Eur J Biochem, 1980 Mar, 105(1), 139 - 44 Biosynthesis of streptomycin . Purification and properties of a dTDP-L-dihydrostreptose: streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase from Streptomyces griseus; Kniep B et al.; dTDP-L-dihydrostreptose: streptidine-6-phosphate dihydrostreptosyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of streptomycin, has been purified from Streptomyces griseus to near homogeneity by a six-step procedure involving chromatography on streptidine-6-phosphate-Sepharose . By gel filtration the apparent Mr of the enzyme was found to be about 63 000 . The subunit Mr found on sodium dodecylsulfate gels is about 35 000 . The transferase is dependent on Mn2+ or Mg2+ ions . Co2+ is as effective as Mg2+ . From the substrates tested only streptidine 6-phosphate was an acceptor for dihydrostreptose in the synthesis of O-alpha-L-dihydrostreptose(1 leads to 4)-streptidine 6-phosphate . No activity was found with streptidine, 2-deoxystreptamine and 4-deoxy-streptamine . The activity of the transferase in the course of fermentation runs parallel to the activity of dTDP-dihydrostreptose synthase and reaches a maximum after around 50 h of fermentation, just before appearance of streptomycin in the medium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 428 - 33 Effect of penicillin and virginiamycin on drug resistance in lactose-fermenting enteric flora; Gaines SA et al.; Three groups of beagle dogs were fed either a control diet, a diet containing virginiamycin (55 microgram/g of diet), or a diet containing penicillin (110 microgram/g of diet) . The proportions of lactose-fermenting organisms in their feces that were resistant to ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol were measured by a comparative plate-counting procedure . Both antibiotic-supplemented diets resulted in an increase (P < 0.001) in the occurrence of ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin, and tetracycline resistances during the time of their administration . The occurrence of these resistances was greater (P < 0.001) in the group receiving penicillin than in the group receiving virginiamycin . In addition to the above resistances, a greater (P < 0.001) occurrence of resistance to a sulfonamide (sulfamethoxypyridazine) due to treatment was found by susceptibility testing of isolates . Representative isolates were able to transfer their resistance to a strain of Escherichia coli K-12. J Lipid Res, 1980 Feb, 21(2), 180 - 5 Purification of phospholipase B from Penicillium notatum by hydrophobic chromatography on palmitoyl cellulose; Imamura S et al.; Phospholipase B (lysolecithin acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.5) from the mycelia of Penicillium notatum (Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan; No.4640) was adsorbed from a crude solution to palmitoyl cellulose . Adsorption was efficient at pH 4 at low ionic strength (10 mM buffer), and at pH 4-9 at higher ionic strength (1-2M NaCl in 10 mM buffer) . The adsorbed enzyme was eluted from the cellulose with a suitable detergent, such as Adekatol SO-120, Triton X-100, or deoxycholate . As an application of this procedure, the enzyme was purified from an extract of the mycelia by column chromatography on a palmitoylated textile (palmitoylated gauze) with an overall recovery of 59% and a 38-fold increase in specific activity . By subsequent column chromatographies on Amberlite XAD-2, Sephadex G-100 and G-150, and DEAE-Sephadex A-50, the enzyme was purified about 4,000-fold to a nearly homogeneous state from a mycelium extract with an overall recovery of 37%. J Med Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 13(1), 145 - 9 Experimental infection of the upper genital tract of female grivet monkeys with Mycoplasma fermentans; Moller BR et al.; Mycoplasma fermentans inoculated directly into the uterine tubes of female grivet monkeys produced a self-limiting acute salpingitis and parametritis . The inflammation was accompanied by a significant rise in titre of specific indirect haemagglutinating antibodies . Inoculation of M . fermentans into the uterine cavity through the cervical canal without dilatation of the cervix produced practically no signs of inflammation and no antibody response . However, when the intrauterine inoculation of mycoplasmas was followed by currettage of the endometrium, in animals whose uterine tubes had been closed by ligatures, pronounced upper genital-tract inflammation developed, together with a significant antibody response. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 124(2-3), 293 - 5 The use of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride in the study of catabolite inactivation and repression in intact cells of Saccharomyces cervisiae; Grossmann MK; Catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase in intact cells could be prevented by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride added 40 min prior to the addition of glucose . Protein synthesis, fermentative and respiratory activity and catabolite repression were not affected . Elimination of catabolite inactivation by the addition of PMSF revealed that catabolite repression started at different times for different enzyme. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1980 Feb, 22(2), 411 - 20 Enzyme formation during solid-substrate fermentation in rotating vessels; Silman RW; Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce alpha-galactosidase and invertase . The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates . Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied . At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solids/min), alpha-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate . At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas alpha-galactosidase production continued . The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures. Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 2, S176 - 82 Special methodological problems in antibiotic susceptibility testing of fermentative actinomycetes; Schaal KP et al.; Knowledge on the antibiotic suceptibility of pathogenic fermentative actinomycetes is still fragmentary and contradictory, which is one reason why even today the chemotherapy of human actinomycosis may still present problems . Complete and reliable data on the in vitro sensitivity of these pathogens can be obtained, however, when standardized and specially adapted methods of susceptibility testing are employed . Special adaptation should cover the general technique of in vitro testing, as well as the choice of test media, the preparation of inocula, incubation methods and method of reading results . Provided that all factors are taken into account which might cause difficulties in test reproducibility and therapeutic relevance of the results, in vitro tests appear to contribute to the revision and updating of treatment regimes for actinomycosis . Our findings indicate that, apart from ampicillin the clinical efficacy of which has already often been proved, mezlocillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, rifampicin and erythromycin may be recommended as alternative drugs which would seem to offer good chances of success. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(7), 441 - 7 Bistability in a model of microbial product formation; Guthke R et al.; A mathematical model of continuous growth of microorganisms and product formation with growth inhibition by the product is presented and investigated . Two stable steady states occur due to the competion of growth and product formation for the same limiting substrate . One stable state is characterized by a high product concentration but low biomass concentration whereas the other state is characterized by the opposite relations . The first steady state is approached by oscillating kinetics . Both phenomena are consistent with frequently observed kinetic instabilities in industrial fermentation processes. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1980, 135(4), 332 - 8 Influence of micronutrients on citric acid production by Candida lipolytica (Y 1095); Hamissa FA et al.; FeSO4 . 7 H2O, PbSO4, CuSO4 . 5 H2O, MnSO4 . 4 H2O, ZnSO4 . 7 H2O, CoCl2 . 6 H2O, and (NH4)6Mo7O24 . 4 H2O were added to the fermentation medium to investigate their potentialities on citric acid production by Candida lipolytica (Y 1095) . FeSO4 . 7 H2O and MnSO4 . 4 H2O were more suitable than the other micronutrients for citric acid production . Addition of certain amino acids to the fermentation medium completely inhibited biosynthesis of citric acid by Candida lipolytica (Y 1095) . When the fermentation medium was supplied with certain vitamins, yield of citric acid was increased in the presence of thiamine, nicotinic acid, and nicotinamide . The optimum concentration of thiamine which favoured yield of citric acid was 6 mg/l. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(4), 239 - 43 {Steroid transformation with immobilized microorganisms . III . Degradation of the side chain of cholesterol derivatives with immobilized Mycobaterium phlei and M . smegmatis cells}; Atrat P et al.; The cholesterol derivatives 3,3-ethylendioxycholest-5-en I and 4-cholesten-3-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime II were transformed into the corresponding androstenedione derivatives by selective cleavage of the sterol side chain with immobilized preparations of Mycobacterium phlei IMET SG 1026 and M . smegmatis IMET H 124 . The influence of three immobilization methods on fermentation activity and stability was investigated . The immobilized cells of M . phlei IMET SG 1026 were found to be suitable to transform the structure modified sterol II in a periodic process over a long period into the androstenedione in a yield of 50--70% . Immobilized cells of M . phlei have higher transformation stability in comparison with free intact cells. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jan-Feb, 49(1), 156 - 60 {Thermotolerant variants of wine yeasts}; Kishkovskaia SA et al.; Under the action of elevated temperature (37 degrees C), wine yeasts sported thermotolerant variants with respiration deficiency and increased fermentative function . The activity of dehydrogenase in the variants was also low . The sediment of Saccharomyces vini cells became dust-like instead of flocculent at 37 degrees C . The giant colonies of the variants were more compact and smalled cf . the parent cultures, and their radial plication was less pronounced . The morphological and physiological properties of the thermotolerant yeast variants were preserved during cultivation at 37 degrees C for many years (greater than 10) or at 27 degrees C for several months (greater than 6). Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(2), 85 - 93 {Degradation of steroids . XVI . Microbial side chain degradation of structurally modified sterols}; Bohme KH et al.; Different types of sterol derivatives substituted in position 3 have been investigated to be suitable substrates for microorganisms capable of degradating the side chain of sterols . Sterolesters were found to be either unattacked or hydrolyzed followed by complete degradation of the molecule . Derivatives of the alkylether - and ketal type were transformed to the corresponding C19-steroids by fermentation with strains of the genus Mycobacteria . With respect to stability, solubility and transformation rate the sterol-3-carboxymethyloxime-derivatives were shown to be most suitable. Recent Results Cancer Res, 1980, 70, 21 - 44 The National Cancer Institute's Natural Products Antineoplastic Development Program; Douros J et al.; The present Natural Products Antineoplastic Development Program of the National Cancer Institute is reviewed, and the potential new anticancer agents being developed in each of the three natural products programs, fermentation, plant, and animal, are discussed {2, 5}. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1980, 20(4B), 1351 - 9 Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on volatile fatty acids, ammonia and mineral absorption in the rat caecum; Demigne C et al.; The effects of poorly digested carbohydrates in the small intestine on caecal digestion and absorption have been studied in the rat . Even in diets lacking these carbohydrates, there was a noticeable production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caecum . Except for cellulose, the carbohydrates (bran, pectin, guar-gum, crude potato-starch, lactose, lactulose) favoured considerable development of the caecum and enhanced the quantities of VFA present there . On reaching the caecum, they increased ammonia absorption as a result of a higher uptake of blood urea, even if a greater part of the urea nitrogen was used in bacterial protein synthesis . Arteriovenous differences in the caecum showed a considerable absorption of various electrolytes . VFA absorption seemed to be accompanied by a release of Cl- into the caecal contents and by absorption of the main cations, Na+ being absorbed along an unfavourable gradient between the plasma and the caecal contents. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1980, 34(5-6), 1077 - 88 {Formation of nitrosamines in cheese products}; Klein D et al.; Several strains of micromycetes used as fermentation agents in the cheese industry or having led to accidents during cheese making are able to favor the formation of nitrosamines in 60% of the cases . The concentrations observed are similar to those found by other authors with other microorganisms . The results obtained in a semi-synthetic medium are checked during the ripening of experimental camembert type cheese made from milk containing nitrates and cultured with a strain of Penicillium camemberti, which favors very much the synthesis of nitrosamines . The amount of nitrosodimethylamine formed in this cheese increases from 5 to 20 ppb during ripening . A tentative explanation of the mechanism of formation is outlined. J Physiol (Paris), 1980, 76(8), 893 - 9 {Simultaneous use of carbohydrates and amino acids during total ischemia in the isolated rat heart (author's transl)}; Freminet A et al.; The simultaneous utilization of carbohydrates and amino acids in the metabolic response to oxygen deprivation was studied i the isolated rat heart initially perfused according to Langendorff and submitted to periods of 2, 5, 10 and 15 min of complete ischemia . The results of the measurement of metabolite contents showed : (1) an immediate decrease of glycogen, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate and aspartate; (2) a delayed decrease of citrate and glutamate; (3) an immediate and continuous increase of lactate and succinate; (4) a delayed increase of alanine; (5) a transient increase of malate + fumarate . The end products of anaerobic metabolism are lactate, which is an index of glycolytic activity, and alanine and succinate, which are indexes of amino acid fermentation . Succinate originates from aspartate, and alanine originates from glutamate . The amino acid pathway does not seem of importance in the production of ATP compared to glycolysis . However, its eventual role and the physiological implication of these reactions in the resistance of strict aerobic organisms to oxygen deprivation are discussed. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(9), 579 - 81 Candida ethanolica n . sp; Rybarova J et al.; A new yeast, Candida ethanolica, isolated from industrial fodder yeast cultivated on synthetic ethanol as the only source of carbon, originally designated III-5 and III-6, is described . This species differs from all recently accepted Candida species in not assimilating nitrate, not producing urease and not fermenting sugars. Toxicology, 1980, 17(2), 127 - 42 Screening of toxic compounds in tissue culture; Ekwall B; To screen toxicity of chemicals most often easily manageable cultures of less differentiated cells have been used . This work includes 3 fields: (i) Screening of chemicals and fermentation broths for their cytoinhibitory effect, to predict antineoplastic activity . A related practical approach is to achieve optimal antitumour drug therapy by testing drugs on cultures of tumour cells from the patient . (ii) Screening of metal and plastic materials used in medicine, surgery and dentistry for their cytoinhibitory effect to predict local irritation . (iii) Screening of the mutagenicity or transformation capacity of chemicals in tissue culture, to predict their carcinogenicity . In addition, organ-specific cultures of most specialized cells (hepatocytes, ova, nerve cells, heart cells, skin cells, respiratory mucosa, and macrophages) have also been used to predict drug action on corresponding targets in the body . The author's group has focused on 2 new uses of standard cells for screening chemical toxicity: (i) Comparisons of in vitro cytotoxicity with in vivo toxicity of 85 randomly selected drugs indicated that for most drugs a systemic lethal action was brought about by cytotoxicity . A screening model is advocated by which results of cytotoxicity tests are compared with systemic toxicity in vivo to evaluate the systemic cytotoxicity of chemicals . (ii) Combinations of compounds with a cytotoxic lethal action in man indicated by the previous method have been screened in vitro for their combined systemic toxicity . By systematic comparison of results from standardized in vitro tests with in vivo toxicity, steps have been taken to resolve the question of the relevance of screening in tissue culture and to contribute to the development of an emerging subdiscipline to toxicology -- in vitro cytotoxicology. IARC Sci Publ, 1980, (31), 481 - 92 Occurrence, formation and precursors of N-nitroso compounds in the Japanese diet; Kawabata T et al.; A survey has been made of volatile nitrosamines in 123 fermented foods . These included salt-fermented vegetables, soy sauce, "miso", Japanese "sake" and other fermentation products . No appreciable amount, or only trace quantities, of NDMA and NPYR were detected in vinegar, "sake", wines and whiskies, while minute quantities of NDMA were detected in 31 out of 33 beer samples, where the levels ranged from traces to 13.8 micrograms/l, with an average of 5.1 micrograms/l . The nitrosamine content of salt-dried fish apparently increased when these products were broiled in a city gas range . A method for the determination of N-alkylureas in foods has been developed . A total of 57 food samples, both uncooked and broiled in a gas range or fried, were analysed . No alkylureas could be detected in these samples. Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1980, 135(5), 427 - 34 Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12,907 as an animal feed supplement; Baghlaf AO et al.; Production of oxytetracycline by Streptomyces rimosus 12907 as an animal feed supplement was achieved with a fermentation medium, containing the following ingredients (g/litre): black strap molasses, 30; fodder yeast, 20; rice bran, 10; KH2PO4, 0.2; and tap water to 1,000 ml . The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, was 50 g/litre of fermentation medium . The amount of oxytetracycline, present in the dry mash, was about 4.0% . The dry mash, containing oxytetracycline, contained the following amino acids: L-arginine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, Dl-methionine, and L-tryptophan. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1980, 25(5), 424 - 9 Determination of the optimal feeding regime during biosynthesis of erythromycin; Ettler P et al.; A systems approach to the analysis of the process of fermentaton of erythromycin in demonstrated . On the basis of biochemical and bioengineering data obtained in hydrodynamic tests and pilot plant fermentations of erythromycin a mathematical model for optimal technological parameters of growth of Streptomyces erythreus and product formation was postulated . The optimal regime was simulated and subsequently verified . The production of erythromycin increased to 112%. Radiat Environ Biophys, 1980, 18(4), 301 - 9 Microcalorimetric investigations of the metabolism of yeasts . VII . Flow-calorimetry of aerobic batch cultures; Brettel R et al.; The heat evolution of aerobic batch cultures of growing yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in glucose media was investigated by a combination of a flow-microcalorimeter with a fermentor vessel . The course of heat production, cell production and the rate of oxygen consumption were qualitatively the same for all glucose concentrations between 10 mM and 100 mM . Under optimal aerobic conditions a triphasic growth was observed due to the fermentation of glucose to ethanol, respiration of ethanol to CO2 and acetate, and respiration of acetate to CO2 . Energy and carbon were found to be in balance for all glucose concentrations. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(3), 461 - 6 {Lysozyme levels in gastrointestinal mucous membrane extracts of swine and their response to immunization with Escherichia coli mutants}; Schulze F et al.; Pigs of various age groups were found to have lyzozyme in all segments of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, though typical Paneth's cells were absent . While no significant difference was found to exist between gastro-intestinal lyzozyme concentrations in store pigs, on the one hand, and sows, on the other, lyzozyme levels in piglets before weaning were found to differ by positions . Those in the distal jejunum were significantly higher than the proximal jejunum values, while the large intestine levels were below those of the ileum . The lyzozyme concentrations in all intestinal sections of store pigs were significantly in excess of those in piglets before weaning, all except for the stomach level . The proximal and distal jejunum and large intestine values and concentrations of that ferment in sows were lower than those in store pigs . Lyzozyme concentrations in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and in the lymph nodes of weaned piglets could not be raised by intraperitoneal nor oral immunisation, using Smd Escherichia coli mutants of serogroup O149:K91(B), K88ac . The above findings are discussed under the aspect of new insights into the importance of lyzozyme to local defence in the gastro-intestinal tract. Urol Res, 1980, 8(3), 163 - 5 E . coli adherence to bladder epithelial cells of mice; Montgomerie JZ et al.; Adherence of E . coli to bladder cells was studied by mixing E . coli with cells scraped from the surface of the normal mouse bladder . E . coli adherence to bladder epithelium did not correlate with renal infection, the ability of E . coli to resist phagocytosis, the growth of the strains, the presence of K-antigen or dulcitol fermentation . There was also no correlation with proportion of deaths, motility, or rough mutation . Pili were observed in three of the 22 strains of E . coli and their presence was not associated with increased virulence . In this model of renal infection neither adherence of E . coli to bladder epithelial cells nor the presence of pili were significant virulence factors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1980, 13(1), 1 - 40 Nonenzyme browning and its effect on protein nutrition; Dworschak E; The nonenzyme browning involves the thermal decomposition of sugars, the caramelization, the decomposition of oxi-acids, the so called "Maillard reaction" between amino acids and carbohydrates, the reaction between oxidized fats and proteins, and those alterations which take place by the alkaline treatment of proteins . The Maillard reaction is of secondary importance in the case of foodstuffs and fodders with low carbohydrate contents (meats, meat meal, fish meal) . By the heat treatment, the sulphur-containing amino acids of proteins (cystine, methionine) are damaged primarily because of oxidation, but the decrease in the amount of threonine, serine, tryptophan, and lysine is observable too . According to the formation of enzyme resistant cross-links, the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of protein decreases after the heat threatment and the communication with oxidized fats . Besides the amino acids mentioned, the possibility of enzymatic break-off of leucine and isoleucine is reduced too . In the course of the heating of proteins the occurance of racemization has to be considered too (formation of alloisoleucine) . The basic mechanism of the reaction between sugars and simple amino acids is already essentially explained: amino-acids break off after the formation glycosilamines and Amadori products but they are linked irreversibly to some, partly unsaturated decomposition products of sugars, types of 6 and 3 carbon atoms . The decrease in the biological usability of amino acids starts already with the Amadori products . The reactivity of the single amino acids depends on the number of carbon atoms, on the basicity, and on the polarity of the amino acid molecule . The especially highly reactive amino acids of proteins are (1) the essential lysine (because of its 6-HN2 group), (2) other types of basic amino acids, and (3) trypotphan (because of the lability of the indole ring), methionine, cystine and threonine . In the Maillard reaction of tryptophan the --NH--group of the indole ring is involved too . The Maillard reaction is highly influenced by the pH of foodstuffs or other agents . The reduction of pH which may be performed by the increase of fermentation in the baking industry, lessens the decomposition of lysine and tryptophan in proteins . The raise of pH in basic domain enhances the Maillard reaction up to a maximal value but a decrease may be observed when the pH is raised further on . In foodstuffs and in other solid protein-carbohydrate systems the increase of the moisture content generally enhances the Maillard reaction, the sensibility of the single amino acids to the changes int he moisture content is different . In the case of the alkaline treatment of proteins, we must reckon not only with the decomposition of single amino acids, first of all that of cystine by beta-elimination, but with the formation of some amino acid derivatives as lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and in ornithinoalanine too . Presently lysinoalanine is of toxicological importance as proved by experiences on rats... Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1980, 135(1), 82 - 95 Utilization of waste products of dehydrated onion industry for production of fodder yeast by Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ghonaim SA et al.; One strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected from different yeasts, isolated from black strap molasses . This microorganism was cultivated on seven fermentation media for the production of protein . Medium I exhibited the highest potentiality for formation of protein . Therefore strain 1 of S . cerevisiae and medium I were used for further studies in the formation of protein . Factors controlling production of protein were explored . The required incubation period for the fermentation process was 72 hrs, while the initial pH value of the medium was 6.0 . Sucrose supported the microorganism for higher production of protein (40.96%), while the best concentration of sucrose was shown to be 10.0 g/l . The best inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for protein formation were (NH4)2HPO4, (NH4)3PO4 and yeast extract, respectively . The best concentrations of (NH4)2HPO4 and yeast extract, supporting protein formation, were 5.0 g/l and 10.0 g/l, respectively . Addition of MgSO4, ZnSO4, ferrous ammonium sulphate, copper sulphate, biotin, Ca-pantothenate, thiamine, pyridoxine, and inositol to the synthetic medium did not markedly influence high level of protein formation . Glutamic acid was the best amino acid, supporting protein formation by S . cerevisiae . Onion juice was found to be a good medium, after deletion of inhibitory volatile sulphur organic compounds, for the production of protein by S . cerevisiae . Addition of (NH4)2HPO4 to the best concentration of onion juice assisted the onion medium in production of fodder yeast, containing high level of protein . Addition of MgSO4 to onion juice and (NH4)2HPO4 did not increase the total nitrogen of the biomass . Fodder yeast, produced by onion juice medium, contained more valuable ingredients than fodder yeast, produced by synthetic medium. Mol Gen Genet, 1980 Jan, 177(2), 345 - 50 Glycolytic enzymes and intermediates in carbon catabolite repression mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Entian KD et al.; Glycolytic parameters were determined in recessive yeast mutants with partial defects in carbon catabolite repression . Specific activities of pyruvate kinase and pyruvate decarboxylase in glucose grown cells of all mutant and wild type strains were 4--5 times higher than in ethanol grown cells . Mutants of gene HEX1 had a reduced hexose phosphorylating activity on all media whereas those of gene HEX2 had elevated levels but only in glucose grown cells . Mutants of gene CAT80 were normal in this respect . All other glycolytic enzymes were normal in all mutants . This was also true for glycolytic intermediates . Only hex1-mutants showed a reduced fermentation of repressing sugars . The three genes appear to be involved in catabolite repression of several but not of all repressible enzymes . Even though all three types of mutants show a limited overlap in their effects on certain enzymes, they still are distinctly different in their action spectra . Carbon catabolite repression apparently does not depend on the sole accumulation of glycolytic intermediates . The activity of the products of the three genes HEX1, HEX2 and CAT80 are required directly or indirectly for triggering carbon catabolite repression . Even a small segment of carbon catabolite repression is controlled by several genes with regulatory functions indicating that the entire regulatory circuit is highly complex. Dev Biol Stand, 1980, 46, 183 - 6 Mass production of insect cells in suspension; Miltenburger HG et al.; The production of insect pathogenic viruses for the use in integrated pest control is presently done in vivo in populations of their natural hosts . However, efforts are made in several laboratories to produce some of these baculoviruses in insect cell cultures . The mass production of the viruses in vitro depends on a technology for the mass production of cells . Data are presented for the production of up to 10(10) insect cells per logarithmic growth phase in a continuously running fermenter culture at volumes of 9-10 litres. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Jan-Feb, 131(1), 3 - 16 {Automatic synchronization of growth of "Escherichia coli" (author's transl)}; Kepes F et al.; Growth of bacteria in a fermentor is limited by an essential nutrient here inorganic phosphate . After starvation, the culture is diluted by an automatic device in such a way that the limiting nutrient concentration allows exactly one doubling . After 10 to 16 automatic cycles, which can be achieved overnight, synchronous bacterial cycles can be observed to occur spontaneously in non-limiting culture conditions, i.e . open systems . The operating procedures of the prototype are outlined . This "Automatic Synchronizer" has a capacity of about 0.1 g dry bacterial weight per cycle . Synchrony and homogeneity index are suggested, and applied to concrete examples of synchronous growth in closed and open systems . The maintenance of good synchrony in an open system throughout 6 cell cycles allows one to consider microbial growth and metabolism in a culture as reflecting the time schedule of the individual cell instead of being related to the statistical mean of a random cell population . The contradiction between the generation time variability observed under the microscope for individual clones and the amazing maintenance of good synchrony in our culture, is also discussed. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1980, 25(6), 524 - 31 A discussion of microbial genetics in fermentation process development with particular reference to fungi producing high yields of antibiotics; Ball C; When trying to improve antibiotic processes that are already high yielding, real industrial problems have to be faced . These include the use of organisms with non-ideal growth and recombination cycles, and problems of scale up from the laboratory to the main production plant . Many of the principles derived from academic studies have to be radically modified before they can be applied in the industrial context . These issues are a challenge to those who genuinely wish to contribute to the solution of industrial problems. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1980, 20(6), 1849 - 54 {Qualitative aspects of intestinal digestion of soybean cake carbohydrates in the preruminant calf}; Besle JM et al.; Two 15-day old preruminant calves, fitted with reentrant ileocaecal and single colon cannulae, were fed a milk substitute containing 47 p . 100 of toasted soya oil meal, 17 p . 100 of crystallized tallow, 28.5 p . 100 of lactose, 7.0 p . 100 of minerals plus vitamins and 0.5 p . 100 of DL-methionine all on a dry basis . Samples from the ileum, colon and faeces were collected every 2 hrs for 8 hrs after feeding, when the calves 1 and 2 were 4 and 9 week-old, respectively . Total water-soluble carbohydrates were determined, then identified by ion-exchange chromatography . In this preliminary work, we only present results on the healthiest calf . At the end of the small intestine, sucrose and alpha-galactosides were probably poorly digested . Their concentration (as a percentage of total water-soluble carbohydrates) was the same as in the soya bean . In the large intestine, these carbohydrates were completely utilized and the sucrose was break down faster than the alpha-galactosides . The end product of fermentation was mainly lactic acid (4-8 g/l of intestinal contents), and the pH values of the large intestine contents were low (4.0-4.9), but these fermentations did not cause digestive problems, such as diarrhea, probably because the amount of soya carbohydrates in the food was low, and the digestive processes along the digestive tract were very regular. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1980, 34(3), 565 - 78 {Influence of hydrothermic and enzymatic treatments on the nutritive value of Faba beans: in vitro study}; Laurent S et al.; In order to improve the digestibility of the Faba bean flour an hydrothermic enzymic and fermentation treatment has been thought out (US patent 395 8015, Ets Ury, M . Gay) . This study aims at stemming out the nutritionnal and structural repercusions of this treatment on the Faba proteins . The nitrogen distribution is deeply changed : total nitrogen increase (47%), water soluble nitrogen decrease (41%), water soluble non-protein nitrogen increase . The treatment can enrich the flour in nitrogen but the proteins supplement is insoluble in water . The treatment changed the electrophoretic behaviour of flour proteins letting disappear precipitable pH 4,5 proteins . Amino acid composition is slightly changed, however there is an increase of lysine and methionine (15 et 25%) and a decrease of cysteine (28%) . The chemical score shows sulfur amino acids and tryptophan deficiency . Enzymatic (pepsine and pancreatine mixture) liberation of all amino acids is low and is not improved by the treatment but for the lysine . Cell proteins supplement, which appeared during the treatment (61%), water insoluble, could improve nutritive value of the flour if a more complete destruction of the cell walls permitted their liberation and their solubilization. Biosystems, 1980, 13(1-2), 47 - 56 Evolutionary considerations on the thermodynamics of nitrogen fixation; Broda E et al.; An evolutionary explanation is sought for the fact that ATP is needed for N2 fixation in spite of the exergonicity of the process . After a survey of the state of knowledge about the thermodynamics of N2 fixation in fermenters, photosynthesizers and respirers it is suggested that nitrogenase, which still shows ATP-dependent hydrogenase activity, evolved from an ATP-requiring hydrogenase that lacked nitrogenase activity . The hydrogenase action in the Archaean, reducing, biosphere may have needed ATP to ensure expulsion of H2 . Extant non-nitrogenase hydrogenases have lost the dependence on ATP . Because of its complexity, nitrogenase could not rid itself of the ATP dependence or of hydrogenase activity, both wasteful . Presumably all hydrogenases evoled from ferredoxin-like Fe-S proteins. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1980, 25(4), 324 - 7 Accumulation of 2-oxo acids in mutants of Aspergillus niger requiring lysine; Musilkova M et al.; Mutants of Aspergillus niger 194A and 178 requiring lysine differ from the original prototrophic strain K10 and from each other on the course of accumulation of organic acids . In both mutants less citric acid accumulates during the first phase of cultivation but considerably more 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate accumulate than in the original strain . Whereas in the 194A mutant this state remains unchanged also during the second phase of cultivation, in the 178 mutant oxo acids are degraded and citric acid is synthesized intensively . The accumulation of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-oxoadipate in the fermentation medium indicates that in A . niger lysine is synthesized via the homocitrate pathway. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 24 - 8 Studies on new phosphonic acid antibiotics . III . Isolation and characterization of FR-31564, FR-32863 and FR-33289; Okuhara M et al.; Three phosphonic acid antibiotics were found to be produced in the fermentation broths of Streptomyces . FR-31564 and FR-32863 were produced by Streptomyces lavendulae . FR-33289 was produced by a strain of Streptomyces, identified as Streptomyces rubellomurinus subsp . indigoferus . They are distinct from, but resemble FR-900098 which was reported in our preceding paper, in their chemical and biological characteristics. Br J Nutr, 1980 Jan, 43(1), 239 - 43 A novel estimate of the magnitude of heat produced in the rumen; Czerkawski JW; Using a well-known equation relating the heat production to the respiratory measurements, the total heat produced in the animal is partitioned into heat produced in the rumen and heat produced in the body . It is shown that the values of the partition constants can be calculated by making two simple logical deductions . Consideration of known heats of fermentation of carbohydrate and protein shows that the deductions are justified. Antibiotiki, 1980 Jan, 25(1), 12 - 6 {Antioxidant stabilization of the antifoaming agents used in the fermentation process}; Rakyta J et al.; Oils used as antifoaming agents in fermentation are subjected to oxidation to form various products, such as aldehydes, carboxylic acids, peroxides, etc . The negative effect of such products on biosynthesis of chlortetracycline by strains VUA 84 and Iz 22/VUPL of Str . aureofaciens was recorded . The level of the oil oxidation was characterized by the contents of peroxides and epihydrinaldehydes . The Kreiss qualitative test was modified for quantitative estimation of epihydrinalydehydes . The oil antifoaming agents characterized by the routine parameters used in determination of oil quality, such as acid number, saponification number and iodine number . In the control experiments lard and soybeen oil were oxidized by air at a temperature of 100 degrees C without an antioxidant (2,6-ditetrabutyl-4-methylphenol) . The oil antifoaming agents such as soybeen oil and lard were tested in biosynthesis of chlortetracycline carried out in flasks and pilot plant 750 1 apparatus . Antioxidant 4K, an alkylphenol antioxidant, in a 2% concentration proved to be effective for prevention of oxidation and nontoxic for the culture. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jan-Feb, 49(1), 123 - 9 {Ecologic conditions for the spread of methane-forming bacteria in the petroleum strata of Apsheron}; Nazina TN et al.; The distribution of methan producing bacteria was studied in oil bearing strata of the Apsheron Peninsula and was shown to depend on ecological conditions: the total mineralization of stratal water, the content of hydrogen sulfide, sulfates, the pH, the extent of penetration of surface waters . The bacteria was found in 11 among 14 stratal water samples taken from the studied oil deposits . The flooding of oil collectors with surface waters was shown to be one of the factors responsible for the distribution of methane producing bacteria in the stratal waters of oil deposits . Methane producing cenoses were found in stratal water whose mineralization varied from 17 to 84.8 g per litre and the content of hydrogen sulfide varied from 0 to 585 mg per litre . Most of the samples contained also sulfate reducing bacteria which grew in a medium with lactate, as well as fermenting microorganisms which grew in the presence of peptone and glucose and supplied methane producing bacteria with their substrates, viz . H2, CO2 and acetate . Preliminary experiments in which methane was produced from oil via a two-stage process suggest that flooding favours the formation of oil oxidation products in the strata and these products serve as substrates for the growth of microbial cenoses producing methane. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 116(1), 99 - 110 Effects of trialkyllead compounds on growth, respiration and ion transport in Escherichia coli K12; Gibson JF et al.; Triethyllead and tripropyllead cations affected growth, energy metabolism and ion transport in Escherichia coli K12 . The tripropyllead compound was more liposoluble than the triethyl analogue and was also more effective in inhibiting cell growth and the oxygen uptake of both intact cells and membrane particles . Triethyllead acetate (5 microM) inhibited growth on non-fermentable carbon sources, such as glycerol and succinate, more markedly than on glucose . At higher concentrations, triethyllead caused significant inhibition of respiration rates of intact cells; the concentration giving 50% inhibition was 60 microM for glycerol-grown cells and 150 microM for glucose-grown cells . Oxidation of succinate by membrane particles was less sensitive to inhibition by the tripropyl- or triethyllead compounds than were the oxidations of DL-lactate or NADH . Triethyllead acetate {1.9 mumol (mg membrane protein)-1} inhibited the reduction by NADH of cytochromes; evidence for more than one site of inhibition in the respiratory chain was obtained . Membrane-bound ATPase activity was strongly inhibited by triethyllead acetate in the absence or presence of Cl- . The concentration of inhibitor giving 50% inhibition {0.02 mumol (mg membrane protein)-1} was about two orders of magnitude lower than that required for 50% inhibition of substrate oxidation rates in membranes . Triethyllead acetate (1 microM) induced swelling of spheroplasts in iso-osmotic solutions of either NH4Cl or NH4Br, presumably as a result of the mediation by the organolead compound of Cl-/OH- and Br-/OH- antiports across the cytoplasmic membrane . Similar exchanges of OH- for F-, NO3- or SO4(2)- or the uniport of H+ could not be demonstrated . Comparisons are drawn between the effects of trialkyllead compounds and those of the more widely studied trialkyltin compounds. Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(3a), 576 - 9 {Possible therapy with and limits of gene technology (author's transl)}; Bautz FA; This paper is an attempt to discuss hopes and limits of recent advances in genetechnology especially in respect of their medical applications . Although advances in modern biology are enormous no realistic prognoses can be given at the moment to their medical application in correcting inborn errors of metabolism at the level of the gene . However the production by fermentation of biosubstances like insulin, interferon and hormones, just to name a few, is not only possible but already carried out in many laboratories in USA . Therefore therapy of clinical manifestations like metabolic disorders, viral infections and hormone insufficiencies should become feasible based on the nearly unlimited in vitro production of the necessary compounds. Dev Biol Stand, 1980, 46, 281 - 8 Pilot plant scale production of human lymphoblastoid interferon; Reuveny S et al.; Pilot plant scale production of human lymphoblastoid (Namalva) interferon (IF) is described . Namalva cells were grown in a semicontinuous cultivation method in pilot plant scale fermentors having up to 40-liter culture volume . The harvested Namalva cells were suspended in a serum-free medium at a concentration of 10(7) cells per ml and were induced to produce IF by infection with Sendai virus . The content of IF and protein in the culture supernatant ranged between 2.5 to 5.0 x 10(4) IF units and 150 to 250 microgram protein per ml, respectively . Concentration and partial purification of the IF was done by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, followed by gel filtration through an Ultrogel AcA 54 column . The specific activities of the IF preparations ranged between 2 to 4 x 10(6) IF units per mg protein . Scaling-up the IF production system to 300 liter fermentor scale is under research and development. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Dec 7, 571(2), 177 - 85 Partial purification, substrate specificity and regulation of alpha-L-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis; Nader W et al.; alpha-L-Glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was purified 400-fold . The enzyme preparation is free of interfering activities, such as glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase and glycerolphosphatase . At pH 7.0 it is specific for NADH (Km = 0.027 mM with 0.8 mM dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Km = 0.2 mM with 0.2 mM NADH) . Between pH 5.0 and 6.0 the enzyme functions with NADPH, but only at 7% of the rate with NADH . Various anions (I- greater than SO42- greater than Br- greater than Cl-) act as inhibitors competing with the substrate dihydroxyacetone phosphate . Inorganic phosphate (Ki = 0.1 mM), pyrophosphate and arsenate are strong inhibitors . The nucleotides ATP and ADP are also inhibitory, but their action seems to be of the same type as the general anion competition (Ki = 0.73 mM for ATP) . The results are consistent with the notion that the enzyme may regulate the redox potential of the NAD+/NADH couple during fermentation. Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Dec, 32 Suppl, S15 - 20 Aminoglycosides, genes and regulation; Demain AL; A major role has been played by aminoglycoside research in the development of fermentation science especially involving genetics and regulation . The first report of the use of an antibiotic to select high producers of that antibiotic was done with the streptomycin producer . Mutational biosynthesis of new antibiotics originated with studies on the neomycin producer . The first demonstration of the presence of genes coding for antibiotic inactivation in antibiotic producers was made with Streptomyces griseus, the producer of streptomycin . Induction of an enzyme involved in secondary metabolism was found first with mannosidostreptomycinase . The first example of a nonprecursor molecule which could induce an entire antibiotic biosynthetic pathway was A-Factor involved in streptomycin production . Glucose repression and amino acid repression of mannosidostreptomycinase were the first examples of carbon catabolite repression and nitrogen metabolite repression respectively of an enzyme involved in secondary metabolism . Data supporting the occurrence of nitrogen metabolite regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis were first gathered in the early days of development of the streptomycin fermentation when it was found that the slowly used soybean meal and proline were the best nitrogen sources for antibiotic production . Aminoglycoside research also provided the first explanation of a mechanism of phosphate control of antibiotic biosynthesis . The first indication that antibiotic formation is not obligatory for spore formation was provided by data on streptomycin production. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Dec, 32(12), 1248 - 55 Staphcoccomycin, a new basic macrolide antibiotic; Shimi IR et al.; Staphcoccomycin (SCM) is a new member of the basic macrolide family of antibiotics which was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . AS-NG 16 . The production, purification and determination of physical and chemical properties of this novel metabolite have been completed . Comparison of the mass fragmentation patterns of SCM and its peracetate with those of angolamycin peracetate suggested a des-mycarosyl derivative of angolamycin . Moreover, the molecular ion peak (m/e 771) corresponded to C39H65NO14 and the 1H-NMR of SCM was also consistent with the proposed structure. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Dec, 32(12), 1223 - 9 Hydroheptin: a water-soluble polyene macrolide . I . Taxonomy, fermentation and isolation; Tunac JB et al.; A soil isolate of Streptomyces, which has been deposited in the culture collection of the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University as IMRU 3962, produces a new heptaene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, hydroheptin . The producing microorganism, which co-produces the antibiotic, chartreusin, has been identified as a strain of Streptomyces chartreusis . Fermentation and bioassay procedures were developed for the production and analysis of hydroheptin and chartreusin . Isolation and purification procedures based on solvent extraction and precipitation of an organic acid yielded a relatively pure product of hydroheptin. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1979 Dec, 21(12), 2175 - 201 Application of balancing methods in modeling the penicillin fermentation; Heijnen JJ et al.; This paper shows the application of elementary balancing methods in combination with simple kinetic equations in the formulation of an unstructured model for the fed-batch process for the production of penicillin . The rate of substrate uptake is modeled with a Monod-type relationship . The specific penicillin production rate is assumed to be a function of growth rate . Hydrolysis of penicillin to penicilloic acid is assumed to be first order in penicillin . In simulations with the present model it is shown that the model, although assuming a strict relationship between specific growth rate and penicillin productivity, allows for the commonly observed lag phase in the penicillin concentration curve and the apparent separation between growth and production phase (idiophase-trophophase concept) . Furthermore it is shown that the feed rate profile during fermentation is of vital importance in the realization of a high production rate throughout the duration of the fermentation . It is emphasized that the method of modeling presented may also prove rewarding for an analysis of fermentation processes other than the penicillin fermentation. Antibiotiki, 1979 Dec, 24(12), 893 - 5 {Express method of determining phenylacetic acid in the culture broth during the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin}; Nikol'skii LM; Phenylacetate acid (PAA) is transferred by extraction from the fermentation broth filtrate into toluol . The extract is applied to a Silufol plate with an aluminium foil lining (silica gel sorbent, Czechoslovakia) . Reference solutions of PAA are also applied to the same plate . The reference and test solutions are applied dropwise (spots of 5--6 x 10(-3)m in diameter) . For PAA development the spots are sprayed with a freshly prepared saturated solution of potassium manganate in 6N H2SO4 . PAA of the test samples is developed as a dull ring against grey background and that of the reference solution is developed as a circle . The amount of PAA in the spot is determined by using correlation between the spot area and the amount of PAA applied . One plate of 225 X 10(-4) m2 can be used for about 300 analyses . One analysis takes 300--600 seconds. Fed Proc, 1979 Dec, 38(13), 2713 - 9 Influence of ruminal turnover on site and extent of digestion; Bull LS et al.; Ruminal turnover rate plays a major role in ruminant nutrition . Theoretical considerations have been developed and several excellent models are available . Newer methods in marker technology offer opportunity for collection of accurate data . Few good studies have been published . This paper covers the above considerations and gives a critical evaluation of some published data . Increased ruminal turnover of liquid alters ruminal fermentation toward more acetate, butyrate and methane and less propionate . It also results in a greater rate of passage of small feed particles of any type . The effect on total digestion depends on feed composition and physical form . Total fiber digestion is usually reduced . Ruminal liquid turnover is increased by increased level of intake, addition of coarse fiber to rations, and osmotically active agents . It is reduced by some mineral complexes and monensin, and by reducing average particle size . Solid turnover rate is increased by reduced particle size and by several factors that influence liquid turnover . The rate of particle size reduction to a critical size is important in any description of solid turnover rate . Literature data that relate to ruminal turnover and in vivo digestion are discussed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Dec, 32(12), 1267 - 72 Early intermediates in the biosynthesis of ansamycins . II . Isolation and identification of proansamycin B-M1 and protorifamycin i-M1; Ghisalba O et al.; Proansamycin B-M1 and protorifamycin I-M1 were isolated as minor compounds from fermentations of the protorifamycin I producing strain Nocardia mediterranei F 1/24, identified by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods and shown to be degradation products of the hypothetical proansamycin B postulated in part I of this series of papers and of protorifamycin I, respectively. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 38(6), 1127 - 31 Plate diffusion assay as a rapid method for dosimetry of mutagens; Awerbuch TE et al.; This paper presents a method for determining mutagenic concentrations of chemicals by using an agar diffusion assay . The method is based on the linear relationship between the amount of chemical placed at the center of the dish and the radius of the mutagenic zone . A brief theoretical discussion and experimental data confirming this relationship are given . Alkylating agents and mycotoxins were used to test the system . This method can be used to follow up decreased mutagenic potencies of solutions of unstable mutagens and to follow the production of mutagenic substances throughout fermentation. Antibiotiki, 1979 Dec, 24(12), 903 - 6 {Methodological procedures for detecting antibiotic producers among cultures of the family Micromonosporaceae}; Bibikova MV et al.; Data on intensification of the search for active cultures among Micromonospora are presented . It was shown that the frequency of detecting the antibiotic-producing cultures among Micromonospora under conditions of fermentation on the corn-glucose medium inoculated with agar blocks amounted to 35 per cent . The use of nutrient media of different composition for growing submerged inoculum of Micromonospora demonstrated that the rate of its growth reached maximum on the peastarch medium . The use of this medium for growing submerged seed material for fermentation in the corn-glucose medium increased the frequency of detecting active cultures from 35 to 43.1 per cent . The assay of Micromonospora antibiotic activity twice, i.e . in 96 and 240 hours of the fermentation process increased the frequency of detecting active cultures up to 57.1 per cent and revealing greater variety of antibiotics . Fermentation of Micromonospora cultures simultaneously on 6 different nutrient media inoculated with submerged seed mycelium and assay of the activity for 2 times, i . e . in 96 and 240 hours allowed a detection of up to 76.2 per cent of active strains out of the total number of the isolates. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Dec, 32(12), 1239 - 47 Four further antibiotics related to olivanic acid produced by Streptomyces olivaceus: fermentation, isolation, characterisation and biosynthetic studies; Box SJ et al.; Four beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitory activity MM 22380, MM 22381, MM 22382 and MM 22383 containing the carbapenem nucleus have been isolated from a culture of Streptomyces olivaceus ATCC 31365 . Fermentation conditions for their production and methods for their isolation are described . Evidence for a biosynthetic link between these compounds and the previously described olivanic acid derivatives MM 4550, MM 13902 and MM 17880 is presented. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1979 Dec, 12(2), 161 - 98 The use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry: a review; Kilara A et al.; The production of high fructose corn syrups was greatly facilitated by the use of immobilized glucose isomerase . Similarly, in Japan, the fermentation industry proved its processing efficiency for amino acids through the use of immobilized amino acid acylase . This article discusses the use of soluble enzymes in the food industry followed by a section on the various available methods to immobilize enzymes . Once enzymes are immobilized, many of their operational parameters could be altered . Rationale for the determination of the effects of immobilization is provided . A relatively new concept is the use of a single matrix for immobilizing more than one enzyme . Immobilized multi-enzyme systems offer many attractive advantages; however, such a process also raises some interesting questions about kinetics . These questions and their suggested answers are discussed in the penultimate section . The major emphasis of this article is on the use of immobilized enzymes in the food industry . Two systems--amino acylase and glucose isomerase--have been demonstrated to be techno-economically feasible . Immobilization of other enzymes, such as glucoamylase, lactase, protease, and flavor modifying enzymes, has received some attention . The potential of these new systems are also discussed. Br J Nutr, 1979 Nov, 42(3), 535 - 45 The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep; Siddons RC et al.; 1 . Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L . cv . Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) . The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum . 2 . The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo . 3 . There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate . However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P less than 0.05) by the additive . It also reduced (P less than 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net grain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage . 4 . Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P less than 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum . 5 . The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets . However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage. Arch Tierernahr, 1979 Nov, 29(11), 731 - 41 {Investigations concerning the use of the rumen fermentation regulator monensin in feeding fattening bulls}; Hennig A et al.; In two digestion experiments with wethers and seven feeding experiments with 198 fattening bulls with rations rich in (greater than 55% of the dry matter intake from roughage), the influence of the antibiotic monensin on the digestibility of the ration, on rumen-physiologic characteristic values and on fattening and slaughtering results was investigated . The digestibility of the organic matter and the crude nutrients was not significantly influenced by the use of monensin (20 mg/kg dry matter) . The administration of 200 mg monensin per fattening bull and day resulted in an increase of the molar concentration of propionate in the rumen fluid by 9.7 mol%, the concentration of acetate and butyrate decreased by 7.3 resp . 2.8 mol % . On an average of the seven experiments the intake of dry matter was diminished by 5.1% through the use of monensin, the live weight increase remained almost unaffected (3.0% additional increase), feed and energy requirement per kg live weight were improved by 7.9% . The fattening results do not always correspond in the various experiments . The results of the dressing of the carcass, the composition of the carcass and the quality of the meat remained unaffected by the administration of monensin. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Nov-Dec, 15(6), 817 - 21 {Identification of the limiting component of the medium during microbial continuous cultivation}; Dudina LP et al.; The paper presents a method allowing a rapid identification of the growth limiting component of the medium . This is done with respect to the fast change in the low inertial parameter of fermentation (rate of titration or oxygen consumption) in response to an insignificant variation of the concentration of the growth limiting nutrient component in the fermentation medium. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Nov, 32(11), 1125 - 9 Studies on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid . II . Chemical degradations of 14C-labelled clavulanic acid; Stirling I et al.; Two chemical degradations of clavulanic acid are described which are useful for locating label in 14C-clavulanate . In the first, the beta-hydroxyethylidene side chain of p-bromobenzyl clavulanate is removed by ozonolysis to give p-bromobenzyl (2R, 5R)-3,7-dioxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo {3.2.0} heptane-2-carboxylate . The second involves the reaction of p-bromobenzyl clavulanate with dibenzylamine in methanol, to isolate the three beta-lactam carbons as methyl trans-3-(N-N-dibenzyl)amino acrylate . These techniques were used to degrade clavulanic acid derived from fermentations fed with 2-14C-acetate or universally 14C-labelled glycerol . The amount of label retained in the degradation products was in agreement with the distribution of 13C in clavulanic acid derived from 2-13C-acetate, or 1,3-13C2-glycerol, as observed by 13C-NMR. Am J Physiol, 1979 Nov, 237(5), E457 - 64 Motor events in equine large colon; Sellers AF et al.; The equine large colon is the major cellulose-fermentation locus of these species . The area of juncture of the ventral and dorsal divisions of the equine large colon was characterized, in 13 chronic unanesthetized animals and in 25 in vitro preparations, as an area of resistance to aboral flow . This is a probable pacemaker area . The reservoir function of this part of the colon is apparently facilitated by the presence of a pacemaker at this level . There was a general rise in recorded intraluminal pressure peaks during the first hour of feeding . This characteristic was not altered after resection of the extrinsic nerve supply . Electrical stimulation of the extrinsic nerve net in conscious animals at times mimicked the groups of intraluminal pressure peaks seen at the beginning of feeding. CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1979 Nov, 12(1), 59 - 111 Flavor composition of wines: a review; Schreier P; The formation of flavor in fermented beverages is due to various biosynthetic mechanisms . In wine, flavors arise as the result of compounds: 1 . Originating from the native fruit (grap) 2 . Which are formed or altered during the various processes employed in production 3 . Which are developed or transformed by yeast during fermentation 4 . Arise during the aging process In this review the results of investigations on the development of flavors in grape and wine will be discussed . Special attention will be devoted to the effects of specific processes in winemaking on the development of flavor. Br J Nutr, 1979 Nov, 42(3), 515 - 24 Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen micro-organisms; Demeyer DI et al.; 1 . Rumen contents of a fasted fistulated wether, obtained in a faunated, defaunated and refaunated period were incubated in vitro with a mixture of cellobiose and maltose, in the presence of ammonium bicarbonate and 32PO43- . Total synthesis of microbial N (Nt) was calculated from 32P incorporation and N:P determined in microbial matter . The N:P value was not affected by defaunation . Net synthesis of microbial N (Nn) was calculated from ammonia-N incorporation . An estimate of degradation of microbial N was calculated as Nt-Nn . Energetic efficiency of synthesis was calculated from the volatile fatty acids produced during incubation, as g N incorporated per kg organic matter fermented (g N/kg OMf) . 2 . Defaunation decreased the proportions of acetate, butyrate and methane and increased those of propionate in fermentation end-products . Fermentation rate when expressed per mg microbial N was not affected by defaunation . 3 . Expressed per unit volume of rumen contents, Nn was increased by defaunation whereas Nt remained unchanged . Thus, a decrease in degradation can be calculated . Energetic efficiences of total and net synthesis were increased from 35 and 13 to 47 and 30 g N/kg OMf respectively . 4 . Specific rates of both total and net synthesis of microbial N were significantly increased by defaunation whereas the specific rate of degradation was not affected. Antibiotiki, 1979 Nov, 24(11), 803 - 8 {Penicillin biosynthesis and amino acid metabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum in experiments with washed mycelium}; Nikol'skii LM et al.; The study of the amino acid metabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum with the use of washed mycelium showed that the amount of the free intracellular amino acids significantly decreased during the process of penicillin production . Still, such a decrease did not cover the nitrogen requirements of the culture for the antibiotic synthesis and mobilization of the protein nitrogen took place . By the end of the process the amount of the protein nitrogen markedly decreased . At the same time alpha-amino nitrogen was absent in the fermentation broth filtrate . About 14 amino acids (including cysteine and valine) which participate in constriuction of the penicillin molecule nucleus were found in the amino acid poll . However, the amounts of cysteine and valine were not high and probably other free intracellular amino acids participated in their synthesis . It was shown that one of the limiting factors in the process of penicillin biosynthesis was synthesis of cysteine, a sulphur-containing amino acid which is one of the precursors of the antibiotic molecule nucleus. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 114(2), 455 - 61 Respiratory oscillations and heat evolution in synchronous cultures of Candida utilis; Kader J et al.; Synchronous cultures of the budding yeast Candida utilis prepared by continuous-flow size selection showed respiratory oscillations when the energy source was either glucose, acetate or glycerol . The period of the oscillations was about one-third of the cell cycle time (i.e . about 0.5 h) . No fluctuations in heat evolution could be detected . In organisms growing with acetate or glycerol, the effects of cyanide, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (maximum inhibition of respiration at respiratory maxima, maximum uncoupling of energy conservation at respiratory minima) suggest that the control mechanism responsible for the oscillations is mitochondrial respiratory control in vivo . The effects of cyanide and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide on the respiration of cultures growing synchronously with glucose were different from those for cultures growing with the non-fermentable substrates; this suggests that the mitochondrial respiratory system interacts with the early reactions of glucose utilization. J Pharm Sci, 1979 Oct, 68(10), 1239 - 43 Microbial transformations and 13C-NMR analysis of colchicine; Hufford CD et al.; Several microorganisms were screened for their ability to biotransform colchicine, and two were selected for preparative scale fermentations . Streptomyces spectabilis and Streptomyces griseus both produced O2-demethylcolchicine and O3-demethylcolchicine but in different amounts . The 13C-NMR assignments of colchicine, O10-demethylcolchicine, and trimethylcolchicinic acid are reported and were used to help identify the structures of the metabolites. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Oct, 83(2), 331 - 44 The distribution of plasmids determining citrate utilization in citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli from humans, domestic animals, feral birds and environments; Ishiguro N et al.; Sixty-seven isolates of citrate-positive variants of Escherichia coli were isolated from human, domestic animal, feral bird and environmental sources . With the exception of citrate utilization, all isolates were identified as typical E . coli by their biochemical reactions . The transmission of the ability to utilize citrate on Simmons' citrate agar was demonstrated in 53 (79.1%) out of the 67 citrate-positive E . coli variants obtained from various sources . Drug resistance determinants and citrate utilizing character were co-transmitted into E . coli K-12 by conjugation among citrate-positive E . coli isolates carrying R plasmids except for that isolated from horses . The other characters (haemolysin or colicin production, raffinose or sucrose fermentation) were not transmitted together with the citrate utilizing character . These facts suggested that the structural gene responsible for citrate utilizing ability in citrate-positive variants of E . coli was located on a conjugative plasmid. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Oct, 32(10), 1025 - 32 Induction of resistance to aurodox by aurodox in the antibiotic-producing culture, Streptomyces goldiniensis; Liu CM et al.; The sensitivity of protein and aurodox synthesis to aurodox was examined in relationship to the development of resistance to aurodix on Streptomyces goldiniensis during fermentation . It was found that the culture remains sensitive to the antibiotic as long as no aurodox is present in the medium . Resistance only develops when aurodox is present, either exogenously added or endogenously synthesized by the culture . These observations suggest that the development of resistance is an inducible process, and evidence is presented indicating that aurodox induces a specific resistance system in S . goldiniensis. Vet Med (Praha), 1979 Oct, 24(10), 587 - 95 {The relationship between fermentation and the morphological structure of rumen epithelium in sheep fed pelleted feeds}; Baran M et al.; Wethers were fed complete granular feed rations including 41.81% of grass hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea, and 1.24% of mineral supplement in dry matter for 24 weeks . Samples of the dorsal rumen sac of these wethers were subjected to patho-anatomical, histological, histo-chemical, and electron-microscopical examination . Volatile fatty acids were also determined in the rumen fluid of slaughtered animals . The control group was given the same diet in the classical form with long hay . The rumen contents of the slaughtered animals of the experimental group had an increased level of total volatile fatty acids (125.93 mM) and butyric acid (17.8 M%) . The acetate:propionate ratio was 3.66 . No substantial differences were observed in enzymatic activity . Electronograms recorded an increase in the number of T cells and keratinizing cells -- this suggests an increased intensity of the process of keratinization. Br J Nutr, 1979 Sep, 42(2), 303 - 15 Protein nutrition of growing lambs . 2 . Effect on nitrogen digestion of supplementing a low-protein-cellulosic diet with either urea, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein; Kempton TJ et al.; 1 . Lambs with cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were allowed free access to one of four diets: a basal diet of oat hulls and solka floc, or the basel diet supplemented with either urea, urea plus casein or urea plus formaldehyde-treated (HCHO)-casein . Mean nitrogen intake was 1.9 g N/d for the basal diet and 15.0 . 32.4 and 36.9 g N/d respectively for the other diets . 2 . The rate of irreversible loss of ammonia from the rumen pool estimated using 15NH4+ was highest on the casein diet (33 g NH3-N/d) by comparison with 18 g NH3-N/d for the urea and HCHO-casein diets and 7 g NH3-N/d for the basal diet . 3 . The proportions of bacterial and protozoal N in the rumen derived from rumen ammonia did not differ significantly between the supplemented diets and were 0.66 and 0.52 respectively . 4 . Estimation of 15N flowing to the duodenum during continuous infusions of 15NH4+ into the rumen indicated considerable ammonia absorption from the rumen on all the diets . Greatest absorption of ammonia (21 gN/d) apparently occurred in animals on the diet supplemented with urea and casein . 5 . The estimated microbial non-ammonia-N (NAN) flowing out of the rumen per unit organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOM) was similar on all diets, i.e . 21.3 (+/- 1.09) g N/kg Fom . the requirement for dietary fermentable N for microbial N production on these diets was 1.2 (+/- 0.07) g N/MJ ME . 6 . The flow of NAN into the duodenum and through the ileum, and total N in the faeces was significantly influenced by the form of N supplementation . The flow of NAN into the duodenum for the HCHO-casein diet (27 g N/d) was more than twice that for the other diets (11 g N/d) . The flow of NAN through the ileum and excretion of total N in the faeces was also greater with the HCHO-casein diet than with all other diets . The apparent digestibility of NAN in the small intestine ranged between 0.62--0.66 for all diets . 7 . Urea and casein supplements were apparently completely degraded in the rumen . In contrast, the HCHO-casein was almost completely resistant to degradation in the rumen and only 65% of the HCHO-casein was digested in the small intestine . 8 . Protein absorbed : energy absorbed (expressed as NAN digested in the small intestine/MJ ME) was calculated to be 5.5 (+/- 0.70) for the basal, urea and urea-plus-casein diets, and 11.6 (+/- 1.71) for the urea-plus-HCHO-casein diet. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Sep, 32(9), 874 - 7 Conglobatin, a novel macrolide dilactone from Streptomyces conglobatus ATCC 31005; Westley JW et al.; Fermentation of deposited cultures of Streptomyces conglobatus, known to produce the polyether antibiotic, ionomycin has resulted in the isolation and characterization of a second metabolite, conglobatin (C28H38N2O6) . X-Ray analysis revealed a dimeric macrolide dilactone structure for conglobatin, similar to the structures of the mold metabolites vermiculin and pyrenophorin, from which the absolute configuration of conglobatin has been inferred . The dimer consists of two molecules of 7-hydroxy-8-oxazoyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-octenoic acid joined by two ester linkages. Br J Nutr, 1979 Sep, 42(2), 229 - 45 Experiments with the longterm rumen simulation technique (Rusitec); use of soluble food and an inert solid matrix; Czerkawski JW et al.; 1 . The role of soluble nutrients and of the solid matrix in rumen fermentation was investigated in some detail, and experiments designed to explore the possibility of using a balanced soluble diet and an inert solid matrix, are described . 2 . The use of a balanced soluble substrate as the only source of nutrients in the presence of an inert solid phase in the reaction vessels results in vigorous fermentation but is accompanied by disappearance of protozoa from the effluent . 3 . In the absence of digestible solid phase, the rate of fermentation and the fermentation pattern depends mainly on the amount and type of nutrients supplied and to a smaller extent on the dilution rate, the variations being greatest at low dilution rates . 4 . The solid matrix in the form of wood shavings or the residue remaining after prolonged digestion of hay could sequestrate micro-organisms and could be used as solid phase, but the defined mixture of soluble substrates used resulted in somewhat abnormal fermentation compared with fermentation obtained with solid food . 5 . When the solid food included some hay extract and when the dilution rate was not too great a reduced output of protozoa could be maintained . At high dilution rate the outflow of protozoa was negligible and yet considerable numbers of protozoa were found in the solid matrix and associated liquid . 6 . A three-compartment model was developed to describe the flow of liquid and microbial matter within the simplified system. Br J Nutr, 1979 Sep, 42(2), 217 - 28 Experiments with the long-term rumen simulation technique (Rusitec); response to supplementation of basal rations; Czerkawski JW et al.; 1 . It is shown that a basal roughage diet can be successfully supplemented with glucose, as long as nitrogen is not limiting . Lack of N depresses the digestibility of the basal ration, results in incomplete fermentation and the increased recoveries of N are consistent with fixation of atmospheric N2 . 2 . Using a complex, but soluble supplement (whey powder) it is shown that reproducible incremental measurements can be made and that the supplement used gives increases in production of characteristic end-products only (carbon dioxide, methane, acetic and butyric acids) . 3 . The location of the solid dietary components within the reaction vessel is not important and it is possible to measure changes in a particular component in the presence of others . It is shown that there is sequestration of bacteria and protozoa on the solid digesta. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1979 Sep-Oct, 54(5), 555 - 65 {Mycological comparative study of Candida stellatoidea and C . albicans (author's transl)}; Saez H et al.; The taxonomical value of the specific distinction of C . albicans and C . stellatoidea was in mind, in the mycological study of: one homogenous group of 292 isolates of C . albicans and an other of 11 C . stellatoidae, of collection in majority . The growth in a liquid medium, the production: of chlamydospores, mycelium, pseudomycelium, germ-tubes, the fermentation and assimilation of carbohydrates, the tetrazolium-test, the actidione resistance and the maximal temperature for growth were the morpho-physiological characteristics studied . Were also reported some variations observed on two C . stellatoidea from which the type-strain of that species, cultured in two different laboratories. Arch Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 122(3), 231 - 9 Treponema succinifaciens sp . nov., an anaerobic spirochete from the swine intestine; Cwyk WM et al.; The morphology, the general physiological characteristics, and the energy-yielding metabolism of an obligately anaerobic spirochete isolated from the colon of a swine were studied . Electron microscopy showed that the helical spirochetal cells possessed an outer sheath, a protoplasmic cylinder, and 4 periplasmic fibrils in a 2-4-2 arrangement . The spirochete grew in an atmosphere of N2 in prereduced media containing a carbohydrate, NaHCO3, rumen fluid, yeast extract, peptone, L-cysteine, and inorganic salts . The spirochete fermented carbohydrates and required substrate amounts of CO2 (HCO3-) for growth . Amino acids were not fermented . Major fermentation products of cells growing with glucose as the substrate and in the presence of CO2 were acetate, formate, succinate, and lactate . Small amounts of 2,3-butanediol, pyruvate, and acetoin were also formed . Determinations of enzymatic activities in cell extracts, and of radioactivity in products formed by growing cells from {1-14C}glucose, indicated that this sugar was dissimilated to pyruvate via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway . The spirochetes used a coliform-type clastic reaction to metabolize pyruvate . Determinations of radioactivity in products formed from {14C}NaHCO3 indicated that CO2 was assimilated and used in succinate production . The guainine + cytosine content of the DNA was 36 mol % . This study indicates that this intestinal spirochete represents a new species of Treponema . It is proposed that the new species be named Treponema succinifaciens. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1979 Aug 15, 55(15), 1474 - 80 {Rapid method for identifying Candida of medical importance}; Tuttobello L; A rapid identification method of Candida yeasts of medical interest is proposed . It calls for morphological examinations (germ-tube and chlamydospore-test included), and reduced fermentation as well as assimilation tests, performed at defined temperature and inoculum concentration values. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 25(8), 911 - 4 The fate of aflatoxin in naturally contaminated corn during the ethanol fermentation; Lillehoj EB et al.; Corn naturally contaminated with aflatoxin was used as a substrate in the ethanol fermentation . Distribution of toxin in several process and recovery fractions was identified . Although little degradation of the mycotoxin occurred during fermentation, no toxin appeared in the distilled alcohol . As accumulation of toxin in spent grains represents a potential problem in use of the material as animal feed, several decontamination procedures were tested . Sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and hydrogen peroxide were identified as efficient agents of toxin degradation. Dig Dis Sci, 1979 Aug, 24(8), 652 - 4 Follow-up of a flatulent patient; Levitt MD; This paper describes a low-flatulence diet developed by an extremely flatulent patient . Based on meticulous recording of each passage of flatus, the patient employed an elimination diet to determine what foods were responsible for his gas production . The diet reduced the frequency of his gas passage from 34 +/- 7 to 17 +/- 5 times per day (normal: 14 +/- 6) and similar reductions were observed by two other flatulent patients during adherence to the diet . The rectal gas of each of these subjects largely consisted of two gases (CO2 and H2) which result from bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates . The diet, which is low in lactose and wheat products, presumably minimizes the quantity of carbohydrates delivered to the colonic bacteria. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Aug, 87(4), 235 - 41 Resistance types in Escherichia coli . I . Occurrence and resistance to ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin; Sogaard P; An investigation of the resistance types in lactose fermenting E . coli is presented . The frequency and sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics of different resistance types was investigated . The strains were divided into three groups according to sensitivity to penicillin derivatives . Group 1 contained the ampicillin-carbenicillin sensitive (A-s/Ca-s), group 2 the ampicillin resistant-carbenicillin sensitive (A-r/Ca-s) and group 3 the ampicillin-carbenicillin resistant (A-r/Ca-r) . A-s/Ca-r were not observed . One third of the A-r strains were sensitive to carbenicillin . The distribution of resistance types was different in the three groups . Group 1 was dominated by the usual sensitive E . coli . Group 3 contained a very high proportion of multiresistant types . The IC50 against ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephalothin of 55 strains was determined . Group 3 (A-r/Ca-r, 25 strains) was much more ampicillin resistant than group 2 (A-r/Ca-s, 16 strains) . Group 2 was less sensitive to carbenicillin than group 1 (A-s/Ca-s, 14 strains) . Group 3 did not differ significantly from group 1 with respect to cephalothin sensitivity, while group 2 was much more resistant than the others. J Bacteriol, 1979 Aug, 139(2), 625 - 38 Very slow growth of Escherichia coli; Chesbro W et al.; A recycling fermentor (a chemostat with 100% biomass feedback) was used to study glucose-limited behavior of Escherichia coli B . The expectation from mass transfer analysis that growth would asymptotically approach a limit mass determined by the glucose provision rate (GPR) and the culture's maintenance requirement was not met . Instead, growth proceeded at progressively lower rates through three distinct phases . After the fermentor was seeded, but before glucose became limiting, growth followed the usual, exponential path (phase 1) . About 12 h postseeding, residual glucose in the fermentor fell below 1 microgram . ml-1 and the growth rate (dx/dt) became constant and a linear function of GPR (phase 2) . The specific growth rate, mu, therefore fell continuously throughout the phase . Biomass yield and glucose assimilation (13%) were near the level for exponential growth, however, and independent of GPR over a broad range . At a critical specific growth rate (0.04 h-1 for this strain), phase 2 ended abruptly and phase 3 commenced . In phase 3, the growth rate was again constant, although lower than in phase 2, so that mu continued to fall, but growth rates and yields were praboloid functions of GPR . They were never zero, however, at any positive value of GPR . By inference, the fraction of metabolic energy used for maintenance functions is constant for a given GPR, although different for phases 2 and 3, and independent of biomass . In both phases 2 and 3, orcinol, diphenylamine, and Lowry reactive materials were secreted at near-constant rates such that over 50% as much biosynthetic mass was secreted as was retained by the cells. J Bacteriol, 1979 Aug, 139(2), 393 - 7 Escherichia coli mutant strain with altered expression of the tryptophan operon: isolation and preliminary characterization; Pouwels PH et al.; From a strain of Escherichia coli with two copies of the tryptophan (trp) operon and one copy of the lactose (lac) operon, under control of one of the trp regulatory elements, we have isolated a mutant which does not grow in a medium containing 19 amino acids, unless tryptophan is added, and which cannot ferment lactose . The apparent pleiotropic nature of the mutation(s) is indicated by the very slow growth of mutant bacteria on minimal-medium agar supplemented with glucose and tryptophan . The amount of the trp enzymes (anthranilate synthetase and tryptophan synthetase) and trp messenger ribonucleic acid is reduced several-fold in the mutant compared to the isogenic wild-type strain, whereas the enzymes tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase remain the same . The incorporation of radioactive label into pulse-labeled but not into stable ribonucleic acid is significantly lower . Our results suggest that in the mutant organism the control of transcription of some operons, including the trp operon, is modified . An alternative explanation is that mutant bacteria contain a ribonuclease with increased activity for some messenger ribonucleic acid species. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jul 2, 174(1), 39 - 46 Toxic and mutagenic effects of carcinogens on the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Egilsson V et al.; Nineteen haploid yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strains were used to assess the relative growth inhibitory potencies on fermentable vs . non-fermentable media of a collection of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals . The majority of carcinogens were distinctly more potent on the non-fermentable (glycerol) medium, where mitochrondrial function is required for growth, than on the fermentable medium, where it is not . The anti-mitochondrial selectivity indicated by these growth tests was much slighter for the non-carcinogens . Similarly most carcinogens induced the cytoplasmic petite mutation whereas the non-carcinogens did not . Five carcinogens which were tested impaired the development of cytochromes aa3 and b in glucose cultures . Six carcinogens, when tested, inhibited growth on three fermentable sugars, the utilisation of which requires mitochondrial function . Out of five carcinogens which were examined, four suppressed the surface-dependent phenomenon of fluocculence in a flocculating strain of yeast, at concentrations primarily affecting the mitochondrial system; the fifth had a similar but less pronounced effect. Acta Chir Belg, 1979 Jul-Aug, 78(4), 223 - 9 {Giant diverticulum of the sigmoid}; Arianoff AA et al.; This reports a rare case of diverticulum of the sigmoid in a 73 years old patient, which presence was detected about 4 years before surgery . This giant diverticulum manifested itself mainly through pain followed by anorexia . On X-ray it had the appearance of a gas cyst . The pathogeny of such a diverticulum is to be found in inflammatory factors at the base of implantation; it results from pressure effects in the diverticulum with the probable action of anaerobic bacterial fermentation . The pathologic examination does not always allow differenciation between a giant diverticulum and a duplication, especially where the later communicates with the digestive tract . The indications and surgical techniques are discussed. Arch Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 122(1), 9 - 16 Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria . I . General characteristics, taxonomic considerations and significance; Leadbetter ER et al.; The characteristics of gliding bacteria isolated from both healthy and diseased sites in the oral cavity are, summarized and the taxonomic position of the bacteria discussed . Uniform attirubtes of the fusiform isolates include gliding motility, strictly fermentative metabolism dependent on the presence of CO2 (or HCO3-), under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions, presence of benzidine-reactive components, and the production of acetic and succinic acids as the major or sole, acidic, metabolic and products . Given the guanine and cytosine content of DNA, their gliding motility, and the ability of many strains to attack polysaccharide a relationship to the cytophagus is suggested . This relationship, along with the CO2-dependent growth is recognized by the generic name Capnocytophaga given them . Many of the isolates are grouped into three species C . ochracea, C . Sputigena, and C . gingivalis, separated on the basis of morphological and physiological traits. Arch Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 122(1), 29 - 33 Capnocytophaga: new genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria . III . Physiological characterization; Socransky SS et al.; Sixty-eight strains of capnophilic fusiform Gram-negative rods from the human oral cavity were subjected to extensive physiologic characterization, tested for susceptibility to various antibiotics, and the mol-percent guanine plus cytosine of each isolate determined . The characteristics of the isolates were compared with 10 fresh and 2 stock isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum . The isolates clearly differed from the Fusobacterium species on the basis of mol-percent guanine plus cytosine, end products, growth in a capnophilic environment and fermentation of carbohydrates . All of the gliding isolates required CO2 and formed acetate and succinate, but not H2S, indole or acetylmethylcarbinol . All fermented glucose, sucrose, maltose and mannose . The organisms may be differentiated on the basis of fermentation of additional carbohydrates, hydrolysis of polymers and reduction nitrate . Three species are proposed: Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga gingivalis . Ten isolates did not fit into the proposed species. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 528 - 32 {Influence of cultivation conditions on the synthesis of trypsin inhibitor in the submerged culture of Actinomyces janthinus 118}; Chermenskii DN et al.; The influence of mass exchange and cultivation temperature on the synthesis of trypsin inhibitor in the submerged culture of Actinomyces janthinus was studied . Mass exchange parameters of the fermenter varied from 0.72 to 3.7 g O2 l/hr without oxygen limitations, and cultivation temperature ranged from 25 to 34 degrees C . The growth pattern, dynamics of substrate consumption and synthesis of trypsin inhibitor by the culture of Act . janthinus were shown to depend on mass exchange and cultivation temperature . With an increase in mass exchange the inhibitory activity reached maximum earlier but did not rise in its absolute value . With a temperature increase the inhibitory activity grew by 65%. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 113(1), 119 - 26 Laboratory production of ergot alkaloids by species of balansia; Bacon CW et al.; Four species of Balansia (clavicipitaceous systemic grass pathogens) isolated from pastures where cattle showed signs of ergot toxicity were grown in culture . Balansia epichloe, one isolate of B . claviceps, B . henningsiana and two isolates of B . strangulans produced conidia in submerged culture during the first stage of a two-stage fermentation procedure . When tranferred to a glucose/sorbitol/inorganic salts medium during the second stage, these four species produced ergot alkaloids in stationary cultures . The transfer of fungi cultured in the first medium to the second medium was necessary for alkaloid biosynthesis . One isolate of B . claviceps did not produce alkaloids . Balansia epichloe produced chanoclavine (I), agroclavine, penniclavine, elymoclavine, ergonovine and ergonovinine . Balansia claviceps produced chanoclavine (I), ergonovine and ergonovinine . This is the first report of isolating ergonovine and ergonovinine, two lysergic acid derivatives, from fungi outside the genus Claviceps . Only chanoclavine (I) was identified from extracts of B . strangulans and B . henningsiana . Chanoclavine (I) and ergonovine were identified from smut grass (Sporobolus poiretii) parasitized by B . epichloe, indicating that this endophyte produces alkaloids both in vivo and in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1979 Jul, 21(7), 1133 - 49 Lipase synthesis in hydrocarbon fermentation; Kosaric N et al.; A study was undertaken to establish conditions and relationships for the production of lipases during hydrocarbon fermentation . A culture of Candida lipolytica was isolated by a kerosene enrichment technique from oil-soaked soil and this microbe was used to study the production of lipase on a kerosene-mineral salts medium . The optimum pH, medium, and temperature for lipase synthesis were established and the properties of the isolated enzyme in terms of its activity and lipid specificity were studied. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Jul, 98(1), 181 - 6 Mitochondrial protein-synthesizing machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in different metabolic conditions . Variability of seryl-tRNA and alanyl-tRNA isoacceptor patterns; Baldacci G et al.; 1 . The isoacceptor patterns of mitochondrial seryl and alanyl-tRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown under different conditions and committed to fermentative or respiratory metabolism have been studied by reversed-phase chromatography . 2 . An extensive variability of the chromatographic patterns of the four isoacceptors for serine and of the three isoacceptors for alanine has been observed as a function of carbon source and stage of growth, but the main differences were observed in the different stages of growth on glucose . 3 . In order to distinguish the effects due to stage of growth from those due to relief from glucose repression, the isoacceptor patterns of mitochondrial tRNA were compared in repressed and derepressed resting cells; results show that some of the mitochondrial species are almost undetectable in resting repressed cells, but are the major ones after recovery of respiration . 4 . Two of the serine isoacceptors (species 1 and 2), one of which is absent or not acylable in repressed resting cells, are different gene products. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd, 1979 Jul, 89(7), 630 - 6 {Mouth and throat disinfectant preparation--dental aspects}; Imfeld T et al.; The oral fermentability of 10 mouth and throat disinfectant lozenges available in Switzerland were tested telemetrically . Because of their high sugar content all products produced immediate and long-lasting pH depressions in the interdental plaque except for a sugar-free preparation intended for diabetic patients . The cariogenic potential as well as the contraindication of such tablets in the treatment of infections of the oral mucosa, gingivitis, periodontitis or following dental surgery are shown. Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Jun 20, 173(3), 307 - 13 Mitochondrial activity of 2,6-diaminopurine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Wallis C et al.; 2,6-diaminpurine (DAP) selectively inhibited mitochondrial protein synthesis in yeast cells with concomitant failure of cells to grow in non-fermentable (yeast extract, glycerol) medium . The selectivity was pronounced in all strains tested (15) nearly all of which were able to grow in yeast extract, glucose medium containing 5 mg/ml DAP (maximum solubility) whereas growth was arrested in all strains at 250-500 microgram/ml DAP in the glycerol medium . The inhibition was reversed by further addition of adenine to the culture medium . RNA synthesis in rat liver mitochondria was depressed by DAP suggesting that the analogue affected RNA polymerase activity . There was no evidence of nuclear mutagenicity by DAP but resistance to the antibiotics chloramphenicol and oligomycin was induced by the drug . Genetic evidence, although limited, indicated that the resistance mutations were cytoplasmic . The mitochondrial petite mutation was also induced by DAP but only at comparatively high concentrations . The mutagenic effects were seen only in the glycerol medium. Trop Geogr Med, 1979 Jun, 31(2), 283 - 90 Contamination of some fermented Nigerian beverages by carcinogenic nitrosamines; Maduagwu EN et al.; A survey to determine the extent of the nitrosamine contamination of some popular fermented Nigerian beverages by dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine has been carried out in the Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Ondo, Kwara and Benue States of Nigeria, following the mass spectrometric detection of these carcinogens in palm wine and nono (sour milk) . The indication is that the contamination of the drinks, namely, palm-wine, nono, pito, burukutu, and ogogoro, by both nitrosamines is widespread and occurs at the part per billion level . 0.6 - 22 mu g nitrosamine/l was found by routine thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic methods using authentic nitrosamines as reference standards . Because of the widespread contamination of the test beverages by dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine, and the usually frequent occurrence of nitrosamine precursors in nature, it is presumed that these potent and versatile carcinogens could play a significant role in the formation of human cancers in the Nigerian population. Cancer Treat Rep, 1979 Jun, 63(6), 1133 - 6 In vitro system for detection of antimetabolites of specific amino acids; Hanka LJ; An in vitro system was developed to detect antimetabolites in fermentation liquors of soil microorganisms . This system effectively uncovers antimetabolites of purines and pyrimidines and of selected amino acids with established differences in their biosynthesis by normal cells versus certain malignant cells . Currently these amino acids include: L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-cysteine (cystine), L-methionine, L-arginine, L-histidine, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, L-threonine, and L-serine . It is expected that these antimetabolites could be useful either alone or in combination with specific depleting enzymes in the treatment of malignancies where such an imbalance was established. J Nutr, 1979 Jun, 109(6), 1110 - 6 Sites of organic acid production and patterns of digesta movement in the gastro-intestinal tract of the raccoon; Clemens ET et al.; Twelve raccoons were used to assess the movement of fluid and particulate digesta through their gastrointestinal tract and to determine the diurnal variations in organic acid levels for the various segments of the tract . Fluid and particulate markers were administered at the time of meal feeding . Animals were killed at given intervals after the administration of markers . The gastrointestinal tract was removed and divided into seven segments for measurement of markers, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactic acid content . The results indicate a rapid transit of the digesta through the entire gastrointestinal tract, with a mean retention time of less than 24 hours for all fluid and particulate markers . Particulate markers up to 2 cm in length were passed rapidly, with limited retention within the tract, much unlike animals with greater gut complexity . The apparent requirements for gut complexity and digesta retention presumably necessary for digestion by gut microflora were not evident in the raccoon . However, even in the absence of these characteristics, microbial fermentation of the ingesta occurred, as evidenced by the levels of organic acids produced . Colonic VFA concentrations achieved levels comparable to levels observed in the ruminants' foregut and the large intestine of the pony . Lactic acid was found throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jun, 32(6), 575 - 83 Controlled biosynthesis of neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein . I . Taxonomy and fermentation; Okumura Y et al.; Neoviridogriseins, new homologues of viridogrisein, were produced with viridogrisein and griseoviridin by Streptomyces sp . P8648 which was identified as a strain of Streptomyces griseoviridus. Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1979 May 15, 34(10), 271 - 7 {Acute pancreatitis}; Zastrow R; The acute pancreatitis is a disease which is unchangedly characterized by a high lethality . The actual frequency of this disease is difficult to be established, but its increase is probable particularly in the countries with high living standard . Factors of nutrition play an important role in the etiology and in the actual development, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages gains increasingly significance . Despite modern apparative possibilities for making the diagnosis the clinical picture and proved laboratory findings--fermentative lapses, disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism--are in the first place . At first a conservative treatment is demanded with the preceding aim to prevent shock as well as renal and pulmonary insufficiency . None of the substances, which were experimentally introduced into treatment during recent years, could clearly prove a superiority in contrast to conventional therapeutic principles . Single cases may be saved by timely operation, the problem is here the certain recognition of the borderline to the surgical treatment. Vopr Pitan, 1979 May-Jun, (3), 53 - 6 {Biological value of the protein products from soy and cedar nut}; Abramova ZhI et al.; A complex assessment of the soya and cedar nuts proteinic products was made by using chemical and biological methods . By the E/T ratio, chemical score, as well as by a relative biological value (according to the microbiological method) the samples of the soya and cedar meals, obtained laboratorily by the following technological scheme, proved to stand close . The fermentative proteolysis rate of the nuts protein was twice as great as that of the soya protein . The biological value of the soya curdle, obtained by the traditional technology, and of the cedar curdle was much lower than that of the initial products. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 May, 32(5), 427 - 35 Studies on Actinomycetales producing antibiotics only on agar culture . I . Screening, taxonomy and morphology-productivity relationship of Streptomyces halstedii, strain SF-1993; Shomura T et al.; Soil Actinomycetales that produce antibiotics during growth on agar but not in submerged culture were searched for and about 25 strains were obtained . One of these, Streptomyces halstedii, strain SF-1993, which produces an antibiotic designated SF-1993 was studied taxonomically and morphologically . The antibiotic-productivity of strain SF-1993 was correlated with mycelial morphology . The vegetative mycelium was filamentous in antibiotic-producing agar cultures, but fragmented in non-producing submerged cultures . By maintaining submerged cells filamentous, production of antibiotic in the submerged fermentations was accomplished . Filamentation was maintained by the use of diluted media or non-fragmented mutant substrains. Soc Secur Bull, 1979 May, 42(5), 3 - 24 Workers' compensation program in the 1970's; Price DN; Workers' compensation has become a focus of public attention in the 1970's to a degree unprecedented in its 70-year history . Federal legislation, two national study groups, a rush of State reform amendments, and congressional hearings and bills proposing Federal standards have all contributed to the ferment of inquiry about the relevance and adequacy of the present system of State workers' compensation . Among the questions raised are: Does the system cover all the workers that should be protected? Are the benefits provided adequate? And what are the cost implications to employers of the changing program? For many years, the Social Security Administration has published estimates of the number of workers covered, the benefits paid, and the costs of workers' compensation . This article provides benchmark data to bring coverage and benefit estimates up to date and analyzes statutory provisions measuring several aspects of benefit adequacy. Vet Med (Praha), 1979 May, 24(5), 295 - 300 {Water intake, pH and ammonia levels in the ruminal contents of sheep fed pelleted feed}; Baran M et al.; Wethers were studied for the effect of the complete pelleted feed ration on the intake of water and concentration of pH and ammonia in the rumen . The animals consumed daily 1300 g of dry matter of the diet containing 41.81% of meadow hay, 25.8% of barley, 15.37% of sawdust, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea and 1.24% of vitamin mineral supplement . This feed was given to them for six months . The pelleted diet increased the intake of water (the dry matter consumption remaining the same in the control and experimental group), reduced pH concentration (6.0--6.2) and slightly increased the level of ammonia in the first hour after feeding; this was probably due to a rapid release of nitrogen compounds from the feed and to intensive rumen fermentation. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 262 - 71 PS-5, a new beta-lactam antibiotic . I . Taxonomy of the producing organism, isolation and physico-chemical properties; Okamura K et al.; Antibiotic PS-5 is a new beta-lactam antibiotic isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces sp . strain A271 . The strain was considered to be a new subspecies of Streptomyces cremeus and the name, Streptomyces cremeus subsp . auratilis, was proposed . Fermentative production, isolation and physico-chemical properties of PS-5 are described. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 255 - 61 Herbimycin, a new antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces; Omura S et al.; Herbimycin, a new antibiotic, was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus strain No . AM-3672, a soil isolate . The molecular formula of herbimycin was determined to be C30H42N2O9 . Herbimycin was found to have potent herbicidal activity against most mono- and di-cotyledonous plants, especially against Cyperus microiria STEUD . However, Oryza sativa showed strong resistance to herbimycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 379 - 85 Studies on the biosynthesis of the antibiotic streptozotocin (streptozocin) by Streptomyces achromogenes var . streptozoticus . Feeding experiments with carbon-14 and tritium labelled precursors; Singaram S et al.; Feeding experiments and chemical degradations have shown that D-{1(-14)C,2(-3)H}-and-{1(-14)C,6(-3)H} glucosamine, L-{ureido-14C} citrulline, L-{guanidino-14C} arginine and L-{14CH3} methionine specifically label the glucosamine moiety, the urea carbonyl and the N-methyl group of the antibiotic streptozotocin, respectively . Feeding these precursors in amounts of 5 approximately 10 mumoles per 100 ml of culture medium under conditions where the fermentation yielded approximately 20 mumoles of streptozotocin in 24 hours gave incorporation rates which approached 40% . Upon feeding 100 mumoles of either D-{1(-14)C} glucosamine or L-{ureido-14C} citrulline they were incorporated into newly synthesized streptozotocin essentially without dilution by endogeneous precursors . D-{1(-14)C, 6(-3)H} Glucosamine was incorporated without change in T/C ratio while 20% of the tritium was lost from D-{1(-14)C,2(-3)H} glucosamine, suggesting the possibility that D-glucosamine can partially equilibrate with D-fructose prior to its incorporation. Vet Med (Praha), 1979 Apr, 24(4), 233 - 8 {An in-vitro method of ruminal juice cultivation, suitable for the comparison of various sources of nonprotein nitrogen for ruminants}; Marounek M et al.; The method of cultivating rumen fluid in buffer with nutrient admixture under CO2 atmosphere is described . The method serves for the comparison and description of the properties of NPN sources for ruminants . Its applicability is demonstrated on the example of urea . During incubation, all parameters of the medium remain within an admissible range . Considering the analyses of the incubation medium, i . e . determination of the pH value, ammonia, urea, volatile fatty acids, total protein, and redox potential, it is recommended to monitor the course of fermentation for six hours and to take samples in the intervals of 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Mar 15, 95(1), 69 - 75 Induction of the phosphoenolpyruvate: hexose phosphotransferase system associated with relative anaerobiosis in an obligate aerobe; Pelliccione N et al.; Arthrobacter pyridinolis possesses alternative transport systems for D-fructose: a respiration-coupled transport system whereby D-fructose transport occurs with concomitant oxidation of L-malate, and a phosphoenolpyruvate: D-fructose phosphotransferase system . Studies of D-fructose uptake by whole cells in the presence and absence of cyanide demonstrate that respiration-coupled transport is used almost exclusively during the first half of logarithmic growth, after which it accounts for only 15-20% of D-fructose uptake . Phosphotransferase levels are low during log phase, peak during late log, and then slowly decline . In a mutant of A . pyridinolis which requires delta-aminolevulinic acid for growth, the growth rate, cell cytochrome content, and activity of the respiration-coupled transport system increased with increasing concentrations of delta-aminolevulinic acid up to 50 microgram/ml . By contrast, phosphotransferase activity was highest in cells grown on limiting delta-aminolevulinic acid . L-Malate, which stimulates respiration-coupled transport, repressed the phosphotransferase system . The respiratory activity and the ability to release CO2 from internalized d-fructose was consistently low in D-fructose-grown cells . A cyanide-resistant cytochrome, tentatively identified as cytochrome d, appeared in the late exponential phase of growth . Isocitrate lyase activity, required for aerobic growth of this organism, declined markedly during the late exponential phase . Thus the phosphotransferase system is maximally induced, in this obligate aerobe, under conditions of relative anaerobiosis during which metabolism is primarily fermentative. Arch Microbiol, 1979 Mar 12,