Cancer Res, 1981 Nov, 41(11 Pt 1), 4518 - 22 Species difference in N-hydroxylation of a tryptophan pyrolysis product in relation to mutagenic activation; Yamazoe Y et al.; Metabolic activation of a tryptophan pyrolysate, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2), in liver microsomes from rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits was studied to know whether N-hydroxylation is a common obligatory step for mutagenic activation of Trp-P-2 . Among hepatic microsomes obtained from untreated animals, the highest activity of Trp-P-2 N-hydroxylase was observed in microsomes from hamsters, followed by those from guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits . In rats, the activity was low, and there was no appreciable difference between the sexes . The activity of Trp-P-2 N-hydroxylase in microsomes was increased by pretreating the animals with a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture . The induction was most profound in rats, and the activity was enhanced 257-fold, as compared to that of untreated animals . The activity was also enhanced in microsomes from polychlorinated biphenyl mixture-treated rabbits, mice, and hamsters, while the activity was increased only slightly in guinea pigs and was thereby lowest among microsomes from the polychlorinated biphenyl mixture-treated animals . In bacterial mutagenesis test systems using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, the number of revertants induced by Trp-P-2 was increased in parallel with the microsomal ability of the N-hydroxylation . These results indicate that in all species examined N-hydroxylation is an essential metabolic step for mutagenic activation of Trp-P-2. J Bacteriol, 1981 Nov, 148(2), 426 - 34 Increased outer membrane resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate and cations in novel lipid A mutants; Vaara M; Polymyxin-resistant pmrA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium differed from their parents in that they were resistant to tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetate-lysozyme, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetate-deoxycholate, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetate-bacitracin . Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-ethylenediaminetetraacetate released about 50% less lipopolysaccharide from the pmrA strains than from the parental strains when the bacteria were grown in L-broth containing 2 mM Ca2+ . Protamine, polylysine, octapeptin, benzalkonium chloride, cold NaCl, cold MgCl2, or cold tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (pH 7.2) caused no leakage or markedly less leakage of periplasmic beta-lactamase from a pmrA mutant than from its parent strain . pmrA mutants were more resistant than their parent strains to protamine and polylysine but not to octapeptin or benzalkonium chloride, as measured by the ability of these agents to kill the bacteria or to sensitize them to deoxycholate-induced lysis . The pmrA strains did not differ from their parent strains in sensitivity to several antibiotics, in porin function (as measured by cephaloridine diffusion across the outer membrane), or in outer membrane-associated phospholipase A activity. Fundam Appl Toxicol, 1981 Nov-Dec, 1(6), 415 - 8 Absence of mutagenic activity of trifluoroethanol and its metabolites in Salmonella typhimurium; Blake DA et al.; Trifluoroethanol, trifluoroacetaldehyde and trifluoroacetate were found to have no mutagenic activity in the standard Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames test) using a closed incubation system . Negative results were also obtained when incubation mixtures included 9000 x g supernatant fractions of rat liver or testes homogenates along with an NADPH generating system . Rats were pretreated with a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture to induce biotransforming enzyme activity . These results suggest that the previously reported mutagenic activity of fluroxene is not due to metabolites arising from the trifluoroethyl side of the molecule and that inhibition of spermatogenesis in rats by trifluoroethanol is not mediated through a mutagenic mechanism. Mutat Res, 1981 Nov, 90(3), 247 - 54 The influence of procarbazine (MIH) on the induction of prophage lambda in Escherichia coli K12 and toxic effects on Salmonella typhimurium; Lackner F et al.; Natulan R (MIH, procarbazine) was tested for its ability to induce prophage lambda in Escherichia coli GY5027 . E . coli Gy4015 served as indicator strain . A weak phage-inducing effect was observed at concentrations from 2 to 12 mg/plate in presence of S9 prepared from rats . This effect was found not to be due to the formation of hydrogen peroxide . It was confirmed that, even at the same high concentrations, no mutagenic effect can be detected with the Ames test in strains TA98 and TA100 of S . typhimurium . However, a toxic effect was observed in presence of S9 in S . typhimurium. Infect Immun, 1981 Nov, 34(2), 328 - 32 Immunization with major outer membrane protein (porin) preparations in experimental murine salmonellosis: effect of lipopolysaccharide; Kuusi N et al.; A crude major outer membrane (porin) preparation, obtained from a rough strain of Salmonella typhimurium earlier shown to be protective both in active and passive immunization of mice against challenge with smooth S . typhimurium, was further purified . Removal of the main impurities, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoprotein, was accompanied by loss of protective capacity in passive immunization experiments . Reconstitution with rough LPS restored the protective capacity . Protection was, however, concluded not to be due to anti-LPS, because a large fraction of the anti-LPS antibodies could be removed from the protective rabbit antiserum with an LPS immunosorbent without loss of protection. Vet Rec, 1981 Oct 31, 109(18), 398 - 401 Salmonella infection in horses in England and Wales, 1973 to 1979; Wray C et al.; During the period 1973 to 1979 the number of recorded incidents of equine salmonellosis increased from 23 in 1973 to a peak of 111 incidents in 1976, but has since decreased to 32 in 1979 . Of the 416 incidents recorded during the period of the survey 292 were caused by Salmonella typhimurium and 121 by 33 different serotypes; in three instances rough strains of salmonella were involved . The number of incidents caused by serotypes other than S typhimurium increased from one in 1973 to 32 in 1976 . The number of different salmonella serotypes increased from two in 1973 to 23 in 1977 and has subsequently declined . Drug resistance monitoring of salmonella strains from horses showed that most of the strains were resistant to streptomycin and sulphonamides, although resistance to other antibacterial drugs used was low . Seventeen different patterns of antibiotic resistance were observed but resistance to more than two antibiotics was uncommon. Biochemistry, 1981 Oct 13, 20(21), 5973 - 81 Antibacterial peptide from normal rat serum . 1 . Isolation from whole serum, activity, and microbicidal spectrum; Carroll SF et al.; A procedure is described for purification of the primary bactericidal component of normal rabbit serum active in vitro against Bacillus subtilis . A 65 000-fold increase in specific bactericidal activity per milligram of serum protein was obtained, yielding a low molecular weight, heat-stable polypeptide fraction (PC-III) exhibiting biological activity at protein concentrations below 10 ng/mL . This preparation appeared homogeneous as judged by column chromatography and analytical NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis; recovery of serum bactericidal activity was routinely greater than 80% . Analysis of dansylated or 125I-labeled samples in peptide-resolving polyacrylamide gels revealed a single band with an Mr of 1800 . Optimal antibacterial activity of PC-III against B . subtilis occurred at an ionic strength of 0.24 and was absolutely dependent upon divalent cations; calcium was the most effective . Under optimum conditions, 4 ng/mL of PC-III reduced the viability of B . subtilis test innocula by 90% within 10 min at 37 degrees C . Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium were all sensitive to the action of PC-III, but higher bactericide concentrations were required to produce similar reductions in viability as observed with B . subtilis . All strains were killed by PC-III concentrations well below 1 microgram/mL, roughly that found in normal serum . The activity of PC-III preparations was significantly reduced by pretreatment with trypsin or proteinase K but not by neuraminidase or periodate. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 42(4), 688 - 91 Thermal inactivation of eight Salmonella serotypes on dry corn flour; VanCauwenberge JE et al.; Dry heat was used to inactivate Salmonella newington, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella cubana, Salmonella seftenberg, Salmonella thompson, and Salmonella tennessee in corn flour at 10 and 15% moisture . The flour was spray inoculated at 10(5) Salmonella cells per g and then stored at 49 degrees C (120 degrees F); viable Salmonella cells were counted on Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems) soy agar plates every 30 min for the first 4 h and then at 4-h intervals for 20 additional h of storage . After 24 h, 99.9% of all Salmonella cells were killed . S . thompson and S . tennessee were more resistant to heat inactivation than the other serotypes . Naturally occurring contamination by Salmonella spp . in dry food products could be significantly reduced with this treatment. Poult Sci, 1981 Oct, 60(10), 2203 - 9 Eimeria tenella infection enhances Salmonella typhimurium infection in chickens; Arakawa A et al.; Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of concurrent infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Eimeria tenella on establishment of salmonella infection in chickens . There were four groups in all experiments: noninfected controls, birds infected with 50,000 E . tenella oocysts, birds infected with approximately 10(4) S . typhimurium, and birds infected with a combination of E . tenella S . typhimurium . In the first experiment with three identical trials of 80 birds each, chickens were infected with the organisms and necropsied 1, 3, 5, and 7 days later . Concurrent infections of coccidia and salmonella did not significantly enhance salmonella infection in terms of number of salmonella in the ceca and the number of positive birds for salmonella . In the second experiment, consisting of three replications of 80 chickens each, birds were exposed to salmonella on the day of coccidia exposure, 2, 4, or 6 days thereafter, and killed 1 day late . Salmonella in the ceca of coccidia-infected chickens did not increase significantly as compared with salmonella exposure alone . In the third experiment, with three replication of 60 birds each, chickens were exposed consecutively to salmonella 1 through 5 days and killed 7, 10, and 14 days after coccidia infection . There was a significant increase in number of salmonella in coccidia-infected ceca and number of chickens positive for salmonella in ceca or in liver when compared with those of salmonella infection alone. Can J Comp Med, 1981 Oct, 45(4), 366 - 70 The isolation of salmonellae, Newcastle disease virus and other infectious agents from quarantined imported birds in Canada; Rigby CE et al.; Necropsy and culture results are presented for 269 consignments of imported birds (mainly psittacine and passerine species) examined between January 1977 and August 1980 . Consignments were submitted for diagnosis of clinical illness or deaths occurring among these birds while they were in quarantine before entry into Canada . Enteritis and injury were the most frequent diagnoses . Pathogens or potential pathogens were isolated from 77% of consignments . Newcastle disease virus was isolated nine times, and Chlamydia psittaci was isolated once . Escherichia coli (from 113 consignments) and salmonellae (from 49) were the most common bacteria isolated, and reoviruses (from 22) and paramyxoviruses other than Newcastle disease virus (from 22) were the most common viruses . Salmonella typhimurium was the most common Salmonella serovar . Salmonella hadar was isolated from turkey poults imported from Great Britain . The possible public health significance of the role of imported birds in the introduction of exotic Salmonella serovars, or of serovars resistant to several antimicrobials is discussed. Mutat Res, 1981 Oct, 90(2), 111 - 8 Mutagenicity of a series of hexacoordinate chromium (III) compounds; Warren G et al.; 17 chromium(III) compounds have been tested for DNA-damaging capabilities using an E . coli differential repair assay and for mutagenicity in strains of Salmonella typhimurium . 4 of these compounds were active in both assays . Another 4 compounds were positive only in the repair assay and 9 were devoid of activity in both assays . Most of the doubly active complexes contain aromatic amine ligands like 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline . Closely related complexes of ligands derived from saturated amines are much less active . It appears that chromium(III) in the proper ligand environment can have considerable genetic toxicity and could represent one of the several possible ultimate species in a mechanism for chromium mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Mutat Res, 1981 Oct, 83(3), 349 - 59 The effects of mutations in the polA and recA genes on mutagenesis by nitrosoguanidine in Salmonella typhimurium; Diver WP et al.; Results of semi-quantitative plate tests indicated that polA and recA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 trpB1 might be significantly less mutable by nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) than were their repair-proficient parents strains . Quantitative data obtained in treat-and-plate experiments showed that this was not the case, at least for low doses of MNNG, and also that the recA strain was significantly more mutable at low doses than its Rec+ parent . On the basis of these results it is suggested that cells of S . typhimurium may possess a recA+-dependent repair pathway capable of error-free removal of MNNG-induced pre-mutational lesions from their DNA. Mutat Res, 1981 Oct, 85(5), 323 - 33 Human saliva inactivates mutagenicity of carcinogens; Nishioka H et al.; Mutagenicities of AF-2, MNNG, 4NQO, aflatoxin B1, benzo {a} pyrene and Trp-P-1, with or without metabolic activation, were inactivated by treatment with human saliva to a great extent in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium test strains TA98 and TA100 . Mutagenic activities of quercetin, pyrolysates of beef, salmon and sodium glutamate, and condensate of cigarette smoke were also decreased to some extent by saliva treatment, but no significant effect was found on the activity of MMS and pyrolysate of polypeptone . These effects showed individual variations . The inhibition of AF-2 mutagenicity by saliva varied with temperature in TA100 but not in TA98 cultures . Boiled saliva inactivated AF-2 mutagenicity in TA98 to some extent but not in TA100 cultures . Inactivation of AF-2 mutagenicity by saliva treatment was completed within 30 sec . Complex mechanisms may be involved in the inactivation of mutagenicity of carcinogens by saliva, including biochemical reactions with enzymes, vitamins, etc . and/or adsorption with high molecular weight substances in saliva such as proteins, bacterial cells, mucous materials, etc. Mutat Res, 1981 Oct, 85(5), 309 - 21 Modified fluctuation test for the direct detection of mutagens in foods with Salmonella typhimurium TA98; Levin DE et al.; A modified fluctuation test (Green) with the Ames' tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA98 has been examined for sensitivity to histidine feeding and for detection of minimal concentrations of daunomycin and S9 activated benzo{a}pyrene . The fluctuation test was found operable over a range of histidine concentrations between 0.25 and 1.25 microgram/ml using 48 tube assays and microtitre plates with 120 wells . The agar plate method yielded a comparable operational range for histidine concentration . With daunomycin, the microtiter fluctuation test was 48-fold greater in sensitivity than the macroscale fluctuation test . With benzo {a} pyrene, the microtiter fluctuation test was 4.8-fold greater in sensitivity than the macroscale test . The microtiter assay was 2.4 and 2.5-fold more sensitive than the plate and treat method with daunomycin and benzo {a} pyrene respectively. Cancer Lett, 1981 Oct, 14(1), 93 - 9 Mutagen formation during the cooking of fish; Krone CA et al.; Compounds mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium strains sensitive to frameshift mutation (1537, 1538 and TA98) were formed when fish flesh was fried at 190 degrees c . Four species of marine fish commonly consumed in the United States were cooked in an electric skillet and broiled beneath the elements of an electric oven . Organic extracts of the fish were tested in the Salmonella mutagenic assay using strains 1535, 1537, 1538, TA98 and TA100 . Basic organic extracts of fried but not raw or broiled samples exhibited significant mutagenicity with metabolic activation . Mutagenic activity ratios ranging from 3.3 to 15.7 for the extract from 20 g of fish were observed . The mutagenicity produced during the frying of fish was dependent on time . Frying times of less than 6 min produced no mutagenic activity, while at 6 min or greater substantial mutagenicity was generated. J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Oct, 87(2), 257 - 69 Change of drug resistance patterns and genetic properties of R plasmids in Salmonella typhimurium of bovine origin isolated from 1970 to 1979 in northern Japan; Makino S et al.; A total of 321 Salmonella typhimurium strains of bovine origin obtained in northern Japan during the period 1970-1979 were tested for drug resistance and detection of conjugative R plasmids . Three hundred and eighteen (99.1%) of these strains were resistant to one or more drugs . The isolation frequently of multiply drug-resistant strains tended to increase year by year . Two hundred and thirty-seven (74.5%) of these resistant strains carried conjugative R plasmids . A total of 308 R plasmids including 174 (56.5%) thermosensitive (ts) R plasmids were derived from the 237 drug-resistant strains, indicating that 71 (30.0%) strains have two different conjugative R plasmids in a single host cell . Of the 308 R plasmids examined for fertility inhibition (fi), 167 ts and 131 non-ts R plasmids were fi- . Of the 60 ts r plasmids examined for incompatibility, 50 were classified into H1 group and 10 into H2 group . Of the 52 non-ts R plasmids examined, 35 were classified into the I alpha-group and the remaining plasmids were untypable in our tests . Mercury resistance marker was found in about 20% of H1 R plasmids coding for multiresistance, and all of H2 R plasmids coded for resistance to tellurite . The clonal distribution of an S . typhimurium strain which carried an H1 R plasmid coding for resistance to six drugs and mercury was recognized in 1978 and 1979. J Bacteriol, 1981 Oct, 148(1), 394 - 6 Genetic mapping of the Salmonella typhimurium pncB locus; Foster JW et al.; The nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase locus pncB was located on the Salmonella typhimurium linkage map counterclockwise relative to pyrC . P22 and P1 transductional analyses revealed linkage of pncB with aroA and pyrD, indicating a pncB map position of approximately 20 map units . The results of these cotransduction experiments also indicated that the genetic map distance between gal and pyrD is greater than the published 2.2 map units. J Bacteriol, 1981 Oct, 148(1), 283 - 93 Influence of lipopolysaccharide and protein in the cell envelope on recipient capacity in conjugation of Salmonella typhimurium; Sanderson KE et al.; In crosses of Salmonella typhimurium FfinP301 lac+ to F- strains of S . typhimurium in broth, recipient strains which were rough mutants affected in the outer core region of the lipopolysaccharide gave an average of 1.4 Lac+ transconjugants per donor cell and over 50% of the donor and recipient cells in mating aggregates, whereas smooth recipient strains gave 0.08 Lac+ transconjugants and few cells in mating aggregates . Strains with mutations affecting the inner core of the lipopolysaccharide were usually poor recipients . When cells were mated on Millipore membrane filters, both smooth and rough strains gave ca . 1.0 Lac+ transconjugants per donor cell . Plasmids in Inc groups FI, FII, M, J, and I beta gave more transconjugants with rough than smooth strains, but there were no difference in crosses with plasmids in Inc groups T, L, P, N, and W . Strains with mutations in the ompA gene (deficient in Omp Ap = 33K = II* = conjugation protein) yielded only 0.02 Lac+ transconjugants per donor cell and few cells in mating aggregates . There was no indication of a deficiency of Omp Ap in smooth strains compared with rough strains . Reduced fertility of smooth recipients may occur because the O side chains of the lipopolysaccharide shield the recipient and reduce the frequency of stabilization of mating aggregates . However, gradient-of-transmission experiments indicated that once these mating aggregates are stabilized, they are equally stable in both smooth and rough recipients . Fertility was high in crosses of S . typhimurium Flac+ to Escherichia coli K-12 F- (0.75 Lac+ transconjugants per donor cell; over 50% of the cells in mating aggregates) . In crosses of E . coli K-12 Flac+ to S . typhimurium smooth F-, ca . 10(-5) Lac+ transconjugants per donor cell were obtained; in crosses to rough recipient strains, fertility was increased 14-fold, and when the recipient was defective in the SA and LT host restriction systems, fertility was increased in additional 100-fold . Thus, both the lipopolysaccharide and the protein in the cell envelope of S . typhimurium were shown to be important in the recipient function in F-mediated conjugation. J Bacteriol, 1981 Oct, 148(1), 257 - 64 Isolation of IIIGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system of Salmonella typhimurium; Scholte BJ et al.; We report a procedure for the isolation of IIIglc of Salmonella typhimurium, a protein component of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system . IIIGlc is a soluble protein with a molecular weight of 21,000, as determined by gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The purified protein is involved in the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of methyl alpha-glucoside in vitro . Its affinity for octyl-Sepharose may be an indication of the partial hydrophobic nature of IIIGlc . A specific antiserum against purified IIIGlc was prepared . Growth on different carbon sources did not affect the synthesis of IIIGlc, as determined by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis . Mutations which lower the adenosine 3',5'-phosphate level, such as cya and pts, do not alter the IIIGlc level . The closely related enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes contain a protein factor which is closely related to IIIGlc of S . typhimurium, whereas Staphylococcus aureus does not. J Bacteriol, 1981 Oct, 148(1), 210 - 9 Wild-type isopropylmalate isomerase in Salmonella typhimurium is composed of two different subunits; Fultz PN et al.; The isopropylmalate isomerase in Salmonella typhimurium is the second enzyme specific for leucine biosynthesis . It is a complex enzyme composed of two subunits which are coded for by two genes of the leucine operon, leuC and leuD . The two polypeptides have been shown to copurify through successive ammonium sulfate fractionations and have been identified on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as having molecular weights of 51,000 (leuC gene product) and 23,500 (leuD gene product) . They have also been shown to be fairly stable, since in vitro complementation of cell-free extracts of leuC and leuD mutant strains was demonstrated, with only a 40% loss of activity 16 h after preparation of the extracts . The native isopropylmalate isomerase was shown to have a Km for its substrate alpha-isopropylmalate of 3 x 10(-4)M. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Oct, 20(4), 558 - 62 Mode of antibiotic action of 4-hydroxy-3-nitrosobenzaldehyde from Streptomyces viridans; Yang CC et al.; The free ligand, deferroviridomycin A, and its iron(II) complex, viridomycin A, were detected in culture supernatant fluids of Streptomyces viridans 1671 and were structurally characterized as 4-hydroxy-3-nitrosobenzaldehyde and tris(4-hydroxy-3-nitrosobenzaldehydato-N3,O4)ferrate(II), respectively . We investigated the antibiotic activity of the above compounds and of the chemically synthesized bis copper(II), tris cobalt(III), and tris nickel(II) complexes against Escherichia coli NIHJ, Salmonella typhimurium LT-2Z, Staphylococcus aureus 209P, Streptococcus faecium 10541, and Bacillus cereus, T . The free ligand and its kinetically labile copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes displayed activity against all of the above organisms, whereas the kinetically inert iron(II) and cobalt(III) complexes displayed activity only against S . aureus and B . cereus . The antibiotic activity of the substitutionally labile metal complexes was attributed to dissociation of the free ligand . The mode of antibiotic action of the free ligand against E . coli appears to be interference with the structural and functional integrity of the cell membrane. J Pharmacobiodyn, 1981 Oct, 4(10), 803 - 11 Studies on aspirin derivatives with very little side effect . II . Potent platelet anti-aggregant activity and no mutagenicity of aspirin-isopropylantipyrine (AIA); Aonuma S et al.; The effect of a new aspirin derivative, aspirin-isopropylantipyrine (AIA), with very little gastric ulcerogenic activity and very slight acute toxicity and with analgesic, antipyretic anti-inflammatory, and platelet aggregation inhibitory activities was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo and compared with those of aspirin and isopropylantipyrine (IA) . In vitro, AIA, aspirin and IA (50-200 microM) caused concentration-dependent inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation in rabbit platelets although AIA was several-fold more active than the others Arachidonic acid-induced aggregation was inhibited by all three agents (200 microM) in the following magnitude; IA greater than aspirin greater than AIA . Three agents did not influence primary ADP-induced aggregation . The in vitro effects on the release-inducing aggregants were confirmed by ex vivo experiments in rats . These demonstrated that AIA and aspirin (50 mg/kg) exhibited almost identical inhibitory potencies in the extent and the rate of collagen-induced aggregation 4 h after subcutaneous injection . AIA was still effective 24 h after administration as well as aspirin . IA was less effective, differing from the results in vitro . AIA had no effect on plasmin activity and blood flow through the common carotid artery . AIA (1 mM) maintained spreading and beating of myocardial cells in a serum-free culture . As special toxicity trials on AIA mutagenecity tests were made by the Rec-assay with Bacillus subtilis, by the plate culture with Escherichia coli, and by the Ames system with Salmonella typhimurium . AIA was found to have no mutagenic effect under any of those methods and to have no effect on the mutagenic action of 3, 4-benzopyrene under the liver microsome test using the Ames system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Oct, 78(10), 6038 - 42 Two periplasmic transport proteins which interact with a common membrane receptor show extensive homology: complete nucleotide sequences; Higgins CF et al.; The hisJ and argT genes of Salmonella typhimurium encode two periplasmic binding proteins, J and LAO, which are involved in histidine and arginine transport, respectively, and which interact with a common membrane-bound component, the P protein . The complete nucleotide sequences of these two genes have been determined . The two genes show extensive homology (70%) and presumably arose by tandem duplication of a single ancestral gene . The two encoded proteins now perform distinct functions but still retain sufficient homology to permit interaction with the same site on the membrane-bound P protein . Three lines of evidence have allowed both the amino acid-binding site and the site involved in the interaction with the P protein to be assigned to specific regions of each binding protein: (i) the distribution of amino acid differences between the two proteins; (ii) the properties of a functional chimeric protein, produced by a deletion mutant in which the first half of the argT gene is fused to the second half of the hisJ gene; (iii) the sequence change in a mutant J protein unable to interact with P. Mech Ageing Dev, 1981 Oct, 17(2), 163 - 71 Metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 by liver tissue from male fischer F344 rats of various ages; Jayaraj A et al.; The effect of aging on the ability of the liver to activate chemical procarcinogens was studied using 12-, 18-, and 27-month-old male Fischer F344 rats . The cytochrome P-450 content of the S9 and microsomal fractions of the liver decreased approximately 30% between 12 and 18 months of age . The structural conformation of cytochrome P-450 in microsomes from 12-, 18-, and 27-month-old rats was studied using electron-spin resonance spectroscopy . An age-related decrease in the amount of cytochrome P-450 ferric iron in the liver microsomes was observed . The conversion of the chemical procarcinogen aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic compounds by the S9 and microsomal fractions of liver was measured using the Salmonella typhimurium bioassay . A 40-50% decrease in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 was observed between 12 and 18 months of age . However, the activation of aflatoxin B1 did not change after 18 months of age . The age-related decrease in the activation of aflatoxin B1 by liver appears to be due to a decrease in the metabolic activity of the mixed-function oxidase system. J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 126(Pt 2), 405 - 11 Phage Folac: an Folac plasmid-dependent bacteriophage; Bradley DE et al.; By enriching sewage with Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium strains harbouring the plasmid EDP208, a constitutive pilus-producing derivative of plasmid F olac, a phage was isolated which plated on these two organisms but not on isogenic strains without the plasmid . The phage was named F olac; it has a hexagonal outline with a diameter of 28 nm, contained RNA, was resistant to chloroform, and probably adsorbed preferentially to the sides of EDP208 pili very near the tip . Phage multiplication could be demonstrated on E . coli or S . typhimurium strains carrying the plasmid F olac, but an increase in titre did not occur on E . coli strains carrying plasmids of the F complex . Results of phage multiplication experiments on strains carrying the depressed pilus-producing plasmids R71 or TP224-Tc, which determine pili serologically related to those of EDP208, were inconclusive . Phage F olac was found to be serologically related to phage UA-6, another isolate specific for EDP208. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Sep 28, 655(2), 221 - 9 A computer method for construction of secondary structure from polynucleotide sequence . Possible structure of the bacterial replication origin; Ooi T et al.; A computer method to search the possible secondary structure of a long polynucleotide was developed . As a criterion for the stabilization of a secondary structure, free energy originating from base-pairing was employed, since the structure in solution would be at the free energy minimum . The method is summarized as follows: all possible helices are collected from a given nucleotide sequence under restrictions that the length of a helix is greater than N0 bases (e.g., four bases) and the free energy of the helix calculated according to free energies of two successive sequence-dependent basepairs is lower than E0 (e.g., -5 kcal/mol) . The search of secondary structures of low free energy is performed by connecting one helix to another without allowing any base-pairing between loops . For connecting single-stranded regions, destabilizing free energy of 2--3 kcal/mol is added . The method was first applied to several tRNAs and the clover-leaf structure of tRNA was obtained as a free energy minimum . Then, possible secondary structures of the replication origin regions of the Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium chromosomes were examined by the method, assuming that one of the strands in the origin region takes a specific secondary structure . The lowest-energy structure for the E . coli origin was found to be approximately identical to that for the S . typhimurium origin region. J Biol Chem, 1981 Sep 25, 256(18), 9762 - 6 Enzymatic properties of the purified putA protein from Salmonella typhimurium; Menzel R et al.; In the previous paper (Menzel, R., and Roth, J . (1981) J . Biol . Chem . 256, 9755-9761) we have described the purification of a protein, the putA gene product, which has both proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activities . In this paper we demonstrate that these enzyme activities are distinct with respect to a number of characteristics . The oxidase activity proceeds by a ping-pong mechanism involving the reduction of an enzyme-bound flavin . The dehydrogenase activity utilizes an ordered reaction mechanism. J Biol Chem, 1981 Sep 25, 256(18), 9755 - 61 Purification of the putA gene product . A bifunctional membrane-bound protein from Salmonella typhimurium responsible for the two-step oxidation of proline to glutamate; Menzel R et al.; In this paper we report the purification of a protein which is able to catalyze both the proline oxidase and the pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activities necessary for the oxidation of proline to glutamic acid . The purification involves the preparation of a crude membrane pellet, detergent solubilization, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-chromatography . We are able to obtain an essentially pure preparation (greater than 95% pure) after only a 52-fold purification, demonstrating that the protein is a major protein in cells fully induced for proline utilization . Both proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activities co-purity throughout our purification . Velocity sedimentation of the purified protein demonstrates that both proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activities co-sediment . Early in the purification procedure we are able to detect two species of protein which have both proline oxidase and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activities . Our procedure purifies only the larger molecular weight species . The purified protein is a dimer composed of identical 132,000-dalton subunits . Analysis of mutants defective for proline utilization demonstrate that the bifunctional enzyme is the putA gene product. Cancer Treat Rep, 1981 Sep-Oct, 65(9-10), 835 - 40 Phase I trial of PCNU administered by 5-day courses; Earhart RH et al.; PCNU was selected for clinical trials based on high activity in both standard and intracisternally transplanted murine tumors . PCNU was administered of five daily to 24 patients with refractory advanced solid tumors by courses of five daily iv injections every 6 weeks . The total dose ranged from 25 to 125 mg/m2/course . The major dose-limiting toxicity was reversible thrombocytopenia, with the nadi at 28-49 days and recovery by 2 weeks later . At a dose of 125 mg/m2/course, the mean nadir platelet count was 77 X 10(3)/mm3 (range, 16-201 X 10(3)/mm3) . Recovery time was prolonged with successive courses in four patients, suggesting cumulative toxicity . The mean nadir of leukopenia at this dose was 2.6 X 10(3) cells/mm3 (range, 1.2-5.0 X 10(3) cells/mm3) and tended to occur with a later median at Day 44 . Nausea and vomiting were unusually mild for a nitrosourea . Sporadic transaminasemia and elevated LDH may have been related to the vehicle, N,N'-dimethylacetamide . Other major organ toxic effects were not encountered, and there were no objective responses . PCNU was found to be a base-substitution mutagen in the Salmonella typhimurium assay . A starting dose of 125 mg/m2, divided into five daily doses, is suggested for phase II trails in patients with no significant hematologic compromise from prior chemotherapy or radiation, and a dose of 75 mg/m2 is recommended for all others. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981 Sep, 173(6), 452 - 6 {Studies on survival of salmonellae on agricultural areas (author's transl)}; Platz S; Subsequent to experimental contamination of grass plots, the persistence of Salmonella typhimurium has been investigated under outdoor climatic conditions . The studies showed the following results: -in the usually shaded zones of the blade of grass near the subsoil and in the superficial soil layer itself, the Salmonella could be reisolated over a period of 28-77 days by Salmonella enrichment methods . On the other hand, the indicator bacteria could be reisolated from the apical zone of the blade of grass for only a maximum of 5 days by the same microbiological methods . In general however, regular isolations of Salmonellae were possible for only a third part of the maximal survival time, which could be detected in the actual experiments . -longer periods of sunshine in connection with only few rainfall seemed to reduce the survival times of the indicator bacteria . The results lead to the conclusion, that an interval of 6 weeks between spreading of liquid manure and the first drive to pasture will result in decreased risk of bacterial infection for grazing animals. Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 90(1), 57 - 65 Mutagenicity of reaction products of sulpyrine with nitrite; Sakai A et al.; The mutagenicity of three N-nitroso compounds produced by the reaction of sulpyrine with nitrite, 1-diketobutyryl-1-phenyl-2-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazide hydrate (DPMN), 4-(N-methyl-N-nitroso) aminoantipyrine (MNAA) and 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-nitroso-2-phenylhydrazine, was tested on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98 . The mutagenicity of related compounds, 4-methyl-aminoantipyrine, 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-phenylhydrazine, 4-hydroxyantipyrine, sulpyrine and sodium nitrite was also examined . DPMN and MNAA, which are main reaction products in the nitrosation of sulpyrine, and sodium nitrite were mutagenic to TA100, but not to TA98 . The other compounds were not mutagenic to either strain . MNAA required metabolic activation with rat-liver microsomal preparation (S9 mix) for the mutagenic activity, while DPMN did not require S9 mix . The mutagenicity of DPMN was remarkably increased by the addition of L-cysteine or glutathione . The enhancing effect was proportional to the concentrations of cysteine (0.4-2.1 mumoles/plate) or glutathione (0.8-6.5 mumoles/plate) added. Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 90(1), 21 - 30 Frameshift mutations: relative roles of simple intercalation and of adduct formation; McCoy EC et al.; The contribution of "simple" intercalation and of adduct formation on the expression of frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium was investigated using 9-aminoacridine and derivatives capable of either only intercalating between DNA base pairs or of forming adducts with DNA as well . For a chemical capable of intercalating as well as of forming an adduct, only a small portion of the frameshift mutagenicity is due to "simple" intercalation . Analogs only able to induce frameshift mutations as a result of intercalation generally display only a fraction (approx . 1%) of the frameshift activity of the analog capable of forming DNA adducts. Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 90(1), 1 - 10 Frameshift mutagenesis of 9-aminoacridine derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium; Young PR et al.; It has been noted that 9-aminoacridine reverts a his C frameshift but not one in his D in the Salmonella strains used in the Ames test, without metabolic activation . The 2 sites differ in the arrangement of G and C residues present . We show here that a series of 9-aminoacridine derivatives exhibits the same selectivity as 9-aminoacridine provided there is at least one exocyclic amino hydrogen at the central ring position in acridines, or the analogous site in aminoquinolines . The results are consistent with a model derived from NMR experiments on 9-aminoacridine binding to dinucleoside phosphates, in which the N-H group is situated in the duplex so as to participate in a hydrogen bond with one base while excluding its complementary partner, thereby provoking mismatching . We also report a strong difference in the dose-response behavior of 9-aminoacridine, quinacrine and a bifunctional derivative of quinacrine. Gene, 1981 Sep, 14(4), 309 - 19 DNA sequence of the araBAD-araC controlling region in Salmonella typhimurium LT2; Horwitz AH et al.; The araB and araC genes of Salmonella typhimurium have been cloned onto the plasmid pBR322 . Restriction analysis and subcloning of restriction fragments localized these genes to a 4.4 kb DNA fragment . Complementation analysis revealed that the cloned araB and araC genes from S . typhimurium complemented araB and araC mutant strains of escherichia coli . Conversely, cloned araB and araC genes from E . coli complemented araB and araC mutant strains of Escherichia coli . Conversely, cloned araB and araC genes from E . coli complemented araB and ara C mutant strains of S . typhimurium . The DNA sequence was determined for the S . typhimurium araB and araC controlling region and for the initially translated portions of these genes . The nucleotide sequence of the araB promoter was 87% homologous with the same region in E . coli and contained no deletions or insertions relative to the E . coli sequence . The presumed AUG codon corresponding to the amino terminus of the S . typhimurium araC protein was in the same location as in E . coli . There was, however, considerable divergence for the E . coli sequence preceding the translation start site . The nucleotide sequence of the initial 237 bp in the open reading frame of the S . typhimurium araC gene was 78% homologous with the same sequence in E . coli . By comparison, the amino acid sequence for this region was 91% conserved. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Sep, 14(3), 281 - 7 Detection of Salmonella infections by polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Lentsch RH et al.; Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM were measured for individual Salmonella species by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . F344 rats were experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium (serogroup B), S . enteritidis (serogroup D), and S . rubislaw (serogroup G.) Endotoxin extracted from each serogroup served as the antigen in a classical indirect ELISA . Antibody specific for each Salmonella serogroup was detected by ELISA . Normal gut flora from control animals appeared not to cause cross-reactions in the ELISA . Specificity and sensitivity of the IgG ELISA were determined by statistically evaluating false-positives and false-negatives . Ideal values of 90% or better were achieved in nearly all instances . Each antigen was also tested with heterologous antisera in an effort to develop a polyvalent assay for Salmonella species . No single antigen detected all positive heterologous antisera . Therefore, a polyvalent antigen composed of the three serogroup antigens was tested . The results suggested that Salmonella infections can be detected by measuring serum IgG levels with a polyvalent ELISA 6 to 9 days postinfection. J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 986 - 96 Hydrophobic peptide auxotrophy in Salmonella typhimurium; Branes LV et al.; The growth of a pleiotropic membrane mutant of Salmonella typhimurium with modified lipopolysaccharide composition was found to be strictly dependent on the peptone component of complex media . Nutritional Shiftdown into minimal media allowed growth for three to four generations . Of 20 commercial peptones, only enzymatic digests supported growth to varying degrees . Neither trace cations, amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, lipids, glutathione, polyamines, carbodimides, nor synthetic peptides stimulated growth; however, cells still metabolized carbohydrates, and amino acid transport systems were shown to be functional . A tryptic digest of casein was fractionated into four electrophoretically different peptide fractions of 1,000 to 1,200 molecular weight which supported growth to varying degrees . The best of these was further fractionated to two highly hydrophopic peptides . N-terminal modifications eliminated biological activity . Fluorescein-conjugated goat antibody to rabbit immunoglobulin G was used as a probe to detect antipeptide antibody-peptide complexes on membrane preparations . Cells grown on peptone distributed the peptide into both inner and outer membranes . The peptide could be removed with chaotropic agents, and cells had to be pregrown in peptone-containing media to bind the hydrophobic peptide . The gene (hyp) responsible for peptide auxotrophy was mapped at 44 to 45 units by conjugation. J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 925 - 30 Degradation of abnormal proteins in peptidase-deficient mutants of Salmonella typhimurium; Miller CG et al.; The degradation of abnormal proteins produced as a result of incorporation of the arginine analog L-canavanine or generated by exposure to puromycin was studied in wild-type and multiply peptidase-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium . Both types of abnormal protein were rapidly degraded during growth of Pep+ strains of this organism . Peptidase--deficient mutants (lacking peptidases N, A, B, and D) could also degrade these abnormal proteins, although the rate of production of trichloroacetic acid-soluble degradation products was slower in the mutant strain than in a strain carrying a normal complement of peptidases . Analysis of these trichloroacetic acid-soluble degradation products of ion-exchange chromatography showed that free amino acid was the major breakdown product produced by the wild-type strain . The acid-soluble degradation product produced by the mutant strain, however, was a complex mixture that contained a variety of small peptides as well as free amino acids . These results indicate that the same group of peptidases shown previously to function in the degradation of exogenously supplied peptides and in protein turnover during carbon starvation also lie on the pathway by which abnormal proteins are degraded. Cancer Res, 1981 Sep, 41(9 Pt 1), 3441 - 7 Mutagenicity, tumor-initiating activity, and metabolism of methylphenanthrenes; LaVoie EJ et al.; The mutagenicity, in vitro metabolism, and tumor-initiating activity of methylphenanthrenes were evaluated . The only monomethyl isomers which were mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium were 1- and 9-methylphenanthrenes . Among the disubstituted phenanthrenes assayed for mutagenicity, only 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene was active in the presence of metabolic activation . Studies on the in vitro metabolism of methylphenanthrenes were performed by incubation of the various isomers with the 9000 X g supernatant from Aroclor-treated rat livers . Comparison of mutagenicity with metabolites formed in vitro indicated that inhibition of 9,10-dihydrodiol formation was positively associated with mutagenic activity . Among the metabolites of 1- and 9-methylphenanthrenes, significant mutagenic activity was associated only with the 3,4- and/or 5,6-dihydrodiol . Metabolism to the 1,2- or 7,8-dihydrodiol, the requisite dihydrodiols for formation of "bay-region" dihydrodiol-epoxides, was most significant in the case of 4-methylphenanthrene . None of the isomeric methylphenanthrenes were active when assayed as tumor initiators on mouse skin . In contrast, 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene was found to have potent tumorigenic activity . These results suggest that inhibition of 9,10-dihydrodiol formation, the influence of a 4-methyl substituent in directing dihydrodiol formation at the 1,2- or 7,8-positions, and the presence of a bay-region methyl group may be responsible for eliciting a tumorigenic response for 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene. Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 87(2), 191 - 210 Bacterial systems for carcinogenicity testing; Mohn GR; During the past 30 years, bacterial test systems have been extensively refined in their ability to detect not only mutagenic agents but, in many cases, carcinogenic ones as well . Since many carcinogens are known to be activated within the mammalian body, major improvements in bacterial test systems were made when representative parts of mammalian metabolism were included as part of the test protocol . Presently, systems of great simplicity and convenience are available for the efficient detection of gene mutations, lysogenic induction of prophages, and differential DNA repair . These qualities render bacterial systems potentially useful in distinguishing between carcinogens and non-carcinogens, in characterizing induced mutation spectra, and possibly in quantifying mutagenic potency that may be used to predict tumor-initiating potency . Sensitive strains of Salmonella typhimurium . Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis with altered DNA-repair capacities have been constructed which accurately identify many carcinogens . Comparative studies have shown that techniques using these strains can be standardized to some extent and that the majority of carcinogens are active in all adequately sensitive genetic systems . Because of this redundancy, it may be sufficient to employ only one standardized set of tester strains and methodology . However, serveral classes of known carcinogens are undetected or underestimated when assayed in standard testing procedures . Some of these chemicals can be efficiently recognized as mutagens upon varying the methodology, the genetic endpoint, or the mammalian activation system . Thus, to modify and adjust the experimental protocol to the particular type of chemical under study and to calibrate the system with appropriate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic reference compounds is advisable . It is noteworthy that chemical carcinogens which probably act by non-genotoxic mechanisms thus far remain undetected in bacterial tests . Newly developed systems which measure specific types of genetic events, such as transpositions of DNA segments and derepression of genes, presently are being tested for their ability to detect such carcinogens . A final matter of growing concern is the increasing number of environmental chemicals that are found to be mutagenic in bacteria but for which information about carcinogenic activity in vivo is insufficient . The possible use of bacteria for quantifying mutagenic potency and extrapolating this information to tumor-initiating potency can be envisaged in three ways: (i) direct extrapolation from standard in vitro tests, (ii) indirect extrapolation making use of an in vitro/in vivo comparison of induced effects (the parallelogram method) as devised by Sobels {138} on the basis of identical dose (to DNA), and (iii) host-mediated assays to assess mutagenic potency of carcinogens in selected organs of mammals... Mutat Res, 1981 Sep, 90(1), 49 - 55 Mutagenicities of carbadox and olaquindox--growth promoters for pigs; Yoshimura H et al.; Carbadox and olaquindox were examined for mutagenicities in the repair tests with Bacillus subtilis (rec assay) and Salmonella typhimurium (uvr assay) and in the reverse mutation test (TA100 and TA98 of S . typhimurium) . Both compounds were positive in the rec and uvr assays, and were highly mutagenic for strains TA100 and TA98 . Carbadox was about 6 times move mutagenic than olaquindox in the absence of S9 mix . When incubated in S9 mix or bacterial cytosol (BC) mix for various times at 37 degree C, carbadox was found to lose its mutagenic activities easier than olaquindox . The mutagenicity of carbadox was almost inactivated at 10 min after incubation with S9 mix, but olaquindox still retained its activities even at 20 min . While carbadox required 20 min to be inactivated in BC mix, olaquindox was not completely inactivated even if incubated for 60 min. J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 827 - 35 Spontaneous mutators of salmonella typhimurium LT2 generated by insertion of transposable elements; Shanabruch WG et al.; Spontaneous mutators of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 were generated by inserting the transposable element Tn5 or Tn10 into the bacterial chromosome . Two mutators mapped at the position of the mutH and mutL loci of S . typhimurium, and two other mutators mapped at positions corresponding to the mutS and uvrD loci of Escherichia coli . A fifth mutator, mutB, did not map at a position corresponding to any of the known mutators of S . typhimurium or E . coli . The mutH,L,S and uvrD alleles increased the frequency of both spontaneous base substitution and frameshift mutations, whereas the mutB allele increased the frequency only of spontaneous base substitution mutations . The increased frequency of base substitution mutations was recA+ independent in the mutH, mutL, and uvrD strains and partially recA+ independent in the mutS strain . The uvrD mutation decreased the resistance of the cells to killing by ultraviolet irradiation . The mutH,L,S and uvrD strains showed an increased sensitivity to mutagenesis by the alkylating agents methyl methane sulfonate and ethyl methane sulfonate, but not to mutagenesis by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. Cancer Res, 1981 Sep, 41(9 Pt 1), 3400 - 6 Relationship between benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA base modification and frequency of reverse mutations in mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium; Fahl WE et al.; Salmonella typhimurium cells (TA98 and TA100) were incubated with {3H}benzo(a)pyrene ({3H}BP) and induced rat liver microsomes . The BP-induced cytotoxicity and His+ reverse-mutation frequencies were determined, and bacterial DNA hydrolysates were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 . Analysis indicated three principal DNA adducts formed from two diastereoisomeric BP diol-epoxides and a 9-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene metabolite . An 8.6-fold increase in TA100 cell concentration in the microsome incubation was paralleled by a 7.2-fold decrease in total adducts per cell and a 7.4-fold decrease in mutation frequency . Separate TA98 incubations were titrated with increasing concentrations of {3H}(+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene ({3H}anti BP diol-epoxide), {3H}(+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta, 10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene {3H}syn BP diol-epoxide), or {3H}9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene . Linear, nonsaturated increases in DNA adduct levels were seen up to the highest observed concentrations of 4.00 microM BP diol-epoxide or 6.00 microM 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene in both TA98 and TA100 cells . The increasing adduct levels were accompanied by linearly increasing mutation frequencies . At equivalent concentrations of the two DP diol-epoxides, an average of 8.2-fold more base substitution mutations (TA100) were seen than frameshift mutations (TA98) . The results also indicate significant differences in absolute mutagenic efficiency (mutation frequency/unit modified DNA) between these three covalent DNA ligands (TA98, syn BP diolepoxide greater than 9-hydroxy-4,5-epoxy-benzo(a)pyrene greater than anti BP diol-epoxide; TA100, 9-hydroxy-4,5-epoxy-benzo(a)pyrene greater than syn BP diol-epoxide greater than anti BP diol-epoxide). Infect Immun, 1981 Sep, 33(3), 750 - 7 Immunochemical characterization of major outer membrane components from Salmonella typhimurium; Kuusi N et al.; We used crossed immunoelectrophoresis to study detergent-solubilized components of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium under nondenaturing conditions . The antisera used were raised against nondenatured outer membrane preparations . Lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein were identified easily as discrete precipitates when they were solubilized with Triton X-100 . However, solubilization of the porins with Triton X-100 resulted in a complex precipitate pattern, indicating incomplete dissociation of protein-protein interactions . A clear-cut pattern was obtained when the porins were first solubilized and denatured with hot sodium dodecyl sulfate, followed by removal of the sodium dodecyl sulfate and renaturation in the presence of Triton X-100 . Our findings suggested that crossed immunoelectrophoresis can be used to study the antigenicity of nondenatured porins and the antibody responses to them. J Biol Chem, 1981 Aug 25, 256(16), 8807 - 14 Bacterial cell envelopes with functional flagella; Eisenbach M et al.; Our aim was to isolate from bacteria a flagellated, subcellular system whose content could be changed at will . Because the control of bacterial chemotaxis resides in the direction of rotation of the flagella, such a system would be ideal for the study of this control mechanism . By incubating bacteria with penicillin and then lysing them osmotically, we were able to isolate cell envelopes from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . These envelopes have the same sidedness and similar shape and dimensions as the original bacteria; they are practically free of cytoplasm; they are osmotically sensitive, having intact the cytoplasmic membrane and at least part of the cell wall; and they have flagella . This preparation was used to find out what is required to restore flagellar rotation, which had been lost during osmotic lysis . By visualizing the image of individual flagella with high intensity light microscopy or by tethering the cell envelopes, we found that adding artificial electron donors as an energy source is enough to restore rotation . This seems to indicate that no cytoplasmic components are required and that the proton electrochemical potential is indeed the driving force for flagellar rotation . However, the rotation was almost entirely counterclockwise, while in intact bacteria the flagella rotate in both directions . This may indicate that a cytoplasmic component is required to allow clockwise rotation . The significance of these results for the study of chemotaxis is discussed. Poult Sci, 1981 Aug, 60(8), 1822 - 6 Effect of five cycle rapid freeze-thaw treatment in conjunction with various chemicals for the reduction of Salmonella typhimurium; Olson VM et al.; A five cycle rapid freeze-rapid thaw process was used in conjunction with chemicals to reduce numbers of Salmonella typhimurium cells on poultry meat . The second portion of chicken wings consisting of ulna and radius with attached skin and muscle was inoculated with 400 to 900 colony forming units (CFU/g) of a nalidixic acid resistant strain of S . typhimurium . Chemicals used were 20 ppm chlorine, 5% potassium sorbate, 5% lactic acid, and 5% calcium propionate . The wings were either sprayed with or dipped into all chemicals before the freeze-thaw process . Wings were also chemically treated and not subjected to the freeze-thaw process . Numbers of S . typhimurium were determined by the most probable number procedure . The relative effectiveness of combinations of chemicals and the freeze-thaw process was compared to a control with the following percentage reductions of numbers of S . typhimurium cells: lactic acid, 98%; calcium propionate, 96%; potassium sorbate, 96%; chlorine, 95%; and freeze-thaw process without chemicals, 95% . There were no statistically significant differences among the treatments . In pilot plant study simulating commercial conditions, a carbon dioxide freezer was used for the rapid freeze and a microwave oven was used for the rapid thaw . Treatment of wings with 5% lactic acid plus freeze-thaw process resulted in statistically significant fewer numbers of S . typhimurium cells when compared to the freeze-thaw process without chemical treatment or to wings chemically treated without the freeze-thaw process. J Med Chem, 1981 Aug, 24(8), 1016 - 8 Syntheses of 9-acridine- and 2-phenanthridinemethanols as potential antimalarials; Muth CW et al.; alpha-(1-Piperidinylmethyl)-9-acridinemethanol (3), alpha-{(dibutylamino)ethyl}-9-acridanmethanol (4a), and alpha-{(dibutylamino)methyl}-2-phenanthridinemethanol (5) have been made and all are ineffective as antimalarials against Plasmodium berghei in mice . 9-Acridinyloxirane showed no significant mutagenicity for strains TA 98 or TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Teratology, 1981 Aug, 24(1), 1 - 11 Modification of the mutagenicity and teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide in rats with inducers of the cytochromes P-450; Hales BF; Cyclophosphamide must be enzymatically activated to be either mutagenic or teratogenic . This activation is thought to be catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system . To study the relationship between the mutagenic and teratogenic metabolites of cyclophosphamide, the mutagenicity and teratogenicity of this drug were compared after activation by rats pretreated with chemicals (phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone) inducing different cytochromes P-450 . Activation of cyclophosphamide to mutagenic metabolites by enzyme fractions from rats on day 13 of gestation was measured with the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 . Teratogenicity was assessed in vivo by treatment of rats with cyclophosphamide on day 13 of gestation . Cyclophosphamide was activated to mutagenic metabolites to the same extent (on a tissue wet weight basis) by enzyme fractions from maternal liver, kidney and placenta, despite differences in cytochrome P-450 content . Fetal homogenates did not activate cyclophosphamide . Phenobarbital pretreatment increased the activation of cyclophosphamide to mutagenic metabolites by maternal liver microsomes 10-fold and liver cytochrome P-450 content 1.8 fold; however, this drug did not alter the activation of cyclophosphamide by maternal kidney, by placenta or by the fetus . Phenobarbital pretreatment increased the teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide in rats on day 13 of gestation (increased incidence of malformed embryos, decreased fetal weight) . Pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone did not induce liver cytochrome P-450 in the pregnant rat and did not change the activation of cyclophosphamide to mutagenic metabolites by liver, kidney, placenta or the fetus . Pretreatment with this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon had no effect or decreased the teratogenicity of cyclophosphamide . Thus, these experiments suggest that the mother, rather than the fetus, is the site of activation of cyclophosphamide; after phenobarbital pretreatment the predominant site of cyclophosphamide activation is the maternal liver . There appears to be a correlation between the teratogenicity and mutagenicity of cyclophosphamide after induction of the cytochromes P-450 . We can speculate that the "proximate teratogen" of cyclophosphamide may also be the "proximate mutagen". Mutat Res, 1981 Aug, 83(1), 39 - 48 A comparison of aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and prophage induction in Salmonella typhimurium mutagen tester strains TA1535, TA1538, TA98 and TA100; Wheeler L et al.; Treatment of Ames mutagen tester strains with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and S9 mix results not only in the production of a potent mutagen, but induces a pathway that leads to the induction of prophages present in all Ames tester strains . Characterization of the prophage induction and mutagenic response following AFB1 treatment showed that plasmid pKM101 dramatically enhances mutagenesis, but suppressed prophage induction . Spontaneous release of phage by TA98 and TA100 was also lower than in TA1535 and TA1538 . In addition to mutagenesis and prophage induction, survival of all 4 tester strains was quantitated after AFB1 treatment . The data show that the frameshift tester strains (TA1538 and TA98) are more sensitive to the bactericidal action of AFB1 than the base-pair tester strains (TA1535 and TA100), survival being significantly affected above 100 ng . One of several hypotheses examined was the difference in the number and types of prophages present in base-pair tester strains that are not detectable in the frame-shift tester strains . These data suggest that prophage induction can detect DNA damage that is non-mutagenic; and that it is important to characterize the lysogenic nature of the Ames strains since it may influence the observed histidine revertant rate and the survival of the tester strain. Infect Immun, 1981 Aug, 33(2), 643 - 5 Bactericidal activity in fractionated granule contents from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: studies with leukocytes from normal individuals; Modrzakowski MC et al.; Sephadex G-100 chromatographic fractions of granule extracts from normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, exhibiting differences from fractions previously obtained from leukemic polymorphonuclear leukocytes, possessed cationic proteins with distinct bactericidal activity against cell wall mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Environ Health Perspect, 1981 Aug, 40, 163 - 72 Effects of metals in in vitro bioassays; Sirover MA; The capacity of in vitro bioassays to detect the potential carcinogenicity of metal compounds is reviewed . The in vitro bioassays discussed include: bacterial reversion analysis to determine the capacity of metal salts to revert Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotrophs or to revert Escherichia coli WP 2 tryp- to tryptophan prototrophy; examination of the ability of metal salts to preferentially inhibit cell growth in Bacillus subtilis cells deficient in DNA repair pathways; determination of the ability of metal salts to induce resistance to base analogs in mammalian cells; the capacity of metal salts to enhance viral transformation of mammalian cells or to transform cells in the absence of virus; and the ability of metal salts to induce chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells . Using each of these in vitro bioassays, diverse metal compounds have been identified as potential carcinogens . Furthermore, the use of different compounds of a specific metal may allow a determination of the valence which may be required for carcinogenesis. Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1981 Aug, 249(3), 350 - 61 {High-immunogenic mutants of Salmonella with two independently of each other attenuating markers as potential vaccines from bacteria capable of multiplication . 2 . Communication: spontaneous chromosomal resistance against antibiotics as a possibility for isolation of clones with decreased virulence (author's transl)}; Linde K; Mutants of Salmonella typhimurium with spontaneous chromosomal resistance against oleandomycin, streptothricin, nalidixic acid and rifampicin were investigated for their virulence behaviour with the i.p . mouse model . The strains resistant against the special antibiotic consists of a spectrum of various clones with a different behaviour of virulence: Additionally to obvious unchanged virulent strains there are such with a weak or strong attenuation . The majority of the attenuated strains protect the immunized mice against a following lethal wild strain infection . High-immunogenic attenuated double-marker mutants for application as potential vaccine strains may be isolated with the aid of a step by step introduction of a second attenuating "resistance"-marker in a one-marker strain, attenuated for another reason . These strains show the following parameters: -stability under the conditions of practical vaccine application, because a simultaneous back-mutation in both attenuating markers by reason of the unrealizable germ numbers will not occur, -immunogenicity by one immunization only, -separation from homologous wild strains of another origin with simple laboratory methods . This obvious generally acting biological principle is explained on the basis of molecular biological considerations and by referring to the literature . A test for orientation using an attenuated RNA-polymerase mutant showed, the resistance against rifampicin and attenuation are transferred together by co-transduction. J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 390 - 400 Molecular cloning of chemotaxis genes and overproduction of gene products in the bacterial sensing system; DeFranco AL et al.; The chemotaxis genes cheR, cheB, cheY, cheZ, and tar of Salmonella typhimurium were cloned into bacteriophage lambda vectors and onto pBR322 plasmids by recombinant DNA techniques . The genes were linearly arranged in the order tar-cheR-cheB-cheY-cheZ (and were read from a promoter on the upstream side of the tar or cheR gene) . However, their stoichiometries of expression were found to be 4:1:1:18:3, respectively . The overexpression of the cheY gene appeared to be a function of translational control . These five che genes were placed on a multicopy plasmid, and the gene products were overproduced in the cells, as shown by enzyme assays . The overproduction of the products of these five genes relative to those of the other che genes caused some changes in chemotactic properties, but no dramatic destruction of sensing ability. Cancer Res, 1981 Aug, 41(8), 3205 - 10 Mutagenicity studies in Salmonella typhimurium on some carcinogenic N-nitramines in vitro and in the host-mediated assay in rats; Khudoley V et al.; N-Nitrodimethylamine, N-nitrodiethylamine, N-nitromorpholine and their N-nitroso analogs, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and N-nitrosomorpholine, were tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1530 . The mutagenicity of all compounds, except N-nitrodiethylamine, was demonstrated in liquid incubation assays in at least one of the tester strains; it required the presence of a postmitochondrial supernatant from the liver of Aroclor-treated rats, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system, and oxygen . When compared on a molar basis with their N-nitroso analogs, N-nitromorpholine was about 10 times less mutagenic and N-nitrodimethylamine about 70 times less mutagenic . Addition of disulfiram to the assays at a final concentration of 0.1 mM efficiently inhibited mutagenesis by all nitro and nitroso compounds; ascorbic acid at a 7.4 mM concentration produced less inhibition . Mutagenic activity of the three nitramines was also determined in the host-mediated assay in rats . After p.o . administration of each of the N-nitramines, cells of S . typhimurium strains TA1530 and TA100 that had been injected i.p . were isolated from the peritoneal liquid after 1, 3, and 6 hr . All three nitramines were found to be mutagenic for strain TA1530 but not for TA100 . Mutation frequencies (number of histidine revertants per 10(6) surviving cells) were in the descending order N-nitromorpholine greater than N-nitrodiemethylamine greater than N-nitrodiethylamine . After a p.o . dose of N-nitrodiethylamine to rats, bacteria were also isolated from liver, lungs, and kidneys . Mutation frequency was highest in bacteria recovered from the liver but was not increased in those obtained from lungs and kidneys . The data suggest that carcinogenic nitramines exert their mutagenic effects through the formation of alkylating intermediates. Can J Microbiol, 1981 Aug, 27(8), 843 - 6 Changes in the activity of antifungals in mixed cultures of bacteria and yeasts; Domon MH et al.; When Candida cells were grown in mixed cultures with Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, their sensitivity to antifungal agents affecting sterol metabolism or functioning (polyenes and miconazole) was increased by several log units . This phenomenon was overcome by the addition to the culture medium of sugars utilized either by the bacteria or the yeast . Antifungals without direct effect on sterol metabolism (5-fluorocytosine, methylparaben, and 4-hydroxyquinazoline) were not more active in mixed than in pure cultures. Eur J Biochem, 1981 Aug, 118(1), 125 - 30 Evidence for an essential lysine at the active site of L-histidinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase; a bifunctional dehydrogenase; Burger E et al.; Histidinol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.23) from Salmonella typhimurium is inhibited by formaldehyde and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) . epsilon-Pyridoxyl-lysine is isolated upon acid hydrolysis of pyridoxal-P-treated enzyme reduced by sodium borohydride . In the presence of formylhistidinol and formylhistidine (specific ligands of the enzyme) inactivation of histidinol dehydrogenase by pyridoxal-P is prevented . Extrapolation of the initial part of the inactivation curve caused by pyridoxal-P indicates that modification of two essential lysine residues results in inactivation of the dimeric enzyme . The essential lysine residues appear to participate in the reversible oxidation/reduction reaction converting histidinol to histidinal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Aug, 78(8), 4684 - 8 Molecular cloning and amplification of the adenylate cyclase gene; Wang JY et al.; A segment of DNA containing cya, the gene for adenylate cyclase {ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1}, has been isolated from Salmonella typhimurium . The phage lambda gt4 was used as a cloning vector and adenylate cyclase-positive hybrid phages were isolated that complemented adenylate cyclase-negative bacteria . The cloned DNA fragment encodes a polypeptide of molecular weight 81,000 that gives rise to adenylate cyclase activity . This protein represents a functional mutant of the bacterial adenylate cyclase . When the cya gene was amplified by inserting into a multicopy plasmid, the enzyme activity was overproduced 20-fold, but the cyclic AMP level increased only 60%, suggesting several probable regulatory mechanisms . Overproduction of enzymes by recombinant DNA techniques can be a useful probe of relationships in the metabolizing organism in vivo. Mutat Res, 1981 Aug, 83(1), 61 - 8 Nitrite converts 2-amino-alpha-carboline, an indirect mutagen, into 2-hydroxy-alpha-carboline, a non-mutagen, and 2-hydroxy-3-nitroso-alpha-carboline, a direct mutagen; Tsuda M et al.; 2-Amino-alpha-carboline {26148-68-5} which was isolated from a pyrolysate of soybean globulin and which was mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of a rat-liver microsomal fraction (S9 mix), was converted into non-mutagenic 2-hydroxy-alpha-carboline by treatment with nitrite in acidic conditions . However, on prolonged treatment with nitrite and acid, 2-hydroxy-alpha-carboline was further converted into a new mutagen which did not require S9 mix for exhibition of the mutagenicity . This direct-acting mutagen was found to be 2-hydroxy-3-nitroso-alpha-carboline by mass and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopies. J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 679 - 81 Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium supX genes specify deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase I; Trucksis M et al.; Mutations of the Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium supX genes eliminated deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase I . Suppression of a supX amber mutation partially restored the topoisomerase . Multicopy plasmids carrying supX+ caused overproduction of topoisomerase . Thus, these supX genes were identified as topA genes which specify deoxyribonucleic acid topoisomerase I. J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 401 - 9 Physical map of the Salmonella typhimurium histidine transport operon: correlation with the genetic map; Ardeshir F et al.; A detailed restriction map of a 12.4-kilobase EcoRI fragment of Salmonella typhimurium deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) containing the entire histidine transport operon and the argT gene is presented . Subclones of specific regions of the transport operon of S . typhimurium were constructed in plasmid vectors . An accurate correlation between the restriction map and the location of genetically defined deletions was obtained by hybridizing restriction digests of chromosomal DNA from strains carrying each deletion with cloned transport operon DNA as a probe . These data were used to position the histidine transport genes on the cloned 12.4-kilobase fragment of DNA. J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 382 - 9 Defective enzyme II-BGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system leading to uncoupling of transport and phosphorylation in Salmonella typhimurium; Postma PW; Transport and phosphorylation of glucose via enzymes II-A/II-B and II-BGlc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system are tightly coupled in Salmonella typhimurium . Mutant strains (pts) that lack the phosphorylating proteins of this system, enzyme I and HPr, are unable to transport or to grow on glucose . From ptsHI deletion strains of S . typhimurium, mutants were isolated that regained growth on and transport of glucose . Several lines of evidence suggest that these Glc+ mutants have an altered enzyme II-BGlc as follows . (i) Insertion of a ptsG::Tn10 mutation (resulting in a defective II-BGlc) abolished growth on and transport of glucose in these Glc+ strains . Introduction of a ptsM mutation, on the other hand, which abolishes II-A/II-B activity, had no effect . (ii) Methyl alpha-glucoside transport and phosphorylation (specific for II-BGlc) was lowered or absent in ptsH+,I+ transductants of these Glc+ strains . Transport and phosphorylation of other phosphoenolpyurate:sugar phosphotransferase system sugars were normal . (iii) Membranes isolated from these Glc+ mutants were unable to catalyze transphosphorylation of methyl alpha-glucoside by glucose 6-phosphate, but transphosphorylation of mannose by glucose 6-phosphate was normal . (iv) The mutation was in the ptsG gene or closely linked to it . We conclude that the altered enzyme II-BGlc has acquired the capacity to transport glucose in the absence of phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system-mediated phosphorylation . However, the affinity for glucose decreased at least 1,000-fold as compared to the wild-type strain . At the same time the mutated enzyme II-BGlc lost the ability to catalyze the phosphorylation of its substrates via IIIGlc. J Bacteriol, 1981 Aug, 147(2), 452 - 62 Molecular cloning and expression of the ilvGEDAY genes from Salmonella typhimurium; Blazey DL et al.; The ilvGEDAY genes of Salmonella typhimurium were cloned in Escherichia coli K-12 by in vitro recombination techniques . A single species of recombinant plasmid, designated pDU1, was obtained by selecting for Valr Ampr transformants of strain SK1592 . pDU1 was shown to contain a 14-kilobase EcoRI partial digestion product of the S . typhimurium chromosome inserted into the EcoRI site of the pVH2124 cloning vector . The ilvGEDAY genes were found to occupy a maximum length of 7.5 kilobases . Restriction endonuclease analysis of the S . typhimurium ilv gene cluster provided another demonstration of the gene order as well as established the location of ilv Y between ilvA and ilvC . The presence of a ribosomal ribonucleic acid operon on the pDU1 insert, about 3 kilobases from the 5' end of ilvG, was shown by Southern hybridization . The expression of the ilvGEDA operon from pDU1 was found to be elevated, reflecting the increased gene dosage of the multicopy plasmid . A polarity was observed with respect to ilvEDA expression which is discussed in terms of the possible translational effects of the two internal promoter sequences, one located proximal to ilvE and the other located proximal to ilvD. Nucleic Acids Res, 1981 Jul 24, 9(14), 3419 - 32 The DNA sequence of the promoter-attenuator of the ilvGEDA operon of Salmonella typhimurium; Taillon MP et al.; The isolation of a lambda gt . ilvGEDA . S.t . hybrid transducing phage has permitted the characterization of the promoter-attenuator region of the ilvGEDA operon of Salmonella typhimurium . In vitro transcription and Southern hybridization indicate that the promoter-attenuator resides on a 400 nucleotide Rsa I restriction fragment . DNA sequence analysis shows only seven base pair differences exist between the DNA sequence of the ilvGEDA promoter-attenuator of S . typhimurium and that previously published for Escherichia coli K12. J Med Chem, 1981 Jul, 24(7), 859 - 64 A comparison of mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of aniline mustards; Leo A et al.; A set of 15 derivatives of aniline mustard (I) was tested to give a quantitative measure of mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535 and TA-100 and also carcinogenicity as lung tumors in strain-A mice . The structural variation in the set was chosen to minimize collinearity between hydrophobic, electronic, and molar refractive properties . By these measures, there was not a direct relationship between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity; in fact, since the 4-OPh analogue ranked highest in mutagenicity and among the lowest in carcinogenicity, while the reverse was noted for the 3,5-(NHCONH2)2 analogue, an inverse relationship was marginally significant . S-9 activation was required in the Ames test using TA-100, and the dose-response curve, prior to toxicity, appeared biphasic. J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Jul, 125(Pt 1), 173 - 83 Natural resistance of mice to Salmonella typhimurium: bactericidal activity and chemiluminescence response of murine peritoneal macrophages; Blumenstock E et al.; The phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages from resistant C3Hf mice and sensitive C57Bl/6 mice was studied in vitro using a virulent and an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium . Virulent and avirulent 3H-labelled bacteria opsonized with normal mouse serum were killed to an equal extent (about 40%) by macrophages from C3Hf mice and C57Bl/6 mice within 5 min after contact . Killing of both bacterial strains by macrophages from C3Hf mice continued at a lower rate for the next 30 min until about 40% of the remaining bacteria were killed . In this later phase macrophages from C57Bl/6 mice killed avirulent S . typhimurium to an extent comparable with the killing by macrophages from C3Hf mice, whereas macrophages from C57Bl/6 mice were unable to kill virulent S . typhimurium . Cytochalasin B did not inhibit the rapid initial killing of bacteria opsonized with normal mouse serum, but completely inhibited the slower phase of killing . From these results it is concluded that the resistance of the mice to infection with S . typhimurium correlates with the bactericidal activity of their peritoneal macrophages, and that killing of the bacteria occurs in an early extracellular phase followed by an intracellular phase . It is only the latter phase which reflects the animal's resistance to infection . The chemiluminescence response to macrophages to opsonized live S . typhimurium was independent of the susceptibility of the mice from which the macrophages were taken . Cytochalasin B and 2-deoxy-D-glucose reduced the chemiluminescence generated by opsonized or non-opsonized S . typhimurium . Comparison of the kinetics as well as inhibition, by cytochalasin B and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, of chemiluminescence and killing of S . typhimurium showed that the killing reaction of the peritoneal macrophages was not related to their chemiluminescence response. Cancer Lett, 1981 Jul, 13(2), 147 - 52 Mutagen production during pan-broiling compared with microwave irradiation of beef; Nader CJ et al.; Segments of beef were cooked either by broiling on a hot plate or by irradiation at 2450 MHz in a microwave oven . Extracts of surface layers of the cooked meat were tested for mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with and without S-9 liver microsomal preparation . The broiled beef extracts with S-9 activation exhibited marked frame-shift mutagenicity, which increased with cooking time . No such activity was detected with beef cooked by microwave irradiation, with exposures ranging from normal to 3 times the normal cooking period. Vopr Pitan, 1981 Jul-Aug, (4), 63 - 7 {Analysis of the mutagenic activity of nitrofurylacrylic acid}; Zhurkov VS et al.; The mutagenic activity of the vine stabilizer, sodium salt of 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acryl acid (5-NFA), was studied . Use was made of a cytogenetic analysis of mouse bone marrow cells, the dominant lethality test on male mice, analysis of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocyte culture and the Salmonella typhimurium test with metabolic drug activation in the body of mice . 5-NFA was administered intragastrically or given in drinking water . In tests on somatic and sexual cells of mammals, 5-NFA did not manifest mutagenic activity . The preparation increased the frequency of mutations in Salmonella on administration to mice in doses amounting to 1/5-1/4 of or exceeding the LD50. Mutat Res, 1981 Jul, 89(3), 197 - 202 Mutagenicity studies with o-tolidine and 4,4'-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane; Waalkens DH et al.; This paper confirms the mutagenicity of 2 carcinogenic chemicals, o-tolidine and 4,4'-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane (TDDM) . o-Tolidine and TDDM were both tested in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test and in the sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test with rabbit lymphocytes in vitro . The number of revertants was increased in the presence of S9 mix by o-tolidine in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1538, and by TDDM in strains TA98 and TA100 . Both compounds showed weak SCE-inducing activity in cultured rabbit lymphocytes in the absence, but not in the presence, of an exogenous metabolic system. Mutat Res, 1981 Jul, 89(3), 187 - 96 The extraordinary mutagenicity of nitropyrenes in bacteria; Mermelstein R et al.; Nitropyrenes cause frameshift mutations in Salmonella typhimurium . This activity which is restricted to frameshift mutations is unusual in several respects: (a) Nitropyrenes, as a class, are the most mutagenic chemicals reported in the literature; (b) The mutagenicity depends upon the formation of adducts between DNA and nitropyrene metabolites; (c) The penultimate intermediates responsible for mutagenic activity (hydroxylamines) are not obtained in all instances by reduction of the nitro function by the "classical" nitroreductase (the one that acts on nitrofurans and other simple nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) but by another nitroreductase which appears to be specific for higher nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; (d) The mutagenicity of nitropyrenes is enhanced when resting rather than growing bacterial cultures are used. Mutat Res, 1981 Jul, 82(2), 275 - 83 Structure--activity relationships in the mutagenicity of quinone methides of 7-hydroxyflavylium salts for Salmonella typhimurium; Sweeny JG et al.; Several synthetic 7-hydroxyflavylium salts related to apigeninidin, a natural 3-deoxyanthocyanidin, have been studied in the Ames mutagenicity test using strain TA1537 of Salmonella typhimurium . Under the neutral pH conditions of the test, these flavylium salts are deprotonated through ionization of the C7-OH (pK'a = 4.2-4.4) to form quinone methides . Only the quinone methides of 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavylium chloride and 4'-methoxy-4-methyl-7-hydroxy-flavylium chloride showed mutagenicity . Responses of 4-8 times the background were observed at the higher doses (1000 micrograms/plate), both with and without metabolic activation . It was concluded that the induction of frameshift mutagenicity by this group of compounds is caused by those quinone methides that have non-ionic, stable polycyclic structures at neutral pH. Immunology, 1981 Jul, 43(3), 547 - 54 Acquired immunity to Salmonella typhimurium and delayed (footpad) hypersensitivity in BALB/c mice; Hormaeche CE et al.; BALB/c mice are extremely susceptible to salmonella infections . Previous reports have suggested that this natural susceptibility is due to a defect in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) which correlates with their inability to develop a delayed (footpad) hypersensitivity reaction to a salmonella extract when immunized with attenuated salmonellae . We have shown that mice thus immunized are in fact highly resistant to superinfecting intravenous challenge with virulent organisms, at a time when the footpad test is still negative . The footpad test becomes positive 2-3 weeks later, after the appearance of CMI, which is already present at 1 week as measured by determining the fate of a superinfecting challenge in the RES . The positive footpad reactions that develop in BALB/c mice--and also in B10, and CBA and (B10XA/J)F1 mice--are transferable to normal recipients by thetasensitive spleen cells . However, although B10 mice give positive delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions, they are more susceptible to salmonellae of intermediate virulence than the DH negative BALB/c strain . We have also shown that previous reports which suggested that susceptible mice did not develop immunity when vaccinated with live organisms are probably due to the salmonella strain used for vaccination, which does not establish a carrier state . A strain which does establish a carrier state effectively immunizes the susceptible BALB/c strain against virulent challenge, indicating that natural susceptibility does not preclude the development of acquired immunity to reinfection . X Cancer Res, 1981 Jul, 41(7), 2654 - 7 Isolation of a nontoxic lipid A fraction containing tumor regression activity; Takayama K et al.; Galanos-type endotoxin obtained from the heptose-less mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was converted to Lipid A by two cycles of treatment with sodium acetate, pH 4.5, at 100 degrees and separated on a DEAE-cellulose column into several fractions (Fractions III to VII) . Tumor regression studies with strain 2 guinea pigs and syngeneic line 10 hepatocellular carcinoma showed that all fractions were effective when combined with trehalose dimycolates and an additional tumor regression factor (previously designated ACP) and incorporated into oil droplets (78 to 100% cures) . A low polar fraction (Fraction IV) was relatively nontoxic {the medium lethal dose for 11-day-old chick embryos inoculated i.v . (CELD50) was more than 10 micrograms} and nonpyrogenic {the dose estimated to give a fever index (area under fever curve) of 40 sq cm in rabbits when 1 hr and 1 degrees are plotted as 1 (FI40) was 5 micrograms} as compared to the unfractionated Lipid A (CELD50 of 0.0546 micrograms; FI40 of 0.046 micrograms) . All other fractions were toxic and pyrogenic and caused severe endotoxic shocks when combined with N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine and injected i.v . into guinea pigs . Fraction IV plus N-acetylmuramyl-L-seryl-D-isoglutamine did not cause endotoxic shock . The phosphate content of Fraction IV was about one-half of that detected in the toxic fractions. Cancer Res, 1981 Jul, 41(7), 2589 - 97 Mutagenicity of the bay-region diol-epoxides and other benzo-ring derivatives of dibenzo(a,h)pyrene and dibenzo(a,i)pyrene; Wood AW et al.; The mutagenic activities of dibenzo(a,h)(pyrene, dibenzo(a,i)pyrene, and a total of 11 of their benzo-ring derivatives were evaluated in bacterial and mammalian cells in the absence or presence of a mammalian metabolic activation system . trans-1,2-Dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzo(a,h)pyrene and trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrodibenzo(a,i)pyrene, the expected dihydrodiol precursors of bay-region diol-epoxides, were metabolized to products which were more mutagenic to strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium than were the metabolic products formed from their respective parent hydrocarbons . For each dihydrodiol, replacement of the benzo-ring double bond adjacent to the diol moiety with a single bond resulted in tetrahydrodiol derivatives which could not be metabolically activated, suggesting that one or both diastereomeric bay-region diol-epoxides were the bioactivated metabolites . The authentic bay-region diol-epoxide diastereomers of dibenzo(a,h)pyrene and dibenzo(a,i)pyrene in which the benzylic hydroxyl group and the epoxide oxygen are trans (diol-epoxide 2 series) were highly mutagenic in strains TA98 and TA100 of S . typhimurium and in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells . Neither diol-epoxide was significantly, if at all, metabolized by epoxide hydrolase . The bay-region diol-epoxide of dibenzo(a,i)pyrene was from 1.5 to 5 times more active as a mutagen than the diol-epoxide of dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, and in strain TA98 of S . typhimurium as well as Chinese hamster V79 cells, it had activity comparable to that of the highly carcinogenic bay-region diol-epoxide of benzo(a)pyrene. Immunology, 1981 Jul, 43(3), 483 - 91 The growth-promoting effect of bacterial iron for serum-exposed bacteria; Mellencamp MW et al.; Bacterial ability to obtain iron in bovine serum or in media containing transferrin (Tr) or conalbumin (Ca) was investigated by using serum-resistant (virulent) and serum-sensitive (avirulent) strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . Bacteria growing in bovine serum enriched with radioactive iron-saturated Tr or with radioactive iron-saturated enterobactin (E) did not acquire radioactive iron . It has been found that the passage of siderophore (Si)-iron complexes into bacteria is blocked in serum by Tr and in Ca-containing medium by Ca . The investigation of bacterial ability to take iron in synthetic media showed that bacteria take in Si-bound but no Tr-bound radioactive iron . In the absence of free iron, the growth of serum-exposed virulent bacteria was supported by their stored iron . Virulent bacteria passaged in medium void of usable iron became depleted in stored iron and did not grow in animal sera unless sera were enriched by the addition of exogenous iron . Experiments with serum-exposed avirulent bacteria showed that their growth in Si-enriched serum should not be attributed to the iron-providing activity of Si but to the stimulating effect of Si which facilitates the use of stored iron . As distinct from avirulent bacteria, virulent bacteria used stored iron without the stimulating activity of extracellular Si. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jul, 147(1), 13 - 24 Genetic analysis of a temperature-sensitive Salmonella typhimurium rho mutant with an altered rho-associated polycytidylate-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity; Housley PR et al.; A conditional-lethal rho mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 has been isolated . The mutation was selected as a suppressor of the polarity of an insertion sequence (IS)2-induced mutation (gal3) carried on an F' plasmid . In addition to suppression of IS2-induced polarity, the rho-111 mutation suppressed nonsense and frameshift polarity . The rho-associated polycytidylic acid-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in the mutant strain was elevated 15-fold above that in the parental strain, and the mutant rho protein was thermally unstable . A temperature-resistant revertant of the mutant strain did not suppress polarity and contained normal levels of polycytidylic acid-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, suggesting that the phenotype of the rho-111-bearing strain is the consequence of a single mutation . The rho-111 mutation was located on the S . typhimurium linkage map midway between the ilv and cya loci by phage P22 cotransduction studies . F' plasmid maintenance was not impaired in the mutant strain, and the mutation was recessive to the wild-type allele . The rho-111 mutation did not alter in vivo expression of either the tryptophan or histidine operons. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jul, 147(1), 124 - 34 Cloning and restriction map of the first part of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium; Barnes WM; The first part of the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium, hisGpeaGD, has been cloned onto the vector plasmid mini-ColE1 (pVH51) . The resulting plasmid, pWB91, has a single EcoRI site and is 11,500 base pairs in size . The HindII restriction map was determined by the method of two-dimensional cross-annealing between a partial digest pattern and a complete digest pattern . The restriction fragment containing the genetic control region was identified with the aid of the small (35-base pair) internal deletion 01242 and the observation that heteroduplexed restriction fragments containing this deletion have markedly reduced mobility on polyacrylamide gels . The genetic control region was then mapped in more detail with other restriction enzymes . The genetic orientation of the restriction map was determined with the aid of several deletions of integral HindII fragments generated in vitro. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jul, 147(1), 101 - 9 Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: purification and structural properties of Rhodospirillum tenue adenosine diphosphate glucose synthetase; Yung SG et al.; Adenosine diphosphate glucose synthetase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum tenue has been purified greater than 95% . The molecular weight of the enzyme is approximately 215,000, with a subunit molecular weight of about 51,000 . The enzyme appears to be composed of four similar if not identical subunits . Although the amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to that of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, no apparent homology has been observed between their N-terminal amino acid sequences . Antisera prepared against the R . tenue enzyme can partially inhibit the activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose synthetases from other photosynthetic bacteria. Biochemistry, 1981 Jun 23, 20(13), 3738 - 44 Pausing of RNA polymerase during in vitro transcription of the tryptophan operon leader region; Winkler ME et al.; RNA polymerase molecules pause at a single site during in vitro transcription of the tryptophan (trp) operon leader region . Pausing was observed when DNA templates derived from Escherichia coli . Salmonella typhimurium, and Klebsiella aerogenes were used . Fingerprint analyses showed that the major RNA species produced by the transcriptional pause is 91 nucleotides long . A minor RNA species 90 nucleotides long was also detected . Single-round transcription experiments were used to study the kinetics of pausing . Time course, pulse-chase, and delayed-labeling experiments suggest that every RNA polymerase molecule transcribing the trp leader region pauses . A suboptimal ribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations, the half-life of paused-leader RNA was approximately 3 min at 22 degrees C and 0.7 min at 37 degrees C . At near-optimal ribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations, the half-time of the paused species dropped to about 0.3 min at 22 degrees C . The appearance and half-life of the paused species were unaffected by salt concentration, rho factor, guanosine 3'-5'-bis(diphosphate), or point mutations in the trp attenuator region . It is postulated that transcriptional pausing may play a role in maintaining the synchronization of transcription and translation that is vital in the control of transcription termination at the trp operon attenuator. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1981 Jun, 2(3), 233 - 52 The role of serum and biliary antibodies and cell-mediated immunity in the clearance of S-typhimurium from chickens; Lee GM et al.; The development of three parameters of immunity in response to a non-lethal infection of Salmonella typhimurium in adult chickens has been examined . Intravenous inoculation of 1 X 10(6) organisms established infection in the liver, spleen and intestinal tract of all birds; the organism persisted in these sites until day 9 of the infection, after which it was cleared rapidly from all sites . High levels of agglutinating and haemagglutinating antibodies were found in serum and bile 5 days after infection; they peaked at days 7 to 10, and detectable antibody was still present in both fluids 6 weeks after infection . The presence of this antibody did not appear to cause a significant reduction in organism numbers in any of the sites examined . Cell mediated immunity was detected at day 14 . It is suggested that cells mediated immunity is responsible for clearance of the organisms from the tissues. Mutat Res, 1981 Jun, 89(2), 145 - 9 Mutagenicity of smoke condensates induced by CO2-laser irradiation and electrocauterization; Tomita Y et al.; Smoke condensates generated from mucous membrane of the canine tongue irradiated with a CO2 laser showed mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 under metabolic activation with S9 mix . Strain TA100 was not so sensitive to the condensates with or without S9 mix . Smoke condensates from electrocauterization on the mucosa of the canine tongue also showed mutagenic activity on TA98 and TA100 with S9 mix . The revertant number per mg of the smoke condensates from laser irradiation was one-half that of the smoke condensates from electrocauterization (1623 and 3371) in TA98 . The mutagenic potency observed was comparable to that of cigarette smoke . The amount of these smoke condensates from 1 g of tissue was equivalent to those from 3--6 cigarettes as to total mutagenicity. Mutat Res, 1981 Jun, 82(1), 31 - 9 The relationship between frameshift mutagenicity and DNA-binding affinity in a series of acridine-substituted derivatives of the experimental antitumour drug 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphonanilide (AMSA); Ferguson LR et al.; The mutagenicity of DNA-binding affinity of members of a series of acridine-substituted derivatives of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphonanilide (AMSA) have been compared . The series includes compounds ranging from highly active to inactive in the L1210 murine leukaemia . Binding to DNA was measured by an ethidium displacement technique, with a correction being made for acridine-induced quenching of ethidium . Mutagenicity was assessed by measuring the reversion frequencies of the frameshift tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA1537 in liquid culture . The results indicate that maximum mutagenicity is found in a "window" of DNA-binding affinities between 10(6) and 5 X 10(6) M-1 (determined at 0.01 ionic strength) . Compounds with binding affinities below 10(6) M-1 generally lacked both antitumour and mutagenic activity, whereas those with affinities above 5 X 10(6) M-1 were active against L1210 leukaemia but virtually inactive in inducing frameshift mutations. J Toxicol Environ Health, 1981 Jun, 7(6), 973 - 89 Evaluation of the genetic activity of industrially produced carbon black; Kirwin CJ et al.; Commercially produced oil furnace carbon black (Chemical Abstract Service Registry No . 1333-86-4) has been evaluated by five different assay for genetic activity . These were the Ames Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test, sister chromatid exchange test in CHO cells, mouse lymphoma test, cell transformation assay in C3H/10T1/2 cells, and assay for genetic effects in Drosophila melanogaster . Limited cellular toxicity was exhibited but no significant genetic activity was noted. Ann Rheum Dis, 1981 Jun, 40(3), 312 - 4 Suppurative coxitis due to Salmonella typhimurium in systemic lupus erythematosus; Shiota K et al.; A 36-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed septicaemia and subsequently suppurative coxitis due to Salmonella typhimurium . Although systemic treatment with antibiotics eradicated salmonella from the arterial blood, cup arthroplasty and irrigation of the operative wounds with effective antibiotics were needed for eradication of the organism from the affected joints. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jun, 146(3), 914 - 9 Genetic mapping of a mutation conferring sensitivity to bacteriophage Mu in Salmonella typhimurium LT2; Faelen M et al.; Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium LT2, SA1475 and MA411, were fortuitously found to be sensitive to bacteriophage Mu . The Mu-sensitivity allele of SA1475 was called musA1 and shown to be linked to the histidine operon both in conjugation and transduction experiments . The Mus allele of MA411 was unlinked to the his region and was tentatively designated musB2 . Strains carrying large deletions of the his operon were also tested for Mu sensitivity; those of which the his-rib region is deleted were also sensitive to Mu . Transduction data led to the order zee-2 hisOGDCBAHFIE gnd musA . An Hfr injecting the his operon early (HfrK9) an carrying hisG9424::Tn10 delta 4 delta 11 and musA1 was isolated; this Hfr made it possible to introduce the Mus character into most derivatives of S . typhimurium LT2 . Since strain SA1475 is resistant to bacteriophage P1, it could be used to select a new P1-Mu hybrid which has the host range of Mu and the transduction properties of P1. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jun, 146(3), 895 - 901 Genetics of L-proline utilization in Escherichia coli; Wood JM; L-Azetidine-2-carboxylate (AC) and 3,4-dehydro-D,L-proline (DHP) are toxic L-proline analogs that can be used to select bacterial mutants defective for L-proline transport . Mutants resistant to AC and DHP are defective for proline transport alone (putP mutants), and mutants resistant to AC but not to DHP are defective both in putP and in the closely linked proline dehydrogenase gene putA . Proline dehydrogenase oxidizes DHP but not AC, probably detoxifying the former compound . These observations were exploited in preparing an otherwise isogenic set of Escherichia coli K-12 strains with well-defined defects in the putP and putA genes . The results of this study suggest that the genetic and biochemical characteristics of proline utilization in E . coli K-12 are closely analogous to those of Salmonella typhimurium. Cancer Res, 1981 Jun, 41(6), 2305 - 7 Effect of genotype on mutagenicity of niridazole in nitroreductase-deficient bacteria; Speck WT et al.; The mutagenicity of niridazole for Salmonella typhimurium depends upon the enzymic reduction of the nitro function . The response of niridazole nitroreductase-deficient bacteria to niridazole is reduced to 4.4 and 0.19% that exhibited by the enzyme-proficient parent strain when the deficiency is the result of a base substitution and frame-shift mutation, respectively . The results are taken to indicate that the residual activity (4.4%) seen in the strain with a base substitution mutation reflects the activity of an enzyme with an amino acid substitution, while the basal level (0.19%) of activity indicates the action of a different nitroreductase with a low specificity for niridazole. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, 1981 Jun, 77(6), 579 - 96 {Antitumor activities of bamboo leaf extracts (BLE) and its lignin (BLL)}; Kuboyama N et al.; Antitumor activity of bamboo leaf against various transplantable mouse tumor strains, such as Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma has previously been demonstrated by Sakai et al.7) and Yammamoto et al.9) . The present investigation was undertaken to determine the antitumor activities of BLE and BLL against the spontaneous tumor induced by benzopyrene (BP) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) in mice and rats . The possible mechanism of antitumor action was also discussed as related to Kada's Rec-assay and Ames test in vitro . The in vivo antitumor test was performed using 16 groups of mice given the following solutions ad libitum for 120 days; Groups 1-4, 5-8, 9-12 and 13-16 were given water, 1% and 10% BLe, 0.1% BLL, and each respective group was treated with no injection (control), oil/s.c., BP 1 mg/s.c., and 4NQO 0.5 mg/s.c . Rat respective group was treated 30 days after in initiation of experiment with no injection (control), oil/s.c., BP 2.4 mg/s.c . Antitumor activities of the BLE and BLL were determined by the tumor incidence index and average weight of tumor . In vitro Rec-assay, cold incubation method, and Ames test were performed in the usual manner . Antitumor activity against BP induced tumor was the highest with 1.0% BLE (0.71 mg/ml), but no significant difference was found between the groups of the 10% BLE, 0.1% BL and control . A weak trend toward DNA damage was seen in the case of BLE, in the Rec-assay . His+ revertants with S-9 mix on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 were found in the case of BLL . It was concluded that antitumor activity against BP- and 4NQO-induced tumors was the highest with 1% BLE (0.71 mg/ml), and a direct action of BLE on tumor cells was indicated. Mutat Res, 1981 Jun, 82(1), 41 - 6 Antimutagenic effect of selenium on acridine orange and 7,12-dimethylbenz{alpha}anthracene in the Ames Salmonella/microsomal system; Martin SE et al.; The antimutagenic effects of selenium as sodium selenite were investigated using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test . The compounds examined were acridine orange and 7,12-dimethylbenz{alpha}anthracene . Selenium (22 ppm) reduced the number of histidine revertants caused by 20 microgram acridine orange and 20 microgram 7,12-dimethylbenz{alpha}anthracene by 52 and 74%, respectively . Increasing the quantity of selenium added to the plates further suppressed the mutagenicity of the test compounds . The antimutagenic effects of selenium cannot be explained by lethality of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jun, 146(3), 997 - 1002 Coregulation of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) transhydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities in enteric bacteria during nitrogen limitation; Liang A et al.; The relationship between oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) {NAD(P)+} transhydrogenase (EC 1.6.1.1) and NAD(P)+ glutamate dehydrogenase in several enteric bacteria which differ slightly in their regulation of nitrogen metabolism was studied . Escherichia coli strain K-12 was grown on glucose and various concentrations of NH4Cl as the sole nitrogen source . In the range of 0.5 to 20 mM NH4Cl, the energy-independent transhydrogenase increased two to threefold . Comparable changes occurred in NAD(P)+-linked glutamate dehydrogenase . NH4Cl concentrations of 20 to 60 mM resulted in relatively constant specific activities for both enzymes . Higher exogenous NH4Cl, however, led to a decline in both activities . Isocitrate dehydrogenase, another potential source of cellular NADPH, was insensitive to NH4Cl limitation . Similar studies in the presence of glutamate and different exogenous NH4Cl concentrations again showed concerted effects on both enzymes . Growth on glutamate as the sole nitrogen source led to severe repression of both transhydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase . In Salmonella typhimurium, both enzymes were unaffected by limiting NH4Cl or growth on glutamate as the sole nitrogen source . Both were, however, repressed by growth on aspartate, a potential source of cellular glutamate . Coordinate changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and transhydrogenase were also evident in Klebsiella aerogenes, particularly under conditions in which glutamate dehydrogenase was regulated inversely to glutamate synthetase . Coordinate changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and transhydrogenase in enteric bacteria are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of the latter enzyme as a direct source of NADPH in the ammonia assimilation system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Jun, 78(6), 3446 - 9 ATP-driven active transport in right-side-out bacterial membrane vesicles; Hugenholtz J et al.; Membrane vesicles from Salmonella typhimurium induced for phosphoglycerate transport, were loaded with pyruvate kinase and ADP by lysing spheroplasts under appropriate conditions . Vesicles so prepared catalyze active transport of proline and serine in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate; this activity is abolished by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone and by the H+-ATPase inhibitor N,N' dicyclohexylcarbodiimide but not by anoxia or cyanide . In contrast, D-lactate-driven active transport is abolished by the hydrazone and by anoxia or cyanide but not by the carbodiimide . Moreover, phosphoenolpyruvate does not drive transport effectively in vesicles that lack the phosphoglycerate transport system . The results are consistent with an overall mechanism in which phosphoenolpyruvate gains access to the interior of the vesicles by means of the phosphoglycerate transporter and is then acted on by pyruvate kinase to phosphorylate ADP . ATP formed inside of the vesicles is then hydrolyzed by the H+-ATPase, leading to the generation of a proton electrochemical gradient that drives H+/solute symport . By using pBR322 as vector and Escherichia coli as host, a fragment of S . typhimurium DNA coding for the phosphoglycerate transport system has been cloned . E . coli membrane vesicles containing the phosphoglycerate transport system also catalyze transport in the presence of phosphoenolpyruvate when they are loaded with pyruvate kinase and ADP. Infect Immun, 1981 Jun, 32(3), 1123 - 7 Induction of immunoenhancing factors for murine splenocyte