Listeriosis

Infect Immun, 1979 Jul, 25(1), 117 - 20
Induction of Listeria monocytogenes infection by the consumption of ponderosa pine needles; Adams CJ et al.; An infectious microorganism, identified as Listeria monocytogenes, has been isolated from the bloodstream of pregnant mice fed a diet containing Pinus ponderosa needles . When the isolate was injected into pregnant mice, reproductive dysfunction and other changes, including speckled livers, spleen atrophy, and hemorrhagic intestines, appeared to mimic the signs of the disease in pregnant mice fed pine needles . Moreover, these pathological changes are similar to those observed in cattle and other mammals experiencing abortions or toxemia, or both, attributed to the ingestion of P . ponderosa needles, suggesting that L . monocytogenes may be a part of the etiology of "pine needle abortion."

Hum Pathol, 1979 Jul, 10(4), 469 - 72
Myocarditis with microabscess formation caused by Listeria monocytogenes associated with myocardial infarct; McCue MJ et al.; Myocardial infarction complicated by bacterial infection is rare . The present case is an instance in which the infecting organism, Listeria monocytogenes, is also rare--an instance not previously reported . The clinical findings were fever without localized infection, severe atherosclerotic heart disease, a myocardial infarct of indeterminate age, and a left ventricular aneurysm . Additional electrocardiographic findings include left bundle branch block, intraventricular conduction defect, and multiple episodes of ventricular tachycardia, all of which may be associated with myocardial infarction and none of which is specific for suppurative myocarditis . Myocardial enzyme abnormalities were absent . Listeria monocytogenes was identified from blood cultures on the day following the patient's death . This case illustrates the difficulty in diagnosing suppurative myocarditis complicating myocardial infarction and the dire consequence of such infection . A review of the literature is included.

Immun Infekt, 1979 Jun, 7(3), 83 - 8
{Determination of the bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages: a new method (author's transl)}; Linke T et al.; A new method to estimate the bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages is described . This method allows to calculate with great accuracy the number of phagocytised bacteria per macrophage . In serial experiments different degrees of activation of macrophages in respect to their bactericidal activity against listeria monocytogenes has been shown.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15(2), 189 - 95
{Determination of umbilical cord blood Ig and its correlation with prenatal infections (author's transl)}; Foca A et al.; IgG, IgM and IgA were measured in 120 funicular blood samples . At the same time, these determinations were assayed in the mothers . In the serum samples of the newborn, IgA and IgM were found to have levels over 20 mg/100 ml . Antibodies against rubella virus, cytomegalus virus, Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii were measured in order to investigate a possible intrauterine infection . All Ig determinations were performed through the radial immunodiffusion method.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Jun, 139(6), 641 - 52
Activation of reticuloendothelial cells following infection with murine cytomegalovirus; Schleupner CJ et al.; Macrophage and reticuloendothelial system function was investigated in adult, female C3H mice during the course of a nonlethal infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) . Peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice infected three to 21 days previously were tumoricidal in vitro for a syngeneic mammary tumor cell line and showed antiviral activity by suppressing replication of vaccinia virus in a fibroblast monolayer . In addition, macrophages harvested from animals on days 7 and 14 after MCMV infection manifested augmented phagocytosis of yeast particles in vitro . Furthermore, enhanced levels of chemiluminescence were emitted during phagocytosis of zymosan particles by macrophages harvested on days 3 and 7 after MCMV infection . Finally, enhanced protection against Listeria monocytogenes was demonstrated in mice on days 7, 14, and 21 after MCMV infection . These findings support the concept of activation of the reticuloendothelial system during viral infection.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jun, 243(4), 547 - 8
A case of hematometra infected by Listeria monocytogenes; Guevara JM; A case of Listeria infection is reported of a 10 year old girl with symptoms of the first menstruation but without the discharge of blood because of the absence of the vaginal duct . The blood retained in the uterus obtained by puncture through the rectum contained Listeria monocytogenes 4b . The infection was possibly acquired from a household pet.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 25(6), 706 - 12
Immunological properties of partially purified material with monocytosis-producing activity from Listeria monocytogenes; Otokunefor TV et al.; A fraction rich in a monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) has been obtained by a two-stage chromatographic separation from a saline extract (SE) of Listeria monocytogenes . Like SE, the purified material elicits monocytosis and decreases the halftime of circulating monocytes . The purification of MPA eliminates the following found in SE: the in vitro mitogenic activity, the in vitro adjuvant activity, the immunosuppressive activity, and the granulocytosis-promoting and the lymphopenia-inducing activities.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 25(6), 698 - 705
Stimulation of monocyte precursors in vivo by an extract from Listeria monocytogenes; Shum DT et al.; A water-soluble monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) extracted from Listeria monocytogenes was found to stimulate proliferation of promonocytes in vivo . Mice were pulse-labelled for 2 h with tritiated thymidine ({3H}TdR) at various times after intraperitoneal injection of MPA . Autoradiography of bone marrow cells revealed an increased labelling index of promonocytes of MPA-treated mice which was maximum 8 h after the MPA injection . Mice labelled with {3H}TdR 8 h after MPA injection developed a monocytosis at the expected time (peak at 48 h) and the blood monocytes were found to be highly labelled . Both the generation time of monocyte precursors and the halftime of blood monocytes were found to be shorter than the corresponding values in control mice.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 667 - 72
Suppressive effect of bacterial endotoxin on the expression of cell-mediated anti-Listeria immunity; Newborg MF et al.; Intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin into mice at any time during ongoing infection with Listeria monocytogenes resulted in a markedly increased multiplication of this organism in the liver and spleen . Experiments designed to investigate the basis of this infection-enhancing effect revealed that endotoxin was also capable of inhibiting the expression of adoptive T-cell-mediated anti-Listeria immunity if given to normal recipient mice up to 48 h before they were infused with protective T-cells . On the other hand, endotoxin had only a marginal effect on the expression of adoptive immunity if given to donor mice before their spleen cells were harvested for adoptive transfer . Taken together, these results indicate that endotoxin probably interferes with the antibacterial function of macrophages rather than with mediator lymphocytes . The additional finding that the infection-enhancing action of endotoxin could be greatly reduced by making mice "tolerant" to endotoxin suggests that the acquisition of tolerance to this effect of endotoxin may be an important adaptive mechanism in acquired resistance to infection with gram-negative bacteria.

J Immunol, 1979 Jun, 122(6), 2395 - 404
Macrophage-T cell interactions involving Listeria monocytogenes--role of the H-2 gene complex; Farr AG et al.; This study reports on the in vitro interactions between T cells from Listeria-immunized mice, macrophages from normal mice, and heat-killed Listeria organisms . This interaction was assayed either by determing the amount of thymocyte mitogen in culture fluids after 24 hr, or by estimating the degree of T cell proliferation after 96 hr . Each assay depended on critical concentrations of macrophages, T cells, and heat-killed Listeria, points that were evaluated in a number of experiments . Both assays required specific Listeria-immune T cells . For an effective interaction, the T cells and the macrophages had to share the I-A region of the H-2 gene complex . Macrophages bearing Ia, which represented a minor population of macrophages, were essential for the proliferative response to macrophage-associated Listeria . Also, Ia-bearing macrophages were an important component in the interactions leading to increased secretion of mitogen . The immunogenic moiety associated with Listeria was short-lived, disappearing 24 hr after uptake of Listeria by macrophages . The interactions were not blocked by anti-Listeria antibodies but were partially sensitive to trypsinization.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1979 May 31, 320, 535 - 50
Hexachlorobenzene-induced stimulation of the humoral immune response in rats; Vos JG et al.; Rats were fed diets containing 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg HCB/kg during a 3-week period . Marked weight increases of spleen, popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes and of the liver were found . Histologically, the white pulp in the spleen was enlarged because of an increase in size of marginal zones and follicles . In addition, there was an increase of extramedullary hemopoiesis . In the lymph nodes, the number of high endothelial venules was increased at all dose levels . The number of neutrophils, basophils and monocytes in the peripheral blood was significantly increased, whereas peripheral lymphocyte counts were slightly higher . Total serum IgM levels were markedly increased, but IgG concentrations were unaltered . On the basis of this experiment, the 1000 mg HCB/kg diet level was chosen for the different function studies that were carried out after a 3-weeks dietary regimen . Regarding the humoral immunity, IgM antibodies to LPS were unaltered, whereas primary and secondary IgM and IgG antibody titers to tetanus toxoid were increased approximately three-fold . HCB did not significantly alter the cell-mediated immunity, as shown by the following parameters: resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection, rejection of skin transplants, and delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin . The phagocytizing capacity of macrophages was studied by measuring the blood clearance of carbon particles . HCB did slightly depress the phagocytic index, but the difference with control animals was statistically not significant . The in vitro responsiveness of thymus cells to the mitogens PHA, Con A, and PWM was not changed by in vivo HCB-treatment . On a cell-for-cell basis, the responsiveness of spleen cells was increased when cultured in the presence of LPS . On a whole organ basis, the response to PHA, Con A, PWM, and LPS was markedly enhanced because of an increase in the number of nucleated spleen cells . Regarding peripheral lymphocytes, only the response to the mitogen Con A was higher . On the basis of these studies it is concluded that HCB stimulates the humoral immune response in the rat, enhances the in vitro responsiveness of spleen cells to the different mitogens mainly as a result of an increase in the number of splenic lymphocytes, but does not alter the cell-mediated immunity as shown with in vivo tests . This result contrasts with data in the literature that show that HCB suppresses the humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice . Finally, HCB pretreatment only marginally increased the susceptibility of rats to endotoxin, whereas mice have been shown to be 20-fold more susceptible to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin.

Med Clin (Barc), 1979 May 10, 72(9), 381 - 3
{Two cases of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)}; Llucian Rambla M et al.; Two cases of meningitis due to Listeria monocytogenes in a 73-year-old man and a 77-year-old woman are described . Both patients were admitted to an Emergency Department in acute state, probably caused by cerebral stroke . Neither presented clinical symptoms of meningitis . No other concomitant conditions which might weaken the patient's general state were known to be present . The first patient died after 16 hours, the second after 5 . The analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid gave the following information: Case 1: 1,500 cells, 80 percent of which were polynuclear neutrophils; Pandy's reaction was positive; albumin 1.5 g/l and glucose 0.65 g/l . Case 2: 197 cells/mm3, 90 percent of which were polynuclear neutrophils; Pandy's reaction was positive; albumin and glucose were 0.60 and 0.10 g/l respectively . Samples of the cerebrospinal fluid were cultured in various media and pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes, subtype 4b, were isolated . The source of the infection could not be determined in either of the two cases.

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1979 Apr 26, 26(6), 451 - 67
{Epidemic of listeriosis in Western France (1975--1976)}; Carbonnelle B et al.; Cases of human listeriosis have recently increased in Western France (Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne); until 1974, there were only 15 documented cases yearly where as in 1975, there were 113 cases, and in 1976, 54 documented cases at the hospitals of Angers and Laval . Included amongst the clinical manifestations observed, were 126 cases of materno-fetal infections and 41 cases of either septicemia or meningo-encephalitis . The bacteriological study revealed a certain variability of biological characteristics examined, the overwhelming frequence of bacteria of the strain 4 b and the predictable sensitivity of this strain to antibiotics commonly employed in cases of listeriosis . The human cases were notably more frequent between January and June but their geographical distribution was not related to cases of either animal disease nor listeria that was isolated from corn silage . In this report, we propose an etio-pathological explanation for this epidemic.

Infect Immun, 1979 Apr, 24(1), 59 - 64
Effects of BCG infection on the susceptibility of mouse macrophages to endotoxin; Peavy DL et al.; Mice infected intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) are 100 to 1,000 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) . Since BCG infection results in macrophage activation and LPS may cause pathophysiological effects through interaction with this cell type, it was of interest to determine whether macrophages from BCG-infected animals were more susceptible to the toxic effects of LPS in vitro . When LPS-susceptible, C57BL/6 mice were infected with BCG, a significant reduction in the 50% lethal dose of LPS was first observed after 7 days and persisted for several weeks . Macrophages from these animals had greatly increased susceptibility to LPS in vitro, which correlated with the development of acquired cellular resistance as determined by their ability to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes . In contrast, BCG infection of C3H/HeJ mice, a strain resistant to LPS, did not alter the 50% lethal dose of LPS for these animals or increase the sensitivity of their peritoneal macrophages to LPS in vitro . These results indicate that susceptibility of BCG-infected mice to the lethal effects of LPS parallels the susceptibility of their macrophages in vitro; release of vasoactive substances from LPS-susceptible activated macrophages in vivo may be, in part, responsible for lethality.

Can J Comp Med, 1979 Apr, 43(2), 223 - 8
Long-term culture of canine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro; Ho CK et al.; Various cultural conditions were assessed for their ability to maintain canine peripheral blood monocytes in vitro . Approximately ten days after incubation of peripheral blood leukocytes in Earle's minimum essential medium supplemented with homologous red cell lysates and normal horse serum, virtually a pure macrophage culture was obtained which could then be maintained for about two months . This culture was judged to be pure by surface marker analysis and their phagocytic activity . The number of monocytes could be increased by injecting the dogs with a chloroform extract from Listeria monocytogenes prior to collection of the blood.

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1979 Apr, 2(1), 55 - 8
Augmented resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice at an early stage of aging; Matsumoto T et al.; Protective mechanisms against Listeria monocytogenes were studied in young (3-month-old) and old (15-month-old) mice of C3H/He strain . Cumulative mortality rates of old mice were lower than those of young mice after intravenous inoculation of the same doses of bacteria . The numbers of bacteria in the liver and spleen on days 1 and 3 were larger in young than old mice . Bacterial growth at this stage of infection is suppressed by accumulation of non-immune macrophages . On day 7, however, the numbers of bacteria in the liver were smaller in young than old mice . Bacterial elimination at this stage depends upon immune macrophages . These results suggest that the enhanced resistance to lethal effects of bacteria in old mice may be ascribed to activation of non-immune macrophages in the presence of depressed capacities to raise cell-mediated immunity.

Sem Hop, 1979 Mar 8-15, 55(9-10), 506 - 10
{Listeriosis : evaluation of twenty years of inquires at Rouen (France) (author's transl)}; Morel A et al.; The laboratory of bacteriology of the CHU of Rouen has isolated in twenty years 297 strains of Listeria monocytogenes which are corresponding to 249 cases, 48 new-borns being infected by the same germ as their mother . The listeriosis frequency is increasing ; the disease is recurrent, with a periodicity of four years, but the number of the cases which are observed every year is larger than that which has been observed four years before . The disease seems to affect mainly the women ; in reality, both sexes are sensitive, but some conditions, especially the pregnancy, are favouring the disease burst . Five pregnant women per one thousand incur the risk to catch a listeriosis during their pregnancy ; for want of early diagnosis and treatment, they will not be able to carry their pregnancy through, and will generally give birth to shortly condemned children.

Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 670 - 4
Effects of cannabinoids on host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus; Morahan PS et al.; Previous investigations from our laboratories have demonstrated that cannabinoids possess immunosuppressive properties . The present studies were designed to determine whether these agents decrease host resistance to infections with Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus type 2 . Host resistance was measured by changes in the 50% lethal dose of the pathogen in cannabinoid-treated and control mice . The effect of cannabinoids on resistance to L . monocytogens was dose dependent . Delta-9-tetrhydrocannabinol at doses of 38, 75, and 150 mg/kg suppressed resistance to infection by 10-, 17-, and 657-fold, respectively . Marijuana extract was less active but significantly reduced resistance to L . moncytogenes at all tested doses . Resistance to systemic herpes simplex virus type 2 infection was decreased 96-fold by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, although marijuana extract was inactive . The doses and regimen of treatment with cannabinoids that produced significant decreases in host resistance were similar to those which caused suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes . The possible mechanisms and public health aspects of the decreased host resistance produced by marijuana extract and its cannabinoids are discussed.

Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 633 - 43
Role of complement in the expression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in rats: studies with cobra venom factor; Jungi TW et al.; The hypothesis was tested that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the complement-activating bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is initiated by complement-derived mediators that attract sensitized lymphocytes to reaction sites . To this end DTH and acquired resistance to L . monocytogenes were measured in rats injected with cobra venom factor, a potent inactivator of C3 . Treatment with cobra venom factor reduced the hemolytic power of serum to less than 0.5% of the control value . Such decomplemented animals expressed both DTH and antimicrobial resistance, although expression of DTH was reduced (ca . 50%) when compared with complement-sufficient controls . The observed depression of DTH in cobra venom factor-treated rats was associated with a reduction in the number of recently activated lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) and macrophages that accumulated in DTH reaction sites . The above findings are explained, in part, by inhibition of inflammation during the early postinduction period . Supporting evidence came from measurements of labeled lymphoblast sequestration in saline injection sites and the slower accumulation of macrophages in nitrocellulose filters that were implanted subcutaneously in complement-depleted rats . The ability of cobra venom factor-treated rats to express DTH and protect themselves against a Listeria challenge seems to exclude C3-dependent factors as essential mediators in the attraction of antigen-reactive lymphocytes to reaction sites.

Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 863 - 72
Relationship between superoxide dismutase and pathogenic mechanisms of Listeria monocytogenes; Welch DF et al.; Listeria monocytogenes was examined for superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity . Two catalase-negative strains possessed at least twofold greater SOD activities than the catalase-positive L . monocytogenes strains examined . Growth conditions such as aeration and iron concentration influenced the specific activity of SOD obtained from cells cultured in defined media . L . monocytogenes SOD from crude extracts and after partial purification was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Iron was associated with the single band of SOD activity detected in the gels . SOD activity appeared to be primarily extracytoplasmic . Survival of organisms in a superoxide-generating medium was studied, with photoactivation of riboflavin used as the source of free radical formation . Virulent, catalase-positive L . monocytogenes strains were relatively resistant to killing in a pH 7 superoxide-containing medium . An intact-cell assay for SOD was developed, which used the superoxide-generating system and employed the superoxide-dependent oxidation of sulfite, added to the medium, and inhibition of this oxidation by SOD . Maximal SOD activites of intact cells were observed when 100 to 400 micrograms (dry weight) of viable Listeria cells per ml was added to the medium . A possible role for SOD in the pathogenesis of listeric infection is discussed.

Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 845 - 57
Isolation, characterization, and biological properties of an endotoxin-like material from the gram-positive organism Listeria monocytogenes; Wexler H et al.; The bacterial component responsible for the induction of transient cold agglutinin syndrome in rabbits after intravenous injection of heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes type 4B has been purified and biologically and chemically characterized . A purified immunoglobulin M cold agglutinin was prepared from high-titer sera resulting from the immunization of rabbits with heat-killed L . monocytogenes type 4B and was subsequently used to monitor the purification of the bacterial component responsible for its induction . The bacterial component was isolated from a hot phenol-water extract of lyophilized L . monocytogenes type 4B by multiple molecular sieve chromatography . Upon chemical analysis the purified material was found to be strikingly similar in chemical composition to gram-negative lipopolysaccharide endotoxins . The material contained 15% total fatty acid (of which 50% was beta-hydroxymyristic acid), 40 to 45% neutral sugar (glucose, galactose, and rhamnose), 11.5% amino sugar, 12% uronic acid, 2.5% 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid, 2% heptose, 0.87% phosphorus, and 1.6% amino acid, thereby accounting for 85 to 90% of the weight of the component . Electron micrographs of the purified material were similar to those of lipopolysaccharide preparations from gram-negative organisms . The purified material exist in aqueous solutions as large aggregates, but can be dissociated into a single smaller subunit (3.1S) by dialysis against sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer . The listerial component was toxic and pyrogenic to rabbits, producing symptoms typical of gram-negative endotoxins . Activity in the limulus lysate gelation assay and in the carbocyanine dye assay provides a further link of this material with classical gram-negative endotoxins.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Mar, 243(1), 74 - 81
Low temperature virulence of Listeria monocytogenes in the avian embryo; Wood LV et al.; The chick embryo was used to investigate the pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes when inoculated into the air sac . One strain (NCTC 5214) of L . monocytogenes was found to be more virulent for chick embryos when grown at low temperatures, while another strain (NCTC 5105) did not produce this effect . This method was found to be reliable and reproducible and the chick embryo was found to be a more sensitive in vivo assay for virulence than the mouse.

Tropenmed Parasitol, 1979 Mar, 30(1), 59 - 61
Human listeriosis in Peru; Guevara JM et al.; In a survey on listeriosis in Peru a study was made of 653 stool samples; material from 8 cases of perinatal death, in which a macroscopic diagnosis of listeriosis had been made at autopsy; 1 sample of vaginal secretion from a woman with abortion due to listeriosis; and 1 case of abscess which turned out to be an hematometra . The following results have been obtained: 1 . From the faeces 7 isolates of Listeria (1.07%) were obtained: 3 belonged to L . monocytogenes serovar 4ab, 3 to L . innocua (the former "4g"--nownow serovar 6b) and 1 to L . monocytogenes serovar 4a . 2 . The 8 strains of autopsy materials belonged to L . monocytogenes: 6 serovar 4b and 2 serovar 4d . 3 . From the vaginal secretion L . monocytogenes serovar 4b was cultured . 4 . The strain from the hematometra was identified as L . monocytogenes serovar 4b . The serovars 4a, 4ab and 4d are at this time the only ones identified in Peru as cause of human listeriosis . The serovars of serogroup 1/2 frequent in Western and primarily in Central Europe, were so far never cultivated.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Feb 15, 133(4), 405 - 10
Perinatal listeriosis--a review of twelve patients; Halliday HL et al.; From July, 1974 to February, 1978, we managed 12 infants with listeriosis . This infection presented in two distinct forms: an early-onset type (nine patients), often representing a congenital infection following maternal illness, and a late-onset type in which the patient presented with meningitis (three patients) . Of our nine infants with early-onset disease, three died, three developed permanent sequelae, and only three were normal at follow-up . Appropriate early management in the perinatal period may improve the outlook in this condition . Affected infants were often premature and had pneumonia, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly at birth . Prenatal clues to the diagnosis included maternal fever, abdominal pains, and leukocytosis with meconium staining of the preterm amniotic fluid . Examination of gastric aspirate at birth showed gram-positive coccobacilli . Antibiotic therapy should be started prenatally and continue for three weeks after birth to prevent recurrences of the late-onset type . This late-onset disease presented as meningitis after the second week of life and responded well to antibiotics . Our three patients recovered without sequelae.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Feb, 139(2), 228 - 31
Resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in mice: genetic control by genes that are not linked to the H-2 complex; Skamene E et al.; After mice of several inbred strains were injected with Listeria monoyctogenes, two parameters of resistance, the 50% lethal dose and the suppression of bacterial proliferation in spleen, were determined . The strains of mice tested could be segregated into two groups: the resistant C57BL/10Sn mice and the sensitive A/J and DBA/2J mice . Congenic resistant strains of mice were used because they would express the H-2 haplotype of the sensitive strains (H-2a or H-2d) on the background of a resistant strain, C57BL/10Sn . Both the B10.A/SgSn (H-2a) and the B10.D2/Sn (H-2d) mice were as resistant as mice from their background strain and were significantly more resistant than the strains that donated their H-2 locus (A/J or DBA/2J) . Therefore, the resistance of mice to Listeria, although genetically controlled, is not controlled by gene (s) linked to the H-2 haplotype . On the other hand, the level of specific immunity to listeria antigens (as indicated by the footpad reaction) was higher in the C57BL/10Sn (H-2b) mice than in either the A/J and B10.A/SgSn (H-2a) mice or the DBA/2J and B10.D2/Sn (H-2d) mice . This observation suggests an H-2 linkage of specific immunity to Listeria.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Feb-Mar, 130(2), 189 - 93
{Specific soluble antigens and Listeria monocytogenes typing by electrosyneresis (author's transl)}; Rigal P et al.; Listeria monocytogenes releases its antigens during the exponential phase . Electrosyneresis on agarose allows detection of these antigens in the supernatant of broth culture following a 3 h incubation of the strains . This serotyping method seems to be easy, rapid and reproductible . The authors have investigated 83 strains of different origines and find no difference with agglutination . However, during the stationary phase, L . monocytogenes releases other antigens which gave precipitation lines with all commercial sera tested.

Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Jan, 53(1), 124 - 7
Listeria monocytogenes . Macroabscesses of placenta; Steele PE et al.; Macroabscesses of placenta caused by Listeria monocytogenes were observed in a 37-year-old febrile primigravida . She was prematurely delivered of a depressed 2310-g infant, who was resuscitated and promptly treated with antibiotics . Mother and child are well at 10-year followup . Although perinatal listeriosis with placentitis is not rare, its presentation as macroabscesses of the placenta has until now gone unreported in the English language literature.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1979, 8(8), 737 - 8
{Listeria infection of a twin pregnancy (author's transl)}; Guillermin R et al.; A Listeria infection of a twin pregnancy had induced a partus immaturus at 23 weeks . One foetus died in utero of a widespread foeto-placental granulomatosis, while the other one, dying sub-partu, showed only retroplacental abcesses . The unequal extent of the infection in the two placentas -- of diamniotic, dichorionic type -- is interpreted as different stages of the same disease; it could be due to a different resistance to the germ between the two dizygotic foetuses.

Drug Chem Toxicol, 1979, 2(1-2), 77 - 98
The effect of perinatal exposure to tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the immune response of young mice; Thomas PT et al.; The immunocompetence of 5 week old offspring from mice fed control chow or chow containing 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was evaluated . The 5 ppb maternal feeding level was the only level that produced symptoms of intoxication in the offspring (i.e., facial alopecia and periorbital edema) . Mice from mothers fed either 2.5 or 5 ppb of TCDD demonstrated thymus cortex atrophy and a significantly reduced spleen anti-SRBC plaque forming cell (PFC) response, but had normal serum anti-SRBC antibody levels following primary and secondary immunization . Contact sensitivity response to DNFB was significantly reduced only in offspring from mothers fed 5 ppb of TCDD . The blastogenic response of splenic T- and B-lymphocytes to concanavalin-A and E . coli lipopolysaccharide was unaffected by perinatal TCDD exposure . This correlated with the normal appearance of the T- and B-cell dependent areas of the spleens from these animals . There was no significant difference in the differential white blood cell counts between control and TCDD-exposed offspring . Offspring from mothers fed up to 5 ppb of TCDD withstood a live Listeria challenge as well as controls . However, maternal feeding levels as low as 1 ppb of TCDD rendered offspring more sensitive to an endotoxin challenge.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 71(1-6), 95 - 9
{Case of L . monocytogenes meningitis in the non-neonatal period}; Caramello S et al.; A case of Listeria monocytogenes meningitidis in a little girl of Envie (Cuneo) is reported . The epidemiologic study has shown the presence of significatively high antibodies titers also in the sera of other members of the family.

Infection, 1979, 7(2), 54 - 6
Outcome of Listeria monocytogenes infection in compromised and non-compromised adults; a comparative study of seventy-two cases; Iwarson S et al.; The mortality in listeric meningitis and septicaemia, the two main clinical manifestations of the infection, is generally considered to be high . However, co-existing disorders rather than the listeric infection itself seem to determine the outcome . In the present study of 72 listeric infections among non-pregnant adults, 28 patients without co-existing disease had a fatality rate of 10.7% as compared to 57.9% among 19 immunocompromised individuals . Finally, in a third group of listeric patients, including alcoholics and people with heart disease or diabetes mellitus, the fatality rate was 24.0%.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1979, 11(1), 55 - 8
Correlations between clinical and postmortem findings in listeriosis; Larsson S et al.; Clinical data were correlated with postmortem findings in 14 cases of fatal listeriosis in adults and 23 cases of listeriosis during pregnancy and the neonatal period . Most children born with congenital listeriosis showed the typical morphological picture of granulomatosis infantiseptica . Occasionally no pathological changes were demonstrable . In adult patients the morphological lesions were those of non-specific purulent meningoencephalitis or septicemia . Sometimes encephalitis with abscesses in the brain was found.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1979, 11(1), 47 - 54
Epidemiology of listeriosis in Sweden 1958--1974; Larsson S; In 1958--1974 altogether 110 cases of listeriosis were diagnosed in Sweden by culture . 64 cases were seen in children and adults . Of these, 52 had manifestations of meningoencephalitis and 10 of septicemia . Another 46 cases were seen in pregnant women and/or their neonates . Pregnancy ended in abortions in 8 cases and in stillborns in 3 . Out of 37 neonates born alive, 22 had "early disease", mostly granulomatosis infantiseptica, and 8 had "late disease" with meningoencephalitis . The reported frequency of listeriosis in humans showed no correlation with that in animals . With the exception of pregnant women the incidence and mortality showed no difference with sex . Serotypes 1 and 4b prevailed and were equally common . The serotype did not vary with the clinical diagnosis or the outcome . There was no seasonal variation . Cases of all serotypes were uniformly distributed over the country in proportion to the density of its population . Occupational contact with animals was less common . Only in a few cases was there reason to suspect infection from animals . Co-existing disorders predisposed for the disease and often determined its outcome . Neonates with early onset of disease were infected by their mothers, while neonates with late onset of disease were infected from other and often nosocomial sources.

Parasite Immunol, 1979 Summer, 1(2), 111 - 23
The relevance to protection of three forms of delayed skin-test response evoked by m . leprae and other mycobacteria in mice . Correlation with the classical work in the guinea-pig; Rook GA et al.; The controversy surrounding the protective role of 'delayed hypersensitivity' in tuberculous guinea-pigs has never been resolved . This controversy has arisen because the term 'delayed hypersensitivity' is used indiscriminately to describe both a type of necrotic skin-test reactivity which does not appear until 4-6 weeks after infection, and also non-necrotic reactions which can be elicited within a few days . Responses closely analogous to both have been characterized in mice immunized with mycobacteria . Simple criteria are described which allow these responses to be distinguished from one another, and from the Jones-Mote phenomenon . The relevance of each type to protection, susceptibility and immunopathology in leprosy, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and listeriosis is discussed.

Neurology, 1979 Jan, 29(1), 86 - 90
Listeria monocytogenes: brain abscess or meningoencephalitis?
Lechtenberg R, Sierra MF, Pringle GF, Shucart WA, Butt KM.
A brain abscess caused by Listeria monocytogenes developed in an immunosuppressed renal transplant patient . Meningitis and meningoencephalitis from this organism were encountered in three other renal transplant recipients at this medical center during the past 4 years . Focal neurologic deficits occurred in patients with either Listeria abscess or meningoencephalitis . Computerized tomography was a rapid aid to the diagnosis of abscess . Immunosuppression has increased the incidence of central nervous system Listeria infections, but ampicillin still provides effective treatment, even when immunosuppressive therapy is continued . Limited experience with Listeria brain abscess suggests that surgical intervention improves the prognosis.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Jan, 97(1), 101 - 2
Listeria endophthalmitis; Ballen PH et al.; Listeria endophthalmitis developed in a patient who was being treated for extensive metastases of carcinoma of the breast . At the time of admission she was receiving cobalt therapy, chemotherapy, and high doses of oral steroids . The early identification of organisms with an immediate paracentesis and the early institution of broad-spectrum antibiotics is recommended.

J Immunopharmacol, 1979, 1(2), 247 - 67
Immunopotentiation and anabolism induced by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate; Renoux G et al.; Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, DTC, enhances over a large range of doses macrophage listericidal capacity and T cell activities in terms of increased IgG-antibody forming spleen cells and delayed hypersensitivity levels . Such immunopotentiation is not associated with splenomegalia or increase in lymphocyte counts . Immunopotentiation requires a preexisting link between carbon disulfide and diethylamine, since both moieties were inactive if administered alone or on separate body sites . DTC demonstrates also an anabolic effect on mice emanciated by administering a B . melitensis cell-wall fraction . The role of DTC on hormonal production is discussed in relation to hormone-mediated action on T cell induction.

Vet Med Nauki, 1979, 16(3), 57 - 62
{Listeria enzootic in newborn lambs}; Belchev L; Epizootological, clinical and pathomorphological studies were made of a meningo-encephalitic form of listeriotic enzooty in new born lambs . The clinical symptoms as well as the patho-anatomical and patho-histological changes in the brain and in the inner organs of dead lambs were described . Arisal of enzooty was connected with the inclusion of silage in the daily ration of ewes . It was assumed also that infection of suckling lambs possible by the milk of diseased mother-ewes also and in the prenatal period too . The meningo-encephalitic form of listeriotic enzooty established in new born lambs with symptoms of suppurative meningo-encephalitis was similar to that observed in sheep . L . monocytogenes was isolated from a suspension of various brain tissue parts of dead lambs.

Scand J Immunol, 1979, 10(1), 1 - 9
Use of a macrophage cytotoxicity system to show macrophage activation by Listeria monocytogenes cell wall fraction; Campbell PA et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine whether a partially purified listeria cell wall fraction could stimulate macrophages to high levels of activation . To detect activation of macrophages, a macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity system were established . The data demonstrate that listeria cell wall components are capable of activating thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells to be cytotoxic for 51Cr-labelled target tumour cells, and that the listeria fraction is as effective as bacterial lipopolysaccharide in inducing cytotoxicity . The listeria fraction can also induce peritoneal exudate cells from congenitally thymusless nude mice to become cytotoxic, suggesting that mature T cells are not required . Furthermore, thioglycollate-induced adherent peritoneal exudate cells from mice hyperimmunized to live Listeria organisms are already stimulated to be cytotoxic for tumour cells, and do not need to be activated in vitro . Additional data are presented which characterize the system . These data demonstrate that a critical concentration of adherent peritoneal cells is required for in vitro activation . Moreover, only peritoneal cells induced with aged batches of thioglycollate, and not uniduced peritoneal cells or those induced with fresh thioglycollate or with protease peptone can be activated in vitro to kill tumour cells . Evidence is presented which suggests that the cytotoxic cell is a macrophage.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 54 - 60
Antitumor activity of Listeria monocytogenes on a guinea pig fibrosarcoma; Dustoor MM et al.; Listeria monocytogenes-mediated tumor inhibition was studied in strain 13 guinea pigs by using a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCA-1) . Mixtures of Listeria and tumor cells in ratios of 1:100, 1:200, or 1:400 (Listeria:MCA-1 cells) led to significant suppression of tumor growth . Intralesional injection of tumors on day 6 posttransplantation led to the regression of a highly significant number of tumors . Animals receiving injections of Listeria, either in a mixture with tumor cells or intralesionally, displayed enhanced skin test reactivity to a tumor extract . Tumor regressors were resistant for at least 2 to 3 months after the initial transplant to rechallenge with MCA-1 cells . Thus, with this particular tumor-host system, Listeria was successfully employed as an antitumor agent with no visibly detrimental side effects to the host.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979, 45(1), 41 - 8
Regulation of the immune response by macrophages; Willers JM et al.; Regulation of the immune response by macrophages was studied with cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes as parameter . The use of agents which suppress macrophage activity during the induction-phase of immunity enabled the induction of protective immunity with killed listeria . Fractionation of the cell content of listeria yielded an RNA'se sensitive fraction which in a dose of 300 ng and in combination with the cationic surfactant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide induced protective immunity against listeria.

Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 34 - 40
Correlation between in vivo and in vitro functional tests for activated macrophages; Rhodes JM et al.; Mice undergoing graft-versus-host reaction, skin grafting, and inoculation with tumor cells were tested for nonspecific resistance by intravenous challenge with Listeria monocytogenes . Peritoneal exudate macrophages from mice treated in a similar manner were tested in vitro for increased degradation of {1-14C}glucose, ability to degrade antigen/antibody complexes, ability to inhibit intracellular growth of listeria, and staining for beta-galactosidase . There was good correlation between in vivo resistance towards L . monocytogenes and in vitro inhibition of intracellular growth . There was also good correlation between increase in beta-galactosidase and in vivo resistance in mice undergoing a graft-versus-host-reaction.

Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 746 - 51
Listeria pneumonitis: induction of immunity after airborne infection with Listeria monocytogenes; Lefford MJ et al.; After implantation of approximately 10(3) Listeria monocytogenes organisms into the lungs, mice develop an acute pneumonitis with dissemination of infection to a mediastinal lymph node (MedLN), liver, and spleen . The infections in a MedLN and spleen resolve in approximately 7 days, but the lung infection persists for a few days longer . Pneumonitis is accompanied by a lymphoproliferative response in a MedLN and spleen, and immunity to Listeria is conferred adoptively with MedLN and spleen cells but not with mesenteric lymph node cells . Although the spleen appears to be the major repository of sensitized lymphocytes, splenectomized mice combat Listeria pneumonitis as effectively as normal mice . It is concluded that the induction of immunity to lung infection with L . monocytogenes is efficient and that the cause for the rather protracted pneumonitis is due to a defect in the expression of the cell-mediated immunity effector mechanism.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1978 Dec, 46(6), 781 - 5
Oral mucosal white lesions associated with excessive use of Listerine mouthwash . Report of two cases; Bernstein ML; Two patients were observed to have asymptomatic, diffuse, filmy white lesions involving large portions of the oral mucosa . Both patients admitted to the topical use of Listerine mouthwash in excess of recommended doses . Other considerations in the differential diagnosis were eliminated by history . The lesions showed complete regression in 2 weeks following discontinuance of the lavage.

Lancet, 1978 Nov 11, 2(8098), 1039 - 40
Hospital outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia: a problem of cross infection?
Green HT, Macaulay MB.
A 74-year-old man was admitted to hospital with septicaemia and meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes . Subsequently 3 inpatients developed listeria septicaemia . Case-to-case transmission of the infection seems possible, although the method of transmission remains obscure.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Nov, 62(11), 1931 - 5
Activation of reticuloendothelial system macrophages and enhancement of host resistance to a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma in mice by an extract of Brucella abortus; Glasgow LA et al.; An aqueous-ether extract of Brucella abortus, Bru-Pel, enhanced resistance of mice to a transplantable osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) . The results presented in this report suggest that Bru-Pel is an effective immunomodulator and that one mechanism through which it enhances host resistance is activation of phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system . Peritoneal macrophages from mice inoculated with Bru-Pel 14 days previously were cytotoxic for OGS cells in vitro, limited the multiplication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures, and demonstrated increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis . Furthermore, Bru-Pel enhanced host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, in addition to viral infections and a transplantable tumor . These results support the hypothesis that Bru-Pel shares a number of characteristics with other recognized immunomodulating agents and suggest that further studies are warranted to better define the potential of Bru-Pel for immunotherapeutic regimens in man.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1978 Nov, 34(2), 193 - 8
Stimulation of human B lymphocytes by Listeria cell wall fraction; Ivanyi L; Cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF), a B cell mitogen for mouse spleen cells, is also mitogenic for human adult and cord peripheral blood lymphocytes . Purified B-cell suspensions responded to LCWF in vitro proliferation, to a similar extent as the unfractionated suspensions . Furthermore, LCWF-induced B cell differentiation into IgM-containing cells and their percentage correlated significantly with the extent of lymphocyte proliferation.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Nov, 242(1), 72 - 8
{Studies about monocines (author's transl)}; Ortel S; By means of mitomycin induction monocine preparations were made from 162 Listeria monocytogenes strains . From tested strains of different serovars and antigen combinations altogether 76% were monocinogenic . Examination of efficiency was performed against 15 indicator strains of Listeria monocytogenes . Concluding from spectra of reaction 6 groups of monocines (A-F) could be differentiated . Serovar 5 (Ivanov) proved as an indicator strain particularly sensitive for all monocines.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1978 Nov, 86(5), 715 - 9
Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis with a black hypopyon; Abbott RL et al.; A 68-year-old woman had a marked decrease in visual acuity, increased intraocular pressure, and acute iridocyclitis . She developed a pigmented hypopyon simulating an occult intraocular melanoma . Two anterior chamber paracenteses showed growth of Listeria monocytogenes . The patient received systemic intravenous penicillin, topical fortified gentamicin sulfate drops, and intraocular injections of cephaloridine . On discharge from the hospital after a two-week stay, visual acuity had improved and intraocular pressure had decreased.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Nov, 62(11), 1981 - 5
Effects of isoprinosine, levamisole, muramyl dipeptide, and SM1213 on lymphocyte and macrophage function in vitro; Hadden JW; Four immunopotentiators, levamisole, isoprinosine, muramyl dipeptide, and SM1213, were analyzed in vitro for their effect on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-induced macrophage proliferation and activation to kill Listeria monocytogenes . Isoprinosine augmented all three functions . Levamisole augmented lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-induced macrophage activation . Muramyl dipeptide and SM1213 induced macrophage activation directly . The effects of these agents on these cells at concentrations relevant to in vivo therapy support their immunopharmacologic application to modify cellular immunity.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1978 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 213 - 20
{Induction of macrophage activation with bacterial products for potentiation of resistance to some chronic infections}; Oprescu CC et al.; Adult mice of the consanguine A2G strain received two intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.5 mg Listeria monocytogenes phospholipid extract at 30 days interval . In the treated animals and the controls, the capacity to develop a humoral immune response was tested 24 hours after the second inoculation, following antigenic stimulus with sheep red blood cells; phagocytizing in vitro of labelled germs by peritoneal macrophages and the response of lymphocytes to mitogenic and allogenic stimuli were likewise tested . The bacterial phospholipid extract activated the phagocytic function of the macrophages and the reactivity of the allogenically stimulated lymphocytes.

S Afr Med J, 1978 Sep 2, 54(10), 389 - 92
Epidemic listeriosis . Report of 14 cases detected in 9 months; Jacobs MR et al.; During the period August 1977 to April 1978, 14 Black patients in Johannesburg area had systemic infections caused by Listeria monocytogenes . Nine of these patients were neonates who presented with septicaemia (5 cases) or septicaemia and meningitis (4 cases) and 5 were adults, all of whom had meningitis . The mortality rate was 43% (6/14), with 4 neonatal and 2 adult deaths . All isolates of L . monocytogenes were type 4b . Only sporadic cases of human listeriosis have previously been reported in South Africa, and the cases reported here constitute the first epidemic in this country.

J Exp Med, 1978 Sep 1, 148(3), 746 - 58
Alteration of some functional and metabolic characteristics of resident mouse peritoneal macrophages by lymphocyte mediators; Lazdins JK et al.; Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated in Sephadex G-100 fractions of supernates from concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocytes . A significant effect of the lymphocyte supernatant fractions containing mediators on macrophage 5'-nucleotidase, glucose-1 14C oxidation, cell maintenance, and migration is reported . The 5'-nucleotidase was depressed to an extent similar to that seen in activated macrophages obtained from Listeria-infected mice . On the other hand, glucose-1-14C oxidation was enhanced, but not to the same degree as seen in the counterparts in vivo . Whereas migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and cell adherence-augmenting activity were found in a number of adjacent fractions, the metabolic effects were found predominantly in a single fraction . Resident peritoneal macrophages or those elicited by the injection of a lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor were more responsive with respect to the biochemical changes than caseinate-elicited macrophages . On the other hand, caseinate-elicited macrophages appeared to be more sensitive with respect to the effects of mediator(s) on cell retention . A possible dissociation between MIF and cell-adherence augmenting activity, on the one hand, and the entities that stimulate glucose-1-14C oxidation is reported, based on fractionation studies, and loss of the latter activity upon storage of lymphocyte supernates.

J Immunol, 1978 Aug, 121(2), 449 - 55
Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance in the rat; Jungi TW et al.; Allogeneic restriction of acquired antimicrobial resistance was demonstrated by infusing Listeria-immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) into syngeneic, semisyngeneic, or allogeneic recipients that had been infected i.v . with Listeria monocytogenes (LM) . Syngeneic and semisyngeneic recipients enjoyed a high level of protection (3 to 5 log10 reduction in viable organisms within 64 hr, whereas allogeneic recipients were poorly protected (0.5 to 2.5 log10 reduction) . Sharing one haplotype between TDL-donors and challenged recipients resulted in a 4- to 8-fold increase in the level of resistance transferred . Histoincompatibility reactions could be excluded as a cause of the observed allogeneic restriction . Therefore, it is likely that LM-immune TDL are unable to respond efficiently to the antigens of this organism in an allogeneic environment . But allogeneic immune TDL do confer a low level of protection that cannot be ascribed to B cell activity nor to GvH and/or HvG reactions . Evidence is provided that the modest protection afforded by allogeneic lymphocytes is conveyed by the same T cell subset that operates with much higher efficiency in genetically related rats.

J Immunol, 1978 Aug, 121(2), 456 - 63
Allogeneic restriction of the delayed inflammatory reaction in the rat; Jungi TW et al.; Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to Listeria monocytogenes was measured in rats that were recipients of syngeneic, semisyngeneic, and allogeneic immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) . DTH could be transferred only to recipients that shared at least one haplotype with the TDL donors . The restriction was expressed in an inability of sensitized lymphoblasts to localize efficiently at antigen injection sites in the pinna of the ear and peritoneal cavity . Failure of allogeneic lymphoblasts to extravasate in more than trace numbers into Listeria-antigen-induced exudates was reflected in an absence of other lymphocyte-mediated expressions of DTH . Thus, lymphocyte-dependent MCA was not detected in Listeria-antigen-induced peritoneal exudates borne by recipients of allogeneic immune TDL and blood monocytes were not recruited in increased numbers into such exudates as they were in exudates borne by syngeneic rats . But allogeneic restriction of the delayed inflammatory response to Listeria antigen was overcome, at least in part, when antigen-presenting macrophages of the same MHC type as the immune TDL donors were implanted in the peritoneal cavity . The results encourage the belief that the observed failure of immune TDL to transfer DTH to allogeneic recipients is related to the inability of sensitized donor T cells to recognize antigen displayed by allogeneic macrophages.

Immunology, 1978 Jul, 35(1), 69 - 76
Polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid (poly A : U) and experimental murine brucellosis . I . Effect of single and double-stranded polynucleotides on Brucella abortus in vivo and in vitro; Madraso ED et al.; The double stranded polynucleotide, poly A : U, when administered intraperitoneally at the same time as intravenous infection with Brucella abortus, suppressed the growth of that organism in the spleen and liver of mice . Single stranded poly A or poly U were not effective . On the other hand both the single and double stranded forms enhanced the growth of Br . abortus in broth culture . Poly A : U did not enhance the blood clearance of intravenously administered Br . abortus . Indeed its suppressive effect was not apparent until 2 days after administration . When mice given Br . abortus and poly A : U were given a second infection 2 days later, with either Br . abortus or Listeria monocytogens, the second infection was exacerbated, indicating a biphasic effect of poly A : U and antigen.

Infect Immun, 1978 Jul, 21(1), 10 - 6
Acquired cellular resistance, delayed hypersensitivity, and altered macrophage migration in Listeria monocytogenes-infected guinea pigs; Dustoor MM et al.; A Listeria monocytogenes infection in guinea pigs was used to study the interrelationship between antigen-induced macrophage migration inhibition, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and acquired cellular resistance . Early after infection (at 2 and 7 days), very significant enhancement of macrophage migration was observed . Migration inhibition was detected beginning on day 14 and was uniformly observed only on day 21 of the infection, after which a shift again to enhancement was seen . The early detection (by day 2) of migration enhancement suggested that this assay may be more sensitive than assessment of delayed type hypersensitivity in vivo, which in this system was first detectable only on day 4 . Acquired cellular resistance, as measured by enhanced survival following a high dose challenge with Listeria, was present from day 7 after infection until at least day 60 . By splenic clearance studies, however, acquired cellular resistance was present only until day 14 after infection, suggesting that in this system splenic clearance was not a very reliable criterion for measuring acquired cellular resistance.

J Infect Dis, 1978 Jul, 138(1), 17 - 23
Listeria monocytogenes infection in neonates: Investigation of an epidemic; Filice GA et al.; From March 10 through October 29, 1975, Listeria monocytogenes infection occurred in seven neonates born at a 401-bed general hospital in Greenville, S.C . In the preceding 19 months, there had been only one case . Six of the seven isolates from the infected infants were of serotype JB . Risk of listeriosis in neonates was associated with being born to mothers of low socioeconomic status and being born to mothers who had had vaginitis during pregnancy . Nosocomial transmission of L . monocytogenes appeared unlikely, but the source of the infection is unknown . Of the media used in this study for isolation of L . monocytogenes from mixed cultures, McBride's agar and McBride's agar with nalidixic acid were most useful.

Infect Immun, 1978 Jun, 20(3), 692 - 7
Specific and nonspecific resistance in mice immunized with irradiated Myobacterium leprae; Patel PJ et al.; Following subcutaneous inoculation of irradiated Mycobacterium leprae (I-ML) into the left hind footpad of mice, there was increased resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, indicative of macrophage activation, at the immunization site . In spite of the high level of localized macrophage activation which was proportioned to the immunizing dose of I-ML, no such activity could be demonstrated systemically in these mice, as evidenced by the absence of increased resistance to an intravenous challenge with L . monocytogenes . Under these conditions, I-ML-immunized mice were nonetheless resistant to intravenous infection with either M . tuberculosis or M . bovis BCG, and this immunity was transferred to normal recipients using spleen or lymph node cells . Neonatal thymectomy completely abolished the development of antimycobacterial immunity after vaccination with I-ML, but immunity was restored by an intraperitoneal infusion of syngeneic thymocytes . Systemic nonspecific resistance could be generated in I-ML-immunized mice by an intravenous injection of disrupted I-ML . This study reveals that, after subcutaneous vaccination with I-ML, there is local accumulation of activated macrophages at the inoculation site and a widespread distribution of lymphocytes which are sensitized to mycobacterial antigens . Nonspecific resistance is mediated by the former cells and specific antimycobacterial immunity by the latter.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1978 May 31, 57(2), 121 - 7
{Further observations on human infection by Listeria monocytogenes}; Gatti M et al.; Two cases of isolation of Listeria monocytogenes type 1 from vaginal mucus of two pregnant women who underwent premature deliveries with death of foetuses are described.

Can J Microbiol, 1978 May, 24(5), 598 - 9
Further characterization of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5; Cooper RF et al.; Fifteen strains of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 5 were characteriized for carbohydrate utilization, enzymic reactions, and other differential criteria . Hemolytic patterns were tested on ovine, bovine, equine, human and lapine blood agars . Results were compared with those of previously reported strains of L . monocytogens serotype 5.

Am J Vet Res, 1978 May, 39(5), 887 - 92
Light and electron microscopic study of the livers of pregnant mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes; Siddique IH et al.; Listeria monocytogenes cells were observed in the hepatic cell cytoplasm or in the phagosome at 24 and 48 hours but not at 72 hours after inoculation in pregnant mice . The presence of bacteria initially in a membrane-bound vesicle indicates that the bacteria enter the hepatic cells by endocytosis, resulting in eventual destruction of hepatic cells . Characteristic lesions of the liver at 24 and 48 hours after inoculation consist of multiple focal areas of necrosis . The initial neutrophilic reaction seems to give way to a mononuclear reaction (listeriomas) at 72 hours after inoculation . Dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and release of many of the bound ribosomes with a relative increase in the number of free ribosomes was observed . Hepatic lesions were not observed in control (nonpregnant) mice.

Immunology, 1978 May, 34(5), 901 - 7
Increased phagocytic activity of splenectomized mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes; Skamene E et al.; Adult splenectomized mice exhibit increased resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes . Phagocytosis, by reticulo-endothelial cells, of test particles (51Cr-labelled sheep erythrocytes) is the same in splenectomized and control mice . However, 24 h exposure to Listeria, which fails to influence phagocytic activity of normal mice, greatly enhances the blood clearance and liver uptake of the test particles in splenectomized mice . The presence of a cell population and/or product in the spleen which modulates macrophage activation upon the exposure to appropriate stimuli is postulated.

Nouv Presse Med, 1978 Apr 22, 7(16), 1363 - 8
{Acute duodenal ulcers complicating Listeria meningitis (author's transl)}; Hay JM et al.; The authors report 3 cases of acute complicated duodenal ulcers occurring during the course of Listeria meningitis . These three adults (2 females and 1 male) suffered from localised neurological involvement and, in 2 cases neurovegatative disorders an altered level of consciousness . The ulcers were situated in the duodenal cap, and in each case there were at least 2 large excavated ulcers . These ulcers were the site of late complications on the 13th and 15th days after the onset of neurological disease . In two cases the major symptom was haemorrhage, whilst in the third it subsided leaving a syndrome of peritonitis due to perforation . Treatment in all three cases consisted of vagotomy with pyloroplasty (the ulcers being excised or sutured) . All the patients recovered from their digestive complications without relapse despite the persistence 6 and 10 months later of the same neurological problems in two of them . All these facts would be in favour of a neurogenic aetiopathogenesis, via the vagal nerve . Thus acute late duodenal ulcers in patients with neurological disease from a separate enity within the context of stress lesions.

Jpn J Exp Med, 1978 Apr, 48(2), 143 - 8
Chorio-meningo-encephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes after renal transplantation; Yamauchi J et al.; A 35-year-old man, who underwent renal transplantation, died of meningo-encephalitis with symptoms of meningitis for only 8 days . The autopsy revealed marked chorio-meningo-encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes . This report on listeriosis in renal transplant patients is the second in our country, where adult cases of listeriosis are rare . Recent knowledge about listeriosis in renal transplants is reviewed and discussed.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1978 Apr, 8(2), 103 - 4
A case of listeriosis in pregnancy with fetal survival; Solomon F et al.; Listeriosis during pregnancy is generally considered to result in an intrauterine infection which affects the fetus before birth or in the perinatal period . A case of listeriosis in a 38-yr-old diabetic woman with an influenza-like disease in her 32nd wk of pregnancy is presented . Two successive blood cultures were positive for Listeria monocytogenes type 4b and her serum showed a rising titer for agglutinins to this organism . After antibiotic treatment of the patient she gave birth to a healthy child.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Apr, 240(2), 208 - 14
{Influence of killed Bordetella pertussis cells on the resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)}; Hof H et al.; The influence of killed Bordetella pertussis cells (B.p.) on the cell-mediated resistance of mice against infection with virulent germs of Listeria monocytogenes has been studied . Resistance of mice was decreased, when 3 X 10(9) B.p . were injected 1 day before, simultaneously with or 1 day after infection, resulting in augmented amounts of viable Listeriae recovered from the spleens 3 days after infection (figure 1) . The LD50 was strongly reduced (Table 1) . Transfer of immune spleen cells to recipient mice, which had been treated 1 day previously with 3 X 10(9)B.p., did not support resistance definitely (Table 2) . Therefore, it can be concluded that probably the macrophage system was impaired just after B.p . injection . When, however, B.p . were given several days before infection, resistance was increased . A maximum of resistance enhancement was seen 7-14 days after B.p . treatment . Thereafter, this beneficial effect gradually decreased but persisted for at least 67 days (figure 1) . This resistance enhancing effect of B.p . was surely not due to adjuvant effect of B.p . on the T-lymphocyte-mediated immune reaction to Listeriae, since in B.p.-pretreated mice the development of immunity during the primary infection to a secondary listeric infection has even been lacking (Table 3) . It is more likely that the macrophage system was stimulated at this time by B.p . In mice treated 7 days prior to infection the elimination of Listeriae from the spleens was supported from the very beginning of the infection (figure 2).

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Apr, 240(3), 339 - 346
{Resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in normal and thymusless mice treated with ampicillin (author's transl)}; Emmerling P et al.; NMRI mice were infected intravenously with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes and divided into four groups . One group served as the control and the other three were treated with ampicillin beginning 4, 8 or 24 hours after infection . The animals were injected in the morning and in the evening each time with 4 mg ampicillin subcutaneously until a total dose of 48 mg was reached . As demonstrated by counting of the bacteria in the spleen, Listeria could multiply in the ampicillin treated mice in comparison to the control group at best delayed but the infection continued to persist for some days at a level of 10(3)-10(4) Listeriae per spleen independent from the starting point of the treatment . Eight days after the first infection all animals received a challenge dose of 10(4) Listeriae . Compared with the control animals the ampicillin treated mice had a clearly reduced immunity, even in the group in which ampicillin application had been started 24 hours after the primary infection . If the challenge infection was given at first after an intervall of six weeks between primary and secondary infection, only a reduced immunity was found . Furthermore, whereas spleen cells of mice 7 days after infection were able to transfer immunity to untreated recipients, spleen cells of ampicillin treated mice were unable to do so . Finally, an attempt was made to cure chronic listeric infection in thymusless nude mice by the application of high doses of ampicillin . The observation of a continuous infection in these animals showed that the T-cells played a primary importance in the elimination of the bacteria.

S Afr Med J, 1978 Mar 25, 53(12), 463 - 4
Neonatal Listeria monocytogenes meningitis . A case report; Adams H et al.; The clinical presentation, bacteriological results, treatment, and outcome of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a newborn infant are described . The neonatal listeriosis was of the late-onset variety, and the infant survived the infection, but hydrocephalus, which necessitated operative relief, developed . Although 2 cases of Listeria meningitis have previously been described in South Africa, and opportunistic listeriosis is known to occur here, this is apparently the first documented case of neonatal listeriosis in this country.

Infect Immun, 1978 Mar, 19(3), 950 - 60
Reversion of dextran sulfate-induced loss of antibacterial resistance by Bordetella pertussis; Finger H et al.; Parenteral injection of dextran sulfate 500 (DS 500; 50 mg/kg of body weight) into mice caused a complete loss of resistance to a sublethal (2 X 10(3) to 5 X 10(3)) infection with Listeria monocytogenes . Such loss could be prevented by pretreatment of animals with 3 X 10(9) heat-killed Bordetella pertussis organisms (PO) 5 to 30 days before the administration of DS 500 . The increased phagocytic capcity induced by PO was only exhausted when a fourfold dose of DS 500, effecting complete loss of antibacterial resistance (50 mg/kg ob body weight), was administered . Listeriosis in mice treated with DS 500 is characterized by rapid-progressive necro-purulent inflammation of liver and spleen, lack of mononuclear phagocyte response, and 100% lethality within 72 h after infection . In contrast, the time course, extent, and morphological characteristics of listeriosis in animals pretreated with PO before the DS 500 application were not significantly different from those of nonpretreated controls . Evidence is presented that the protective effect of PO is due to activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system, which without such treatment is blocked by the DS 500 administration . The data presented indicate that the protective effect of PO is due only in part to the endotoxic moiety of these bacteria . Differences in the course and morphology of listeriosis in animals with dysfunction of the mononuclear phagocyte system and in animals with deficiency of the cellular immune system are discussed.

J Immunol, 1978 Mar, 120(3), 716 - 25
Enumeration and ultrastructure of C4-producing free alveolar cells from guinea pig lung; Barber TA et al.; Free alveolar cells from guinea pig lung producing the fourth emoponent of C (C4) were identified, enumerated, and characterized by using anti-C4 Fab-peroxidase conjugates in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy . The C4-producing cell population consisted of: 1) alveolar macrophages (AM); 2) less well differentiated phagocytes similar in morphology to exudate macrophages; and 3) weakly phagocytic secretory cells with numerous profiles of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) . Internal immunolabeling allowed the visualization of C4 in the ER, perinuclear space, and Golgi complex of producer cells and its release at cell surfaces; synthesis of C4 in vitro was sensitive to inhibitors both of protein synthesis and messenger RNA function . The percentage of free alveolar cells from normal animals competent for C4 production as indicated by cell surface immunolabeling was approximately 1% of the total cells obtained by lavage . Transnasal infection with Listeria monocytogenes, generation of a pulmonary granulomatous reaction by i.v . injection of heat-killed BCG, and aerosol infection of nonvaccinated animals with Myco-bacterium tuberculsois each resulted in an increase in numbers of AM and exudate macrophage-like free alveolar cells competent for C4-production.

Infect Immun, 1978 Mar, 19(3), 763 - 70
Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: course of listeriosis in resistant or susceptible mice; Cheers C et al.; Resistance and susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes in mice was found to be related to (i) the innate ability of the nonimmune macrophages to kill or inhibit the growth of the organism during the first 24 to 48 h after infection, and (ii) the time of onset of acquired cell-mediated resistance . Resistant C57Bl/6 mice were 10 times more efficient than susceptible BALB/c mice at suppressing the early growth of Listeria in the liver . Furthermore, the onset of acquired immunity occurred 24 to 48 h earlier in C57Bl/6 than in BALB/c mice . Acquired immunity was measured by (i) fall in bacterial numbers in spleen and livers of infected mice (ii) adoptive transfer of immunity to normal mice by using spleen cells from infected mice, (iii) delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing, and (iv) uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes in the spleen.

Infect Immun, 1978 Mar, 19(3), 755 - 62
Resistance and susceptibility of mice to bacterial infection: genetics of listeriosis; Cheers C et al.; A survey of various strains of mice showed distinct differences in resistance or susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes . C57B1, related sublines, NZB, and SJL were resistant to Listeria, whereas BALB/c, CBA, A, DBA/1, C3H, LP.RIII, 129, and WB were susceptible . The gene(s) responsible for resistance and susceptibility to Listeria were studied in detail . C57BL6/6, B10.D2, and B10.A mice were 100 times more resistant than were BALB/c, CBA, and A . Resistance of the (C57B1/6 X BALB/C)F1 was intermediate between the two parents, suggesting partial penetration of a dominant gene . Backcross studies in which the (C57B1/6 X BALB/c)F1 were crossed with the susceptible BALB/c parent suggested that a single gene or group of linked genes were the major determinant of resistance, although the possibility that other genes exerted a modifying influence was not excluded . By using the backcross and various congenic and recombinant mice, linkage of the genes involved to the H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-7, or H-8 loci, to the immunoglobulin allotype, to the Thy-1 gene, to the Hc gene specifying C5, or to coat color genes (B, c) was excluded . There was no difference in the response of males and females . In all studies, the powerful overriding influence of the C57B1 genome was evident.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1978 Feb 15, 103(4), 229 - 31
{Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in the intestinal contents of broilers on different farms (author's transl)}; Dijkstra RG; The intestinal contents of 3,090 broilers, one day to five weeks of age, from 1,025 broiler houses, were examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes . L . monocytogenes was isolated in 243 cases, i.e . 23.7% of the broiler houses, 58.8% were of type 1, 35.5% of type 4b, 1.2% were of type 5 and 2.4% of the strains could not be typed . In spite of cleaning and disinfection after the chickens had been taken to the poultry slaughterhouse, reinfection occurred in the broiler houses in 16.9% of the cases; this occurred as many as eight times in succession . Various serotypes were isolated on one farm . Listeria organisms in the intestinal contents of healthy broilers do not affect the growth rate . Contaminated deep-litter (chips of white deal-wood) is a potential danger for man and animals, especially when used inn loose-housings on cattle farms.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1978 Feb, 69(2), 186 - 7
Prosthetic-valve endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes; Breyer RH et al.; Clinical and necropsy observations in the case of a patient with prosthetic-valve endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes are presented . Although rare cases of L . monocytogenes infection of natural cardiac valves have been reported, this represents the first known case of infection of a prosthetic cardiac valve by this organism.

Infect Immun, 1978 Feb, 19(2), 553 - 61
Impaired chemotactic responsiveness of macrophages from gnotobiotic rats; Jungi TW et al.; Peptone-induced macrophages obtained from gnotobiotic (GB) rats responded poorly to chemotactic stimuli that have a powerful, attractive influence upon the cells of conventional donors . Monocyte recruitment from the circulation into peptone-induced exudates also was impaired in GB subjects . Although relatively more resident cells are present in exudates borne by GB donors, their number cannot in itself account for the sluggish response of peptone-induced cells from GB rats . Neutrophil accumulation in the inflamed peritoneal cavities and their responsiveness in vitro were similar in GB and conventional rats . The levels of serum-derived chemotactic factors were similar in such animals . Furthermore, germ-free rats exhibited no obvious defects in their capacity to generate lymphocyte-dependent monocyte chemotactic activity in situ upon specific stimulation with Listeria monocytogenes . It is suggested that the diminished chemotactic responsiveness of exudate macrophages is related in some way to the level of cell activation . This state of affairs might account for the impairment of delayed-type hypersensitivity in GB animals and their inability to resist intracellular bacterial infections.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1978 Feb 1, 172(3), 363 - 6
Listeriosis in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency; Clark EG et al.; A 1-month-old Arabian foal with signs of central nervous system disease was found to have combined (B- and T-lymphocyte) immunodeficiency . The foal died in spite of intensive antibiotic therapy . At necropsy, generalized lymphoid hypoplasia and acute necrotizing and granulomatous inflammation of the brain, heart, and adrenal glands were found . In addition, there were spinal meningitis and focal hepatic necrosis . Listeria monocytogenes was isolated on primary culture from the brain.

Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr, 1978, 123(2), 179 - 85
{Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in infectious encephalitis: observation on a case of listeriosis}; Safran AB et al.; An internuclear ophthalmoplegia was diagnosed and recorded electro-oculographically in a patient with pontomedullary listeriosis . The etiological differential diagnosis in case of internuclear ophthalmoplegia is discussed . It is emphasized that listeria monocytogenes encephalitis should be considered because this pathology may be electively located in the pontomedullary area and because of the encreasing frequency of human listeriosis.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1978, 57(1), 74 - 81
Changes in host resistance caused by Nocardia brasiliensis in mice: cross-protection against Listeria monocytogenes; Melendro EI et al.; Listeria monocytogenes was used to study the rate of development, magnitude, and persistence of the antimicrobial resistance engendered by Nocardia brasiliensis infection in mice . The growth of Listeria in the liver and spleen was more effectively restricted in Nocardia-infected mice than in noninfected animals . The development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the Nocardia antigen was closely correlated to the increased resistance to Listeria, suggesting that both properties are the consequence of a single immunological event . The antibacterial resistance was also demonstrated in vitro . The results of the foregoing studies indicate that the microbicidal ability of macrophages, very likely activated by cell-mediated immunity, in enhanced in mice infected with Nocardia.

Tohoku J Exp Med, 1978 Jan, 124(1), 95 - 6
Listeria monocytogenes infection with brain abscess formation--the first case in Miyagi Prefecture; Umenai T et al.; A rare type of brain abscess formation caused by infection with Listeria monocytogenes was observed in a 2-year-old boy . The patient did not respond to treatment with various antibiotics . The isolated organisms were found to be sero-type 4b . This is the first report of Listeria monocytogenes infection in Miyagi Prefecture.

Postgrad Med J, 1978 Jan, 54(627), 55 - 7
Chronic active hepatitis, haemolytic anaemia and Listeria monocytogenes bacteraemia; Chadwick RG et al.; The association of chronic active hepatitis with haemolytic anaemia is well known . Both conditions may respond to steroid therapy which, in common with other causes of suppressed T-lymphocyte function, predispose to many types of infection . A case is described in which transient Listeria monocytogenes bacteraemia occurred and the patient recovered without antimicrobial therapy.

Obstet Gynecol, 1978 Jan, 51(1 Suppl), 9s - 10s
Bacterial endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes in a pregnant diabetic; Holshouser CA et al.; A case of bacterial endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes in a pregnant, Class D diabetic patient is presented . The importance of obtaining proper cultures and instituting appropriate antibiotic therapy promptly is emphasized . A favorable outcome was achieved in spite of the combined risk to the fetus of maternal diabetes and listeria endocarditis.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Jan, 240(1), 76 - 85
In vitro susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to some antibiotics and their combinations; Espaze EP et al.; The Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated during recent years in our hospital have been tested for in vitro susceptibility against eleven antibiotics . The following tests were used: antibiotics discs method on Mueller-Hinton agar, determination of MICs by agar dilution method, study of the bactericidal potency of antibiotics combinations . Antibiotic discs method gives some too optimistic results, not confirmed by the MICs determined with agar dilution method . Ther are a few antibiotics used alone which are bactericidal upon Listeria monocytogenes at the concentration reached with usual therapeutic doses, and none regularly bactericidal . Betalactam-aminoglycoside combinations are the most effective ones but the ones involving gentamicin are more bactericidal than the ones involving streptomycin . Pristinamycin-aminoglycoside combinations have interesting activities and might be used as an alternative to betalactam-aminoglycoside ones in some peculiar and restricted indications . The other tested combinations are antagonistic or without interest.

Chemotherapy, 1978, 24(2), 104 - 11
Rifampicin against experimental listeriosis in the mouse; Vischer WA et al.; The activity of rifampicin was compared with that of tetracycline, ampicillin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and sulphadiazine in vitro and in experiments on mice infected with various strains of Listeria monocytogenes . Although the minimum inhibitory concentration of rifampicin was not appreciably lower than that of ampicillin, penicillin G and gentamicin, rifampacin was very much more active in vivo than any of these antibiotics . One of the reasons for its greater efficacy may be that it inhibits or destroys intracellular Listeria . In addition, a synergistic effect was observed in vivo when rifampicin was administered in combination with ampicillin or tetracyline . The combined administration of rifampicin with either of these antibiotics should prevent the emergence of rifampicin-resistant Listeria.

Pharmacol Ther Dent, 1978, 3(1), 25 - 9
Soft tissue responses to high frequency use of experimental and commercial mouthwashes; Rothenstein AS et al.; A recent study reported that regular use of commercial mouthwashes produced a significant incidence of oral reactions, including epithelial peeling, inflammation, ulceration and geographic tongue-like lesions . In view of the widespread use of these preparations, without apparent deleterious effects, an investigation of two commercial preparations (Scope, Listerine) and an experimental mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride was undertaken to assess the possible irritant effects on the oral soft tissue under stringent test conditions . A double blind design was used and soft tissue effects were measured over a two week period . Rinses were used full strength, 20 cc 3 times daily . Examinations were conducted by an oral pathologist at the start and conclusion of the test period, and a record was made of the occurrence of erythema, hyperemia/prominent vasculature, inflammation, petechia, keratosis, tongue coating, and ulceration . These observations did not reveal any soft tissue conditions beyond those which would be expected in the normal population.

Arch Surg, 1978 Jan, 113(1), 90 - 4
Listeria infection in transplant patients . Five cases and a review of the literature; Ascher NL et al.; We report five cases of Listeria monocytogenes infection in renal transplant patients at the University of Minnesota and compare them to 15 additional patients reported on in the United States literature . All patients were noted to have fever, malaise, and nonspecific symptoms of infection . There were no consistent diagnostic laboratory findings except for positive bacteriologic studies . Successful treatment consisted of intravenous penicillin G potassium in most cases (ampicillin sodium was required in two patients) . Mortality was low, with only one patient of the 20 (and no Minnesota patients) dying of listeriosis . The time interval from transplant to infection was definitively longer in the Minnesota patients; this may be due to the routine use of sulfisoxazole following renal transplantation . Listeria infection, though mild itself, may herald other infectious processes in the immunoincompetent host.

Arch Intern Med, 1978 Jan, 138(1), 83 - 7
Listeria cerebritis: relapse of infection in renal transplant patients; Watson GW et al.; In 3 cases of Listeria cerebritis, two of the patients had relapse with cerebritis after antimicrobial therapy for acute Listeria septicemia or meningitis . Each had received ten to 14 days of intravenous penicillin . Relapse occurred with fever and sudden focal cerebral dysfunction . Brain scans showed focal uptake; arteriograms and computerized tomography were normal . Cerebrospinal fluids were nondiagnostic; blood cultures yielded Listeria in two patients . Penicillin treatment for six weeks produced rapid clinical responses that were complete in one and minimal residual in two . Progress brain scans were normal . A relapse rate of 35% is reported in transplant patients with Listeria meningitis and/or bacteremia who are treated for less than three weeks; to our knowledge, cerebritis in such patients has not been reported previously . High-dose penicillin or ampicillin therapy for four to six weeks is recommended for Listeria infections in this select group.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(4), 460 - 9
{Epidemiologic and serologic study of listeriosis in man and domestic and wild animals in Austria}; Sixl W et al.; In the framework of a study aimed to ascertain the possibilities of infection transmission from mother to child the athors examined serologically gravid women for toxoplasmosis and antibodies against listeriosis, using routine methods, in Austria in 1974, 1975 and 1975 . Almost all gynecologists of the region of Styria (Austrial), who systematically delivered data concerning abortions, premature births and stillbirths, were invited to take part in the study . At the same time data concerning domestic and wild animals examined for antibodies against listeriosis in Austria in 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977, were compared.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1978, 26(1-6), 637 - 40
The effects of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes on bacterial and fungal infections in mice; Jakoniuk P et al.; Investigations were made on the influence of lipids from Listeria monocytogenes upon the course of infections induced by bacteria and fungi . Chloroform-methanol extract of the lipids was given to animals in various doses and at various intervals before and after infection . Mortality of mice and elimination rate of bacteria from the blood and organs were estimated . It was observed that the lipids markedly increased natural immunity of the animals against bacterial and fungal infections . The mortality rate of mice was decreased and the elimination of bacteria and fungi from the tissues was accelerated . Our suggestion is that the observed effect of lipids probably depends on the stimulation of mononuclear phagocyte system.

Acta Med Scand, 1978, 204(6), 503 - 8
Clinical aspects on 64 cases of juvenile and adult listeriosis in Sweden; Larsson S et al.; In 1958-74 altogether 64 cases of bacteriologically verified infections of Listeria monocytogenes were diagnosed in Sweden in children, aged more than 27 days, and in adults . Immunosuppression predisposed to the disease . Thus, many patients had co-existing disorders, such as leukemia and alcoholism . Sixteen patients had been treated with corticosteroids, which were combined with cytostatic drugs in nine . Meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in 52 patients and was fatal in 16 . The clinical symptoms did not differ from those in purulent meningitis caused by other bacteria . In the cerebrospinal fluid the cellular response was dominated by polymorphonuclear cells in 29 patients and by mononuclear cells in 20 . Ten patients had septicemia, which was fatal in four . Clinical symptoms were dominated by chills, high fever and general prostration . One patient had pleurisy and one an abscess of the neck; both recovered . Serotypes 1 and 4b prevailed and were equally common . Many patients developed raised antibody titers in both the O-agglutination test and the complement fixation test . The titers were often not positive until after a month . Moderate granulocytosis was the rule and monocytosis was rarely seen . Ampicillin alone or combined with an aminoglycoside seemed to be the drug of choice in the treatment of listeriosis . An alternative drug was tetracycline . Most deaths occurred within six days of onset of the illness . Early diagnosis and treatment were imperative . Most patients recovered and serious sequelae were rare.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1978, 22(1), 17 - 22
An attempt at immunotherapy of murine virus erythroleukemia; Patocka F et al.; It was demonstrated that the nonvirulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from vegetable matter prolonged significantly the survival time of mice inoculated with murine virus erythroleukemia . The most significant survival time was recorded when live listeriae were administered on the same day but into another site than the leukemia virus was.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 Dec 19, 285(16), 1589 - 92
{Increased resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes after treatment with a fraction from an inflammatory granuloma}; Fauve RM et al.; The multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes in the spleen was decreased between the 3rd and the 11th day following the inflammatory reaction induced in Mice by subcutaneous implantation of talc embedded in a calcium phosphate gel into the dorsal area . A similar activity was observed after injection of SO4 (NH4)2 fractionated extracts from granuloma . The major activities were found in the 33% saturation precipitate and in the 80% saturation supernatant.

Infect Immun, 1977 Dec, 18(3), 636 - 45
Anomalous high native resistance to athymic mice to bacterial pathogens; Nickol AD et al.; Congenitally athymic (nude) mice exhibited an anomalous high resistance against infections with the facultative intracellular parasite Listeria monocytogenes and other bacterial pathogens . Protection against lethal infection was demonstrated to result from the presence of naturally occurring activated macrophages in the reticuloendothelial organs of the nude mice . This was exemplified after intravenous challenge by enhanced bacterial clearance from the blood and augmented bacterial killing in the spleens and livers of nude mice as compared with immunologically competent control mice . Resident peritoneal macrophages of nude mice were not activated in terms of phagocytic, bactericidal, or tumoricidal potential . The development of activated fixed tissue macrophages appears to arise as a result of the T-lymphocyte deficiency since thymus implantation abrogated the enhanced resistance of nude mice . Antibiotic elimination of intestinal bacteria also modified resistance to bacterial infection, indicating a role of environmental factors on macrophage activation . Several possible mechanisms leading to macrophage activation and heightened resistance to infection in nude mice are offered.

Immunology, 1977 Dec, 33(6), 851 - 8
Enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in splenectomized mice; Skamene E et al.; Mice infected with live Listeria monocytogenes intravenously from 1 week to 3 months following splenectomy exhibit greatly enhanced antibacterial resistance to this micro-organism as compared to normal or sham-splenectomized mice . They survive a dose of Listeria 100 times higher than is the LD50 of this parasite for normal mice . Initially, the same number of viable micro-organisms lodge in the livers of splenectomized and normal hosts . However, within 24 h after infection, the number of viable Listeria which can be recovered from the livers of splenectomized animals is significantly reduced in comparison with control mice . This effect of splenectomy is transient and gradually disappears spontaneously within 3 months following splenectomy . Enhancement of anti-listerial resistance in splenectomized mice can be abrogated by the transfer of normal spleen cells . The presence of a normal splenic cell population that controls macrophage activation is postulated.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Nov, 239(3), 342 - 6
{New serovariants and/or antigen combinations of Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)}; Ortel S; In 2111 samples of human faeces originating from 932 persons (midwives, pregnant women, slaughterhouse workers, laboratory workers, individuals with gastroenteritis and without specific symptoms) a total of 86 (9.22%) carriers of L . monocytogenes could be found . Serotyping revealed prevalence of serovar 1/2a (39%) which was characterized by beta-hemolysis and mouse pathogenicity; serovar 4b and 5, also showing beta-hemolysis and mouse pathogenicity, were met with in 11% and 2% of cases, respectively . The great proportion of non-hemolysing and apathogenic L . monocytogenes-strains (71 = 47.3%) was remarkable . They belonged to rare serovars (4a, 4ab, 4f, 4g) or, because of their O-antigen structure, could not be classified under the antigenic scheme by Donker-Voet and Seeliger . This was the case for 47 strains (approximately 31%) . In these strains, O-antigen combinations V, VI, IX, XV and V, VI, IX, XIV, XV were found more frequently . With regard to epidemiology and epizootology no significance can be attributed to such strains . The question is raised whether these apathogenic and non-hemolysing serovars still should be classified among the species Listeria or whether they should be separated from this species.

J Immunol, 1977 Nov, 119(5), 1723 - 6
Chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation by Listeria monocytogenes cell wall fractions; Baker LA et al.; Data reported here show that a crude cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) and its purified derivative (PF) induce chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of normal rabbit serum . In addition, both LCWF and PF can fix rabbit and guinea pig complement . The purified cell wall preparation is more active than LCWF in both chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation, indicating that these activities are due primarily to the nonprotein portion of LCWF . Complement fixation by PF was demonstrated in the presence of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and in C4-deficient serum, which is evidence that PF activated complement by the alternative pathway . Therefore, chemotaxigenesis by PF and LCWF seems to involve fixation of complement via the alternative pathway.

Postgrad Med J, 1977 Oct, 53(624), 618 - 22
Listeriosis; Robertson MH; The incidence, clinical picture, natural history, epidemiology and sequelae of perinatal listeriosis are discussed along with treatment and diagnosis.

Arch Intern Med, 1977 Oct, 137(10), 1395 - 9
Listeria monocytogenes infection after renal transplantation; Schroter GP et al.; Listeria monocytogenes infection has been observed in 13 patients, of a group of more than 700 renal transplants, treated during the past 13 1/2 years . The infection usually was manifested as bacteremia or meningitis . Twelve of the 13 patients survived the infection; one died of brain-stem herniation due to increased intracranial pressure . The recommended treatment is intravenously given ampicillin sodium.

Nord Vet Med, 1977 Oct, 29(10), 446 - 51
A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes; Gronstol H et al.; A new selective medium for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), is described . The medium contained propolis, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B and rivanol as selective substances . The new medium (propolis-agar) was compared with two other selective media and one nonselective medium . No inhibitory effect was found on the 6 strains of Lm tested, and Lm was easily isolated from a mixture of Lm and contaminating bacteria . The selective effect was better than for the two other selective media tested.

J Immunol, 1977 Oct, 119(4), 1242 - 7
Cell-mediated immune response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis and vaccinia virus in rats; Zinkernagel RM et al.; The parameters of cell-mediated immune responses of rats to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or vaccinia virus were assessed by measuring primary footpad swelling, increased weights of the local lymph nodes, increased numbers of lymphocytes per lymph node, and the course of virus-specific cytolytic activity by these lymphocytes . Except for lack of a defined swelling caused by vaccinia virus injected into the hind footpads of rats, the kinetics of all these responses correlated and were in accord with the usual time course of cellular immune responses . Starting 3 days after infection, peaking at 5 to 7 days, and disappearing after 10 to 12 days, the responses by rats to both viruses were comparable to those found in mice . The phagocytes of these infected rats inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in vivo, indicating activation of the macrophages by virus-specific cellular immunity . The rat cytotoxic lymphocytes were thymus derived as judged by various criteria: inactivation by an absorbed rabbit anti-rat brain antiserum plus C, susceptibility to anti Thy 1.1 plus C, restriction of the lytic activity within inbred strains and probably by the Ag-B locus, and the kinetics of the response . The cytotoxic T lymphocytes were virus specific since they killed only target cells infected with the same virus but not uninfected cells, or targets that were infected with an unrelated virus.

Vet Pathol, 1977 Sep, 14(5), 429 - 34
Spontaneous listeric encephalitis in sheep . Electron microscopic studies; Charlton KM; The brainstems of four sheep with spontaneous listeric encephalitis had scattered small foci of inflammatory cells (neutrophils or macrophages, or both) with scattered fragments of degenerating nerve fibers and glial cells . In extensive areas of malacia in the pons and medulla oblongata, there was loss of parenchyma with massive accumulation of macrophages, a few neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells . In both types of lesions, phagocytes contained debris of myelin and axons, lipid vacuoles and occasionally bacteria . Neutrophils contained bacteria in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles . No bacteria were detected in macrophages but were detected in neurons and in one axon in tissue previously used for paraffin sections.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Sep, (9), 131 - 3
{Certain data on the protoplast ultrastructure}; Klazacheva LE et al.; A study was made of the structure of Bac . subtilis and Listeria monocytogenes protoplasts by the method of scanning electron microscopy . The mechanism of protoplast formation in Gram-positive bacteria and in spheroplasts of Gram-negative bacteria proved to differ . A loss of the rigid form of the cell, round protrusions on cell surface, and an escape of the cytoplasm through the ruptured cell wall in some one place was noted in case of protoplasts . Individual cells can coalesce with one another with the formation of shapeless masses . The formation of small spheroid bodies by budding, and also a division of protoplasts by constriction was described.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Sep, 239(1), 62 - 9
Immunofluorescent identification of Listeria monocytogenes; Khan MA et al.; A fluorescent antibody technique for the rapid diagnosis and identification of L . monocytogenes in smears, impression smears from tissues of animals dead from listeriosis, and in meat and milk is described . The technique could well be exploited for detecting L . monocytogenes in meat and meat products, animal tissues, and in milk provided that it is supplemented with adequate controls . The technique has been compared with conventional cultural technique and found to be superior as far as the time factor is concerned . The use of the technique also demonstrates the possibility of actually determining the serological type concurrently.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1977 Sep, 84(3), 337 - 40
Listeria monocytogenes endophthalmitis; Snead JW et al.; A 62-year-old white man developed an acute anterior chamber inflammation in his left eye . Listeria monocytogenes was cultured from the vitreous aspirate . There was no evidence for ocular trauma or distant site of infection from which hematogenous spread of the organism occurred . No underlying state of immunocompromise was demonstrated . The endophthalmitis responded well to therapy.

Infect Immun, 1977 Sep, 17(3), 535 - 40
Inability of spleen cells from chancre-immune rabbits to confer immunity to challenge with Treponema pallidum; Baughn RE et al.; Although several lines of evidence suggest that cellular immune mechanisms play a role in controlling infection due to Treponema pallidum, recent studies have shown that induction of acquired cellular resistance by antigenically unrelated organisms fails to protect rabbits against syphilitic infection, thereby casting doubt on this hypothesis . In the present paper we describe attempts to transfer immunity to syphilis by using spleen cells from chancre-immune rabbits . Intravenous infusion of 2 X 10(8) spleen lymphocytes was capable of transferring acquired cellular resistance to Listeria and delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin . However, in eight separate experiments using outbred or inbred rabbits, 2 X 10(8) spleen cells from syphilis-immune animals failed to confer resistance to T . pallidum whether by intravenous or intradermal challenge . Mixing immune lymphocytes with treponemes immediately before intradermal inoculation also failed to confer resistance . Despite the fact that syphilitic infection stimulates cellular immune mechanisms and induces acquired cellular resistance to antigenically unrelated organisms, cellular immunity may not play an important role in immunity to syphilis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1977 Aug, 74(8), 3542 - 6
Secretion of mediators following T lymphocyte-macrophage interaction is regulated by the major histocompatibility complex; Farr AG et al.; In this study we show that T cells from mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes can interact in vitro with normal macrophages to produce a number of soluble mediators, including lymphostimulatory molecules . One of these molecules was a 15,000-dalton protein mitogenic for thymocytes . Generation of mitogenic activity was essentially completed by the first 24 hr of culture and did not require the addition of Listeria antigens . Production of mitogenic protein required contact between the lymphocytes and macrophages, because it did not occur when the two cells were separated by a cell-impermeable membrane . Optimal production of mitogenic protein occurred only when the lymphocytes and macrophages shared homologous I-A regions of the major histocompatibility complex . Once generated, the mitogenic protein did not display histocompatibility restriction and could stimulate allogeneic as well as syngeneic thymocytes . Strains of mice with the C57 background responded poorly to mitogenic protein even though those strains were capable of producing it . We conclude that an early stage in T cell immunity to Listeria involves an intimate association with macrophages regulated by the H-2 complex.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Aug, 85C(4), 246 - 52
In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages . III . Intracellular multiplication of Listeria monocytogenes; Bennedsen J et al.; The intracellular generation time of Listeria monocytogenes is increased in monolayers of PE macrophages from mice immunized with BCG, listeria and T.A.B . vaccine as compared with monolayers of PE macrophages from normal mice stimulated intraperitoneally with proteosepeptone . Thus non-specifically stimulated and immunologically activated macrophages, although sharing several other characteristics, differ in their capacity to control intracellular bacterial infection.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Aug, 85C(4), 233 - 8
In vitro studies on normal, stimulated and immunologically activated mouse macrophages . I . Oxidation of 1-14C glucose by macrophages in monolayer cultures; Riisgaard S et al.; Oxidation of 1-14C glucose of BCG/listeria activated, proteose-peptone stimulated and typhoid-parathypoid vaccine (T.A.B.) stimulated peritoneal and spleen macrophages from C3H, CBA and C57Bl mice was determined at various times after treatment . The study showed no major differences between the oxidation of stimulated and activated macrophages, but a variation was seen in C3H mice in the kinetics of glucose oxidation of BCG/listeria activated and proteose-peptone stimulated peritoneal macrophages . It was also observed, in these mice, that the response appeared and disappeared earlier in the spleen than in the peritoneal macrophages.

Gann, 1977 Aug, 68(4), 465 - 71
Depression of protective mechanisms against microörganisms in tumor-bearing mice and its restoration by adjuvants; Matsuo K et al.; Bacterial growth within 72 hr after an intravenous inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes was enhanced strikingly in the liver of mice, when viable cells of sarcoma-180 were injected subcutaneously into ddN, C3H/He, and BALB/c mice 5 hr before the inoculation . Such an enhanced bacterial growth appears to be attributable to a depressed ability of macrophages to digest engulfed bacteria . Pretreatments with zymosan, killed BCG, or viable BCG prevented such depression in tumor-bearing mice and increased the bactericidal activity in the liver of normal and tumor-bearing mice above the level of non-treated normal mice . Such adjuvants may be useful not only for augmentation of antitumor activity but also for augmentation of antimicrobial activity in tumor-bearing hosts.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1977 Jul 18, 163(2), 125 - 39
Further data on the characters of Listeria strains; Ralovich BS et al.; The composition of a minimal medium suitable for the demands of modern genetical work is described . The nutritional requirements of some 15 strains of L . monocytogenes were studied on this medium . DL-6,8-thioctic acid was not essential . The organisms also grew without thiamine but for a convenient colony size this vitamin had to be used . The presence of Fe++, Mg++, and Ca++ ions as well as a low redox potential supplied by thioglycollate was necessary . There was some difference in the amino acid requirements of the strains . The most common demand was for leucine, iso-leucine, valine, and cysteine . The serotype, agglutinability, hemolytic effect, virulence, and nutritional requirements of the Listeria were compared . It seems that these properties are not consistently linked . Two 'EMS' mutants were also studied . The arginine, glutamine, and methionine metabolism of the auxotrophic mutant 025/4/4 was damaged and its virulence was lost . Data connected with the virulence markers of Listeria are discussed.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Jul, 29(1), 110 - 21
Comparison of T cell-mediated immune responsiveness of NZB, (NZB x &NZW)F1 hybrid and other murine strains; Zinkernagel RM et al.; The age-dependent capacity of NZB and (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid, BALB/c, DBA/2, C57BL/6 and C3H mice to generate T cell-mediated immune responses was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by measuring the following effector functions: (a) the time course of alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell activity triggered in vitro was comparable for NZ and other mouse strains; cell reactivity generated in vivo against EL4 tumour cells was low in young (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and in DBA/2 mice but was comparable for older (NZB x NZW)F1, NZB and other mouse strains; (b) the time-dependent, vaccinia virus-specific, cytotoxic T-cell activity after systemic infection was similar for all mouse strains; (c) the T cell-dependent primary footpad swelling after local injection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was within the same range for all mouse strains tested with respect to size and kinetics of the reaction; (d) the cell-mediated immune protection against Listeria monocytogenes after systemic infection revealed that NZ mice are, independent of age, more susceptible than C3H or C57BL/6 mice and comparable to A strain mice . Therefore, these responses in young, or clinically relatively normal older, NZB or (NZB x NZW)F1 strains that are affected by a lupus-like autoimmune disease did not differ markedly from the range of responses of other mouse strains of 2-14 months of age, which are not known to be similarly diseased . Thus, overall cell-mediated immunity of NZ mice as assessed quantitatively and kinetically in these functional models is within normal ranges . Possible T-cell defects may therefore be selective and either do not occur or were not detected in these models.

N Z Med J, 1977 Jun 22, 85(590), 523 - 4
Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: case report; Reddy J et al.; A case of Listeria monocytogenes septicaemia with meningitis is described . Predisposing factors in this case included chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus and liver malignancy . The infection responded poorly to ampicillin.

Nouv Presse Med, 1977 Jun 4, 6(23), 2065 - 8
{Encephalitis localised in the brain stem and of indetermined etiology . 6 cases}; Villey R et al.; The authors report six cases of encephalitis localised in the brain stem . This disease occurred frequently during 1975, with the following symptoms and signs: fever, paralysis of several cranial nerves, temporary mental disturbance and C.S.F . changes . Several patients required tracheotomy and aritificial respiration . All patients recovered without any recurrences . Viral studies were negative . The possibility of a Listeria infection cannot be entirely eliminated.

Immunology, 1977 Jun, 32(6), 1027 - 32
Influence of cyclophosphamide on delayed hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes in the mouse; Kerckhaert JA et al.; The effect of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) on delayed type hypersensitivity (DH) and acquired cellular resistance (ACR) to Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice was studied . Intraperitoneal or intracutaneous immunization with L forms of L . monocytogenes did not result in protection against lethal challenge . A positive DH could be observed when CY-treated mice were intracutaneously immunized with 10(8) or more L forms . Intraperitoneal injection of viable L . monocytogenes resulted only in a narrow dose range in survival on immunization and partial protection on challenge . Protection was accompanied by DH . Intracutaneous injection of Listeria in Freund's complete adjuvant permitted the use of even 10(9) viable bacteria for immunization . This figure was reduced to 10(5) or less for CY treated mice . In normal mice protection was afforded on immunization with 10(7) bacteria whereas 10(3) bacteria were sufficient to protect CY treated animals . All protected mice showed a positive DH . These results demonstrate that CY treatment reduces the dose of viable bacteria tolerated for immunization 10(4) times . On the other hand after CY treatment the doses of bacteria effective on immunization for ACR and DH could be reduced in the same order of magnitude . Reduction of the CY dose resulted in a peak DH with 4 mg CY, but the protection was less than that obtained after treatment with 6 mg CY . A dissociation between ACR and DH was observed by varying the interval between immunization and challenge . In normal mice DH was preceded by ACR, with peaks at respectively 10 and 5 days after immunization . CY treatment caused a delay in the onset of the ACR, followed by an enhanced and slightly prolonged response . The effect of CY on DH consisted of enhancement and prolongation.

Infect Immun, 1977 Jun, 16(3), 923 - 7
Kinetics and maintenance of acquired resistance in mice to Listeria monocytogenes; Kearns RJ et al.; In the mouse system, acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes can only be demonstrated after immunization with viable microorganisms . A successful state of immunity cannot be elicited with formalin-killed organisms or bacterial cell-derived products . Viable, serologically cross-reactive organisms (not mouse pathogenic) do not induce a state of immunity as measured by acquired resistance . The duration of immunity, once established, is dose independent, and the absolute interval of its existence is not extended by secondary challenge with large numbers of viable organisms . The decline of immunity in actively immunized animals is not altered by antigenic challenge with formalin-killed cells or cell products . This indicates that the cellular requirements for the development of host resistance are similar for induction as well as maintenance . In vitro measurements of cellular immunity by migration inhibition indicate that formalin-killed organisms as well as cell products were recognized by actively sensitized lymphocytes obtained from immune animals.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 5(6), 559 - 63
Separation of pathogenic from apathogenic Listeria monocytogenes by three in vitro reactions; Groves RD et al.; One-hundred-twelve isolants of Listeria monocytogenes cultured from clinical and nonclinical sources were examined for hemolytic activity by means of the CAMP phenomenon and tested for acidification of xylose and rhamnose . The reactions of the isolants were noted and correlated with the pathogenicity of the organisms . All of the CAMP-negative (nonhemolytic) isolants were apathogenic, and all but one of the CAMP-positive (hemolytic) isolants were pathogenic . All xylose-acidifying isolating isolants were apathogenic, but not all apathogenic isolants were xylose acidifiers . All pathogenic isolants but one were rhamnose acidifiers, but not all rhamnose acidifiers were pathogenic . The pattern of hemolysis, rhamnose acidification, and non-acidification of xylose is associated with pathogenic L . monocytogenes; departure from this pattern is associated with nonpathogenic Listeria, which otherwise share the properties of L . monocytogenes . These in vitro tests should prove useful in screening the apathogenic isolants whose clinical and epidemiological significance should be carefully assessed.

Int J Zoonoses, 1977 Jun, 4(1), 21 - 4
Serological study of listeriosis in domestic animals in São Paulo-Brazil; Teruya JM et al.; A serological examination was carried out for L . monocytogenes antibodies on 9,318 domestic animal--7,809 bovine, 838 horses and 671 swine--in Sao Paulo, Brazil . Serum agglutination in tubes was the method used . Only somatic antigens from serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4a and 4b were employed . It was considered reagent all sera reacting in a titer 1/20 while as positive only sera with 1/320 or above . According this criteria the results showed showed that in cattle 17.8% were reagent but only 8 sera were positive for types 1, 2 and 4b . Only type 1 was found in horses in a rate of 22.7% reagent, and 11 positive samples . For swine the percentage of reagent was 13.3% but none serum was positive, since the highest titer was 1/160.

J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 100(2), 373 - 9
Cellular mechanisms in the protection against infection by Listeria monocytogenes in mice; Takeya K et al.; Listeria monocytogenes, in doses of 2-0 X 10(3) to 3-0 X 10(3) viable organisms, was injected into athymic nude mice, irradiated mice and mice treated with reticuloendothelial system-blocking agents . Viable counts on liver and spleen homogenates were made at intervals after infection . In both nude mice (nu/nu) and normal littermates (nu/+) of BALB/c background, the bacteria grew rapidly for 24 h but increased only slowly thereafter, to reach a plateau of about 10(5) per organ at 72 h . In nu/+ mice, the number of viable bacteria began to decrease after 6 to 9 days, with complete elimination by day 12 . In nude mice, the number of Listeria remained at a stable level of approximately 10(5) per organ during the observation period of 21 days . In lethally irradiated nu/+ mice, bacteria grew progressively and extensively to reach 10(7) per spleen and 10(9) per liver by 72 h . Bacterial growth during the first 72 h was markedly enhanced by treatment with carbon particles, dextran sulphate 500 or silica . These enhancing effects were also observed in nude mice and in AKR, C3H/He and C57BL/6 animals . We conclude that both non-immune phagocytes and T cell-dependent mechanisms contribute to the resistance of mice to Listeria infection.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 May 23, 284(20), 2055 - 7
{Transfer of pathogenic activity of a virulent strain of Listeria to an avirulent strain}; Cormier M; The pathogenicity of a virulent strain of Listeria monocytogenes was transfered to an avirulent strain by mixing the filtered culture of the pathogenic strain with an exponentially growing avirulent strain.

An Esp Pediatr, 1977 May, 10(5), 447 - 50
{Meningitis due to "Listeria monocytogenes": small postnatal outbreak (author's transl)}; Farre-Sostres I et al.; Four cases of "Listeria monocytogenes" serotype 4 neonatal meningitis are reported . In all, the study of maternal antecedents and the circumstances of their outcome as small epidemy suggest a raisonable evidence that postnatal contamination within the early twenty-four hours of life happened . A proper treatment succeded in complete healing without sequelae in all cases.

Am J Med Sci, 1977 May-Jun, 273(3), 319 - 23
Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis: report of a case and review of the literature; Bayer AS et al.; Endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes is rare with only 13 cases cited in the world's literature . We report an additional case with a review of the previously reported patients . In contrast to other clinical forms of listeriosis, endocarditis does not tend to occur in patients with severe underlying disorders or those on immunosuppressive regimens . Listeric endocarditis has a predilection for left-sided cardiac involvement (100 percent), and systemic embolization is a major clinical feature (58 percent) . Prognosis of listeric endocarditis is unfavorable and the mortality rate (43 percent) exceeds that for bacterial endocarditis with more common pathogens (23 percent) . Antibiotic sensitivity data suggest that ampicillin or penicillin may be the chemotherapeutic agents of choice.

Infect Immun, 1977 May, 16(2), 593 - 8
Age-related decline in the resistance of mice to infection with intracellular pathogens; Gardner ID et al.; Resistance to infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes in BALB/c female mice decreased with increasing age . The decrease was apparent as early as 9 months of age and was more marked as the animals aged further . This age-related decline in resistance was not restricted to BALB/c female mice, as male and female mice of the C57BL/6 strain exhibited similar responses . With both pathogens, aged mice showed a more marked susceptibility to the strain of lesser virulence . Transfer of normal serum from old mice to young or old mice before infection with T . gondii resulted in an increased susceptibility to this organism, suggesting the presence of inhibitory factors or the absence of potentiating factors that are present in the serum of young mice.

J Exp Med, 1977 May 1, 145(5), 1264 - 77
Subversion of host defense mechanisms by malignant tumors: an established tumor as a privileged site for bacterial growth; Spitalny GL et al.; Mice carrying any one of three murine tumors in their right hind foot pad were incapable of eliminating an inoculum of the bacterial parasite Listeria monocytogenes from the progressive tumor . In contrast, they were as capable as control mice in efficiently eliminating the organism from their contralateral tumor-free foot pad, and from their lymph nodes and livers . The results serve to show, therefore, that conditions within an established tumor are not only antagonistic to the expression of concomitant anti-tumor immunity, but that they are also antagonistic to the expression of T-cell-mediated anti-bacterial immunity . The possibility was discussed that the tumor contains factors that act pharmacologically to locally suppress the function of sensitized T cells and activated macrophages.

J Exp Med, 1977 May 1, 145(5), 1353 - 67
H-2 restriction of cell-mediated immunity to an intracellular bacterium: effector T cells are specific for Listeria antigen in association with H-21 region-coded self-markers; Zinkernagel RM et al.; The protective activity of anti-Listeria-immune T cells assayed in an adoptive transfer system in H-2 restricted . As shown in the present studies, the demonstration of the restriction is directly dependent on the dose and the relative protective activity of spleen cells . In addition, some H-2-unrestricted protection is conferred predominantly by other than immunoglobulin-negative spleen cells . Thus, the activity of Listeria-immune T cells appears to be 'absolutely' restricted and is in this respect comparable to in vivo T-cell-mediated anti-viral protection . The predominant genetic region of H-2 coding for the structures which are mainly involved in this restriction in T-cell immunity to this prototype intracellular bacterium is the I region . The specificity of Listeria-immune T cells is determined by the H-2 haplotype of the donor . Thus, F1 hybrids seem to possess at least two separable sets of T cells, each specific for one parental haplotype . As is true in the virus model, the results cannot distinguish between an altered-self or a dual recognition model of T-cell recognition to explain H-2 restriction . They are, however, compatible with the idea and I-coded cell surface structures may serve as receptors for cell-specific differentiation signals, which trigger direct or lymphokin-mediated activation of macrophages to manifest increased bactericidal capacity . The interesting parallels in self-marker recognition of T cells in the virus and intracellular bacterium systems, respectively, appear to be reasonably explained by the different types of signals transmitted by T cells to various target cells via the distinctly different self-markers employed (i.e., K or D vs I).

Dev Biol Stand, 1977 Apr 13-15, 38, 87 - 9
Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation . I . General considerations; Sirks JL et al.; Control methods for this type of vaccines include tests on identity, absence of contaminating microorganisms and safety which are required for any vaccine . In addition, for the control of vaccines for immunostimulation in cancer therapy some special methods for safety and potency testing are required . Some assays are proposed, such as stimulation of lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, stimulation of macrophages (listeria clearance) in mice and the prophylactic and therapeutic tumor model in mice . Details of these tests are given in the companion papers II and III . The influence of the method of preparation of BCG vaccines on its mode of action in some of these models will be emphasized.

Dev Biol Stand, 1977 Apr 13-15, 38, 97 - 101
Proposals for quality control methods of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation . III . Effect of BCG and C . parvum on in vivo Listeria clearance and tumor growth; Ruitenberg EJ et al.; Two quality control methods for BCG and C . parvum are described . First, in vivo macrophage dependent-spleen clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in inbred B10LP mice . BCG and C . parvum were administered intravenously prior to listeria inoculation (a prophylactic model) . Conditions for enhanced listeria clearance including dose, route and time interval were described for each vaccine . Next, a tumor model was developed: i.e . a fibrosarcoma, chemically induced by 20-methylcholanthrene in inbred Balb/c mice . Increase in footpad thickness was used as a criterion for tumor growth . Optimal dose, route and time interval were established both in prophylactic and therapeutic situations, including intratumoral application . Depending on the conditions chosen, both inhibition and enhancement of tumor growth were observed . General conclusions of these studies are: (a) both models yield information on the effect of bacterial vaccines for immunostimulation; (b) statements on the effectiveness of any product should be based on careful studies including all variables.

Dev Biol Stand, 1977 Apr 13-15, 38, 103 - 7
Effect of BCG and C . parvum on in vivo Listeria clearance and tumor growth . Comparative studies in normal and congenitally athymic (nude) mice; Ruitenberg EJ et al.; Clinically, it is important to know whether agents used for immunostimulation require the presence of functional thymus-derived (T) cells . Previous studies showed that both BCG and C . parvum induced a macrophage-dependent enhanced in vivo listeria clearance and in vivo inhibition of a fibrosarcoma induced by 20-methylcholanthrene . These two models were re-evaluated in congenitally thymusless (nude or nu/nu) B10LP mice lacking functional T cells . In nu/nu mice, (1) BCG failed to enhance listeria clearance, and when given simultaneously with tumor cells, had no effect on tumor growth; (2) C . parvum enhanced listeria clearance and simultaneous administration of C . parvum and tumor cells exerted an inhibitory effect on tumor growth . The general conclusion was that under the experimental conditions chosen functional T cells are required for an effect of BCG, but not for that of C . parvum . It is not clear whether these observations have any clinical significance.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1977 Apr-May, 6(3), 367 - 81
{Neonatal listeriosis . Apropos of 53 cases}; Relier JP et al.; 53 cases of neonatal listeriosis were seen during the last five years at the Intensive Care Unit for newborn infants (Pr Minkowski) and the Neonatal Center (P . Varangot) of the Port-Royal Maternity Hospital . The significant decline in mortality to 22 p . 100, when compared with previous years, was attributed to improvements in the diagnosis during the first hours of life and the contribution of artificial ventilation . The most frequent initial clinical sign was respiratory distress (58 p . 100) whereas meningitis was relatively rare (11 p . 100) . Discoloration of the amniotic fluid and a fever in the mother at the time of delivery, were also important diagnostic clues . The macroscopic examination of the placenta and particularly placental smears containing listeria monocytogenes (15 of the specimens) as well as the hematological alterations, particularly an increase of the fibrinogen level above 3-4 g/1 during the first 48 hous of life (72 p . 100 of the cases) contributed to an early diagnosis.

Am J Dis Child, 1977 Apr, 131(4), 398 - 9
Infection in newborn siblings; Azimi PH et al.; Two newborn siblings, one with meningitis and one with sepsis due to Listeria monocytogenes, were born to a healthy, 33-year-old woman . She had had a spontaneous abortion prior to the birth of these infants . In spite of negative cultures, persistence of this bacterium in the mother's genital tract and perinatal acquisition of infection is suspected.

Infect Immun, 1977 Apr, 16(1), 1 - 8
Stimulation of macrophages by cord factor and by heat-killed and living BCG; Yarkoni E et al.; Trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (cord factor; CF) injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice induced stimulation of the peritoneal macrophages, evidenced both by increased activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, and by increased phagocytosis of Listeria monocytogenes . The increase in enzyme activity and phagocytosis was similar to that induced by killed or living BCG . When administered intravenously, CF or BCG did not induce stimulation of peritoneal macrophages . CF when added to tissue cultures of normal peritoneal cells did not induce increased acid phosphatase activity or increased phagocytosis of L . monocytogenes.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Apr, (4), 50 - 3
{Submicroscopic organization of listeriae during L-transformation}; Konstantinova ND et al.; A study was made of the ultrastructural organization of listeria at the early stages of L-transformation, beginning from the first passage of the bacterial culture on solid nutrient medium with pencillin . The use of potassium benzylpenicillin salt in the capacity of an L-transforming agent permitted to observe the cells at various stages of L-transformation, beginning from the bacterial forms and ending with the typical L-colonies . It was shown that at the earliest stage of L-transformation there occurred not only destruction of the cell wall and the discharge of the mesosomes from the cell, but also significant changes in the nuclear apparatus of the cell . As soon as the second passage the freshly isolated L-forms displayed an internal membrane system in the form of myelin-like structures located under the external membrane, and of individual membranes in the cytoplasm not forming mesosomes . A substance of a medium electrone density resembling the material of the cell wall appeared on the cytoplasmic membrane (in some of its regions).

Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Apr, 28(1), 138 - 45
Listericidal activity of non-stimulated and stimulated human macrophages in vitro; Biroum-Noerjasin; An in vitro biological assay system has been described to quantify the listericidal activity of human macrophages grown from peripheral blood monocytes . Within 15 min after in vitro infection, the activated macrophages showed a faster and higher degree in killing capacity as compared to the nonactivated ones; the killing process early and was of short duration.

Cancer Res, 1977 Apr, 37(4), 991 - 6
Cooperation of immune lymphoid and reticuloendothelial cells during Listeria monocytogenes-mediated tumor immunity; Youdim; Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in admixture with cells from a murine, chemically induced tumor retarded local tumor development in the syngeneic host . Intra-footpad growth of 10(4) tumor cells was equally inhibited by 4 x 10(4) admixed LM in normal or LM-immune mice indicating that concomitant or prior immunity to LM was equally effective in suppressing tumor growth . Development of cellular immunity to viable LM was required for tumor rejection . Mice prevented from developing anti-LM immunity by inoculation of dead bacteria were also incapable of inhibiting tumor growth . Further, a functionally active reticuloendothelial system was essential for nonspecific inhibition of tumor development as temporary "paralysis" of the reticuloendothelial system by a prior injection of 10(9) heat-killed LM reduced the effectiveness of LM-mediated tumor suppression . Histological examination of LM or LM tumor-injected sites revealed a stepwise development of LM-mediated inflammatory reaction of delayed type associated with gradual degeneration of the adjacent tumor cells.

Am J Dis Child, 1977 Apr, 131(4), 405 - 8
Neonatal listeriosis; Ahlfors CE et al.; Five cases of neonatal listeriosis were diagnosed and treated in a 13-month period . Maternal fever and "greenish discoloration" or meconium staining of amniotic fluid complicated all deliveries . Amniotic membranes were intact until artificial rupture shortly before delivery . One infant, with the "granulomatous" form of the disease, died . Four infants required mechanical ventilation . Two survivors with pneumonia, who required mechanical ventilation and 100% inspired oxygen for persistent hypoxemia, responded to tolazoline hydrochloride therapy . Early institution of antibiotics and aggressive ventilatory and pharmacological support were considered to be important factors in survival.

J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1977 Mar, 48(1), 39 - 40
An outbreak of caprine listeriosis in the Western Cape; du Toit IF; Listerial meningo-encephalitis (circling disease) is reported for the first time in ruminants in South Africa . An account is given of the clinical signs, pathology and bacteriological confirmation of the disease.

Infect Immun, 1977 Mar, 15(3), 916 - 24
Bacteriological and histopathological evaluation of guinea pigs after infection with Listeria monocytogenes; Dustoor M et al.; Randomly bred guinea pigs were infected with Listeria monocytogenes using the intracardial, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of infection . Doses of Listeria ranged from 5 to 1,000 x the 50% lethal dose based on the 50% lethal dose for intracardially injected Listeria . A complete necropsy was performed on all animals that died after infection . Gross and microscopic examination of tissues revealed major pathological features which include myocarditis, edema and congestion with interstitial pneumonitis present in the lungs, and fatty hepatic changes with focal necrosis . For all or a majority of the animals, large numbers of Listeria were likewise recovered from these organs and from lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal gland tissue . Of the three routes of infection used, guinea pigs were most susceptible to Listeria injected via the intracardial route . The relatively high lethal dose of listeric for the quinea pig, however, suggests that the organism is a low-grade pathogen for this species.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Feb-Mar, 128(2), 185 - 98
{Isolation and characterization of "Listeria monocytogenes" bacteriophages (author's transl)}; Audurier A et al.; Fifteen L . monocytogenes phages are isolated from lysogenic strains without induction and are selected for phage-typing . Four of these phages are produced by strains belonging to serotype 1/2a and 1/2b, eight by strains 4b and three other phages respectively by strains 4ab, 4g and 3c . Electron micrographs of 5 of these phages show isometric heads with non contractile tails . They belong to morphological group B of Bradley . Rabbits are immunized with 7 bacteriophages and all the phages are studied by neutralization tests with these 7 antisera . This study seems complex nevertheless it is possible to distinguish four antigenic groups: A, B, C, and D . The lytic spectrum of each phage is usually restricted to strains of the serotype from which that phage is obtained . It appears that a good correlation exists between phage sensitivity and serological type of the strains . With this first set of fifteen phages, 159 of 214 (74,3%) strains of L . monocytogenes can be classified in more than 21 types but it appears that some new phages obtained from strains of serotype 1/2 must be isolated in the future . Our data indicate that these phages can be used as a phage-typing scheme for L . monocytogenes.

Infect Immun, 1977 Feb, 15(2), 500 - 9
Purification of a monocytosis-producing activity from Listeria monocytogenes; Galsworthy SB et al.; The monocytosis-producing activity (MPA) from Listeria monocytogenes is shown to be associated with the cell envelope . Both MPA and immunosuppressive activity were readily extracted with aqueous solvents and separated as two independent activities by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography . As little as 10 microng of the resulting MPA-containing fraction caused a ninefold elevation in the level of circulating monocytes . The molecular weight of the fraction was approximately 22,000, and it contained phosphorus and carbohydrate.

Infect Immun, 1977 Feb, 15(2), 382 - 5
Cell-mediated resistance to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in nude mice; Emmerling P et al.; Congenitally dysthymic nude (nu/nu) NMRI mice showed increased resistance to viable Listeria monocytogenes cells during the initial phase of infection as compared with euthymic control mice . The intravenous mean lethal dose (LD50), as determined for euthymic mice after an observation time of 7 and 14 days, amounted consistently to 6 X 10(4) Listeria . The corresponding values determined in nude mice were found to be increased by either 20-fold (1.2 X 10(6) Listeria after an observation time of 7 days) or 4-fold (2.4 X 10(5) Listeria after an observation time of 14 days) . The transfer of spleen cells from immune euthymic donor mice into chronically infected nude mice caused almost complete elimination of Listeria within 1 week . The injection of dextran sulfate 24 h before a secondary infection with L . monocytogenes caused loss of antibacterial resistance in both chronically infected nude mice and Listeria-immune euthymic mice, this being expressed by a rapid increase in the numbers of bacteria in the spleens as well as the occurrence of serious signs of illness.

J Exp Med, 1977 Feb 1, 145(2), 275 - 92
T-cell-mediated concomitant immunity to syngeneic tumors . I . Activated macrophages as the expressors of nonspecific immunity to unrelated tumors and bacterial parasites; North RJ et al.; Progressive growth of the SA1 sarcoma was shown to result in the generation of a state of concomitant resistance to growth of a second implant of the same tumor . The responding lymph nodes of concomitantly immune mice were shown to contain theta-positive T cells that could specifically neutralize the growth of tumor cells in a normal test recipient . Nevertheless, the concomitantly immune host itself was capable to a limited extent of suppressing the growth of unrelated tumors . The generation of immunity, moreover, was associated with the generation of a powerful state of macrophage-mediated, nonspecific resistance to the bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes . It was concluded that systemic macrophage activation was the consequence of the generation of T-cell-mediated immunity to the progressively growing tumor, and that this not only gave the host the capacity to inhibit the growth of unrelated tumors, but also to protect itself against microbial infection . The results gives credence to the view that macrophages play a central role in defense against microbial and neoplastic growth.

Cancer Res, 1977 Feb, 37(2), 572 - 7
Destruction of experimental malignant melanoma by mediators of cellular immunity; Youdim S; Listeria monocytogenes (LM) in admixture with B-16 melanoma suppresses local tumor development in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice . In vitro, LM-immune peritoneal and splenic cells are cytotoxic to B-16 . Induction of cell-mediated immunity to LM antigens are required for the killing effect, since effector cells from LM-"immune" athymic nude mice are unable to kill tumor cells in vitro . Further, elimination of macrophages by a specific antiserum plus complement abrogates the cytotoxic effect of peritoneal cells . Peritoneal or splenic adherent or nonadherent cells are not cytotoxic, whereas combination of these two cell populations in the presence of the specific antigen can kill the B-16 target cells . A factor, probably lymphotoxin, released by the intact effector cells in the culture fluid mediates tumor cell destruction in vitro . Production of this factor requires cooperation of macrophages with specifically sensitized thymus-derived cells.

Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(5), 19 - 23
{Hematologic and histochemical changes in the bodies of sheep experimentally infected with listeriae}; Burdarov I et al.; Hematologic and histologic investigations were carried out on forty experimentally infected young ewes to which the infection was introduced through venous, intratracheal, and oral route as well as along the branches of nervus trigeminus parallel to the study of 3 control sheep, 12 albino mice, and other four young sheep that were injected with a water-extractive antigen obtained from Listeria . It was established that the leukocyte count rose in the first days following infection along with neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis of a varying degree in the different animals, depending on the way of infection . Most indifferent with regard to the hematologic indices proved animals that were orally inoculated . With such animals there was also eosinophilia, which was lacking in the other experimental animals . Glycogen was predominantly found in the blood vessel walls, in the neutrophile leukocytes, the nervous tissue, and the necrotic foci, most likely in connection with the transportation of Listerial organisms and their toxic products . A drop up to the full disappearance of phospholipids was established as well as a rise of the ganglioside.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977, 237(2-3), 310 - 7
{Influence of latent vitamin A deficiency of the mouse on the production of humoral antibodies against sheep erythrocytes and on the resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)}; Hof H et al.; Mice fed with a vitamin A free diet for several months did not develop signs of vitamin A deficiency . However, chemical analysis revealed a reduced content of vitamin A in the liver of such mice . The ability of these animals were latent vitamin A deficiency to produce antibodies against parenterally applicated sheep erythrocytes was not hampered . Similar numbers of antibody producing cells could be detected in the spleen of these mice compared with control animals . Resistance against intravenous infection with L . monocytogenes of these mice with latent vitamin A deficiency was not altered . The numbers of viable germs recovered from spleen and liver 2 days after infection were similar in both vitamin A deprived and normal mice.

J Lab Clin Med, 1977 Jan, 89(1), 190 - 9
Partial characterization of a cell-directed inhibitor of leukotaxis in human serum; Maderazo DG et al.; A leukotactic defect is described in a man with a low cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count in the presence of an acute listeria meningitis . On the basis of subsequent studies with his serum and normal human serum, a leukotactic inhibitor has been identified . This inhibitor, termed the cell-directed inhibitor (CDI), is relatively heat stable and nondialyzable . By ultracentrifugal analysis in sucrose density gradient, the inhibitor has been resolved into two activities with estimated sedimentation coefficients of 7 and 10 S . It interacts directly with neutrophils and monocytes to render them chemotactically defective . CDI also impairs the phagocytic function of neutrophils . Evidence is presented that an antagonist to the inhibitor is present in normal serum . CDI and its antagonist are probably normally occurring regulators of leukotaxis . In the patient studied, an elevated CDI serum level may be related to the development of the listeria infection and failure of cutaneous response to skin test antigens.

Infection, 1977, 5(4), 204 - 6
Listeric meningitis in the non-compromised host; Iwarson S et al.; A small epidemic of listeric infection among non-compromised adults recently occurred in the western part of Sweden . All ten patients survived and the prognosis of listeric meningitis in non-compromised patients would seem to be considerably better than in the compromised host . A rapid initiation of ampicillin treatment (10-20 mg/kg of body weight daily) within 48 hours after onset of symptoms may be contributed to the excellent outcome in the present series besides a well-functioning intracellular killing mechanism which seems to be of the greatest importance in listeric infeciton.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1977, 25(1), 17 - 24
The influence of Listeria monocytogenes cells on the primary immunologic response in irradiated mice; Borowski J et al.; The influence of killed Listeria monocytogenes cells on the primary immunologic response in mice irradiated with 300 or 500 R was studied . The immunologic response of the mice to sheep red blood cells used as antigen was assessed at the cellular level (by counting PFC) and humoral level . Injection of killed Listeria monocytogenes cells before irradiation of the mice diminished the immunosuppressive effect of roentgen radiation . Injection of the cells after irradiation accelerated regeneration of immunologic reactivity in the irradiated mice.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Jan, 135(1), 51 - 4
Synergism of penicillin and gentamicin against Listeria monocytogenes in ex vivo hemodialysis culture; Mohan K et al.; A new technique of ex vivo hemodialysis culture was used to study the effects against Listeria monocytogenes of penicillin G and gentamicin administered intra-muscular, singly and in combination, in the goat . Bactericidal synergism of the combination was detected despite rapidly diminishing concentrations of the drugs in the blood plasma and dialysate.

J Immunol, 1977 Jan, 118(1), 109 - 13
Effect of sensitization with Propionibacterium acnes on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Treponema pallidum in rabbits; Baughn RE et al.; Sensitization of rabbits with Propionibacterium acnes, a nonspecific stimulant of the reticuloendothelial system, was investigated as a means of enhancing resistance to Treponema pallidum . A single i.v . dose of P . acnes given 3 or 7 days before challenge with Listeria monocytogenes was capable of suppressing the growth of the heterologous organism, whereas a single i.v . dose 24 hr or 14 days before challenge was not . Reactivation via i.v . elicitation with P . acnes 14 days after sensitization (1 day before challenge) caused significant suppression of listerial growth in the major organs 30 hr after i.v . challenge . A series of similar experiments was designed with T . pallidum as the challenge organism . Sensitization and repetitive elicitation with P . acnes did not change the time of appearance or progression of syphilitic chancres after i.v or i.d . challenge . Injection of P . acnes into sites of intradermal T . pallidum challenge in previously sensitized rabbits also failed to alter the evolution of syphilitic lesions . These results suggest that macrophage activation does not alter the host's ability to suppress the growth of T . pallidum.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1977, 171(2), 488 - 91
{Ultrastructure of Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophages}; Chiron JP et al.; No morphological differences were found among the 10 Listeria phages suspensions examined . The polyhedric head appears to be about 62-66 nm in diameter, the tail devoided of contractile sheath measures 260-280 X 10 nm . The phage adsorption is observed on the cell-wall of Listeria.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Dec, 236(4), 531 - 2
Contributions to further sero-variants of Listeria monocytogenes; Durst J et al.; The authors report on the isolation of 13 Listeria monocytogenes strains of healthy human subjects which, within serogroup 4, contain at least four variants of known Listeria antigens, but wound not fit into the grouping system that has been in use.

J Immunol, 1976 Nov, 117(5 Pt.2), 1860 - 5
Resistance to tumor growth mediated by Listeria monocytogenes: collaborative and suppressive macrophage-lymphocyte interactions in vitro; Youdim S et al.; Spleen (SC) and peritoneal cells (PC) from C57BL/6 mice immune to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) have a marked cytotoxic effect on the in vitro growth of B-16 melanoma . Cytotoxicity to B-16 is mediated by the interacting semsitized thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and macrophages (Mchi) or adherent cells . Separation of immune SC or PC into their adherent and nonadherent components, depletion of the adnerent cells or elimination of the theata-bearing cells from an enriched T cell population all result in the abrogation of cytotoxicity, whereas, recombination of T cells and Mchi re-establishes this effect . Three modes of Mchi/T cell interactions occur: 1) LM immune peritoneal or splenic T cells interact or synergize with their respective adherent cells to become cytotoxic to B-16; 2) combination of peritoneal Mchi and splenic T cells are noncollaborative and therefore noncytotoxic; 3) the cooperative effect of spleen T cells with Mchi are suppressed or inhibited by addition of peritoneal Mchi . Splenic Mchi, however, are neither uncooperative nor inhibitory when interacting with peritoneal T cells . Normal adherent cells can substitute for immune cells in all the cell-cell interactions with similar end results . These results demonstrate that specifically sensitized T cells interact with Mchi for expression of LM-induced nonspecific tumor cell destruction in vitro, however, such interactions may also be noncooperative or suppressive, thus resulting in tumor cell proliferation.

Vet Rec . 1976 Oct 23;99(17):336.
Listeria monocytogenes in "oven-ready" poultry; Gitter M; Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 10 out of 68 "oven-ready" poultry (ie, 14-7 per cent) purchased at 26 different shops and supermarkets . The organisms belonged to type 4 and 1/2; from one chicken both serotypes were isolated.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 22(10), 1453 - 7
Macrophage function and host resistance against infection with Toxoplasma gondii; Hof H et al.; The role of macrophages on the course of an infection with Toxoplasma gondii has been examined . Stimulation of macrophage function by killed Bordetella pertussis cells did not show any beneficial effect as an increased susceptibility became apparent . The functional blockade of macrophages by dextran sulfate or carbon particles did not result in a higher susceptibility of mice to the lethal primary infection with T . gondii . Thus in vivo macrophages apparently do not play an essential role as effector cells as they do in infections with other obligate intracellular infective organisms such as Listeria monocytogenes . The spleen is apparently of crucial importance for resistance against T . gondii infection, since death occurred earlier in splenectomized mice than in control animals.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1976 Oct, 84B(5), 265 - 72
Acquired resistance of BCG-vaccinated red mice to infection with Listeria monocytogenes; Jespersen A; Infection experiments have shown that red mice, belonging to the vole family, could be infected with Listeria monocytogenes and that they were almost as susceptible to intravenous infection as Cf1 mice . Vaccination of red mice with BCG induced a resistance which could be demonstrated by prologation of the survival time of the animals after challenge with Listeria . The resistance was greatest in the second and third week after vaccination and was considerably higher after intravenous injection of BCG vaccine than after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection . On the basis of studies concerning the dose of vaccine, the route of vaccination, and the interval between vaccination and challenge, a method by which to evaluate the potency of a strain of BCG has been elaborated . By this method it was found that there was a significant difference between the resistance produced by a strain of BCG which is weakly virulent and one which is strongly virulent for hamsters.

Infect Immun, 1976 Sep, 14(3), 832 - 5
Morphology and time course of experimental listeriosis in nude mice; Heymer B et al.; Experimental listeriosis in phenotypically normal (nu/+) euthymic NMRI mice has a characteristic morphology and short-term course . In contrast, listeric infection in congenitally dysthymic nude (nu/nu) mice does not proceed in clear-cut phases, develops more slowly, displays a chronic tendency from the beginning, and shows a considerably different morphology . The inability of nude mice to effectively control and terminate infection by Listeria monocytogenes obviously results from the lack of T lymphocytes.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Sep 1, 101(17), 941 - 51
{Some forms of disease associated with impaired locomotion in sheep (author's transl)}; Herweijer CH; A number of flock diseases in sheep associated with impaired locomotion, which are of importance or may assume importance in the Netherlands, are reviewed . Attention is paid to the following metabolic disorders and deficiencies: acetonaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, some forms of osteopathy, enzootic ataxia and cerebrocortical necrosis . The following forms of infectious diseases are described: listeric encephalitis, purulent meningitis following injury to the throat, scrapie, visna, Aujeszky's disease and border disease . Finally, a number of viral forms of encephalitis are discussed, which are of minor importance or negligible in the Netherlands, though they are of importance in neighbouring countries . No attempt was made exhaustively to describe the above diseases . The aetiology and pathogenesis usually were not discussed in greater detail than that required for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease . Efforts were made to be of some help to the veterinary practitioner in controlling some forms of ovine disease in cases in which this is necessary and possible.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1976 Sep-Oct, 127(5), 675 - 85
{Immunological responsiveness in C57BL/6 mice during the growth of a tumoural graft: the Lewis' lung carcinoma (author's transl)}; Milon G et al.; Using antibody and delayed type hypersensitivity responses to sheep red blood cells, immunological responsiveness was studied during the course of 3LL tumor growth . Acquired specific resistance to Listeria monocytogenes of tumor bearing mice was also investigated . Experimental results obtained, showed that the ability of 3LL bearing mice to establish a specific immune response is not markedly impaired.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Sep, 37(9), 1071 - 3
Serum levels of progesterone, estradiol, and hydrocortisone in ewes after abortion due to Listeria monocytogenes type 5; Carter JL et al.; Estradiol, progesterone, and hydrocortisone were measured by radioimmunoassay in peripheral serum of pregnant ewes infected with Listeria monocytogenes type 5 and in normal pregnant controls . Progesterone had decreased in both groups at abortion or parturition . Estradiol and hydrocortisone of control ewes had increased at parturition . In infected ewes, the serum hydrocortisone value was high for 3 days after inoculation, but it returned to preinoculation levels for the remainder of gestation . Serum concentrations of hydrocortisone did not change, and estradiol values increased slightly at abortion by infected ewes.

J Exp Med, 1976 Sep 1, 144(3), 627 - 43
The mediator of cellular immunity . XII . Inhibition of activated T cells by Newcastle disease virus; McGregor DD et al.; Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can interact in at least two ways with rat T cells . By adsorbing to circulating lymphocytes, the virus can transiently deflect the cells from lymph nodes and inflammatory exudates induced in the peritoneal cavity . T cells are affected regardless of age, state of activation, or position in the mitotic cycle . The effect is reversible and is mediated not only by infectious (I)-NDV, but also by UV-NDV which cannot achieve a complete replication cycle in eggs . But I-NDV has another lasting effect on activated T cells . It is revealed in the failure of virus-treated thoracic duct lymphocytes to transfer cellular resistance to Listeria monocytogenes, delayed-type hypersensitivity to soluble antigens of the parasite, and the permanent exclusion of labeled S-phase lymphocytes from inflammatory foci . Activated T cells are inhibited by virus multiplicites which have little if any effect upon the proliferative potential of antigen-sensitive T cells or localization of labeled small lymphocytes in lymph nodes . The underlying mechanism has not been determined; however, there are reasons for thinking that NDV has a lethal effect upon activated T cells, because the latter are permissive for virus replication.

Immunology, 1976 Aug, 31(2), 323 - 9
Listeria cell wall fraction . Characterization of in vitro adjuvant activity; Schuffler C et al.; We have previously described a crude cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) which induces resistance to listeria infection in mice, is a murine B-cell mitogen and is an immunological adjuvant . Data reported here show that LCWF, which is effective over a wide dose range, exerts its adjuvant action on early events in the induction of an immune response . Moreover, LCWF stimulates nonadherent cells to respond to sheep red cells when adherent cells are severely depleted or absent, suggesting that LCWF can therefore act directly on lymphocytes present within the non-adherent population.

J Exp Med, 1976 Jul 1, 144(1), 155 - 66
The modulation of lymphocyte functions by molecules secreted by macrophages . II . Conditions leading to increased secretion; Unanue ER et al.; Cultures of peritoneal exudate cells rich in macrophages were studied for the secretion of lymphostimulatory molecules . Two conditions produced increased secretion: (a) addition to the cultures of various agents that readily interacted with macrophages, such as latex particles, antibody-coated red cells, endotoxin, Listeria organisms, or Be salt; or (b) addition of activated lymphocytes . In the first case the increased activity was found during the first 24 or 48 h after uptake of the stimuli . Increased activity was found in normal or peptone-stimulated macrophages but not in macrophages after injection of endotoxin or thioglycollate . The addition of T lymphocytes from Listeria-infected mice to macrophage cultures increased greatly the activities . This increase was also produced by addition to antigen-primed T cells together with antigen . The lymphocytes by themselves did not secrete active factors . The lymphostimulatory activities were tested on thymocyte DNA synthesis and on antibody formation in vitro . The latter assay was done on spleen cells from immunized mice where one striking effect was the stimulation of differentiation to antibody-secreting cells . Some dissociation of both activities (thymocyte DNA synthesis and B-cell differentiation) was observed with selected culture fluids.

Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Jul, 48(1 Suppl), 33S - 34S
Maternal Listeria monocytogenes septicemia with sparing of the fetus; Hume OS; A case of maternal Listeria monocytogenes septicemia at 19 week's gestation is presented . Successful treatment of the mother with ampicillin resulted in remission of maternal symptoms and subsequent term delivery of an unaffected infant, indicating fetal disease is not an inevitable consequence of maternal Listeria sepsis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Jun, (6), 84 - 8
{Detection of H-antibodies in the diagnosis of listeriosis}; Kunkel M et al.; The technique of H-antibodies determination in serodiagnosis of listeriosis used at present is capable of detection not only H-antibodies but also flagellar somatic antibodies in the sera . An attempt was made to increase the specificity of H-agglutinins . An experience in the preparation of pure H-antigen is described . However, it is impossible to detect positive H-agglutination either with the aid of a mixture of flagellae and latex or with pure H-antigen . After determination of H-antigen by the classic Widal reaction 405 sera sent to Rostok Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology because of suspected listeriosis were subjected to absorption with O-somatic antigen of listeria; as a result of which in 85.9% of the sera the amount of H-agglutinins decreased by 1-3 dilutions . Whereas before the exhaustion 90 sera had the H-titre of 1:321 and higher, only 15 such sera remained after the exhaustion.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Jun, 37(6), 735 - 6
In vitro effects of listerial hemolysin on rat brain mitochondria; Stokes GH et al.; Crude hemolysin derived from Listeria monocytogenes, strains 9-125 and 1122-3, reduced phosphate utilization of rat brain mitochondria in a succinate system . Oxidation rates were not altered by addition of hemolysin to a concentration of 42 hemolytic units/ml, with a mitochondrial protein concentration of 2.3 mg/ml . At a mitochondrial protein concentration of 1.8 mg/ml, 42 hemolytic units/ml of hemolysin increased the inhibition of phosphate utilization and also reduced the oxygen uptake . An age differential was apparent, with mitochondria from young rats demonstrating uncoupling at a lower concentration of hemolysin.

Am J Surg, 1976 Jun, 131(6), 736 - 44
A critical study of Lister's work on antiseptic surgery; Toledo-Pereyra LH et al.; The work of Pasteur on alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation demonstrated that minute organisms (germs) caused these fermentative changes . Lister applied these basic findings in the introduction of his antiseptic system . Its principles were based on the destruction of germs by antiseptics (carbolic acid) to prevent their entering the wound or spreading after surgery . Lister's work on antisepsis was therefore based on the germ theory of disease . The believers of the germ theory defended Lister's theories whereas the nonbelievers of the germ theory created an atmosphere of resistance to Listerism . The work of Koch in 1878 on the etiology of traumatic infective diseases contributed greatly to the acceptance of Lister's antiseptic principles . By the mid 1880s there was a rapid increase in the use of antiseptic technics, soon followed by the introduction of aseptic methods and rapid progress in surgery.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1976 May-Jun, 33(3), 547 - 53
{Listeria monocytogenes infection}; Filloy Yague L et al.; The authors report two newborn infants, one with sepsis and the other one with meningitis, discussing clinical and epidemiological aspects of this infection.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 May, 37(5), 579 - 84
Effects of Listeria monocytogenes and its components on adenosine triphosphate concentrations in mice; Siddique IH et al.; The effects of Listeria monocytogenes and its components on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in mice were examined by in vitro and in vivo techniques . White female mice were intraperitoneally injected with L monocytogenes strain 9-125 and its components, and certain tissues of mice were exposed to the various listerial components in vitro, and the ATP concentrations in these tissues were measured . Results of in vivo experiments indicated that live listerial cells and certain components (hemolysin, cell wall, and cytoplasm) decreased the ATP concentrations in some tissues of the mice, whereas other components (peptidoglycan and endotoxin-like material) did not have any effects on ATP concentrations . Although hemolysin from L monocytogenes decreased the tissue ATP concentrations in vitro, other listerial components did not effect any of the exposed tissues . The data indicated some impairment of host energy metabolism occurred in mice exposed to L monocytogenes or to its components or to both.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1976 Apr-May, 5(3), 395 - 6
{Listerosis and pregnancy without fetal disease}; Weill L; A case of vaginal listeriosis occurring in the sixth month of pregnancy is reported . It was discovered when the patient suffered from symptoms of appendicitis complicated by jaundice and an acute nephritis . It was investigated by vaginal smears and swabs, and by amniocentesis . Treatment was general and local . The fetus was not attacked, the pregnancy continued, resulting in the delivery and birth of an undamaged infant.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Mar, 234(2), 265 - 70
{Tests for anthropozoonoses in sera of farmers in eastern-Austria . I . Communication (author's transl)}; Sixl W et al.; Because of human disease and the evidence of antibodies in domestic- and wild animal-sera, human sera were tested for various anthropozoonoses in three districts of the so called "Seewinkel" (Eastern-Austria) . Positive reactions were found for listeriosis, tularemia, leptospirosis, ornithosis, Q-fever, rickettsiae of the RMSF-group "Stamm B", mycoplasmosis, TBE-(FSME-), Sindbis-, West Nil-VIRUS . These results are indicators for the occurrence of the pathogens and are supported by the positive results already found at serological tests of domestic and wild animals.

An Esp Pediatr, 1976 Mar-Apr, 9(2), 158 - 65
{Neonatal listeriosis . Presentation of nine cases (author's transl)}; Cotero A et al.; Nine cases of neonatal listeriosis observed in 1973 and 1974 are presented . Diagnosis was established during life in eight cases by positivity of bacteriological cultures . Given the high incidence of listeria sepsis and the important mortality, it is necessary to establish an early diagnosis, an immediate antibiotic therapy and provide intensive care in an special unit.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Mar, 234(2), 281 - 3
{The Listeria monocytogenes carrier state of the staff of maternity centres in non epidemic periods (author's transl)}; Durst J et al.; 9 of 177 examined healthy adults working in maternity centers were found to be Listeria monocytogenes carriers, every examined person worked by profession in maternity departments in areas free of human epidemic . After one year (4 degrees c), the bacterium was cultivated from their faeces in culture media containing either rivanol or trypaflavin.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Mar, 234(2), 238 - 42
Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes in feces of pregnant women with and without direct animal contact; Kampelmacher EH et al.; Women under policlinic control during their pregnancy were divided into 3 groups, viz . women living on farms with animals, women having pet-animals in their home and women without any direct contact with living animsla . 5-7 feces samples were controlled for L . monocytogenes during pregnancy and puerperium, together with one sample of meconium of the neonate . Of women from farms, with pet-animals and women without living animal contact, respectively 32%, 39% and 34% of the samples were positive . From a total of 1337 samples 116 (8,8%) were positive . From 87 meconium samples all but one were negative . The results obtained support the hypothesis, that L . monocytogenes is an ubuquitous organism without typical zoonotic characteristics, although infection through animals may occur.

Am J Med Sci, 1976 Mar-Apr, 271(2), 159 - 69
Listeriosis; Kalis P et al.; Four patients with Listeria monocytogenes infection are presented; three of whom had associated lymphoproliferative disorders . Two of the four patients had Listeria meningitis . Meningitis is the most common manifestation of listeriosis in humans . Specific diagnosis depends on demonstrating Listeria monocytogenes in the cerebral spinal fluid; differentiation from other forms of acute meningitis cannot be made clinically . Although listeriosis is recognized as a major global problem in both human and animal health, the epidemiology of human infection is poorly understood . Animals and animal products may serve as reservoirs for human infection . Antibiotic therapy resulted in recovery in three of the patients . The history, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and therapy of listeriosis are reviewed.

J Immunol, 1976 Mar, 116(3), 590 - 4
Listeria cell wall fraction: a B cell adjuvant; Campbell PA et al.; A crude cell wall-rich fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) has previously been shown to induce resistance to Listeria infection in mice, to be a murine B cell mitogen, and to be an immunologic adjuvant . Data reported here show that LCWF stimulates immune responses by three different murine B cell populations that respond poorly or not at all to thymus-dependent antigens when T cells are severely depleted or absent . These B cell populations include nude mouse spleen cells, anti-theta serum-treated spleen cells and bone marrow-derived spleen cells . In addition, sheep erythrocytes coated with LCWF are converted to thymus-independent antigens . The adjuvant effect of LCWF on B cell populations is not enhanced by the presence of T cells, nor does LCWF increase in vivo education of T cells to sheep erythrocyte antigens . Thus, a direct effect of LCWF on T cells could not be demonstrated, suggesting that LCWF does not act on T cells . Because of these LCWF effects on B cells, the possible role of B cells in resistance to infection by Liseria monocytogenes is discussed.

J Exp Med, 1976 Mar 1, 143(3), 469 - 81
Regulation of the T-cell response to ectromelia virus infection . I . Feedback suppression by effector T cells; Pang T et al.; Spleen cells and serum from mice immunized with ectromelia virus suppressed the immune response to infectious virus when transferred intravenously into recipient mice given an immunizing virus dose . The suppression was reflected in decreased cytotoxic T-cell activity directed against H-2 compatible virus-infected target cells in the spleens of recipients . Suppression was observed when immune cells or serum were transferred 1-2 h or 1 day after immunization of recipients, but not 2 days after, and was maximal when 6-day immune spleen cells were used as suppressor cells . H-2 compatibility between donor and recipient mice was necessary for suppression to be expressed . Use of recombinant mice showed that I-region compatibility was neither sufficient nor necessary, and that D-region compatibility was sufficient . Specificity of suppression was suggested by the finding that cells and serum from mice immunized with Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium, had no suppressive activity on the antiviral response . Anti-theta treatment eliminated the ability of immune cells to suppress, and the suppressive effect was not markedly dose-dependent with respect to both cell dose and virus dose under the conditions employed . Virus levels in the spleens of recipients were significantly reduced after injection of immune cells . Adult thymectomy had no effect on the primary immune response to ectromelia virus infection, thus indicating no role for T1 cells in the suppressive mechanism . The results obtained therefore suggested that suppression in this system was due to effector T cells which triggered clearance of virus (and thus, of virus-induced antigens) necessary for the induction of precursors of effector T cells, and that this simple feed-back mechanism normally plays an important role in the regulation of the primary immune response to ectromelia infection at the level of precursor induction . The existence of other postinduction regulatory mechanisms, however, is unknown and under investigation.

J Immunol, 1976 Mar, 116(3), 579 - 84
Resistance to tumor growth mediated by Listeria monocytogenes . Destruction of experimental malignant melanoma by LM-activated peritoneal and lymphoid cells; Youdim S; A murine experimental model of nonspecific tumor destruction mediated by cells activated by Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is described . B16 melanoma growth is prevented or suppressed in the syngeneic host when tumor cells are inoculated in contact with viable LM . In vitro, cultured B16 cells are destroyed by LM immune peritoneal or splenic cells in the presence of the bacterial antigen(s) . Activation of LM immune cells in vitro is immunologically specific . Replacement of LM by sheep red blood cells or bovine serum albumin in the in vitro cultures aborts the cytotoxic effect . Further, no tumor cell killing is obtained when thioglycollate-induced or normal peritoneal cells are substituted for LM immune cells in the in vitro cultures . Normal spleen cells in the presence of LM are weakly cytotoxic for B16 cells . Normal peritoneal cells plus LM or LM alone are not . Elimination of thymus derived "T" cells by anti-theta C3H or rabbit anti-mouse brain serum (RAMB) abrogated the cytotoxic effect . Therefore, LM-induced tumor destruction probably occurs through nonspecific mechanism(s) consequent to activation of host "T" cells by specific immune reactivity to LM antigen(s).

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Feb, 161(4), 383 - 5
Listeria-encefalitis in cows through litter from a broiler-farm; Dijkstra RG; In a loose-housed herd four cows are emergency-slaughtered, within some weeks, because of symptoms of encefalitis . From the brains of these cows, as well as from the litter, coming from broilers, that had been put in the cow-stables before, Listeria monocytogenes type 4b has been isolated . At the same time an investigation was made from faeces/intestinal contents of broilers . Out of the contents of 2.373 intestines, 1% of about 2.300.000 broilers ready for use, coming from 146 farms, 4.1% L.monocytogenes has been isolated . Six broiler farms are infected, at two farms it occurred even for the second time . Three times it concerned L.monocytogenes type 4b, two times type 1 and one strain could not be serotyped.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Feb, 161(4), 383 - 5
Listeria-encefalitis in cows through litter from a broiler-farm; Dijkstra RG; In a loose-housed herd four cows are emergency-slaughtered, within some weeks, because of symptoms of encefalitis . From the brains of these cows, as well as from the litter, coming from broilers, that had been put in the cow-stables before, Listeria monocytogenes type 4b has been isolated . At the same time an investigation was made from faeces/intestinal contents of broilers . Out of the contents of 2.373 intestines, 1% of about 2.300.000 broilers ready for use, coming from 146 farms, 4.1% L.monocytogenes has been isolated . Six broiler farms are infected, at two farms it occurred even for the second time . Three times it concerned L.monocytogenes type 4b, two times type 1 and one strain could not be serotyped.

Med J Aust, 1976 Jan 24, 1(4), 90 - 2
Cerebral abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes; Crocker EF et al.; A case of cerebral abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes in a patient receiving immunosuppressive treatment is reported . Early diagnosis was facilitated by a cerebral scan.

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(2), 27 - 30
{Some biochemical studies of Listeria monocytogenes strains}; Milanov M et al.; A total of 231 strains of Listeria organisms have been isolated during the last 14 years from adult sheep, lambs, fetuses, and ensilaged forage . Their differentiation have shown that 67 of them belong to the 1 st serotype, 77 -- to 4 c, and 26 have been determined as strains of the 5th serotype . The biochemical study on 170 of the strains have revealed that: more of them, belong to the 1 st, 4 c, and 5 th serotype break down dextrose, trehalose, levulose, salycin, esculin, ramnose, and glycerin . They do not produce hydrogen sulfide and indol, do not liquefy gelatin, and are negative for adonite and inulin . Not all prove catalase-Foges-Proskauer- and methylred--positive.

Parazitologiia, 1976 Jan-Feb, 10(1), 61 - 6
{Histological study of Ceratophyllus consimilis Wagn . fleas infected with the causative agent of listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)}; Vashchenok VS et al.; Histological studies have shown that in experimentally infected fleas (C . consimilis) Listeria are preserved in the alimentary canal . In infected individuals microbes occur along the whole intestine, from oesophagus to the rectum but most often they are recorded from the mid-gut and proventriculus . Listeria are able to penetrate into its muscular tissue and in some cases enter the body cavity of the insect . The finding of Listeria in the oesophagus confirms the possibility of the transmission of the infarction by fleas through the bite without blocking.

Infection, 1976, 4(2), 113 - 4
Acute Listeria monocytogenes osteomyelitis; Houang ET et al.; The presentation and management of a case of acute Listeria monocytogenes osteomyelitis in a lady with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia are described . The literature on Listeria infection is briefly reviewed, and the importance of scrutinizing diphtheroid-like isolates in the laboratory is stressed.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1976, 50(6), 641 - 50
Immunosuppressive activity of an extract of Listeria monocytogenes; Kim JJ et al.; The effects of treatment of mice with an aqueous extract of Listeria monocytogenes on lymphoid populations and on immune responsiveness were studied . Thymus weight was decreased to a third of the control, whereas spleen weight was proportionally increased as the number of treatments was increased . The total numbers of cells in the thymus and bone marrow were diminished, whereas the number in the spleen was increased . Serum hemolysin production and plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes were suppressed in treated mice when the extract was given before administration of antigen . Spleen cells from treated mice failed to mount an antibody response upon transfer to syngeneic gamma-irradiated recipients, suggesting that potential antibody-producing cells were impaired by the treatment.

Vet Med Nauki, 1976, 13(1), 63 - 70
{Bacteriological and pathohistological studies of sheep experimentally infected with Listeria}; Burdarov I et al.; A total of forty gimmers (eight of which spleen-ectomized) were i/v, orally, intratracheally, and along the branching of n . infraorbitalis infected with a 24-hour broth culture of Listeria monocytogenes . The meningoencephalite form of listeriosis was induced in two of the animals infected intraveneously, in one animal of those infected orally, and in one of those infected in the branching of nervus infraorbitalis . The most typical microscopic changes were established in the case of infection through the veins and the nerves . It was concluded that these were probably the most often occurring ways of infection and dissemination of Listeria . However, the resistance of the host organism, the number of bacteria, and the virulence were also of interest . Toxic injury of the brain and the viscera of all infected sheep were also found.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1976, 50(2), 232 - 42
Enhanced mononuclear phagocytic activity during Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice; Ortiz-Ortiz L et al.; It has been shown that Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice develop a nonspecific resistance to challenge with an unrelated microorganism, namely, Listeria monocytogenes . This increased resistance to Listeria was observed on the 4th day of trypanosoma infection and persisted for at least 25 days . It was associated with an increased mononuclear phagocytic activity, as revealed by carbon clearance experiments . The possibility that macrophages of the infected host become activated by a process which appears to depend upon some form of specific interaction between the immune lymphoid cells and the infecting organisms, as has been demonstrated with other infectious agents, is discussed.

J Exp Med, 1976 Jan 1, 143(1), 114 - 26
Synthesis of the second component of complement by long-term primary cultures of human monocytes; Einstein LP et al.; A method has been developed for preparation of confluent monolayers of human monocytes from small volumes of blood and for maintenance of these pure monocyte cultures for up to 16 wk in vitro . These cells phagocytosed 5.7 mum diameter latex beads, rosetted with erythrocytes coated with IgG or with C3, killed Listeria monocytogenes, and synthesized both lysozyme and the second component of complement . Lysozyme was secreted at a rate of approximately 50,000 mol/min per cell for at least 12 wk in cultures . The maximal rate of C2 synthesis and secretion was considerably less; i.e., approximately 30 mol/min per cell between the 2nd and 12th wk in culture . Monocytes produced little C2 during the first 6 days in culture after which a marked increase in the rate of C2 production was noted . This increase was coincident with morphologic evidence of monocyte maturation.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1976, 23(1), 55 - 61
Non-specific antimicrobial cellular resistance in sensitized guinea pigs; Nyerges G; Specific delayed-type hypersensitivity was induced in guinea pigs with bovine albumin + complete Freund adjuvant, bovine gamma globulin + complete Freund adjuvant and BCG vaccine . The animals were subsequently tested for nonspecific antimicrobial resistance . Sensitized and control groups were challenged intraperitoneally with Listeria monocytogenes 2 hr after reinjection with the sensitizing antigen . The listeria content of the spleens was determined 1 or 5 days after the infection . The number of organisms recovered from the spleen one day after infection was significantly less in guinea pigs sensitized with bovine gamma globulin and BCG than in the control group; after 5 days no such difference was recorded . There was no difference between the bovine albumin sensitized and the control group 1 day after infection, while on the 5th postinfection day listeria counts were higher in the sensitized than in the control animals.

JAMA, 1975 Nov 24, 234(8), 842 - 3
Listeria sepsis and meningitis: A complication of renal transplantation; Isiadinso OA; Listeria infections is an important cause of sepsis and meningitis in renal transplant patients . Prompt recognition and aggressive therapy are required to control this life-threatening infection . In 1972, one case of listeriosis occurred in a renal transplant recipient in our center; 1974, six more cases were detected within a period of nine months . All seven patients had Listeria sepsis, and three of the seven patients had both sepsis and meningitis . Antibiotic treatment resulted in remarkable improvement in the clinical state of all the patients in this study . Two patients later died of other unrelated causes.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Nov 21, 117(47), 1865 - 70
{Clinical aspects of intrauterine infections (author's transl)}; Heck W; Examples of typical embryopathy (rubella, cytomegaly) and fetopathy (toxoplasmosis, listeriosis) demonstrate the disastrous effects intrauterine infections may have on the fetus . Even if they play a relatively small role numerically, they deserve our particular attention because we feel and hope that, by extending maternity care to environmental hygiene and prophylactic vaccination, they can be partly prevented and, by improving prenatal serological diagnosis and intensifying the cooperation of specialists, introduced early to an effective prenatal therapy, thus preventing severe damage to the child.

Eur J Immunol, 1975 Nov, 5(11), 799 - 800
Macrophage inhibiting activity in serum and central lymph of Listeria-immune mice; Kaufmann S et al.; Serum and central lymph from mice immunized with live Listeria monocytogenes six days previously and boostered four hours before collection exerted significant inhibition of macrophage migration in vitro . It is concluded that lymphokines or lymphokine-like products of the cellular immune reaction are released in vivo and are possibly instrumental in the generation of acquired cellular antibacterial immunity.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Nov 1, 100(21), 1154 - 5
{The occurrence of listeria encephalitis in cattle in a loose housing after the use of litter, infected with listeria bacteria, from a broiler farm . To what extent do listeria bacteria occur in the gut contents of broilers (author's transl)}; Dijkstra RG; In a loose housing, four cows had to be slaughtered as an emergency measure within a few weeks because of symptoms of encephalitis . Listeria monocytogenes of type 4 b were isolated both from the brains of these cows and from the litter previously spread in the cow stables, which was obtained from a broiler farm . At the same time an investigation of the occurrence of Listeria bacteria in the faeces/gut contents of broilers was undertaken . From the contents of 2373 intestines, representing 0.1 per cent of about 2,300,000 broilers from 146 farms, Listeria monocytogenes were isolated in 4.1 per cent of the birds . The infection occurred on six broiler farms, two of them exhibited recidivation . Listeria monocytogenes of type 4 b were involved three times, type 1 was concerned on two farms, and one strain could not be typed.

Infect Immun, 1975 Oct, 12(4), 761 - 7
Nature of "memory" in T-cell mediated antibacterial immunity: cellular parameters that distinguish between the active immune response and a state of "memory"; North RJ et al.; Immunizing infection in mice with Listeria monocytogenes resulted in the generation of two distinct states of immunological reactivity . There was generated (i) a short-lived state of active immunity that functioned to urgently eliminate the infection organism from the tissues and (ii) a long-lives state of increased immunological potential that enabled the host to respond to seconday infection in an accelerated manner . Short-lived active immunity was mediated by replicating T cells and expressed by activated macrophages, and it ended when these cell types disappeared from the tissue soon after complete elimination of the parasite . Long-lived immunological protential was associated with a persistent level of delayed sensitivity and with the presence of a small number of nonreplicating protective T cells . It is suggested that the state of delayed sensitivity represents a state of immunological T-cell memory of the cell-mediated type.

Infect Immun, 1975 Oct, 12(4), 754 - 60
Nature of "memory" in T-cell-mediated antibacterial immunity: anamnestic production of mediator T cells; North RJ; Mice that survived an immunizing infection with Listeria monocytogenes remained specifically resistant to lethal secondary infection for several months . This acquired, long-lived state of resistance was not dependent on activated macrophages that remained after the primary response . It depended, instead, on an acquired long-lived capacity on the part of immunized mice for generating mediator T cells faster and in larger numbers than normal mice . The number of mediator T cells generated in response to secondary infection was proportional to the level of infection . The results suggest that the accelerated production of mediator T cells that occurs in response to secondary infection represents the expression of a state of immunological T-cell memory.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1975 Oct 1, 167(7), 637 - 8
Perinatal listeric septicemia in a Celebese black ape; McClure HM et al.; Perinatal listeric septicemia was diagnosed in a still-born Celebese black ape (Macaca niger) . The disease was characterized by prominent focal hepatic necrosis and a diffuse, acute, fibrinopurulent placentitis . Small, gram-positive rods were demonstrable in sections of the placenta and in the liver and lungs of the fetus . Listeria monocytogenes 1A was isolated from the liver of the fetus.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1975 Sep 19, 161(4), 215 - 29
{Some properties of carrier strains of Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)}; Berger U; About 60 characteristics have been investigated in 7 hemolyzing and 12 nonhemolyzing strains of L . monocytogenes . From these investigations resulted inter alia that the organism grows well under strictly anaerobic conditions, esculin is split at 45 degrees C,NH3 is produced from peptone, but not from arginin, and H2S can be traced by sufficiently sensitive methods . All strains possess a lipase, muramidase, and deoxyribonuclease, the hemolytic ones only also a lecithinase . Besides, the hemolytic strains only dispose of experimental virulence and of a CAMP factor-like agent . The experimental animal of choice seems to be the conjunctivally infected guinea pig in which a generalized infection develops.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Sep, 233(1), 72 - 4
The role of temperature factors in the epidemiology of listeriosis; Durst J; A total of 5000 samples were examined for Listeria monocytogenes, and 117 strains had been isolated . Out of these, 36 strains were selected according to their low virulence . An increasing virulence could be observed, when they were cultured on optimal media at 4 degrees C, with inoculations at every third week . This increased virulence caused by temperature factors, can have an important role in the epidemiology of listeriosis.

Infect Immun, 1975 Sep, 12(3), 647 - 55
Blastogenesis as an in vitro correlate of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs infected with Listeria monocytogenes; Fulton AM et al.; Randomly bred guinea pigs of both sexes were injected intracardially with one-half a 50% lethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes . When these animals were skin tested with 30 mug of a water-soluble extract of sonically disrupted Listeria, animals had uniformly detectable levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) 6 days after infection . Histological examination of skin test reaction sites, after fixation in Helly fixative and Giemsa staining, revealed a classical tuberculin-type infiltrate consisting primarily of mononuclear cells with few polymorphonuclear cells . Many of the small vessels showed perivascular cuffing . When purified peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from these animals were cultured in vitro in the presence of various concentrations of Listeria antigen, it was fount that the optimal antigenic dose for specific antigen-induced incorporation of {3H}thymidine varied for individual animals . In contrast to the early onset of uniformly detectable levels of in vivo DTH, in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis was not uniformly demonstrable until 14 days postinfection and remained highly significant on days 21, 28, and 84 postinfection . At 7 days postinfection, lymphocytes from 7 of 17 animals were capable of undergoing sifnificant blastogenesis . The Listeria antigen preparation was not mitogenic for peritoneal exudate lymphocytes from normal animals . It was found that no direct correlation exists between the in vivo levels of DTH and in vitro blastogenesis . Cell donors showing significant in vitro blastogenesis nevertheless were also skin test positive for most animals tested . Humoral antibody was found to play no significant role in the immune response of guinea pigs to a primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes.

Infect Immun, 1975 Sep, 12(3), 505 - 11
Effect macrophage activation on infection with Treponema pallidum; Schell R et al.; Infection of rabbits with Treponema pallidum induces nonspecific acquired cellular resistance (ACR) to Listeria monocytogenes . This resistance can be adoptively transferred using thymus-dependent lymphocytes . Since infections that induce ACR are usually brought under control by cellular mechanisms, we sought to determine whether induction of ACR in rabbits stimulates resistance to challenge with T . pallidum . When BCG-infected rabbits which suppressed the growth of Listeria were challenged intravenously with T . pallidum, lesions appeared at the same time and progressed in a fashion similar to that in non-BCG-infected controls . There was a tendency for syphilitic lesions to disseminate more widely in BCG-infected animals and for the lesions to necrose more rapidly in controls . T . pallidum may resist phagocytosis by macrophages, as has been suggested previously, or macrophages may fail to be activated locally in the dermis . Although syphilitic infeciton appears to stimulate ACR, activation of the macrophages may not contribute significantly to the ability of the host to suppress T . pallidum.

J Immunol, 1975 Sep, 115(3), 844 - 7
Activated macrophages in congenitally athymic "nude mice" and in lethally irradiate mice; Cheers C et al.; Resistance to the facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes, is principally the result of acquisition of enhanced antibacterial activity by host macrophages, probably in response to lymphokines released by T lymphocytes . However, the present paper describes a surprisingly high resistance on the part of both congenitally athymic "nude" mice and of lethally irradiated mice compared with normal controls . This enhanced bactericidal activity was evident 24 hr after infection, and could also be demonstrated in macrophages from nude mice cultured in vitro . It was concluded that the macrophages of these animals had been activated before infection.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1975 Aug, 53(4), 297 - 303
Cortisone-resistant effector T cells in acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis and Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice; Zinkernagel RM et al.; Sensitized T cells in both lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) and listeriosis are apparently unaffected by treatment of mice with cortisone acetate . Cortisone-resistant immune T cells readily transfer acute, fatal LCM or protection against L . monocytogenes infection . Treatment of recipient mice with cortisone, however, impairs T cell-dependent effector mechanisms (i.e . macrophages) in listeriosis, but has no effect on induction of LCM . Acute LCM may thus represent a T cell-mediated pathological process which does not require participation of macrophages.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 Aug, 55(2), 393 - 5
Cytotoxicity mediated by soluble macrophage product(s); Sethi KK et al.; The soluble macrophage product(s) released by nonimmune mouse peritoneal macrophages exposed to endotoxin or from listeria-immune macrophages after incubation with specific antigen mediated cytotoxic activity against malignant cell types and, to a lesser extent, against normal cells . Only undiluted supernatants from nonimmune or listeria-immune macrophages cultured with medium 199 alone exerted some degree of cytotoxicity on the different target cell types tested . The macrophage product(s) retained cytotoxic activity storage at minus 20 degrees C, was stable when heated at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes, but was completely inactivated when exposed at 100 degrees C for 5 minutes . In the presence of 15 mug exogenous lysozyme/ml, the cytotoxic activity of the macrophage product(s) was significantly enhanced.

Infect Immun, 1975 Aug, 12(2), 437 - 9
Listeria monocytogenes infection in nude mice; Emmerling P et al.; As compared to phenotypically normal (nu/+)NMRI mice showing the typical course of an experimental listeric infection, that of congenitally hypothymic (nude, nu/nu)NMRI mice was found to be characterized from the outset bya chronic trend . During the early phase of the infection, significantly reduced numbers of Listeria monocytogenes were observed in the spleens of nude mice.

J Exp Med, 1975 Aug 1, 142(2), 299 - 311
Killing in vitro of Trypanosoma cruzi by macrophages from mice immunized with T . cruzi or BCG, and absence of cross-immunity on challege in vivo; Hoff R; Peritoneal macrophages from T . cruzi-immune mice were resistant to infection in vitro with culture forms of the parasite . Macrophage resistance appeared in infected mice about 21 days postinfection when parasitemia was still rising . Resistance in vitro was nonspecific since macrophages from BCG-immune mice were resistant to T . cruzi, and since macrophages from T . cruzi-immune mice were resistant to infection in vitro with Listeria were not resistant to challenge with T . cruzi even when the parasites were opsonized.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Jul 4, 117(27), 1145 - 8
{Listeria excreters and their epidemiological significance (author's transl)}; Ortel S; By using the best bacteriological methods of investigation and reading techniques we were able to discover 82 excreters from stool samples of 841 persons and to culture 113 Listeria monocytogenes strains of different serotypes (1/2a, 4a, 4b, 4ab) . Following up several excreters over a longer time (1 1/2 years) revealed periods with positive and negative results . Strains of listeria isolated from the stool samples of pregnant women have a particular significance and act as pointers to virulence . In the presence of clinical factors suspicious of listeriosis and the excretion of serotypes considered virulent, prophylactic therapy with ampicillin should be carried out during pregnancy.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 287 - 93
Further observations of changed growth of Listeria monocytogenes on salt agar; Brzin B; The changes produced in Listeria monocytogenes grown on salt media were studied . High concentration of NaCl is really a possible inducer of filamentation as well as of spheroplasting in L . m . It acts by inhibiting the cell division of these bacteria.

Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Jul, 46(1), 102 - 4
Listeria monocytogenes septicemia in pregnancy; Anderson GD; A case of Listeria monocyto-enes septicemia in a patient with a poor reproductive history is presented . The clinical aspects and implications of this infectious disease during pregnancy are discussed, and the role of Listeria as a cause of recurrent pregnancy wastage is summarized.

J Wildl Dis, 1975 Jul, 11(3), 330 - 4
Listeria monocytogenes isolated from wapiti (Cervus canadensis roosevelti); Martyny JW et al.; Serotypes 1 and 4 Listeria monocytogenes were isolated from 14 of 72 wapiti among four of five herds studied in northwestern California . More isolations of Listeria were made during the summer months than during the other months of the study from one of the herds . The pathogenicity of the strains varied with their ability to ferment xylose and rhamnose.

J Lab Clin Med, 1975 Jul, 86(1), 164 - 74
Specific detection and semiquantitation of micro-organisms in tissue by nucleic acidhybridization . I . Characterization of the method and application to model systems; Steinman CR; On the basis of circumstantial evidence, a number of human diseases have been postulated to result from the presence of occult infection . To investigate this problem amethod of specifically detecting and semiquantitaing trace quantities of bacterial DNA in infected tissue has been devised . It is based on RNA-DNA hybridization using radiolabeled RNAcomplementary to the DNA of the organism being sought . The characteristics of the reaction are shown to conform to those expected for RNA-DNA hybridization and the sensitivity of the method is shown to correspond to approximately one organism per 50 mammalian cells . Specificity at this level of sensitivity is sufficient to clearly distinguish between infections with Listeria monocytogenes and Erysipelothrix insidiosa . This approach may have general applicability forthe study of diseases putatively caused by chronic infection not readily demonstrable bythe usual cultural or immunologic techniques . It may also be useful for helping distinguish contaminants from pathogens when isolates are obtained from diseases tissue.Unique to this approach is the value of negative information in excluding the presenceof an organism within its limits of sensitivity.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 30(1), 29 - 32
Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes in nature; Weis J et al.; During a research project on the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes 194 strains were isolated in southern West Germany during the years 1972 to 1974:154 from soil and plant samples (20.3%), 16 from feces of deer and stag (15.7%), 9 from old moldy fodder and wildlife feeding grounds (27.2%), and 8 from birds (17.3%) . The highest number of isolates was obtained from uncultivated fields . The beta-hemolytic serovars 1/2b and 4b were were predominant; other serovars (some of them identified for the first time), including nonhemolyzing strains, have been encountered frequently . It is suggested that Listeria monocytogenes is a saprophytic organism which lives in a plant-soil environment and therefore can be contracted by humans and animals via many possible routes from many sources.

Infect Immun, 1975 Jul, 12(1), 36 - 41
Activation of mouse peritoneal cells to kill Listeria monocytogenes by T-lymphocyte products; Cole P; An in vitro system has been used to demonstrate that glass-adherent mouse peritoneal cells can be activated to kill intracellular Listeria monocytogenes by antigen-stimulated T-lymphocytes derived from immunized mice . The soluble products of such stimulated lymphocyte cultures could only be shown to similarly activate peritoneal cells if the antigen used in both the immunization and lymphocyte stimulation was also present on the target intracellular organism.

J Infect Dis, 1975 Jun, 131(6), 665 - 72
Resistance to infection with Nocardia asteroides; Krick JA et al.; Mechanisms of host resistance to Nocardia asteroides were studied in mice . Two to six weeks after intraperitoneal or intravenous immunization with viable N . asteroides, mice were significantly resistant to intraperitoneal challenge with LD50-100 of N . asteroides in gastric mucin when compared with control (unimmunized) mice (P smaller than 0.03) . Resistance could not be transferred to normal mice with serum (1.5 ml administered intraperitoneally) or spleen cells (10-8 cells administered intravenously) from immune donor mice . Peritoneal macrophages from mice immunized with N . asteroides were activated by an in vitro L-cell inhibition assay, and these mice were resistant to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes . Mice with infections caused by Toxoplasma gondii or L . monocytogenes--infections producing activated macrophages--were resistant to challenge with N . asteroides.

J Exp Med, 1975 Jun 1, 141(6), 1249 - 60
The mediator of cellular immunity . IX . The relationship between cellular hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance in rats infected with Listeria monocytogenes; Kostiala AA et al.; Acquired resistance to the intracellular bacterial parasite, Listeria monocytogenes can be transferred to normal recipients by thoracic duct lymphocytes or peritoneal exudate cells obtained from rats infected with this organism; The appearance of protective cells in thoracic duct lymph coincides with the development in the donors of delayed-type hypersensitivity to Listeria antigens and accumulation in induced peritoneal exudates of cells which are responsive to these antigens in the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) assay . The cells in exudates that confer protection, and those that release MIF, arise at sites remote from their final destination . From their point of origin in the caudal lymph nodes of infected rats, cells with these properties are delivered to the thoracic duct and hence to the blood from where they are drawn into the peritoneal cavity in response to inflammation . The parallel observed in the appearance, increase and subsequent decline of protective lymphocytes and MIF-producing cells in exudates suggest that the two activities are mediated by a single line of T cells . However this may be, the development and deployment of the cells concerned encourages the belief that MIF has a meaningful role in the expression of cellular resistance to infection.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1975 May, 20(2), 339 - 50
Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea-pig . I . Lack of effects of immune lymphocytes and of activated macrophages; Mauel J et al.; Leishmania enriettii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan parasite which infects guinea-pigs and resides in macrophages . Subcutaneous inoculation produces a skin infection which heals spontaneously and leaves the animal immune to reinfection . Experiments have been performed to explore the mechanisms of parasite destruction in the recovering and immune animal . Using quantitative techniques to assess parasite survival it was found that L . enriettii is not killed in vitro in macrophages from immune guinea-pigs . Inocubation of monolayers of parasitized macrophages with lymphocytes from Leishmania-immune animals had no effect on the intracellular parasites . Finally, macrophages activated to destroy Listeria monocytogenes did not impair intracellular survival of L . enriettii . The possible significance of these findings in explaining the course of infection is discussed.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 May-Jun, 126A(4), 501 - 7
Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes in slaughter animals and bats of Togo (West Africa); Hohne K et al.; Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from the intestinal lymph nodes of 8 out of 342 apparently healthy slaughter animals at the municipal abattoir in Lome (Togo) and from the faeces of 3 out of 236 bats . Except two strains of serovar 4b isolated from bats, all the nine others belonged to serovar 1/2a . The positive findings of slaughter animals were made from the carcasses of 2 pigs, 5 little ruminants and 1 cattle . The findings are discussed in the light of present knowledge on the occurrence of L . monocytogenes in some species of animals and its implications for the human being.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 May, 231(4), 491 - 502
{Listeriosis during pregnancy and excretion of listeria by laboratory workers (author's transl)}; Ortel S; The occurence of listeriosis during pregnancy in a medical technician and listeriosis in a neonate gave rise to an investigation of all laboratory workers being employed in this medical institute for the excretion of L.m . There had been no work with listeria or material containing listeria . In 11 out of 12 female employees, excretion of L.m . was observed over an extended period of time, also with a change of serotypes (see Table 1 or Fig . 1) . It was supposed that frequent contact with laboratory rats could have caused the infection . However, L.m . could not be demonstrated in samples of faeces and in organs of these animals . The positive findings might be explained by the ubiquitous occurence of L.m . and the associated frequent oral intake . Of 37 strains of different serotypes isolated, the haemolysing serotypes 1/2a and one haemolysing strain of serotype 4a showed criteria of virulence, whereas the latter were missing completely in the non-haemolysing strains of the serotypes 4a and 4b (see table 4) . Testing of the strains for sensitivity to chemotherapeutics showed a reduced sensitivity of serotype 4a, particulary to lincomycin, which might be used as a criterion differentiation . The good sensitivity of L.m . to trimethoprim must be emphasized (see Table 3).

Am J Med, 1975 May, 58(5), 637 - 43
Listeroisis in immunosuppressed patients . A cluster of eight cases; Gantz NM et al.; Bactermia due to listeria monocytogenes developed in eight patients who were receiving immunosuppresive medications during a 15 month period at one hospital . Seven survived . Meningitis was documented in only the four who received kidney transplants . Their neurologic signs were minimal, indicating a need to treat any immunosuppressed patient with Listeria bacteremia for meningitis . During this period the incidence of Listeria bactermia in immunosuppressed patients greatly exceeded that previously observed in this hospital or reported elsewhere, but the incidence of infection with other opportunistic agents was not increased . As with previously decreased listeria outbreaks in nonimmunosuppressed patients, no source or mechanism of spread could be identified . Thus, disease due to L . monocytogenes may occur focally among immunosuppressed populations, a pattern which also appears to be emerging for other opportunistic agents . A patient's exposure to different opportunistic agents may be as important as the kind of immunosuppressive therapy he recieves in determining which opportunistic infection he will acquire or even whether any infection will occur.

Infect Immun, 1975 May, 11(5), 949 - 54
Requirement for a bone marrow-derived component in the expression of cell-mediated antibacterial immunity; Hahn H; Mice were X irradiated with 400 R and 1 week post-irradiation were found to be unable to develop antilisterial immunity after active or passive immunization with immunologically committed spleen lymphocytes from Listeria-immune donors . This consequence of irradiation disappeared spontaneously within 21 days of exposure to X rays . Mice irradiated with as much as 900 R could be passively protected by immunologically committed lymphoid cells from Listeria-immune donors 10 days after irradiation if they had been given normal bone marrow cells on the day or irradiation . It is concluded that, in addition to immunologically committed lymphocytes, a second cellular component is needed for the expression of antibacterial immunity . This second component is bone marrow derived.

Infect Immun, 1975 May, 11(5), 1122 - 32
Susceptibility of thymectomized and irradiated mice to challenge with several organisms and the effect of dapsone on infection with Mycobacterium leprae; Levy L et al.; B6C3F1 mice that had been thymectomized at 8 to 12 weeks of age, subjected to 950 R of whole-body X irradiation, and transfused with syngeneic bone marrow were challenged in a footpad with Mycobacterium leprae or M . marinum, or intravenously or intraperitioneally with Listeria monocytogenes . Also, mice inoculated with M . leprae in a hind footpad were administered dapsone in the mouse chow . The thymectomized-irradiated (T + R) mice did not survive as well as non-thymectomized mice when housed in the vivarium with no special precautions, but survived sufficiently well to permit the completion of some long-term experiments . M . leprae multiplied to a higher "ceiling" and survived longer in the T + R mice than in the non-thymectomized controls . But a ceiling to multiplication of M . leprae was imposed, and finally the organisms were killed . The histopathological appearance of the footpad tissues, studied by electron microscopy, was consistent with the measurements of bacterial numbers and viability . Swelling of the footpad after local inoculation with M . marinum was greater in T + R mice than in non-thymectomized controls . Similarly, the number of L . monocytogenes following intravenous challenge was greater in the spleens of T + R than of non-thymectomized mice, and the survival of the T + R mice was impaired after intraperitoneal challenge with L.monocytogenes, compared to the survival of non-thymectomized mice . None of these differences was striking, suggesting that these T + R mice had retained or regained some immune competence . The effects of dapsone treatment of T + R mice inoculated with M . leprae were much the same as those of treatment of non-thymectomized mice . Because these T + R mice were not greatly immunosuppressed, they would not have provided a model of human lepromatous leprosy suitable for chemotherapeutic studies.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1975 May, 20(2), 351 - 8
Mechanisms of protective immunity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis of the guinea-pig . II . Selective destruction of different Leishmania species in activated guinea-pig and mouse macrophages; Behin R et al.; Macrophages activation as the effector mechanism in destroying L . enriettii in the guinea-pig, and L . tropica in the mouse, was tested in vitro . Activated guinea-pig macrophages, with enhanced anti-Listeria capacity had no effect on the survival of intracellular L . enriettii, irrespective of the antigen used . Activated mouse macrophages, on the other hand, destroyed ingested L . enriettii within 24-48 hr but had no effect on L . tropica during the same time period . It is suggested that the pathogenicity of a Leishmania parasite in a given host depends on the ability of the parasite to survive in the host's activated macrophages . The possible mechanisms by which L . enriettii evades destruction in activated guinea-pig macrophages are discussed.

Immunology, 1975 May, 28(5), 855 - 69
Tularaemia in the rat . I . The cellular basis on host resistance to infection; Kostiala AA et al.; Rats infected with the live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis develop in vivo and in vitro evidence of cellular hypersensitivity and a concomitant state of cellular resistance to infection . They key role of sensitized lymphocytes in cellular resistance was domonstrated in transfer experiments . Using this technique, it was shown that thoracic duct lymphocytes from Francisella immune donors conferred specific antimicrobial resistance on normal recipients, whereas antiserum afforded no protection whatsoever . Further evidence for the participation of sensitized lymphocytes in the host's defence emerged from experiments in which a comparative analysis was made of the immunogenic properties of living and heat-killed LVS organisms . Rats stimulated with the living parasite developed cellular hypersensitivity and specific antibodies . Throacic duct lymphocytes obtained from such animals could immunize adoptively . By comparison, rats stimulated with a substantially larger number of dead organisms failed to develop cellular hypersensitivity and their lymphocytes were devoid of protective activity . Dead organisms, however, provoked an antibody response similar to that observed in infected rats . The development of cellular hypersensitivity in Francisella-infected rats is associated with enhanced resistance to Listeria monocytogenes . This finding accords with the results of similar studies of infection immunity to other intracellular parasites, and implies that the expression of cellular resistance to F . tularensis is a cooperative venture involving specifically sensitized lymphocytes and non-specific inflammatory cells, presumably macrophages.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Apr, 20(4), 315 - 8
{Interrelationship of the serum lysozyme level to the leukocyte count in the blood}; Vasil'ev NV et al.; The leucocyte counts in the peripheral blood and titers of the serum lysozyme under conditions of various experimental models were compared . Albino rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits exposed to the effect of various factors of a biological and chemical nature were used in the experiments . In addition, observations on humans immunized with bacterial and viral vaccines were analyzed . Development of 3 reaction types was shown to be possible . In the 1st type the dynamics of the lysosome activity and blood leucocyte counts changed in the same way (immunization with smallpox vaccine, listeria infection) . Decreased counts of the leucocytes due to the use of cytostatic drugs were accompanied by a parallel decrease in the lysozyme activity . Such variant of the reaction was predominating . The 2nd type of the shifts characterized by an impaired synchronous pattern of the dynamics of the indices was not so frequent (the use of high doses of cytostatics) . The 3rd type of the reactions with an exactly opposite character of the shifts in the leucocyte counts and lysozyme activity was observed only as an exclusion . It is concluded that the quantitative dynamics of the leucocytes is not enough by itself for creating an opinion on the nature of the changes in the serum lysozyme . The possible role of macrophages in the above processes is discussed.

J Wildl Dis, 1975 Apr, 11(2), 277 - 9
Rate of Listeria monocytogenes shedding from frogs; Botzler RG et al.; Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were orally inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes . Most listeriae were shed 3-6 days after inoculation . The evidence indicated that the listeriae did not multiply in frogs and were unable to become established in the gastrointestinal tract.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1975 Apr, 63(4), 522 - 7
Bacterial endocarditis produced by Listeria monocytogenes . Case presentation and review of literature; Bassan R; A patient with endocarditis produced by Listeria monocytogenes is presented, the twelfth such case reported . A review of the available literature shows that the infection has involved only the left side of the heart, has not been associated with debilitating diseases, and carries a significant mortality rate . Otherwise, clinical and laboratory features have been the same as those of usual forms of bacterial endocarditis . It is pointed out that the Listeria organism is commonly mistaken for Erysipelothrix and diphtheroids and that a battery of tests should be employed before one disregards these microorganisms as "contaminants".

Nord Vet Med, 1975 Mar, 27(3), 140 - 3
Listeria monocytogenes . isolation from sheep and goats in northern Norway . serogrouping and some biochemical reactions; Kummeneje K; Listeriosis is a zoonosis of world-wide importance in many different animal species, especially cattle, sheep and goats . This report presents results of examinations of Listeria monocytogenes strains from sheep and goats in Northern Norway.

Acta Med Scand, 1975 Mar, 197(3), 235 - 9
Clinical listeriosis in renal allotransplantation; Christensen E; Two cases of Listeria monocytogens meningitis among 212 kideney transplanted patients (total of 339 patient years of observation) under immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone are presented . Both cases developed shortly after an increase of the immunosuppression . The first case appeared in a 27-year-old man 5 days after a minor increase of the azathioprine dose from 75 to 100 mg/day . The course was relatively mild, and the patient was cured by tetracycline . The second case appeared in a 52-year-old woman 5 days after a massive increment of the steroid dose and adminsteration of a moderate azathioprine dose, carried out to revert a rejection of the graft . This case had a fulminant course and was complicated by Listeria sepsis with hemolysis, pronounced oliguria and thrombocytopenia leading to fatal internal bleedings, primarily in the brain . Considering the poor prognosis of this complication it is suggested that cytotoxic drugs are temporarily discontinued and the steroid dose reduced at the height of the infection.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 Mar, 54(3), 749 - 56
Antitumor activity of bacterial infection . I . Effect of Listeria monocytogenes on growth of a murine fibrosarcoma; Bast RC Jr et al.; Growth of a murine fibrosarcoma was suppressed when tumor cells were mixed with viable Listeria monocytogenes (LM) before intradermal injection into nonimmune syngeneic recepients . Immunization of recipients, by intravenous injection of LM 11 days before transplantation of LM-tumor cell mixtures, eliminated the mortality associated with large doses of LM but did not alter the antitumor activity of the microorganisms . Simultaneous injection of LM and tumor cells at separate sites failed to affect tumor growth, which suggested that contact between LM and tumor cells was required for tumor suppression . Tumor-specific immunity was not observed; mice surviving injection of LM and tumor cells did not resist a second tumor-cell challenge . At least 100 times more heat-killed LM was required to produce the antitumor effect of viable organisms . The ability of heat-killed LM to suppress tumor growth was abolished by treatment of recipients with rabbit antiserum to mouse thymocytes, which was consistent with a requirement for a host response to the LM . Regression of established fibrosarcoma transplants was produced by the intratumor injection of viable LM 5 days after injection of tumor cells . Intratumor injection of BCG at this interval was not effective . The incidence of tumor regression was not increased by multiple intratumor injections of LM, by intratumor injection of a combination of LM and BCG, or by preimmunization with LM prior to the intratumor injection of the same organism.

J Immunol, 1975 Mar, 114(3), 1132 - 4
Listeria cell wall fraction: a B cell mitogen; Cohen JJ et al.; A crude cell wall-rich fraction of Listeria monocytogenes contains a substance or substances which cause blast transformation and thymidine incorporation by mouse spleen cells . The substance, Listeria cell wall fraction (LCWF), is a B cell mitogen in the mouse . It is not endotoxin, in that it stimulates B cells in C3H/HeJ mice . It is weakly mitogenic for rat spleen cells and not at all mitogenic for human peripheral blood or tonsil lymphocytes . Thus, it is dissimilar to both endotoxin and purified protein derivative (PPD) in its spectrum of activity . A cell wall-associated mitogen may play an early role in Listeria resistance.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 Mar, 54(3), 757 - 61
Antitumor activity of bacterial infection . II . effect of Listeria monocytogenes on growth of a guinea pig hepatoma; Bast RC Jr et al.; Growth of a guinea pig hepatoma was suppressed when tumor cells were mixed with viable Listeria monocytogenes (LM) before intradermal (id) injection into syngeneic recipients . Heat-killed LM were less effective than viable organisms in suppressing tumor growth . A vaccine containing oil droplets and LM cell walls lacked antitumor activity . Intratumor injection of viable LM on the 7th day after id injection of tumor cells prolonged survival of guinea pigs that did not succumb to LM infection . After intratumor injection of 0.6 times 10-8-1.0 times 10-8 LM, 5 of 22 guinea pigs died from acute infection (23 percent) . In the 17 survivors, 3 tumors regressed completely (18 percent) . Animals surviving injections of LM and tumor cells were immune to a second challenge with tumor cells . Immunization ofguinea pigs with an intravenous injection of LM decreased the mortality from intratumor injection of LM, but the intratumor injection of LM failed to cure a significant fraction of LM-immune animals bearing 7-day hepatoma transplants . BCG was more effective than LM in producing tumor regression . Synergism between LM and BCG was not observed, and simultaneous intratumor injection of BCG and LM was no more effective than intratumor injection of BCG alone in the treatment of 12-day tumor transplants.

Aust Vet J, 1975 Feb, 51(2), 75 - 9
Perinatal lamb mortality in Western Australia . 6 . Listeric infection; Dennis SM; Listeric abortion was diagnosed in sheep on 14 occasions between 1963-65, and 4 of these were associated with other major abortion pathogens . Except for infection in one district, the outbreaks were scattered sporadically over the southern agricultural area . The diagnosis in 1963 was the first time listeriosis had been found in animals or man in Western Australia . L . monocytogenes was readily recovered in pure culture from all organs and sites cultured . All the strains were serotype 5 Ivanov, with a distinctive double zone of haemolysis . The time-of-death of the 40 infected lambs was: ante-parturient death 50%, parturient death 10% and post-parturient death 40% . Three-quarters of the lambs had gross lesions, the most consistent being small necrotic foci in the liver . Typically, lambs with congenital listeriosis had subcutaneous oedema, hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, distended abdomen, enlarged pale bronze-red friable livers with small necrotic foci, small abomasal erosions, increased yellow-orange mucoid meconium and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes . The finding of small yellowish, necrotic foci in the liver, small abomasal erosions and yellow-orange meconium in an aborted lamb was considered to be almost pathognomonic for listeriosis . The origin of these outbreaks was unknown . No evidence of Listeria was found in 61 specimens from 7 species of native fauna caught in the infected areas . Epizootiological observations are reported . No cases of neuro-listeriosis were observed.

Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Feb, 20(02), 83 - 9
{Diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes by immunofluorescence}; Kral J et al.; For precision of bacteriological diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes (L . m.) the immune fluorescent technique (IFT) was assessed . On using the described immunization pattern high titres of specific antibodies were obtained from the immunized rabbits . The obtained hyperimmune sera yielded very good results when used in IFT, and they were suitable for conjugate production . By means of IFT L.M . was demonstrated from cultures, organ replicas and tissue sections of experimentally infected rabbits . The most brilliant fluorescence was achieved with conjugate of the corresponding serotype, the polytype conjugate yielded demonstrable fluorescence with all serotypes . Listerias showed intensive fluorescence, and in contrast staining of replicas and tissue sections with Evans blue they could be well differentiated from the background.

Br J Vener Dis, 1975 Feb, 51(1), 19 - 21
New evidence for the non-infectivity of Treponema pallidum for mice; Schell RF et al.; We have recently shown that syphilitic rabbits are resistant to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes . This resistance was thought to reflect stimulation of cell-mediated immunity by active infection with Treponema pallidum . We now report data which show that the growth of Listeria was not suppressed in mice inoculated with T . pallidum . Re-inoculation with T, pallidum or with a large dose of an avirulent treponeme also failed to suppress the growth of Listeria . These results contrast with those obtained in rabbits and provide additional evidence that T . pallidum is not infective for the mouse.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1975 Feb, 148(2), 516 - 8
Transfer of nonspecific resistance to Listeria monocytogenes using spleen cells from syphilitic rabbits (38574); Schell RF et al.; The data presented show that spleen cells obtained from syphilitic rabbits can be used to transfer nonspecific resistance to Listeria to normal recipients . This supports the hypotheisis that infection caused by T . pallidum induces a cell-mediated immune response.

J Immunol, 1975 Feb, 114(2 Pt 1), 550 - 3
Induction of acquired cellular resistance following transfer of thymus-dependent lymphocytes from syphilitic rabbits; Schell R et al.; Syphilitic rabbits have previously been shown to resist challenge with Listeria monocytogenes . Thirty days after rabbits were infected with Treponema pallidum, transfer of 4 to 6 times 10-8 viable spleen cells along with T . pallidum conferred resistance to Listeria on normal recipients . Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-thymus serum and complement inhibited or abolished their ability to transfer resistance to Listeria . These results support the hypothesis that the ability of syphilitic rabbits to suppress the growth of Listeria reflects stimulation of cell-mediated immunity during active infection with T . pallidum.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Feb, (2), 58 - 61
{Ultrastructure of L-forms . II . L-forms of Listeria monocytogenes}; Konstantinova ND et al.; A study was made of ultrathin sections of the stable l-forms of listeria obtained under the action of penicillin in meat-peptone-liver broth . A marked cellular polymorphism was found in the L-form culture: within the same colony cells differed in size, shape and fine structure . It is supposed that polymorphism could be partially explained by a different plasticity and premeability of cytoplasmic membrane in different types of cells of the same L-colony . The three-layer structure of the membrane does not always display the same distinctness in various L-colony cells and also in different areas of the cell surface . Structureless material of low electron density, possibly a defective murein or its precursor, was revealed on the membrane surface . Electrondense inclusion bodies, mesosomes of ring-shaped or more complicated structure and two-contour vesicles were found in the cytoplasm . The cells multiplied by budding, by binary and anomalies division participation of mesosomes in this process was not proved by the L-forms.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(6), 50 - 6
{Localization of Listeria in white mice}; B'rdarov I et al.; A total of 115 albino mice were infected through venous, subcutaneous, and oral administration of a suspension of 32P-labeled Listeria organisms at the concentration of 1.5 billion microbial cells per cu . cm . Each day following inoculation as many as four animals on an average were investigated (up to 120th hour) for all of the routes of infection used . It was established that via venous application the Listeria organisms reached all viscera and the brain in highest numbers . The greatest localization of Listeria introduced venously and orally was found in the first 24 hours in the liver . The localization of the organisms in animals infected per os proved similar to that found with the venous route of inoculation, however, showing weaker intensity . Listeria were found in the brain regardless of the route of infection.

Arkh Patol, 1975, 37(8), 80 - 8
{Listeriosis in agricultural animals (problems of the epizootiology, pathological anatomy and pathogenesis)}; Urbanovich PP; Data are presented on the main problems of epizootology, pathological anatomy and pathogenesis of listeriosis of agricultural animals . It was shown that under natural conditions all species of agricultural animals are susceptible to the condition but ship are affected most often . Various clinico-anatomic forms of the disease are considered: nervous, septicemic, metrogenic, mixed, subclinical and latent . Domestic animals were observed to suffer predominantly from the nervous form of the disease . Basing on literature reports and his own findings, the author elucidates with greater detail problems of pathomorphology and pathogenesis of the nervous form of listeriosis and shows the importance of the neurogenic pathway in the development of listerious encephalomyelitis.

Scand J Dent Res, 1975 Jan, 83(1), 18 - 25
Effect of listerine on dental plaque and gingivitis; Fornell J et al.; The present study was performed in 10 adults in order to evaluate the effect of an antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine) on the rate of dental plaque formation and gingivitis development during a 2-week period when all efforts towards active mechanical oral hygiene were withdrawn . The study was performed as a crossover study and was carried out during four consecutive 2-week periods . During the first and third periods (preparatory periods) the participants were subjected to repeated professional tooth cleanings in order to establish plaque- and gingivitis-free dentitions . During the second and fourth periods (test and control periods) the participants were not allowed to brush their teeth but rinsed their mouths three times a day with Listerine or a placebo mouthwash . Plaque Index, Gingival Index, gingival fluid flow, and crevicular leukocytes were assessed on d 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14 . On d 7 and 14, dental plaque was removed from the right and left jaws respectively and the wet weights determined . The chemotactic activity elaborated by the plaques was studied in Boyden chambers . During the Listerine test period, significantly lower Plaque and Gingival Index values were scored and lower amounts of plaque could be sampled in comparison to the control period.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(10), 40 - 6
{Toxic action of Listeria monocytogenes}; Burdarov I et al.; Two hoggets and 56 albino mice were used to study the effect of a water-extracted antigen of Listeria monocytogenes, strains 1,4b and St . r., through freezing, thawing, shaking, and filtrating (Seitz filter) . A histologic examination was made of sections of the brain, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys, stained with hematoxylin-eosin . Most characteristic of the toxic effect were the necrobiotic changes in the brain and viscera as well as the histiocytic infiltrations with the formation of granulomas . The extracted antigen could be inactivated at 60 degrees C . The mortality rate of mice infected with both the antigen and Listeria organisms was highest, and this showed that the toxic substance participates in the Listeria infection.

Z Kinderheilkd, 1975, 119(2), 105 - 9
Portal hypertension following exchange blood transfusion with complications of Listeria meningitis; Kobayashi Y et al.; A male infant, 17 months, developed portal hypertension after two exchange blood transfusions and a prolonged umbilical vein catheterization during the neonatal period . Clinical course was characterized by an early onset of splenomegaly and after a latent period of time by a massive melena and hematemesis precipitated by Listeria meningitis . Treatment for portal hypertension consisted of splenectomy and proximal gastric devascularization . The importance of proper positioning of the catheter and avoidance of extended catheterization is recommended.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1975, 161(1), 63 - 71
{The rate of healthy carriers of Listeria monocytogenes}; Berger U et al.; The feces of 318 healthy adults were examined for L . monocytogenes by means of the cold enrichment and of two different selective media (nalidixic acid-trypaflavin-serum agar; Braveny medium) . 15 persons (4.7 percent) proved to be carriers . Three of the 15 strains only caused hemolysis on sheep blood agar and belonged to serotypes 1/2b, 1/2c and 3c . The nonhemolytic strains without exception belonged to serotypes 4f and 4g . The Braveny medium proved to be superior to the nalidixic acid-trypaflavin-serum agar for isolating L . monocytogenes from feces.

Infect Immun, 1975 Jan, 11(1), 1 - 7
Delayed hypersensitivity and acquired cellular resistance in guinea pigs infected with Listeria monocytogenes; Halliburton BL et al.; Randomly bred pigs of both sexes were injected intracardially with one-half of a 50% lethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes . When infected animals were skin tested with 30 mug of a water-soluble extract of sonically disrupted Listeria, both males and females had uniformly detectable levels of delayed hypersensitivity (DH) 4 days after infection . In males, cutaneous hypersensitivity to Listeria antigens reached a peak on day 5 or 6 of infection, and high levels of DH persisted through the 7th week . In females, DH reached a peak on day 6 or 7, remained at this level through the 4th week, and then dropped sharply . Cutaneous reactivity was usually higher for males than for females, and differences between the sexes were statistically significant 5, 6, and 7 weeks after infection . Low levels of DH were still present 41 weeks (females) or 46 weeks (males) after infection . Assays to determine the number of viable Listeria present in spleen homogenates indicated that bacterial multiplication occurred only during the first 24 hours of infection . The number of Listeria declined steadily thereafter, and by day 13 no bacteria could be recovered from the spleens of infected animals . Spleen assays indicated that Listeria-infected animals of both sexes were resistant to a small challenge dose of Listeria given 48 hours, 7 days, or 2 weeks after the primary infection . Resistance to re-infection was absent in females challenged at 41 weeks and in males challenged at 46 weeks.

Arkh Patol, 1975, 37(12), 65 - 72
{Pathologic anatomy of experimental listeriosis}; Toroptsev IV et al.; The authors present a survey of the Soviet and foreign literature and findings of their own experimental studies . On the basis of these data the pathologo-anatomic picture of listerosis in laboratory animals (white mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits) is given in dynamics and histogenesis of focal changes in this disease in elucidated . The most typical feature of listerosis in animals is lesions of the kidney where focal changes in the form of granulems could be detected macroscopically at an early period and with great consistency . Several stages in its histogenesis may be discerned: I . focal necroses of hepatic cells associated with their invasion with lister Listeria; 2 . appearance of cellular elements around the foci of necroses with subsequent formation of granulemas consisting mainly of leucocytes and lymphoid cells; 3 . development of necrobiotic changes in the central areas of granulemas with concomitance of exudative processes; 4 . organization of necrotic foci with subsequent scarring.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1975, 169(1), 66 - 8
{Effect of attenuated Listeria monocytogenes cultures on the development of a sarcoma graft, mouse mammary epitheliomas and a dog carcinoma}; Hesse J; The injection of attenuated Listeria monocytogenes culture together with BP8 sarcoma cells into C3H mice prevented the taking of the graft . Moreover, the intratumoral injection of attenuated Listeria doubled the survival time of the animals and, in one case a regression of the tumour was observed . After intratumoral injection, in three out of five mice, the mammary carcinoma disappeared, and the course of a gingival carcinoma in a dog was slowed down.

Ann Anesthesiol Fr, 1975, 16 Spec No 1, 176 - 80
{Neonatal listeriosis (based on 43 cases)}; Tours; Using results in 43 cases from two neonatal units (Paris-Tours), the authors emphasize the essential facts concerning neonatal listeriosis . 1 -- Incidence: -- of an infectious maternal disease (32 cases out of 43), -- of permaturity (60% of cases), -- and of foetal distress (72%) . 2 -- Clinical study: Early neonatal infectious are the only forms seen; clinical signs appear before the first day (40 out of 42) . These is septicaemia with mainly respiratory signs (olypnoea, laboured breathing) . Their presence and clinical history should incite to take swabs of the orifices and carry out blood culture . The new-born are given double antibiotherapy (penicline and aninoside or kanamycine and gentalline) while waiting for laboratory reports . This routine treatment based on maternal past history and on mild clinical signs at this stage has improved the prognosis of these septicaemias (16 deaths out of 43 children).

J Lipid Res, 1966 Mar, 7(2), 277 - 84
Synthesis and characterization of 1- and 2-monoglycerides of anteiso fatty acids; Serdarevich B et al.; The branched-chain fatty acids D-(+)-12-methyltetradecanoic acid (C(15) anteiso) and D-(+)-14-methylhexadecanoic acid (C(17) anteiso) were isolated from the lipids of Listeria monocytogenes and their 1- and 2-monoglycerides were prepared . Reaction intermediates and products were purified without isomerization by column chromatography . Thin-layer chromatography on Florisil impregnated with boric acid and nuclear magnetic resonance were used in characterizing the 1- and 2-monoglycerides . The value of the latter method for analyzing glyceride structure is discussed.

What Is Bioengineering?, What Is Biofilm?, What Is Biofilter?, What Is Bioassay?, What Is Genetic Engineering?, n, Microbe, n, Microbiology, c, Microorganisms, e, Microbes, s, Bacterium, s, Eubacterium, a, Lactobacillus, r, Escherichia coli, i, S. cerevisiae, i, Pseudomonas, n, Streptococcal, r, Escherichia coli, i, Staphylococcus, i, Enterobacteriacea, o, Prokaryotes, r, Streptococci, r, Enterobacteriacea, n, Microbiological, i, Bacillus, a, Schizosaccharomyces, c, Gram positive, r, Escherichia coli, e, Streptococcal, s, Cryptococci, s, Bacteriophages, n, Lactobacillus

Scientific Publications - Work Done by Microbiology Reader Bioscreen C
Agricultural Microbiology Anaerobic Microbiology Antimicrobial Susceptibility Artificial Atmosphere Bioassay of Antibiotics Biofilm Microbiology Bioreactor Technology Biotechnology Cell Biology Clinical Microbiology Environmental Microbiology Experiments with Yeast	Fermentation Food Microbiology Functional Genomics Gene Technology Growth Media Development Growth Rate and Lag Time Industrial Microbiology Medical/Pharmaceutical Field Microbiological Assay Microbiological Research Microbiology of Cosmetics go to a specific theme...	Military Microbiology Molecular Microbiology Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Oral Microbiology Patents Postantibiotic Studies Soil Microbiology Spore Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology Waste/Wastewater Treatment Water Microbiology Wine Microbiology

� 2005 Transgalactic Ltd (manufacturer of Bioscreen C software) | Privacy Statement | P.O. Box 1393, 00101 Helsinki, Finland, phone: +358 9 85172920, fax: +358 9 8749481, e-mail: microbiology@bionewsonline.com

Last modified: May 25, 2005