Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Sep, (9), 63 - 6 {Indication of mycoplasmas in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients}; Zheverzheeva IV et al.; Specimens of synovial fluid taken from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested for the presence of mycoplasmas and mycoplasmic antigens . In 30% of cases the direct inoculation into cell-free media permitted the detection of mycoplasma-like agents which could not be subcultured on solid media for identification . Mycoplasmic antigens were detected in the tested material with the same frequency by means of the immunofluorescence test . The use of cell cultures made it possible to isolate and identify mycoplasmas . M . arthritidis and M . fermentans, as well as their association, were identified in the immunofluorescence test and in cell cultures. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1123 - 8 Studies on a new antibiotic FR-900109 . 1 . Taxonomy, isolation and characterization; Yamashita M et al.; FR-900109 is a new antibiotic obtained from fermentation broth of a streptomyces which was identified as Streptomyces prunicolor . Its elementary analysis and mass spectroscopic measurement suggest that the molecular formula is C27H32O9 . It has an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 254 nm . The antibiotic is active against Gram-positive bacteria . Acute toxicity in mice is very low. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1118 - 22 X-14885A, a novel divalent cation ionophore produced by a Streptomyces culture: discovery, fermentation, biological as well as ionophore properties and taxonomy of the producing culture; Liu CM et al.; Antibiotic X-14885A is a novel divalent cation ionophore produced by a Streptomyces culture isolated from soil sample collected in Wyoming . Its cation binding sequence has been found to be: Mg2+ greater than Ca2+, Sr2+ greater than Ba2+ much greater than Li+, Na+, Rb+, K+, Cs+. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1101 - 8 The hazimicins, a new class of antibiotics . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological properties; Marquez JA et al.; The hazimicins, a new class of broad spectrum antibiotics with at least 2 active components (5 and 6), were isolated from the fermentation of Micromonospora echinospora var challisensis SCC 1411 . The complex was separated from the broth by a solvent extraction procedure, and the individual components were separated by column chromatography . The two primary active components are isomers, with unique structures shown to be di-tyrosine analogs containing two isonitrile groups . The antibiotic has in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and in vitro activity against yeasts and dermatophytes. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1093 - 6 Aculeximycin, a new antibiotic from Streptosporangium albidum . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation; Ikemoto T et al.; A soil isolate of actinomycete, strain TI-1, was found to produce a new antibiotic aculeximycin which killed insects as well as inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and molds in vitro . Yellowish gray colonies on agar media, formation of spherical to oval sporangia at the tip of aerial mycelium and the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose in the cell wall ascribed this strain to genus Streptosporangium . From its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, the strain was determined to be S . albidum . Production of aculeximycin was carried out by conventional submerged culture: the highest antibiotic titer obtained was 1,250 micrograms/ml. J Dent Res, 1983 Sep, 62(9), 960 - 3 Fusobacterium periodonticum, a new species from the human oral cavity; Slots J et al.; Isolates of Fusobacterium that differ from type strains of various fusobacterial species with respect to DNA sequence, cellular fatty acid composition, and biochemical activity, were obtained from periodontitis lesions in a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . These isolates have the following distinguishing characteristics: 28% guanine + cytosine content; 40% or less DNA homology with type strains of representative fusobacterial species; cell size, 0.5 - 1 X 4 -100 microns; absence of motility; ability to ferment glucose, fructose, and galactose, but not 25 other carbohydrates; ability to produce indole; ability to hydrolyze hippurate but not esculin; sensitivity to bile; ability to produce little or no gas; ability to utilize threonine but not lactate . We propose that the organisms be classified as a distinct species of Fusobacterium to be named Fusobacterium periodonticum . The type strain of this new species has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection under the designation ATCC 33693. Z Ernahrungswiss, 1983 Sep, 22(3), 185 - 94 Bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit; Ziesenitz SC; For the sake of metabolic insight into the fate of the sugar substitute Palatinit, its two components D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 6)-D-glucitol {D-glucosyl-alpha-(1 leads to 6)-D-sorbitol} were assayed for glucose bioavailability by the procedure of Karimzadegan et al . using ketotic rats . With conversion rates into glucose of 6 and 20%, respectively, for free mannitol and glucitol (sorbitol), 39% for glucosylmannitol and 42% for glucosylglucitol, the metabolic glucose pool of the rat does not receive the full carbohydrate complement of these compounds . The preformed glucose moiety of the glucosylhexitols is bioavailable by 36 and 32%, respectively, from glucosylmannitol and glucosylglucitol, with 50% as theoretical maximum . Less than theoretical bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit is ascribed to microbial attack in the hindgut . The data on rats are held valid also for other species demonstrating carbohydrate fermentation in the caecum and/or colon . Differences between D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 6)-D-glucitol are caused by a differential delay of glucose absorption in the small intestine, also exerted by D-glucitol . The deep metabolic insight offered by the glucose bioavailability assay into the fate of carbohydrates includes the mammal-microbial symbiosis in the large bowel . Since a rather complete survey of the metabolic consequences after their intake can be obtained, the assay system should be generally applied in assessments of food safety also of other sugar substitutes. J Ethnopharmacol, 1983 Sep, 8(3), 313 - 20 Evaluation of Asoka Aristha, an indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka; Middelkoop TB et al.; PIP: This paper presents the results of an investigation of Asoka Aristha, an indigenous medicine used in rural Sri Lanka for menstrual disorders . This investigation was part of a broader evaluation of ayurvedic drugs aimed at establishing the botanic identity of drug ingredients, establishing possible modes of action, and identifying the chemical constituents responsible for the drug effects . It is projected that the results of this research can be used to standardize ayurvedic drugs and optimize the quality and production procedures . Asoka Aristha, a fermented potion composed largely of Asoka bark, is produced on a large scale by the state-owned Ayurvedic Drugs Corporation . It has been indicated for women in cases of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, primary amenorrhea, general menstrual disorders, and skin disorders . 3 types of experiments are projected to evaluate the biologic activity of Asoka Aristha: measurement of the occurrence of cornification of the uterus epithelium in hypophysectomized rats after administration of the drug to determine the estrogenic mode of action, in vitro measurement of the direct uterine activity of the drug to determinme the oxytocic effect, and testing of the inhibiting properties of the drug in prostaglandin synthetase enzyme reactions in vitro . Experiments carried out on rat uteri so far seem to rule out the mechanism based on oxytocic action . It is urged that clinical trials on the therapeutic effect of Asoka Aristha be carried out in Sri Lanka . Antibiotiki, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 652 - 5 {Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the tetracycline biosynthesis process in an industrial fermenter}; Tikhonov VV et al.; The data on changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) dissolved in the fermentation broth in the course of biosynthesis of tetracycline made in a 63 m3 fermenter are presented . It is shown that pCO2 equal approximately to 2 cPa was optimal for tetracycline biosynthesis . The total carbonate concentration and pCO2 were estimated simultaneously in the process of tetracycline fermentation. J Bacteriol, 1983 Sep, 155(3), 1208 - 18 Single-carbon catabolism in acetogens: analysis of carbon flow in Acetobacterium woodii and Butyribacterium methylotrophicum by fermentation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance measurement; Kerby R et al.; The catabolism of methanol, formate, or carbon monoxide to acetate or butyrate or both was examined in two acetogenic bacteria . Butyribacterium methylotrophicum simultaneously transformed methanol and formate mainly to butyrate with concomitant H2 and CO2 production and consumption . In contrast, methanol plus CO was primarily converted to acetate, and only slight amounts of CO2 were produced . In vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of {13C}methanol transformation by B . methylotrophicum indicated that methanol was predominantly incorporated into the methyl of acetate . 13CO2 was produced and then consumed, and butyrate was formed from the condensation of two acetate precursors . The analysis of the position of acetate labeled by a given 13C single-carbon substrate when B . methylotrophicum or Acetobacterium woodii was grown in the presence of a second one-carbon substrate indicated two trends: when methanol was consumed, CO, CO2, or formate predominantly labeled the acetate carboxyl; when CO was consumed, CO2 and formate were principally funneled into the acetate methyl group, and CO remained a better carboxyl precursor . These data suggest a model of acetate synthesis via the combined operation of two readily reversible single-carbon pathways which are linked by CO2. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Sep, 1(3), 241 - 56 Use of the API 20E, Oxi/Ferm, and Minitek systems to identify nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria: seven years of experience; Oberhofer TR; The API 20E (API) system, the Oxi/Ferm (OXF) system, and the Minitek (MIN) system were used over a seven-year period to identify clinical isolates of nonfermentative bacteria (NFB) and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria (OPFB) . A total of 742 NFB and OPFB were tested with the API system, 988 with the OXF system, and 918 with the MIN system . The organisms represented 34 recognized species, nine alpha-numeric designates, and three species of unnamed NFB . Results were compared to those obtained with conventional test methods, which were considered correct in all instances . The accuracy of identification of NFB and OPFB was 61% with API, 80% with OXF, and 72% with MIN . Identification was more favorable for all systems with the oxidase-negative bacteria than with the oxidase-positive bacteria . API successfully identified 84% of the oxidase-negative organisms compared to 48% of the oxidase-positive organisms, OXF identified 93% compared to 75%, and MIN identified 96% compared to 61% . Failure of identification was usually a result of failure of the generated codes to appear in the compendia, rather than of misidentification, especially for the oxidase-positive organisms . The OXF system required the greatest number of supplemental tests for identification with a ratio of .65 (supplemental tests per isolate) and the API the least (.20) . The API system generated the most codes with a ratio of .46 and the OXF system the fewest codes (.16). Fed Proc, 1983 Sep, 42(12), 2899 - 909 Resolution and reconstitution of biological pathways from 1919 to 1984; Racker E; The central theme of this paper is the reconstitution of the Warburg effect, the high aerobic glycolysis of malignant tumors . The history of resolution-reconstitution started with the isolation of glycolytic enzymes . In 1945 Meyerhof prepared an extract from yeast that did not ferment unless an ATPase was added . An extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that does not glycolyze in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pi and nucleotides without addition of an ATPase is presented as a model for future reconstitutions of the Warburg effect . Natural polypeptide preparations from placenta and hypothalamus 1) stimulate a protein kinase from tumor plasma membranes, 2) serve as substrates for another protein kinase from tumor plasma membranes, and 3) stimulate glycolysis of normal rat or chick embryo fibroblasts and may be related to the transforming tumor growth factors . We can hope that an exploration of the mechanism by which these polypeptides stimulate glycolysis could lead to the successful reconstitution of the Warburg effect in an in vitro system . It may also help us understand how tumor RNA or malignant DNA induces the various other biochemical changes that take place when normal cells are transformed to tumor cells. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1983 Sep, 131(9), 81 - 5 {Use of thymalin and kontrikal in the treatment of patients with injuries of the abdominal organs}; Salamatin BN et al.; The application of thymalin and kontrikal for the treatment of patients with injuries of the abdominal organs is believed by the authors to result in the recovery of the cell and humoral immunity, the decrease of fermentemia and reduced lethality from peritonitis. Nature, 1983 Aug 18-24, 304(5927), 652 - 4 DNA sequences of two yeast promoter-up mutants; Russell DW et al.; The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has three genetic loci encoding different alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes: ADC1, which encodes the classical fermentative isozyme ADHI; ADR2, which encodes the glucose-repressed isozyme ADHII; and ADM, which encodes an ADH isozyme found associated with mitochondria . When yeast are grown on glucose, the ADC1 gene is expressed, and the ADR2 gene repressed . Conversely, growth on a non-fermentable carbon source such as ethanol or glycerol results in derepression of ADR2, and repression of ADC1 . The ADC1 and ADR2 genes have been cloned and sequenced, and a number of cis-acting mutations identified that cause constitutive expression of ADR2, and seem to fall into two classes . The most abundant class consists of mutants that cannot be fully derepressed, and do not revert to wild type at a detectable level: these are caused by the insertion of a transposable element into the 5'-flanking region of the gene . The second class of mutants do revert to a glucose-repressed phenotype at a detectable frequency, and when grown on non-fermentable carbon sources derepress ADR2 to levels up to five times those found in wild-type cells . We report here the sequencing of the 5'-flanking regions of two such promoter-up, constitutive ADR2 mutants, in both of which the mutant phenotype is associated with an increase in length of a poly(A) X poly(T) tract 222 base pairs (bp) upstream of the gene. J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 129 (Pt 8), 2447 - 50 Isolation of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species from raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus); Kanamoto Y et al.; Mycoplasma spp . were isolated from five wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) . On the basis of biochemical properties and serological tests, nine isolates were identified as Mycoplasma edwardii and four were similar to a possibly new Mycoplasma sp . represented by strain LM2 which is negative for both glucose fermentation and arginine hydrolysis . In addition, ureaplasmas were detected from these animals . Ureaplasmas were compared serologically with ureaplasma strains isolated from human, monkey, cattle, goat, sheep, cat, chicken and dog and cross-reacted with one of four serological groups of canine ureaplasmas. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 980 - 90 Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics . Structure determination of milbemycins D, E, F, G, H, J and K; Mishima H et al.; The milbemycins, a group of potent, broad-spectrum antiparasitic and pesticidal agents, are architecturally novel antibiotics of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone . Seven new milbemycin analogues designed as milbemycins D, E, F, G, H, J and K were isolated from the fermentation broth of the mutant strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . aureolacrimosus . The structural determination of these new components was made mainly by comparing with mass spectra, and 1H and 13C NMR spectra of milbemycin alpha- and beta-series previously published from our laboratory . Milbemycins D, E, F, G and H have characteristically an isopropyl side chain at C-25 which differs from the known milbemycin family bearing methyl or ethyl group at C-25 . Milbemycins J and K possess a ketone group at C-5 instead of a hydroxyl or methoxy group . Apart from X-ray crystallography, the R-configuration of the hydroxyl group at C-5 could be best explained both by application of CD allylic benzoate method to the n-N, N-dimethylaminobenzoate of milbemycin D and by comparison of the specific rotation of milbemycin D itself and its acetate with the epimeric isomers at C-5. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 957 - 60 Mycoplanecins, novel antimycobacterial antibiotics from Actinoplanes awajinensis subsp . mycoplanecinus subsp . nov . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation; Torikata A et al.; Strain No . 41042, an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample, was found to produce 5-azacytidine and new antibiotics, mycoplanecins . Yellowish brown to yellowish orange color of colonies on agar media, formation of globose to subglobose sporangia bearing motile spores and presence of meso- and hydroxy-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in the cell wall ascribed this strain to genus Actinoplanes . From its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, this strain was determined to be a new subspecies of Actinoplanes awajinensis and designated as A . awajinensis subsp . mycoplanecinus subsp . nov . Production of mycoplanecins was carried out by conventional submerged culture: the highest antibiotic titer obtained was 145 micrograms/ml. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 950 - 6 U-56,407, a new antibiotic related to asukamycin: isolation and characterization; Brodasky TF et al.; U-56,407, a bright yellow, crystalline antibiotic was isolated from fermentations of Streptomyces hagronensis (strain 360) . This antibiotic was extracted from fermentation broths with halogenated hydrocarbons and purified by silica gel chromatography and crystallization . U-56,407 is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative organisms . It failed to demonstrate in vivo activity in experimentally infected mice . Physical-chemical characterization of U-56,407 supports a molecular formula of C29H32N2O7 and a structure related to the antibiotic asukamycin. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 943 - 9 New beta-lactam antibiotics, carpetimycins C and D; Nakayama M et al.; Two new carbapenem antibiotics, carpetimycins C and D have been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp . KC-6643, which produced carpetimycins A and B . The structures of carpetimycins C and D have been determined to be (5R,6R)-3-{2-acetamidoethyl-(R)-sulfinyl}-6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl) -7-oxo-1-azabicyclo{3.2.0}hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid and (5R,6R)-3-{2-acetamidoethyl-(R)-sulfinyl}-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyloxy-1 -methylethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo{3.2.0}hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, respectively . Studies on the fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties of these antibiotics are also described. J Dairy Sci, 1983 Aug, 66(8), 1683 - 8 Rumen conditions that predispose cattle to pasture bloat; Majak W et al.; Rumen contents from the dorsal sac were examined before alfalfa ingestion to determine factors that predispose cattle to pasture bloat . Chlorophyll concentration, buoyancy of particulate matter, and rates of gas production were significantly higher in cattle that subsequently bloated than in those that did not . Higher chlorophyll in bloat cases indicated accumulation of suspended chloroplast particles in the dorsal sac, perhaps due to increased buoyancy of the particulate matter . The higher fermentation rates (in the presence of glucose) suggested that the latent capacity for gas production was due to microbial colonization of suspended feed particles . Chlorophyll 4 h after feeding was also higher in bloated as compared to unbloated animals . In short, the microbial colonization and retention of particulate matter provided active inocula for promoting rapid legume digestion . Consequently, gas production was enhanced when feeding commenced, but the fermentation gases were trapped by the buoyant, frothy ingesta, resulting in the condition of pasture bloat. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1983 Aug, 131(8), 27 - 9 {Disorders of gastric secretion in the early stages of acute pancreatitis}; Gul'man MI et al.; The elevated secretory and fermentative function of the stomach was found by examining 32 patients with acute pancreatitis within 15 days after the onset of the disease . Continuous aspiration of the gastric content and antacid therapy are recommended in order to decrease the acidity of the duodenal content. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 46(2), 370 - 4 Liposomes replace serum for cultivation of fermenting mycoplasmas; Cluss RG et al.; Cholesterol and albumin are limiting factors in the growth of Mycoplasma species . These nutrients are usually supplied in the culture medium by the addition of serum . The growth of M . pneumoniae in a serum-free medium containing an ethanolic cholesterol suspension and albumin was about one-half the level attained in serum-containing medium . M . gallisepticum and M . fermentans were not cultivable in the cholesterol suspension medium even after supplements were included . In another culture medium containing phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes and albumin as serum replacements, the growth of M . pneumoniae was approximately equal to that in serum-containing medium, and the growth of M . gallisepticum and M . fermentans was significantly greater than that in medium containing serum . M . fermentans produced even higher yields in liposome medium supplemented with arginine . These fermenting mycoplasmas readily adapted to the liposome medium and by the fifth or sixth serial passage produced thick confluent growth on the lower surface of culture bottles . To obtain maximum growth, we serially transferred the mycoplasmas at least 10 times in serum-free medium before quantitations of growth were made . This is the first report of a serum-free mycoplasma medium of high growth-promoting ability. Vet Med (Praha), 1983 Aug, 28(8), 493 - 501 {Volatile fatty acids in the rumen of sheep fed a synthetic diet}; Baran M et al.; A trial was conducted with wethers to study the effect of the administration of a synthetic diet (composition: 30.125% starch, 30.125% sucrose, 25% cellulose, 5.25% urea, 8.125% mineral supplement, 1.25% maize oil and 0.125% cholinechloride) upon rumen fermentation . The adaptation to the synthetic diet lasted three months, the proportion of the synthetic diet increasing every week (by 10%) to the detriment of a traditional diet (composition: 0.5 kg meadow hay, 0.3 kg barley, 0.2 kg wheat bran, salt and straw ad libitum) . In the 10th week the animals consumed 0.5 kg granular synthetic diet, 0.2 kg cellulose flakes and 0.01 kg polystyrene . After three weeks of the administration of the fully synthetic diet, the rumen fluid was sampled after morning feeding in intervals of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours . In the dynamics of fermentation, statistically significant differences were found only in isobutyric and isovaleric acid between the 0th and 1st and between the 5th and 7th hours (P less than 0.05--P less than 0.001) . The data for all the time intervals were recalculated to average values . These were as follows: total volatile fatty acids 63.03 mmol/l, acetic acid 51.00 mol%, propionic acid 26.75 mol%, butyric acid 19.43 mol%, isobutyric acid 0.91 mol%, isovaleric 1.27 mol%, valeric acid 0.62 mol%, energy efficiency of VFA production 78.23% . The obtained data are confronted with literary data on synthetic diets which contained urea and various energy sources. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Aug, (8), 74 - 9 {Trends in the spread of Boyd 4 dysentery and the characteristics of its clinical picture and of the biology of its causative agent}; Priamukhina NS et al.; The data on the proportion of S . boydii 4 in the general structure of the causative agents of dysentery, as well as in the intraspecific structure of S . boydii, in some areas of the USSR in 1977-1981 are presented . S . boydii strains 4, circulating in one of the areas where their proportion considerably increased in 1980-1981, corresponded to their taxonomic position in their biological properties, while forming a single biochemical variant according to the character of the fermentation of sorbitol, maltose and arabinose . These strains gave identical antibiotic sensitivity charts and showed pronounced multiple resistance to antibiotics, including ampicillin . The clinical features of the diseases caused by S . boydii 4 consisted in the sharply defined prodromal period and pronounced systemic toxicosis at the initial period of the disease, accompanied by the syndrome of moderate colitis localized mainly on the right side. J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 81 - 91 The generation of aerosols by accidents which may occur during plant-scale production of micro-organisms; Ashcroft J et al.; Experiments have been performed to simulate accidents which may occur during large-scale production of micro-organisms . Four types of accident, which were considered to be the most likely to result in the greatest hazard to health, were simulated using a bacterial model . The accidents were all concerned with faults occurring in the operation of the microbial fermenter . Gross contamination of surfaces occurred in all experiments, but only three types of accident produced a measurable aerosol. Vet Rec, 1983 Jul 2, 113(1), 6 - 9 Rumen function and physiology; Kay RN; The regulation of rumen fermentation and motility are described to provide a framework within which the opportunities and problems of intensified ruminant nutrition can be considered . The ruminant animal maintains favourable conditions for microbial growth in its rumen and in turn is nourished by the products of fermentation . The fermenting food needs to be masticated, fluidised, buffered, mixed, kept at an even temperature and propelled onward down the gut to be absorbed . Rumen movements are appropriately controlled by a combination of central and local mechanisms. J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 63 - 7 Clinically mild tularemia associated with tick-borne Francisella tularensis; Schmid GP et al.; Between May 9 and July 3, 1979, 12 cases of glandular or ulceroglandular tularemia occurred in residents of the Crow Indian Reservation in southcentral Montana; only 13 cases had been reported from this geographic area in the preceding 25 years . The illness was mild, characterized by fever and cervical or occipital adenopathy . Systemic symptoms were self-limited although residual lymphadenopathy was common . Francisella tularensis was isolated from ticks (Dermacentor variabilis), the suspected vector . The strains of F tularensis did not ferment glycerol and thus were identified as type B rather than the more virulent type A . None of 83 adults hospitalized in an urban area 50 miles from the reservation had agglutination titers of antibody to F tularensis of greater than or equal to 1:40 compared with eight of 77 patients at the reservation hospital (P less than 0.01) . Mild tularemia in reservation residents may have gone unrecognized; similar illness due to type B F tularensis may occur elsewhere. J Anim Sci, 1983 Jul, 57(1), 186 - 94 Effects of diaryliodonium chemicals on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo; Chalupa W et al.; In vitro fermentation studies demonstrated that diaryliodonium chemicals were inhibitors of amino acid utilization . Only small differences were found in comparative effectiveness of different analogs and salt forms of chemicals tested . Protection against degradation and(or) uptake was greatest for valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine . Although changes were not as large, animals fed 4,4'-dimethyldiphenyliodonium chloride for 112 d had higher ruminal concentrations of amino acids and lower concentrations of ammonia . Decreased production of acetate in conjunction with increased production of propionate and butyrate resulted in improved fermentation efficiencies . Fermentative shifts in vivo were not as large as those observed in vitro and additional investigations are needed to determine whether feeding diaryliodonium chemicals increases the transfer of energy in digested carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 36(7), 784 - 92 Antibiotic A 19009 . Structural investigation and synthesis; van der Baan JL et al.; The structure of fermentation product A 19009 was reinvestigated by 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and established by independent synthesis to be N2-L-alanyl-N3-fumaramoyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (2), i.e . a structure isomeric with the originally proposed structure 1 . In contrast to 1 which also was synthesized, 2 has a very low activity against Trichomonas vaginalis. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 36(7), 770 - 5 Tetrafungin, a new polyene macrolide antibiotic . I . Fermentation, isolation, characterization, and biological properties; Veiga M et al.; A new polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, named tetrafungin, was isolated from the cultured mycelium of a Streptomyces strain . Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties of the antibiotic are described . Its UV absorption spectrum and its physico-chemical characteristics place this antibiotic in the group 2.2.2.3 of the Berdy classification. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 36(7), 753 - 60 Fermentation, isolation and characterization of antibiotic PR-1350; Andersen NR et al.; A number of strains of Oidiodendron truncatum was shown to produce a new antibiotic, PR-1350, which was isolated in the form of an amorphous powder either directly or via a crystalline monomethanolate, PR-1381, which in solution is reconverted to the parent compound . The antibiotic inhibits a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, and has been shown to be active against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice . Biosynthetic considerations based on the results of {1-13C}acetate incorporation indicate that the antibiotic is a diterpene of the clerodane type. Poult Sci, 1983 Jul, 62(7), 1281 - 6 Effects of unidentified growth factor sources on feed preference of chicks; Cantor AH et al.; The effect on feed preference of various feed ingredients considered to be sources of unidentified growth factors (UGF) was studied with egg-type chicks . In each experiment five or six pens of 20 males were assigned to each treatment . All chicks were fed a corn-soy basal diet with added fat during days 1 to 13 . During days 14 to 21 chicks of the test treatment were offered a choice of the basal diet (Feeder 1) or a test diet with one of the UGF sources (Feeder 2) . In pens of the control treatment both feeders contained the basal diet . All diets were approximately equal in calculated nutrient composition . The UGF sources, included at 5% of the diet, were meat and bone meal (MBM); fish solubles and meal (FSM); a commercial mixture made from fish, whey, and fermentation products (UGF mix); and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) . Each day feed consumption from each of the feeders was measured and their positions were alternated . Chicks showed a significant preference for FSM and UGF mix in two trials, no preference for MBM in one trial, and no preference for DDGS in one trial, and a significant rejection of DDGS in the other . No differences in weight gain were noted . The MBM decreased gain/feed and DDGS increased total feed intake in one of two trials . These studies indicate that some UGF sources improve feed preference in chicks fed practical diets. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 46(1), 160 - 4 Monensin-resistant bacteria in the rumens of calves on monensin-containing and unmedicated diets; Dawson KA et al.; Total and monensin-resistant anaerobic bacterial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations were examined in the rumens of steers fed monensin-containing (33 mg/kg) and unmedicated diets . Total anaerobic counts on a habitat-simulating medium ranged from 7.1 X 10(8) to 7.1 X 10(9) CFU/g of rumen ingesta and were not significantly different in animals fed the two diets . The mean percentage of the anaerobic population resistant to monensin (10 micrograms/ml) was significantly greater in animals receiving the monensin-supplemented diet for 33 days than in those receiving the unmedicated diet (63.6 and 32.8%, respectively) . Treatment group differences in monensin resistance tended to develop later than characteristic differences in acetate/propionate ratios . Relative proportions of resistant organisms in monensin-fed animals remained significantly greater for at least 18 days after monensin was deleted from the ration, whereas acetate/propionate ratios increased to values comparable to those in the control within 10 days . These data suggest that monensin-resistant bacteria may be present in greater numbers in the rumens of animals fed monensin-supplemented diets . However, greater proportions of monensin-resistant organisms were not necessarily associated with altered fermentation patterns. Antibiotiki, 1983 Jul, 28(7), 486 - 8 {Reproducibility of the biosynthetic parameters in various fermentation equipment}; Cherkasova GN et al.; The final parameters of tetracycline biosynthesis in different fermentation apparatus were analysed comparatively with an account of possible changing of the fermentation broth volume against the initial one due to water evaporation . It was shown that for comparison of the biosynthesis parameters in different fermentation apparatus it is necessary to reestimate the activity values or the antibiotic concentration in a unit of the medium volume with respect to the initial volume of the fermentation medium charged into the apparatus. J Pediatr, 1983 Jul, 103(1), 23 - 8 Utilization of dietary cereal by young infants; Shulman RJ et al.; The direct demonstration of cereal utilization by 16 healthy 1-month-old infants was achieved by tracing the appearance in breath CO2 of carbon derived from the fed cereal . These oxidation rates were compared with rates obtained from the feeding of glucose and glucose polymers . Fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate by the colonic flora was assessed by measurement of breath H2 . Stools from four infants were analyzed for the quantity of carbon that originated from the cereal . Oxidation rates were not significantly different (mean = 31.2% of the dose fed) . Mean peak hydrogen production was 39.8, 29.1, and 18.6 ppm for cereal, glucose polymers, and glucose, respectively . Cereal carbon was detected in the stools of two infants (3.7% and 13.1% of the ingested load) . We conclude that young infants can utilize cereal, although absorption is not always complete . Hydrogen production increases with carbohydrate complexity; participation of colonic bacterial fermentation increases the net absorption of cereal. Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 423 - 5 Utilization of fructose and ribose in lipopolysaccharide synthesis by Veillonella parvula; Tortorello ML et al.; Veillonella parvula, which cannot ferment or incorporate most sugars, incorporated radioactivity from {14C}ribose and {14C}fructose into cellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of lactate as an energy source . It was shown that virtually all of the fructose carbon which was assimilated into LPS material appeared in hydrophilic LPS components, and almost none was assimilated into fatty acid LPS components . The assimilation of lactate carbon into LPS in the presence of fructose was shifted from the hydrophilic toward the fatty acid components. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1983 Jul, 157(1), 40 - 2 Acute abdominal pain due to early postoperative elemental feeding by needle jejunostomy; Bruining HA et al.; Early postlaparotomy needle jejunostomy feeding with an elemental diet resulted in a typical clinical entity in six of 160 patients (4 per cent) . In all, an acute condition of the abdomen developed with a grossly distended intestine, filled with fluid and gas, and an empty stomach as confirmed roentgenographically or at a second laparotomy . This complication is presumably caused by carbohydrate hyperosmolarity of the elemental diet and carbon dioxide production by fermentation . The complication was seen predominantly in patients with a Roux-en-Y reconstructed pancreatectomy . In two patients, a negative second laparotomy was performed . In two others, a pancreaticojejunostomy suture line blowout followed, resulting in death . One patient died after aspiration of the gastric contents. Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Jul-Aug, 52(4), 673 - 6 {Use of a control electropneumatic device for studying the cyclic changes in yeast cultivation conditions}; Sokolov DP et al.; A standard fermenter supplied with an additional electropneumatic device can be used to control stepwise changes of pO2, pH, temperature and rpm according to a preset programme in minute time intervals . This is illustrated with the data obtained upon Candida utilis cultivation under the conditions of 10-min cyclic changes in pH 4.5 leads to 2.6 leads to 4.5 and 4.5 leads to 7.5 leads 4.5 . The yeast is resistant to abrupt and frequent changes in the pH of the medium. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 94(1), 149 - 54 Physiological activity of warburganal and its reactivity with sulfhydryl groups; Taniguchi M et al.; Warburganal, a unique dialdehyde sesquiterpene isolated from East African Warburgia plants, showed a strong antifungal activity . However, this growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reversed with L-cysteine . In addition, warburganal inhibited the alcoholic fermentation of S . cerevisiae while L-cysteine reversed this inhibition . When alcohol dehydrogenase, a sulfhydryl enzyme, was incubated with warburganal, the enzyme activity decreased with time . The decrease was more rapid at alkaline pH . L-Cysteine prevented this enzyme inhibition by warburganal but could not restore the enzyme activity lost already due to warburganal . Warburganal lost its characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectrum in the presence of L-cysteine . The change in absorbance was favored at alkaline pH, indicating Michael reaction type addition of L-cysteine to warburganal . Based on these observations, a variety of physiological activities due to warburganal appear to result from its irreversible reactivity with sulfhydryl groups. J Anim Sci, 1983 Jul, 57 Suppl 2, 498 - 518 Nitrogen metabolism of ruminant animals: historical perspective, current understanding and future implications; Owens FN et al.; Nitrogen metabolism of ruminant animals has been the subject of thousands of research publications . Study of ruminal and intestinal function continues . The quantitative and qualitative importance of ruminal microbes as a source of protein have become apparent in many trials, and factors controlling microbial protein synthesis or growth of microbes as well as ruminal degradation of dietary protein have been explored . Information on the supply side of the protein ledger (ruminal synthesis, bypass or escape of dietary protein; intestinal digestion) exceeds current knowledge of quantitative needs for amino acids . Descriptive models of N metabolism have evolved that amalgamate current concepts . With future amendments, these systems should prove useful in diet formulation to more fully utilize ruminal fermentation and increase productive efficiency of ruminant animals . Expanding knowledge of ruminal N metabolism will permit greater control and manipulation of the processes of ruminal fermentation and postruminal digestion. J Nutr, 1983 Jul, 113(7), 1355 - 62 Effects of avoparcin on ruminal propionate production and amino acid degradation in sheep fed high and low fiber diets; Froetschel MA et al.; The effect of the antibiotic, avoparcin, on ruminal propionate production and amino acid degradation was investigated by using four rumen fistulated wethers . Wethers were fed each of four diets during 28-day periods in a 4 X 4 Latin square design . Diets were high fiber (HF), high fiber plus 50 ppm avoparcin (HF-AVO), low fiber (LF) and low fiber plus 50 ppm avoparcin (LF-AVO) . Total digestible energy intake (1.25 X maintenance) and crude protein intake for each animal were similar for all diets . Propionate production was determined each period from all animals by using a single injection of {1-14C}propionate and polyethylene glycol . Avoparcin decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration, increased ruminal pH and molar proportions of propionate on both HF and LF diets . Daily propionate production and pool turnover rate increased in sheep fed LF-AVO . Similar changes were noted in HF-AVO animals, although they were not statistically significant . Avoparcin decreased ruminal ammonia (50 vs . 45 mg/100 ml) and increased alpha amino nitrogen (8.6 vs . 14.3 mM) in LF-fed sheep . In vitro studies demonstrated a decreased degradation of crystalline amino acids by mixed populations of rumen microorganisms from sheep receiving LF diets containing avoparcin . Avoparcin appears to modify rumen fermentation by increasing propionate production and inhibiting protein or amino acid degradation. Biochem J, 1983 Jun 15, 212(3), 783 - 90 Changes in the cytochrome composition of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides grown aerobically, photosynthetically and on dimethyl sulphoxide; Ward JA et al.; Several strains and mutants of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides can be grown anaerobically in the dark in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide as an electron acceptor . During adaptation to this fermentative mode of growth, two major c-type cytochromes are synthesized, one with Mr 45 000 and the second with Mr 20 000 and a midpoint potential of +120 mV . These cytochromes are barely detectable in membranes prepared from cells grown in aerobic or photosynthetic conditions . An electrophoretic method is presented for the detection of the b-type and c-type cytochromes of pigmented or unpigmented membranes . The method resolves three b-type cytochromes and four c-type cytochromes in membranes from aerobically and photosynthetically grown cells. Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 29(6), 664 - 9 Effect of triglycerides on the production of lipids and lipase by Mucor hiemalis; Akhtar MW et al.; The effect of triglycerides on the growth of Mucor hiemalis and the production of lipase and mycelial lipids was studied . Addition of 1% triglycerides to the fermentation medium was best for the mycelial as well as the broth lipase production . The added triglycerides seemed to be utilized through the formation of free fatty acids, and towards the end of the growth phase most of the triglycerides and their hydrolysis products were utilized . The mycelial lipase activity was maximum (66 U/g dry mycelium) at the end of the growth phase, while the maximal broth lipase activity (204 U/100 mL) was achieved after the cell lysis had started . The lipids produced per gram mycelia were high initially (260 mg/g dry weight at 48 h), reducing gradually later . With increase in growth the maximum mycelial lipids per 100 mL of culture medium was obtained after 96 h (176 mg/100 mL) . The various fractions detected in the mycelial lipid extracts were sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols, monoglycerides, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and small amounts of an unknown polar lipid at all the stages of fermentation studied . Proportion between total neutral and total polar lipids remained nearly constant throughout fermentation. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jun, 36(6), 651 - 5 Saccharocin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic . Fermentation, isolation, characterization and structural study; Awata M et al.; A new aminoglycoside antibiotic, saccharocin has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Saccharopolyspora sp . AC-3440 (FERM P-6238) by column chromatography on a cation-exchange resin . Saccharocin is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria . The structure was elucidated to be 4"-deamino-4"-hydroxyapramycin by 13C NMR spectral analysis. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 247 - 56 The potential value of cultured dairy products for child nutrition; Siegenthaler EJ; The author suggests that under certain conditions cultured milk, rather than fluid milk, can be used for infant and child nutrition as well as for school milk programs . Some of the major problems with fluid milk, fresh or reconstituted, are discussed . A review of the literature indicates that the assumption of lactose intolerance among many populations is exaggerated . Inappropriate handling of pasteurized milk very often is responsible for a high bacterial count and organoleptic defects . Such quality defects are more pronounced in countries with a warm climate . The use of polluted water in the reconstitution of milk powder, is probably more often responsible for diarrhea than lactose intolerance . For these reasons it is suggested that under appropriate conditions a cultured milk product such as yogurt or quark, be used for infant and child nutrition . The advantages are: 1) the low pH caused by the high lactic acid content detrimentally affects food spoilage and pathogenic organisms in milk; 2) longer shelf life of the fermented product at ambient temperature; and 3) fermented milk products contain the enzyme lactase which facilitates digestion of residual lactose even after ingestion. J Anim Sci, 1983 Jun, 56(6), 1393 - 9 Effects of buffers on ruminal rate of passage and degradation of soybean meal in steers; Okeke GC et al.; Eight rumen-fistulated steers were randomly assigned to medium- and high-concentrate diets supplemented with 0, .75, 2.5 and 5% of either sodium bicarbonate or an artificial saliva salts mixture . Each animal was fed for 21 d at 75 g dry matter/kg body weight . 75 . Rates of soybean meal (SBM) degradation were predicted by adjusting digestion rates in nylon bags with respective passage rates of chromium-mordanted SBM particles . Measures of rumen fermentation were made during the incubation period . Liquid dilution rate was determined with 51Cr-EDTA . The high-concentrate diet produced higher (P less than .05) liquid dilution rates than the medium-concentrate diet, but there were no differences in response to the two buffers (P greater than .05) . The liquid dilution rates averaged across diets for 0, .75, 2.5 and 5% levels of buffer were 6.2, 6.3, 8.5 and 8.7%/h (SE = .03) and passage rates for SBM were 5.2, 5.2, 6.5 and 6.7%/h (SE = .025) . The 2.5 and 5% levels of buffer increased the rate of disappearance of SBM from the nylon bags and buffers fed at these levels also increased rumen pH and NH3-N concentration . Rumen pH was correlated with N disappearance from the nylon bag (r = .903, P less than .05) . Buffer levels did not affect degradation rates of SBM. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 339 - 55 {Effect of the harvest season on the composition of raw and fermented cotyledons of 2 varieties of cacao and shell fractions}; de Dios Alvarado J et al.; A study was carried out wherein during the period August 1979 to January 1980, samples of raw and fermented cacao were analyzed monthly . These included two varieties: Arriba, taken from a farm in "Quevedo", and the EET-19, grown in "Pichilingue" by the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) . Taking the ear of cacao as a basis, the weight of its main parts was determined . The proximal composition was established in the cotyledons, with significant statistical differences in regard to moisture, protein, and ether extract content according to the month of harvest . As to the fermentation process, differences in moisture, ether extract and ash content were detected; differences in the ether extract and ash content were found between the two varieties . The fat extracted from the cotyledons presented different iodine, saponification and acidity index values between the raw and fermented samples, but none were determined between the varieties; as far as the month of harvest is concerned, differences in the acidity index were observed . The percentage composition of the main fatty acids is reported (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids) . In order to suggest possible industrial ways of utilizing the cacao shell by-product which is discarded by the shelling machine, the chemical characteristics of five fractions were determined based on the functioning of the shelling machine . The moisture, protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, theobromine, and caffeine contents varied among the fractions, and it was dependent on the broken "nibs" content . Differences in the protein, ether extract, and ash content, according to the months of production, were found . Obviously, the high fat content in fractions A (fine dust) and B (fine ground), which varied from 30 to 11 g/100 g, merits its extraction; the remainder meal has a valuable protein and alkaloid content . The chemical characteristics of the fat extracted from the shell of two fractions were similar to the fat extracted from the cotyledons. Poult Sci, 1983 Jun, 62(6), 1021 - 4 Effect of added methionine and lysine on the performance of chicks fed different alfalfa protein concentrates; Ameenuddin S et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine the limiting amino acids in chick diets containing 40% spray-dried heat coagulated alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) and 40% spray-dried fermented alfalfa protein concentrate (FAPC) . Significant improvements in chick gains were observed when methionine (met) was supplemented to the 40% APC (82 vs . 119 g) and 40% FAPC (72 vs . 95 g) diets . Feed efficiency (gain/feed) was also improved by met supplementation (.233 vs . .343) to APC and (.236 vs . .299) in FAPC diets . Supplementation of lysine (lys) alone did not improve the gain in body weight in either APC or FAPC, but the addition of lysine improved the feed efficiency of chicks fed the FAPC + Met (.323). J Nutr, 1983 Jun, 113(6), 1265 - 77 Production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, glucose and CO2 in steers and the effects of monensin on volatile fatty acid kinetics; Armentano LE et al.; A study was conducted to determine effects of monensin supplementation on production and interconversion rates of rumen acetate, propionate, and butyrate and plasma acetate . Measurements were made by isotope dilution techniques in four Holstein steers fed a 70% alfalfa hay, 30% corn ration . In addition, a general kinetic method for solution of open systems has been applied to quantify metabolism of the rumen volatile fatty acids and glucose and the production of CO2 . Dietary monensin increased rumen propionate production at the expense of rumen acetate production so that total volatile fatty acid production was unchanged . Butyrate production tended to increase, indicating that decreased acetate production may result in diversion of hexose to propionate and butyrate production and direction of reducing equivalents away from methane production . These changes were calculated to increase rumen fermentation efficiency by 6% . Oxidation of the rumen volatile fatty acids and systemic plasma glucose accounted for only 35% of CO2 production. Arch Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 134(3), 187 - 192 Studies on rapid reversible and non-reversible inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and malate dehydrogenase in wild-type and glycolytic block mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Entian KD et al.; Experimental conditions have been elaborated to test for reversibility of the malate dehydrogenase inactivation (E.C.1.1.1.37) after addition of glucose to derepressed yeast cells . Malate dehydrogenase inactivation was shown to be irreversible at all stages of inactivation . In contrast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation (E.C.3.1.11) remained reversible for at least 30 min after addition of glucose . Rapid reversible inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and irreversible inactivation of malate dehydrogenase were additionally investigated in glycolytic block mutants . Normal inactivation kinetics were observed in mutants without catalytic activity of phosphoglucose isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9), phosphofructokinase (E.C.2.7.1.11), triosephosphate isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.1) and phosphoglycerate kinase (E.C.2.7.2.3) . Hence, neither type of inactivation depended on the accumulation of any glucose metabolite beyond glucose-6-phosphate . Under anaerobic conditions irreversible inactivation was completely abolished in glycolytic block mutants . In contrast rapid reversible inactivation was independent of energy provided by respiration or fermentation . Reversibility of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation was tested under conditions which prevented irreversible malate dehydrogenase inactivation . In these experiments, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation remained reversible for at least 120 min, whereas reversibility was normally restricted to about 30 min . This indicated a common mechanism between the irreversible part of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation and irreversible malate dehydrogenase inactivation. Cancer Res, 1983 Jun, 43(6), 2819 - 30 Biochemical prophage induction assay: a rapid test for antitumor agents that interact with DNA; Elespuru RK et al.; A biochemical (colorimetric) assay of bacteriophage lambda induction was utilized in the detection, identification, and purification of DNA-interacting natural products with potential antitumor activity . A set of 142 standard antibiotics, composed principally of natural products with established antitumor activity and/or defined mechanisms of action, was tested in the assay . As expected, most inducers were direct inhibitors of DNA synthesis . A few other types of inducer, with probable indirect effects on DNA synthesis, were found after prolonged incubation: one class of RNA synthesis inhibitor, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor; and two inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis . The biochemical induction assay was semiautomated for use as a prescreen in the search for novel antitumor agents in 10,724 actinomycete fermentation broths . Approximately 1% of the cultures produced compounds that were active in the assay; some appear to be novel . None required metabolic activation (via rat liver S9) for inducing activity . The biochemical induction assay was adapted for bioautography (the detection of inducing chemicals chromatographed on thin-layer plates) and for strain improvement programs (selection of isolates with enhanced inducing activity) . The speed of the assay (2 to 5 hr) made it useful for monitoring antitumor agent production and purification . The sensitivity of the assay could be varied, depending on the length of the incubation period . Microbes, nutrients, and toxic solvents did not usually interfere with the detection of inducing activity. J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 129 (Pt 6), 1733 - 41 The application of materials balancing to the characterization of sequential secondary metabolite formation in Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 8057; Bushell ME et al.; The high substrate yield factor (0.73 g biomass g glucose-1) and low R.Q . (respiratory quotient, i.e . mol CO2 evolved per mol O2 consumed) value (0.8) measured during growth-phase batch cultures of Streptomyces cattleya could be rationalized in terms of the fermentation mass balance when the oxidized elemental composition of biomass was considered . R.Q . was also indicative of the sequence of secondary metabolite formation, the value rising in steps as each new product was formed . The period of maximum respiratory activity and phosphate uptake preceded maximum growth and glucose uptake . At the end of the lytic phase, a cyclopentenedione cobalt chelator was produced . The termination of lysis coincided with melanin production . Sequential cephamycin C and thienamycin production then took place . Specific hyphal protein content (per unit RNA) peaked before the production of each new metabolite . Melanin, cephamycin C and thienamycin production were initiated when glucose, ammonia and phosphate, respectively, became growth-limiting. Biochemistry, 1983 May 24, 22(11), 2704 - 7 Asparaginase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison of enzyme stability in vivo and in vitro; Kim KW et al.; Asparaginase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a cell wall mannan containing glycoprotein . Recent studies have demonstrated that asparaginase II activity increases in exponentially growing cell cultures and then decreases as the cells enter the stationary phase . Enzyme inactivation has been attributed to a Zn2+-dependent protease which is synthesized de novo during the late exponential phase {Pauling, K.D., & Jones, G.E . (1980) J . Gen . Microbiol . 117, 423-430; Pauling, K.D., & Jones, G.E . (1980) Biochim . Biophys . Acta 616, 271-282} . We have investigated the mechanism of asparaginase II inactivation using both whole cell suspensions and highly purified enzyme . Our data indicate that the rate of asparaginase II inactivation in cell suspensions is primarily influenced by pH changes that occur as a consequence of cell growth and glucose fermentation and that enzyme inactivation is not dependent on Zn2+ or on de novo protein synthesis . Also, in vitro studies with purified enzyme show kinetics of inactivation that are similar to those observed in vivo . Consequently, involvement of a yeast protease in the inactivation process is relatively unlikely. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 May, 36(5), 509 - 15 Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics . Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and bioconversion of milbemycins J and K; Ono M et al.; Strain Rf-107, a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . aureolacrimosus, obtained with ultraviolet irradiation, produced two new macrolide antibiotics, milbemycins J and K without production of any of the other milbemycins described in the previous paper . Fermentation studies on the strain were conducted in shake flasks and 30-liter jar fermentors . Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH . Purification of milbemycins J and K was completed with Lobar Si 60 column chromatography to give colorless crystals . Physico-chemical data, such as UV, IR and NMR spectra are described . Milbemycins J and K were readily converted by the intact cells of the parent strain to milbemycins alpha 1 and alpha 3, respectively . Physico-chemical characterization and the bioconversion studies revealed that milbemycins J and K were new antibiotics having the 16-membered macrocyclic lactone with a 6,6-membered spiroketal ring system. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 May, 36(5), 502 - 8 Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics . Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties of milbemycins D, E, F, G, and H; Takiguchi Y et al.; Strain Au-3, a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . aureolacrimosus, obtained with ultraviolet irradiation, was a high-yield strain of milbemycins D, E, F, G and H . Fermentation studies on the strains were conducted in shake flasks and 30-liter jar fermentors . Isolation of the metabolites was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH and separated by silica gel column chromatography . Milbemycin D was obtained as colorless needles after recrystallization and milbemycins E, F, G and H were purified to homogeneity by column chromatography . Physico-chemical characterization revealed that milbemycins D, E, F, G and H were new antibiotics possessing the 16-membered macrocyclic lactone with a 6,6-membered spiroketal ring system. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 May, 36(5), 493 - 6 New antibiotic, isohematinic acid . I . Taxonomy of producing organism, fermentation and isolation; Takeuchi M et al.; New antibiotic, isohematinic acid, was found in the culture broth of an actinomycete strain SANK 61681, which was identified as a strain of Actinoplanes philippinesis . Fermentation of isohematinic acid was performed by conventional submerged culture in a 600-liter fermentor . Isolation of isohematinic acid was performed by adsorption of the antibiotic from the culture filtrate on a column of Diaion HP-20 followed by elution with aqueous acetone and extraction with ethyl acetate . Isohematinic acid was finally crystallized from hot methanol. J Anim Sci, 1983 May, 56(5), 1222 - 35 Role of DL-lactic acid as an intermediate in rumen metabolism of dairy cows; Counotte GH et al.; The role of DL-lactic acid as an intermediate in the rumen of a Friesian X Holstein dairy cow adapted to a diet of hay ad libitum plus 12 kg of a concentrate mixture was studied in vitro and in vivo . Concentrations of soluble sugars in the rumen fluid became maximal at 30 min postfeeding, but at 90 min no sugars were detectable . The DL-lactate concentration increased very rapidly to about 30 mm at 30 min after feeding, whereas the maximum total VFA concentration was reached 15 min later . More than 80% of the DL-lactate fermented to VFA was converted by Megasphaera elsdenii . Whereas only 16% of L-lactate was fermented to propionate, 75% of the D-lactate was converted to propionic acid . When all soluble sugars had been fermented, the participation of M . elsdenii to lactate fermentation declined and fermentation patterns for D- and L-lactate became similar yielding mostly acetate . Except for a brief period immediately after feeding, DL-lactate did not appear to be an important precursor of VFA in the rumen of a cow adapted to concentrate feeding . DL-lactate may become a more important intermediate in rumen fermentation temporarily when dairy cows are gradually changed from a hay diet to a diet including concentrates . The first 30 d after parturition, when the changeover takes place, is an unstable period, during which the microbial population is changing to fit the new environment. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 267 - 79 {Kinetics of the mycelial growth of Conidiobolus obscurus}; Latge JP et al.; The growth of C . obscurus was studied in solid and liquid media . In agar media, the hyphal growth was linear, but the number of apices increased exponentially; total growth was consequently exponential but characterized by a low growth rate . In batch cultures in a fermenter, mycelial growth was continuously linear following a short exponential phase . The absence of branching induced a linear development of the fungus in liquid culture . Fermentation balances showed that the linear growth could not result from the presence of a specific inhibitor, nor from the existence of a limiting concentration of a nutrient in the medium . Hypotheses concerning the non-branching of the fungus in liquid culture are discussed. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1983 May, 18(3), 343 - 7 Pulmonary hydrogen and methane and plasma ammonia after the administration of lactulose or sorbitol; Beaven J et al.; The gut microfloral metabolism of sorbitol and lactulose was investigated in 10 healthy control subjects and 10 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, by measuring the pulmonary excretion of the fermentational gases hydrogen and methane during 3 h . A possible acute effect on venous plasma ammonia after a single dose of sorbitol or lactulose was also investigated . No significant difference in fermentation gas excretion was found after ingestion of sorbitol compared with lactulose in healthy controls or cirrhotic patients (p greater than 0.05) . Neither sorbitol nor lactulose had significant effect on plasma ammonia concentrations during the first 3 h after ingestion . These findings indicate that both sorbitol and lactulose are extensively fermented by the colonic flora and that the possibility of replacing lactulose with the much cheaper sorbitol in the treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy ought to be investigated . The suggested acute gut-ammonia trapping effect of lactulose caused by acidification of the gut lumen from fermentative end-products was not supported by the present findings. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 399 - 409 {The homogeneity of a population of yeasts from Camembert cheeses}; Schmidt JL et al.; Yeasts are found to a large extent in cheeses, more particularly in soft cheeses such as Camembert . The proximity between two species previously identified by standard methods was studied using a factorial discriminant analysis on 326 strains . Twenty-three fermentation and assimilation tests (discriminant variables) gave a fairly good discrimination between species . This treatment has allowed us to confirm the present tendencies noticed in yeast classification and has also enabled us to group some of the species. Mikrobiologiia, 1983 May-Jun, 52(3), 422 - 7 {Effect of the physiological conditions on alpha-amylase and glucoamylase formation by a selected strain of Aspergillus oryzae}; Kassim EA; The production of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase by a selected strain of Aspergillus oryzae was investigated using different carbon and nitrogen sources . The best and most economic fermentation medium for the production of the both amylases in submerged cultures had the following composition (in %): defatted rice brain, 8; corn steep liquor, 3; MgSO4 X 7H2O, 0.1; KH2PO4, 0.1; CaCl2, 0.1 . The optimum pH was 5.0 . The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of the amylases were as follows: cultivation at 28 degrees C for 96 h using the 0.5% mycelial suspension as an inoculum. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 383 - 97 Spiroplasma apis, a new species from the honey-bee Apis mellifera; Mouches C et al.; Two spiroplasma strains (B31 and B39) recovered from diseased honey-bees (Apis mellifera) in southwestern France were similar in biochemical, serological and pathological properties . The organisms grew at 30 degrees C, required cholesterol for growth, fermented glucose, catabolized arginine and produced a film and spot reaction . The two spiroplasmas were serologically indistinguishable but were related to serogroup IV spiroplasmas, which had been previously isolated from flower surfaces and from insects . The isolates were distinct from the three previously established species of Spiroplasma and from other presently known serogroups . The G + C content of the DNA from strain B31 was 30 +/- 1 mol % . Both B31 and B39 strains were associated with a lethal infection ("May disease") of the honey-bee . On the basis of the characterization presented here, it is proposed that these spiroplasmal pathogens of bees and allied strains be classified as a new species, Spiroplasma apis, the type strain of which is B31 (ATCC 33834). Biofizika, 1983 May-Jun, 28(3), 511 - 3 {Influence of the fermentative cross-seams on the structure of the microsomal membrane}; Zhikhareva VO et al.; In rat liver microsomes freezing with subsequent thawing led to irreversible redistribution of protein-lipid packing . This redistribution was detected by a change in the efficiency of energy transfer between protein aromatic groups of membrane protein and lipid-soluble fluorescent probe pyrene . Transglutaminase pretreatment of microsomes prevented the irreversible redistribution . The enzyme is shown to bind no more than 15 per cent of the whole membrane protein . This smaller part of the microsomal protein is supposed to play the decisive role in the movements of its remaining part. Can J Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 29(4), 457 - 63 Investigation of white-rot fungi for the conversion of poplar into a potential feedstuff for ruminants; Reade AE et al.; Five isolates of wood-rotting fungi were compared for their ability to increase the digestibility of poplar shavings . Homogenates of the fungi were inoculated into mixtures of 25 g of shavings and 100 mL of supplementary nutrient solution and incubated at 25 degrees C . The in vitro rumen digestibility of the products increased from 30% at the start of the fermentation to maxima of 72% with Polyporus anceps after 8 weeks, 64% with Ganoderma applanatum and 62% with Phanerochaete chrysosporium after 4 weeks, 61% with Polyporus versicolor after 3 weeks, and 42% with Fomitopsis ulmarius after 4 weeks . Fibre analysis showed a decrease in lignin as digestibility increased . Loss of carbohydrates occurred in all fermentations and continued after lignin loss ceased . Dry matter yield at the time of maximum digestibility ranged from 80 to 94% of the original dry matter . The highest digestibilities attained were similar to those of conventional roughage feeds for ruminants . This shows that this fermentation could form the basis of a practical system for converting poplar into a feedstuff. J Am Diet Assoc, 1983 Apr, 82(4), 397 - 401 Sodium values of Chinese condiments and their use in sodium-restricted diets; Chew T; Counseling a Chinese patient on a low-sodium diet can be an arduous task for the dietitian . Special consideration of cultural beliefs, food preferences, and food practices must be incorporated into the individualized instruction . Equally important is the need for familiarity with the sodium values of frequently consumed foods and condiments indigenous to the Chinese population . To date, published sodium determinations for such items are quite limited . Representative samples of commonly used Chinese seasonings and sauces were collected . Analysis was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy . Many of the condiments often forbidden in the sodium-restricted diet contained less than 200 mg . sodium per teaspoon in all the samples tested . These included: sweet bean sauce, rinsed and unrinsed fermented black beans, hoisin sauce, satay sauce, fermented bean cake, and rinsed and unrinsed dried shrimp . These data can give the dietitian the option of calculating these often "forbidden" items into the sodium-restricted diet . Factors to be considered are the patient's typical meal pattern, situational needs, comprehension level, degree of compliance, and other available information. J Clin Pathol, 1983 Apr, 36(4), 476 - 8 Minimal criteria for the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from the vagina; Jolly JL; Vaginal swabs were examined for the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis . Of 294 isolates with appropriate colonial and cellular morphology subjected to an identification procedure, 203 (69%) were identified as G vaginalis . The 91 isolates not identified as G vaginalis were differentiated by their inability to ferment starch, cause diffuse beta haemolysis on human blood agar or hydrolyse hippurate . Other tests, often used in the identification of G vaginalis, were found to be insufficiently specific . Failure to ferment starch coexisted with failure to cause beta haemolysis and/or hydrolyse hippurate . The starch fermentation test may therefore be omitted . The tests for beta haemolysis and hippurate hydrolysis, being relatively simple to perform and interpret, are considered indispensable for the accurate identification of G vaginalis in the service laboratory. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1983 Apr, 49(1), 69 - 78 Partial purification and characterization of succinyl-CoA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Schwartz H et al.; Succinyl-CoA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was partially purified (20-fold) with a yield of 44% . The Michaelis-Menten constants were determined: Km (succinate) = 17 mM; Km (ATP) = 0.13 mM; Km (CoA) = 0.03 mM . The succinyl-CoA synthetase has a molecular weight of about 80000 dalton (as determined by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis) . The pH optimum is at 6.0 . During fermentation the activity of succinyl-CoA synthetase is lower than in aerobically grown yeast cells . The presence of succinyl-CoA synthetase in fermenting yeasts may be regarded as an indication for the oxidative formation of succinate . In fermenting yeast cells succinyl-CoA synthetase is repressed by glucose if ammonium sulphate serves as nitrogen source . This catabolite repression is not observed with disaccharides or when amino acids are used as nitrogen source. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Apr, 36(4), 365 - 75 Biological conversion of erythronolide B, an intermediate of erythromycin biogenesis, into new "hybrid" macrolide antibiotics; Spagnoli R et al.; Transformation of erythronolide B to new antibiotics was attempted by feeding this compound during the fermentation of Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC31771, a blocked mutant of an oleandomycin producing strain . As a result, four new active compounds were obtained with hybrid structures between erythromycin and oleandomycin . They were identified as 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-15-hydroxyerythronolide B (I), 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminylerythronolide B (II), 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-(8S)-8-hydroxyerythronolide B (III) and 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-(8R)-8,19-epoxyerythronolide B (IV) . They were found to be less active, but more stable to acid, than erythromycin A . From their relative biogenetical relationship together with the structure elucidated some hypotheses about late stages of oleandomycin biosynthesis are inferred too. Antibiotiki, 1983 Apr, 28(4), 258 - 62 {Nisin adsorption on silica adsorbents}; Baranova IP et al.; It has been shown that silica adsorbents can be used for adsorption of nizin from solutions obtained after centrifugation of the fermentation broth . The optimal structure of the adsorbent pores has been determined . Silica with pores 50 to 75 nm in size provided the highest adsorption rates . The value of silica adsorption of nizin depended on the medium pH . The maximum adsorption rates were observed at pH 6.5--7 . At pH 3.5 the level of nizin adsorption was low. J Dairy Sci, 1983 Apr, 66(4), 833 - 9 Feeding value of fermented waste milk with or without sodium bicarbonate for dairy calves; Keith EA et al.; Effects of feeding waste milk from antibiotic-treated cows on growth, feed efficiency, and incidence of scours of dairy calves were studied . Twenty-four newborn Holstein heifer calves were assigned at random to one of the following treatments: 1) fresh normal milk, 2) fresh waste milk, 3) fermented waste milk, or 4) fermented waste milk plus sodium bicarbonate . Means for fat, crude protein, and total solids in normal milk (3.25, 3.05, and 11.84%) were lower than the same components for fresh waste milk (3.82, 3.42, and 12.59%) and fermented waste milk (4.02, 3.42, and 12.74%) . Mean pH's for normal milk, fresh waste milk, and fermented waste milk were 6.6, 6.6, and 5.1 . Calves were fed colostrum the first 3 days of life, and their respective treatment milk at 10% of body weight for 42 days . Dry calf feed was offered ad libitum beginning on day 4, and water was available at all times . Mean weight gains (kg) and ratios of average dry feed to gain (kg/kg) for the 42-day treatments were: 1) 19.2, .6; 2) 17.6, .6; 3) 19.6, .7; and 4) 20.1, .6 . Incidence of scours was measured as number of days that scours were present per calf during the 42 days . Mean scour days for each group were: 1) 2.0, 2) 1.8, 3) 3.0, and 4) 4.8 . There were no detrimental effects on calves fed fresh or fermented milk from cows treated with antibiotics . Addition of sodium bicarbonate did not affect acceptance of fermented milk by calves. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1983 Mar 29, 111(3), 1008 - 14 Studies on the biosynthesis of bialaphos (SF-1293) Part 3 . Production of phosphinic acid derivatives, MP-103, MP-104 and MP-105, by a blocked mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293 and their roles in the biosynthesis of bialaphos; Seto H et al.; During biosynthetic studies on bialaphos to reveal the formation mechanisms of carbon-phosphorous bonds in detail, three new metabolites containing a H-P-C bond structure were isolated from the fermentation broth of a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293 . Based on the spectroscopic analysis, the structures of these compounds have been determined as shown in Fig . 1 . Transformation experiments of these metabolites to bialaphos suggested that the reduction of the phosphorous atom in phosphate will take place at an early biosynthetic stage. Science, 1983 Mar 25, 219(4591), 1391 - 7 Protons and anaerobiosis; Hochachka PW et al.; During oxygen limitation in animals, glucose can be fermented via several metabolic pathways varying in energetic efficiency and leading to various end products (such as lactate, alanopine, octopine, succinate, or propionate) . Because of opposite pH dependencies of proton production by fermentation and by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate formed in the fermentation, the total number of moles of protons generated is always two per mole of the fermentable substrate . However, two and three times more adenosine triphosphate can be turned over per mole of protons produced in succinate and propionate fermentations, respectively, than in lactate fermentation. Life Sci, 1983 Mar 7, 32(10), 1073 - 9 Alteration in sensitivity of transmural electrical response to propionate in rat colon after chronic luminal infusion of short-chain fatty acids; Yajima T et al.; The colon is always exposed to abundant short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by gut fermentation . In order to know an effect of chronic load of SCFA on colonic functions, we studied that the acute and chronic effects of SCFA on transmural potential difference (p.d.) across the proximal colon of germ-free (GF), gnotobiotic (GB) and conventionalized (CV) rats in vivo . Intravenous administration of SCFA (acute effect), such as propionate, butyrate, valerate or caproate, caused a transient increase in the p.d . The acute effects of propionate were studied in detail . The dose-response curve of CV rats shifted markedly to the right compared to that of GF rats, suggesting that CV rats were less sensitive to the acute effects of propionate than GF rats . Decreased sensitivity also appeared in GB rats (monocontamination with Fusobacterium varium) . By chronic luminal infusion of isotonic sodium propionate or butyrate (25.5 ml/day) into the proximal colon of GF rats for 7 days (chronic effect), the acute effects of propionate were reduced . Atropine reduced the p.d . increment produced by propionate and shifted the dose-response curve of propionate to the right . These results suggest that chronic luminal load of SCFA resulted in a type of chronic refractoriness. Antibiotiki, 1983 Mar, 28(3), 209 - 213 {Effect of a biostimulant formed by yeastlike fungi on the dynamics of the accumulation of CoA, biotin and levorin in the process of growth of S . levoris}; Kuznetsova OS et al.; Regularities of the effect of a biostimulator produced by years-like fungi on accumulation of CoA, biotin and levorin in a developing culture of S . levoris were studied . It was shown that addition of the biostimulator to the fermentation medium resulted in increased accumulation of CoA and biotin in the mycelium of the levorin-producing culture within the first 48 hours of the growth and in their more intensive consumption at the final stages of the fermentation process . The rate of the levorin synthesis in the medium with the biostimulator markedly exceeded that in the control. Parazitologiia, 1983 Mar-Apr, 17(2), 95 - 100 {Enzyme activity of the tissues of chicks with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella)}; Musaev MA et al.; It has been established that during experimental infection of chickens with Eimeria tenella the decrease in the activity of lactatdehydrogenase of blood serum and the increase of the activity of glutathionereductase in erythrocytes take place . In birds treated with chemcoccid (70 mg/kg of food) the activity of these ferments does not change . The ferment activity of glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase does not change in erythrocytes of sick birds while during the treatment with chemcoccid its activity increases . The activity of aspartate aminotransferase decreases in tissues of muscles and increases in liver and brain of sick birds . The activity of alanine aminotransferase decreases in the brain in three and increases in seven days after the infection. J Dairy Sci, 1983 Mar, 66(3), 438 - 43 Influence of lactose concentration of milk and yogurt on growth rate of rats; Broussalian J et al.; Growth rates of rats fed lyophilized diets of yogurt, milk, 100% lactose-hydrolyzed milk, and 100% lactose-hydrolyzed yogurt were compared . No differences were significant in weight gains between the animals fed lactose-hydrolyzed diets over 3 wk . Further more, rats fed the lactose-hydrolyzed diets had significantly larger weight gains during the 1st wk than those fed unhydrolyzed diets . This may have been from the deleterious effect of lactose, which was in concentrations of 43% in milk and 36% in yogurt . However, by the 2nd wk, rats fed yogurt had growth rates similar to those fed lactose-hydrolyzed diets, and by the 3rd wk, no differences of growth rates were significant . Continued consumption of high concentrations of lactose improved digestion of lactose . Yogurt fermentation produced growth benefit as compared to the milk from which it was made by reducing the lactose content and by supplying microbial lactase activity. J Anim Sci, 1983 Mar, 56(3), 645 - 51 Effect of sheep rumen fermentation and methane inhibition on the toxicity of Senecio jacobaea; Swick RA et al.; Senecio jacobaea (SJ) was incubated in sheep rumen fluid-buffer mixtures to determine if metabolism and(or) detoxication of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) was occurring . The nontoxic reduction metabolite, 7 beta-hydroxy-l-methylene-8 alpha-pyrrolizidine, was not detected when SJ-rumen fluid incubation extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrographic analysis . Rats were used as assay animals in another experiment to assess the toxicity of SJ incubated in rumen fluid . Incubation treatments were: Rumen fluid (RF) from a sheep not fed SJ (RF-0); RF autoclaved before incubation (RF-0A); RF from sheep fed 50% SJ for 1 wk (RF-1); RF from a sheep fed 50% SJ for 5 wk (RF-5), and RF-5 with 5 microM iodoform in the incubation medium (RF-5I) . The SJ treatments were included in rat diets at the 10% level . Dietary treatment and mean rat survival times (days) were: control, no mortality; 10% untreated SJ, 43; RF-0, 53; RF-0A, 55; RF-1, 44; RF-5, 56; RF-5I, 44, There were no significant differences in survival time . This indicates that SJ was not detoxified as a result of incubation in sheep RF in vitro, and suggests that rumen detoxification does not account for resistance of sheep to SJ . The pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations of the incubation mixtures were measured before and after incubation . Acetate/propionate and pH following incubation were respectively: RF-0A, 7.3, 4.3; RF-0, 4.2, 4.4; RF-1, 2.7, 4.5; RF-5, 2.6, 4.5; RF-5I, 2.4, 4.5 . These data show that although pretreatment of the rumen fluid donor with dietary SJ and addition of iodoform to the incubation mixture favor reductive rumen metabolism, detoxification of PA from SJ does not occur during in vitro sheep rumen fermentation. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Mar, 36(3), 213 - 6 Ro 22-5417, a new clavam antibiotic from Streptomyces clavuligerus . II . Fermentation, isolation and structure; Evans RH Jr et al.; The purification of a new antibiotic, Ro 22-5417, was achieved by a variety of preparative column chromatographic methods . The antibiotic was obtained crystalline with an overall recovery of 3% after a 300-fold purification . The structure was determined from proton and 13C NMR spectra to be 3-(7-oxo-1-aza-4-oxabicyclo{3.2.0}hept-3-yl)alanine. J Pediatr, 1983 Mar, 102(3), 371 - 5 Carbohydrate malabsorption in infants with diarrhea studied with the breath hydrogen test; Lifschitz CH et al.; Fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrate (CHO) reaching the colon was studied by measuring peak breath hydrogen (H2) production between feedings in 28 H2-producing hospitalized infants with diarrhea . Patients who required fewer than six days of hospitalization had lower breath H2 values when tested soon after admission than those who required longer stays . Patients hospitalized for more than five days had lower H2 amounts at discharge than on admission . Peak breath H2 values decreased when glucose was substituted for glucose polymers in formulas, or when the formula was fed by continuous drip via a nasogastric tube instead of by orally administered bolus . Glucose-positive and acidic stools were encountered occasionally and were associated with decreased H2 levels . The responses of H2 levels, stool pH, and glucose excretion after changes in patient management or intestinal metabolism of CHO reflect alterations in the balance between proximal intestinal absorption and distal colonic fermentation . Malabsorbed CHO that reaches a competent colon is utilized via microbial conversion, as indicated by high H2 levels, in the absence of glucose-positive and acidic stools . The presence of glucose in the feces or acidic stools indicates an inability of the colon to completely metabolize and absorb CHO or its products of fermentation. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1983 Mar, 33(1), 45 - 56 {Comparative study of vitamin C of cabbage cultivars (Brassica oleraceae L., var . capitata L.), before and after their processing in sauerkraut}; Goldoni JS et al.; Determination of vitamin C was carried out in 23 cabbage cultivars before and after processing as sauerkraut under natural lactic acid fermentation Ascorbic acid was determined by Tillmans colorimetric method . It was verified that vitamin C content in cabbages ranged from 12.0 to 112.5 mg/100g . In sauerkrauts, levels ranged from 5.8 to 52.0 mg/100g, and in sauerkraut juices, ascorbic acid ranged from 2.1 to 48.8 mg/100g . Vitamin C retention percentage in sauerkraut and in sauerkraut juice, ranged between 61.9% and 100.0% . Early cabbage cultivars presented the highest vitamin C contents . In sauerkrauts and brines, ascorbic acid was in direct relation with its contents in the raw material . Ascorbic acid retention percentage in the final products did not show any relationship with its content in raw material. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1983 Mar-Apr, 7(2), 171 - 5 Massive pneumatosis intestinalis and subcutaneous emphysema: complication of needle catheter jejunostomy; Cogbill TH et al.; The safety and efficacy of enteral feeding by needle catheter jejunostomy has prompted its use after many major gastrointestinal operations . Indeed, the technical complications of this procedure are infrequent . This report details the development of massive pneumatosis intestinalis associated with elemental feeding via jejunostomy . The proposed etiology includes excessive gas accumulation within the small intestine secondary to 1) inadequate nasogastric suction, 2) post-traumatic intestinal ileus, and 3) disaccharide fermentation; combined with a mucosal defect created by the catheter jejunostomy . Successful management consists of nasogastric suction and immediate termination of the enteral feeding. Toxicol Lett, 1983 Mar, 15(4), 335 - 9 Differential effects on the cyanogenic glycoside content of fermenting cassava root pulp by beta-glucosidase and microbial activities; Maduagwu EN; The degradation of cyanogenic glycosides was studied in spontaneously fermenting cassava root pulp and in fresh pulp samples pretreated to prevent either endogenous beta-glycosidase activity, fermentation, or both . The rate of disappearance of the glycosides, as measured by hydrocyanic acid (HCN) production in situ, in membrane-sterilised media or in samples containing 1% sodium iodoacetate, was comparable with the untreated control in which 85% of the substrate was broken down within 72 h . Pretreatment of the fresh pulp with the beta-glucosidase inhibitor 1,5-gluconolactone (1%) markedly reduced the rate of disappearance of the cyanogens while inclusion of glucose in this test medium at the 3% level appeared to induce some hydrolysis . Loss of bound (glycosidic) cyanide in sterilised medium containing the glucosidase inhibitor was negligible . The results suggest that the contribution of the fermentation process in cyanide detoxification of pulped cassava roots is minimal. Scand J Gastroenterol, 1983 Mar, 18(2), 277 - 87 Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in the postgastrectomy syndrome; Bjorneklett A et al.; Jejunal flora, bile acid deconjugation, and breath hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) excretion were studied in 22 Billroth II (BII)-operated patients with chronic postprandial symptoms, dumping (9), vomiting (7), pain (10), and diarrhoea (14) . Sixteen were below 90% of desirable weight . Two control groups were included, one comprising 5 symptom-free, BII-operated volunteers and another comprising 12 healthy, unoperated volunteers . The numbers of bacteria recovered from jejunal secretions in the postgastrectomy patients did not differ significantly from those recovered in the symptom-free BII-operated controls but were significantly lower in the unoperated controls . Production of fermentation gas in anaerobic media supplemented with carbohydrates occurred in 17 of 22 postgastrectomy patients and in 4 of 5 BII-operated controls but in none of the unoperated controls . Bacterial bile acid deconjugating activity did not differ significantly between the postgastrectomy patients and the BII-operated controls but was significantly lower in the unoperated controls . Breath H2 excretion after glucose ingestion was significantly higher in the postgastrectomy patients than in both the BII-operated and the unoperated controls . The addition of pectin or guar gum to the glucose meal largely prevented postprandial symptoms and breath hydrogen excretion . Six out of 12 postgastrectomy patients treated with metronidazole recorded symptomatic effects, mainly on diarrhoea . Our findings indicate that jejunal bacterial overgrowth may be a major cause of the symptoms in some postgastrectomy patients . The tests available for demonstration of small-bowel bacterial overgrowth, perhaps with the exception of the glucose H2 breath test, did not differentiate satisfactorily between symptom-producing and non-symptom-producing abnormal jejunal flora . Thus these tests may seem to have a limited practical diagnostic value in such patients. J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 129 (Pt 3), 755 - 70 The influence of growth rate and nutrient limitation on the microbial composition and biochemical properties of a mixed culture of oral bacteria grown in a chemostat; Marsh PD et al.; A sample of human dental plaque was homogenized in transport fluid and inoculated simultaneously into a glucose-limited and a glucose-excess chemostat maintained at pH 7.0 and a dilution rate (D) of 0.05 h-1 . In an attempt to ensure the establishment of slow-growing bacterial populations, two further inoculations of each chemostat with fresh samples of dental plaque took place before a steady-state was attained at this dilution rate . The dilution rate was increased step-wise to D = 0.6 h-1, and then returned directly to D = 0.05 h-1 . Contrary to chemostat theory, microbial communities with a high species diversity were maintained under all of the experimental conditions employed, although not all of the bacterial populations present in the inocula established successfully in the chemostat . At each steady-state the bacteriological composition and biochemical properties (fermentation products, enzyme assays and acid production) of the communities of each chemostat was determined . Higher cell yields and a slightly more diverse community were obtained from the glucose-limited chemostat at all dilution rates . A complex mixture of end products of metabolism was obtained from the glucose-limited chemostat, suggesting amino acid catabolism, while lactate was the predominant acid of the glucose-excess culture . In washed-cell experiments, communities from the glucose-excess chemostat produced the lower terminal pH values following a pulse of glucose, with the lowest pH values occurring at the higher dilution rates . A film of micro-organisms, which accumulated around the neck of the chemostat, was sampled at the end of the experiment . The microbial composition of the films from each chemostat differed markedly, and both were different to the community of the bulk fluid of the respective chemostat . Spirochaetes and a population of yeasts were detected in the films from the glucose-limited and glucose-excess chemostats, respectively . No invertase or glucosyltransferase activity, and little glucoamylase-specific glycogen was detected in the communities from either chemostat, although significant endogenous activity, particularly at high dilution rates, was obtained with washed-cells from the glucose-excess chemostat . The results suggest that the chemostat could make a valuable contribution to the study of the ecology of dental plaque. J Anim Sci, 1983 Feb, 56(2), 471 - 5 Influence of feed intake level on site of digestion in steers fed a high concentrate diet; Zinn RA et al.; A high concentrate diet was fed at 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1% of body weight to four Angus steers (258 kg) equipped with cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum . As level of feed intake increased, flow of N, nonammonia N, microbial N and feed N to the small intestine increased linearly (P less than .05) . Bypass of feed N increased from 44 to 71% of fed N . At the highest intake level, ruminal protein degradation and protein solubility were almost equal . At lower intake levels, feed protein degradation exceeded N use by microbes, but at the higher level of intake, microbial protein synthesis exceeded N available from protein degradation . Microbial efficiency increased as feed intake was increased to 1.8% of body weight . Apparent digestion of N in the small intestine increased with feed intake . Starch digestion in the rumen increased slightly with feed intake while organic matter and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility declined . At the highest level of feed intake, no ADF disappearance occurred in the rumen . Results suggest that level of feed intake markedly alters 1) bypass and supply of intestinally digested protein, 2) need for degradable N in the rumen, 3) efficiency of microbial growth and 4) ruminal fiber digestion . Both retention time and contingent characteristics of fermentation in the rumen appear to be involved in these alterations. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Feb, 36(2), 125 - 30 Sagamicin and the related aminoglycosides: fermentation and biosynthesis . III . Isolation and characterization of Micromonospora sagamiensis mutants blocked in gentamicin C1 pathway; Odakura Y et al.; Production of sagamicin and gentamicin C1 in Micromonospora sagamiensis was regulated by cobalt ion . In a parental strain, KY11510, cobalt ion stimulated gentamicin C1 production and suppressed sagamicin production . By ultraviolet light or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, six mutants blocked in gentamicin C1 biosynthesis were obtained from KY11510 . These mutants were classified into two types . The first type, four mutants, produced no gentamicin C1 even when cobalt ion was added to the fermentation . The second type, two mutants, produced a small amount of gentamicin C1 when a high concentration of cobalt ion was added . Based on biotransformation experiments, these mutants appeared to be blocked at the 6'-C-methylation step in the biosynthesis of gentamicin C1 . The mutants showed an increased production of sagamicin . In addition, cobalt ion stimulated sagamicin production in the mutants . The mechanism of cobalt regulation in the parent and the mutants is discussed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Feb, 36(2), 115 - 24 Discovery, isolation and structure of novel cephamycins of Streptomyces chartreusis; Inouye S et al.; By the use of HPLC technique after treatment with beta-lactamases, two novel cephamycins, SF-1623 and SF-1623B, were discovered and isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces chartreusis SF-1623 . The structures of SF-1623 and SF-1623B were determined to contain 3-sulfothiomethyl and 3-hydroxymethyl groups respectively, by chemical and enzymatic transformation reactions . Studies on the fermentation condition and process for the large scale preparation of antibiotic SF-1623 are also described. Ann Intern Med, 1983 Feb, 98(2), 171 - 3 D-Lactic acidosis after jejunoileal bypass: identification of organic anions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Traube M et al.; A 40-year-old man with jejunoileal bypass developed a syndrome of bizarre behavior, slurred speech, ataxic gait, and inappropriate affect, associated with a metabolic acidosis characterized by an increase in the anion gap . Serum L-lactate level was normal, but high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrums of the patient's serum showed a high concentration of lactate . A diagnosis of D-lactic acidosis was confirmed by a specific enzymatic assay for D-lactate . The D-lactic acidosis was cleared using antibiotic therapy, suggesting that D-lactate is produced from fermentation of ingested carbohydrate by colonic bacteria . Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a rapid screening test for identifying organic acids in patients with unexplained acidosis . Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with short bowel syndrome may be associated with D-lactic acidosis. Poult Sci, 1983 Feb, 62(2), 382 - 4 Transferable drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from antibiotic-fed chickens; Scioli C et al.; The isolation and transferable drug resistance of Escherichia coli from the feces of chickens after oral administration of tetracylcine, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and amoxicillin were studied . Each antibiotic was administered at two different dosages to four groups of 12 chickens . Treatment was carried out for 3 weeks . Feces were taken weekly and bacteriological examinations performed . E . coli biotypes were identified by fermentation and enzymatic reaction patterns . Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on all E . coli isolates . Rapid appearance of E . coli biotypes showing drug-resistance to each antibiotic was observed as soon as 1 week after treatment . Resistance was not detectable a few days after interruption of antibiotic administration . All E . coli strains showing drug resistance to the antibiotic under examination were studied to observe their capacity to transfer antibiotic resistance to E . coli K 12 E 711 F-strain . A high percentage of resistant E . coli strains transferred their antibiotic resistance to E . coli K 12 . Transferable drug resistance was demonstrated mainly in tetracycline resistant E . coli. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1983 Jan 31, 59(2), 233 - 8 Mutagenicity of styrene on metabolizing D7 strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae; Del Carratore R et al.; The level of cyt.p-450 in the D7 strain of the yeast S.cerevisiae depended on the substrate supporting the growth, on its concentration, on the starting inoculated number of cells . (1) In the yeast grown on D-mannose where fermentation and respiration occurred concomitantly, cytochrome P-450 was also formed . It was detected a maximal concentration during the logarithmic phase when in the cultures there are about 50 . 10(6) cell/ml . We use cells harvested at this moment of the growth for mutagenesis tests . The tested substances were dimethylnitrosamine and styrene . DMNA to probe the sensibility of our cells and styrene that has always given contrasting results but from which the formation is known of genetically active metabolite: styrene oxide(6-7) . Styrene gave positive results with our metabolizing yeast cells. J Biol Chem, 1983 Jan 25, 258(2), 1165 - 71 mRNA levels for the fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae decrease upon growth on a nonfermentable carbon source; Denis CL et al.; The classical, fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which previously was thought to be constitutive, has been shown to be repressed by growth on nonfermentative carbon sources . The rate of alcohol dehydrogenase I protein synthesis declined 6-fold within 3 to 4 after yeast were transferred from medium containing glucose to medium containing ethanol, and it declined 10-fold after glucose became depleted from the medium during diauxic growth . The decreased rate of alcohol dehydrogenase I protein synthesis was shown not to be the result of an increased rate of degradation of the alcohol dehydrogenase I protein . The decline in alcohol dehydrogenase I protein synthesis was correlated with a 6- to 10-fold decrease in the amount of functional alcohol dehydrogenase I mRNA within 3 to 4 h after transfer from glucose-containing medium to medium containing ethanol . A similar decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase I functional mRNA occurred when cells were depleted of glucose by diauxic growth . Total alcohol dehydrogenase I mRNA, as detected by hybridization to the cloned ADC1 gene, was found in the same relative abundance as the amount of translatable alcohol dehydrogenase I mRNA during the different growth conditions . These results suggest that the alcohol dehydrogenase I protein is transcriptionally regulated. Nahrung, 1983, 27(5), 497 - 503 {Effect of aromatic substances on the quality of wines and spirits}; Goranov N; The influence of technological and other factors such as yeast strain, guidance of fermentation and storage on the quality of Bulgarian wines and wine distillates was investigated with the help of sensory, chemical-analytical and chromatographical methods . The total content of aldehydes, higher alcohols or esters or the total content of volatile components estimated by GC seem to be less suitable as quality index, whereas the ratio of esters to aldehydes and the ratio of isobutanol to isoamyl alcohol are parallel to a good sensory quality . The ester content of wines increases during storage, especially in casks . With wine distillates there is a good correlation between the time of storage and the content of aromatic aldehydes. Nahrung, 1983, 27(5), 437 - 41 Production and application of flavour isolates of plant origin; Karwowska K et al.; A method for preparation of natural flavour isolates from fruits, vegetables and herb spices, developed at the Institute of Fermentation Industry in Warsaw, was presented . It involves extraction of raw materials with CCl2F2 at 5 X 10(5) Pa . For the different groups of raw materials, three types of extracting apparatuses were developed . The quality of the preparations, technological parameters of their production, storage conditions and applications are the subject of several publications and non-published materials; therefore, the present paper is of an only general nature. Histochemistry, 1983, 78(1), 111 - 20 Enzyme activities, histochemistry and myosin light chain pattern in extraocular muscles of rabbit; Reichmann H et al.; A study was performed on enzyme activities, myosin light chain pattern and histochemical composition of extraocular muscles (EOM) of rabbit . The results were compared with those from slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch psoas limb muscles . EOM were found to contain myosin light chains of both slow and fast skeletal muscles, with the latter being predominant . The activities of the enzymes regulating glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation were found to lie between those measured in soleus and psoas muscles, whereas the activities of the enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism were found to be very similar or even higher than in soleus muscle . All five isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH 1-5) were found in EOM . The predominant species was LDH-3 illustrating that this pattern is uncharacteristic of either slow soleus or fast psoas muscles . The complex structural and functional characteristics of EOM might result from the observed heterogeneity of fibres. Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 73 - 9 Current status of an oral B subunit whole cell cholera vaccine; Svennerholm AM et al.; Purified B subunit of cholera toxin retains membrane-binding capacity and protective immunogenicity and yet has no toxic activity as tested in animals . These properties suggest that B subunit might be a promising immunogen, particularly as an oral vaccine, for stimulating protective antitoxic immunity against cholera in man . A method has been elaborated which allows preparation of +/- 10 grams of pure B subunit per fermentor culture cycle . As tested in both Swedish and Bangladeshi volunteers purified B subunit alone or in combination with conventional whole cell vaccine gives no side-effects at all when given orally and only very mild local reactions after parenteral administration . A single peroral or intramuscular immunization with B subunit has given significant intestinal IgA antitoxin antibody formation in 75-85% of Bangladeshi women tested; however, the duration of the response was longer after the oral route . The preliminary results of a recent study (Svennerholm, A.M., Jertborn, M., Gothefors, L., Karim, A., Sack, D . and Holmgren, J., to be published) have further shown that two peroral immunizations of Bangladeshi volunteers with a combined B subunit--whole cell cholera vaccine give rise to mucosal IgA antitoxin as well as anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody formation which closely resemble these antibody responses in cholera convalescents . The combined vaccine also evoked a local immunologic memory comparable to that induced by clinical disease. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(2), 75 - 80 {Enzymatic study of citrate-isocitrate accumulation in yeast with glucose as the carbon source}; Franke-Rinker D et al.; The connection between the kinetics of citrate-isocitrate overproduction by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica in glucose media and the specific activities of the enzymes being related to overproduction has been investigated . The specific activities of citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase decline significantly after exhaustion of the nitrogen source, whereas the activity of the pyruvate carboxylase remains relatively constant and corresponds to changes of the production rate . The results are compared with those obtained by fermentations in n-alkane media and discussed in relation to mechanisms of overproduction. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(1), 9 - 16 {Joint utilization of glucose and n-alkanes in citric acid synthesis by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica}; Franke-Rinker D et al.; Fermentations for the overproduction of citrate and isocitrate with S . lipolytica in media containing both glucose and n-alkanes as mixed C-source have been performed . Biomass and product yields strongly depend on the C-source of the inoculation culture . If the inoculation culture had been taken from media containing glucose as sole C-source both glucose and n-alkanes were utilized for cell growth in the main culture whereas only glucose was utilized if the inoculation medium contained only n-alkanes . For idiophasic citrate and isocitrate production both glucose and n-alkanes were consumed independently of the C-source of the inoculum but that C-source was preferentially utilized which has been the C-source of the inoculation culture . These findings are reflected by the activities of the isocitrate lyase and the pyruvate carboxylase, respectively . In S . lipolytica both anaplerotic pathways are coexisting but the C-source of the inoculation culture determines the level of the specific activities even if the ratio of the cell-mass of the inoculum to the cell mass of the main culture at the end of the growth phase is about 1:35. J Bacteriol, 1983 Jan, 153(1), 452 - 7 Nutritional requirements of two flower spiroplasmas and honeybee spiroplasma; Chang CJ et al.; A chemically defined medium (CC-494) was used to study the nutritional requirements of three spiroplasmas representing three distinct serogroups: flower spiroplasmas {Spiroplasma floricola and FS (SR-3)} and honeybee spiroplasma {HBS (AS-576)} . Glucose, fructose, and mannose were utilized by all three spiroplasmas . In addition, the honeybee spiroplasma could ferment trehalose, FS (SR-3) could ferment sucrose, and S . floricola could ferment trehalose, sucrose, and raffinose . The three spiroplasmas varied greatly in their requirements of amino acids for growth . S . floricola was the only strain that utilized arginine . HBS (AS-576) required at least one purine and one pyrimidine base (either free base or ribonucleoside) for growth, while both flower spiroplasmas grew with only one base in the medium . Oleic acid, cholesterol, and bovine serum albumin were essential to all three spiroplasmas . Palmitic acid, which was nonessential, promoted growth significantly. Fed Proc, 1983 Jan, 42(1), 109 - 13 Interactions of microbial populations in cellulose fermentation; Wolin MJ et al.; Fermentation of cellulose in the rumen occurs through the interactions of many microbial species . The initial degradation of cellulose is caused by cellulase-producing organisms . The soluble hydrolysis products are used by both cellulolytic and noncellulolytic organisms to produce acetate, propionate, and butyrate and the important intermediates H2 and succinate . Interactions between species are necessary for the decarboxylation of succinate to propionate . H2 is used by methanogenic bacteria to reduce CO2 to CH4 . The removal of H2 by methanogenesis increases the production of acetate from carbohydrates by several important cellulose- and carbohydrate-fermenting microbial species . Monensin and lasalocid appear to alter the overall fermentation by selecting for populations that produce relatively larger amounts of propionate and against populations that produce relatively larger amounts of acetate and H2 . Cellulose fermentation in the human large intestine is compared with fermentation in the rumen. Vopr Pitan, 1983, (1), 39 - 41 {Possibility of producing lactose-free products for infant and dietetic nutrition}; Anisimova GA et al.; A study has been made of the conditions for manufacturing a milk-protein concentrate with a low lactose content . In order to hydrolyze lactose, defatted pasteurized milk is supplemented with yeast beta-galactosidase in an amount of 6 Units per g lactose . Milk and lactose are allowed to stand for 6-7 h at 35 degrees C, which provides a 75% hydrolysis of lactose . After thermal treatment and cooling hydrolyzed milk is subjected to lactic fermentation during which the residual amount of lactose and part of galactose are fermented . It is specified that the concentrate manufactured may be used for feeding children with upset carbohydrate metabolism. Clin Allergy, 1983 Jan, 13(1), 69 - 73 Allergenic properties of a feed protein of microfungal origin; Kauppinen K et al.; We studied thirty-five process and laboratory workers occupationally exposed to Paecilomyces varioti protein . The protein, used as an animal feed, is prepared industrially by fermentation in pulp was