonprotein chromophore activity by interaction with apoprotein and with HeLa cells; Kappen LS et al.; The methanol-extracted, nonprotein chromophore of the protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin (NCS), which possesses the full in vitro and in vivo deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand-breaking activities and the ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and growth in HeLa cells of the holoantibiotic, is much more labile to inactivation by heat, 2-mercaptoethanol, long-wavelength UV light, and pH values above 4.8 . Inactivation is inversely related to the methanol concentration . The pH activity profile of the isolated chromophore extends to pH values below 7.0 . Chromophore inactivation is specifically blocked by the apoprotein of NCS; 100-fold higher concentrations of the apoprotein of another protein antibiotic, auromomycin, gave similar protection, whereas bovine serum albumin is even less effective . The chromophore, and not the apoprotein, is inactivated by heat or light (360 nm) as determined by both activity and isoelectric focusing experiments . In contrast to other chromophoric antibiotic substances (daunorubicin and the extracted chromophore of aurodomomycin), the NCS chromophore interacts irreversibly with HeLa cells at 0 degrees C in serum-free medium so as to inhibit subsequent DNA synthesis at 37 degrees C . Such interaction at 0 degrees C is very rapid, reaching 50% completion in about 15 s, and is not found with native NCS or when apo-NCS is added before the chromophore or when serum is included in the preincubation at 0 degrees C . Washing with apo-NCS or serum-containing (or-free) medium after preincubation of the cells with the chromophore at 0 degrees C fails to reverse the subsequenct inhibition of DNA synthesis.

Biochemistry, 1980 Oct 14, 19(21), 4773 - 80
Binding of the nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin to deoxyribonucleic acid; Povirk LF et al.; The methanol-extracted, nonprotein chromophore of neocarzinostatin (NCS), which has DNA-degrading activity comparable to that of the native antibiotic, was found to have a strong affinity for DNA . Binding of chromophore was shown by (1) quenching by DNA of the 440-nm fluorescence and shifting of the emission peak to 420 nm, (2) protection by DNA against spontaneous loss of activity in aqueous solution, and (3) inhibition by DNA of the spontaneous generation of 490-nm fluorescence . Good quantitative correlation was found between these three methods in measuring chromophore binding . There was nearly a 1:1 correspondence between loss of chromophore activity and generation of 490-nm fluorescence, suggesting spontaneous degradation of active chromophore to a highly fluorescent product . Chromophore showed a preference for DNA high in adenine + thymine content in both fluorescence quenching and protection studies . NCS apoprotein, which is known to bind and protect active chromophore, quenched the 440-nm fluorescence, shifted the emission peak to 420 nm, and inhibited the generation of 490-nm fluorescence . Chromophore had a higher affinity for apoprotein than for DNA . Pretreatment of chromophore with 2-mercaptoethanol increased the 440-nm fluorescence seven-fold and eliminated the tendency to generate 490-nm fluorescence . The 440-nm fluorescence of this inactive material was also quenched by DNA and shifted to 420 nm, indicating an affinity for DNA comparable to that of untreated chromophore . However, its affinity for apoprotein was much lower than that of untreated chromophore . Both 2-mercapto-ethanol-treated and untreated chromophore unwound supercoiled pMB9 DNA, suggesting intercalation by both molecules . Since no physical evidence for interaction of native neocarzinostatin with DNA has been found, it is likely that dissociation of the chromophore from the protein and association with DNA are important steps in degradation of DNA by neocarzinostatin.

J Virol, 1980 Oct, 36(1), 171 - 80
Synthesis, stability, and cleavage of Newcastle disease virus glycoproteins in the absence of glycosylation; Morrison TG et al.; Polypeptides synthesized in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected CHO cells in the absence of glycosylation were characterized . Incorporation of either {3H}mannose of {3H}glucosamine into NDV polypeptides was inhibited to greater than 99% by the antibiotic tunicamycin . Under these conditions, infected cells synthesized proteins which comigrated on polyacrylamide gels with the viral L protein, nucleocapsid protein, membrane protein, and a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 55,000 (P55) . These cells did not synthesize polypeptides with the size of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein or the fusion (F0) protein . They did, however, synthesize new polypeptides with molecular weights of 75,000 (P75), 67,000 (P67), and 52,000 (P52) . Peptide analysis revealed that P75 was a host cell protein whose synthesis is enhanced by tunicamycin . P67 corresponded to the unglycosylated forms of the glycoproteins were found to be relatively stable in infected cells . P55, previously thought to correspond to the cleaved form of F0, was found to be a unique viral protein which is associated with intracellular nucleocapsid structures.

J Pediatr Surg, 1980 Oct, 15(5), 651 - 4
Immunologic consequences of neonatal splenectomy; Merikanto J et al.; The hazard of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection has been suggested to be greatest in children operated upon before 1 yr of age . In this work immune functions of 3 children, splenectomized within 2 days after birth were studied . The opsonic activity of the sera of all patients towards pneumococcus was decreased . The other immunologic findings were normal . These observations support the concept that all splenectomized patients should receive pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and in case of any infection adequate antibiotic therapy must be started very soon after the first symptoms.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Oct, 142(4), 586 - 93
Gentamicin inactivation in purulent exudates: role of cell lysis; Vaudaux P et al.; Factors contributing to the binding and reversible inactivation of gentamicin by purulent exudates were studied in a simplified in vitro model consisting of purified human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) . Whereas intact PMNLs (10(6)-10(8)/ml) bound almost no {14C}gentamicin, freeze-thawed PMNLs showed extensive {14C}gentamicin binding, expressed as antibiotic cosedimenting with particulate material from the lysed PMNLs . Antibiotic binding could be related to the concentration of lysed PMNLs and to the amount of {14C}gentamicin added . Binding of {14C}gentamicin by lysed PMNLs was highly sensitive to DNase I but was unaffected by RNase, Triton X-100, or protease . Purified chromatin or DNA from either purulent exudates or lysed PMNLs reproduced the {14C}gentamicin-binding pattern obtained with crude PMNL lysate . These results show that gentamicin inactivation in purulent exudates can be correlated with binding of the antibiotic to lysed PMNLs; PMNL chromatin DNA is identified as one of the major binding factors.

Cancer Res, 1980 Oct, 40(10), 3810 - 4
Antitumor activities of newly synthesized 5-carbamoyl-1 H-imidazol-4yl 1-adamantanecarboxylate and 5-carbamoyl-1H-imidazol-4yl piperonylate; Yoshida N et al.; In synthetic studies on the chemical modification of the nucleoside antibiotic bredinin, two new derivatives, 5-carbamoyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl 1-adamantanecarboxylate and 5-carbamoyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl piperonylate, were found to possess a potent antitumor activity in several experimental tumor systems, even though bredinin itself shows only in vitro cytotoxicity and thus lacks therapeutic effectiveness . These two derivatives of bredinin exhibited antitumor activity against a wide variety of tumors, including leukemias L1210 and P388, Lewis lung carcinoma, B16 melanoma, Colon 26 and 38 adenocarcinomas . Ehrlich carcinoma, and Sarcoma 180 . It is noteworthy that these agents showed good therapeutic effects not only against ascitic types of tumors but also against a number of slow-growing solid tumor lines, particularly the ascitic and solid forms of Ehrlich carcinoma . At their optimal doses, both compounds effected a complete cure of all or most of the mice treated . Although the mechanisms of action of these compounds remain unknown, they are able to suppress in vivo tumor growth, presumably by being slowly anabolized in vivo to an active form and inhibiting purine de novo synthesis as bredinin does.

Cancer Res, 1980 Oct, 40(10), 3763 - 7
Comparison of the malignant potential of 10T 1/2 cells and transformants with their survival responses to hyperthermia and to amphotericin B1; Hahn GM; Several responses of 10T 1/2 cells and of cells from strains transformed by X-irradiation or by methylcholanthrene exposure were examined . Malignant potential, as determined by the ability of the cells to initiate tumors in syngeneic hosts, either normal or rendered immunodeficient, varied by a factor of 10(6) . The growth rate of tumors both in normal and in irradiated animals was closely correlated to malignant potential . The life spans of the animals were inversely correlated with malignant potential . Serum requirements were high for 10T 1/2 and for one of the X-ray transformants; neither of these cell strains gave rise to tumors when cells were injected into hosts . All malignant strains had uniformly lower serum requirements . While 10T 1/2 cells tended to be somewhat more heat resistant than were any of their transformed counterparts, this depended upon cell density (or state of growth) during heating . There was no correlation between malignant potential and heat sensitivity among the transformed strains . In fact, the most resistant transformant was also the most malignant; furthermore, its heat sensitivity was not modified by growth in vivo . No relationship between malignant potential and response to the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B could be observed.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1980 Oct, 98(10), 1760 - 3
Erosive-ulcerative herpes simplex blepharitis; Egerer I et al.; In 28 subjects the diagnosis of an erosive-ulcerative herpes simplex blepharitis was confirmed by laboratory tests . The clinical manifestations were characterized by the presence of erosions of the intermarginal portion of the lid or the presence of skin ulcers located at the lid margin or the combination of both features, and usually by an absence of vesicular eruptions . Erosions of the intermarginal portion of the lid can readily be made visible by staining with fluorescein . The involved lid portion usually exhibits mild swelling and tenderness on palpation . Conjunctival injection usually is not pronounced adjacent to the lid lesion, the regional lymph nodes being swollen . Laboratory confirmation can be achieved readily by the indirect immunofluorescence technique . The treatment modality consists of the combination of antibiotic and virustatic ointments.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 Oct, 37(10), 1342 - 6
Comparison of six methods of preparing piggyback doses of cephalothin sodium; Dreiman RK; Labor, equipment, and materials costs for six methods of reconstituting cephalothin sodium piggyback doses (System 1--Pharm-Aid Fluid Dispensing System + manufacturer's bottle; System 2--transfer unit + manufacturer's bottle; System 3--pressure infuser + manufacturer's bottle; System 4--gravity flow + manufacturer's bottle; System 5--transfer needle + partial-fill bottle; and System 6--Pharm-Aide Fluid Dispensing System + partial-fill bottle) were compared . Individual 2-g doses of cephalothin were prepared in batches of 20 doses by a technician . Times for assembling equipment and supplies, reconstituting and transferring the antibiotic, and fitting the container with protective caps were measured five times for each system . Mean total personnel time was lowest for System 2 and highest for System 5 . Pull-tab caps (Burron) were fitted more quickly than were caps with the peel-around design (Cutter) . System 3 had the lowest material cost followed in order by Systems 4, 1, 2, 5 and 6 . Labor costs did not influence the rank order established by material costs . Systems 3 and 4 were preferred because they required the least manipulation and were lowest in total expense.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1980 Oct, 90(4), 476 - 80
A survey of Moraxella corneal ulcers in a derelict population; Baum J et al.; Infection with diplobacilli of the Moraxella group was the most common cause of bacterial corneal ulcer in a population of derelict alcoholics living in the Bowery district in New York City from 1965 through 1968 . No distinction could be made between Moraxella subspecies on the basis of severity of ulcer or antibiotic sensitivities . Of 100 Bowery inhabitants examined, 35 harbored Moraxella in their noses . After 1968 and coinciding with an improvement in nutrition and sanitation, but with no apparent change in the incidence of alcoholism in this population, we noted a marked decline in the incidence of corneal ulcers caused by Moraxella species.

J Pharm Sci, 1980 Oct, 69(10), 1183 - 8
Formylation of glucose by cefamandole nafate at alkaline pH; Indelicato JM et al.; An increase in the hydrolysis rate of the formyl moiety of cefamandole nafate was observed when the commercial product was reconstituted in 5% dextrose in water relative to the rate when the formulation was dissolved in water for injection or in 0.9% saline . The increase in ester cleavage was the result of nucleophilic attack of glucose on the formyl ester moiety . This transesterification produced small amounts of D-glucose-6-formate and other D-glucose diformates . The formation of these products is of no clinical significance since the antibiotic potency and stability of cefamandole are unaffected and no toxicological differences were observed in animal studies or in clinical trials when formulated cefamandole nafate was administered with or without glucose.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Oct, 151(4), 465 - 70
The importance of gown and drape barriers in the prevention of wound infection; Moylan JA et al.; The gown and drape barrier system has been shown to be an important factor in the prevention of wound infection . Performance differences between disposable and reusable materials as influencing wound infections were demonstrated . A disposable spun-bonded olefin gown and drape system significantly reduced the postoperative wound infection rate . No therapeutic benefit in the preoperative antibiotic group or localwound irrigation group . Factors indicating populations at higher risks for wound infection include age, sex and those requiring long and an emergency type operations . Special attention should be given to the infection prone groups . Unless factors, such as percentage of types of operation, emergency nature, age and sex, are weighed, a comparison of wound infections between hospitals is invalid.

Minn Med, 1980 Oct, 63(10), 733 - 5
Choriocarcinoma presenting as a complication of elective first trimester abortion; Lyon FA et al.; PIP: A case of metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease detected at a routine 2-week post-abortion examination is presented . The subject was an 18-year old unmarried white gravida 1, para 0 female . At the post-abortion examination, a right adnexal mass was fixed in the pelvis . The pregnancy test still yielded a positive result . Laparotomy was performed and revealed a malignant trophoblast on the serosal surface on the uterus at the site of a spontaneous perforation . Histologic examination of the original endometrial contents revealed a hydatiform mole with 1 area of myometrial invasion . The patient was put on triple chemotherapy and antibiotic therapy . She has since been asymptomatic and is currently taking oral contraceptive medication . The incidence of molar pregnancy is 1/1200 to 2000 pregnancies in the U.S . That of choriocarcinoma is even more rare . Choriocarcinoma follows as a malignant sequelae in nearly 3% of patients with hydatiform mole . It used to be the most uniformly and rapidly fatal malignancy in women . It is currently the one solid malignancy that can be cured with chemotherapy, and normal subsequent pregnancies have even been reported . All tissues removed during an elective abortion must be carefully examined . Pathologists must describe microscopic findings of tissue and not submit reports with gross diagnoses such as 'products of conception' . Villi of normal pregnancy must be identified if accurate diagnoses are to be made and tragedies avoided .

South Med J, 1980 Oct, 73(10), 1353 - 9
Supraglottitis in children: evaluation and management; Cavanaugh RM Jr et al.; Supraglottitis is a life-threatening illness characterized by inflammation of the supraglottic structures including the epiglottis, arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and ventricular bands . This paper is a comprehensive review of the etiology, epidemiology, pathology, differential diagnosis, natural course, complications, and management of supraglottitis . A high index of suspicion is required to properly interpret the historical, physical, and radiologic findings . As soon as the diagnosis of supraglottitis is established, the airway sould be secured by either an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy followed by antibiotic and supportive therapy.

J Pharmacobiodyn, 1980 Oct, 3(10), 532 - 6
Antitumor efficacies of aclacinomycin A by oral administration; Tsukagoshi S et al.; For the purpose of seeking a possible base for the oral clinical application of an anthracycline antibiotic, aclacinomycin A (ACM), ACM was given orally to the mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma, colon adenocarcinomas 26 and 38, and compared with the effect of adriamycin (ADM) . Oral administration of ACM at 5 or 10 mg/kg for 10 time suppressed the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma . There was no significant difference in survival times of the tumor-bearing mice given ACM orally at various dosages tested . ADM was not effective orally as long as the antitumor effect was examined at the dose levels tested . However, significant increase in the survival time of the mice implanted s.c . with colon adenocarcinoma 26 or 38 was noted for oral administration of ACM at 5-10 mg/kg for 10 times . Ths is, at 10 mg/kg of ACM, T/C% was 187% against colon 26 and 141% against colon 38, respectively . ADM, was not effective against these mouse tumors when given orally . Clinical application of ACM by oral administration, however, will need further studied including preclinical pharmacology, drug formulation and others.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Oct, 77(10), 5842 - 6
Isopentenyladenine as a mediator of mevalonate-regulated DNA replication; Huneeus VQ et al.; The mechanism by which the cholesterol precursor, mevalonate, regulates S-phase DNA replication was examined in synchronized BHK cells . As previously demonstrated by this laboratory, blocking 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase {mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34} with the competitive inhibitor compactin suppresses DNA synthesis specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle . In the present study, known mevalonate derivatives were examined as possible mediators by which mevalonate controls DNA replication . Of the compounds studied, only isopentenyladenine and its 4'-hydroxylated analogue, zeatin, could substitute for mevalonate in restoring DNA replication in compactin-blocked cells . Moreover, these two derivatives proved to be at least 100 times more active than mevalonate, and both restored DNA relication to normal within 15 min of their being added to the medium . In addition, isopentenyladenine, like mevalonate, stimulated DNA synthesis specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle . Isopentenyladenine also reversed the inhibition of DNA synthesis caused by nalidixic acid, an antibiotic that does not inhibit cholesterol synthesis . These findings indicate that isopentenyladenine or a closely related derivative may mediate the regulatory role of mevalonate in DNA replication and suggest that such isoprenes may act upon DNA replication at a site common to that inhibited by nalidixic acid.

Pediatrics, 1980 Oct, 66(4), 618 - 20
Necrotizing external otitis; Rubinstein E et al.; Necrotizing external otitis in an infant receiving cytostatic therapy for neuroblastema has been described . The disease is characterized by invasion and necrosis of the skin and cartilage of the external ear . P aeruginosa is the usual pathogen isolated in this infection . The disease should be suspected in infants with severe underlying conditions and who have external otitis that does not respond to local therapy . Vigorous antibiotic therapy and possible surgical intervention are indicated.

Eur J Biochem, 1980 Oct, 111(2), 389 - 93
Synthesis of threonine dehydratase in neonatal rat liver; Yeung YG et al.; Antiserum against rat threonine dehydratase has been raised in rabbits . The rate of incorporation of {3H}leucine into threonine dehydratase was found to increase dramatically after birth . Actinomycin D suppressed the rate of the synthesis of the enzyme in the postnatal rat liver, although the antibiotic was without effect on the incorporation of leucine into total cytosolic protein . The administration of dibutyryl-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate to foetal rats in utero or postnatal rats resulted in a marked enhancement of the rates of synthesis of threonine dehydratase.

Can J Biochem, 1980 Oct, 58(10), 978 - 85
Nitroxide spin-probe study of amphotericin B-ergosterol interaction in egg phosphatidylcholine multilayers; Oehlschlager AC et al.; The interaction between the polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B, and ergosterol in egg phosphatidylcholine multilayers was investigated using head group and acyl chain nitroxide spin-labelled phosphatidylcholine as probes . At physiological concentrations of less than 15 mol% sterol in egg phosphatidylcholine multilayers amphotericin B accumulates near the head group region until an amphotericin B : ergosterol ratio of approximately 0.7 is achieved . As the proportion of amphotericin B is increased above this value, formation of an acyl chain disordering complex occurs which has an approximate antibiotic:sterol ratio of unity . Dicetyl phosphate was used to increase the solubility of ergosterol past its normal limit in pure egg phosphatidylcholine (approximately 15 mol%) . At concentrations of ergosterol higher than 15 mol% a complex of two ergosterol molecules and one amphotericin B was postulated when there was insufficient antibiotic to form a 1:1 complex.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Oct, 88(4), 1071 - 80
Subcellular action of Neocarzinostatin . Intracellular incorporation, DNA breakdown and cytotoxicity; Takeshita J et al.; The subcellular site of action of a proteinaceous antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin (NCS) was studied using normal human lymphocytes, Epstein-Barr virus transformed lymphoblastoid cells, osmotically burst lymphoblastoid cells, and colicin E1 plasmid DNA . The rate of DNA strand break in these different types of DNA was found to be in the following order: Colicin DNA > burst cell DNA > lymphoblastoid cell DNA > normal lymphocyte DNA . Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy revealed that lymphoblastoid cells incorporated more fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled NCS than normal cells . High uptake of NCS in lymphoblastoid cells coincided with a high killing rate; low uptake of NCS in lymphocytes resulted in very little cell killing . Uptake velocity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) also showed that the lymphoblastoid cells exhibited a higher uptake of FDA coinciding with a higher killing rate . The cell killing activity of NCS appears to be closely associated with the rate of intracellular uptake of NCS and subsequent direct degradation of DNA by the drug . This notion is reinforced by the reported finding that the dose required for DNA strand scission is only about 1/100 of that for the inhibition of cap formation . Thus DNA strand scission, rather than the cell membrane, appears to be the primary target of NCS . Enhanced incorporation of many substances is commonly observed upon transformation of cells by viruses, and our present results may provide an important clue toward the explanation of the selective toxicity toward tumor cells of NCS.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 127(3), 187 - 93
The effect of nisin on murein synthesis; Reisinger P et al.; Nisin inhibits murein synthesis with concomitant accumulation of undecaprenyl-pyrophospho-MurHAc(pentapeptide) (lipid intermediate I) . This inhibition is caused by the formation of a complex between the antibiotic and lipid intermediate I . Undecaprenyl-pyrophospho-MurNAc(pentapeptide)-GlcNAc (lipid intermediate II) also forms a complex with nisin . However, when murein synthesis is inhibited by nisin, this latter complex is not formed since lipid intermediate II is not longer synthesized.

Diabetologia, 1980 Oct, 19(4), 335 - 40
Insulinotropic effects of hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic sulphonamides: the ionophoretic hypothesis; Couturier E et al.; Hypoglycaemic sulphonamides stimulate net uptake of 45Ca++ and insulin release in isolated pancreatic islets . These effects are antagonized by organic calcium-antagonists (e.g . suloctidil) . In an artificial system, hypoglycaemic sulphonamides, such as gliclazide, stimulate the translocation of calcium into or across a hydrophobic immiscible domain, a process enhanced by the antibiotic ionophore A 23187 and antagonized by suloctidil . In this artificial system, the A 23187-mediated process of calcium countertransport is stimulated by gliclazide and inhibited by diazoxide . It is postulated that the insulinotropic action of hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic sulphonamides is primarily attributable to the ionophoretic action of these drugs.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Oct, 25(10), 773 - 7
{Trial of the clinical use of mithramycin in treating testicular cancer}; Trofimova NB; The data on efficacy of mitramycin, an antitumor antibiotic in treatment of 32 patients with cancer of the testicle are presented . The objectively pronounced effect was observed in 37.5 per cent of the cases, mitramycin being effective in patients with tumors resistant to bleomycin, vinblastin and cis-dichlordiaminoplatinum . Nausea and vomiting were the most frequent side effects of mitramycin use . The hemorrhagic syndrome was recorded in 2 patients . The regimen of the mitramycin intravenous administration in a dose of 25--30 microgram/kg once in 2 days was well tolerated by the patients and may be recommended for the treatment of testicle cancer.

Nature, 1980 Sep 18, 287(5779), 237 - 9
Active sodium transport by turtle colon via an electrogenic Na-K exchange pump; Kirk KL et al.; Active sodium absorption by a variety of epithelia is abolished by ouabain, but the obligatory coupling between the movement of sodium and potassium expected from a basolateral (Na+ + K+) ATPase has not been convincingly demonstrated . According to the model of Koefoed-Johnsen and Ussing, the asymmetric cation selectivities of the apical and basolateral membranes prevent basolateral Na-K exchange from being expressed as opposing transmural ion flows . An additional consequence of this asymmetry is that the short-circuit current (Isc) cannot be identified with the current through the sodium-potassium pump . We used the polyene antibiotic, amphotericin-B, to reduce the resistance and the cation selectivity of the apical membrane of isolated turtle colon so that the basolateral membrane current could be dissected into two components: one through a barium-sensitive potassium channel and another which represents the current associated with ouabain-sensitive, electrogenic, Na-K exchange . Comparison of cation fluxes and short circuit current indicates that in these conditions active sodium absorption is entirely attributable to an electrogenic Na-K pump with a stoichiometry of approximately 3Na:2K.

Sem Hop, 1980 Sep 18-25, 56(33-36), 1413 - 8
{Endocarditis due to Hemophilus para-influenzae associated with mitral valve prolapses (author's transl)}; Martin-Dupont P et al.; The authors report one observation of endocarditis due to Hemophilus para-influenzae associated with mitral valve prolapsus . This germ is difficult to isolate and is found late in cultures using standard techniques . The dicovery of germs resistant to ampicillin requires the search for the presence of a betalactamase . When resistant germs are found, the antibiotic of choice is chloramphenicol or cefamandole . This type of endocarditis different from the others on account of the risk major of embolism (60-85 p . 100) which justifies valve replacement when the echography reveals persistant vegetations.

Br Med J, 1980 Sep 13, 281(6242), 719 - 21
Large-bowel surgery, 1979: self-assessment; Matheson NA et al.; Evidence of wide variability in the immediate results of large-bowel surgery stimulated self-assessment during 1979 . The hazards of large-bowel surgery can usually be avoided by good bowel preparation, sound anastomotic technique, primary resection in large bowel emergencies, avoidance of anastomosis when hazardous, and antibiotic lavage for extant or potential peritoneal and wound contamination.

Fortschr Med, 1980 Sep 4, 98(33), 1267 - 70
{Gentamycin PMMA balls and chains in the treatment of osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections}; Fen G; 9 patients with osteomyelitis (two with additional soft tissue infections caused by tuberculous mixed infection) as well as one fistulation of the abdominal wall were surgically treated with subsequent implantation of Gentamycin-PMMA-Beads or -Chains for local antibiotic therapy . All cases were cured with wound healing between 7 and 35 days . The preparation was well tolerated.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1980 Sep, 18(9), 405 - 11
Investigations on the flucloxacillin levels in human serum, lung tissue, pericardial fluid and heart tissue; Kiss IJ et al.; Following intramuscular administration of 500 mg flucloxacillin, the levels of this antibiotic were measured in the serum, lung, and heart tissue as well as pericardial fluid obtained during 24 lung and 19 heart operations . Between 55 and 160 min following administration, the intact, inflamed, and tumorous lung tissue pieces contained 3.3-4.0, 2.0-2.7, and 1.5-2.4 mcg/g flucloxacillin, respectively, representing 16-36, 13-16, and 10-18% of the actual serum levels . Pericardial fluid contained practically no flucloxacillin . The cardiac auricle contained 2.3-3.5 mcg/g between 35 and 130 min after administration; the mitral valve showed 1.1-2.5 mcg/g between 90 and 170 min afterward, whereas in the aortic valve 1.6 mcg/g was found between 105-220 min later . These concentrations represented 16-20, 7-22, and 12% of the actual serum levels . Both the serum and tissue levels proved to be higher than those of oxacillin at the same dosage . The flucloxacillin levels of the serum and tissues studied were much higher than the minimum inhibiting concentrations for the sensitive bacteria . Therefore, flucloxacillin is considered an excellent antibiotic for the treatment of respiratory infections and endocarditis, whereas its levels in the pericardial fluid show it insufficient for treatment of pericarditis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Sep, 33(9), 951 - 60
Increased production of saframycin A and isolation of saframycin S; Arai T et al.; This paper reports on an increased production of saframycin A, which is a satellite antibiotic to streptothricin and a trace component in the culture of Streptomyces lavendulae No . 314 . Some improvement in the yield of the antibiotic was attained by supplementing the standard medium with two end-products of metabolic pathways related to saframycin biosynthesis . A further significant increase of saframycin A potency could be attained by addition of NaCN to the culture broth . Finally, a drastic degradation of saframycin A in the culture was successfully prevented by maintaining the pH lower than 5.5 after peak production of the antibiotic . The combined application of these improvements resulted in approximately 1,000-fold increase in saframycin A production as compared with the parental level . The precursor of saframycin A in the culture, which yielded saframycin A upon cyanation was isolated, characterized and named saframycin S . Physicochemical properties of saframycin S were described and structural formulae were discussed.

J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1980 Sep, 62(6), 981 - 5
Cephalothin and cefamandole penetration into bone, synovial fluid, and wound drainage fluid; Schurman DJ et al.; Concentrations of cephalothin or cefamandole were measured in serum, bone, synovial fluid, and wound drainage fluid in fifty-seven patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement after a two-gram intravenous bolus injection . The concentrations were similar in serum and synovial fluid for both antibiotics; however, in bone and drainage fluid the concentration of cefamandole was higher by a factor of three . Concentrations of the same antibiotic at the hip and knee were not significantly different even though a tourniquet was used for the knee replacement procedures . Clinical Relevance: The antibiotics penetrate bone and enter synovial fluid so rapidly that it is unnecessary to administer prophylactic antibiotics prior to the time of surgery.

Clin Orthop, 1980 Sep, (151), 215 - 21
Intramedullary reaming in chronic diaphyseal osteomyelitis: a preliminary report; Lidgren L et al.; Eighteen cases (17 patients) of chronic diaphyseal osteomyelitis with repeated exacerbations have been operated on by intramedullary reaming in addition to the conventional local surgery and antibiotic therapy . Nine patients with severe pain at rest were promptly relieved by the operation . The observation time was 28 months . In one case the fistula persists . The remaining patients have "healed." The average duration of the disease was 19 years.

Biofizika, 1980 Sep-Oct, 25(5), 803 - 9
{Binding of actinomycin D analogs to DNA}; Mikhailov MV et al.; Equilibrium and kinetic studies are reported on the binding to DNA of actinomycin D analogues containing various substituents at position 7 of the antibiotic chromophore . The binding constants are calculated from the experimental binding isotherms of actinomycin D and its analogues to calf thymus DNA . The rate constants of the association and dissociation processes are measured by stop -- flow method . From these experiments a conclusion is drawn that small substituents (such as nitro or aminogroups) at position 7 of the actinomycin chromophore exhibit a little (if any) influence both on the affinity of antibiotic for DNA and kinetics of association and dissociation processes, while bulky substituents decrease the antibiotic binding affinity and make kinetics behavior slower.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1980 Sep, 63(5), 1044 - 8
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of chloramphenicol in milk; Wal JM et al.; A rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of trace amounts of chloramphenicol (CP) in milk has been developed . The antibiotic can be quantitated at a 10 ppb level with a limit of detectability estimated at 5 ppb . Recoveries ranged from 72 to 99.5% . Milking studies have been carried out on goats that received CP either by intramuscular injection or by intramammary administration . CP was measured in milk samples collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, 32 h after treatments . No residue could be detected 32 h after treatment . No interfering peaks appeared on control milk chromatograms.

Acta Chir Belg, 1980 Sep-Oct, 79(5), 321 - 6
{Cefamandole as prophylactic A.B . in abdominal surgery . Comparative study of cefamandole versus clindamycin/tobramycin (author's transl)}; Iarchy J; A prospective, randomized and controlled study of prophylactic A.B . was made in 100 patients prior to abdominal surgery . Fifty patients received 3 x 2 g of cefamandole I.V . within 24 hrs, the first dose being given at the time of anesthetic induction . Postoperative infections occurred in 2% of this group . Fifty patients received the association Clindamycin-Tobramycin (clindamycin 600 mg - tobramycin 80 mg/8 hrs) for 24 hrs, the first dose also at the induction of anesthesia . The complication rate in this group was 18% . The difference between those 2 groups is statistically significant (p less than 0.01) . Cefamandole used as a prophylactic antibiotic in abdominal surgery reduces the incidence of postoperative wound infections when compared to the association clindamycin-tobramycin.

Cancer, 1980 Sep 1, 46(5), 1104 - 8
A phase I-II study of maytansine utilizing a weekly schedule; Franklin R et al.; Maytansine, a new ansa macrolide antitumor antibiotic, was administered to a total of 107 patients in a Phase I-II study . Dose-limiting toxic reactions which occurred at 0.75-1.0 mg/M2 in both Phase I and II were neurologic and consisted primarily of lethargy/weakness (a debilitation syndrome) and paresthesias . Gastrointestinal and neurologic toxic reactions increased in frequency and severity as a function of dose . Myelosuppression, while infrequent, occurred only in previously treated patients . Changes in liver function tests were subclinical . Two partial remissions were observed at a dose-level of 0.5 mg/M2 in Phase I:1 patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung responded for five weeks, while the other patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung responded for four weeks . One partial remission, lasting 14 weeks was seen in Phase II in a patient with malignant melanoma treated at dose-level of 1.0 mg/M2 . All responses were in heavily pretreated patients . pairs of small bowel biopsy specimen used to define the mitotic index demonstrated peak mitotic arrest at 24 hours in contrast to vinca alkaloids which appear to have a peak mitotic arrest at 12-24 hours.

Biokhimiia, 1980 Sep, 45(9), 1704 - 9
{Role of protein synthesis in the process of degradation of anomalous proteins in Escherichia coli cells}; Belitskii BR et al.; The degradation of three types of anomalous proteins, e . g . those containing the arginine analog kanavanine; polypeptides synthesized in the presence of puromycin (100 micrograms/ml) under slight inhibition of total translation, and polypeptides synthesized under amino acid deficiency, was studied . In order to measure the rate of proteolysis, the E . coli cells were labelled for 5 min with {14C}-phenylalanine and then transferred to a complete medium . The loss of TCA-insoluble material was taken as a measure of proteolysis . While the normal total protein of E . coli cells was degraded at the rate of 2--8% per hour, the canavanine-containing proteins were degraded at the rate of 30--40% per hour . The polypeptides synthesized in the presence of puromycin were degraded at the rate of 10--15% per hour, while the polypeptides formed under amino acid starvation--at the rate of 7--8% per hour . The rate of proteolysis of canavanine-containing polypeptides was two times lower under inhibition of translation by chloramphenicol, tetracycline of kasugamicin, while the rate of degradation of two other types of anomalous polypeptides was significantly increased . Tetracycline at concentrations significantly exceeding those sufficient for maximal inhibition of translation, practically completely repressed the proteolysis of canavanine-containing proteins . No such tetracycline activity was observed in the presence of 20 mM Mg2+, which was assumed to be dependent on the complexon-forming ability of the antibiotic.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 203 - 6
Inc groups among plasmids harbored by Escherichia coli of avian origin; Chaslus-Dancla E et al.; The enteric flora of poultry includes a high proportion of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains harboring conjugative plasmids: 54 of these strains were selected for their ability to transfer tetracycline resistance (associated or not with other resistances) . Among the plasmids transferred from these strains, incompatibility tests revealed a high incidence of group Inc I1 and a low frequency of group Inc FII . The importance of group Inc P was confirmed . No Inc N plasmid was found . This pattern differs from what has been reported for human strains.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1980 Sep, 29(5 Suppl), 1089 - 92
A new selective agent for eukaryotic cloning vectors; Davies J et al.; An aminoglycoside antibiotic, G418, has been shown to be an inhibitor of many pro- and eukaryotes at concentrations from 1-300 microgram/ml . A bacterial R-plasmid determinant that phosphorylates and inactivates antibiotic G418 can be introduced into yeast by transformation and expresses resistance to G418 . It is suggested that this combination of antibiotic and dominant resistance mechanism may be useful in recombinant DNA studies as a cloning selection in eukaryotes.

Cutis . 1980 Sep;26(3):274.
Escherichia coli infection of the finger . A possible cause of dermatitis repens; Lockshin NA; A clinical diagnosis suggestive of dermatitis repens was made in a patient in whom a bacterial culture grew Escherichia coli . There was a prompt response after appropriate antibiotic therapy was initiated, and the patient's condition cleared within one week.

Ann Surg, 1980 Sep, 192(3), 350 - 5
Radical peritoneal debridement for established peritonitis . The results of a prospective randomized clinical trial; Polk HC Jr et al.; A randomized, prospective comparison of radical peritoneal debridement and standard surgical management of peritonitis disclosed no differences in terms of hospital mortality for the frequency of reoperation for abscess . Adjunctive measures such as antibiotic therapy and peritoneal irrigation were identical between the groups . The groups were demographically and clinically similar but had a much lower incidence of intestinal obstruction than in the patients originally reported by Hudspeth.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Sep, 25(9), 692 - 5
{Clinical study of sodium dicloxacillin for intravenous administration in heart surgery patients}; Khaimova MD et al.; Sodium dicloxacillin for intravenous administration manufactured in the USSR was studied clinically in 21 cardiosurgical patients . The patients were operated with the use of artificial circulation . 16 patients received the drug for counteracting purulent inflammatory complications during the postoperative period . 5 septic patients were treated with dicloxacillin with curative purposes . The antibiotic proved to be highly effective in treatment and prevention of postoperative purulent complications in patients subjected to open-heart operations . 80 per cent of the Gram-stained isolates were sensitive to dicloxacillin . No pronounced complications with respect to the liver were observed in the patients treated with dicloxacillin.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1980 Sep, 58(9), 1138 - 41
Effects of amphotericin B on the electrical properties and electrolyte content of frog sartorius muscle; Coulombe A et al.; We studied the effect of amphotericin B (52 microM) on the membrane potential, membrane resistance, and intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations in isolated frog sartorius muscles to characterize further the nature of the ionic conductance induced by the antibiotic . After 5 h of exposure to amphotericin B, the membrane depolarized from -89.9 to -51.0 mV, the membrane resistance decreased from 4537 to 907 omega cm2, {K}i decreased from 122 to 31.2 mmol/L fiber H2O, and {Na}i increased from 30.9 to 88.7 mmol/L fiber H2O . The relative sodium permeability, PNa/PK, calculated with the Goldman equation remained apparently constant at a value of 0.01 in treated and untreated muscles . We hypothesize that amphotericin B creates either a nonselective cation channel or a completely nonselective ionic leak channel whose equilibrium potential is equal or close to the membrane potential.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1980 Sep, 50(3), 238 - 43
Myospherulosis of the jaws; Dunlap CL et al.; Two cases of myospherulosis are reported . The history, histopathology, and nature of this condition are discussed . The placement of antibiotic ointment with a petrolatum base in oral wounds may be of significance . Petrolatum may provoke an inflammatory reaction and remain in tissue for years.

Chest, 1980 Sep, 78(3), 468 - 73
Pulmonary infiltrates in leukemia; Tenholder MF et al.; We reviewed the inpatient records of 139 adult patients with leukemia to determine the incidence of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and the pattern of roentgenographic involvement of such infections . There were 98 parenchymal infiltrates identified, including 43 episodes of local disease and 55 episodes of diffuse disease . The causes of the infiltrates were determined from biopsies of tissue and autopsies whenever possible . If roentgenographic resolution after therapy with an antibiotic or diuretic agent was documented, the cause was considered determined; however, this did not identify a specific bacterial or viral agent . Parenchymal infiltrates (17 episodes) appearing in the period before treatment or within 72 hours of initiating therapy were not opportunistic . Local disease during treatment was infectious in 23 (74 percent) of 31 cases and was bacterial in 20 (87 percent) of 23 cases . Opportunistic organisms caused only 13 percent of the local infectious episodes . Diffuse disease was noninfectious in 26 (65 percent) of 40 episodes; while in the 14 episodes of infectious disease identified, 13 (93 percent) were caused by opportunistic organisms . We conclude that procedures for biopsy to document opportunistic infection are of little value in local or diffuse disease before treatment, are of modest value in local disease during treatment, and are of greatest value in diffuse disease during treatment if little clinical evidence for noninfectious causes exists.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 1980 Sep-Oct, 89(5 Pt 2), 43 - 6
Role of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in the management of children with middle ear effusion; Snow JB Jr; Evidence for the clinical effectiveness of adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in the management of children with persistent middle ear effusions is incomplete and what evidence there is the literature is not convincing . In the first year after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy there is less otitis media . The beneficial effects of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy on the incidence of otitis media declines in the second year after the operation . The prevailing opinion is that adenoidectomy is not indicated in the vast majority of children in whom a middle ear effusion has persisted for six weeks or more in spite of antibiotic therapy . Factors favoring an adenoidectomy would be persistent nasal obstruction, persistent purulent rhinorrhea and persistent adenoiditis . The role of tonsillectomy is even less clear, but the decision regarding tonsillectomy is made by most clinicians on the basis of the amount of intercurrent or chronic tonsillitis rather than on the basis of the middle ear effusion per se.

Helv Chir Acta, 1980 Sep, 47(3-4), 511 - 6
{Neomycin versus plus metronidazol for large bowel preparation in elective colon surgery}; Barone C et al.; Two series of 50 consecutive elective colonic resections with bowel preparation either with Neomycin (group A) or Neomycin combined with Metronidazole (group B) are presented . 17 bacterial inflammatory complications in group A versus 10 in group B were noted . It is concluded that the addition of an antianaerobic antibiotic agent in elective colonic surgery might be of beneficial effect.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1980 Sep, 29(5), 761 - 5
Prevention of transfusion-induced Chagas' disease by amphotericin B; Cruz FS et al.; Amphotericin B, a polyene antibiotic effective against eukaryotic cells, can eliminate the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi from blood stored at 4 degrees C . This antitrypanosomal effect can be achieved with a concentration of 3 micrograms/ml within 48 hours . This concentration of amphotericin B does not produce hemolysis over a period of 3 weeks . Amphotericin B methyl ester and nystatin are not effective . Amphotericin B may be considered as a replacement for crystal violet in blood bank blood to prevent transfusion-induced Chagas' disease.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 372 - 6
Pharmacokinetic studies with dibekacin, a new aminoglycoside, after intravenous and intramuscular administration to human volunteers; Goto M et al.; The pharmacokinetics of dibekacin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was studied in volunteers given the same dose (100 mg) intramuscularly on two separate occasions and intravenously at two different rates of infusion . The kinetic parameters (t 1/2, 2.24 h, and Vd, 0.136 liter/kg, as the overall mean) observed after intramuscular administration appear to be compatible with those of other aminoglycosides and fairly reproducible within the same individuals . Dibekacin was rapidly absorbed (tmax, 0.84 h), yielding a peak level of 10.4 microgram/ml after the 100-mg intramuscular dose . After the 30- or 60-min infusion, the concentrations of dibekacin in serum fell bi-exponentially, giving an elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta) of 2.50 to 2.88 h . The highest serum levels after th 30- and 60-min infusions were 15.2 +/- 0.9 and 12.1 +/- 1.8 microgram/ml, respectively . Serum levels at 6 h after completion of infusions were 1.9 +/- 0.3 and 1.7 +/- 0.4 microgram/ml, respectively.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Sep-Oct, 131B(2), 121 - 9
{Effects of sulfomethylation on the mechanism of action of colimycin towards "Escherichia coli" B (author's transl)}; Cornu J; Colimycin is sulfomethylated in order to inactivate it temporarily in vivo . In vitro, this process may have unexpected results because the experiment is carried out within a closed system . The time required to activate the antibiotic varies according to incubation conditions . The freed sulfomethyl groups are probably eliminated in vivo . In vitro, these residues may interact with the outer membrane of Escherichia coli B which is charged with badly positioned molecules of colimycin, thus creating a barrier for the active molecules . As the expected mechanism of polymyxin B or E action include first electrostatic interactions, it is not surprising that a modification of the ionic balance of the medium should be of such importance.

Biken J, 1980 Sep, 23(3), 143 - 55
Studies on the effect of bleomycin on Trypanosoma gambiense; Ono T et al.; The antibiotic bleomycin inhibits nuclear duplication and causes deformation of the nucleus without any effect on the kinetoplast of Trypanosoma gambiense . Consequently it induces the anucleate form, not the dyskinetoplastic form . Studies showed that in many respects the effect of bleomycin on trypanosomes was very similar to that of neocarzinostatin . Analysis of DNA by CsCl density gradient centrifugation indicated that bleomycin inhibits DNA synthesis in the nucleus but not that in the kinetoplast . Bleomycin also induced excess formation of pellicular microtubules and disorderly arrangement of the axonemal and pellicular microtubules.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Sep, 33(9), 1063 - 70
The mechanism of action of polychlorosubtilin; Shimi IR et al.; Polychlorosubtilin (PCS) inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli . The antibiotic affected neither respiration nor glycolysis while the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins were feebly hindered . Formation of aminoacyl-tRNA, peptide bonds and translocation from A to P sites of ribosomes were insignificantly influenced by the drug . The antibiotic exerted its effect(s) on ribosomes by interfering with the 30 S subunits . The 23 S and 30 SP were both sensitive to the drug but the latter was more obviously affected . Changes after developing resistance to the drug by the bacteria were localized in the 30 SP, 23 S and accordingly the 30 S subunits . The principal action of PCS was to cause multisited miscoding upon the incorporation of labeled aminoacyl-tRNA, therefore, malformed protein fractions (abnormal) were synthesized . As a natural consequence such abnormal fractions would not be expected to manifest the vital metabolic activities in the normal way.

Minerva Stomatol, 1980 Sep-Oct, 29(5), 345 - 58
{Use of floctafenine in toothaches in adults and children (a controlled study) . II}; Di Blasi F et al.; A double-blind study was made of the activity and tolerance of 400 mg Floctaphenine versus 400 mg Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) on ordinary random administration . 48 patients received Floctaphenine and 50 ASA . Menstruating women were included, but not children aged less than 12 yr . Periodontitis, pulpitis, abscesses, extractions and dysodontiasis were the most frequently represented sources of pain . Subjects completing the study were divided into groups: those already treated with other analgesics in the previous 24 hr, those with uninterrupted pain, those with attacks of pain, those for whom one administration was sufficient, menstruating women . Account was also taken of the effect of treatment before or after meals, and the influence of a simultaneously administered antibiotic (the same one in each case) . Statistical assessment showed that both drugs were analgesic, but that Floctaphenine was significantly (P < 0.01) better than ASA . The same was true with regard to latency time, duration of the effect, clinical assessment, need for support from other analgesics . The antibiotic appeared to have no appreciable influence of the activity of the two drugs, nor did the time of administration (before or after meals) . Much the same picture was apparent in each group . Menstrual status was devoid of influence, though it cannot be stated with equal certainty that whether secondary effects were more frequent . Floctaphenine was very well tolerated . There were 4 somewhat doubtful cases of somnolence (8.33%) . It was not certain, in fact, whether this was not an outcome of the relief from pain . ASA was accompanied by stomach pain in 9 cases (18%) . This was much more common when it was taken on an empty stomach.

Biochemistry, 1980 Aug 19, 19(17), 4096 - 103
Metal binding to modified bleomycins . Zinc and ferrous complexes with an acetylated bleomycin; Oppenheimer NJ et al.; We have studied the DNA- and metal-binding properties of a bleomycin A2 derivative in which the alpha-amino group of the beta-aminoalanine moiety has been N-acetylated . The modified antibiotic has been shown to be without activity in mediating the in vitro release of {3H}thymine from Pm-2 DNA . Fluorescence experiments indicate that the degree of quenching by DNA of the bithiazole fluorescence is unaffected by N-acetylation of bleomycin . Furthermore, 1H NMR experiments demonstrate that N-acetylation does not alter the stoichiometry of metal binding . The Fe(II)--Ac-bleomycin A2 complex, however, has been found to be stable in the presence of both O2 and CO, and thus inactivation appears to be accounted for by the loss of the ability to bind and/or reduce O2 . Comparison of the 1H NMR spectra of the Fe(II)--bleomycin and Fe(II)--Ac-bleomycin A2 complexes indicates that either a drastic reorganization of the ligands with respect to the central iron atom has occurred or that an altered spin state is stabilized . These experiments establish that the ability of bleomycin to cause DNA damage is sensitive to even minor structural alterations within the antibiotic.

J Embryol Exp Morphol, 1980 Aug, 58, 195 - 208
Tunicamycin inhibits mouse tooth morphogenesis and odontoblast differentiation in vitro; Thesleff I et al.; Tunicamycin (TM), an antibiotic that selectively inhibits dolichol-mediated protein glycosylation, inhibited morphogenesis and differentiation of odontoblasts in the molar tooth germ in vitro . These effects of TM are reversible and dose-dependent, and in advanced teeth the effect of TM was not complete unless the basement membrane was removed prior to culture . TM did not prevent secretion of predentin or enamel when added to the cultures after initiation of predentin secretion . TM dramatically inhibited protein glycosylation and the accumulation of labeled proteoglycans and glycoproteins in the basement membrane . Our previous studies indicated that odontoblast differentiation is triggered by an interaction between the basement membrane and mesenchymal cells . We suggest that TM inhibits odontoblast differentiation by causing alterations in the basement membrane which prevent the necessary cell-matrix interaction required for odontoblast differentiation.

Br J Surg . 1980 Aug;67(8):553.
Removal of metronidazole by haemodialysis; Gabriel R et al.; The removal of the anti-anaerobic antibiotic metronidazole has been studied in oliguric patients . The drug and its principal metabolite are rapidly removed by haemodialysis so that the plasma concentration quickly falls below the therapeutic range . Hence a further dose of metronidazole would be needed after dialysis to restore an adequate plasma concentration.

Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 1980 Aug, 313(2), 171 - 4
Influence of rifamycin SV on bile acid metabolism in rats; Okolicsanyi L et al.; Sodium cholate was infused with or without Rifamycin SV in rats in order to determine the site of interference of the drug on hepatic bile salt metabolism . Both compounds were administered at rates such as to saturate their respective maximal excretory capacities . When Rifamycin SV was given, bile acid uptake and excretion significantly decreased, with a significant reduction of the percent of conjugated bile salts in bile . Rifamycin SV neither modified bile flow nor affected the correlation between bile flow and bile salt excretion . These data suggest that the antibiotic interferes with the three main steps of hepatic bile acid metabolism . The cholestatic effect and the modification of biliary bile salt output produced by Ryfamycin SV in rats, could be of clinical relevance.

Poult Sci, 1980 Aug, 59(8), 1731 - 5
Experimental development of monensin resistance in Eimeria meleagrimitis; Jeffers TK et al.; The discovery of monensin-resistant field isolates of Eimeria meleagrimitis prompted an investigation of the ability of this parasite to develop monensin resistance in a laboratory selection experiment . A strain derived from a monensin-sensitive parent strain was intentionally selected for monensin resistance by propagation in monensin medicated turkeys in isolation, while the monensin-sensitive parent strain from which it was derived was cryogenically maintained as a genetic control . Comparison of the monensin sensitivity of the selected and parent strains demonstrated monensin resistance development in the selected strain by the fourth generation of selection . This is the first reported experimental development of monensin-resistant coccidia and suggests that unlike chicken coccidia, the turkey coccidium E . meleagrimitis possesses the ability to readily develop resistance to the polyether antibiotic anticoccidials under the appropriate conditions of drug exposure.

Poult Sci, 1980 Aug, 59(8), 1722 - 30
Monensin sensitivity of recent field isolates of turkey coccidia; Jeffers TK et al.; The efficacy of monensin at concentrations of 60 and 100 ppm was evaluated against 22 isolates not exposed to monensin and 16 monensin-exposed field isolates of coccidia obtained from US and Canadian turkey flocks, respectively . Isolates not previously exposed to monensin were effectively controlled by monensin . However, 7 monensin-resistant isolates (predominantly Eimeria meleagrimitis) were independently isolated from turkey flocks in Ontario, Canada where monensin was being used as an anticoccidial . Subsequent sensitivity evaluations of two of these isolates revealed cross-resistance to lasolocid, narasin, and salinomycin . Evaluation of the stability of monensin resistance in one isolate suggested that monensin sensitivity was not restored after 10 generations of relaxed selection . Although the extent of monensin resistance among field isolates of turkey coccidia is unknown, these results provide the first unequivocal characterization of monensin resistance in field isolates of coccidia . Contrarily, after more than eight years of intensive use of monensin as an anticoccidial in US broiler production facilities, this type of resistance to the polyether antibiotic anticoccidials has not been encountered in chicken coccidia.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Aug, 25(8), 626 - 9
{Lincomycin concentration in the blood and tissues when administered by electrophoresis in children with acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis}; Kelimbetov ZhK et al.; Twenty five children suffering from acute and chronic hematogenic osteomyelitis were subjected to lincomycin therapy in addition to surgical and general tonic treatment . The antibiotic was administered by means of electrophoresis in 15 children and by means of electrophoresis together with intramuscular injections in 10 children . It was found that administration of the drug by means of electrophoresis 1 hour after its intramuscular injection provided the highest lincomycin levels in the bone cavity favourable for the disease treatment.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Aug, 25(8), 585 - 9
{Levomycetin dispersity and its effect on the intensity of absorption}; Batuashvili TA; The dispersion composition of levomycetin (chloramphenicol) was studied comparatively with various methods . The optimal results were obtained with the use of microscopic assay . The samples used for the comparison were sufficiently differentiated by the specific surface of the powder, its dry and bulk weights determined with less labour-consuming methods . Differenes in the antibiotic dissolution rate dependent on the dispersity level were shown: the dissolution rate of fine crystalline powder was much higher than that of macrocrystalline powder . Correlation between the rate of the antibiotic transfer into solution in vitro and blood absorption in rabbits was shown with the use of the powders of various dispersity.

J Urol, 1980 Aug, 124(2), 298 - 9
Adenomatous polyps of the prostatic urethra: a cause of hematospermia; Stein AJ et al.; Hematospermia is a common urologic problem that is not always evaluated by cystoscopic examination . We report on 4 patients with hematospermia in whom polypoid lesions were observed in the prostatic urethra near the verumontanum on cystoscopic examination . In 3 of these patients the lesions were adenomatous polyps, resembling a normal prostate, and in 2 the hematospermia resolved following resection . In the remaining patient the lesion proved to be an intraductal carcinoma . We believe that cystoscopy is indicated in all patients with hematospermia that does not resolve on antibiotic therapy . Polypoid lesions in the prostatic urethra should be resected as diagnostic and sometimes therapeutic measure.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Aug, 33(8), 749 - 57
The intravenous toxicity of dibekacin sulphate (DKB) to female beagle dogs; James RW et al.; Dibekacin sulphate (DKB), a new aminoglycoside antibiotic developed on the theory of bacterial resistance, was given by intravenous injection to groups of female Beagle dogs at dosages of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 or 25.0 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks . Physiological saline was given as a control . Some dogs given 5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg/day were retained undosed for a further 5 weeks in order to assess recovery . Premature deaths from acute renal tubular nephrosis occurred in dogs given 25.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day . Dogs which survived treatment at 10.0 mg/kg/day showed marked elevation of circulating urea and creatinine concentrations after 4 weeks' treatment but thereafter the increases became less obvious . Varying degrees of renal cortical tubular dilatation, basophilia, degeneration or necrosis were seen in the kidneys of all dogs examined after 13 weeks treatment although no clinical impairment of renal function was detectable at dosages up to 5.0 mg/kg/day . These changes had essentially regressed in dogs examined 5 weeks after the last dose of DKB at 5.0 mg/kg/day . All the adverse clinical and histological effects noted, following any dose level of DKB tested, could be attributed to renal changes.

Plast Reconstr Surg, 1980 Aug, 66(2), 226 - 8
Atypical mycobacteria periprosthetic infections--diagnosis and treatment; Toranto IR et al.; The presence of atypical mycobacteria has been reported in increasing numbers following augmentation mammaplasty in the United States . Prior to this work, there was no effective method for obtaining a satisfactory result with a retained prosthesis in a reasonable length of time . Early detection and prompt institution of this newly developed protocol of local and systemic antibiotic therapy, followed by surgical curettage and wound sterilization, have been successful in these three cases . This method has enabled patients to obtain a short course of therapy (in the most recent cases, less than 1 month) and a satisfactory aesthetic result . In spite of exhaustive efforts to pinpoint the etiology of the infection, the exact way in which the infecting agent has its entrance--whether by contaminated material or airborne--is as yet unknown . It is apparent from the patients treated that these remain as isolated infections, without systemic manifestations . Follow-up on these patients is in excess of 1 year, with soft, normal-appearing, Baker Class I breasts . With variations in the drugs utilized, this method is currently being expanded to treat other types of periprosthetic breast infections satisfactorily.

Lab Anim Sci, 1980 Aug, 30(4 Pt 1), 652 - 6
A transport medium for murine mycoplasma; Fortney RE et al.; A medium was investigated for transportation of Mycoplasma pulmonis pure cultures and swabs from animals suspected of having Mycoplasma pulmonis infections . The medium was developed because many culture specimens from animals carry an abundance of contaiminating bacteria masking in vitro growth of Mycoplasma pulmonis . Commonly occurring contaminants were identified, and their antibiotic sensitivities were quantified . The combination of carbenicillin, tribrissen and polymixin B was found to inhibit contaminating bacteria and allow Mycoplasma pulmonis to grow in the transport medium . Mycoplasma pulmonis survived under a wide range of temperatures for extended periods of time in the transport medium . Actual shipment of the medium containing Mycoplasma pulmonis demonstrated its value as a transport medium . The transport medium not only protected Mycoplasma pulmonis in transit but also was selective in promoting its growth in vitro.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1980 Aug, 30(2), 160 - 3
Repair of mycotic aneurysms of the aorta involving the aortic valve; Todd EP et al.; This report summarizes our successful management of 6 patients who underwent repair of mycotic aneurysms of the ascending aorta within a four-year period . Repairs have been successful despite involvement of as much as two-thirds of the circumference of the aortic valve annulus, involvement of the origin of the right coronary artery, and development of heart block . Three patients required surgical intervention because of hemodynamic decompensation before they had completed antibiotic therapy for endocarditis . In 3 patients, the aneurysm was buttressed with the valve skirt so that aneurysm repair and valve replacement were accomplished in continuity . In 2 patients, the aneurysm was repaired separately and the valve seated on the repair . In 1 patient, a large defect between the left and right coronary arteries was repaired with a woven Dacron patch secured to the valve skirt . The valve was seated to the left ventricle and the graft to the aorta . There were no operative or postoperative deaths . Our data suggest that mycotic aneurysms of the aortic annulus can be successfully repaired despite extensive damage.

Rofo, 1980 Aug, 133(2), 158 - 63
{Trans-catheter embolisation of the spleen with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate . Experimental results and clinical application (author's transl)}; Gunther R et al.; Partial and total trans-catheter embolisation of the spleen with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate-lipiodol in 23 dogs lead to partial necrosis and cicatrisation of the spleen after 3 to 5 weeks . The embolised vessels do not recanalise, but are by-passed by extra- and intra-splenic collaterals . In five animals there was a reduction in the number of erythrocytes; after embolisation there was increase in the number of leucocytes, whereas the thrombocytes were unchanged . The most common complication which occurred in five animals was a 1.5 to 2.5 cm . splenic abscess . The procedure was employed without success in one patient with bleeding oesophageal varices . The procedure was complicated by extensive necrosis of the gastric mucosa . Trans-catheter embolisation of the spleen has significant complications, despite strict asepsis and antibiotic cover . The main indication of the procedure is hypersplenism which cannot be treated surgically.

J Am Acad Dermatol, 1980 Aug, 3(2), 153 - 6
Penetration of topical clindamycin into comedones; Guin JD et al.; Comedones were removed from patients on topical clindamycin and assayed for that antibiotic by of two methods . Prominent levels were found in eight of ten patients by one bioassay method . Once whole comedones from a patient were found to be positive, other comedones were microdissected to separate the external and internal portions . Prominent levels of clindamycin were found in the inner portion as early as 2 weeks . Further, the antibiotic could always be found in the internal portion when it was present in the external layers . Using the more sensitive of two bioassay methods, the whole comedonal level of clindamycin ranged from 0 to 5 microgram/mg of comedonal material, with an average level of 0.824 microgram/mg . The significance of this is discussed.

Cell, 1980 Aug, 21(1), 115 - 25
ATP-dependent DNA topoisonmerase from D . melanogaster reversibly catenates duplex DNA rings; Hsieh T et al.; Extracts of Drosophila embryos contain an enzymatic activity that converts circular DNAs into huge networks of catenated rings in an ATP-dependent fashion . The catenated activity is resolved into two protein components during purification . One component is a novel DNA topoisomerase that requires the presence of ATP in order to relax supercoiled DNA . We have shown that the ATP-dependent DNA topoisomerase relaxes DNA by a mechanism distinct from that of nicking-closing enzymes . The Drosophila ATP-dependent topoisomerase allows one segment of a circular DNA to pass through transient breaks in both strands at another site on the DNA circle without any relative rotation between the ends at the transient break . This mechanism can convert negative supertwists to positive twists and vice versa until a relaxed equilibrium state is reached . The formation of catenated rings is mediated by an analogous bimolecular reaction which can occur between two nonhomologous DNA circles . The catenation reaction is fully reversible: in the presence of the second protein component, circular DNA is converted quantitatively into catenated forms; in its absence, the ATP-dependent topoisomerase resolves catenated networks back into monomer circles . The Drosophila ATP-dependent topoisomerase appears to be closely related to E . coli DNA gyrase in that both use a similar mechanism to change the topology of DNA, both require ATP and both are inhibited by the antibiotic novobiocin . The presence of an enzyme that allows one DNA helix to pass freely through another could not only be useful in relaxation of topological constraints, but also may be involved in the folding and unfolding of eucaryotic chromosomes.

Mutat Res, 1980 Aug, 78(4), 347 - 51
Induction of somatic and male crossing-over by bleomycin in Drosophila melanogaster; Demopoulos NA et al.; Bleomycin (BLM) is well known as an antibiotic as well as for its antineoplastic activity . A clinical preparation of BLM was tested for its recombinogenicity in a higher eukaryotic organism, Drosophila melanogaster . Feeding of the F1 larvae on a medium with BLM increased somatic crossing-over spots on female tergites and induced recombination in male germ cells . However, nonlinear dose-response curves were obtained . Malformed tergites were also observed in females treated with BLM.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Jul 29, 608(2), 358 - 67
Ribosomal RNA precursor transcription in rat liver is not dependent on continuous synthesis of proteins; Stoyanova BB et al.; The effect of inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide on rRNA precursor transcription in rat liver was analyzed . Two doses of the drug were studied: low, 5 mg/kg, and high, 20 mg/kg . Both doses of cycloheximide cause rapid, complete and continuous inhibition of protein synthesis . The low dose of the antibiotic does not alter the rRNA precursor transcription for at least 4 h, while the high dose, which is lethal to rats, leads gradually to suppression of rRNA precursor synthesis . It is shown that the high dose of cycloheximide causes profound changes in the metabolism of the free nucleotides and drastic inhibition of {14C}orotate and {32P}orthophosphate uptake into the pool of free nucleotides . It is supposed that the strong side-effects of cycloheximide, rather than the cessation of protein synthesis, are responsible for the observed inhibition of rRNA precursor synthesis . It is concluded that rRNA precursor transcription is not regulated by rapidly turning-over protein(s).

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Jul, 33(7), 728 - 32
{The therapeutic effect of nanaomycin A against experimental Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in guinea pigs (author's transl)}; Kitaura K et al.; Acute toxicity of nanaomycin A was tested in mice and rats . It was found that the antibiotic was well absorbed topically so that topical LD50 was approximately the same as intravenous LD50 in mice . The therapeutic effect of nanaomycin A and siccanin against experimental cutaneous Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in guinea pigs was investigated . Topically applied formulation of nanaomycin A was very effective in improving the condition of lesions and in preventing fungal growth in the infected tissues . Nanaomycin A and siccanin were comparable in activity in experiments.

Br J Ophthalmol, 1980 Jul, 64(7), 515 - 7
Congenital fistulae of the lacrimal gland; Blanksma LJ et al.; A 36-year-old man had congenital fistulae of the palpebral lobes of the lacrimal glands, with orifices bilaterally in the intermarginal strip of his upper eyelids near the external canthi . The left fistula was cystic and had become chronically inflamed . Because antibiotic therapy was unsuccessful, excision was necessary . Congenital fistulae are extremely rare, forming a lateral and tarsal group, each group having typical characteristics.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1980 Jul-Aug, 89(4 Pt 1), 353 - 8
Acute cochlear disorders: the combination of hearing loss, recruitment, poor speech discrimination, and tinnitus; Tonndorf J; The combination of hearing loss, recruitment, poor speech discrimination and tinnitus, which is characteristic of acute cochlear disorders, can be accounted for on the basis of a decoupling of hair cells from their drive system, the tectorial membrane . Decoupling may either be caused by a temporary reduction of ciliary stiffness (shown to occur during periods of noise-induced temporary threshold shifts) or by temporary and/or chronic ciliary pathology (demonstrated to exist in cases of antibiotic ototoxicity and in endolymphatic hydrops) . Since ciliary coupling is elastic in nature, the decoupling is only partial . The hearing loss and the tinnitus are manifestations of the reduced coupling per se, the magnitude of the loss depending on the degree of decoupling and the number of hair cells involved . Recruitment and poor speech discrimination result from center-clipping of the signal waveform applied to an involved hair cell, the direct corollary of partial, ciliary decoupling.

J Anim Sci, 1980 Jul, 51(1), 121 - 6
Effects of dietary cellulose and neomycin on function of the cecum of pigs; Gargallo J et al.; Six crossbred male pigs (40 kg) with cecal cannulas were randomly allotted to three treatments for evaluation of the effect of three levels of dietary Solka-floc (2, 10 and 18%) on cecal functionality . Samples were collected every fourth day for 40 days . Blood was obtained 4 hr after the morning feeding, and cecal contents were sampled at 3-hr intervals during the 12-hr period between the morning and evening meals . Blood urea nitrogen was not affected by dietary cellulose, and it remained constant throughout the experiment . Dry matter and cellulose digestibilities were reduced (P < .05) by the increase in dietary cellulose, suggesting a maximum cellulose digestion capability of about 35 g/pig daily . A definite daily pattern was observed for cecal ammonia nitrogen . It reached a maximum 6 hr after feeding . Cecal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were not affected by dietary cellulose . After 40 days, 150 mg/kg body weight of neomycin sulfate was administered daily for 8 days, 100 mg in the feed and 50 mg into the cecum via the cannula . The antibiotic resulted in a decrease (P < .01) in cecal VFA concentrations, an increase (P < .01) in cecal ammonia N level and a complete arrest of cellulose digestion.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jul, 33(7), 711 - 6
Bioconversion and biosynthesis of nanaomycins using cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and polyketide biosyntheses; Kitao C et al.; The biosynthetic relationship of the nanaomycins produced by Streptomyces rosa var . notoensis OS-3966 was studied by means of a bioconversion method using the antibiotic cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of fatty acid and polyketide biosyntheses . Nanaomycin D was considered to be the first component produced from the hypothetical intermediate "polyketide" . It is proposed that the biosynthesis sequence for the nanaomycin is: nanaomycin D leads to nanaomycin A leads to nanaomycin E leads to nanaomycin B . Nanaomycin B can be converted to nanaomycin A by non-enzymatic dehydration; however, nanaomycin A is rapidly bioconverted to nanaomycin E, which is the major component synthesized by the nanaomycin-producing strain.

Crit Care Med, 1980 Jul, 8(7), 419 - 23
Tetanus in the adult: intensive care and management experience with 233 cases; Trujillo MJ et al.; Over a period of 10 years, 233 adult patients were treated for severe tetanus in this ICU . Criteria of severity, clinical patterns, and a detailed plan of treatment are outlined . The authors emphasize that such treatment implicates the permanent availability of trained personel in handling cardiorespiratory emergencies as well as prolonged mechanical ventilatory assistance in a specially designed environment (ICU) . The form of therapy described herein seems to be the best currently available management regime, inasmuch as it can be expected to reduce significantly the notoriously high mortality associated with severe tetanus . Although this therapy is very expensive and time consuming, this is the price to be paid when the life of one of these patients is endangered . Complications are usually bizarre and unexpected . The authors found a high incidence of infectious respiratory complications, probably related to a change in the tracheal flora secondary to antibiotic therapy and a less than ideal care of tracheostomies . Unexpected cardiac arrest was the most common cardiovascular complication and also the most common cause of death; in the majority of these cases, a satisfactory explanation for this complication was not found, but it could have been related to overactivity of the autonomic nervous system.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jul, 25(7), 513 - 8
{Effect of carfecillin on the body of animals in single and multiple administrations}; Berezhinskaia VV et al.; The effect of carfecillin on blood circulation, respiration, hepatic and renal functions, peripheral blood picture, growth and development of young animals was studied in acute and chronic experiments . The allergizating properties of the drug were also investigated . Carfecillin is low toxic . LD50 for albino mice on intravenous and oral administration of the drug is 782.5 and 3924 mg/kg respectively . When used repeatedly for treatment of rats in oral doses of 180 and 275 mg/kg corresponding to the daily doses for humans calculated for the body surface, carfecillin had no adverse effect on hepatic or renal function, cell composition of the blood, augmentation of the weight and relative weight of the organs of the growing animals . No detectable effect of carfecillin on arterial pressure, respiration, rhythm and amplitude of the systole was observed in acute experiments with anesthetized cats treated with the antibiotic intravenously in doses of 320 mg/kg . Histological examination of the internal organs of the rats treated with oral carfecillin during 2 months showed that the drug had an irritating effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa only in a dose of 540 mg/kg, which is 2 times higher than the equivalent daily dose for humans . Carfecillin possesses the allergizating properties and induces development of cross allergy to benzylpenicillin . The above properties were less pronounced in carfecillin than in benzylpenicillin.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jul, 25(7), 511 - 3
{Gentamycin kinetics when administered into the eyes via soft contact lenses}; Zelenskaia MV et al.; Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin administered into the eye by means of instillation or hydrophilic contact lenses was studied comparatively . The results of the study showed that gentamicin levels in the humor of the eye anterior chamber after the antibiotic administration with soft contact lenses were higher at all periods than those after instillation . Higher retention time of gentamicin therapeutic doses in the humor of the eye anterior chamber after the antibiotic administration by means of soft contact lenses is also an advantage of this administration route.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jul, 25(7), 499 - 503
{Physicochemical and biological characteristics of mycoheptin components A1 and A2}; Bol'shakova LO et al.; Mycoheptin, an original antifungal polyenic antibiotic is a complex of several heptaen components . 2 heptaen components designated as mycoheptins A1 and A2 were isolated from the mycoheptin complex with the counter-current distribution technique in a system of methanol-chloroform-forate buffer, pH 8.3 (2:2:1) . It was found that component A2 was the main one . Its content in the preparation is at least 80 per cent . The components were studied comparatively with respect to the elemental composition, UV and IR spectra, distribution coefficients in different solvent systems, specific rotation, biological activity and acute toxicity . Both components are original in the subgroup of "nonaromatic" heptaens . Mycoheptin A1 has a lower biological activity and toxicity but its chemotherapeutic efficiency is higher.

Am J Dis Child, 1980 Jul, 134(7), 659 - 62
Pneumococcal empyema: outcome of medical management; Murphy D et al.; Physicians vary considerably in their opinion as to the duration of hospitalization and degree of surgical intervention for children with pneumococcal empyema . The development of pneumatoceles and persistence of fever or loculated pleural fluid are causes of debate and concern . We reviewed the records of 21 children with confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia . Ten of the 12 with no pleural fluid became afebrile within 48 hours of appropriate antibiotic therapy, whereas the nine with empyema remained febrile an average of 7.1 days (minimum estimate) in spite of documented sterile cultures within 24 hour in five of the patients . Although chest tube and thoracentesis drainage could not remove all the pleural fluid, and pneumatoceles developed in five of the nine children, long-term follow-up studies including chest roentgenograms and pulmonary function testing demonstrated a gradual but complete recovery that did not require long-term hospitalization, continued parenteral antibiotic therapy, or invasive surgical procedures.

Trop Doct, 1980 Jul, 10(3), 117 - 9
Infertility in Saudi Arabia: initial experience in a new gynaecological unit; Ledward RS; PIP: The etiological factors in patients complaining of infertility were investigated at the Riyadh Military Hospital in Saudi Arabia . A retrospective analysis of the 70 patients attending the gynecological clinic and seen by 1 consultant were made to determine any specific factors relating to their infertility . 41 (58.6%) of the patients complained of primary infertility, and 29 (41.4%) complained of secondary infertility . 4 case notes were not retrieved, leaving 37 case notes for analysis with primary infertility . 3 case notes were not retrieved in cases of secondary infertility, leaving 26 for analysis . 2 patients had proven syphilis in the primary infertile group, but tubal pathology was not necessarily high (13.5%) and a broad spectrum of pathology was found to be similar to a UK population . 13 primary infertile patients had had raised prolactin levels and were eligible for bromocriptine therapy . Thus far, 6 patients have received it . The analysis of the secondary infertile patients showed a high incidence of anovulation, although the prolactin levels remained in the more normally accepted range and, at the time of the study, only 1 patient was receiving bromocriptine therapy . Unsuspected endometrial tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1 case in the secondary infertile group (and generalized tuberculosis was known in 1 case in the primary infertile group), tuberculosis remains a high possibility as en etiological factor . Schistosomiasis was considered as an etiological factor but was not found in any of the gynecological patients and only 2 cases of genital schistosomiasis were detected in Riyadh between 1964-67 . 3 of the husbands in the secondary infertile group had an abnormal semen analysis, and 8 of the husbands in the primary infertile group also had abnormal counts . Several analyses showed an unusually high incidence of pus cells and asymptomatic bacteriospermia has been shown to be associated with infertility . Antibiotic therapy was thus indicated with repeat semen analysis in the management of such infertile patients . Further stuides are indicated to determine the number of patients attending the primary care, surgical, and medical clinics for investigation of male infertility . A number of male patients with schistosomiasis are attending the Primary Care Department for investigation and treatment .

Blood, 1980 Jul, 56(1), 125 - 8
Inaccuracies associated with the automated measurement of mean cell hemoglobin concentration in dehydrated cells; Mohandas N et al.; Because of discrepancies between electronically and manually measured values of mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) encountered in studies of pathologic red cells, we studied the effect of cell water content on MCHC measurements by both methods . A series of red cell samples with varying water contents (54%-164% normal) were prepared from normal cells using the antibiotic nystatin . MCHC was then measured, using the microhematocrit centrifuge and three different electronic cell counters in common laboratory use . For MCHC values above 36 g/dl as measured by the spun hematocrit method, all three electronic counters under estimmated the MCHC, with increasing error as the true MCHC increased . For MCHC values below 30 g/dl, the values from two conductivity based instruments agreed with those from the spun hematocrit method, whereas one instrument based on light scattering overestimated the MCHC . These results indicate that inaccuracies in the measured mean cell volume (MCV) of dehydrated or otherwise undeformable cells may lead to spurious values for MCHC when electronic cell counters are used.

South Med J, 1980 Jul, 73(7), 875 - 7
Phlegmonous gastritis: clinical presentation and surgical management; Nicholson BW et al.; Phlegmonous gastritis is an acute inflammatory process of the stomach clinically characterized by acute localized noncolicky epigastric pain, purulent vomiting, fever, and leukocytosis . The disease often occurs in patients with preexisting gastric abnormalities or in the elderly and is easily confused radiologically with infiltrating gastric carcinoma . The mortality exceeds that of any other nonmalignant gastric affliction . Intensive antibiotic therapy followed by early gastric resection is the recommended treatment.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 493 - 500
{Possible role of the respiratory system of Fusidium coccineum in regulating fusidic acid biosynthesis}; Telesnina GN et al.; The respiration system was studied in three strains of the fungus Fusidium coccineum differing in their capability to synthesize fusidic acid . In all of the three strains, the system of oxidative phoshorylation predominated in supplying the cells with energy . In the strains with low and zero activities, the terminal oxidation of reduced equivalents occurred mainly via the respiration chain with cytochrome oxidase as a terminal component . In the strain with a high activity, there was an alternative cyanide resistant pathway, along with the classical cytochrome chain, and the complete switching to the alternative pathway coincided with the period of the antibiotic maximal accumulation . The induction of the alternative pathway in the strain with a high activity did not involve inhibition of the cytochrome region of the respiration chain . It was shown for the first time that the antibiotic synthesis and the character of cell differentiation can be changed by modifying the pathways of oxidation with specific inhibitors such as chloramphenicol and salicyl hydroxamate . Apparently, there is some general mechanism involved in regulating the production of the antibiotic, cell differentiation, and switching to the alternative oxidative pathway.

Res Vet Sci, 1980 Jul, 29(1), 116 - 7
Factors affecting the absorption of ampicillin administered intramuscularly in dwarf goats; Groothuis DG et al.; In nine healthy dwarf goats there were significantly higher serum concentrations of ampicillin after it was injected into the lateral neck muscles than after it was injected into the thigh . During fever, induced with Escherichia coli endotoxin, the rate of absorption of ampicillin from shivering muscles was faster, resulting in significantly higher serum concentrations of the antibiotic than in control non-febrile goats.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Jul, 77(7), 3974 - 7
Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli; McMurry L et al.; Tetracycline resistance encoded by four genetically different determinants residing on plasmids in Escherichia coli was shown to be associated in each case with an energy-dependent decrease in accumulation of the antibiotic in whole cells in which resistance had been induced . The different class determinants examined were those on plasmids RP1 (class A), R222 (class B), R144 (class C), and RA1 (class D) . This decrease in accumulation was attributable to an active efflux, because everted (inside-out) membrane vesicles made from tetracycline-induced E . coli cells containing any one of the four plasmids were shown to concentrate tetracycline by an active influx . This active uptake was not seen in inside-out vesicles from sensitive cells or uninduced R222-containing cells . In vesicles from induced R222-containing cells, the efflux appeared to be carrier-mediated with a Km of about 6 microM . These results demonstrate that active export of tetracycline is a common component of the mechanism for tetracycline resistance encoded by different plasmid-borne determinants in bacteria.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Jul, 599(2), 587 - 95
An investigation into the feasibility of using yeast protoplasts to study the ion transport properties of the plasma membrane; Theuvenet AP et al.; A method for studying ion uptake in enzymatically isolated protoplasts from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is described . The kinetics of K+ and Rb+ uptake, metabolic proton extrusion and cell electrophoretic mobility have been determined . Enzymic removal of the cell wall does not significantly alter the above-mentioned properties of the yeast cells . It is concluded that studies of these properties can be performed equally well with intact yeast cells or protoplasts . However, in studies aimed at determining effects of complex organic substances, e.g., antibiotics, on plasma membrane function the use of protoplasts is recommended . The effectiveness of the antibiotic, Dio-9, for example, in reversing the metabolic proton extrusion into a net proton influx is at least 50 times higher after enzymic removal of the yeast cell wall.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Jul, 142(1), 72 - 6
Amelioration of experimental bacterial meningitis by levamisole: evidence of a direct effect on the infecting bacteria; Beam TR Jr et al.; The immune-modulating effects of levamisole were evaluated in vivo in rabbits with experimental meningitis due to Escherichia coli and in vitro in assays of ingestive and digestive functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Intracisternal treatment of rabbits with 0.5 ml of levamisole (400 micrograms/ml) 48 and 24 hr before infection resulted in a longer survival time (mean, 49.3 hr) than either control (mean, 21.3 hr; P < 0.01) or intravenously treated animals (mean, 18.3 hr; P < 0.05) . However, treatment of the organism by incubation in levamisole (100 micrograms/ml) resulted in survival times significantly longer than that of intracisternally treated animals (mean, 98.5 hr; P < 0.05) . A reduction of 5 logs of viable bacteria 22 hr after infection was noted by previous therapy of either the animal or the bacteria . No antibiotic effect was demonstrated . In vitro studies revealed increased ingestion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (P < 0.02) and digestion (P < 0.05) of bacteria incubated in levamisole . These results suggest that levamisole may alter the bacteria, enhance killing, and produce salutary in vivo effects.

Sex Transm Dis, 1980 Jul-Sep, 7(3), 135 - 6
Trichomonas vaginalis associated with nongonococcal urethritis and prostatitis; Kuberski T; Trichomonas vaginalis was recovered from three (1.7%) of 179 men with nongonococcal urethritis . Prostatitis was found in 11 (8%) of 138 of these men who had prostatic examinations; T . vaginalis was recovered from two of the 11 . Serologic evidence (an indirect hemagglutination titer of greater than or equal to 1:80) was found in 20 (14%) of 146 men; four of the 20 had prostatitis and two of these had prostatitis associated with T . vaginalis . In a group of 26 men with urethritis and prostatitis associated with T . vaginalis, the typical clinical presentation was persistent urethritis and/or prostatitis due to an antibiotic-resistant agent.

South Med J, 1980 Jul, 73(7), 937 - 9
Iododerma complicating cardiovascular surgery; Willams LR Jr et al.; A patient had cardiovascular surgery and received pericardial povidone-iodine irrigation along with extensive topical povidone-iodine . A postoperative febrile response occurred and persisted despite antibiotic therapy . Within 24 hours of the administration of oral potassium iodide, a pustular iododerma occurred . Discontinuation of oral and topical iodine resulted in defervescence of fever and resolution of the cutaneous eruption.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jul, 33(7), 737 - 43
Studies on aclacinomycin A resistance in mouse lymphoblastoma; Nishimura T et al.; An aclacinomycin A-resistant subline of mouse lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells was isolated by successive treatment of tumor-bearing mice with the antibiotic . IC50 (50% growth inhibition) in culture was observed at a drug concentration of 0.22 micrograms/ml, which was ca . 11 times higher than IC50 for the parental cells . The resistant cell line exhibited cross resistance to mitomycin C, actinomycin D, macromomycin, auromomycin, vinblastine, cytochalasin B, and other anthracyclines: daunorubicin, adriamycin, 4'-O-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin, baumycins A1 and A2, aclacinomycins B and Y, MA144-S1, 1-deoxypyrromycin, cinerubin A, musettamcyin, and pyrromycin . The 1-deoxy group of anthracyclines showed higher degree of cross resistance than the 1-hydroxy group . No significant cross resistance was found with bleomycin A2, neothramycin and blasticidin S . The resistance to aclacinomycin A and cross resistance to adriamycin were also demonstrated by the method of uridine incorporation . The accumulation or retention studies with {3H}adriamycin revealed that the resistance may be due to decreased uptake and increased efflux of the antibiotic in the resistant cells.

J Am Dent Assoc, 1980 Jul, 101(1), 41 - 3
Survey of compliance with American Heart Association guidelines for prevention of bacterial endocarditis; Brooks SL; A total of 359 dentists were surveyed to find out how they determine which patients require antibiotic medication before dental treatment for prevention of bacterial endocarditis; how they treat patients with a history of heart murmur; and what specific antibiotic regimen they use for preoperative medication when it is indicated.

J Oral Surg, 1980 Jul, 38(7), 525 - 9
Pathologic fracture of the mandible resulting from osteomyelitis: report of cases; Azumi T et al.; Two cases of pathologic fracture of the mandible resulting from chronic osteomyelitis are described . The first case was treated successfully by antibiotic therapy followed by resection of the affected bone and iliac bone grafting after six months of follow-up care . In the second case, a patient with a history of diabetes mellitus, a fracture of the condyloid process occurred because of extension of the Actinomyces infection after extraction of the third molar . Because antibiotics failed to prevent exacerbation of the disease, the patient was given human gamma globulin . Then, all the signs of inflammation disappeared gradually with no evidence of recurrence for more than a year . There was no spontaneous bony healing of the fractured site.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 50 - 7
Effect and mechanism of action of aphidicolin on yeast deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases; Plevani P et al.; The antibiotic aphidicolin inhibited in vitro deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis catalyzed by crude yeast extracts and by partially purified yeast deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases . The mechanism of action of aphidicolin on yeast deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase I was noncompetitive with deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate, deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, and deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate and was of the mixed type with deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate . The relative ratio of enzyme to the template-initiator complex was important for detecting the inhibitory effect of the antibiotic . The inhibition of in vitro deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by aphidicolin was reversible, and the effect on yeast deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase might have been partially mediated by some supplementary factor(s).

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1980 Jul-Aug, 4(4), 391 - 2
Daily dressing change effects on skin flora beneath subclavian catheter dressings during total parenteral nutrition; Jarrard MM et al.; Septicemia is a persistent problem during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) . The skin around the catheter insertion site is one possible source of this infection . In previous studies we showed mechanical cleansing of the skin was more important than the ointment applied; however, alternate day dressing changes did not completely eradicate all skin organisms . The present study was designated to examine the effects of daily dressing changes on the skin flora beneath the subclavian dressing . Fifteen patients receiving TPN were studied for a minimum of 11 days each . The dressing was changed daily and the catheter site cultured immediately . The area was then scrubbed with polyvinylpovidine-iodine, an antibiotic ointment was placed on the catheter insertion site, and a new dressing applied . There were no positive skin or blood cultures in this group during a total study period of 242 patient-days . The control group consisted of 23 patients receiving identical subclavian catheter care but on an alternative rather than daily basis . In the control group there was a 3.5% incidence of positive skin cultures in 530 patient-days . Daily dressing changes eliminated all skin organisms beneath the subclavian dressing during TPN and would be useful in patients who are at high risk for septic complications.

AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1980 Jul, 135(1), 87 - 92
Acute focal bacterial nephritis: emphasis on gray scale sonography and computed tomography; Lee JK et al.; The radiologic findings of acute focal bacterial nephritis in 13 patients are described . These include (1) focal swelling or mass on excretory urogram; (2) solid mass, often with echo amplitude lower than adjacent normal renal cortex on sonography; and (3) a poorly marginated, low density mass that exhibits patchy and inhomogeneous enhancement after intravenous contrast medium on computed tomographic scans . Serial sonograms are used to monitor the response of these patients to antibiotic therapy . The respective roles of sonography and computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of these patients are discussed.

Cancer Res, 1980 Jul, 40(7), 2405 - 10
Neocarzinostatin-induced DNA strand scission and subsequent cell cycle traverse in HeLa S3 cells; Berry DE et al.; HeLa cells were synchronized at the G1-S boundary by double thymidine block and treated for 1 hr with varying concentrations of the antibiotic anticancer protein neocarzinostatin (NCS) . Cells were then released from the block and allowed to resume their cycle . Aliquots were removed at various times in order to monitor cell cycle progression and to assess repair of DNA strand breaks . Dose-dependent DNA strand breakage occurred at all concentrations of NCS tested down to 0.05 microgram/ml . Flow cytometry revealed that NCS-treated cells were delayed in entering S phase and that once in S phase their rate of progression through it was retarded significantly . At all concentrations of NCS tested, the majority of cells did not enter G2 by 12 hr . Untreated cells, on the other hand, completed mitosis by this time . NCS-treated cells had little ability to repair DNA breaks . There appeared to be a correlation between the initial number of NCS-induced DNA breaks and the delayed entry into the S phase but little correlation between the lack of strand scission repair and the retarded progress through S phase.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jul, 25(7), 488 - 92
{Structure of carminomycins II and III}; Zbarskii VB et al.; Carminomycins II and III, the main components of the carminomycin complex were isolated in pure state . Their crystalline exalates and acetate of cardminomycin II were prepared . The PMR spectra of both carminomycins and the 13C-NMR spectra of the oxalates were obtained . The molecular weights of the antibiotics were determined by mass-spectrometry . On the basis of the PMR spectra it was shown that carminomycins II and III had similar structures and differed in the stereoisomerism of the nitrogen-free fragment linked to the amino sugar . This was confirmed by the 13C-NMR spectra . The above fragment (C7H15O3) is analogous to the fragment of baumycins A1 and A2 described earlier.

J Forensic Sci, 1980 Jul, 25(3), 612 - 8
The application of tetracyclines in forensic dentistry; Metzger Z et al.; Therapeutic administration of tetracyclines, widely used antibiotic drugs, permanently labels layers of dentin that are calcifying at the same time . A method is described for detecting and photographing these stained layers of dentin . The presence of tetracycline-labeled dentin layers in the teeth of subjects of a forensic science investigation can be used for the individualization of specimens as well as to provide information about the age of the individual . When compared to medical records, the tetracycline-labeled dentin layers can also assist in establishing the identity of the subject . The interpretation of tetracycline-labeled dentin layers and its pitfalls are discussed.

Minerva Stomatol, 1980 Jul-Aug, 29(4), 265 - 80
{Use of floctafenine for dental pain of adults and children; a controlled study . I}; Di Blasi F et al.; The analgesic activity and tolerance of a new non-narcotic synthetic analgesic derive from quinoline has been experimented in a double blind study . Phloctaphenin (200 mg) was compared with 200 mg of Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) . Administration of the drug was randomized: 41 patients received Phloctaphenin and 37 ASA . In addition to normal patients, the study also included menstruating women and, after paediatric check-up, children (i.e . under-12's) . The conditions treated included periodontitis, pulpitis, abscesses, caries (with extraction), dysodontiasis and traumas . Patients were subdivided into groups (already treated with analgesics in the previous 24 h, not treated in the previous 24 h, affected by continuous pain, affected by fits of pain, subjects in whom a single drug administration was sufficient, patients in their menstrual period) . Account was also taken of the outcome of treatment in relation to meals and of the influence of the association of an antibiotic (always the same) . The study showed that both drugs possess analgesic activity but that of Phloctaphenin is statistically superior (almost always highly significant, i.e . P < 0.01) compared to ASA . The same applies to latency and the duration of the effect, the clinical judgment ad the need to administered other drugs . Association with the antibiotic has no influence whatever as might have been presumed considering the period of administration and the times of assessing the pain killing action of the two drugs . Administration before or after meals was irrelevant for both drugs . Statistical study of individual groups confirmed these results . From the viewpoint of side-effects, Phloctaphenin is better tolerated: with this new analgesic, in effect, only 2 debatable cases (4.87%) of side-effects (somnolence) were observed while 6 of the patients treated with ASA (16.20%) presented side-effects: 3 cases of gastric pyrosis (8.10%) before meals and 3 cases (8.10%) of hyperhydrosis after meals.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jul, 143(1), 389 - 95
Protein synthesis elongation factors Tu and Tu.Ts from Caulobacter crescentus: sensitivity to kirromycin and activity in Q beta replicase; Stringfellow LA et al.; The protein synthesis elongation factors Tu and Ts are responsible for binding aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (RNA) to the ribosome . In addition, they perform an undefined function, as the EF-Tu.Ts complex, in the RNA phage RNA replicases . In an effort to obtain insight into these two apparently unrelated roles, we purified the elongation factors from Caulobacter crescentus and compared them to the analogous Escherichia coli polypeptides . Although most physical and functional characteristics were found to be similar, significant differences were found in the molecular weight of EF-Ts and relative affinities of guanine nucleotides, sensitivity to trypsin cleavage, and rate of heat denaturation of EF-Tu . The antibiotic kirromycin was active with EF-Tu from both bacterial species . When C . crescentus EF-Tu.Ts was substituted for the E . coli elongation factors in Q beta phage RNA replicase, an enzyme capable of apparently normal RNA synthetic activity was formed.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Jun 20, 599(1), 214 - 31
Kinetics of L-{14C}leucine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: effect of energy coupling inhibitors; Ramos EH et al.; 1 . L-{14C}Leucine transport into Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves a high-affinity, low-velocity system (system 1) and a low-affinity, high-velocity system (system 2) . These systems are characterized by the different values of the kinetic parameters KT and Jmax, and are both capable of concentrative transport . The general amino acid permease is assumed to be a part of the high-affinity system . 2 . The kinetics of L-{14C}leucine entrance show and initial rapid phase (the 'very early uptake') before reaching the steady-state rate . The contribution of the very early uptake to total entrance values affects the values of KT and Jmax, especially when the steady-state rate is relatively slow, as with starved yeast, and then negative KT and Jmax values may result . The very early uptake is increased by pretreatment of starved yeast and D-glucose, this latter effect being counteracted by iodoacetate . 3 . After energization of starved yeast by pretreatment with D-glucose or propionaldehyde, the apparent KT,2 value greatly decreases whilst the KT,1 value decreases to a much more limited extent, or does not vary . With the energized yeast, KT,2 decreases throughout incubation whilst KT,1 variation is insignificant . Energization increases Jmax,1 and Jmax,2 several-fold and with the energized yeast at the steady-state phase, Jmax,2 greater than or equal to 4Jmax,1 . Variation of KT and Jmax values as a function of the metabolic state of yeast cells may be explained in terms of variation of rate constants k-1, k+1 and k+2 for each transport system . 4 . Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, quercetin and diethylstilbestrol inhibit tranport at 0.05 mM L-{14C}leucine, in good agreement with a function of the plasmalemma ATPase for the operation of system 1 . Dio-9, propionic and isobutyric acids, pentachlorophenol, carbonylcyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone and carbonylcyanide 4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, which affect the proton gradient and/or the membrane potential inhibit L-{14C}leucine uptake at all the assayed amino acid concentrations . 5 . The polyene antibiotic, nystatin, which forms channels in membranes permeable to K+ and H+, inhibits systems 1 and 2 activity but enniatin (also a K+ ionophore) does not.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Jun 20, 599(1), 13 - 23
Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 on phosphate uptake into chick intestinal brush border membrane vesicles; Matsumoto T et al.; Brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the vitamin D-deficient chick duodenum take up phosphate and show an overshoot phenomenon in the presence of NaCl . Substitution of choline chloride for NaCl reduces phosphate uptake . Prior treatment of vitamin D-deficient chicks with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D-3 increases the initial rate of Na+-dependent phosphate uptake into the brush border vesicles . This Na+-dependent phosphate uptake is a saturable process, exhibiting an apparent Km of 0.31 mM and a V of 385 pmol/mg per 15 s . Pretreatment of chicks with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 leads to an increase in V (750 pmol/mg per 15 s) without significantly altering the apparent Km (0.33 mM) . Addition of Ca2+, either in the presence or absence of the polyene antibiotic, filipin, or of calmodulin, has no effect on Na+-dependent phosphate uptake . Pretreatment of the vitamin D-deficient chick with a dose of cycloheximide sufficient to inhibit membrane protein synthesis blocks the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3-induced increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, but does not affect the stimulation of Na+-dependent phosphate uptake . From these data, it is concluded that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 stimulates Na+-dependent phosphate transport at the brush border membrane of the enterocyte, that alkaline phosphatase is not directly involved in this process, and that this effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 is independent of new protein synthesis.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Jun 15, 137(4), 467 - 9
Endometritis following cesarean section . A controlled study of the increased duration of hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization; Donowitz LG et al.; The increased hospital stay and direct costs of hospitalization as a result of postcesarean section endometritis were evaluated in a case-matched and controlled study (N = 20 in each group) . Endometritis increased postcesarean section hospital stay by 3 days and increased hospital cost by $850 . Fifteen to 20% of women delivered by cesarean section develop postpartum endometritis . The success of future antibiotic or surgical intervention studies in reducing this high complication rate can be more accurately evaluated by comparison with these now established parameters of morbidity and cost.

J Membr Biol, 1980 Jun 15, 54(3), 203 - 12
Distribution and diffusion of alamethicin in a lecithin/water model membrane system; Fringeli UP; Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy has been used to determine the equilibrium distribution of the peptide antibiotic alamethicin RF30 between dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers and the aqueous environment . The distribution coefficient K = cWeq/cMeq turned out to be concentration dependent, pointing to alamethicin association in the membrane with increasing concentration in the aqueous phase (cWeq) . This concentration was varied within 28 and 310 nM, i.e., in a range typical for black film experiments . Furthermore . diffusion coefficients of alamethicin in the hydrophobic phase of the membrane (DM) and across the membrane/water interface (DI) have been estimated from the time course of the equilibration process . It was found that the diffusion rate of the uncharged analogue RF50 is about 10 times higher than that of the RF30 component, exhibiting one negative charge at the C-terminus . The time constants for transmembrane diffusion of alamethicin RF30 varied between 2.2hr at low concentration and 3.2 hr at higher concentration . The corresponding low concentration value of the RF50 component was found to be 0.25 hr.

Acta Orthop Scand, 1980 Jun, 51(3), 459 - 65
Effects of oxytetracycline on mineralization of bone in young rats; Engesaeter LB et al.; The metabolism of minerals and collagen in young rats receiving oxytetracycline was studied by employing double-isotope techniques . The dosage of the antibiotic was adjusted to obtain plasma concentrations comparable with human therapeutic levels . Reduced mineralization and possibly increased resorption of bone were observed after oxytetracycline administration, whereas no effect on the rate of collagen synthesis could be detected.

J Anat, 1980 Jun, 130(4), 809 - 20
The effect of actinomycin D on the nucleolus and on pigment synthesis in pigment cells of Xenopus laevis: an ultrastructural study; Kramer B; The effect of AMD on the nucleolus and on melanogenesis in differentiating pigment cells of Xenopus laevis was investigated in cultured neural crest cells . Cultures were treated with either 2 or 10 microgram/ml AMD for 41/2 hours . Following treatment the antibiotic was removed . Observations of the cells were made with both scanning and transmission electron microscopes . Actinomycin D almost entirely stopped pigment formation in neural crest cultures during treatment . The morphological sequence in the formation of melanin granules in the untreated pigment cells appears to be as follows: The earliest identifiable premelanosome is membrane-bound and contains very thin laminae and/or small vesciles . The premelanosomes become until they are approximately the size of mature melanin granules and there is thickening of the laminae, which appear to have a periodic substructure . The cells eventually become packed with electron-dense melanin granules . Compared with controls, the cytoplasm of treated cells showed a greater abundance of smooth- than of fuzzy-membraned vesicles, less rough endoplasmic reticulum, dilatation of the Golgi cisternae, and a smaller number of premelanosomes . The necleolus showed segregation and blebbing of its components, decrease in size and even disappearance; sometimes confluence of the components occurred . The most consistent morphological effect of AMD on the nucleolus was the separation of the fibrillar and granular areas . The granular component appeared to undergo marked changes in size and arrangement and is thought to be the source of ribosomal RNA precursors . The alteration in size of the outer component of the nucleolus went hand in hand with disappearance of free ribosomes from the cytoplasm of treated cells and inhibition of pigment synthesis.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1980 Jun, 92(12), 440 - 3
{Endoscopic papillotomy - a new therapeutic approach to gall bladder diseases (author's transl)}; Papp J et al.; Endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) was performed in 66 patients, 59 of whom had choledocholithiasis and the remaining seven had stenosis of the papilla of Vater . The stones passed spontaneously in 37 patients, but had to be extracted in 10 cases . All seven patients with stenosis showed free bile flow following EPT . Four patients become anicteric although the stones persisted . Four patients had a febrile complication which subsided in response to antibiotic therapy.

Clin Nephrol, 1980 Jun, 13(6), 255 - 9
Peritonitis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients; Gauntner WC et al.; The incidence, etiology and management of peritoneal infection were evaluated in a chronic peritoneal dialysis population at a private community referral hospital . An initial incidence of peritonitis of 10.8% in early 1976 was reduced to a rate of 0.19% in the latter half of 1978 . Factors associated with this decline were: establishment of a separate peritoneal dialysis unit; strict adherence to aseptic technique; and the replacement of manual procedures with automated equipment . Preliminary results suggested also that antibiotic therapy of asymptomatic patients with culture-positive dialysis return may be an additional effective method for the prevention and control of peritonitis in this patient population.

South Med J, 1980 Jun, 73(6), 761 - 2
Bronchoscopic detection of bronchogenic carcinoma in cases of pneumonia; McDowell DE; This study was undertaken to determine what factors would be useful in making a decision to do bronchoscopy to look for an obstructing carcinoma in cases of pneumonia . The study showed that in pneumonia limited to one lobe of the lung, which occurs in a heavy smoker over 50 years of age, and which does not have complete resolution by chest roentgenogram after three weeks of antibiotic therapy, bronchoscopy gives a very high positive yield for tumor when an obstructing bronchogenic carcinoma is present . Sputum cytology should be done routinely in patients with pneumonia limited to one lobe, but according to our study tumor cells will be found in only about 30% of patients having an obstructing carcinoma.

J Dev Behav Pediatr, 1980 Jun, 1(2), 89 - 95
Understanding and assessing communicative disorders in children; Bradford LJ; The pediatrician is frequently confronted with the problem of diagnosis and treatment of preschool-aged children suspected of having middle ear disease and speech / language impairments . Guidelines for referral of these children (otolaryngologist, audiologist, speech therapist) have not been clearly defined . The use of tympanometry and acoustic reflex testing was described to assist in the diagnosis of middle ear pathology, to provide an objective way to monitor spontaneous or antibiotic-induced remissions and to determine more accurately when a referral for surgical intervention is needed . A 35-item screening test is described, permitting speech and language assessments in the office and quantifying and comparing with age peers: vocabulary, articulation, receptive language and expressive language abilities . These office interventions enhance the physician's ability to judiciously recommend consultations.

Biokhimiia, 1980 Jun, 45(6), 1052 - 8
{Molecular-genetic mechanisms of regulation of synthesis of individual types of rat hemoglobin}; Starodub NF; The effects of actinomycin D and erythropoietically active serum (EAS) on the synthesis of beta-like chains of haemoglobin in the erythroid cells of rat bone marrow in vivo and in vitro were studied . It was shown that in the whole population of erythroid elements of bone marrow actinomycin D sharply decreases the synthesis of beta c-chains, whereas in early erythroblasts it predominantly inhibits the synthesis of beta b-chains . In the whole population of rat bone marrow cells EAS activates the predominant formation of beta b-chains . Under a combined administration of actinomycin D and EAS the stimulating effect of the latter manifests itself not earlier than 24 hrs after the antibiotic injection . The effect of actinomycin D is removed after injection of EAS to the animals, especially during the first 12 hrs . In the culture of anaemic animals bone marrow in the presence of EAS the highest amount of the label is detected in the beta c-chains, whereas in the erythroid elements treated with the erythropoietic factors in vivo--in the beta b-chains . Actinomycin D has no pronounced effect on the rate of beta-like chain formation in a short-time culture of bone marrow . The molecular mechanisms which control the switch-off of the predominant synthesis in different polypeptide types are discussed.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1980 Jun, 10(5), 303 - 7
Transplacental passage of cefazolin in the first trimester of pregnancy; Dekel A et al.; The transfer of cefazolin, an antibiotic compound of the cefalosporin group, through the placental barrier was investigated in the first trimester of pregnancy . All cases were chosen from among women admitted for therapeutic abortion . The test group comprised 70 women, while there were 30 in the control group . The bacteriostatic activity was examined in the amniotic fluid, obtained by the vaginal route as well as the maternal blood, following the i.m . injection of 500 mg cefazolin . Our results indicate that the antibiotic cefazolin crosses the placental barrier, even during the first trimester of pregnancy . However, the concentrations obtained were considerably lower than those observed in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 11(6), 635 - 40
Differentiation of strains of Escherichia coli: multiple typing approach; Crichton PB et al.; Results from biotyping, resistotyping, hemagglutinin typing, and antibiotic sensitivity testing allowed discrimination of 184 cultures of Escherichia coli and indicated that from each of 20 patients, multiple specimens yielded isolates of a single strain despite the diversity of sites sampled; from each of another 13 patients, strains of different types were isolated . Whereas only 52% of cultures were typed with 24 commerical O antisera, all were characterized by biotyping (27 types) and resistotyping (39 types) . Because they identified too few types, hemagglutinin testing (14 types) and antibiogram testing (9 types) were of limited discriminatory value when used alone but aided strain identification when used in conjunction with biotyping and resistotyping . Identification of strains as the same or different is most likely to be achieved by the combined use of several of these systems, each of which may be used in laboratories unable to perform complete serological analysis of strains of E . coli, and we judge that biotyping and resistotyping would provide the most useful information.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Jun, 77(6), 3249 - 53
Isolation and preliminary characterization of single amino acid substitution mutants of aspartate carbamoyltransferase; Kantrowitz ER et al.; In order to isolate functional Escherichia coli aspartate carbamoyltransferase (carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC2.1.3.2) with single amino acid replacements, a series of pyrB nonsense mutants has been isolated . These nonsense mutants were induced by 2-aminopurine mutagenesis and selected by a combination of antibiotic treatments, direct enzyme assays, and suppressibility tests . Suppression of the pyrB nonsense mutation with various suppressors, which insert different amino acids, has resulted in the formation of a series of mutant aspartate carbamoyltransferases, each differing in one amino acid from the wild-type enzyme . After partial purification, kinetic studies revealed that some of the mutant enzymes had altered homotropic and heterotropic interactions . The mutants that had a tyrosine insert showed the most pronounced changes, followed by those with a serine insert . The mutants having a glutamine insert, howevr, were indistinguishable from the wild-type enzyme, supporting the conclusion that, because of the specificity of the mutagen, the glutamine insert had regenerated the wild-type enzyme.

Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Jun, 23(2), 583 - 99
Role of extraperitoneal cesarean section; Perkins RP; The matter of attempting to revive extraperitoneal cesarean section as a viable option appears generally to be greeted with considerable emotion . Such emotion usually arises among those unfamiliar with the technique . As shown by the data from the University of Colorado, once one becomes accustomed to the procedure, there appears to be no greater hazard than that of the standard transperitoneal approach . The data cannot be interpreted as showing a distinct advantage to extraperitoneal cesarean section, as there was a substantially higher use of preoperative antibiotics to reduce morbidity . However, the patients who underwent the exttaperitoneal procedure had a greater preoperative morbidity potential, necessitating the use of such antibiotics . Apgar scores remain lower at 1 minute, partly because of the delivery of one stillborn infant and a somewhat higher incidence of premature infants in distress . In addition, the delay in delivery of the fetus frequently encountered when inexperienced surgeons attempt this operation as a new surgical experience is clearly a factor as well . One must accept, however, that the operation has a highly attractive rationale . To place the procedure in proper perspective, a prospective, controlled study based on random selection must be done . One additional control population that would help to sort out some aspects of the benefits of the extraperitoneal approach would be a population of patients in whom routine draining of the retrovesical space is carried out, as is done in the exptraperitoneal operation . With these groups for comparison, the extraperitoneal operation may finally be placed in its true perspective . This can be accomplished only by scientific endeavor, not by speculation . Extraperitoneal cesarean section represents a viable alternative to transperitoneal delivery or cesarean hysterectomy in the presence of uterine infection, presumed or proven . Despite the wealth of information concerning the efficacy of a wide spectrum of antibiotic regimens for the prevention or treatment of postcesarean section morbidity in the modern era, infection remains a problem that has merely been somewhat controlled . It is incumbent upon resident education programs to provide trainees with the broadest spectrum of options and skills . Since the extraperitoneal operation not only has benefits in anatomic training but also possesses a rational basis for the avoidance of serious postoperative pelvic infectious complications, this operation deserves reconsideration in the modern era . The occasional postoperative pelvic abscess that subjects a patient to one or more subsequent operative procedures and to the attendant risks of death or sterility, make any procedure designed to avoid these complications appear more worthwhile . Until the demon of postoperative infection is successfully and permanently caged, we must continue to consider all reasonable options toward this end . Scheider has stated that "a difference to be a difference must make a difference." With this we agraee...

Aust N Z J Surg, 1980 Jun, 50(3), 301 - 3
Perforated leiomyosarcoma of Meckel's diverticulum; Jonas RA et al.; A case is reported of perforated leiomyosarcoma of Meckel's diverticulum . The patient presented with localized peritonitis which responded to antibiotic therapy, and diagnosis was not made until elective resection of a tubulovillous adenoma of the rectum which was found in the course of investigation . Although rare, leiomyosarcoma is the commonest malignant tumour of Meckel's diverticulum.

Ann Allergy, 1980 Jun, 44(6), 349 - 52
Eosinophilia in the hospitalized neonate; Lawrence R Jr et al.; The incidence of and clinical associations with eosinophilia in a cross-section of hospitalized newborns had not been studied previously . The medical records of 200 such infants less than 29 days of age were reviewed . Total eosinophil counts were calculated and associations with a variety of clinical factors were examined . Eosinophilia (adjusted for day of age) occurred at least once in 22% of the infants studied . No significant skew could be detected in the age of onset of eosinophilia . Statistical analysis revealed eosinophilia to be significantly associated (p less than .05) with length of hospitalization, number of days of antibiotic therapy and use of parenteral alimentation . A trend toward eosinophilia was noted in lower birth weight infants (0.05 less than p less than 0.10) . Eosinophilia was not associated with sex, age, Apgar score at birth, Caesarian section delivery, transfusions, phototherapy, specific diagnoses or type of oral feeding . Multiple regression analysis showed a highly positive correlation (r = .81) of associated factors with hospitalized days as the dependent variable . Eosinophilia appears to be a non-specific finding in sick neonates and is related to the severity of illness and the number of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures performed.

Cancer, 1980 Jun 1, 45(11), 2836 - 42
Phase II trial of neocarzinostatin in patients with bladder and prostatic cancer: toxicity of a five-day iv bolus schedule; Natale RB et al.; Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), a new antitumor antibiotic, was administered to 19 patients with bladder cancer, 16 patients with prostatic cancer, and 3 patients with hepatoma . All patients had objectively measurable metastatic lesions including 21 with palpable nodes or subcutaneous nodules, 10 with pulmonary nodules as demonstrated by chest x-ray, 4 with malignant hepatomegaly, and 3 with bidimensional pelvic masses as demonstrated by CT scanning . Sixty-five courses of NCZ were administered via an intravenous bolus daily for five days with dosages ranging from 1500 to 3000 U/m2 . Immediate toxicity was not dose-limiting except for 1 episode of anaphylaxis and 1 of acute renal failure . Myelotoxicity was delayed, dose-dependent, noncumulative, and dose-limiting . Thrombocytopenia was prolonged or irreversible in 5 cases . The maximally tolerated dose was 2750 U/m2 . One patient with NCZ-associated pulmonary fibrosis and 1 with biopsy-proven hepatitis are discussed in detail . Neocarzinostatin demonstrated minimal therapeutic activity (1 partial remission) in patients with bladder cancer . There was no response in patients with prostatic cancer or hepatoma.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jun, 17(6), 1014 - 22
Antiviral activity of tunicamycin on herpes simplex virus; Katz E et al.; Tunicamycin (0.5 microgram/ml) significantly lowers (2 to 3 log10) the infectious yield of herpes simplex virus type 1 grown in chicken embryo fibroblasts and in BSC1 cells . Although virus particles are formed and the synthesis of the viral deoxyribonucleic acid is only partially affected by the antibiotic, the glycosylation of herpesvirus glycopeptides is amost completely inhibited . The morphology of virus particles made in the presence of tunicamycin is similar to that of intact virus particles, as demonstrated by electron microscopy . This suggests that the absence of the carbohydrate side-chain from the viral glycopeptides does not affect the overall integrity of the virion but decreases very significantly the infectivity of these particles.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Jun, 77(6), 3403 - 7
Lipid phase transition in planar bilayer membrane and its effect on carrier- and pore-mediated ion transport; Boheim G et al.; Using mixed-chain lipids, we have recorded cooling and heating curves of planar bilayer membranes while they passed the lipid phase transition range . With unmodified planar bilayers, spontaneous current fluctuations are observed near the lipid phase transition temperature (tc approximately 29 degrees C) . This effect coincides with the expected and measured decrease in membrane capacitance . Carrier (valinomycin)-modified planar bilayers exhibit near tc an abrupt change from a high-conducting state above tc to the state of bare membrane conductance below tc . In contrast to this behavior, planar bilayers modified by pore-forming antibiotics (gramicidin A, alamethicin) do not show any peculiar effect at tc . However, at 22--23 degrees C a pronounced maximum in pore-induced conductance is seen . Whereas the gramicidin A pore abruptly stops stepwise fluctuations below approximately 16 degrees C, with alamethicin a few long-lasting pore and pore state fluctuations persist down to 10 degrees C . It is suggested that the carrier may freeze out into the membrane/water interface . The effects observed with pore-forming substances, on the other hand, are interpreted in terms of lateral phase separation into pure lipid and lipid/antibiotic domains.

Eur J Biochem, 1980 Jun, 107(2), 409 - 14
Hygromycin A, a novel inhibitor of ribosomal peptidyltransferase; Guerrero MD et al.; In cell-free systems from Escherichia coli, hygromycin A inhibits polypeptide synthesis directed by either poly(U) or phage R 17 RNA, and the reaction of puromycin with either natural peptidyl-tRNA, or AcPhe-tRNA, or the 3'-terminal fragment of AcLeu-tRNA (C-A-C-C-A-LeuAc) . In contrast, the antibiotic does no inhibit the enzymatic binding of Phe-tRNA to ribosomes or the translocation of AcPhe-tRNA . It is concluded that hygromycin A is a specific inhibitor of the peptide bond formation step of protein synthesis . The action of hygromycin A on peptidyl transfer is similar to that of chloramphenicol, an antibiotic that shares some common structural features with hygromycin A . Both antibiotics inhibit the binding of C-A-C-C-A-Leu to the acceptor site of peptidyl transferase and stimulate that of C-A-C-C-A-LeuAc to the donor site of the enzyme . Moreover, hygromycin A blocks the binding of chloramphenicol to ribosomes, indicating that the binding sites of the antibiotics may be closely related . Hygromycin A is a more potent agent than chloramphenicol and binds quite strongly to ribosomes.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jun, 25(6), 458 - 60
{Effect of 57Co-bleomycetin on the immune response induced in mice by ram erythrocytes}; Vatin AE et al.; The effect of 57Co-bleomycin on the immune response induced by sheep red cells was studied on mice . It was found that the immune response was not suppressed when the labeled antibiotic was used in a single dose of 5-20 mg/kg . By the 5th day the level of 57Co-bleomycin in the skin, thymus and blood was 3-10 times higher than that of 57CoCl2 and in the spleen it was 1.3-1.5 times higher.

J Biol Chem, 1980 May 25, 255(10), 4528 - 34
Synthesis of a novel class of sulfated glycoproteins in embryonic liver and lung; Heifetz A et al.; Slices from various organs and tissues of 14-day-old chick embryos synthesize a novel class of glycoproteins containing sulfated oligosaccharide chains that are not released from the polypeptides under conditions that cleave O-glycosidically linked chains . Of the tissues examined, embryonic lung and liver were the most active in incorporating {35S}O4 into these oligosaccharide chains, which were analyzed as glycopeptides following Pronase digestion . These low molecular weight sulfated glycopeptides were resistant to several chemical and enzymatic treatments that degrade a variety of high molecular weight sulfated glycosaminoglycans . The incorporation of both {3H}glucosamine and {35S}O4 into the glycopeptides was inhibited by tunicamycin, an antibiotic which inhibits the N-glycosylation of proteins . These observations, coupled with the finding that these chains were resistant to beta elimination, suggest that this novel type of sulfated oligosaccharide is N-glycosidically linked to protein . The sulfated glycopeptides from chick embryonic lung were characterized as containing terminal fucose and sialic acid residues as well as O-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine residues . Comparable studies with slices of adult liver and lung indicated that they were far less active in the synthesis of this class of sulfated glycopeptides, even though these organs, like those from the embryo, actively synthesize sulfated glycosaminoglycans.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1980 May 17, 110(20), 777 - 8
{Ambulatory treatment of chronic obstructive lung diseases}; Perruchoud A; The treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has three main purposes: 1 . to reduce the work of breathing, 2 . to prevent exacerbation of the disease, and 3 . to lessen the complications of chronic hypoxemia . The treatment of bronchospasm (beta 2-stimulators, xanthines, parasympathicolytics and possibly corticosteroids) is or primary importance . Harmful irritants, such as cigarette smoking, should be eliminated to decrease hypersecretion . Both well directed antibiotic therapy and treatment of heart failure influence the outcome of therapy . Finally, accessory measures such as physiotherapy and physical exercise are also part of the rehabilitation program for these patients.

Klin Wochenschr, 1980 May 16, 58(10), 531 - 2
Treatment of acute interstitial nephritis; Laberke HG; Treatment for acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) was examined in a retrospective study of 27 cases of AIN confirmed by kidney biopsy, and the results were statistically evaluated . The clinically determined serum creatinine values were taken as the criterion . The observation period ranged from 9 months to 2 1/2 years . The prognosis for seven patients who had received steroid preparations in addition to antibiotic and diuretic drugs in the early phases of the disease was significantly better than that of the other 20 patients who had been treated with only antibiotics and diuretics (p less than 0.05) . Since the grade of severity of AIN in the two groups was almost identical (determined by maximal serum creatinine values) the two groups could be compared statistically.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1980 May 16, 289(1036), 173 - 9
Cephalosporanic acids: a new look at reactions at the C-3' position; Hatfield LD et al.; Nucleophilic displacement of the acetoxy group of cephalosporanic acids by thiols in aqueous solution at neutral pH provides 3-thiomethyl-substituted compounds with a broad spectrum of antibiotic activity . The aqueous displacement reaction is often destructive of much of the cephalosporanic acid, and products generally require extensive purification . Displacements at a lower pH are complicated by unwanted lactone formation . However, reactions conducted under acid conditions in a variety of anhydrous organic solvents give 3-thiomethyl-substituted compounds in very high yield and quality; no lactone formation is observed . The kinetics of the reaction support an SN1 mechanism . Protonation of the departing acetoxy group appears therefore critical; the more basic solvents, e.g . dimethylsulphoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide, significantly retard the rate of reaction.

Can J Neurol Sci, 1980 May, 7(2), 143 - 51
Clinical and experimental aspects of injection injuries of peripheral nerves; Gentili F et al.; Injury to peripheral nerves complicating deep intramuscular injections of antibiotic and other agents is well recognized and can result in significant permanent neurological deficit . The purpose of this paper is to review the subject of nerve injection injuries, and report on a series of recent experimental studies carried out in this laboratory designed to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition and help provide a rational basis for its treatment . A wide variety of chemotherapeutic, prophylactic, and local anaesthetic agents in common use were injected into the sciatic nerve of the adult Wistar rat . Both intrafascicular and extrafascicular injections were examined . Results revealed that the site of injection was the most crucial factor in determining the degree of nerve fiber injury . Following intrafascicular injection, the degree of injury varied significantly, depending upon the specific agent injected . The most severe injuries were associated with wide-spread axonal and myelin degeneration . Pathological alterations in the nerve were evident as early as 30 minutes following injection injury . Regeneration was a constant finding in nerve damage by injection of the various agents . The mechanism of injury appeared to be a direct toxic effect of the injected compound on neural tissue, with an associated break down of the blood-nerve barrier.

J Laryngol Otol, 1980 May, 94(5), 521 - 31
Immediate effects of intravenous tobramycin and gentamicin on human cochlear function; Ramsden RT et al.; Immediate electrocochleographic changes have been studied in a series of patients following intravenous infusion of either tobramycin or gentamicin . In patients receiving tobramycin, as soon as peak serum levels of antibiotic were reached, a dramatic decrease occurred in the magnitude of the compound VIII nerve action potential (AP), and of the cochlear microphonic (CM) . The shape of the AP also changed . The N1 component of the waveform became very small, and N2 increased in size; this is the dissociated pattern of basal coil cochlear damage . The speed of onset of these electrical changes and their apparent reversibility suggests a temporary metabolic block caused by tobramycin . No such changes were observed following infusion of gentamicin.

Br J Surg, 1980 May, 67(5), 305 - 10
Missile injuries of the abdomen in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia; Dent RI et al.; One hundred and thirteen patients with missile injuries of the abdomen were seen over a 3-year period at one hospital in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia . The details of these injuries and the results of their treatment are presented . Twenty-four patients died (21 per cent) . Twenty of these patients had sustained high velocity missile injuries, 18 had damaged colons and 3 died from major vascular injuries before surgery . Excluding these last 3 patients, the mortality rate for high velocity wounds of the colon was 52 per cent and that for all other patients was 6 per cent (P less than 0.01) . More than half the postoperative deaths were due to septicaemia . The importance is stressed is stressed of early and effective resuscitation, including appropriate antibiotic therapy and rapid evacuation to facilities for major surgery.

Arch Environ Health, 1980 May-Jun, 35(3), 155 - 60
Tissue content of mercury in rats given methylmercuric chloride orally: influence of intestinal flora; Rowland IR et al.; The effect of intestinal flora on the absorption and dispositon of mercury in tissues was investigated using conventional rats, and rats treated with antibiotics to eliminate their gut flora . Antibiotic-treated rats given {203Hg}-labeled methylmercuric chloride orally had significantly more mercury in their tissues, especially in kidney, brain, lung, blood, and skeletal muscle, and also excreted less mercury in the feces than conventional rats . Furthermore, in the kidneys of the antibiotic-treated rats, the proportion of mercury present as organic mercury was greater than in the kidneys of the conventional rats . The results suppport the hypothesis that the metabolism of methylmercuric chloride by the gut flora reduces the tissue content of mercury . When rats were administered 10 mg methylmercuric chloride/kg . day for 6 days, four of five of those given antibiotics developed neurological symptoms of toxicity, whereas only one of five conventional rats given methylmercuric chloride was affected.

Antibiotiki, 1980 May, 25(5), 370 - 4
{Production of a murine lymphadenosis NK/LY resistant to rubomycin and a comparison of the cellular DNA histograms of the sensitive and resistant lines}; Prokhorova EV et al.; Lymphadenosis NK/LY resistant to rubomycin was obtained on its repeated cultivation in mice treated with the antibiotic . The rubomycin resistance was stable and preserved for a long period of time when the line was repeatedly cultivated in mice not exposed to the antibiotic . The tumor cells resistant to rubomycin acquired resistance to olivomycin . DNA histograms of the tumor cells obtained by means of impulse cytophotometry provided determination of the tumor sensitivity and resistance to antitumor agents . It is recommended that impulse cytophotometry be used for the screening of antitumor drugs and development of their administration regimen.

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