Fermentations

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Sep, (9), 63 - 6
{Indication of mycoplasmas in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients}; Zheverzheeva IV et al.; Specimens of synovial fluid taken from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested for the presence of mycoplasmas and mycoplasmic antigens . In 30% of cases the direct inoculation into cell-free media permitted the detection of mycoplasma-like agents which could not be subcultured on solid media for identification . Mycoplasmic antigens were detected in the tested material with the same frequency by means of the immunofluorescence test . The use of cell cultures made it possible to isolate and identify mycoplasmas . M . arthritidis and M . fermentans, as well as their association, were identified in the immunofluorescence test and in cell cultures.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1123 - 8
Studies on a new antibiotic FR-900109 . 1 . Taxonomy, isolation and characterization; Yamashita M et al.; FR-900109 is a new antibiotic obtained from fermentation broth of a streptomyces which was identified as Streptomyces prunicolor . Its elementary analysis and mass spectroscopic measurement suggest that the molecular formula is C27H32O9 . It has an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 254 nm . The antibiotic is active against Gram-positive bacteria . Acute toxicity in mice is very low.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1118 - 22
X-14885A, a novel divalent cation ionophore produced by a Streptomyces culture: discovery, fermentation, biological as well as ionophore properties and taxonomy of the producing culture; Liu CM et al.; Antibiotic X-14885A is a novel divalent cation ionophore produced by a Streptomyces culture isolated from soil sample collected in Wyoming . Its cation binding sequence has been found to be: Mg2+ greater than Ca2+, Sr2+ greater than Ba2+ much greater than Li+, Na+, Rb+, K+, Cs+.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1101 - 8
The hazimicins, a new class of antibiotics . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological properties; Marquez JA et al.; The hazimicins, a new class of broad spectrum antibiotics with at least 2 active components (5 and 6), were isolated from the fermentation of Micromonospora echinospora var challisensis SCC 1411 . The complex was separated from the broth by a solvent extraction procedure, and the individual components were separated by column chromatography . The two primary active components are isomers, with unique structures shown to be di-tyrosine analogs containing two isonitrile groups . The antibiotic has in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and in vitro activity against yeasts and dermatophytes.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Sep, 36(9), 1093 - 6
Aculeximycin, a new antibiotic from Streptosporangium albidum . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation; Ikemoto T et al.; A soil isolate of actinomycete, strain TI-1, was found to produce a new antibiotic aculeximycin which killed insects as well as inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and molds in vitro . Yellowish gray colonies on agar media, formation of spherical to oval sporangia at the tip of aerial mycelium and the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose in the cell wall ascribed this strain to genus Streptosporangium . From its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, the strain was determined to be S . albidum . Production of aculeximycin was carried out by conventional submerged culture: the highest antibiotic titer obtained was 1,250 micrograms/ml.

J Dent Res, 1983 Sep, 62(9), 960 - 3
Fusobacterium periodonticum, a new species from the human oral cavity; Slots J et al.; Isolates of Fusobacterium that differ from type strains of various fusobacterial species with respect to DNA sequence, cellular fatty acid composition, and biochemical activity, were obtained from periodontitis lesions in a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . These isolates have the following distinguishing characteristics: 28% guanine + cytosine content; 40% or less DNA homology with type strains of representative fusobacterial species; cell size, 0.5 - 1 X 4 -100 microns; absence of motility; ability to ferment glucose, fructose, and galactose, but not 25 other carbohydrates; ability to produce indole; ability to hydrolyze hippurate but not esculin; sensitivity to bile; ability to produce little or no gas; ability to utilize threonine but not lactate . We propose that the organisms be classified as a distinct species of Fusobacterium to be named Fusobacterium periodonticum . The type strain of this new species has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection under the designation ATCC 33693.

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1983 Sep, 22(3), 185 - 94
Bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit; Ziesenitz SC; For the sake of metabolic insight into the fate of the sugar substitute Palatinit, its two components D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 6)-D-glucitol {D-glucosyl-alpha-(1 leads to 6)-D-sorbitol} were assayed for glucose bioavailability by the procedure of Karimzadegan et al . using ketotic rats . With conversion rates into glucose of 6 and 20%, respectively, for free mannitol and glucitol (sorbitol), 39% for glucosylmannitol and 42% for glucosylglucitol, the metabolic glucose pool of the rat does not receive the full carbohydrate complement of these compounds . The preformed glucose moiety of the glucosylhexitols is bioavailable by 36 and 32%, respectively, from glucosylmannitol and glucosylglucitol, with 50% as theoretical maximum . Less than theoretical bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit is ascribed to microbial attack in the hindgut . The data on rats are held valid also for other species demonstrating carbohydrate fermentation in the caecum and/or colon . Differences between D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-alpha (1 leads to 6)-D-glucitol are caused by a differential delay of glucose absorption in the small intestine, also exerted by D-glucitol . The deep metabolic insight offered by the glucose bioavailability assay into the fate of carbohydrates includes the mammal-microbial symbiosis in the large bowel . Since a rather complete survey of the metabolic consequences after their intake can be obtained, the assay system should be generally applied in assessments of food safety also of other sugar substitutes.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1983 Sep, 8(3), 313 - 20
Evaluation of Asoka Aristha, an indigenous medicine in Sri Lanka; Middelkoop TB et al.; PIP: This paper presents the results of an investigation of Asoka Aristha, an indigenous medicine used in rural Sri Lanka for menstrual disorders . This investigation was part of a broader evaluation of ayurvedic drugs aimed at establishing the botanic identity of drug ingredients, establishing possible modes of action, and identifying the chemical constituents responsible for the drug effects . It is projected that the results of this research can be used to standardize ayurvedic drugs and optimize the quality and production procedures . Asoka Aristha, a fermented potion composed largely of Asoka bark, is produced on a large scale by the state-owned Ayurvedic Drugs Corporation . It has been indicated for women in cases of menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, leukorrhea, primary amenorrhea, general menstrual disorders, and skin disorders . 3 types of experiments are projected to evaluate the biologic activity of Asoka Aristha: measurement of the occurrence of cornification of the uterus epithelium in hypophysectomized rats after administration of the drug to determine the estrogenic mode of action, in vitro measurement of the direct uterine activity of the drug to determinme the oxytocic effect, and testing of the inhibiting properties of the drug in prostaglandin synthetase enzyme reactions in vitro . Experiments carried out on rat uteri so far seem to rule out the mechanism based on oxytocic action . It is urged that clinical trials on the therapeutic effect of Asoka Aristha be carried out in Sri Lanka .

Antibiotiki, 1983 Sep, 28(9), 652 - 5
{Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the tetracycline biosynthesis process in an industrial fermenter}; Tikhonov VV et al.; The data on changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) dissolved in the fermentation broth in the course of biosynthesis of tetracycline made in a 63 m3 fermenter are presented . It is shown that pCO2 equal approximately to 2 cPa was optimal for tetracycline biosynthesis . The total carbonate concentration and pCO2 were estimated simultaneously in the process of tetracycline fermentation.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Sep, 155(3), 1208 - 18
Single-carbon catabolism in acetogens: analysis of carbon flow in Acetobacterium woodii and Butyribacterium methylotrophicum by fermentation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance measurement; Kerby R et al.; The catabolism of methanol, formate, or carbon monoxide to acetate or butyrate or both was examined in two acetogenic bacteria . Butyribacterium methylotrophicum simultaneously transformed methanol and formate mainly to butyrate with concomitant H2 and CO2 production and consumption . In contrast, methanol plus CO was primarily converted to acetate, and only slight amounts of CO2 were produced . In vivo 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of {13C}methanol transformation by B . methylotrophicum indicated that methanol was predominantly incorporated into the methyl of acetate . 13CO2 was produced and then consumed, and butyrate was formed from the condensation of two acetate precursors . The analysis of the position of acetate labeled by a given 13C single-carbon substrate when B . methylotrophicum or Acetobacterium woodii was grown in the presence of a second one-carbon substrate indicated two trends: when methanol was consumed, CO, CO2, or formate predominantly labeled the acetate carboxyl; when CO was consumed, CO2 and formate were principally funneled into the acetate methyl group, and CO remained a better carboxyl precursor . These data suggest a model of acetate synthesis via the combined operation of two readily reversible single-carbon pathways which are linked by CO2.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Sep, 1(3), 241 - 56
Use of the API 20E, Oxi/Ferm, and Minitek systems to identify nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria: seven years of experience; Oberhofer TR; The API 20E (API) system, the Oxi/Ferm (OXF) system, and the Minitek (MIN) system were used over a seven-year period to identify clinical isolates of nonfermentative bacteria (NFB) and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria (OPFB) . A total of 742 NFB and OPFB were tested with the API system, 988 with the OXF system, and 918 with the MIN system . The organisms represented 34 recognized species, nine alpha-numeric designates, and three species of unnamed NFB . Results were compared to those obtained with conventional test methods, which were considered correct in all instances . The accuracy of identification of NFB and OPFB was 61% with API, 80% with OXF, and 72% with MIN . Identification was more favorable for all systems with the oxidase-negative bacteria than with the oxidase-positive bacteria . API successfully identified 84% of the oxidase-negative organisms compared to 48% of the oxidase-positive organisms, OXF identified 93% compared to 75%, and MIN identified 96% compared to 61% . Failure of identification was usually a result of failure of the generated codes to appear in the compendia, rather than of misidentification, especially for the oxidase-positive organisms . The OXF system required the greatest number of supplemental tests for identification with a ratio of .65 (supplemental tests per isolate) and the API the least (.20) . The API system generated the most codes with a ratio of .46 and the OXF system the fewest codes (.16).

Fed Proc, 1983 Sep, 42(12), 2899 - 909
Resolution and reconstitution of biological pathways from 1919 to 1984; Racker E; The central theme of this paper is the reconstitution of the Warburg effect, the high aerobic glycolysis of malignant tumors . The history of resolution-reconstitution started with the isolation of glycolytic enzymes . In 1945 Meyerhof prepared an extract from yeast that did not ferment unless an ATPase was added . An extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that does not glycolyze in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pi and nucleotides without addition of an ATPase is presented as a model for future reconstitutions of the Warburg effect . Natural polypeptide preparations from placenta and hypothalamus 1) stimulate a protein kinase from tumor plasma membranes, 2) serve as substrates for another protein kinase from tumor plasma membranes, and 3) stimulate glycolysis of normal rat or chick embryo fibroblasts and may be related to the transforming tumor growth factors . We can hope that an exploration of the mechanism by which these polypeptides stimulate glycolysis could lead to the successful reconstitution of the Warburg effect in an in vitro system . It may also help us understand how tumor RNA or malignant DNA induces the various other biochemical changes that take place when normal cells are transformed to tumor cells.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1983 Sep, 131(9), 81 - 5
{Use of thymalin and kontrikal in the treatment of patients with injuries of the abdominal organs}; Salamatin BN et al.; The application of thymalin and kontrikal for the treatment of patients with injuries of the abdominal organs is believed by the authors to result in the recovery of the cell and humoral immunity, the decrease of fermentemia and reduced lethality from peritonitis.

Nature, 1983 Aug 18-24, 304(5927), 652 - 4
DNA sequences of two yeast promoter-up mutants; Russell DW et al.; The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has three genetic loci encoding different alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes: ADC1, which encodes the classical fermentative isozyme ADHI; ADR2, which encodes the glucose-repressed isozyme ADHII; and ADM, which encodes an ADH isozyme found associated with mitochondria . When yeast are grown on glucose, the ADC1 gene is expressed, and the ADR2 gene repressed . Conversely, growth on a non-fermentable carbon source such as ethanol or glycerol results in derepression of ADR2, and repression of ADC1 . The ADC1 and ADR2 genes have been cloned and sequenced, and a number of cis-acting mutations identified that cause constitutive expression of ADR2, and seem to fall into two classes . The most abundant class consists of mutants that cannot be fully derepressed, and do not revert to wild type at a detectable level: these are caused by the insertion of a transposable element into the 5'-flanking region of the gene . The second class of mutants do revert to a glucose-repressed phenotype at a detectable frequency, and when grown on non-fermentable carbon sources derepress ADR2 to levels up to five times those found in wild-type cells . We report here the sequencing of the 5'-flanking regions of two such promoter-up, constitutive ADR2 mutants, in both of which the mutant phenotype is associated with an increase in length of a poly(A) X poly(T) tract 222 base pairs (bp) upstream of the gene.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 129 (Pt 8), 2447 - 50
Isolation of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species from raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus); Kanamoto Y et al.; Mycoplasma spp . were isolated from five wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) . On the basis of biochemical properties and serological tests, nine isolates were identified as Mycoplasma edwardii and four were similar to a possibly new Mycoplasma sp . represented by strain LM2 which is negative for both glucose fermentation and arginine hydrolysis . In addition, ureaplasmas were detected from these animals . Ureaplasmas were compared serologically with ureaplasma strains isolated from human, monkey, cattle, goat, sheep, cat, chicken and dog and cross-reacted with one of four serological groups of canine ureaplasmas.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 980 - 90
Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics . Structure determination of milbemycins D, E, F, G, H, J and K; Mishima H et al.; The milbemycins, a group of potent, broad-spectrum antiparasitic and pesticidal agents, are architecturally novel antibiotics of 16-membered macrocyclic lactone . Seven new milbemycin analogues designed as milbemycins D, E, F, G, H, J and K were isolated from the fermentation broth of the mutant strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . aureolacrimosus . The structural determination of these new components was made mainly by comparing with mass spectra, and 1H and 13C NMR spectra of milbemycin alpha- and beta-series previously published from our laboratory . Milbemycins D, E, F, G and H have characteristically an isopropyl side chain at C-25 which differs from the known milbemycin family bearing methyl or ethyl group at C-25 . Milbemycins J and K possess a ketone group at C-5 instead of a hydroxyl or methoxy group . Apart from X-ray crystallography, the R-configuration of the hydroxyl group at C-5 could be best explained both by application of CD allylic benzoate method to the n-N, N-dimethylaminobenzoate of milbemycin D and by comparison of the specific rotation of milbemycin D itself and its acetate with the epimeric isomers at C-5.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 957 - 60
Mycoplanecins, novel antimycobacterial antibiotics from Actinoplanes awajinensis subsp . mycoplanecinus subsp . nov . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation; Torikata A et al.; Strain No . 41042, an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample, was found to produce 5-azacytidine and new antibiotics, mycoplanecins . Yellowish brown to yellowish orange color of colonies on agar media, formation of globose to subglobose sporangia bearing motile spores and presence of meso- and hydroxy-diaminopimelic acid and glycine in the cell wall ascribed this strain to genus Actinoplanes . From its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, this strain was determined to be a new subspecies of Actinoplanes awajinensis and designated as A . awajinensis subsp . mycoplanecinus subsp . nov . Production of mycoplanecins was carried out by conventional submerged culture: the highest antibiotic titer obtained was 145 micrograms/ml.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 950 - 6
U-56,407, a new antibiotic related to asukamycin: isolation and characterization; Brodasky TF et al.; U-56,407, a bright yellow, crystalline antibiotic was isolated from fermentations of Streptomyces hagronensis (strain 360) . This antibiotic was extracted from fermentation broths with halogenated hydrocarbons and purified by silica gel chromatography and crystallization . U-56,407 is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative organisms . It failed to demonstrate in vivo activity in experimentally infected mice . Physical-chemical characterization of U-56,407 supports a molecular formula of C29H32N2O7 and a structure related to the antibiotic asukamycin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Aug, 36(8), 943 - 9
New beta-lactam antibiotics, carpetimycins C and D; Nakayama M et al.; Two new carbapenem antibiotics, carpetimycins C and D have been isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp . KC-6643, which produced carpetimycins A and B . The structures of carpetimycins C and D have been determined to be (5R,6R)-3-{2-acetamidoethyl-(R)-sulfinyl}-6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl) -7-oxo-1-azabicyclo{3.2.0}hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid and (5R,6R)-3-{2-acetamidoethyl-(R)-sulfinyl}-6-(1-hydroxysulfonyloxy-1 -methylethyl)-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo{3.2.0}hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, respectively . Studies on the fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties of these antibiotics are also described.

J Dairy Sci, 1983 Aug, 66(8), 1683 - 8
Rumen conditions that predispose cattle to pasture bloat; Majak W et al.; Rumen contents from the dorsal sac were examined before alfalfa ingestion to determine factors that predispose cattle to pasture bloat . Chlorophyll concentration, buoyancy of particulate matter, and rates of gas production were significantly higher in cattle that subsequently bloated than in those that did not . Higher chlorophyll in bloat cases indicated accumulation of suspended chloroplast particles in the dorsal sac, perhaps due to increased buoyancy of the particulate matter . The higher fermentation rates (in the presence of glucose) suggested that the latent capacity for gas production was due to microbial colonization of suspended feed particles . Chlorophyll 4 h after feeding was also higher in bloated as compared to unbloated animals . In short, the microbial colonization and retention of particulate matter provided active inocula for promoting rapid legume digestion . Consequently, gas production was enhanced when feeding commenced, but the fermentation gases were trapped by the buoyant, frothy ingesta, resulting in the condition of pasture bloat.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1983 Aug, 131(8), 27 - 9
{Disorders of gastric secretion in the early stages of acute pancreatitis}; Gul'man MI et al.; The elevated secretory and fermentative function of the stomach was found by examining 32 patients with acute pancreatitis within 15 days after the onset of the disease . Continuous aspiration of the gastric content and antacid therapy are recommended in order to decrease the acidity of the duodenal content.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 46(2), 370 - 4
Liposomes replace serum for cultivation of fermenting mycoplasmas; Cluss RG et al.; Cholesterol and albumin are limiting factors in the growth of Mycoplasma species . These nutrients are usually supplied in the culture medium by the addition of serum . The growth of M . pneumoniae in a serum-free medium containing an ethanolic cholesterol suspension and albumin was about one-half the level attained in serum-containing medium . M . gallisepticum and M . fermentans were not cultivable in the cholesterol suspension medium even after supplements were included . In another culture medium containing phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes and albumin as serum replacements, the growth of M . pneumoniae was approximately equal to that in serum-containing medium, and the growth of M . gallisepticum and M . fermentans was significantly greater than that in medium containing serum . M . fermentans produced even higher yields in liposome medium supplemented with arginine . These fermenting mycoplasmas readily adapted to the liposome medium and by the fifth or sixth serial passage produced thick confluent growth on the lower surface of culture bottles . To obtain maximum growth, we serially transferred the mycoplasmas at least 10 times in serum-free medium before quantitations of growth were made . This is the first report of a serum-free mycoplasma medium of high growth-promoting ability.

Vet Med (Praha), 1983 Aug, 28(8), 493 - 501
{Volatile fatty acids in the rumen of sheep fed a synthetic diet}; Baran M et al.; A trial was conducted with wethers to study the effect of the administration of a synthetic diet (composition: 30.125% starch, 30.125% sucrose, 25% cellulose, 5.25% urea, 8.125% mineral supplement, 1.25% maize oil and 0.125% cholinechloride) upon rumen fermentation . The adaptation to the synthetic diet lasted three months, the proportion of the synthetic diet increasing every week (by 10%) to the detriment of a traditional diet (composition: 0.5 kg meadow hay, 0.3 kg barley, 0.2 kg wheat bran, salt and straw ad libitum) . In the 10th week the animals consumed 0.5 kg granular synthetic diet, 0.2 kg cellulose flakes and 0.01 kg polystyrene . After three weeks of the administration of the fully synthetic diet, the rumen fluid was sampled after morning feeding in intervals of 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours . In the dynamics of fermentation, statistically significant differences were found only in isobutyric and isovaleric acid between the 0th and 1st and between the 5th and 7th hours (P less than 0.05--P less than 0.001) . The data for all the time intervals were recalculated to average values . These were as follows: total volatile fatty acids 63.03 mmol/l, acetic acid 51.00 mol%, propionic acid 26.75 mol%, butyric acid 19.43 mol%, isobutyric acid 0.91 mol%, isovaleric 1.27 mol%, valeric acid 0.62 mol%, energy efficiency of VFA production 78.23% . The obtained data are confronted with literary data on synthetic diets which contained urea and various energy sources.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Aug, (8), 74 - 9
{Trends in the spread of Boyd 4 dysentery and the characteristics of its clinical picture and of the biology of its causative agent}; Priamukhina NS et al.; The data on the proportion of S . boydii 4 in the general structure of the causative agents of dysentery, as well as in the intraspecific structure of S . boydii, in some areas of the USSR in 1977-1981 are presented . S . boydii strains 4, circulating in one of the areas where their proportion considerably increased in 1980-1981, corresponded to their taxonomic position in their biological properties, while forming a single biochemical variant according to the character of the fermentation of sorbitol, maltose and arabinose . These strains gave identical antibiotic sensitivity charts and showed pronounced multiple resistance to antibiotics, including ampicillin . The clinical features of the diseases caused by S . boydii 4 consisted in the sharply defined prodromal period and pronounced systemic toxicosis at the initial period of the disease, accompanied by the syndrome of moderate colitis localized mainly on the right side.

J Hyg (Lond), 1983 Aug, 91(1), 81 - 91
The generation of aerosols by accidents which may occur during plant-scale production of micro-organisms; Ashcroft J et al.; Experiments have been performed to simulate accidents which may occur during large-scale production of micro-organisms . Four types of accident, which were considered to be the most likely to result in the greatest hazard to health, were simulated using a bacterial model . The accidents were all concerned with faults occurring in the operation of the microbial fermenter . Gross contamination of surfaces occurred in all experiments, but only three types of accident produced a measurable aerosol.

Vet Rec, 1983 Jul 2, 113(1), 6 - 9
Rumen function and physiology; Kay RN; The regulation of rumen fermentation and motility are described to provide a framework within which the opportunities and problems of intensified ruminant nutrition can be considered . The ruminant animal maintains favourable conditions for microbial growth in its rumen and in turn is nourished by the products of fermentation . The fermenting food needs to be masticated, fluidised, buffered, mixed, kept at an even temperature and propelled onward down the gut to be absorbed . Rumen movements are appropriately controlled by a combination of central and local mechanisms.

J Infect Dis, 1983 Jul, 148(1), 63 - 7
Clinically mild tularemia associated with tick-borne Francisella tularensis; Schmid GP et al.; Between May 9 and July 3, 1979, 12 cases of glandular or ulceroglandular tularemia occurred in residents of the Crow Indian Reservation in southcentral Montana; only 13 cases had been reported from this geographic area in the preceding 25 years . The illness was mild, characterized by fever and cervical or occipital adenopathy . Systemic symptoms were self-limited although residual lymphadenopathy was common . Francisella tularensis was isolated from ticks (Dermacentor variabilis), the suspected vector . The strains of F tularensis did not ferment glycerol and thus were identified as type B rather than the more virulent type A . None of 83 adults hospitalized in an urban area 50 miles from the reservation had agglutination titers of antibody to F tularensis of greater than or equal to 1:40 compared with eight of 77 patients at the reservation hospital (P less than 0.01) . Mild tularemia in reservation residents may have gone unrecognized; similar illness due to type B F tularensis may occur elsewhere.

J Anim Sci, 1983 Jul, 57(1), 186 - 94
Effects of diaryliodonium chemicals on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo; Chalupa W et al.; In vitro fermentation studies demonstrated that diaryliodonium chemicals were inhibitors of amino acid utilization . Only small differences were found in comparative effectiveness of different analogs and salt forms of chemicals tested . Protection against degradation and(or) uptake was greatest for valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine . Although changes were not as large, animals fed 4,4'-dimethyldiphenyliodonium chloride for 112 d had higher ruminal concentrations of amino acids and lower concentrations of ammonia . Decreased production of acetate in conjunction with increased production of propionate and butyrate resulted in improved fermentation efficiencies . Fermentative shifts in vivo were not as large as those observed in vitro and additional investigations are needed to determine whether feeding diaryliodonium chemicals increases the transfer of energy in digested carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 36(7), 784 - 92
Antibiotic A 19009 . Structural investigation and synthesis; van der Baan JL et al.; The structure of fermentation product A 19009 was reinvestigated by 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and established by independent synthesis to be N2-L-alanyl-N3-fumaramoyl-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (2), i.e . a structure isomeric with the originally proposed structure 1 . In contrast to 1 which also was synthesized, 2 has a very low activity against Trichomonas vaginalis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 36(7), 770 - 5
Tetrafungin, a new polyene macrolide antibiotic . I . Fermentation, isolation, characterization, and biological properties; Veiga M et al.; A new polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, named tetrafungin, was isolated from the cultured mycelium of a Streptomyces strain . Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties of the antibiotic are described . Its UV absorption spectrum and its physico-chemical characteristics place this antibiotic in the group 2.2.2.3 of the Berdy classification.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 36(7), 753 - 60
Fermentation, isolation and characterization of antibiotic PR-1350; Andersen NR et al.; A number of strains of Oidiodendron truncatum was shown to produce a new antibiotic, PR-1350, which was isolated in the form of an amorphous powder either directly or via a crystalline monomethanolate, PR-1381, which in solution is reconverted to the parent compound . The antibiotic inhibits a broad spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro, and has been shown to be active against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice . Biosynthetic considerations based on the results of {1-13C}acetate incorporation indicate that the antibiotic is a diterpene of the clerodane type.

Poult Sci, 1983 Jul, 62(7), 1281 - 6
Effects of unidentified growth factor sources on feed preference of chicks; Cantor AH et al.; The effect on feed preference of various feed ingredients considered to be sources of unidentified growth factors (UGF) was studied with egg-type chicks . In each experiment five or six pens of 20 males were assigned to each treatment . All chicks were fed a corn-soy basal diet with added fat during days 1 to 13 . During days 14 to 21 chicks of the test treatment were offered a choice of the basal diet (Feeder 1) or a test diet with one of the UGF sources (Feeder 2) . In pens of the control treatment both feeders contained the basal diet . All diets were approximately equal in calculated nutrient composition . The UGF sources, included at 5% of the diet, were meat and bone meal (MBM); fish solubles and meal (FSM); a commercial mixture made from fish, whey, and fermentation products (UGF mix); and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) . Each day feed consumption from each of the feeders was measured and their positions were alternated . Chicks showed a significant preference for FSM and UGF mix in two trials, no preference for MBM in one trial, and no preference for DDGS in one trial, and a significant rejection of DDGS in the other . No differences in weight gain were noted . The MBM decreased gain/feed and DDGS increased total feed intake in one of two trials . These studies indicate that some UGF sources improve feed preference in chicks fed practical diets.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Jul, 46(1), 160 - 4
Monensin-resistant bacteria in the rumens of calves on monensin-containing and unmedicated diets; Dawson KA et al.; Total and monensin-resistant anaerobic bacterial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations were examined in the rumens of steers fed monensin-containing (33 mg/kg) and unmedicated diets . Total anaerobic counts on a habitat-simulating medium ranged from 7.1 X 10(8) to 7.1 X 10(9) CFU/g of rumen ingesta and were not significantly different in animals fed the two diets . The mean percentage of the anaerobic population resistant to monensin (10 micrograms/ml) was significantly greater in animals receiving the monensin-supplemented diet for 33 days than in those receiving the unmedicated diet (63.6 and 32.8%, respectively) . Treatment group differences in monensin resistance tended to develop later than characteristic differences in acetate/propionate ratios . Relative proportions of resistant organisms in monensin-fed animals remained significantly greater for at least 18 days after monensin was deleted from the ration, whereas acetate/propionate ratios increased to values comparable to those in the control within 10 days . These data suggest that monensin-resistant bacteria may be present in greater numbers in the rumens of animals fed monensin-supplemented diets . However, greater proportions of monensin-resistant organisms were not necessarily associated with altered fermentation patterns.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Jul, 28(7), 486 - 8
{Reproducibility of the biosynthetic parameters in various fermentation equipment}; Cherkasova GN et al.; The final parameters of tetracycline biosynthesis in different fermentation apparatus were analysed comparatively with an account of possible changing of the fermentation broth volume against the initial one due to water evaporation . It was shown that for comparison of the biosynthesis parameters in different fermentation apparatus it is necessary to reestimate the activity values or the antibiotic concentration in a unit of the medium volume with respect to the initial volume of the fermentation medium charged into the apparatus.

J Pediatr, 1983 Jul, 103(1), 23 - 8
Utilization of dietary cereal by young infants; Shulman RJ et al.; The direct demonstration of cereal utilization by 16 healthy 1-month-old infants was achieved by tracing the appearance in breath CO2 of carbon derived from the fed cereal . These oxidation rates were compared with rates obtained from the feeding of glucose and glucose polymers . Fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate by the colonic flora was assessed by measurement of breath H2 . Stools from four infants were analyzed for the quantity of carbon that originated from the cereal . Oxidation rates were not significantly different (mean = 31.2% of the dose fed) . Mean peak hydrogen production was 39.8, 29.1, and 18.6 ppm for cereal, glucose polymers, and glucose, respectively . Cereal carbon was detected in the stools of two infants (3.7% and 13.1% of the ingested load) . We conclude that young infants can utilize cereal, although absorption is not always complete . Hydrogen production increases with carbohydrate complexity; participation of colonic bacterial fermentation increases the net absorption of cereal.

Infect Immun, 1983 Jul, 41(1), 423 - 5
Utilization of fructose and ribose in lipopolysaccharide synthesis by Veillonella parvula; Tortorello ML et al.; Veillonella parvula, which cannot ferment or incorporate most sugars, incorporated radioactivity from {14C}ribose and {14C}fructose into cellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of lactate as an energy source . It was shown that virtually all of the fructose carbon which was assimilated into LPS material appeared in hydrophilic LPS components, and almost none was assimilated into fatty acid LPS components . The assimilation of lactate carbon into LPS in the presence of fructose was shifted from the hydrophilic toward the fatty acid components.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1983 Jul, 157(1), 40 - 2
Acute abdominal pain due to early postoperative elemental feeding by needle jejunostomy; Bruining HA et al.; Early postlaparotomy needle jejunostomy feeding with an elemental diet resulted in a typical clinical entity in six of 160 patients (4 per cent) . In all, an acute condition of the abdomen developed with a grossly distended intestine, filled with fluid and gas, and an empty stomach as confirmed roentgenographically or at a second laparotomy . This complication is presumably caused by carbohydrate hyperosmolarity of the elemental diet and carbon dioxide production by fermentation . The complication was seen predominantly in patients with a Roux-en-Y reconstructed pancreatectomy . In two patients, a negative second laparotomy was performed . In two others, a pancreaticojejunostomy suture line blowout followed, resulting in death . One patient died after aspiration of the gastric contents.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Jul-Aug, 52(4), 673 - 6
{Use of a control electropneumatic device for studying the cyclic changes in yeast cultivation conditions}; Sokolov DP et al.; A standard fermenter supplied with an additional electropneumatic device can be used to control stepwise changes of pO2, pH, temperature and rpm according to a preset programme in minute time intervals . This is illustrated with the data obtained upon Candida utilis cultivation under the conditions of 10-min cyclic changes in pH 4.5 leads to 2.6 leads to 4.5 and 4.5 leads to 7.5 leads 4.5 . The yeast is resistant to abrupt and frequent changes in the pH of the medium.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1983 Jul, 94(1), 149 - 54
Physiological activity of warburganal and its reactivity with sulfhydryl groups; Taniguchi M et al.; Warburganal, a unique dialdehyde sesquiterpene isolated from East African Warburgia plants, showed a strong antifungal activity . However, this growth inhibition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reversed with L-cysteine . In addition, warburganal inhibited the alcoholic fermentation of S . cerevisiae while L-cysteine reversed this inhibition . When alcohol dehydrogenase, a sulfhydryl enzyme, was incubated with warburganal, the enzyme activity decreased with time . The decrease was more rapid at alkaline pH . L-Cysteine prevented this enzyme inhibition by warburganal but could not restore the enzyme activity lost already due to warburganal . Warburganal lost its characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectrum in the presence of L-cysteine . The change in absorbance was favored at alkaline pH, indicating Michael reaction type addition of L-cysteine to warburganal . Based on these observations, a variety of physiological activities due to warburganal appear to result from its irreversible reactivity with sulfhydryl groups.

J Anim Sci, 1983 Jul, 57 Suppl 2, 498 - 518
Nitrogen metabolism of ruminant animals: historical perspective, current understanding and future implications; Owens FN et al.; Nitrogen metabolism of ruminant animals has been the subject of thousands of research publications . Study of ruminal and intestinal function continues . The quantitative and qualitative importance of ruminal microbes as a source of protein have become apparent in many trials, and factors controlling microbial protein synthesis or growth of microbes as well as ruminal degradation of dietary protein have been explored . Information on the supply side of the protein ledger (ruminal synthesis, bypass or escape of dietary protein; intestinal digestion) exceeds current knowledge of quantitative needs for amino acids . Descriptive models of N metabolism have evolved that amalgamate current concepts . With future amendments, these systems should prove useful in diet formulation to more fully utilize ruminal fermentation and increase productive efficiency of ruminant animals . Expanding knowledge of ruminal N metabolism will permit greater control and manipulation of the processes of ruminal fermentation and postruminal digestion.

J Nutr, 1983 Jul, 113(7), 1355 - 62
Effects of avoparcin on ruminal propionate production and amino acid degradation in sheep fed high and low fiber diets; Froetschel MA et al.; The effect of the antibiotic, avoparcin, on ruminal propionate production and amino acid degradation was investigated by using four rumen fistulated wethers . Wethers were fed each of four diets during 28-day periods in a 4 X 4 Latin square design . Diets were high fiber (HF), high fiber plus 50 ppm avoparcin (HF-AVO), low fiber (LF) and low fiber plus 50 ppm avoparcin (LF-AVO) . Total digestible energy intake (1.25 X maintenance) and crude protein intake for each animal were similar for all diets . Propionate production was determined each period from all animals by using a single injection of {1-14C}propionate and polyethylene glycol . Avoparcin decreased total volatile fatty acid concentration, increased ruminal pH and molar proportions of propionate on both HF and LF diets . Daily propionate production and pool turnover rate increased in sheep fed LF-AVO . Similar changes were noted in HF-AVO animals, although they were not statistically significant . Avoparcin decreased ruminal ammonia (50 vs . 45 mg/100 ml) and increased alpha amino nitrogen (8.6 vs . 14.3 mM) in LF-fed sheep . In vitro studies demonstrated a decreased degradation of crystalline amino acids by mixed populations of rumen microorganisms from sheep receiving LF diets containing avoparcin . Avoparcin appears to modify rumen fermentation by increasing propionate production and inhibiting protein or amino acid degradation.

Biochem J, 1983 Jun 15, 212(3), 783 - 90
Changes in the cytochrome composition of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides grown aerobically, photosynthetically and on dimethyl sulphoxide; Ward JA et al.; Several strains and mutants of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides can be grown anaerobically in the dark in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide as an electron acceptor . During adaptation to this fermentative mode of growth, two major c-type cytochromes are synthesized, one with Mr 45 000 and the second with Mr 20 000 and a midpoint potential of +120 mV . These cytochromes are barely detectable in membranes prepared from cells grown in aerobic or photosynthetic conditions . An electrophoretic method is presented for the detection of the b-type and c-type cytochromes of pigmented or unpigmented membranes . The method resolves three b-type cytochromes and four c-type cytochromes in membranes from aerobically and photosynthetically grown cells.

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 29(6), 664 - 9
Effect of triglycerides on the production of lipids and lipase by Mucor hiemalis; Akhtar MW et al.; The effect of triglycerides on the growth of Mucor hiemalis and the production of lipase and mycelial lipids was studied . Addition of 1% triglycerides to the fermentation medium was best for the mycelial as well as the broth lipase production . The added triglycerides seemed to be utilized through the formation of free fatty acids, and towards the end of the growth phase most of the triglycerides and their hydrolysis products were utilized . The mycelial lipase activity was maximum (66 U/g dry mycelium) at the end of the growth phase, while the maximal broth lipase activity (204 U/100 mL) was achieved after the cell lysis had started . The lipids produced per gram mycelia were high initially (260 mg/g dry weight at 48 h), reducing gradually later . With increase in growth the maximum mycelial lipids per 100 mL of culture medium was obtained after 96 h (176 mg/100 mL) . The various fractions detected in the mycelial lipid extracts were sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols, monoglycerides, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and small amounts of an unknown polar lipid at all the stages of fermentation studied . Proportion between total neutral and total polar lipids remained nearly constant throughout fermentation.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jun, 36(6), 651 - 5
Saccharocin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic . Fermentation, isolation, characterization and structural study; Awata M et al.; A new aminoglycoside antibiotic, saccharocin has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Saccharopolyspora sp . AC-3440 (FERM P-6238) by column chromatography on a cation-exchange resin . Saccharocin is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria . The structure was elucidated to be 4"-deamino-4"-hydroxyapramycin by 13C NMR spectral analysis.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 247 - 56
The potential value of cultured dairy products for child nutrition; Siegenthaler EJ; The author suggests that under certain conditions cultured milk, rather than fluid milk, can be used for infant and child nutrition as well as for school milk programs . Some of the major problems with fluid milk, fresh or reconstituted, are discussed . A review of the literature indicates that the assumption of lactose intolerance among many populations is exaggerated . Inappropriate handling of pasteurized milk very often is responsible for a high bacterial count and organoleptic defects . Such quality defects are more pronounced in countries with a warm climate . The use of polluted water in the reconstitution of milk powder, is probably more often responsible for diarrhea than lactose intolerance . For these reasons it is suggested that under appropriate conditions a cultured milk product such as yogurt or quark, be used for infant and child nutrition . The advantages are: 1) the low pH caused by the high lactic acid content detrimentally affects food spoilage and pathogenic organisms in milk; 2) longer shelf life of the fermented product at ambient temperature; and 3) fermented milk products contain the enzyme lactase which facilitates digestion of residual lactose even after ingestion.

J Anim Sci, 1983 Jun, 56(6), 1393 - 9
Effects of buffers on ruminal rate of passage and degradation of soybean meal in steers; Okeke GC et al.; Eight rumen-fistulated steers were randomly assigned to medium- and high-concentrate diets supplemented with 0, .75, 2.5 and 5% of either sodium bicarbonate or an artificial saliva salts mixture . Each animal was fed for 21 d at 75 g dry matter/kg body weight . 75 . Rates of soybean meal (SBM) degradation were predicted by adjusting digestion rates in nylon bags with respective passage rates of chromium-mordanted SBM particles . Measures of rumen fermentation were made during the incubation period . Liquid dilution rate was determined with 51Cr-EDTA . The high-concentrate diet produced higher (P less than .05) liquid dilution rates than the medium-concentrate diet, but there were no differences in response to the two buffers (P greater than .05) . The liquid dilution rates averaged across diets for 0, .75, 2.5 and 5% levels of buffer were 6.2, 6.3, 8.5 and 8.7%/h (SE = .03) and passage rates for SBM were 5.2, 5.2, 6.5 and 6.7%/h (SE = .025) . The 2.5 and 5% levels of buffer increased the rate of disappearance of SBM from the nylon bags and buffers fed at these levels also increased rumen pH and NH3-N concentration . Rumen pH was correlated with N disappearance from the nylon bag (r = .903, P less than .05) . Buffer levels did not affect degradation rates of SBM.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1983 Jun, 33(2), 339 - 55
{Effect of the harvest season on the composition of raw and fermented cotyledons of 2 varieties of cacao and shell fractions}; de Dios Alvarado J et al.; A study was carried out wherein during the period August 1979 to January 1980, samples of raw and fermented cacao were analyzed monthly . These included two varieties: Arriba, taken from a farm in "Quevedo", and the EET-19, grown in "Pichilingue" by the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) . Taking the ear of cacao as a basis, the weight of its main parts was determined . The proximal composition was established in the cotyledons, with significant statistical differences in regard to moisture, protein, and ether extract content according to the month of harvest . As to the fermentation process, differences in moisture, ether extract and ash content were detected; differences in the ether extract and ash content were found between the two varieties . The fat extracted from the cotyledons presented different iodine, saponification and acidity index values between the raw and fermented samples, but none were determined between the varieties; as far as the month of harvest is concerned, differences in the acidity index were observed . The percentage composition of the main fatty acids is reported (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids) . In order to suggest possible industrial ways of utilizing the cacao shell by-product which is discarded by the shelling machine, the chemical characteristics of five fractions were determined based on the functioning of the shelling machine . The moisture, protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, theobromine, and caffeine contents varied among the fractions, and it was dependent on the broken "nibs" content . Differences in the protein, ether extract, and ash content, according to the months of production, were found . Obviously, the high fat content in fractions A (fine dust) and B (fine ground), which varied from 30 to 11 g/100 g, merits its extraction; the remainder meal has a valuable protein and alkaloid content . The chemical characteristics of the fat extracted from the shell of two fractions were similar to the fat extracted from the cotyledons.

Poult Sci, 1983 Jun, 62(6), 1021 - 4
Effect of added methionine and lysine on the performance of chicks fed different alfalfa protein concentrates; Ameenuddin S et al.; Experiments were conducted to determine the limiting amino acids in chick diets containing 40% spray-dried heat coagulated alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) and 40% spray-dried fermented alfalfa protein concentrate (FAPC) . Significant improvements in chick gains were observed when methionine (met) was supplemented to the 40% APC (82 vs . 119 g) and 40% FAPC (72 vs . 95 g) diets . Feed efficiency (gain/feed) was also improved by met supplementation (.233 vs . .343) to APC and (.236 vs . .299) in FAPC diets . Supplementation of lysine (lys) alone did not improve the gain in body weight in either APC or FAPC, but the addition of lysine improved the feed efficiency of chicks fed the FAPC + Met (.323).

J Nutr, 1983 Jun, 113(6), 1265 - 77
Production and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, glucose and CO2 in steers and the effects of monensin on volatile fatty acid kinetics; Armentano LE et al.; A study was conducted to determine effects of monensin supplementation on production and interconversion rates of rumen acetate, propionate, and butyrate and plasma acetate . Measurements were made by isotope dilution techniques in four Holstein steers fed a 70% alfalfa hay, 30% corn ration . In addition, a general kinetic method for solution of open systems has been applied to quantify metabolism of the rumen volatile fatty acids and glucose and the production of CO2 . Dietary monensin increased rumen propionate production at the expense of rumen acetate production so that total volatile fatty acid production was unchanged . Butyrate production tended to increase, indicating that decreased acetate production may result in diversion of hexose to propionate and butyrate production and direction of reducing equivalents away from methane production . These changes were calculated to increase rumen fermentation efficiency by 6% . Oxidation of the rumen volatile fatty acids and systemic plasma glucose accounted for only 35% of CO2 production.

Arch Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 134(3), 187 - 192
Studies on rapid reversible and non-reversible inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and malate dehydrogenase in wild-type and glycolytic block mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Entian KD et al.; Experimental conditions have been elaborated to test for reversibility of the malate dehydrogenase inactivation (E.C.1.1.1.37) after addition of glucose to derepressed yeast cells . Malate dehydrogenase inactivation was shown to be irreversible at all stages of inactivation . In contrast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation (E.C.3.1.11) remained reversible for at least 30 min after addition of glucose . Rapid reversible inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and irreversible inactivation of malate dehydrogenase were additionally investigated in glycolytic block mutants . Normal inactivation kinetics were observed in mutants without catalytic activity of phosphoglucose isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9), phosphofructokinase (E.C.2.7.1.11), triosephosphate isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.1) and phosphoglycerate kinase (E.C.2.7.2.3) . Hence, neither type of inactivation depended on the accumulation of any glucose metabolite beyond glucose-6-phosphate . Under anaerobic conditions irreversible inactivation was completely abolished in glycolytic block mutants . In contrast rapid reversible inactivation was independent of energy provided by respiration or fermentation . Reversibility of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation was tested under conditions which prevented irreversible malate dehydrogenase inactivation . In these experiments, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation remained reversible for at least 120 min, whereas reversibility was normally restricted to about 30 min . This indicated a common mechanism between the irreversible part of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inactivation and irreversible malate dehydrogenase inactivation.

Cancer Res, 1983 Jun, 43(6), 2819 - 30
Biochemical prophage induction assay: a rapid test for antitumor agents that interact with DNA; Elespuru RK et al.; A biochemical (colorimetric) assay of bacteriophage lambda induction was utilized in the detection, identification, and purification of DNA-interacting natural products with potential antitumor activity . A set of 142 standard antibiotics, composed principally of natural products with established antitumor activity and/or defined mechanisms of action, was tested in the assay . As expected, most inducers were direct inhibitors of DNA synthesis . A few other types of inducer, with probable indirect effects on DNA synthesis, were found after prolonged incubation: one class of RNA synthesis inhibitor, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor; and two inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis . The biochemical induction assay was semiautomated for use as a prescreen in the search for novel antitumor agents in 10,724 actinomycete fermentation broths . Approximately 1% of the cultures produced compounds that were active in the assay; some appear to be novel . None required metabolic activation (via rat liver S9) for inducing activity . The biochemical induction assay was adapted for bioautography (the detection of inducing chemicals chromatographed on thin-layer plates) and for strain improvement programs (selection of isolates with enhanced inducing activity) . The speed of the assay (2 to 5 hr) made it useful for monitoring antitumor agent production and purification . The sensitivity of the assay could be varied, depending on the length of the incubation period . Microbes, nutrients, and toxic solvents did not usually interfere with the detection of inducing activity.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 129 (Pt 6), 1733 - 41
The application of materials balancing to the characterization of sequential secondary metabolite formation in Streptomyces cattleya NRRL 8057; Bushell ME et al.; The high substrate yield factor (0.73 g biomass g glucose-1) and low R.Q . (respiratory quotient, i.e . mol CO2 evolved per mol O2 consumed) value (0.8) measured during growth-phase batch cultures of Streptomyces cattleya could be rationalized in terms of the fermentation mass balance when the oxidized elemental composition of biomass was considered . R.Q . was also indicative of the sequence of secondary metabolite formation, the value rising in steps as each new product was formed . The period of maximum respiratory activity and phosphate uptake preceded maximum growth and glucose uptake . At the end of the lytic phase, a cyclopentenedione cobalt chelator was produced . The termination of lysis coincided with melanin production . Sequential cephamycin C and thienamycin production then took place . Specific hyphal protein content (per unit RNA) peaked before the production of each new metabolite . Melanin, cephamycin C and thienamycin production were initiated when glucose, ammonia and phosphate, respectively, became growth-limiting.

Biochemistry, 1983 May 24, 22(11), 2704 - 7
Asparaginase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: comparison of enzyme stability in vivo and in vitro; Kim KW et al.; Asparaginase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a cell wall mannan containing glycoprotein . Recent studies have demonstrated that asparaginase II activity increases in exponentially growing cell cultures and then decreases as the cells enter the stationary phase . Enzyme inactivation has been attributed to a Zn2+-dependent protease which is synthesized de novo during the late exponential phase {Pauling, K.D., & Jones, G.E . (1980) J . Gen . Microbiol . 117, 423-430; Pauling, K.D., & Jones, G.E . (1980) Biochim . Biophys . Acta 616, 271-282} . We have investigated the mechanism of asparaginase II inactivation using both whole cell suspensions and highly purified enzyme . Our data indicate that the rate of asparaginase II inactivation in cell suspensions is primarily influenced by pH changes that occur as a consequence of cell growth and glucose fermentation and that enzyme inactivation is not dependent on Zn2+ or on de novo protein synthesis . Also, in vitro studies with purified enzyme show kinetics of inactivation that are similar to those observed in vivo . Consequently, involvement of a yeast protease in the inactivation process is relatively unlikely.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 May, 36(5), 509 - 15
Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics . Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and bioconversion of milbemycins J and K; Ono M et al.; Strain Rf-107, a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . aureolacrimosus, obtained with ultraviolet irradiation, produced two new macrolide antibiotics, milbemycins J and K without production of any of the other milbemycins described in the previous paper . Fermentation studies on the strain were conducted in shake flasks and 30-liter jar fermentors . Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH . Purification of milbemycins J and K was completed with Lobar Si 60 column chromatography to give colorless crystals . Physico-chemical data, such as UV, IR and NMR spectra are described . Milbemycins J and K were readily converted by the intact cells of the parent strain to milbemycins alpha 1 and alpha 3, respectively . Physico-chemical characterization and the bioconversion studies revealed that milbemycins J and K were new antibiotics having the 16-membered macrocyclic lactone with a 6,6-membered spiroketal ring system.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 May, 36(5), 502 - 8
Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics . Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties of milbemycins D, E, F, G, and H; Takiguchi Y et al.; Strain Au-3, a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . aureolacrimosus, obtained with ultraviolet irradiation, was a high-yield strain of milbemycins D, E, F, G and H . Fermentation studies on the strains were conducted in shake flasks and 30-liter jar fermentors . Isolation of the metabolites was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH and separated by silica gel column chromatography . Milbemycin D was obtained as colorless needles after recrystallization and milbemycins E, F, G and H were purified to homogeneity by column chromatography . Physico-chemical characterization revealed that milbemycins D, E, F, G and H were new antibiotics possessing the 16-membered macrocyclic lactone with a 6,6-membered spiroketal ring system.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 May, 36(5), 493 - 6
New antibiotic, isohematinic acid . I . Taxonomy of producing organism, fermentation and isolation; Takeuchi M et al.; New antibiotic, isohematinic acid, was found in the culture broth of an actinomycete strain SANK 61681, which was identified as a strain of Actinoplanes philippinesis . Fermentation of isohematinic acid was performed by conventional submerged culture in a 600-liter fermentor . Isolation of isohematinic acid was performed by adsorption of the antibiotic from the culture filtrate on a column of Diaion HP-20 followed by elution with aqueous acetone and extraction with ethyl acetate . Isohematinic acid was finally crystallized from hot methanol.

J Anim Sci, 1983 May, 56(5), 1222 - 35
Role of DL-lactic acid as an intermediate in rumen metabolism of dairy cows; Counotte GH et al.; The role of DL-lactic acid as an intermediate in the rumen of a Friesian X Holstein dairy cow adapted to a diet of hay ad libitum plus 12 kg of a concentrate mixture was studied in vitro and in vivo . Concentrations of soluble sugars in the rumen fluid became maximal at 30 min postfeeding, but at 90 min no sugars were detectable . The DL-lactate concentration increased very rapidly to about 30 mm at 30 min after feeding, whereas the maximum total VFA concentration was reached 15 min later . More than 80% of the DL-lactate fermented to VFA was converted by Megasphaera elsdenii . Whereas only 16% of L-lactate was fermented to propionate, 75% of the D-lactate was converted to propionic acid . When all soluble sugars had been fermented, the participation of M . elsdenii to lactate fermentation declined and fermentation patterns for D- and L-lactate became similar yielding mostly acetate . Except for a brief period immediately after feeding, DL-lactate did not appear to be an important precursor of VFA in the rumen of a cow adapted to concentrate feeding . DL-lactate may become a more important intermediate in rumen fermentation temporarily when dairy cows are gradually changed from a hay diet to a diet including concentrates . The first 30 d after parturition, when the changeover takes place, is an unstable period, during which the microbial population is changing to fit the new environment.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 267 - 79
{Kinetics of the mycelial growth of Conidiobolus obscurus}; Latge JP et al.; The growth of C . obscurus was studied in solid and liquid media . In agar media, the hyphal growth was linear, but the number of apices increased exponentially; total growth was consequently exponential but characterized by a low growth rate . In batch cultures in a fermenter, mycelial growth was continuously linear following a short exponential phase . The absence of branching induced a linear development of the fungus in liquid culture . Fermentation balances showed that the linear growth could not result from the presence of a specific inhibitor, nor from the existence of a limiting concentration of a nutrient in the medium . Hypotheses concerning the non-branching of the fungus in liquid culture are discussed.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1983 May, 18(3), 343 - 7
Pulmonary hydrogen and methane and plasma ammonia after the administration of lactulose or sorbitol; Beaven J et al.; The gut microfloral metabolism of sorbitol and lactulose was investigated in 10 healthy control subjects and 10 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, by measuring the pulmonary excretion of the fermentational gases hydrogen and methane during 3 h . A possible acute effect on venous plasma ammonia after a single dose of sorbitol or lactulose was also investigated . No significant difference in fermentation gas excretion was found after ingestion of sorbitol compared with lactulose in healthy controls or cirrhotic patients (p greater than 0.05) . Neither sorbitol nor lactulose had significant effect on plasma ammonia concentrations during the first 3 h after ingestion . These findings indicate that both sorbitol and lactulose are extensively fermented by the colonic flora and that the possibility of replacing lactulose with the much cheaper sorbitol in the treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy ought to be investigated . The suggested acute gut-ammonia trapping effect of lactulose caused by acidification of the gut lumen from fermentative end-products was not supported by the present findings.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 399 - 409
{The homogeneity of a population of yeasts from Camembert cheeses}; Schmidt JL et al.; Yeasts are found to a large extent in cheeses, more particularly in soft cheeses such as Camembert . The proximity between two species previously identified by standard methods was studied using a factorial discriminant analysis on 326 strains . Twenty-three fermentation and assimilation tests (discriminant variables) gave a fairly good discrimination between species . This treatment has allowed us to confirm the present tendencies noticed in yeast classification and has also enabled us to group some of the species.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 May-Jun, 52(3), 422 - 7
{Effect of the physiological conditions on alpha-amylase and glucoamylase formation by a selected strain of Aspergillus oryzae}; Kassim EA; The production of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase by a selected strain of Aspergillus oryzae was investigated using different carbon and nitrogen sources . The best and most economic fermentation medium for the production of the both amylases in submerged cultures had the following composition (in %): defatted rice brain, 8; corn steep liquor, 3; MgSO4 X 7H2O, 0.1; KH2PO4, 0.1; CaCl2, 0.1 . The optimum pH was 5.0 . The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of the amylases were as follows: cultivation at 28 degrees C for 96 h using the 0.5% mycelial suspension as an inoculum.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1983 May-Jun, 134A(3), 383 - 97
Spiroplasma apis, a new species from the honey-bee Apis mellifera; Mouches C et al.; Two spiroplasma strains (B31 and B39) recovered from diseased honey-bees (Apis mellifera) in southwestern France were similar in biochemical, serological and pathological properties . The organisms grew at 30 degrees C, required cholesterol for growth, fermented glucose, catabolized arginine and produced a film and spot reaction . The two spiroplasmas were serologically indistinguishable but were related to serogroup IV spiroplasmas, which had been previously isolated from flower surfaces and from insects . The isolates were distinct from the three previously established species of Spiroplasma and from other presently known serogroups . The G + C content of the DNA from strain B31 was 30 +/- 1 mol % . Both B31 and B39 strains were associated with a lethal infection ("May disease") of the honey-bee . On the basis of the characterization presented here, it is proposed that these spiroplasmal pathogens of bees and allied strains be classified as a new species, Spiroplasma apis, the type strain of which is B31 (ATCC 33834).

Biofizika, 1983 May-Jun, 28(3), 511 - 3
{Influence of the fermentative cross-seams on the structure of the microsomal membrane}; Zhikhareva VO et al.; In rat liver microsomes freezing with subsequent thawing led to irreversible redistribution of protein-lipid packing . This redistribution was detected by a change in the efficiency of energy transfer between protein aromatic groups of membrane protein and lipid-soluble fluorescent probe pyrene . Transglutaminase pretreatment of microsomes prevented the irreversible redistribution . The enzyme is shown to bind no more than 15 per cent of the whole membrane protein . This smaller part of the microsomal protein is supposed to play the decisive role in the movements of its remaining part.

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Apr, 29(4), 457 - 63
Investigation of white-rot fungi for the conversion of poplar into a potential feedstuff for ruminants; Reade AE et al.; Five isolates of wood-rotting fungi were compared for their ability to increase the digestibility of poplar shavings . Homogenates of the fungi were inoculated into mixtures of 25 g of shavings and 100 mL of supplementary nutrient solution and incubated at 25 degrees C . The in vitro rumen digestibility of the products increased from 30% at the start of the fermentation to maxima of 72% with Polyporus anceps after 8 weeks, 64% with Ganoderma applanatum and 62% with Phanerochaete chrysosporium after 4 weeks, 61% with Polyporus versicolor after 3 weeks, and 42% with Fomitopsis ulmarius after 4 weeks . Fibre analysis showed a decrease in lignin as digestibility increased . Loss of carbohydrates occurred in all fermentations and continued after lignin loss ceased . Dry matter yield at the time of maximum digestibility ranged from 80 to 94% of the original dry matter . The highest digestibilities attained were similar to those of conventional roughage feeds for ruminants . This shows that this fermentation could form the basis of a practical system for converting poplar into a feedstuff.

J Am Diet Assoc, 1983 Apr, 82(4), 397 - 401
Sodium values of Chinese condiments and their use in sodium-restricted diets; Chew T; Counseling a Chinese patient on a low-sodium diet can be an arduous task for the dietitian . Special consideration of cultural beliefs, food preferences, and food practices must be incorporated into the individualized instruction . Equally important is the need for familiarity with the sodium values of frequently consumed foods and condiments indigenous to the Chinese population . To date, published sodium determinations for such items are quite limited . Representative samples of commonly used Chinese seasonings and sauces were collected . Analysis was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy . Many of the condiments often forbidden in the sodium-restricted diet contained less than 200 mg . sodium per teaspoon in all the samples tested . These included: sweet bean sauce, rinsed and unrinsed fermented black beans, hoisin sauce, satay sauce, fermented bean cake, and rinsed and unrinsed dried shrimp . These data can give the dietitian the option of calculating these often "forbidden" items into the sodium-restricted diet . Factors to be considered are the patient's typical meal pattern, situational needs, comprehension level, degree of compliance, and other available information.

J Clin Pathol, 1983 Apr, 36(4), 476 - 8
Minimal criteria for the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from the vagina; Jolly JL; Vaginal swabs were examined for the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis . Of 294 isolates with appropriate colonial and cellular morphology subjected to an identification procedure, 203 (69%) were identified as G vaginalis . The 91 isolates not identified as G vaginalis were differentiated by their inability to ferment starch, cause diffuse beta haemolysis on human blood agar or hydrolyse hippurate . Other tests, often used in the identification of G vaginalis, were found to be insufficiently specific . Failure to ferment starch coexisted with failure to cause beta haemolysis and/or hydrolyse hippurate . The starch fermentation test may therefore be omitted . The tests for beta haemolysis and hippurate hydrolysis, being relatively simple to perform and interpret, are considered indispensable for the accurate identification of G vaginalis in the service laboratory.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1983 Apr, 49(1), 69 - 78
Partial purification and characterization of succinyl-CoA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Schwartz H et al.; Succinyl-CoA synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was partially purified (20-fold) with a yield of 44% . The Michaelis-Menten constants were determined: Km (succinate) = 17 mM; Km (ATP) = 0.13 mM; Km (CoA) = 0.03 mM . The succinyl-CoA synthetase has a molecular weight of about 80000 dalton (as determined by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis) . The pH optimum is at 6.0 . During fermentation the activity of succinyl-CoA synthetase is lower than in aerobically grown yeast cells . The presence of succinyl-CoA synthetase in fermenting yeasts may be regarded as an indication for the oxidative formation of succinate . In fermenting yeast cells succinyl-CoA synthetase is repressed by glucose if ammonium sulphate serves as nitrogen source . This catabolite repression is not observed with disaccharides or when amino acids are used as nitrogen source.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Apr, 36(4), 365 - 75
Biological conversion of erythronolide B, an intermediate of erythromycin biogenesis, into new "hybrid" macrolide antibiotics; Spagnoli R et al.; Transformation of erythronolide B to new antibiotics was attempted by feeding this compound during the fermentation of Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC31771, a blocked mutant of an oleandomycin producing strain . As a result, four new active compounds were obtained with hybrid structures between erythromycin and oleandomycin . They were identified as 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-15-hydroxyerythronolide B (I), 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminylerythronolide B (II), 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-(8S)-8-hydroxyerythronolide B (III) and 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminyl-(8R)-8,19-epoxyerythronolide B (IV) . They were found to be less active, but more stable to acid, than erythromycin A . From their relative biogenetical relationship together with the structure elucidated some hypotheses about late stages of oleandomycin biosynthesis are inferred too.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Apr, 28(4), 258 - 62
{Nisin adsorption on silica adsorbents}; Baranova IP et al.; It has been shown that silica adsorbents can be used for adsorption of nizin from solutions obtained after centrifugation of the fermentation broth . The optimal structure of the adsorbent pores has been determined . Silica with pores 50 to 75 nm in size provided the highest adsorption rates . The value of silica adsorption of nizin depended on the medium pH . The maximum adsorption rates were observed at pH 6.5--7 . At pH 3.5 the level of nizin adsorption was low.

J Dairy Sci, 1983 Apr, 66(4), 833 - 9
Feeding value of fermented waste milk with or without sodium bicarbonate for dairy calves; Keith EA et al.; Effects of feeding waste milk from antibiotic-treated cows on growth, feed efficiency, and incidence of scours of dairy calves were studied . Twenty-four newborn Holstein heifer calves were assigned at random to one of the following treatments: 1) fresh normal milk, 2) fresh waste milk, 3) fermented waste milk, or 4) fermented waste milk plus sodium bicarbonate . Means for fat, crude protein, and total solids in normal milk (3.25, 3.05, and 11.84%) were lower than the same components for fresh waste milk (3.82, 3.42, and 12.59%) and fermented waste milk (4.02, 3.42, and 12.74%) . Mean pH's for normal milk, fresh waste milk, and fermented waste milk were 6.6, 6.6, and 5.1 . Calves were fed colostrum the first 3 days of life, and their respective treatment milk at 10% of body weight for 42 days . Dry calf feed was offered ad libitum beginning on day 4, and water was available at all times . Mean weight gains (kg) and ratios of average dry feed to gain (kg/kg) for the 42-day treatments were: 1) 19.2, .6; 2) 17.6, .6; 3) 19.6, .7; and 4) 20.1, .6 . Incidence of scours was measured as number of days that scours were present per calf during the 42 days . Mean scour days for each group were: 1) 2.0, 2) 1.8, 3) 3.0, and 4) 4.8 . There were no detrimental effects on calves fed fresh or fermented milk from cows treated with antibiotics . Addition of sodium bicarbonate did not affect acceptance of fermented milk by calves.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1983 Mar 29, 111(3), 1008 - 14
Studies on the biosynthesis of bialaphos (SF-1293) Part 3 . Production of phosphinic acid derivatives, MP-103, MP-104 and MP-105, by a blocked mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293 and their roles in the biosynthesis of bialaphos; Seto H et al.; During biosynthetic studies on bialaphos to reveal the formation mechanisms of carbon-phosphorous bonds in detail, three new metabolites containing a H-P-C bond structure were isolated from the fermentation broth of a mutant of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1293 . Based on the spectroscopic analysis, the structures of these compounds have been determined as shown in Fig . 1 . Transformation experiments of these metabolites to bialaphos suggested that the reduction of the phosphorous atom in phosphate will take place at an early biosynthetic stage.

Science, 1983 Mar 25, 219(4591), 1391 - 7
Protons and anaerobiosis; Hochachka PW et al.; During oxygen limitation in animals, glucose can be fermented via several metabolic pathways varying in energetic efficiency and leading to various end products (such as lactate, alanopine, octopine, succinate, or propionate) . Because of opposite pH dependencies of proton production by fermentation and by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate formed in the fermentation, the total number of moles of protons generated is always two per mole of the fermentable substrate . However, two and three times more adenosine triphosphate can be turned over per mole of protons produced in succinate and propionate fermentations, respectively, than in lactate fermentation.

Life Sci, 1983 Mar 7, 32(10), 1073 - 9
Alteration in sensitivity of transmural electrical response to propionate in rat colon after chronic luminal infusion of short-chain fatty acids; Yajima T et al.; The colon is always exposed to abundant short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced by gut fermentation . In order to know an effect of chronic load of SCFA on colonic functions, we studied that the acute and chronic effects of SCFA on transmural potential difference (p.d.) across the proximal colon of germ-free (GF), gnotobiotic (GB) and conventionalized (CV) rats in vivo . Intravenous administration of SCFA (acute effect), such as propionate, butyrate, valerate or caproate, caused a transient increase in the p.d . The acute effects of propionate were studied in detail . The dose-response curve of CV rats shifted markedly to the right compared to that of GF rats, suggesting that CV rats were less sensitive to the acute effects of propionate than GF rats . Decreased sensitivity also appeared in GB rats (monocontamination with Fusobacterium varium) . By chronic luminal infusion of isotonic sodium propionate or butyrate (25.5 ml/day) into the proximal colon of GF rats for 7 days (chronic effect), the acute effects of propionate were reduced . Atropine reduced the p.d . increment produced by propionate and shifted the dose-response curve of propionate to the right . These results suggest that chronic luminal load of SCFA resulted in a type of chronic refractoriness.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Mar, 28(3), 209 - 213
{Effect of a biostimulant formed by yeastlike fungi on the dynamics of the accumulation of CoA, biotin and levorin in the process of growth of S . levoris}; Kuznetsova OS et al.; Regularities of the effect of a biostimulator produced by years-like fungi on accumulation of CoA, biotin and levorin in a developing culture of S . levoris were studied . It was shown that addition of the biostimulator to the fermentation medium resulted in increased accumulation of CoA and biotin in the mycelium of the levorin-producing culture within the first 48 hours of the growth and in their more intensive consumption at the final stages of the fermentation process . The rate of the levorin synthesis in the medium with the biostimulator markedly exceeded that in the control.

Parazitologiia, 1983 Mar-Apr, 17(2), 95 - 100
{Enzyme activity of the tissues of chicks with coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella)}; Musaev MA et al.; It has been established that during experimental infection of chickens with Eimeria tenella the decrease in the activity of lactatdehydrogenase of blood serum and the increase of the activity of glutathionereductase in erythrocytes take place . In birds treated with chemcoccid (70 mg/kg of food) the activity of these ferments does not change . The ferment activity of glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase does not change in erythrocytes of sick birds while during the treatment with chemcoccid its activity increases . The activity of aspartate aminotransferase decreases in tissues of muscles and increases in liver and brain of sick birds . The activity of alanine aminotransferase decreases in the brain in three and increases in seven days after the infection.

J Dairy Sci, 1983 Mar, 66(3), 438 - 43
Influence of lactose concentration of milk and yogurt on growth rate of rats; Broussalian J et al.; Growth rates of rats fed lyophilized diets of yogurt, milk, 100% lactose-hydrolyzed milk, and 100% lactose-hydrolyzed yogurt were compared . No differences were significant in weight gains between the animals fed lactose-hydrolyzed diets over 3 wk . Further more, rats fed the lactose-hydrolyzed diets had significantly larger weight gains during the 1st wk than those fed unhydrolyzed diets . This may have been from the deleterious effect of lactose, which was in concentrations of 43% in milk and 36% in yogurt . However, by the 2nd wk, rats fed yogurt had growth rates similar to those fed lactose-hydrolyzed diets, and by the 3rd wk, no differences of growth rates were significant . Continued consumption of high concentrations of lactose improved digestion of lactose . Yogurt fermentation produced growth benefit as compared to the milk from which it was made by reducing the lactose content and by supplying microbial lactase activity.

J Anim Sci, 1983 Mar, 56(3), 645 - 51
Effect of sheep rumen fermentation and methane inhibition on the toxicity of Senecio jacobaea; Swick RA et al.; Senecio jacobaea (SJ) was incubated in sheep rumen fluid-buffer mixtures to determine if metabolism and(or) detoxication of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) was occurring . The nontoxic reduction metabolite, 7 beta-hydroxy-l-methylene-8 alpha-pyrrolizidine, was not detected when SJ-rumen fluid incubation extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrographic analysis . Rats were used as assay animals in another experiment to assess the toxicity of SJ incubated in rumen fluid . Incubation treatments were: Rumen fluid (RF) from a sheep not fed SJ (RF-0); RF autoclaved before incubation (RF-0A); RF from sheep fed 50% SJ for 1 wk (RF-1); RF from a sheep fed 50% SJ for 5 wk (RF-5), and RF-5 with 5 microM iodoform in the incubation medium (RF-5I) . The SJ treatments were included in rat diets at the 10% level . Dietary treatment and mean rat survival times (days) were: control, no mortality; 10% untreated SJ, 43; RF-0, 53; RF-0A, 55; RF-1, 44; RF-5, 56; RF-5I, 44, There were no significant differences in survival time . This indicates that SJ was not detoxified as a result of incubation in sheep RF in vitro, and suggests that rumen detoxification does not account for resistance of sheep to SJ . The pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations of the incubation mixtures were measured before and after incubation . Acetate/propionate and pH following incubation were respectively: RF-0A, 7.3, 4.3; RF-0, 4.2, 4.4; RF-1, 2.7, 4.5; RF-5, 2.6, 4.5; RF-5I, 2.4, 4.5 . These data show that although pretreatment of the rumen fluid donor with dietary SJ and addition of iodoform to the incubation mixture favor reductive rumen metabolism, detoxification of PA from SJ does not occur during in vitro sheep rumen fermentation.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Mar, 36(3), 213 - 6
Ro 22-5417, a new clavam antibiotic from Streptomyces clavuligerus . II . Fermentation, isolation and structure; Evans RH Jr et al.; The purification of a new antibiotic, Ro 22-5417, was achieved by a variety of preparative column chromatographic methods . The antibiotic was obtained crystalline with an overall recovery of 3% after a 300-fold purification . The structure was determined from proton and 13C NMR spectra to be 3-(7-oxo-1-aza-4-oxabicyclo{3.2.0}hept-3-yl)alanine.

J Pediatr, 1983 Mar, 102(3), 371 - 5
Carbohydrate malabsorption in infants with diarrhea studied with the breath hydrogen test; Lifschitz CH et al.; Fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrate (CHO) reaching the colon was studied by measuring peak breath hydrogen (H2) production between feedings in 28 H2-producing hospitalized infants with diarrhea . Patients who required fewer than six days of hospitalization had lower breath H2 values when tested soon after admission than those who required longer stays . Patients hospitalized for more than five days had lower H2 amounts at discharge than on admission . Peak breath H2 values decreased when glucose was substituted for glucose polymers in formulas, or when the formula was fed by continuous drip via a nasogastric tube instead of by orally administered bolus . Glucose-positive and acidic stools were encountered occasionally and were associated with decreased H2 levels . The responses of H2 levels, stool pH, and glucose excretion after changes in patient management or intestinal metabolism of CHO reflect alterations in the balance between proximal intestinal absorption and distal colonic fermentation . Malabsorbed CHO that reaches a competent colon is utilized via microbial conversion, as indicated by high H2 levels, in the absence of glucose-positive and acidic stools . The presence of glucose in the feces or acidic stools indicates an inability of the colon to completely metabolize and absorb CHO or its products of fermentation.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1983 Mar, 33(1), 45 - 56
{Comparative study of vitamin C of cabbage cultivars (Brassica oleraceae L., var . capitata L.), before and after their processing in sauerkraut}; Goldoni JS et al.; Determination of vitamin C was carried out in 23 cabbage cultivars before and after processing as sauerkraut under natural lactic acid fermentation Ascorbic acid was determined by Tillmans colorimetric method . It was verified that vitamin C content in cabbages ranged from 12.0 to 112.5 mg/100g . In sauerkrauts, levels ranged from 5.8 to 52.0 mg/100g, and in sauerkraut juices, ascorbic acid ranged from 2.1 to 48.8 mg/100g . Vitamin C retention percentage in sauerkraut and in sauerkraut juice, ranged between 61.9% and 100.0% . Early cabbage cultivars presented the highest vitamin C contents . In sauerkrauts and brines, ascorbic acid was in direct relation with its contents in the raw material . Ascorbic acid retention percentage in the final products did not show any relationship with its content in raw material.

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1983 Mar-Apr, 7(2), 171 - 5
Massive pneumatosis intestinalis and subcutaneous emphysema: complication of needle catheter jejunostomy; Cogbill TH et al.; The safety and efficacy of enteral feeding by needle catheter jejunostomy has prompted its use after many major gastrointestinal operations . Indeed, the technical complications of this procedure are infrequent . This report details the development of massive pneumatosis intestinalis associated with elemental feeding via jejunostomy . The proposed etiology includes excessive gas accumulation within the small intestine secondary to 1) inadequate nasogastric suction, 2) post-traumatic intestinal ileus, and 3) disaccharide fermentation; combined with a mucosal defect created by the catheter jejunostomy . Successful management consists of nasogastric suction and immediate termination of the enteral feeding.

Toxicol Lett, 1983 Mar, 15(4), 335 - 9
Differential effects on the cyanogenic glycoside content of fermenting cassava root pulp by beta-glucosidase and microbial activities; Maduagwu EN; The degradation of cyanogenic glycosides was studied in spontaneously fermenting cassava root pulp and in fresh pulp samples pretreated to prevent either endogenous beta-glycosidase activity, fermentation, or both . The rate of disappearance of the glycosides, as measured by hydrocyanic acid (HCN) production in situ, in membrane-sterilised media or in samples containing 1% sodium iodoacetate, was comparable with the untreated control in which 85% of the substrate was broken down within 72 h . Pretreatment of the fresh pulp with the beta-glucosidase inhibitor 1,5-gluconolactone (1%) markedly reduced the rate of disappearance of the cyanogens while inclusion of glucose in this test medium at the 3% level appeared to induce some hydrolysis . Loss of bound (glycosidic) cyanide in sterilised medium containing the glucosidase inhibitor was negligible . The results suggest that the contribution of the fermentation process in cyanide detoxification of pulped cassava roots is minimal.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1983 Mar, 18(2), 277 - 87
Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth in the postgastrectomy syndrome; Bjorneklett A et al.; Jejunal flora, bile acid deconjugation, and breath hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) excretion were studied in 22 Billroth II (BII)-operated patients with chronic postprandial symptoms, dumping (9), vomiting (7), pain (10), and diarrhoea (14) . Sixteen were below 90% of desirable weight . Two control groups were included, one comprising 5 symptom-free, BII-operated volunteers and another comprising 12 healthy, unoperated volunteers . The numbers of bacteria recovered from jejunal secretions in the postgastrectomy patients did not differ significantly from those recovered in the symptom-free BII-operated controls but were significantly lower in the unoperated controls . Production of fermentation gas in anaerobic media supplemented with carbohydrates occurred in 17 of 22 postgastrectomy patients and in 4 of 5 BII-operated controls but in none of the unoperated controls . Bacterial bile acid deconjugating activity did not differ significantly between the postgastrectomy patients and the BII-operated controls but was significantly lower in the unoperated controls . Breath H2 excretion after glucose ingestion was significantly higher in the postgastrectomy patients than in both the BII-operated and the unoperated controls . The addition of pectin or guar gum to the glucose meal largely prevented postprandial symptoms and breath hydrogen excretion . Six out of 12 postgastrectomy patients treated with metronidazole recorded symptomatic effects, mainly on diarrhoea . Our findings indicate that jejunal bacterial overgrowth may be a major cause of the symptoms in some postgastrectomy patients . The tests available for demonstration of small-bowel bacterial overgrowth, perhaps with the exception of the glucose H2 breath test, did not differentiate satisfactorily between symptom-producing and non-symptom-producing abnormal jejunal flora . Thus these tests may seem to have a limited practical diagnostic value in such patients.

J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 129 (Pt 3), 755 - 70
The influence of growth rate and nutrient limitation on the microbial composition and biochemical properties of a mixed culture of oral bacteria grown in a chemostat; Marsh PD et al.; A sample of human dental plaque was homogenized in transport fluid and inoculated simultaneously into a glucose-limited and a glucose-excess chemostat maintained at pH 7.0 and a dilution rate (D) of 0.05 h-1 . In an attempt to ensure the establishment of slow-growing bacterial populations, two further inoculations of each chemostat with fresh samples of dental plaque took place before a steady-state was attained at this dilution rate . The dilution rate was increased step-wise to D = 0.6 h-1, and then returned directly to D = 0.05 h-1 . Contrary to chemostat theory, microbial communities with a high species diversity were maintained under all of the experimental conditions employed, although not all of the bacterial populations present in the inocula established successfully in the chemostat . At each steady-state the bacteriological composition and biochemical properties (fermentation products, enzyme assays and acid production) of the communities of each chemostat was determined . Higher cell yields and a slightly more diverse community were obtained from the glucose-limited chemostat at all dilution rates . A complex mixture of end products of metabolism was obtained from the glucose-limited chemostat, suggesting amino acid catabolism, while lactate was the predominant acid of the glucose-excess culture . In washed-cell experiments, communities from the glucose-excess chemostat produced the lower terminal pH values following a pulse of glucose, with the lowest pH values occurring at the higher dilution rates . A film of micro-organisms, which accumulated around the neck of the chemostat, was sampled at the end of the experiment . The microbial composition of the films from each chemostat differed markedly, and both were different to the community of the bulk fluid of the respective chemostat . Spirochaetes and a population of yeasts were detected in the films from the glucose-limited and glucose-excess chemostats, respectively . No invertase or glucosyltransferase activity, and little glucoamylase-specific glycogen was detected in the communities from either chemostat, although significant endogenous activity, particularly at high dilution rates, was obtained with washed-cells from the glucose-excess chemostat . The results suggest that the chemostat could make a valuable contribution to the study of the ecology of dental plaque.

J Anim Sci, 1983 Feb, 56(2), 471 - 5
Influence of feed intake level on site of digestion in steers fed a high concentrate diet; Zinn RA et al.; A high concentrate diet was fed at 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 and 2.1% of body weight to four Angus steers (258 kg) equipped with cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum . As level of feed intake increased, flow of N, nonammonia N, microbial N and feed N to the small intestine increased linearly (P less than .05) . Bypass of feed N increased from 44 to 71% of fed N . At the highest intake level, ruminal protein degradation and protein solubility were almost equal . At lower intake levels, feed protein degradation exceeded N use by microbes, but at the higher level of intake, microbial protein synthesis exceeded N available from protein degradation . Microbial efficiency increased as feed intake was increased to 1.8% of body weight . Apparent digestion of N in the small intestine increased with feed intake . Starch digestion in the rumen increased slightly with feed intake while organic matter and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility declined . At the highest level of feed intake, no ADF disappearance occurred in the rumen . Results suggest that level of feed intake markedly alters 1) bypass and supply of intestinally digested protein, 2) need for degradable N in the rumen, 3) efficiency of microbial growth and 4) ruminal fiber digestion . Both retention time and contingent characteristics of fermentation in the rumen appear to be involved in these alterations.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Feb, 36(2), 125 - 30
Sagamicin and the related aminoglycosides: fermentation and biosynthesis . III . Isolation and characterization of Micromonospora sagamiensis mutants blocked in gentamicin C1 pathway; Odakura Y et al.; Production of sagamicin and gentamicin C1 in Micromonospora sagamiensis was regulated by cobalt ion . In a parental strain, KY11510, cobalt ion stimulated gentamicin C1 production and suppressed sagamicin production . By ultraviolet light or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, six mutants blocked in gentamicin C1 biosynthesis were obtained from KY11510 . These mutants were classified into two types . The first type, four mutants, produced no gentamicin C1 even when cobalt ion was added to the fermentation . The second type, two mutants, produced a small amount of gentamicin C1 when a high concentration of cobalt ion was added . Based on biotransformation experiments, these mutants appeared to be blocked at the 6'-C-methylation step in the biosynthesis of gentamicin C1 . The mutants showed an increased production of sagamicin . In addition, cobalt ion stimulated sagamicin production in the mutants . The mechanism of cobalt regulation in the parent and the mutants is discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Feb, 36(2), 115 - 24
Discovery, isolation and structure of novel cephamycins of Streptomyces chartreusis; Inouye S et al.; By the use of HPLC technique after treatment with beta-lactamases, two novel cephamycins, SF-1623 and SF-1623B, were discovered and isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces chartreusis SF-1623 . The structures of SF-1623 and SF-1623B were determined to contain 3-sulfothiomethyl and 3-hydroxymethyl groups respectively, by chemical and enzymatic transformation reactions . Studies on the fermentation condition and process for the large scale preparation of antibiotic SF-1623 are also described.

Ann Intern Med, 1983 Feb, 98(2), 171 - 3
D-Lactic acidosis after jejunoileal bypass: identification of organic anions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Traube M et al.; A 40-year-old man with jejunoileal bypass developed a syndrome of bizarre behavior, slurred speech, ataxic gait, and inappropriate affect, associated with a metabolic acidosis characterized by an increase in the anion gap . Serum L-lactate level was normal, but high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrums of the patient's serum showed a high concentration of lactate . A diagnosis of D-lactic acidosis was confirmed by a specific enzymatic assay for D-lactate . The D-lactic acidosis was cleared using antibiotic therapy, suggesting that D-lactate is produced from fermentation of ingested carbohydrate by colonic bacteria . Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a rapid screening test for identifying organic acids in patients with unexplained acidosis . Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with short bowel syndrome may be associated with D-lactic acidosis.

Poult Sci, 1983 Feb, 62(2), 382 - 4
Transferable drug resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from antibiotic-fed chickens; Scioli C et al.; The isolation and transferable drug resistance of Escherichia coli from the feces of chickens after oral administration of tetracylcine, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and amoxicillin were studied . Each antibiotic was administered at two different dosages to four groups of 12 chickens . Treatment was carried out for 3 weeks . Feces were taken weekly and bacteriological examinations performed . E . coli biotypes were identified by fermentation and enzymatic reaction patterns . Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on all E . coli isolates . Rapid appearance of E . coli biotypes showing drug-resistance to each antibiotic was observed as soon as 1 week after treatment . Resistance was not detectable a few days after interruption of antibiotic administration . All E . coli strains showing drug resistance to the antibiotic under examination were studied to observe their capacity to transfer antibiotic resistance to E . coli K 12 E 711 F-strain . A high percentage of resistant E . coli strains transferred their antibiotic resistance to E . coli K 12 . Transferable drug resistance was demonstrated mainly in tetracycline resistant E . coli.

Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1983 Jan 31, 59(2), 233 - 8
Mutagenicity of styrene on metabolizing D7 strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae; Del Carratore R et al.; The level of cyt.p-450 in the D7 strain of the yeast S.cerevisiae depended on the substrate supporting the growth, on its concentration, on the starting inoculated number of cells . (1) In the yeast grown on D-mannose where fermentation and respiration occurred concomitantly, cytochrome P-450 was also formed . It was detected a maximal concentration during the logarithmic phase when in the cultures there are about 50 . 10(6) cell/ml . We use cells harvested at this moment of the growth for mutagenesis tests . The tested substances were dimethylnitrosamine and styrene . DMNA to probe the sensibility of our cells and styrene that has always given contrasting results but from which the formation is known of genetically active metabolite: styrene oxide(6-7) . Styrene gave positive results with our metabolizing yeast cells.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Jan 25, 258(2), 1165 - 71
mRNA levels for the fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae decrease upon growth on a nonfermentable carbon source; Denis CL et al.; The classical, fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which previously was thought to be constitutive, has been shown to be repressed by growth on nonfermentative carbon sources . The rate of alcohol dehydrogenase I protein synthesis declined 6-fold within 3 to 4 after yeast were transferred from medium containing glucose to medium containing ethanol, and it declined 10-fold after glucose became depleted from the medium during diauxic growth . The decreased rate of alcohol dehydrogenase I protein synthesis was shown not to be the result of an increased rate of degradation of the alcohol dehydrogenase I protein . The decline in alcohol dehydrogenase I protein synthesis was correlated with a 6- to 10-fold decrease in the amount of functional alcohol dehydrogenase I mRNA within 3 to 4 h after transfer from glucose-containing medium to medium containing ethanol . A similar decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase I functional mRNA occurred when cells were depleted of glucose by diauxic growth . Total alcohol dehydrogenase I mRNA, as detected by hybridization to the cloned ADC1 gene, was found in the same relative abundance as the amount of translatable alcohol dehydrogenase I mRNA during the different growth conditions . These results suggest that the alcohol dehydrogenase I protein is transcriptionally regulated.

Nahrung, 1983, 27(5), 497 - 503
{Effect of aromatic substances on the quality of wines and spirits}; Goranov N; The influence of technological and other factors such as yeast strain, guidance of fermentation and storage on the quality of Bulgarian wines and wine distillates was investigated with the help of sensory, chemical-analytical and chromatographical methods . The total content of aldehydes, higher alcohols or esters or the total content of volatile components estimated by GC seem to be less suitable as quality index, whereas the ratio of esters to aldehydes and the ratio of isobutanol to isoamyl alcohol are parallel to a good sensory quality . The ester content of wines increases during storage, especially in casks . With wine distillates there is a good correlation between the time of storage and the content of aromatic aldehydes.

Nahrung, 1983, 27(5), 437 - 41
Production and application of flavour isolates of plant origin; Karwowska K et al.; A method for preparation of natural flavour isolates from fruits, vegetables and herb spices, developed at the Institute of Fermentation Industry in Warsaw, was presented . It involves extraction of raw materials with CCl2F2 at 5 X 10(5) Pa . For the different groups of raw materials, three types of extracting apparatuses were developed . The quality of the preparations, technological parameters of their production, storage conditions and applications are the subject of several publications and non-published materials; therefore, the present paper is of an only general nature.

Histochemistry, 1983, 78(1), 111 - 20
Enzyme activities, histochemistry and myosin light chain pattern in extraocular muscles of rabbit; Reichmann H et al.; A study was performed on enzyme activities, myosin light chain pattern and histochemical composition of extraocular muscles (EOM) of rabbit . The results were compared with those from slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch psoas limb muscles . EOM were found to contain myosin light chains of both slow and fast skeletal muscles, with the latter being predominant . The activities of the enzymes regulating glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation were found to lie between those measured in soleus and psoas muscles, whereas the activities of the enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism were found to be very similar or even higher than in soleus muscle . All five isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH 1-5) were found in EOM . The predominant species was LDH-3 illustrating that this pattern is uncharacteristic of either slow soleus or fast psoas muscles . The complex structural and functional characteristics of EOM might result from the observed heterogeneity of fibres.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 53, 73 - 9
Current status of an oral B subunit whole cell cholera vaccine; Svennerholm AM et al.; Purified B subunit of cholera toxin retains membrane-binding capacity and protective immunogenicity and yet has no toxic activity as tested in animals . These properties suggest that B subunit might be a promising immunogen, particularly as an oral vaccine, for stimulating protective antitoxic immunity against cholera in man . A method has been elaborated which allows preparation of +/- 10 grams of pure B subunit per fermentor culture cycle . As tested in both Swedish and Bangladeshi volunteers purified B subunit alone or in combination with conventional whole cell vaccine gives no side-effects at all when given orally and only very mild local reactions after parenteral administration . A single peroral or intramuscular immunization with B subunit has given significant intestinal IgA antitoxin antibody formation in 75-85% of Bangladeshi women tested; however, the duration of the response was longer after the oral route . The preliminary results of a recent study (Svennerholm, A.M., Jertborn, M., Gothefors, L., Karim, A., Sack, D . and Holmgren, J., to be published) have further shown that two peroral immunizations of Bangladeshi volunteers with a combined B subunit--whole cell cholera vaccine give rise to mucosal IgA antitoxin as well as anti-lipopolysaccharide antibody formation which closely resemble these antibody responses in cholera convalescents . The combined vaccine also evoked a local immunologic memory comparable to that induced by clinical disease.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(2), 75 - 80
{Enzymatic study of citrate-isocitrate accumulation in yeast with glucose as the carbon source}; Franke-Rinker D et al.; The connection between the kinetics of citrate-isocitrate overproduction by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica in glucose media and the specific activities of the enzymes being related to overproduction has been investigated . The specific activities of citrate synthase, aconitate hydratase, NAD+-linked and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase decline significantly after exhaustion of the nitrogen source, whereas the activity of the pyruvate carboxylase remains relatively constant and corresponds to changes of the production rate . The results are compared with those obtained by fermentations in n-alkane media and discussed in relation to mechanisms of overproduction.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(1), 9 - 16
{Joint utilization of glucose and n-alkanes in citric acid synthesis by Saccharomycopsis lipolytica}; Franke-Rinker D et al.; Fermentations for the overproduction of citrate and isocitrate with S . lipolytica in media containing both glucose and n-alkanes as mixed C-source have been performed . Biomass and product yields strongly depend on the C-source of the inoculation culture . If the inoculation culture had been taken from media containing glucose as sole C-source both glucose and n-alkanes were utilized for cell growth in the main culture whereas only glucose was utilized if the inoculation medium contained only n-alkanes . For idiophasic citrate and isocitrate production both glucose and n-alkanes were consumed independently of the C-source of the inoculum but that C-source was preferentially utilized which has been the C-source of the inoculation culture . These findings are reflected by the activities of the isocitrate lyase and the pyruvate carboxylase, respectively . In S . lipolytica both anaplerotic pathways are coexisting but the C-source of the inoculation culture determines the level of the specific activities even if the ratio of the cell-mass of the inoculum to the cell mass of the main culture at the end of the growth phase is about 1:35.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Jan, 153(1), 452 - 7
Nutritional requirements of two flower spiroplasmas and honeybee spiroplasma; Chang CJ et al.; A chemically defined medium (CC-494) was used to study the nutritional requirements of three spiroplasmas representing three distinct serogroups: flower spiroplasmas {Spiroplasma floricola and FS (SR-3)} and honeybee spiroplasma {HBS (AS-576)} . Glucose, fructose, and mannose were utilized by all three spiroplasmas . In addition, the honeybee spiroplasma could ferment trehalose, FS (SR-3) could ferment sucrose, and S . floricola could ferment trehalose, sucrose, and raffinose . The three spiroplasmas varied greatly in their requirements of amino acids for growth . S . floricola was the only strain that utilized arginine . HBS (AS-576) required at least one purine and one pyrimidine base (either free base or ribonucleoside) for growth, while both flower spiroplasmas grew with only one base in the medium . Oleic acid, cholesterol, and bovine serum albumin were essential to all three spiroplasmas . Palmitic acid, which was nonessential, promoted growth significantly.

Fed Proc, 1983 Jan, 42(1), 109 - 13
Interactions of microbial populations in cellulose fermentation; Wolin MJ et al.; Fermentation of cellulose in the rumen occurs through the interactions of many microbial species . The initial degradation of cellulose is caused by cellulase-producing organisms . The soluble hydrolysis products are used by both cellulolytic and noncellulolytic organisms to produce acetate, propionate, and butyrate and the important intermediates H2 and succinate . Interactions between species are necessary for the decarboxylation of succinate to propionate . H2 is used by methanogenic bacteria to reduce CO2 to CH4 . The removal of H2 by methanogenesis increases the production of acetate from carbohydrates by several important cellulose- and carbohydrate-fermenting microbial species . Monensin and lasalocid appear to alter the overall fermentation by selecting for populations that produce relatively larger amounts of propionate and against populations that produce relatively larger amounts of acetate and H2 . Cellulose fermentation in the human large intestine is compared with fermentation in the rumen.

Vopr Pitan, 1983, (1), 39 - 41
{Possibility of producing lactose-free products for infant and dietetic nutrition}; Anisimova GA et al.; A study has been made of the conditions for manufacturing a milk-protein concentrate with a low lactose content . In order to hydrolyze lactose, defatted pasteurized milk is supplemented with yeast beta-galactosidase in an amount of 6 Units per g lactose . Milk and lactose are allowed to stand for 6-7 h at 35 degrees C, which provides a 75% hydrolysis of lactose . After thermal treatment and cooling hydrolyzed milk is subjected to lactic fermentation during which the residual amount of lactose and part of galactose are fermented . It is specified that the concentrate manufactured may be used for feeding children with upset carbohydrate metabolism.

Clin Allergy, 1983 Jan, 13(1), 69 - 73
Allergenic properties of a feed protein of microfungal origin; Kauppinen K et al.; We studied thirty-five process and laboratory workers occupationally exposed to Paecilomyces varioti protein . The protein, used as an animal feed, is prepared industrially by fermentation in pulp waste liquor . Skin tests and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) to detect specific IgE antibodies showed positive results to Paecilomyces antigen among the workers and among the atopic control persons not occupationally exposed to Paecilomyces protein . Also IgG antibodies to Paecilomyces protein could be detected in workers and in controls in similar amounts in both groups . In no worker could clinical symptoms due to Paecilomyces protein allergy be found . We conclude that positive skin tests and RASTs indicate that immediate hypersensitivity to Paecilomyces antigens occurs . Clinical allergy probably has been prevented by the closed manufacturing process, which keeps occupational exposure at a low level.

Q J Exp Physiol, 1983 Jan, 68(1), 77 - 88
Changes in the blood flow to the digestive organs of sheep induced by feeding; Barnes RJ et al.; The blood flow to the digestive organs of nine sheep was determined by the use of isotopically labelled microspheres before, during and at 2 h and 4 h after feeding . Within 3 min of the start of feeding, the blood flow to the salivary glands and to the smooth muscle of the rumen and reticulum increased three-fold . The blood flow to the epithelium of the rumen and reticulum also increased before any appreciable effect on ruminal fermentation could have occurred . This increase in flow was greater in absolute but smaller in relative terms than that to the muscle . At 2 h after feeding blood flow to the epithelium of the rumen and reticulum was two to four times greater than before food was taken, while the flow to the smooth muscle of these organs had fallen to the level found before feeding . In the more distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract, blood flow changes in response to feeding were less pronounced and, where they occurred at all, consisted of decreases at different times . Thus blood flow to the omasum decreased during feeding but recovered thereafter, while the flows to abomasum, duodenum and ileum were not changed during feeding but were significantly lower at 2 h and 4 h later . In the rest of the small intestine and in the large intestine there were no significant changes in flow during the period of observation, nor were there any changes in the blood flow to pancreas or spleen . However, the flow to the omental and mesenteric fat declined abruptly on feeding and reached its minimal value 2 h afterwards . These results are in marked contrast to those reported in other species in that the subepithelial capillary plexus of the reticulum and rumen was the only region contributing to the increased hepatic portal blood flow after feeding.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 55, 103 - 11
Growth and oxygen requirements of antibody producing mouse hybridoma cells in suspension culture; Boraston R et al.; Mouse hybridoma cells producing a monoclonal antibody to anti-B blood group antigen have been grown in airlift fermenters up to 30 litres capacity . As a prerequisite for scaling the process up, the oxygen utilization rate of the cells has been established by a dynamic method using an oxygen electrode . The data is compared with that obtained from a chemostat under oxygen limited steady state conditions.

Aust J Biol Sci, 1983, 36(5-6), 455 - 61
Qualitative and quantitative changes in milk fat during lactation in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii); Green B et al.; There are major quantitative and qualitative changes in the milk lipids during lactation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii . The crude lipid content of the milk is relatively low during the first 10 weeks of lactation; between 10 and 26 weeks post partum the lipid content increases gradually but after that it increases rapidly . The triglyceride fraction of the lipid at early stages of lactation contains a large amount of palmitic acid and relatively little oleic acid whereas mature milk exhibits little palmitic and much oleic acid . In the early stages of lactation fat represents 15% of the total solids and carbohydrate 55%; around 26-30 weeks post partum the carbohydrate moiety falls sharply to a level less than 2% of the solids while lipids increase to c . 60% of the solids . These changes coincide with increases in milk solids, emergence of the young from the pouch, ingestion of herbage, and fermentation of cellulose in the stomach.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(9), 557 - 64
Uncoupling of respiration in turimycin fermentations; Effenberger W et al.; Results furnish evidence for a partial uncoupling of respiration at conditions of phosphate limitation in turimycin fermentations . The uncoupling was primarily caused by the high intracellular ATP hydrolase activity and probably also by the CN-resistant respiration . The results support the idea that high dephoshorylating enzyme activities may have a regulatory effect on the secondary product biosynthesis.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1983, 23(5), 857 - 73
A descriptive study of rumen digestion in meroxenic lambs according to the nature and complexity of the microflora; Fonty G et al.; We studied in meroxenic lambs, i.e . in lambs with a simplified digestive microflora, the effect of the microflora on the quantities of solid feed intake and on the main digestive parameters in the rumen . Axenic lambs were inoculated with a more or less complex flora, obtained by diluting (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-8) a pool of rumen fluid taken either from young conventional lambs before weaning from adult sheep (Pool A) or from meroxenic lambs (Pool B) . A few of these lambs then were inoculated with a genus of protozoa (Entodinium sp . or Polyplastron multivesiculatum) . The results show that the main digestive parameters depended on the nature of the inocula which the lambs had received . Food consumption and volatile fatty acid concentration of the rumen fluid, low in lambs inoculated with the 10(-8) dilution, were higher in lambs inoculated with a more complex microflora (10(-6) and 10(-7) dilutions) . The VFA concentration measured in these lambs however was approximately two times lower than that observed in conventional animals at the same age and fed the same feed . Food intake and the development of the fermentation pattern were favoured by an early inoculation of the animals . The complexity of the microflora appears to have influenced the composition of the VFA mixture . The latter was found to consist mainly of acetic acid in lambs inoculated with the 10(-8) dilution . In lambs which received the 10(-6) dilution, the composition of the VFA mixture was similar to that observed in conventional lambs . In all animals, except in lambs 10(-8), the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the rumen fluid was found to be higher during the first month after birth (between 100 and 200 mg/l) . A subsequent decrease in ammonia nitrogen concentration was observed at two and a half months of age (20 to 40 mg/l) . The establishment of protozoa ciliates in the rumen of these lambs was followed by an increase in butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen concentration.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1983, 23(5), 817 - 28
Effect of lasalocid sodium on rumen fermentation and digestion in sheep; Thivend P et al.; Four adult sheep were fed 4 diets successively according to a Latin-square design . They were fitted with a rumen cannula and with simple cannulae at the duodenum and ileum . The basal diet (L0) was composed of highly-pressed ensiled sugar beet pulp (56.2%), cereal (barley and corn: 27.6%), urea (1.5%) and wheat straw (14.1%) . Lasalocid sodium was added to obtain the following respective amounts: 21 ppm for diet L1, 43 ppm for diet L2 and 64 ppm for diet L3 (table 1) . In the rumen, lasalocid significantly increased the molar proportion of propionic acid in the volatile fatty acids (VFA) mixture at the expense of the acetic and butyric acid proportions . The total VFA concentration decreased, especially with 43 and 64 ppm (table 2) . Accordingly, the proportion of methane in rumen gases decreased . The ciliate population was always lower in animals fed experimental diets L1, L2, and particularly L3 . The non-food-particle-associated bacterial population also decreased; the differences were significant only with the highest doses of lasalocid (L3) . At the same time, bacterial cellulolytic activity increased 10%, indicating that qualitative modifications had taken place in the rumen bacterial population (table 3) . Overall digestive utilization of organic matter (OM) decreased when lasalocid was added to the diets . This was due to a considerable reduction in forestomach digestion (12% decrease) (table 4) . A greater supply of OM rich in cell-wall carbohydrates in the duodenum would explain the lower digestibility in the small intestine of animals given diet L1 and especially the L2 and L3 diets . No significant shift in digestion was noted in the large intestine . The composition of the non-ammonia nitrogen that entered the duodenum of sheep given lasalocid differed from that noted with the control diet (L0) (table 5) . The amount of microbial proteins was significantly lower, whilst the proportion of non-degraded feed proteins was higher . The efficiency of microbial synthesis (bacterial proteins/kg OM truly digested in the rumen) was not significantly modified by lasalocid . All these modifications in digestion observed with these diets, and resulting from changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of flora and fauna in the rumen, have an effect on nitrogen and energy utilization in the ruminant.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1983, 28(5), 406 - 8
Utilization of a lipid substrate for submerged fermentation of Streptomyces albus; Prochazka P et al.; When investigating the effect of aeration on the utilization of a lipid substrate from the cultivation broth and production of salinomycin in Streptomyces albus it was demonstrated that a higher aeration results in a better utilization of soya oil and a higher production of the antibiotic.

Ann Nutr Metab, 1983, 27(5), 447 - 54
Effect of lactose content of nonfat milk diets on male rat serum lipids and lipoproteins; Massey LK et al.; The lactose content of a semisynthetic diet containing 45% of calories as nonfat milk powder was modified by enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-galactosidase or bacterial fermentation with yogurt cultures . Three milk-based diets and a stock diet were fed for 28 days to male rats derived from the Sprague-Dawley strain . Energy consumption, growth rate, feed efficiency, liver weight, liver cholesterol and liver triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different between the four diets . At day 28 serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were not different between the milk-based diets . No hypocholesterolemic effect of the milk-based diets was seen at any time compared to the stock diet . Two of four electrophoretic lipoprotein fractions varied with the lactose content of the milk-based diet . The faster alpha lipoprotein decreased while the slower alpha lipoprotein increased with decreasing content of dietary lactose . These data indicate that lactose differs from its constituent monosaccharides, galactose and glucose, in its effect on lipoprotein levels, even though total serum cholesterol and triglycerides do not differ.

Vutr Boles, 1983, 22(1), 72 - 5
{Cytochemical study of leukocyte cationic proteins in rheumatoid arthritis patients}; Tsvetkova T et al.; The markers of granulocyte order non-ferment cation proteins (CP) have pronounced bactericide, vascular-permeable and anticoagulant effect . In connection with the participation of leukocyte ferment and non-ferment systems in the formation of immune inflammations, the cytochemical studies on CP in neutrophil polymorphonuclears in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are of certain importance . A cytochemical method in confirming CP was applied upon smears of peripheral blood of 54 patients with RA and 90 healthy subjects . The results were presented in a mean cytochemical coefficient according to Astaldi and Verga . A significant reduction of CP was established in the leukocytes of patients with RA regardless of the form - sero-negative or sero-positive . Most likely, immune conditioned changes in leukocyte metabolism were present in both forms which no doubt had an effect on their participation in the protective reactions of organism.

Nahrung, 1983, 27(8), 721 - 6
Contribution to the investigation of the corn germ . Part II . Chemical composition of germ meal out of corn-oil cake; Kulakova EV et al.; The germ meal out of corn-oil cake contained up to 24.3% of protein, on the average . The main part of germ meal proteins was represented by the alkali-soluble fraction, up to 79.9%; the water-soluble proteins made up 7.3%, the salt-soluble--up to 4.6%, and alcohol-soluble--only up to 1% . With regard to the biological value, determined by fermentation hydrolysis, the total germ meal protein and its basic alkali-soluble fraction were not inferior to egg albumin and casein . The biological value of the test proteins, calculated by the aminoacid score, is nearing the biological value of an intact hen's egg and women's milk . The alkali-soluble fraction of germ meal protein has a high foam-forming ability and foam stability.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1983, 2(3), 525 - 33
Breath hydrogen analysis: a review of the methodologies and clinical applications; Ostrander CR et al.; Hydrogen gas (H2) is a product of the fermentation of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) by bacteria in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract in man . Thus, H2 is actually an exogenously produced gas, which either is passed as flatus, or diffuses into the body and is exhaled . In the adult, a fairly constant fraction is expired, providing a reliable indicator of total colonic H2 production . Breath H2 analysis currently represents a useful clinical means of testing adults and older children for the malabsorption of CHO . Noninvasive and easy procedures for the collection of expired air have encouraged their increasingly widespread use in pediatrics . Evidence to date suggests that breath H2 analysis may provide the best available method for estimating semiquantitatively the degree of CHO malabsorption . The association of the results of breath H2 analysis with other clinical measures of CHO digestion and absorption is expected, but discrepancies can also be anticipated based on the nature of this particular trace gas method . The interpretation of the results of breath H2 analysis in neonates and young infants remains especially problematic because of confounding variables which are difficult to control and are measured infrequently.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1983, 176(6), 440 - 3
HPLC analysis of organic acids in lactic acid fermented vegetables; Andersson R et al.; An HPLC technique is described for the analysis of organic acids in lactic acid fermented vegetables . An Aminex HPX-87 column with 0.013 M-H2SO4 as mobile phase was used . Separation data are presented for oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, succinic, lactic, formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids . Interference problems from sugars are also reported.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1983, 176(5), 335 - 40
{Content of biogenic amines in four food groups of the Austrian marketplace}; Pechanek U et al.; This article summarizes the results of an investigation into the content of seven biogenic amines in wine, cheese, fish and dry fermented sausages . 160 samples were investigated . Highest content of amines was recovered in fermented sausages, but some samples of cheese e.g . "Emmentaler type" also showed high content of histamine . Frozen, as well as pickled fish were low in biogenic amines, but high contents of amines were found in some smoked mackerel samples . Austrian red wine did not contain an appreciable content of amines.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 55, 155 - 61
Entrapment of animal cells for the production of biomolecules such as monoclonal antibodies; Scheirer W et al.; An important problem in the production of monoclonal antibodies is the large-scale cultivation of hybridoma cells in vitro . Fragility of cells and suboptimal in vitro cultivation methods have led to poor results in larger scale production up to now . To lower the mechanical stress on the cells we tried to entrap the cells into microspheres made of polymer material . In addition to other materials, agarose as embedding medium was investigated and results with hybridoma and other, non anchorage-dependent cell lines are given . The conclusion of the results is that encapsulation of living cells is possible and entrapped cells remain viable and continue to produce the desired substance for at least several weeks . The substances are secreted through the polymer matrix . Handling of microspheres is shown to be easy and simple fermentation apparatus may be used for the production on a reliable technical scale . Some problems remain unsolved, such as the determination of viable cell count within the microspheres and cultivation in columns which seems to be the simplest form of continuous production process.

Dev Biol Stand, 1983, 55, 129 - 30
Interleukin-2 production in continuous culture; Kromer E et al.; The increasing interest in the generation of lectin or antigen-activated (human) T cells by means of Interleukin-2 (TCGF) has led to numerous attempts to produce this substance . The simplest procedure is to use conditioned medium (CM) from IL-2 producing primary cells or cell lines with considerable activity . We describe a method of continuous CM-production in a 2-litre fermentation apparatus using a primate lymphoid cell line (MLA 144) which excretes IL-2 spontaneously . It was possible to harvest large amounts of homogeneous, lectin free material with similar production rates under different culture conditions . The activity of our CM was determined in various specific systems and proven to be comparable to that of supernatants of lectin-stimulated human primary lymphocytes.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983, 413, 238 - 53
Ultrafiltration processes in biotechnology; Tutunjian RS; The uses of ultrafiltration membranes have been reviewed for a variety of processes used in the emerging field of biotechnology . These uses range from concentration and harvesting of cells to product isolation to production by continuous fermentation and cell culture . As biotechnology expands into production use, the importance of ultrafiltration will continue to grow in the years to come.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jan, 36(1), 1 - 5
A new aminoglycoside antibiotic G-367 S1, 2'-N-formylsisomicin fermentation, isolation and characterization; Satoi S et al.; A new aminoglycoside antibiotic, G-367 S1 (2'-N-formylsisomicin, C20H37N5O8) produced by a rare actinomycetes, Dactylosporangium thailandense G-367 (FERM-P 4840) has been isolated by column chromatography on a cation-exchange resin . G-367 S1 is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983, 413, 184 - 92
The holding time in pure and mixed culture fermentations; Tsuchiya HM; Continuous mixed culture fermentations have been studied in the continuous-stirred tank reactor . The residence or holding time, theta, is important in determining which of two mixed organisms shall dominate in numbers . Continuous ethanol and acetic-acid fermentations are known to the brewing industry . The continuous production of ethanol and acetic acid are contingent upon the cells of Saccharomyces and Acetobacter being alive and growing . These are known as growth-associated products . On the other hand, alpha-amylase and glucamylase, or fungal amylase, are known as nongrowth-associated products or secondary metabolites . The organisms that produce the secondary metabolites, for example, penicillin, cephalosporin, streptomycin, and aureomycin, undergo differentiation and growth . These are the higher microbial forms and are produced by batchwise fermentation of molds and actinomycetes . It is submitted that these higher microbial forms can be grown continuously and produce secondary metabolites in amounts so as to make the processes economically viable . It is possible to grow the organisms continuously in plug flow reactors so that the secondary metabolites that have hitherto not been considered for continuous production be so considered.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983, 413, 1 - 11
Overproduction of proteins in recombinant organisms; Klotz LC; In a qualitative way, the materials and methods available to the recombinant DNA genetic engineer for overproducing proteins have been explained . The status of technology development for overproduction using E . coli, B . subtilis, and yeast as host microorganisms has been briefly assessed . Potential and actual genetic engineering solutions to the plasmid-shedding problem have been outlined . Since plasmid shedding presents a serious problem to the fermentation engineer responsible for scale-up to commercial production levels and since the ways around this problem appear mostly to have their solutions in the realm of genetic engineering coupled with appropriate fermentation protocol, the genetic engineer should work closely with the fermentation engineer to make scale-up realizable . Neither the genetic engineer nor the fermentation engineer can afford to be ignorant of the tools available to each profession if fermentation scale-up of genetically engineered microorganisms is to be accomplished economically.

Acta Histochem, 1983, 73(2), 259 - 71
{Further studies on modification of phenoloxidase by effectors}; Schmidt H et al.; With the aid of the histochemical phenoloxidase (PO) assay, 12 substances were tested . On the one side they can act as substrates or as inhibitors of phenoloxidase and on the other side as immunogenic or immunosuppressive compounds . In particular the following substances were investigated: o-cresol, Levamisol, prednisolonebisuccinate, Bleocin, siliciumdioxide, 4-methylbrenzcatechol, +-catechine, thiomersal, D-penicillamine, hydrochinonemonomethylether, hydrochinonemonoethylether, and hydrochinonemonobenzylether . No changes in the phenoloxidase activity and in the morphological behaviour of the cells could be detected using Levamisol, prednisolonebisuccinate, siliciumdioxide, and Bleomycin, indicating an immunogenic stimulation or immunosuppressive effect . 4-methylbrenzcatechol is probably transformed into a soluble reaction product by phenoloxidase . It could not clearly demonstrated by the histochemical method, if this substance is used as a true substrate . +-catechine, thiomersal, and D-penicillamine cause strong to complete enzyme inhibition of the phenoloxidase containing cells (POC), which are located in the spleen and gut of the white rat . Hydrochinonemonoethylether, hydrochinonemethylether, and hydrochinonemonobenzylether cause an increased pigment fermentation, but they are not used as substrates for the PO.

Arch Oral Biol, 1983, 28(11), 1007 - 15
Catabolism of arginine by the mixed bacteria in human salivary sediment under conditions of low and high glucose concentration; Kanapka JA et al.; The catabolism of glucose by the oral mixed bacteria results in a lowering of the pH whereas arginine degradation favours a rise . In the mouth, low and high levels of glucose cause different plaque pH conditions which, in turn, might affect the rate and mode of degradation of arginine . This possibility was examined in the suspended salivary-sediment system where these pH conditions can be simulated . With the pH, the metabolic parameters examined were arginine utilization, ammonia, carbon dioxide and putrescine formation, utilization of glucose and changes in levels of L(+)- and D(-)-lactic acid . At the lower glucose concentration, the pH rapidly fell and then slowly rose whereas, with the higher glucose level, the pH showed a greater fall and no subsequent rise . The more acidic pH conditions favoured by the higher glucose level inhibited arginine degradation and the appearance of its various end-products and intermediates . Arginine degradation with arginine-{U-14C} and paper chromatography-autoradiography showed successive appearance of citrulline, ornithine and putrescine and, depending upon the pH, some succinate . When the pH was held constant at several different values, arginine degradation was optimal when the pH was near neutrality . In supplementary experiments, arginine had little effect on the ability of the oral mixed bacteria to utilize glucose and produce and utilize lactic acid, whereas the arginine peptide, arginylisoleucine and saliva supernatant stimulated these processes . Thus glycolysis enhancement and a more rapid clearance of fermentable carbohydrate by the oral bacteria would accompany pH-rise activity with arginine peptide and saliva but would not accompany pH-rise activity with arginine.

Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 1983, 2(6), 431 - 5
{Explosion of intestinal gas during surgery}; Bonnet YY et al.; Two cases of colonic gas explosion during surgery are reported . The treatment of the lesions required a partial colectomy in one case and a total colectomy in the other case . The different factors involved in such accidents are discussed . Three factors are necessary to trigger off an explosion of intestinal gases: the presence of combustible gases (hydrogen, methane), the presence of combustive gases (oxygen, nitrous oxide) and an initiating heat source (endoscopic or surgical electrocautery) . The mannitol used for bowel cleansing undergoes partial colonic bacterial fermentation increasing the intraluminal concentration of hydrogen . During anaesthesia the oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture increases the intestinal concentration of these two major combustive gases . Electrocautery provides the spark triggering the explosion . The use of mannitol for colonic preparation should be questioned; the use of electrocautery to open the colon is advised against.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1983, 2(3), 478 - 82
Delayed complete functional lactase sufficiency in breast-fed infants; Lifschitz CH et al.; Colonic fermentation of unabsorbed lactose was evaluated by measuring breath hydrogen (BH2) after a regular feeding in 17 white, normal, exclusively breast-fed infants 4-5 weeks of age . Interval breath samples were collected with a specially modified face mask and analyzed by gas chromatography for H2 and CO2 concentrations . Five infants (29%) produced 20 ppm or more of H2, four of whom underwent repeated testing . Three infants stopped producing over 20 ppm of H2 as they grew older . On a repeat evaluation, one of these three infants had levels over 20 ppm when other foods were introduced into his diet . The other continued to have elevated BH2 when weaned . Stools of infants with elevated BH2 levels had no detectable glucose, and pH was over 5.5 . Weight-for-age of infants with elevated BH2 was at or above the 75th percentile . BH2 levels, normalized for the amount of breast milk ingested, fell significantly with age . These results show that complete small bowel absorption of lactose from breast milk does not occur in all white, normal, term, appropriate-for-gestational-age infants in the first months of life . The absence of glucose in the stool and the normal stool pH suggest that the unabsorbed lactose that produced H2 can be degraded in the colon.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(4), 269 - 73
Sequential processes of phosphate limitation and of phosphate release in streptomycin fermentations; Muller PJ et al.; The significance of the sequential processes of phosphate limitation and of phosphate release from medium constituents is demonstrated in technical streptomycin fermentations . The phosphate limitation initiated the streptomycin synthesis as well as the formation of phosphatases and protease . In later periods of the process the phosphate release influences especially the enzyme formation.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1983, 23(3), 607 - 23
{Effect of rumen ciliates on the digestive utilization of various carbohydrate-rich diets and on the end-products formed in the rumen . II . Utilization of inulin, saccharose and lactose}; Jouany JP et al.; Three diets rich in inulin, saccharose and lactose, respectively, were given to 10 rumen-fistulated sheep . Two animals were defaunated, two were inoculated with either Polyplastron multivesibulatum or Entodinium sp., and two others were inoculated with both . The latter two were bred in conventional conditions . All animals ingested the same amounts of carbohydrates in the three diets (21-22 g/kg P0.75/day) . Dietary nitrogen content was similar (table 1) . The ciliate population was improved with the inulin diet (fig . 1; table 2) . With a mixed population, the Entodinium improved with the inulin diet (fig 1; table 2) . With a mixed population, the Entodinium sp . genus was always predominant . Holotrich protozoa (mainly Isotricha) in the rumen of the conventional sheep represented 15 to 30% of the total ciliate biomass, indicating that they were able to metabolize these soluble sugars . We also observed that P . multivesiculatum can ferment cellulose and all the soluble carbohydrates proposed in these diets . However, Entodinium sp . development occurred mainly in the presence of the sugard produced during carbohydrate hydrolysis by other ciliates or bacteria . The highest organic matter digestibility, noted in faunated animals (table 3) was confirmed by the VFA concentration in the rumen (table 4) . This could be explained either by an activation of bacterial metabolism due to predation or by the direct effect of ciliates on fermentations, or both . Modifications in the VFA composition varied with ciliate inoculation, showing that ciliate metabolism may vary with the nature of the energy in the diet or that the observed results depended on various opposite effects in which the intensity of each component was influenced by the diet . In general, the acetic acid molar proportion increased and propionic acid decreased when there was a considerable Entodinium sp . population . The effect on butyric acid was low with these diets . Higher ammonia and lactic acid concentrations were observed in the rumen of faunated than defaunated sheep, irrespective of the ciliate inoculum.

Vet Med (Praha), 1983, 28(5), 285 - 92
{The effect of unprocessed beech sawdust on rumen fermentation in rams and goats}; Jalc D et al.; In a trial with wethers and goats the effect of non-conditioned beech sawdust (NBS) was studied as exerted on ammonia concentration, total VFA concentration, molar VFA percentage, energetic yield of VFA production, on the acetate : propionate ratio in rumen contents, and on urea concentration in blood . NBS was used in diets to replace bulk forage . The proportions of NBS in diets were 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% (replacing hay) . The results of the trials show that the administration of the different diets did not affect the concentration of ammonia and total VFA in the rumen content and the concentration of urea in blood . Goats showed an insignificant increase in the molar percentage of acetic acid, a decrease in the molar percentage of propionic acid and n-butyric acid when diets with gradated NBS proportions were administered, as well as an insignificant increase in the acetate : propionate ratio and a decrease in the energetic yield of VFA . In wethers the values of propionic and n-butyric acid were highly variable, which implied variation also in the acetate : propionate ration or in the energetic yield of VFA in the administration of different diets.

Microbiol Immunol, 1983, 27(2), 151 - 7
Typing of isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma salivarium by growth inhibitors derived from mycoplasmal cells treated with chloroform; Nakamura M et al.; Isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and M . salivarium could be subclassified at the strain level by inhibitors (ch-Mcin) derived from mycoplasmal cells treated with chloroform . Sixty-one isolates of M . pneumoniae obtained from oral cavities of patients were divided into three types by their ch-Mcin: a definite type which completely inhibits the growth of M . fermentans PG18, an indefinite type and a noinhibition type . Sixty-seven isolates of M . salivarium were also divided into similar types by their ch-Mcin which does or does not inhibit the growth of M . salivarium Hup127 . In the case of isolates of M . pneumoniae and M . salivarium belonging to the indefinite type which gave ambiguous patterns in the ch-Mcin typing, it was demonstrated that they could be clearly typed by further testing after repeated cloning.

J Interferon Res, 1983, 3(1), 115 - 20
The effect of calf serum on human lymphoblastoid cell-derived interferon production; Klein F et al.; Substitution of low-cost calf serum for fetal bovine serum was evaluated in Namalva cell production of human alpha-lymphoblastoid interferon {HuIFN-alpha(Ly)} in 50-liter fermentors . Namalva cell growth and IFN yields were greatly reduced and protein precipitate weight increased from calf serum-supplemented cell cultures . The overall reduction in IFN production was greater than threefold, making the substitution impractical.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Jan, 28(1), 10 - 5
{Effect of the aeration and agitation parameters on the oxytetracycline biosynthesis process under microkinetic conditions}; Semenov LE et al.; The effect of the aeration levels in flasks on the rate of oxytetracycline biosynthesis and other kinetic characteristics was studied . It was shown that changes in the medium volume in flasks, dilution of the fermentation broth with water or its filtrate and the use of oxygen for aeration had a significant effect on the characteristics studied . Special experiments with low concentrations of the biomass were performed for investigation of the effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the kinetics of the process.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(1), 1 - 8
{Production of glucose isomerase by Streptomyces phaeochromogenes}; Faloci MM et al.; The production of glucose isomerase was studied in the Streptomyces phaeochromogenes NRRL B-3559 strain . The influence of the medium composition and the aeration conditions was determined Selection of colonies was necessary to obtain the best results . A grey colony proved to be the most productive one . It was necessary to use the frozen inocula in order to obtain steady reproduction values . It was possible to achieve the maximum enzymatic level (1600 UE/1 min) using a CoCl2 . 6H2O concentration of 0.18 g/l . The aeration studies conducted in a mechanically stirred fermentor showed results comparable to those obtained in shaker flasks, operating at 550 rpm and using an air flow of 1 1/1 min . The culture proved to properly aerated since both the cellular oxygen uptake and oxygen demand were similar (Table 1).

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1983, 19(2), 133 - 49
The microbiology of apples and apple products; Doores S; The apple industry has reached an annual production level of 8.5 billion pounds . CA storage of 25% of this crop has enabled a fresh market on a year-round basis . To achieve high quality in raw fruit and processed apple products, careful attention must be paid to maintaining a microbiologically stable environment . The ecology of the microflora associated with the apple is a reflection of the orchard, handling, harvesting, and storage practices . Yeasts predominate on orchard fruit, molds may become a storage problem, and bacteria cause spoilage, off flavors, and loss of quality in juice products . Despite the microbial problems inherent in producing of quality product, the apple industry is faced with the occurrence of patulin . Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species, has been associated with damaged fruit . Decreased temperatures, coupled with CA storage; can deter mold growth and patulin production . Laboratory detection methods for derivations of patulin are able to detect microgram quantities . Means to eliminate patulin formed in apple products include addition of ascorbate and SO2, extending fermentation, or charcoal filtering . However, degradation products of patulin have not been evaluated toxicologically.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1983, 413, 99 - 113
Available electron and energetic yields in fermentation processes; Erickson LE et al.; Microbial growth and product yields have been investigated for several cultures . Available electron and free energy balances may be used to examine the efficiency of microbial energetics . Energetic yields based on free energy analysis were obtained and compared with yields from available electron analysis . Estimates of true growth yields under anaerobic conditions have been obtained using statistical methods and the results were compared with theoretical maximum yields.

Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 1983 Winter, 7(4), 465 - 70
Factors in the control of feed intake of horses and ponies; Ralston SL et al.; Ponies are large nonruminant herbivores which are capable of utilizing the products of both enzymatic digestion in the small intestine and bacterial fermentation (volatile fatty acids, VFAs) in the cecum and large colon as sources of metabolizable energy . Recent studies have demonstrated that ponies utilize nutrient stimuli from both carbohydrate and fat digestion in the small intestine and VFAs in the cecum and large colon in the control of meal frequency . These animals, however, rely primarily upon oropharyngeal and external stimuli to control the size and duration of meals . This is perhaps an adaptation to a feeding pattern of small frequent meals and food sources which provide significant amounts of nutrients to the animal system only after microbial fermentation in the hind gut . Nutrient cues which are operant in controlling feed intake in omnivores, carnivores, and ruminants appear to be important primarily in the regulation of meal frequency and long-term energy balance in the equine animal . The emphasis on oropharyngeal stimuli in the immediate control of feed intake of ponies reflects the unusual digestive physiology of these animals relative to other species studied to date.

Mol Gen Genet, 1983, 192(1-2), 247 - 52
The synthesis of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase is regulated by large variations in the messenger RNA level; Schmitt HD et al.; The yeast PDC1 gene coding for the fermentative enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase was isolated . This DNA sequence was used to identify the corresponding messenger RNA by hybridization . It could be shown that the synthesis of pyruvate decarboxylase is efficiently regulated by variations in the amount of PDC1 mRNA . Very low levels of PDC1 mRNA were found in cells growing in a medium containing ethanol . Glucose addition to these cells leads to a rapid accumulation of PDC1 mRNA . The PDC1 mRNA levels found in different mutants and in cells growing in media containing carbon sources other than glucose or ethanol suggest that the amount of PDC1 mRNA in yeast cells is affected by a number of different factors.

Crit Rev Microbiol, 1983, 10(3), 203 - 28
Biomass conversion: fermentation chemicals and fuels; Detroy RW et al.; Recent events clearly establish that petroleum can no longer be relied upon as a stable, economical raw material for energy and industrial chemicals . Plant biomass is currently being evaluated as a desirable alternative raw material to petroleum because of renewability and abundance . The most abundant form of biomass on the planet earth is lignocellulose which is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin . An estimated 4 X 10(9) tons per year of cellulose alone is readily available for conversion to energy or feedstuffs . This article explores the current state of research on the transformation of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin by various microorganisms and the subsequent production of fuels and chemicals . Current research activities are covered including technologies available for the utilization of biomass, chemicals from fermentation processes, conversion of biomass to sugar, direct bioconversion to liquid fuels.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1983, 23(4), 727 - 39
{In vitro estimation using radioactive phosphorus of the phosphorus requirements of rumen microorganisms}; Durand M et al.; Microbial requirements for P were assumed to be a function of the amount of microbial protein synthesis (microbial growth) and of the quantity of organic matter (OM) fermented in the rumen . The relationships among P incorporation into microbial matter and protein synthesis, ammonia utilization, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and organic matter fermented (OMF) were studied in short-term incubations (3 h) using 32P-labelled phosphate . The amount of P incorporated was calculated from extracellular phosphate pool specific activity and the radioactivity incorporated into the microbial sediment during incubation (table 1) . The inocula came from sheep fed a protein-free purified diet . In order to vary the intensity of fermentation, carbohydrates with a wide range of degrees of enzymatic susceptibility were used as substrates and the medium was either provided or was deficient in S and trace elements (table 4) . Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium salts . Linear regression analyses showed that P incorporation was positively correlated with the criteria of protein synthesis and OM fermentation (figs . 1, 2, 3, 4) . However, there was significant phosphorus incorporation when the value for nitrogen incorporation was zero (equation A: (Pi (mg) = 0.162 NH3-N + 0.376; r = 0.9) . This was assumed to result either from energetic uncoupling (fermentation without concomitant bacterial growth) or from the lysis of cold microbial cells only . Equation A would reflect total P incorporation and equation A' Pi (mg) = 0.162 NH3-N (mg), net P incorporation . It was assumed that in vitro microbial requirements for P were in the range of 30-70 mg of P/liter of medium for 3-hour incubation, depending on the intensity of fermentation . From a mean value of microbial N yield of 30 g/kg of DOMR (organic matter apparently digested in the rumen), it was calculated that the total and net P requirements in vivo were 6 and 4.9 g/kg of DOMR, respectively, corresponding to 3.9 and 3.2 g/kg of DOM (digestible organic matter) . From equation D, relating Pi to OMF, the P requirements were about 4.4 g/kg of DOM . It is suggested that microbial requirements for P varied from 3 to 5 g of P/kg of DOM, depending on the efficiency of microbial synthesis and the extent of carbohydrate fermentation . These results, considered as indicative, should be checked in in vivo experiments.

Nahrung, 1983, 27(4), 371 - 7
{Intracellular proteases of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris . 1 . Occurrence of the proteases in the cell and dynamics of their formation during cultivation}; Schalinatus E et al.; The investigation concerning the localization of proteolytically active enzymes in the cells of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris show that the enzymes are present in a dissolved form in the cellular extract (75%) as well as linked to the solid cell components (25%) . The ratio of the activities of the soluble periplasmatical fraction to the soluble cytoplasmatical fraction to the insoluble cytoplasmatical membrane fraction was found to be 2:1:1 . The formation of the proteins during the cultivation is measured by detecting the activity in the cellular extract . As soon as enough of biomass is present (weighable) in the medium, the protease activity can be detected in the cellular extract . It increases during the fermentation and amounts to 1 to 2% of the activity of the proteases in the medium between the 10th and the 24th hour . A correlation between the formation of biomass and enzymes does not exist.

Adv Shock Res, 1983, 9, 49 - 65
Protons and glucose metabolism in shock; Hochachka PW; When oxygen is limiting, animals can ferment glucose via several metabolic pathways varying in energetic efficiency and leading to various end products (such as lactate, succinate, or propionate) . Because the pH dependence of H+ production by fermentation is opposite to that by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate formed in the fermentation, the total number of moles of protons generated is always two per mole of fermentable substrate . However, two and three times more adenosine triphosphate can be turned over per mole of protons produced in succinate and propionate fermentations, respectively, than in lactate fermentation . At its limit, this advantage would achieve the same balance between H+ production and H+ consumption during ATP cycling that is observed in aerobic metabolism, a situation observed in certain alcohol fermentations . Since proton balance during anaerobiosis is clearly adaptable, we consider possible impact and functions of net H+ accumulation during carbohydrate metabolism in endotoxin shock.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(3), 203 - 6
Parallel regulation of cAMP phosphodiesterase and phosphatase activities in turimycin fermentations; Romer W et al.; Phosphate limitation induces the turimycin biosynthesis as well as the cAMP phosphodiesterase and phosphatase . The results are discussed in connection with the observation of general high activities of dephosphorylating enzymes and low concentrations of phosphorylated intermediates under conditions of phosphate limitation and secondary product biosynthesis, respectively.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(3), 173 - 80
Regulation of hydrolase formation and phosphate release in turimycin fermentations; Muller PJ et al.; During the turimycin fermentation hydrolytic enzymes are excreted responsible for orthophosphate release from phosphate-containing dissolved and undissolved complex medium constituents . Following a phosphate-limited growth period the phosphate release leads to a second growth period (diauxic growth) . Depending on the rate of phosphate release the length of the lag phase of diauxic growth changes in different fermentations . The resulting second growth period is correlated with a transient delay in the formation of turimycin, of phosphatases and of nucleases . The amylolytic activities are formed already within the first hours after the beginning of fermentations . Phosphatases, nucleases and protease are excreted parallel to turimycin formation after extracellular phosphate limitation in presence of ammonia and glucose . A special role of phosphate limitation initiating enzyme synthesis is proposed.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1983, 32(4), 353 - 62
Influence of medium composition on the production of cephamycins by S . griseus and S . lactamdurans and the characterization of their growth; Malina HZ; The process of cephamycin biosynthesis by S . griseus and S . lactamdurans strains was investigated . The antibiotic activities of both strains in thirteen media elaborated in our laboratory were compared with those in nine media described in the literature . The best medium was that one which contained 20 g/dcm3 of glucose and 30 g/dcm3 of corn steep liquor . In this medium after a two stage shaken culture fermentation both strains showed specific growth rate from 0.027 to 0.034 h-1 and biomass yield about 5 g of dry weight per 1 dcm3 . Under these conditions the highest activity was achieved after 96 hours of the fermentation.

Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch, 1983, 110(5), 716 - 24
Kallikrein-kinin system of blood plasma on heterotransfusion backed by the use of heparin; Vygovskaya YI et al.; Experiments were made on 36 adult rabbits and 25 dogs . Heterogenous blood transfusion to the animals was proceded by an injection of heparin . No heparin was given to the control group . The injection of heparin to the experimental animals prior to heterotransfusion decreased lethality and the gravity of posttransfusional reactions . This was accompanied by a mildly expressed activity of the kinin system . The preliminary injection of heparin to animals before transfusion of heteroblood caused an inhibiting effect on the activity of ferments taking part in the formation of vasoactive polypeptides and contributes to preserving one of the regulating mechanisms of the kinin system, the inhibitor of kallikrein.

Comp Biochem Physiol A, 1983, 76(3), 615 - 20
The anaerobic molluscan heart: adaptation to environmental anoxia . Comparison with energy metabolism in vertebrate hearts; Gade G et al.; The hearts of many bivalve and gastropod molluscs are resistant to exposure to hypoxic and anoxic conditions . Glycogen and aspartate are simultaneously fermented leading to the accumulation of alanine, succinate and alanopine/strombine . Lactate is not a major end product of anaerobic metabolism in molluscan hearts . In contrast, vertebrate hearts respond to hypoxia by the fermentation of glycogen leading to lactate formation . There is some evidence for aspartate and glutamate breakdown in vertebrate hearts during anoxia . However, the quantitative contribution of this process to energy production is small . The differences in modes of energy production in molluscan and vertebrate hearts may reflect adaptations to long-term as opposed to short-term anoxia.

Comp Biochem Physiol A, 1983, 76(2), 217 - 24
Molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of East African wild ruminants; Clemens ET et al.; The molar proportions of seven individual VFA's were determined at select sites along the gastrointestinal tract of sixteen species of East African wild ruminants . The resulting data were statistically analyzed for species effect, and for effects due to major feeding groups (browsers, grazers, fresh grass grazers, etc.) and for body weight groups (5-750 kg animals) . Present data suggest that body weight, rather than diet, is the more influential factor in reticulo-rumen fermentation rate, and in the molar proportion of fatty acids present . The molar proportions of VFA's observed in the mid and hindgut of these wild ruminants appeared more responsive to diet and body weight of the animal than did foregut VFA values.

Comp Biochem Physiol C, 1983, 75(2), 361 - 7
Changes in rumen contents associated with lantana poisoning of sheep; McSweeney CS et al.; The effects of lantana poisoning on the microbial populations of the rumen and on fermentation within the rumen were compared to the effects of starvation in sheep . The protozoal and bacterial populations of the rumen were decreased to the same extent by lantana poisoning and starvation . Fermentation appeared to continue for several days in the rumen of lantana-poisoned animals, as shown by the concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and the pH and rH of rumen fluid . It is suggested that this was due to retention of plant material in the static rumen of lantana-poisoned animals . It is concluded that lantana toxins do not affect rumen microorganisms directly and that the changes observed in lantana-poisoned animals are probably due to anorexia and rumen stasis.

Comp Biochem Physiol A, 1983, 74(1), 29 - 31
Rates of fermentative digestion in the howler monkey, Alouatta palliata (primates: ceboidea); Milton K et al.; 1 . Caecal material of wild howler monkeys was analyzed by gas chromatography for evidence of fermentation activity and rates of production and absorption of volatile fatty acids . 2 . Results showed a high rate of production of acetic acid and lesser production of propionic, butyric and isobutyric acids . The VFA content of the blood was increase in passage through the caecal vascular system . 3 . We estimate that howler monkeys may obtain as much as 31% of their required daily energy from fermentation end products . 4 . Energy rich fatty acids may be of particular importance to howlers when they are living on diets high in leaves, which have high cell wall contents and low contents of nonstructural carbohydrates.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1982 Dec 30, 721(4), 349 - 56
Ionophores and intact cells . II . Oleficin acts on mitochondria and induces disintegration of the mitochondrial genome in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Kovac L et al.; The non-macrolid polyene antibiotic oleficin, which has been shown to function as an ionophore of Mg2+ in isolated rat liver mitochondria, preferentially inhibited growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on non-fermentable substrates . It uncoupled and inhibited respiration of intact cells and converted both growing and resting cells into respiration-deficient mutants . The mutants arose as a result of fragmentation of the mitochondrial genome . Another antibiotic known to be an ionophore of divalent cations, A23187, also selectively inhibited growth of the yeast on non-fermentable substrates, but did not produce the respiration-deficient mutants, neither antibiotic inhibited the energy-dependent uptake of divalent cations by yeast cells nor opened the plasma membrane for these cations . The results indicate that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae both oleficin and A23187 preferentially affected the mitochondrial membrane without acting as ionophores in the plasma membrane.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1982 Dec 30, 721(4), 341 - 8
Ionophores and intact cells . I . Valinomycin and nigericin act preferentially on mitochondria and not on the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Kovac L et al.; Valinomycin and nigericin prevented growth of 13 strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on non-fermentable substrate glycerol without affecting much fermentative growth on glucose . The two antibiotics did not induce swelling and lysis of yeast protoplasts in potassium acetate and did not modify uptake and release of Rb+ by the yeast cells . Both antibiotics were taken up by yeast cells at a relatively low rate . Nigericin accelerated the glucose-induced changes of fluorescence of a cyanine dye absorbed by yeast cells, which had been previously ascribed to a depolarization-repolarization cycle of the mitochondrial membrane . The data suggest that valinomycin and nigericin act as ionophores in the inner mitochondrial membrane and not in the plasma membrane of intact yeast cells.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Dec, 35(12), 1638 - 40
Sarubicin b, a new quinone antibiotic, isolated from the fermentation broth of a streptomyces strain; Eckardt K et al.; Sarubicin B, isolated from the culture filtrate of a Streptomyces strain JA 2861, is a new quinone antibiotic . The compound was isolated as an orange crystalline powder, mp 282 approximately 284 degrees C . In vitro sarubicin B was found to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria . It was not active against Gram-negative microorganisms.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Dec, 35(12), 1632 - 7
AM-2604 A, a new antiviral antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces; Omura S et al.; A novel antibiotic, AM-2604 A was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . AM-2604 by solvent extraction and silica gel column chromatography . The antibiotic is pale yellow needles possessing UV absorption maxima at 280 nm and 330 nm (sh) . The antibiotic possesses weak activity against fungi and trichomonad and potent inhibitory activity against various RNA and DNA viruses in vitro.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Dec, 35(12), 1627 - 31
Microbial products . VI Five novel metabolites related to benz{a}anthracene from an unidentified actinomycete designated X-14881; Maehr H et al.; Five metabolites of actinomycete X-14881 were isolated from the fermentation broth and characterized . The major component was identified as {3R-(3 alpha,6a beta,7 beta,12 alpha,12a alpha)} or {3S-(3 beta,6a alpha, 7 alpha,12 beta,12a beta)}-6a, 7,12-trihydroxy-3,4,6a, 7,12, 12a-hexahydro-8-methoxy-3-methylbenz{a}-anthracen-1(2H)-one; the other four are closely related derivatives thereof.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1982 Dec, 36(6), 1106 - 11
The effect of fermented and unfermented milks on serum cholesterol; Thompson LU et al.; Groups of 10 to 13 healthy volunteers were provided with 11 supplements of 2% butterfat milk (2% milk), whole milk, skim milk, yogurt, buttermilk, and sweet acidophilus milk daily for a 3-wk period . Despite increases in caloric intakes on all supplements, no significant increases were found in total, low-density, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol . A significant weight gain was seen in subjects taking yogurt and acidophilus groups; these were the only two groups showing significant rises in triglyceride levels . These results in normal volunteers focus attention on the current practice of recommending only skim or 2% milk for hyperlipidemic individuals.

J Nutr, 1982 Dec, 112(12), 2227 - 34
Influence of unrefined potato starch on cecal fermentations and volatile fatty acid absorption in rats; Demigne C et al.; The effect of uncooked potato starch in the diet on cecal fermentation and absorption of volatile fatty acids and on changes in the digestive supply of nutrients were investigated . Dietary potato starch (25%) markedly increased cecal size and the cecal pool of volatile fatty acids . These were maximal in the postabsorptive state, whereas the most acidic cecal pH readings were observed during the late absorptive period . Compared to the basal diet, feeding potato starch did not change arterial concentrations of glucose, lactate or alanine . Nevertheless, blood acetate was increased, whereas plasma triglycerides and cholesterol were reduced . The digestive balance of nutrients was determined by measurements of portal blood flow and arteriovenous differences across the digestive tract: the digestive supply of glucose was maximal during the absorptive period, but was lower in rats fed the potato starch diet . The absorption of volatile fatty acids was strongly increased by feeding potato starch and was maximal in the postabsorptive state, whereas glucose absorption was finished . The volatile fatty acids the constituted the main source of energetic fuels coming from the digestive tract . These results indicate that the effect of potato starch on digestion and metabolism is similar to that of dietary fibers, and that the regular supply of large amounts of volatile fatty acids, particularly during the postabsorptive period, could bring about substantial changes in liver metabolism.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Dec, 1(6), 371 - 4
Combination effect of azthreonam with four aminoglycosides on nosocomial gram-positive cocci and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria; Just HM et al.; The inhibitory combination effect of azthreonam with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin and netilmicin respectively against 50 non-fermenting gram-negative rods and 30 gram-positive cocci was compared using the checkerboard agar dilution technique . On average 49.5% of all non-fermenting strains were inhibited by additive, and 48.5% by synergistic azthreonam-aminoglycoside combinations, but only 4.5% of the gram-positive cocci were inhibited by synergistic combinations . No antagonism occurred . No significant differences could be found between the effects of the respective azthreonam-aminoglycoside combinations.

Vet Med (Praha), 1982 Dec, 27(12), 721 - 8
{Determination of the digestibility of lignocellulose material using the bag (nylon bag) method}; Jalc D et al.; A trial was performed on wethers to study the digestibility of various lignocellulose materials (LCM) by the nylon bag method . The animals were fed good meadow hay ad lib . with unlimited access to water and mineral lick . The trial showed that LCM digestibility was not influenced by different weights of substrate sample . However, digestibility increased with the time for which the LCM were left to ferment in rumen . Almost 90% or more dry matter of the different substrates (pure sulphate cellulose, barley straw and treated beech sawdust) was digested within 48-hour fermentation in rumen . The situation is similar when the substrates are left to ferment in vitro for 96 hours . The high correlation coefficients calculated from the digestibility values of the substrates in vitro and in vivo testify to this fact . The only exception is untreated beech sawdust in which no such a high correlation was found, mainly owing to its low digestibility . However, this should be verified in other kinds of untreated wood (aspen, maple, ash), but with a higher digestibility . It should be stated that silk with a 50 mu mesh is the best material for the production of the bags.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Dec, 35(12), 1651 - 7
Synthesis and characterization of a novel inhibitor of an aminoglycoside-inactivating enzyme; Kirst HA et al.; A novel low-molecular weight inhibitor of an aminoglycoside-inactivating enzyme, initially isolated from fermentation broths of Streptomyces neyagawaensis, was determined to be 7-hydroxytropolone . Its structure was confirmed by synthesis . In vitro synergy was demonstrated between 7-hydroxytropolone and certain aminoglycosides against bacteria which were resistant to those aminoglycosides by virtue of a 2"-O-adenylyltransferase . The synthesis and characterization of some analogs of 7-hydroxytropolone is also described.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1982 Nov, 65(6), 1417 - 23
Detection of adulteration in blackberry juice concentrates and wines; Wrolstad RE et al.; Adulteration of blackberry juice concentrates and wines with juice of sorbitol-containing fruits was detected by determining carbohydrates by high performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and thin layer chromatography . Sorbitol is not fermented by yeast and can be detected in wines made from blackberry juice concentrates that contain sorbitol . High levels of sorbitol and quinic and malic acids suggest that an imported blackberry concentrate may have been adulterated with plum . Degradation of anthocyanin pigments during processing and storage limits the utility of pigment analyses in detecting adulteration.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1982 Nov, 17(8), 985 - 92
Relationships between hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) production in man; Bjorneklett A et al.; The H2 breath test was performed by ingestion of 33 g lactulose and analysis of end-expiratory air . Eight of 100 healthy subjects failed to produce significant amounts of H2 . The test was repeated twice in these eight subjects . Four had a flat excretion curve in all three tests, and all excreted large amounts of breath CH4 . Of the 100, 34 had breath CH4 above 0.5 mumol/l . They had significantly lower fasting breath H2 and breath H2 excretion after lactulose than the 66 with breath CH4 below 0.5 mumol/l (p less than 0.01) . By means of a gas chromatographic method with high sensitivity for CH4, 33 of the 100 subjects were restudied with parallel measurement of pulmonary excretion of H2 and CH4 . Typical patterns of excretion were found in the subjects with endogenous CH4 production, showing either high excretion of H2 and low CH4 or low H2 and high CH4 . A combination of high H2 and high CH4 was never seen . These findings suggest that CH4 is produced in the human intestine chiefly by an H2-utilizing flora and that adequate assessment of gut bacterial carbohydrate fermentation would require parallel measurement of breath H2 and CH4 . The prevalence of CH4 production in a group of 120 healthy subjects, determined by a single midday breath sample, was 44%, with no significant difference between sexes and no correlation to age . Repeated midday breath sampling in 12 subjects during 1 month proved this method to be very reliable in the assessment of an individual's ability to produce CH4.

Arch Tierernahr, 1982 Nov, 32(10-11), 779 - 88
The fermentation of glucose in small artificial rumen; Baran M; The fermentation of glucose (in concentrations 0-25-50-75-100 mg/ml of rumen contents of cow and sheep) was studied after 3 hour incubation in small scale artificial rumen . High values of total gas production was observed in 1st and 2nd hour of incubation . The increasing glucose concentration (0-25-50 mg/ml) had very small effect on total gas produced in 3rd hour of incubation . Methane production was correlated with total gas production (r = 0,902 in cow and r = 0,665 in sheep), and also with VFA production . Coefficients were higher for cow than sheep . The response to the increasing glucose concentration was the increase of propionate and butyrate . When glucose in concentration of 100 mg/ml was used, the production of propionic acid increased more than by 34,3% in cow and 29% in sheep . The increase of butyrate was 36,8% and 21,7% in cow and sheep, resp . Possibilities of the use of small scale simple artificial rumen in fermentation studies are discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Nov, 35(11), 1437 - 40
Studies on a new antibiotic M-92 produced by Micromonospora . II . Isolation and physicochemical properties of M-92 and its components; Tani K et al.; A new antibiotic complex, M-92 was isolated from the whole fermentation broth of Micromonospora verruculosa MCRL 0404 . The whole broth was mixed with talc and filtered . The filter cake thus obtained was extracted with acidic methanol to give a crude powder of M-92 complex, which was then separated into A (acidic) and N (neutral or weakly acidic) groups . The A group components are soluble in alkaline water (pH 8.5), while the N group components are not . These components were further separated into six major components designated VA-2, BA-4, BA-5, BN-1, BN-2 and BN-3 by silica gel column chromatography . Components with the letter "V" are reddish violet and those with "B" are blue . The IR and UV spectra of these components suggest that their chromophores may be the same or very closely related to one another . The molecular formula of BN-3 was determined to be C29H23NO9 by mass spectrometry . The results of various spectroscopies on BN-3 suggest that M-92 components consisted of chromophores in which juglone (5-hydroxynaphthoquinone) is conjugated with naphthazarin (5,8-dihydroxynaphthoquinone).

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Nov, 35(11), 1430 - 6
Studies on a new antibiotic M-92 produced by Micromonospora . I . Taxonomy of M-92 producing Micromonospora and antibiotic production therefrom; Tani K et al.; An isolate (strain MCRL 0404) producing a new antibiotic, M-92, was identified as a new strain of Micromonospora for which the name Micromonospora verruculosa sp . nov . was proposed . A water-infusion of dried sea tangle and dried shiitake was utilized for the production of M-92 . When this strain was fermented in the medium containing this infusion, M-92 accumulated in the mycelium at about 10 times that in the broth at the peak level.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1982 Nov, 94(11), 106 - 9
{Morphology of the "pancreatorenal syndrome"}; Kanaian AS et al.; Histological and histochemical studies of the kidneys of white rats with acute pancreonecrosis have demonstrated that as a result of fermentemia and toxemia the kidneys develop a number of successive changes depending on the pattern and the intensity of the pathological process in the pancreas . A picture of the "shock" kidney was seen in the stage of hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis formation . Profound changes in the form of exudative glomerulitis, focal tubular and glomerular necrosis were seen in the kidneys in the stage of "parenchymal" necrosis . The recovery of the renal structure and function correlated with the stage of encapsulation of the necrotic focus in the pancreas.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Nov-Dec, 133(3), 465 - 74
{Hydrolysis of cellulose by fungi . II . Production of cellulases by Trichoderma harzianum by fermentation in liquid media}; Roussos S et al.; Microcristalline cellulose (cellulose Avicel, Merck) supported growth of Trichoderma harzianum and induced production of cellulases in liquid cultures . After 50 h growth, the total cellulasic activities present in both the supernatant and the mycelium were 3,000 IU/l of carboxymethyl cellulose, 400 IU/l of filter paper activity, and 4 IU/l of cotton activity corresponding to 1.7 g/l of proteins . Cellulase production could be increased by a preliminary treatment of cellulose, and pH regulation during growth . The influence of inoculum concentration was studied and an optimum of 3 x 10(7) conidia/g dry weight of substrate was demonstrated . Using a synthetic culture medium, a soluble factor of germination was demonstrated which could be leached out by 3 successive washings of conidia.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Nov-Dec, 133(3), 455 - 64
{Hydrolysis of cellulose by fungi . 1 . Screening of cellulolytic strains}; Roussos S et al.; Trichoderma harzianum was selected from 30 strains of cellulolytic fungi with the aim of producing cellulases by solid state fermentation of lignocellulosic substrates . Special attention was paid to cellulase production (i.e . carboxymethylcellulase and filter paper activity), apical growth and conidia production . Under the conditions of our experiments, T . harzianum exhibited the highest cellulasic activities with 1,315 IU/l of carboxymethyl cellulose and 80 IU/l of filter paper activity . Apical growth (1 mm/h) and yield of conidial production (3.25 x 10(10) conidia/g of substrate dry weight) were also valuable characteristics of this strain in the use of solid state fermentation.

J Dairy Res, 1982 Nov, 49(4), 607 - 17
Heat stability of milk: influence of modification of lysine and arginine on the heat stability-pH profile; Shalabi SI et al.; Several dicarbonyl compounds (glyoxal, substituted glyoxals, diacetyl and 1, 2-cyclohexanedione) had a marked stabilizing effect on the heat stability of milk, especially in the presence of urea . These reagents are believed to modify arginine more or less specifically suggesting an important role for arginine residues in heat stability . In contrast, modification of lysine residues with dansyl chloride, acetic anhydride or cyanoborohydride had little effect on maximum heat stability although it did alter the HCT-pH profile . Since diacetyl is a natural constituent of fermented milks and cheese, it may be acceptable as an additive to increase the heat stability of milk.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Nov, 35(11), 1538 - 46
Custom made C18 columns for the hydrophobic chromatography of cephalosporin C derivatives; White ER et al.; "Hydrophobic chromatography", which is a variation of reverse phase chromatography, is applicable to the analysis of cephalosporin C derivatives, especially in fermentation broths . Unfortunately, there are no commercial C18 columns which are entirely suitable for this class of compounds . For this reason C18 columns were prepared by an in-situ bonding technique and were optimally designed for cephalosporin C derivatives . Mono-, di- and trifunctional octadecyl bonding agents were used with 10 microns silica of both 60 A and 100 A pore diameter . The best results were obtained with the difunctional agent, methyloctadecyldichlorosilane, and 100 A silica . "Endcapping" of residual silanol groups with a trimethylsilylation agent was optional, since good results were obtained with both a plain C18 column and one that was "endcapped".

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1982 Oct 15, 37(20), 693 - 6
{Comparative studies of the diagnosis of acute myocardial ischemia using radioisotopes}; Hammerlein M et al.; It is reported on 152 patients with ischaemic heart disease who were examined with technetium-99m-diphosphonate . For clearing up the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction the findings of 23 patients with acute myocardial infarction in the course of the disease were compared with clinical and paraclinical parameters such as ECG, ferments and echocardiogram . In these cases could be stated: the Tc-99m-diphosphonate-scintigraphy is a sensitive indicator for a myocardial disease, but is not specific for the diagnosis of an acute myocardial infarction . Other clinical and paraclinical parameters cannot be substituted by the scintigraphy . It contributes to the judgment of the prognosis after an acute myocardial infarction and refers to possible disturbances of the kinetics of the wall . In the acute phase in a clinically ascertained infarction the examination can be renounced.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 44(4), 771 - 6
Aerobic catabolism of bile acids; Leppik RA et al.; Seventy-eight stable cultures obtained by enrichment on media containing ox bile or a single bile acid were able to utilize one or more bile acids, as well as components of ox bile, as primary carbon sources for growth . All isolates were obligate aerobes, and most (70) were typical (48) or atypical (22) Pseudomonas strains, the remainder (8) being gram-positive actinomycetes . Of six Pseudomonas isolates selected for further study, five produced predominantly acidic catabolites after growth on glycocholic acid, but the sixth, Pseudomonas sp . ATCC 31752, accumulated as the principal product a neutral steroid catabolite . Optimum growth of Pseudomonas sp . ATCC 31752 on ox bile occurred at pH 7 to 8 and from 25 to 30 degrees C . No additional nutrients were required to sustain good growth, but growth was stimulated by the addition of ammonium sulfate and yeast extract . Good growth was obtained with a bile solids content of 40 g/liter in shaken flasks . A near-theoretical yield of neutral steroid catabolites, comprising a major (greater than 50%) and three minor products, was obtained from fermentor growth of ATCC 31752 in 6.7 g of ox bile solids per liter . The possible commercial exploitation of these findings to produce steroid drug intermediates for the pharmaceutical industry is discussed.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Oct, 27(10), 728 - 32
{Isolation and comparative characteristics of acylase preparations from various antinomycete cultures}; Oreshina MG et al.; The procedure for isolation of acylases from the fermentation broth filtrates of 3 actinomycetous cultures was developed with a yield of 72-97 per cent and 11-19- fold purification of the preparations . Comparative study of substrate specificity of acylase preparations showed that all of them possessed 2 types of the activity, i.e . penicillin acylase and aminoacylase cones . It was found that phenoxymethylpenicillin and acetylamino acids were the preferable substrates for revealing the hydrolytic activity of the acylases among beta-lactam antibiotics and acyl derivatives of amino acids, respectively.

Vet Hum Toxicol, 1982 Oct, 24(5), 321 - 5
Jimson weed seed toxicity in cattle; Nelson PD et al.; A subacute experiment was undertaken for 14 days . The results obtained from these studies suggest that: 1) unless a highly Jimson weed seed contaminated feed is ingested (greater than 0.09% of body weight) or force fed, death should be a rare consequence of Jimson weed seed contamination; 2) Jimson weed seed toxicity in cattle as a result of feed contamination appears a self-limiting problem (rumen atony and anorexia prevent further intoxication until the blood levels of alkaloids are reduced to allow normal ruminant intestinal function); 3) cattle may exhibit signs of atropine toxicity at contamination levels of 881 seed/kg of feed or higher; 4) rumen fluid from heifers fed diet containing 4,408 Jimson weed seed had the greatest VFA concentration change from day 0 to 7; 5) in vitro fermentation of diets resulted in no difference in IVDMD values, but VFA concentration values tended to increase with increased concentrations of Jimson weed seed in the diet.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Oct, 35(10), 1286 - 92
Studies on a new immunoactive peptide, FK-156 . II . Fermentation, extraction and chemical and biological characterization; Gotoh T et al.; An interesting immunoactive peptide, FK-156, has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces olivaceogriseus sp . nov . and Streptomyces violaceus . The compound was purified by column chromatography with activated carbon, ion exchange Sephadex and cellulose powder . FK-156, obtained as white powder, exhibits a wide variety of immunostimulatory activity in vivo and in vitro with experimental animals . Pretreatment of mice or rats with this peptide protected the animals against lethal infection with Escherichia coli and resulted in prolongation of life span of tumor bearing animals.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1982 Oct, 90(5), 341 - 5
The N/F and Oxi/Ferm systems for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods: a comparative study; Dibb WL et al.; Two commercial systems, the Flow N/F System and the Roche Oxi/Ferm Tube for identification of oxidative-fermentative Gram-negative rods were compared . Both systems were easy to use, but several reactions in both kits were sometimes difficult to interpret . Of 53 reference strains, 70 per cent were identified correctly by the N/F System, whereas the Oxi/Ferm Tube identified 43 per cent . Incorrect identities were obtained in 9 per cent and 26 per cent of cases by the N/F and Oxi/Ferm kits respectively . The remaining isolates required additional tests for definite identification . Of 67 clinical isolates, 27 per cent were identified differently by the 2 systems and only 30 per cent were in complete agreement . The N/F System should be of considerable use to the routine clinical laboratory for the identification of this group of organisms . The Oxi/Ferm Tube requires additional tests frequently and seems to be less accurate in our hands than the N/F System.

J Dent Res, 1982 Oct, 61(10), 1117 - 25
Comparison of methods for monitoring changes in the pH of human dental plaque; Schachtele CF et al.; Changes in human dental plaque pH can be used to obtain estimates of the acidogenic potential of ingested foods . The presence of acid in plaque is influenced by a large number of host, microbial, and substrate factors . Several useful methods have been developed for monitoring changes in plaque pH . Plaque sampling involves repeated removal of small samples of plaque from a number of teeth at intervals after food ingestion, dispersion of the sample, and in vitro measurement of pH . Touch electrode methods utilize glass or antimony microelectrodes, which are placed onto plaque in situ where direct readings can be obtained . Telemetry methods involve placement of glass microelectrodes or ion-sensitive field effect transistors within the dentition . Plaque is allowed to accumulate, and pH changes can subsequently be transmitted with radio or wire . Each of the methods has clear advantages and limitations . The methods have been simultaneously compared in human volunteers using solutions of fermentable carbohydrate . Inter-method differences in response were observed depending upon the site of measurement . Data obtained from caries-prone surfaces via telemetry showed lower pH minima and retarded returns to resting pH levels . The technology is available for controlled comparative plaque pH studies, with the method of choice depending upon the goals of the investigation . It is essential that the results be compared to data obtained with other models designed to evaluate the cariogenic potential of foods.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Oct, 152(1), 19 - 25
Mechanisms of appearance of the Pasteur effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: inactivation of sugar transport systems; Lagunas R et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not show a noticeable Pasteur effect (activation of sugar catabolism by anaerobiosis) when growing with an excess of sugar and nitrogen source, but it does do so after exhaustion of the nitrogen source in the medium (resting state) . We have found that this different behavior of growing and resting S . cerevisiae seems due to differences in the contribution of respiration to catabolism under both states . Growing S . cerevisiae respired only 3 to 20% of the catabolized sugar, depending on the sugar present; the remainder was fermented . In contrast, resting S . cerevisiae respired as much as 25 to 100% of the catabolized sugar . These results suggest that a shift to anaerobiosis would have much greater energetic consequences in resting than in growing S . cerevisiae . In resting S . cerevisiae anaerobiosis would strongly decrease the formation of ATP; as a consequence, various regulatory mechanisms would switch on, producing the observed increase of the rate of glycolysis . The greater significance that respiration reached in resting cells was not due to an increase of the respiratory capacity itself, but to a loss of fermentation which turned respiration into the main catabolic pathway . The main mechanism involved in the loss of fermentation observed during nitrogen starvation was a progressive inactivation of the sugar transport systems that reduced the rate of fermentation to less than 10% of the value observed in growing cells . Inactivation of the sugar transports seems a consequence of the turnover of the sugar carriers whose apparent half-lives were 2 to 7 h.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Sep 13, 298(1093), 467 - 71
Dissimilatory sulphate reduction with acetate as electron donor; Thauer RK; Acetate oxidation by sulphate was studied with desulfobacter postgatei . Cell extracts of the organism were found to contain high activities of the following enzymes: citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase and pyruvate synthase . It is concluded that acetate oxidation with sulphate in D . postgatei proceeds via the citric acid cycle with the synthesis of pyruvate from acetyl CoA and CO2 as an anaplerotic reaction . The apparent Ks for acetate oxidation by D . postgatei as determined in vivo was near 0.2 mM . The apparent Ks for acetate fermentation to methane and CO2 by methanosarcina barkeri was 3 mM . The significantly lower ks for acetate of the sulphate reducer explains why methane formation from acetate in natural habitats is apparently inhibited by sulphate.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Sep 13, 298(1093), 433 - 41
The bacteria of the sulphur cycle; Pfennig N et al.; This paper concentrates on the bacteria involved in the reductions and oxidations of inorganic sulphur compounds under anaerobic conditions . The genera of the dissimilatory sulphate-reducing bacteria known today are discussed with respect to their different capacities to decompose and oxidize various products of fermentative degradations of organic matter . The utilization of molecular hydrogen and formate by sulphate reducers shifts fermentations towards the energetically more favourable formation of acetate . Since acetate amounts to about two-thirds of the degradation products of organic matter, the complete anaerobic oxidation of acetate by several genera of the sulphate-reducing bacteria is an important function for terminal oxidation in sulphate-sufficient environments . The results of pure culture studies agree well with ecological investigations of several authors who showed the significance of sulphate reduction for the complete oxidation of organic matter in anaerobic marine habitats . In the dissimilatory sulphur-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfuromonas the oxidation of acetate is linked to the reduction of elemental sulphur . Major characteristics of the anaerobic, sulphide-oxidizing phototrophic green and purple sulphur bacteria as well as of some facultative anoxygenic cyanobacteria, are given . By the formation of elemental sulphur and sulphate, these bacteria establish sulphur cycles with the sulphide-forming bacteria . In view of the morphological diversity of the sulphate-reducing bacteria and question of possible evolutionary relations to phototrophic sulphur bacteria is raised.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Sep, 35(9), 1130 - 6
Piperazinomycin, a new antifungal antibiotic . I . Fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological properties; Tamai S et al.; A new antifungal antibiotic, named piperazinomycin, was isolated from the cultured broth of Streptoverticillium olivoreticuli subsp . neoenacticus . The antibiotic was obtained from the mycelial cake by extraction with methanol and also from the broth filtrate by adsorption on Amberlite XAD-2 and subsequent elution with aqueous acetone . The antibitoic is of basic and lipophilic nature and can be extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone at alkaline pH . Its purification was carried out by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and then on Sephadex G-15 followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel . The molecular formula of piperazinomycin was determined to be C125H20NsO2 by high resolution mass spectrum and the spectroscopic and chemical properties were examined . Piperazinomycin showed inhibitory activity against fungi and yeasts, especially against Trichophyton.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Sep, 35(9), 1119 - 29
Ferensimycins A and B . Two polyether antibiotics . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, characterization and structural studies; Kusakabe Y et al.; Ferensimycin A* (I), C34H59O10Na, mp 133 approximately 135 degrees C, and ferensimycin B** (II), C35H61O10Na, mp 143 approximately 145 degrees C, were isolated as their sodium salts from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . No . 5057, a strain similar to Streptomyces myxogenes Shomura et al . The physicochemical data of I and II showed that they are both closely related congeners of lysocellin (III) . Ferensimycins A and B exhibit activity against Gram-positive bacteria and are effective in the treatment of coccidiosis of fowl.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Sep, 28(9), 1014 - 8
Attempts to detect by physicochemical methods plasmid DNA in mycoplasmas of human origin before and after transformation to tetracycline resistance; Saha A et al.; Physicochemical methods have been used to compare mycoplasma DNA capable of the genetic transformation of tetracycline resistance with DNA from tetracycline-sensitive mycoplasmas and their transformants . These mycoplasmas were isolated from human patients . The DNA extracted from Mycoplasma hominis tetr resistant to 100 microgram/mL tetracycline transforms tetracycline resistance to sensitive strains of Mycoplasma salivarium tets and Mycoplasma hominis tets but not Mycoplasma fermentans tets . Bulk DNA and DNA extracted by methods which increase the yield of circular DNA moieties were analyzed by cesium chloride and cesium chloride--ethidium bromide buoyant density ultracentrifugation and by horizontal and vertical agarose gel electrophoresis . Extrachromosomal DNA was not detected, which suggests that transformation was mediated by the recombination of chromosomal genes for tetracycline resistance and not by R factors . Moreover, no significant differences were detected in the DNA from the resistant and sensitive species or from their transformants and Mycoplasma fermentans tets which could not be transformed to resistance to 10 micrograms tetracycline/mL medium.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Sep, 151(3), 1146 - 52
Genetic analysis of the pyruvate decarboxylase reaction in yeast glycolysis; Schmitt HD et al.; Six different pyruvate decarboxylase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated . They belong to two unlinked complementation groups . Evidence is presented that one group is affected in a structural gene . The fact that five of the six mutants had residual pyruvate decarboxylase activity provided the opportunity for an intensive physiological characterization . It was shown that the loss of enzyme activity in vitro is reflected in a lower fermentation rate, an increased pyruvate secretion, and slower growth on a 2% glucose medium . The different effects of antimycin A on leaky mutants grown on ethanol versus the same mutants grown on glucose support the view that glucose induces some of the glycolytic enzymes, especially pyruvate decarboxylase.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Sep, 35(9), 1174 - 83
Production and biological activity of marcellomycin, an antitumor anthracycline antibiotic, and taxonomy of the producing organism; Bush JA et al.; An actinomycete, isolated from a soil sample from Ontario, Canada, was studied taxonomically and named Actinosporangium bohemicum sp . nov . strain C-36,145 . This strain was found to produce a complex mixture of e-pyrromycinone glycosides having antitumor properties . Marcellomycin, a member of this complex, was selected for further study . Conditions for production of this antibiotic were developed in flask studies and scaled-up to the 3,000-liter fermentor stage.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Sep, 35(9), 1141 - 7
New polyenic antibiotics active against gram-positive and -negative bacteria . I . Isolation and purification of antibiotics produced by Gluconobacter sp . W-315; Watanabe T et al.; A new antibiotic, tentatively named as AB-315, was isolated from the fermentation broth of Gluconobacter sp . W-315 . The antibiotic consists of a mixture of chemically related compounds . These compounds showed similar profiles in UV absorbancy . The antibiotics were active against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, slightly active against fungi but not against yeasts.

Clin Chem, 1982 Sep, 28(9), 1887 - 93
Semiautomated microfluorometric instrument and reagent system for monitoring disease-related immunosuppression; Ranney DF et al.; Several common metabolites and drugs in the serum in of patients with inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune, immunodeficient, neoplastic, and toxicant-induced diseases can produce artifactual suppression of the {methyl-3H}-thymidine assay, which is widely used to evaluate lymphocyte responsiveness . We have developed a sensitive, semiautomated, fluorescence-enhancement assay in which true immunosuppressors are measured in the presence of absence of such interfering substances . Peripheral blood lymphocytes are activated with mitogens in standard microtiter culture trays . Changes in lymphocyte DNA content are quantified with a reagent formulation containing mithramycin, the fluorescence of which is enhanced on binding to DNA in the presence of MgCl2 . We solubilize cells within the intact microtiter tray by using an automated, inverted "Array Sonicator," and measure fluorescence with an automated, photon-counting fluorometer . With this system, immune response modulation can be accurately assessed in the presence of patients' sera and other complex test substances (e.g., supernates from hybridomas, fermentation vats, viral preparations, and macrophage cultures.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Aug, 27(8), 580 - 5
{Effect of temperature on the kinetics of the oxytetracycline biosynthesis process}; Semenova LE et al.; Short-term experiments on the effect of temperature on the rate of oxytetracycline biosynthesis and consumption of carbohydrates, ammonium nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus were performed under various conditions of mass exchange . Complete fermentation cycles were also carried out at the same temperatures . It was shown that the temperature optimal under conditions of a short-term experiment was not optimal for the complete fermentation cycle . In the latter case the results also depended on the aeration and agitation conditions . It is suggested that temperature has a nonspecific effect by changing the conditions of oxygen supply to the microbial culture.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Aug, 44(2), 402 - 12
Diurnal variations in bacterial numbers and fluid parameters in ruminal contents of animals fed low- or high-forage diets; Leedle JA et al.; Differential carbohydrate media and anaerobic replica plating techniques were used to assess the degrees of diurnal variations in the direct and viable cell counts as well as the carbohydrate-specific subgroups within the mixed rumen bacterial populations in cattle fed maintenance (metabolizable energy) levels of either a high-forage or a high-concentrate diet once daily . The rumen was sampled at 1 h before feeding and 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 h after feeding, and selected microbiological parameters of the isolated bacterial populations were assessed . Corresponding samples of ruminal fluid were assayed for fermentation acids, carbohydrate, ammonia, and pH changes . The data showed that regardless of diet, total bacterial numbers remained fairly constant throughout the day . The number of viable bacteria declined 40 to 60% after feeding and then increased to a maximum at 16 h postfeeding . Changes occurred in the carbohydrate-specific subgroups within the bacterial populations, and some of the changes were consistent with a predicted scheme of ruminal feedstuff carbohydrate fermentation . Regardless of diet, however, soluble-carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria predominated at all times . Xylan-xylose and pectin subgroups respectively comprised about one-half and one-third of the population when the high-forage diet was given . These subgroups, along with the cellulolytics, constituted lesser proportions of the population when the high-concentrate diet was given . The cellulolytic subgroup was the least numerous of all subgroups regardless of diet but followed a diurnal pattern similar to that predicted for cellulose fermentation . There were few diurnal variations or differences in bacterial cell compositions and ruminal fluid parameters between diets . The observed similarities and dissimilarities of the rumen bacterial populations obtained when the two diets were given are discussed . The data are consistent with the versatility and constancy of the rumen as a stable, mature microbial system under the specific low-level feeding regimens used.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Aug, 44(2), 301 - 7
Isolation and characterization of Schwanniomyces alluvius amylolytic enzymes; Wilson JJ et al.; The extracellular amylolytic enzymes of Schwanniomyces alluvius were studied to determine future optimization of this yeast for the production of industrial ethanol from starch . Both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase were isolated and purified . alpha-Amylase had an optimum pH of 6.3 and was stable from pH 4.5 to 7.5 . The optimum temperature for the enzyme was 40 degrees C, but it was quickly inactivated at temperatures above 40 degrees C . The Km for soluble starch was 0.364 mg/ml . The molecular weight was calculated to be 61,900 +/- 700 . alpha-Amylase was capable of releasing glucose from starch, but not from pullulan . Glucoamylase had an optimum pH of 5.0 and was stable from pH 4.0 to greater than 8.0 . The optimum temperature for the enzyme was 50 degrees C, and although less heat sensitive than alpha-amylase, it was quickly inactivated at 60 degrees C . Km values were 12.67 mg/ml for soluble starch and 0.72 mM for maltose . The molecular weight was calculated to be 155,000 +/- 3,000 . Glucoamylase released only glucose from both soluble starch and pullulan . S . alluvius is one of the very few yeasts to possess both alpha-amylase and glucoamylase as well as some fermentative capacity to produce ethanol.

Tohoku J Exp Med, 1982 Jul, 137(3), 305 - 13
Regional difference in sodium chloride content in home-made and store-bought preparations of miso paste; Watanabe T et al.; Miso, a fermentation product of salted soya beans and rice (or soya beans and barley), is one of the leading sources of sodium chloride intake for Japanese people . Sodium chloride contents in 973 home-made preparations collected from 39 Regions in 20 Prefectures in Japan showed wide variation from 9.1 to 18.2% on the Region average, while the levels in store-bought samples were rather low and constant at 10 to 12% . When classified by Regions or Prefectures, positive and significant correlations were observed between indices of sodium chloride intake via miso (i.e., sodium chloride in home-made miso, or frequency of miso soup intake) and death rate indices for cerebrovascular diseases.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1982 Jul, 94(7), 17 - 9
{Effect of an antioxidant on the resistance of the untrained body to maximal physical loading}; Meerson FZ et al.; Administration of the synthetic antioxidant M-1 significantly increased the animals' resistance to exercise . The maximal duration of running was increased in the animals given the antioxidant . Meanwhile fermentemia that occurred after such an exercise was almost absent and the blood lactate concentration was 2 times less than in the control, the running durations being equal . The possibility of applying antioxidants for increasing the body resistance to exercise is discussed.

Vet Microbiol, 1982 Jul, 7(3), 253 - 66
Cultural methods for the production of heat-stable enterotoxin by porcine strains of Escherichia coli and its detection by the infant mouse test; Olsson E; Casamino acids-yeast extract medium (CAY) and a tryptone-yeast extract medium (TY-1) were evaluated in testing for production of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) by porcine strains of Escherichia coli using the infant mouse assay . More strains were ST-positive when grown in CAY medium than in TY-1 medium . Questionably or indeterminately ST positive strains were investigated in detail to determine whether or not they were weak ST producers . Growth in four different media and in different batches of CAY medium, inactivation of culture supernatant fluids at a lower temperature, addition of mitomycin C to growing cultures and preparation of periplasm-cytoplasm fractions of bacteria by sonication, all failed to yield ST positive samples . ST value limits (i.e . ratios of intestinal weight to remaining body weight of challenged mice), which clearly differentiated positive or negative strains for ST production, were set for CAY medium . A minimal salts-amino acids medium (MSA) was devised . Both in shake flask and fermenter cultures MSA medium gave better ST yields than CAY and a previously described defined medium.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Jul, 151(1), 303 - 10
Mutations releasing mitochondrial biogenesis from glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Boker-Schmitt E et al.; Mutants which exhibit a constitutive glucose-insensitive expression of respiratory activity were selected by use of a triphenyltetrazolium staining technique . These mutants lack carbon catabolite repression, as was demonstrated by measuring cytochromes, the activity of succinate cytochrome c reduction, total cellular respiration, mitochondrial protein, and DNA synthesis . High growth rates of mutant cells in glucose medium and normal fermentative CO2 production exclude the possibility that this carbon catabolite insensitivity of mitochondrial functions is merely due to a decreased utilization of glucose . Accordingly, the activities of the two cytoplasmic enzymes measured, maltase and malate synthase, were glucose repressible to the same extent in the mutants as in the wild type . The mutations are dominant and showed nuclear inheritance . The results are discussed in terms of carbon catabolite-regulated expression of genes involved in the biogenesis of mitochondria.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Jul, 44(1), 19 - 22
Continuous and static fermentation of glucose to ethanol by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells of different ages; McGhee JE et al.; Glucose was converted to ethanol by calcium-alginate-entrapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL Y-2034 cells that were 24, 48, 72, and 96 h old in continuous-flow and static repeated-batch fermentors . In general, older yeast cells were more efficient than younger ones . In most cases, the continuous fermentations were better than the static ones in producing maximum ethanol yields (5.11 g/10 g of glucose) over extended time periods . The best static fermentation (with 24-h-old cells) converted 100% of the glucose to ethanol for about 12 days, whereas the best continuous fermentation (with 96-h-old cells) converted 100% of the glucose for a remarkable period of about 3 months.

Parazitologiia, 1982 Jul-Aug, 16(4), 265 - 73
{The problem of tissue parasitism}; Berezantsev IuA; Possessing a different antigenic structure larvae of helminths have to withstand the protective reactions of their hosts in order exist in their tissues . A new phenomenon was noted in host-parasite relationships . Larvae of helminths inhibit the host's leucocyte reaction (by inhibiting chaemotaxis) and induce the formation of a capsule of specific structure by the host . The capsules represent a modified protective reaction of the connective tissue . The capsules perform two main functions . They do not pass the specific antibodies from the host's blood to a parasite . They are physiologically active; an intensive transport of nutrients passes through them to the parasite against concentration gradient, with a participation of ferments and expenditure of energy.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Jun 11, 297(1088), 533 - 50
Microbial interactions in sediment communities; Laanbroek HJ et al.; Mineralization of organic matter in aquatic ecosystems with shallow waters occurs to a large extent in their sediments under anoxic conditions . This is achieved by a community of bacteria, which are the catalysts in a sequence of processes . Of the two possible terminal processes, methanogenesis and sulphate reduction, the first usually dominates in freshwater systems, whereas in estuarine and marine sediments electrons are mainly channelled to sulphate . Interactions between sulphate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria are described . Sulphate-reducing bacteria also show interactions with fermentative bacteria . After a brief description of properties of sulphate-reducing and fermentative bacteria occurring in sediments, examples are given of interactions between them . This is followed by the presentation of some results obtained from studies on competition for L-lactate between organisms belonging to both groups . It is shown that sulphate-reducing bacteria could successfully compete for L-lactate when this was available in growth-limiting amounts with sufficient sulphate and iron . Finally, a brief discussion is given of ecological niches of sulphide-oxidizing bacteria thriving in the upper sediment layers.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Jun 11, 297(1088), 497 - 515
Responses of microorganisms to physical and chemical gradients; Wimpenny JW; Most microbial ecosystems are spatially organized heterogeneous structures where microbes proliferate in gradients of biologically active solute molecules as well as in physical gradients of temperature, pressure, light, ionic strength, redox potential, pH and so on . Some of these ecosystems are discussed in this paper; however, the importance of investigating them in the laboratory is stressed . My group has developed a number of model systems . Seven of these are discussed and include four experimental, two numerical and one conceptual models . These are briefly described . (1) The gradostat consists of a number of bidirectionally linked fermenter vessels fed with solutes from each end of the array . Steady-state solute counter-gradients are established . A number of results in which different microbes are grown in different gradient systems are described . (2) The gel-stabilized system: organisms are grown in a solute gradient diffusing from a source agar layer beneath a semisolid layer containing agar and cells . (3) A constant dimension thin film fermenter . (4) The bacterial colony . (5, 6) The two numerical models, devised to simulate growth in the gradostat and in gel-stabilized systems respectively . (7) A conceptual model in which cells are regarded as compartments surrounded by activity domains; the importance of vectorial solute transfer in natural ecosystems is stressed.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Jun, 150(3), 1422 - 9
Photopigments in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata cells grown anaerobically in darkness; Madigan M et al.; The phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata can obtain energy for dark anaerobic growth from sugar fermentations dependent on accessory oxidants such as trimethylamine-N-oxide or dimethyl sulfoxide . Cells grown for one to two subcultures in this fashion, with fructose as the energy source, showed approximately a twofold increase in bacteriochlorophyll content (per milligram of cell protein) and developed extensive intracytoplasmic membranes in comparison with cells grown photosynthetically at saturating light intensity . Cells harvested from successive anaerobic dark subcultures, however, showed progressively lower pigment contents . After ca . 20 transfers, bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoids were barely detectable, and the amount of intracytoplasmic membrane diminished considerably . Spontaneous mutants incapable of producing normal levels of photosynthetic pigments arose during prolonged anaerobic dark growth . Certain mutants of this kind appear to have a selective advantage over wild-type cells under fermentative growth conditions . Of four pigment mutants characterized (two being completely unable to produce bacteriochlorophyll), only one retained the capacity to grow photosynthetically.

Eur J Biochem, 1982 Jun, 124(3), 457 - 63
New mutants resistant to glucose repression affected in the regulation of the NADH reoxidation; Guerin M et al.; Spontaneous mutants resistant to vanadate, arsenate or thiophosphate were isolated from a haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . These three anions have an inhibitory effect on some mitochondrial functions and at the level of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a glycolysis enzyme . All the selected mutants had the same phenotype: they were deficient in alcohol dehydrogenase I, the terminal enzyme of the glycolysis, and possessed a high content of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain . Moreover, cytochrome c oxidase biosynthesis had become insensitive to the catabolite repression, while the biosynthesis of the other enzymes sensitive to this phenomenon were always inhibited by glucose . Metabolic effects of this pleiotropic mutation manifested themselves in the following ways . 1 . Growth rate and final cell mass were enhanced, compared to the wild type, when cells were grown on glucose or on glycerol, but not on lactate or ethanol . 2 . Growth under anaerobiosis was nil and mutants did not ferment . 3 . Mitochondrial respiration of the mutant strains was identical to the wild type with succinate or 2-oxo-glutarate as substrate, and weak with ethanol . But with added NADH, respiration rate of the mutants was higher than that of the wild type and partially insensitive to antimycin, even when cells were grown in repression conditions . It is postulated that in mutants strains, NADH produced at the level of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, failing to be reoxidized via alcohol dehydrogenase, could be reoxidized with a high turnover owing to the enhancement of the amount of cytochrome c oxidase . Since NADH reoxidation is partially insensitive to antimycin, a secondary pathway going from external NADH dehydrogenase to cytochrome c oxidase is suggested.

J Hyg (Lond), 1982 Jun, 88(3), 543 - 55
The biotyping of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy farm animals; Hinton M et al.; A total of 2973 Escherichia coli, isolated from six different groups of animals, were examined for their ability to ferment adonitol, dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose and sorbose in solid media . Twenty-nine fermentation patterns were recorded although 2443 (82%) of the E . coli belonged to seven of the 32 possible biotypes . Ninety-six O-serotypes were identified within the 2973 E . coli . The number of O-serotypes represented in the 15 most common biotypes ranged from three to 15 . Serotypes O8 and O9 were found most commonly in the different groups of animals and several biotypes amongst these two O-serotypes were identified in two or more groups of the animals . The ability of the E . coli to metabolize aesculin, ornithine, salicin and sucrose was also assessed . These test proved less reproducible and were not included in the primary biotyping scheme although their use allowed the enumeration of additional biotypes . The application of biotyping to the study of the ecology of drug-resistant strains of E . coli in five situations is briefly presented.

J Dairy Sci, 1982 Jun, 65(6), 953 - 62
Effects of intraruminal infusions of mineral salts on volatile fatty acid production in steers fed high-grain and high-roughage diets; Rogers JA et al.; Four rumen fistulated Holstein steers were used to assess the effects of intraruminal salt infusions on various rumen characteristics including volatile fatty acid production rates . In the first experiment, the basal diet consisted of 75% concentrate and 25% corn silage (high-grain diet) . The experimental design was a 4 X 4 Latin square in which the four treatments were: 1) intraruminal infusion of 8 liters of water (control) or 8 liters of water plus 2) 288 g sodium bicarbonate, 3) 200 g sodium chloride, or 4) 600 g sodium chloride . In the second experiment, procedures were the same except the basal diet consisted of 64% alfalfa hay and 18% each of corn silage and concentrate (high-roughage diet) . When the high-grain basal diet was fed, intraruminal infusions of mineral salts increased dilution rate of rumen fluid . Total fluid flow from the rumen also was increased by salt infusions with sodium bicarbonate and the most sodium chloride from (600 g/day) exerting greatest effects for both dietary regimens . Salt infusions reduced the molar percentage of rumen propionate and increased the molar percentage of acetate when the high-grain diet was fed . These same treatments were without effect on molar percentages of rumen acids when the high-roughage diet was fed . The change in the molar percentages of acetate and propionate on the high-grain ration was solely from reduction in propionate production . The lower production of propionate, from salt infusions, may have occurred because of the washout of readily fermentable materials . Dry matter disappearance from feeds placed in dacron bags and suspended in the rumen was unaffected by infusion of mineral salts.

J Nutr, 1982 Jun, 112(6), 1133 - 43
Excretion of breath and flatus gases by humans consuming high-fiber diets; Marthinsen D et al.; The abilities of dietary fibers to promote the excretion of intestinal fermentation gases were evaluated in five healty men . Flatus and breath gases were collected and analyzed during 3 days of each 9-day metabolic period . Responses to feeding xylan, pectin, cellulose and corn bran were compared to a fiber-free formula diet . Generally, hydrogen production increased throughout the day, whereas methane production remained more constant . Methane excretion was greater while consuming the xylan and pectin diets than while consuming the other diets . These two purified fibers also caused higher flatus volume, hydrogen and carbon dioxide excretion . Cellulose and corn bran generally resulted in breath and flatus gas excretion at levels equivalent to fiber-free diets . Considerable variation was noted in the response of subjects to an individual diet . However, in most cases 2-5 days of frequent and daily consumption of the diets was necessary to establish a relatively constant level of gas excretion . This time may represent the period of microbial and enzymatic adaptation to the new dietary constituents.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 May, 21(5), 787 - 93
Naphthyridinomycin, a DNA-reactive antibiotic; Zmijewski MJ Jr et al.; Naphthyridinomycin is a novel quinone antibiotic that is produced in liquid shake cultures by Streptomyces lusitanus . Fermentation studies have shown that this antibiotic is produced maximally after 96 h of cell growth . L-{methyl-3H}methionine efficiently labels naphthyridinomycin when it is added to a fermentation mixture 24 h before culture is harvested . Unlabeled and radioactively labeled naphthyridinomycin were used to determine the mechanism of action of this unique antibiotic . Naphthyridinomycin inhibited bacterial growth primarily by inhibiting DNA synthesis . The structural similarity between naphthyridinomycin and the saframycins suggested that naphthyridinomycin might inhibit DNA synthesis by binding to the template . In vitro studies with radiolabeled naphthyridinomycin indicated that this antibiotic does specifically bind to calf thymus DNA . The binding reaction was enhanced by adding sulfhydryl-containing compounds; dithiothreitol was the best activating agent . DNA-naphthyridinomycin complexes were a poor substrate for enzymes that catalyze DNA-directed DNA and RNA syntheses . These results showed that naphthyridinomycin is similar to the saframycins in its reactivity toward DNA and suggested that the mechanism by which naphthyridinomycin inhibits DNA synthesis is through its ability to bind specifically to the DNA template of the cell.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 May, 21(5), 758 - 63
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine: macrocin O-methyltransferase activities in a series of Streptomyces fradiae mutants that produce different levels of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin; Seno ET et al.; A series of mutants of Streptomyces fradiae selected for increased production of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin was analyzed for levels of expression of macrocin O-methyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of tylosin . Increased tylosin production was accompanied by increased macrocin O-methyltransferase in some of the mutants . Increased expression of macrocin O-methyltransferase was due to more rapid early biosynthesis of the enzyme, to reduced decay of enzyme specific activity late in the fermentation, or to combinations of both . Mutant strains which showed rapid loss of enzyme specific activity late in the fermentation converted large amounts of tylosin to relomycin . The most productive mutants, which synthesized elevated levels of macrocin O-methyltransferase, also produced large amounts of macrocin, the substrate for the enzyme . Incomplete conversion of macrocin to tylosin by these mutants may be due to substrate and product inhibition (E . T . Seno and R . H . Baltz, Antimicrob . Agents Chemother . 20:370-377, 1981) . The results suggest that both the levels of precursors and the levels of expression of tylosin biosynthetic enzymes are important for efficient production of tylosin.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1982 May, 65(3), 696 - 700
Multicomponent analysis of meat products by infrared spectrophotometry: collaborative study; Bjarno OC et al.; A new method for rapid multicomponent analysis of meat products based on infrared transmission was tested in a collaborative study with 4 laboratories . A series consisting of 31 samples of different meats, cooked sausage, liver sausage, and fermented sausage was distributed and analyzed at all laboratories for protein, fat, and water by the present method and by well established reference methods . There was no significant difference between the infrared method and reference methods at the 95% confidence level for determination of protein, fat, and water in meat products.

Br J Nutr, 1982 May, 47(3), 521 - 35
Effects of cold exposure on feed protein degradation, microbial protein synthesis and transfer of plasma urea to the rumen of sheep; Kennedy PM et al.; 1 . Three diets of barley-canola-seed (Brassica campestris), lucerne (Medicago sativa) or chopped brome-grass (Bromus inermis) were given at intervals of 3 h to closely-shorn Suffolk wethers held at a temperature of 1-5 degree (cold) or 22-24 degree (warm) . Apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) and nitrogen was reduced by 0.08-0.05 and 0.04 units respectively for lucerne and brome-grass diets given to cold-exposed sheep, but no treatment effects on digestibility were observed for the barley-CSM diet . Measurements achieved using infusion of the digesta markers 58Co-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline (103Ru-P) showed that cold exposure depressed apparent OM digestion in the stomach and intestines by 33 and 42 g/d for the lucerne diet, and 13 and 35 g/d for the brome-grass diet respectively . 2 . The turnover time (h) of the 103Ru-P marker in the rumen of warm sheep was 38.9 for barley-CSM, 18.4 for lucerne, and 15.6 for brome-grass . In cold-exposed sheep, 103Ru-P turnover time (h) tended to be reduced to 32.3, 12.3 and 15.3 for the three diets, respectively . OM fermentation in the stomach was highly related to 103RU-P turnover time for lucerne and brome-grass diets . 3 . Cold exposure increased the escape of dietary N from the abomasum by 0.04 and 0.09 of dietary N intake for sheep given lucerne and brome-grass diets respectively . Dietary N degradation was closely related to 103Ru-P turnover time for lucerne, and to the proportion of large particles in rumen digesta for the brome-grass diet . Estimates of feed N degradation made by use of information on the rate of fermentation of the diet in nylon bags and 103Ru-P turnover time were consistently lower than those observed in vivo for barley-CSM and lucerne diets . Intestinal digestibility of non-ammonia N was not significantly changed by cold exposure . 4 . Transfer of urea from plasma to the rumen was 1.4-2.5 g N/d for the barley-CSM and lucerne diets, but the value for brome-grass was 4.5-4.9 g N/d . Cold exposure did not affect urea transfer . The production of ammonia from feed and endogenous protein was approximately 0.66 and 0.47 g N/g N intake of barley-CSM and lucerne diets, with no effect of cold exposure . Cold exposure reduced the value from 0.57 to 0.38 for brome-grass . 5 . The results are compared with those obtained previously with pelleted hay, and the importance of large particle breakdown in the prediction of OM and N fermentation using nylon bags is discussed.

J Clin Periodontol, 1982 May, 9(3), 239 - 51
Effects of a carbohydrate-free diet and sugar substitutes on dental plaque accumulation; Rateitschak-Pluss EM et al.; Plaque accumulation and characteristics were determined gravimetrically, planimetrically, visually, and microbiologically in 24 human subjects who consumed a carbohydrate-free diet for 4 days . In addition, the effects of xylitol-, sorbitol- and sucrose-containing candies upon plaque formed during consumption of the diet were ascertained . Experimental design was such that all 24 subjects traversed each 4-day test period; a 9-day interval between test periods was observed . All plaque measurement methods demonstrated that the subjects in all groups, including a control group which received no candies, accumulated significant amounts of dental plaque . No significant differences in plaque amount could be detected among the xylitol, sorbitol and control groups . However, subjects receiving sucrose-containing candies clearly exhibited larger amounts of plaque . The bacteriological investigations corroborated the clinical observations . The number of microbial colonies from plaque samples taken from the sucrose test group was clearly higher than in the other three groups . In addition, the number of bacteria in plaque samples from the sorbitol group was higher than in the xylitol group . A statistically significant increase in the proportion of anaerobic sorbitol- and xylitol- fermenting bacteria was detected in the sorbitol and xylitol test groups during the 4-day test periods.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982 May-Jun, 51(3), 510 - 4
{beta-Glucanases of Geotrichum candidum}; Tiunova NA et al.; The formation of (1-4)-, (1-3)- and (1-6)-beta-glucanases and beta-glucosidases was studied during the growth of the fungus Geotrichum candidum under the conditions of submerged cultivation in a medium optimal for the production of cellulolytic enzymes . Endo-(1-4)-beta-glucanases and C1 enzyme, as well as (1-3)- and (1-6)-beta-glucanases appeared in the medium as soon as by the 45th hour of growth . However, the maximal concentration of the enzymes in the medium was observed at different periods of the fermentation: between 75th and 105th, 70th and 95th, 55th and 100th, 80th and 105th hours, respectively . The content of the enzymes abruptly decreased by the 160th hour of the growth . The activity of beta-glucosidases, which was low at the beginning of the growth, sharply increased by the 70th hour and remained at the same level by the 160th hour of the growth . The accumulation of beta-glucanases was an uneven process, consistent with irregular changes in the content of DNA and protein in the biomass . The isoelectric points of beta-glucanases and beta-glucosidases were studied in the filtrate of the cultural broth after 96 h of the cultivation . The high activity of endo-(1-4)-beta-glucanase was found at the pH 4.6, 4.1 and 3.8; its low activity was detected at the pH 6.4, 3.2, 1.6 and 1.3 . Other glucanases behaved also as acid proteins . During isoelectric focusing, (1-3)-beta-glucanase showed the peaks of activity at the pH 4.4, 4.0, 3.8 and 2.9; (1-6)-beta-glucanase, at the pH 5.0, 3.7, 3.5, 3.1 and 2.0; beta-glucosidases were distributed over a broad pH range from 6.7 to 2.0, with the maximal activity at the pH 6.2, 4.8 and 3.7.

Diabetes Care, 1982 May-Jun, 5 Suppl 1, 1 - 5
Symposium on optimal insulin delivery . Introduction: History and goals of insulin treatment; Peterson CM; Sixty years have now passed since that brief 18-month span of time that brought insulin from the realm of hypothesis to the reality of treatment for human diabetes . There were rumblings around the turn of the century that the "discovery" of insulin was inevitable, although there is no doubt that the tenacity, energy, and observations of Drs . Banting and Best and their colleagues in Toronto ushered in the "insulin era." The euphoria that followed has been well-described by a number of observers . Lives could be saved . In the ensuing 60 years, however, an increasing prevalence of morbidity concomitant with an increasing prevalence of morbidity been observed, as well as increasing insight into the contribution of hyperglycemia to diabetic "sequelae." C . H . Best himself did not let the miracle and wonder of insulin treatment obscure the necessity of viewing the hormone as a drug, and wrote in 1974: "We hope for and expect more physiological methods of giving insulin." The symposium on the following pages was designed to explore the optimal use of insulin as a pharmacologic agent . To place the present and future in perspective and also celebrate 60 years of insulin use, a retrospective look is included (Table 1) . The 19th century generated the intellectual ferment that culminated in the insulin era . Claude Bernard isolated glycogen and contributed greatly to our knowledge of carbohydrate metabolism . Both he and Schiff explored the potential role of the pancreas by ligating and sclerosing the pancreatic ducts with oil or paraffin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Med Microbiol, 1982 May, 15(2), 233 - 42
A biotyping scheme for the subspecific discrimination of Escherichia coli; Crichton PB et al.; A two-tier system for biotyping Escherichia coli gave a fine and reliable differentiation of strains and is capable of future extension by the addition of new types and new tests . Strains were allocated to a primary biotype (1-16) by their reactions in four primary tests in culture media containing raffinose, sorbose, ornithine or dulcitol . Subtypes were distinguished within the primary biotypes by reactions in six secondary tests for rhamnose fermentation, lysine decarboxylation, aesculin hydrolysis, motility, type-1 fimbriation and prototrophy . Full biotypes were designated by letters indicating subtype reactions appended to primary type numbers . A series of 599 strains (1242 cultures) of E . coli from diverse sources was classified into 16 primary biotypes and into 213 full biotypes . The biotype characters of a strain were generally stable during its spread in the natural environment and in non-selective media used for storage.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Apr, 35(4), 431 - 5
8006-I, an antibiotic from Amblyosporium spongiosum (Pers.) Hughes sensu Pirozynski . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical properties; Rak G et al.; A strain of Amblyosporium spongiosum (Pers.) Hughes sensu Pirozynski, HA 8006 isolated from an infected Lactarius deliciosus was found to produce two antibiotics, 8006-I and 8006-II . The same compounds could be isolated from cultures of several strains of the genus Amblyosporium obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures . The highest yields of 8006-I (80 mg/liter culture) were obtained from the mycelium of strain HA 8006 . Antibiotic 8006-I is unstable in the presence of light or oxygen and has a carotenoid structure.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1982 Apr, 16(2), 143 - 50
{Microbial production of glucose/fructose syrups}; Matur A et al.; With the ever-increasing demand for sugar and the trend in rising price, rapid progress in research on new and/or alternative sweeteners has been inevitable during the past decade or so . Pure glucose, glucose/fructose, glucose/maltose syrups are often called "isosyrups" . Isosyrups have been recognized as a good alternative sources of sugar . These are used today in the manufacture of soft drinks, jams and jellies, confectionary, baking fermentation, dietetic and infant food, ice-cream, pharmaceutical processes, etc . Isosyrups are produced by hydrolysis of starch and cellulocis raw materials have been utilized for the production of isosyrups.

J Dairy Sci, 1982 Apr, 65(4), 675 - 9
Effects of alternating high and medium concentrate diets on fermentation in a semi-continuous rumen culture system; Goetsch AL et al.; A semi-continuous culture system was used to determine effects of percent dietary concentrate and method of feeding on in vitro fermentation . Treatments consisted of four feeding regimens 1) 85% concentrate: 85% concentrate diet fed at 0700 and 1900 h; 2) alternate: 85% concentrate diet fed at 0700 h and 55% concentrate fed at 1900 h; 3) 70% concentrate: equal mixture of the 85 and 55% concentrate diets fed at 0700 and 1900 h, and 4) 55% concentrate: 55% concentrate diet fed at 0700 and 1900 h . Total volatile fatty acid concentrations and molar proportions of propionate were highest for the 85% concentrate regimen with no differences among other treatments . Acetate (molar proportion) was lower for the high concentrate diet than for other treatments . Concentrations of fermentation liquor ammonia were 13.4, 11.7, 12.6, and 9.8 mg/100 ml for 85% concentrate, alternate, 70% and 55% concentrate groups . Culture pH was similar for all treatments . Apparent organic matter digestibilities were 41.0, 40.1, 396., and 34.6% and true organic matter digestibilities were 46.3, 45.4, 44.4 and 39.5% for 85% concentrate, alternate, 70%, and 55% concentrate regimens . Bacterial numbers were 1.06, 1.33, .86, and .85 X 10(9) per ml.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Apr, 35(4), 420 - 5
Novel fermentation products from Streptomyces fradiae: X-ray crystal structure of 5-O-mycarosyltylactone and proof of the absolute configuration of tylosin; Jones ND et al.; 5-O-Mycarosyltylactone has been isolated as a predominant factor from fermentation broths of a Streptomyces fradiae mutant . The relative configurations of mycarose and tylactone (protylonolide) have been determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis . Hydrolysis of 5-O-mycarosyltylactone yielded (-)-tylactone and L-(-)-mycarose . Taken together, these two experiments establish the absolute configuration of (-)-tylactone . Bioconversion of (-)-tylactone to tylosin by tyl G mutants of S . fradiae proves the absolute configuration of tylosin . Physicochemical data for tylactone and a unique component piece of tylactone are also reported.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 43(4), 967 - 70
Production of vomitoxin on corn by Fusarium graminearum NRRL 5883 and Fusarium roseum NRRL 6101; Vesonder RF et al.; Two vomitoxin-producing isolates of Fusarium spp . were grown on cracked corn for 1 to 8 weeks at 15, 20, 25, 28, and 32 degrees C . Maximum production of vomitoxin by Fusarium graminearum Schw . NRRL 5883 occurred at 30 degrees C and 40 days, and that by Fusarium roseum Schw . NRRL 6101 occurred at 26 degrees C and 41 days . These optimum production points were determined from response surface contour graphs in relation to temperature and time . Only small amounts of vomitoxin were produced at 15 and 20 degrees C by each strain . A 133-microgram quantity of vomitoxin, with an indicated purity of 95%, was isolated per gram of corn fermented with F . graminearum NRRL 5883.

Parasitology, 1982 Apr, 84(Pt 2), 351 - 66
Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism in protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (horse and sheep strains) and E . multilocularis; McManus DP et al.; With few exceptions, the specific activities of the glycolytic enzymes and the steady-state content of glycolytic and associated intermediates in protoscoleces of the horse (E.g.H) and sheep (E.g.S) strains of Echinococcus granulosus and the closely related E . multilocularis (E.m.) are very similar . Phosphorylase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase catalyse non-equilibrium reactions and the patterns of activity for pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolypyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme are similar in the three organisms . The levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in E.g.H., E.g.S . and E.m . are of the same order as those reported in tissues with an active cycle . Each has a complete sequence of cycle enzymes but there are substantial differences between the three parasites with regard to the activity of individual enzymes . The activities of NAD and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenases are significantly lower in E.g.H . than in E.g.S . and particularly in E.m . which suggests that the tricarboxylic acid cycle may play a more important role in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production in the latter parasites . Nevertheless, the three organisms utilize fermentative pathways for alternative energy production, fix carbon dioxide via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and have a partial reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle . It is speculated that in vivo more carbon will be channelled towards oxaloacetate than pyruvate at the phosphonenolpyruvate branch point . The steady state content of ATP and the ATP/AMP ratios are low in the three organisms, suggesting a low rate of ATP utilization in each.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 15(4), 703 - 13
Atypical biogroups of Escherichia coli found in clinical specimens and description of Escherichia hermannii sp . nov; Brenner DJ et al.; DNA relatedness was used to define the biochemical boundaries of Escherichia coli . A large number of biochemically atypical strains were shown to belong to biogroups of E . coli . These included strains negative in reactions for indole, all three decarboxylases, D-mannitol, lactose, or methyl red and strains positive in reactions for H2S, urea, citrate, KCN, adonitol, myo-inositol, or phenylalanine deaminase . Frequency and source data are presented for these atypical E . coli biogroups . One group of KCN-positive, cellobiose-positive, yellow-pigmented strains was 84 to 91% interrelated but only 35 to 45% related to E . coli . The name Escherichia hermannii sp . nov . is proposed for this group of organisms that was formerly called Enteric Group 11 by the Enteric Section, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA . Twenty-nine strains of E . hermannii have been isolated in the United States from a variety of clinical sources, principally wounds, sputum, and stools . Three additional strains were isolated from food . E . hermannii strains are gram-negative, oxidase-negative, fermentative, motile rods . In addition to yellow pigment and positive KCN and cellobiose tests, the biochemical reactions characteristic of 32 strains of E . hermannii were as follows: gas from D-glucose, acid from D-glucose, maltose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, and D-mannitol; no acid from adonitol or inositol; variable acid production from lactose and sucrose; positive tests for indole, methyl red, and mucate; negative tests for Voges-Proskauer . Simmons citrate, H2S, urea, phenylalanine deaminase, and gelatin hydrolysis; negative or delayed test for L-lysine decarboxylase and negative test for L-arginine dihydrolase; and positive test for ornithine decarboxylase . E . hermannii strains were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin and sensitive to other commonly used antibiotics . Wounds account for almost 50% of human isolates of E . hermannii, followed by sputum or lung isolates (ca . 25%) and stool isolates (20%).

Antibiotiki, 1982 Apr, 27(4), 263 - 9
{Effect of chemical defoaming agents on the mass exchange rate in the oxytetracycline biosynthesis process}; Kovalev VN et al.; The effect of chemical foam suppressors of various classes on the intensity of Streptomyces rimosus respiration, concentrations of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide and gas levels in the fermentation broth of oxytetracycline was studied . Its was shown that addition of the foam suppressors, as a rule, resulted in a decreased rate of the oxygen mass transfer due to the decreased surface of the phase contact gas-liquid . This decrease was not so significant as that in case of uninhibited intensity of the fermentation broth foaming . A different character of the effect of different foam suppressors on the biosynthetic process was noted . The effect of the foam suppressors was decreased by their regular addition in low amounts.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 43(4), 961 - 3
Integrated process for ammonia inactivation of aflatoxin-contaminated corn and ethanol fermentation; Bothast RJ et al.; A process is described for converting aflatoxin-contaminated corn to ethanol via combining ammonia inactivation with the liquefaction step of the ethanol fermentation process . Better ethanol yields were obtained when ammonia was added during liquefaction than when no ammonia was added . Aflatoxin B1 levels were reduced 80 to 85% by the process.

Crit Rev Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 9(3), 165 - 225
Microbial ecology and activities in the rumen: part 1; Hobson PN et al.; This review describes the progress which has been made during the last 10 to 15 years in the field of rumen microbiology . It is basically an account of new discoveries in the bacteriology, protozoology, biochemistry, and ecology of the rumen microbial population . As such it covers a wide range of subjects including the isolation and properties of methanogenic bacteria, the role of rumen phycomycete fungi, anaerobic energy conservation, and general metabolic aspects of rumen microorganisms . It also attempts, however, to describe and develop new concepts in rumen microbiology . These consist principally of interactions of the microbemicrobe, microbe-food and microbe-host types, and represent the main areas of recent advance in our understanding of the rumen ecosystem . The development of experimental techniques such as chemostat culture and scanning electron microscopy are shown to have been instrumental in progress in these areas . The paper is concluded with an assessment of our present knowledge of the rumen fermentation, based on the degree of success of experiments with gnotobiotic ruminants inoculated with defined flora and in mathematical modeling of the fermentation . The efficacy of chemical manipulation of the fermentation in ruminant is also discussed in this light.

J Dairy Sci, 1982 Apr, 65(4), 577 - 86
Alteration of rumen fermentation, milk fat synthesis, and nutrient utilization with mineral salts in dairy cows; Rogers JA et al.; The ability of mineral salts to alter rumen fermentation, rumen fluid dilution rate, milk fat synthesis, and nutrient utilization was investigated in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate, milk-fat depressing diet . Four rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were in a 4 X 4 Latin square design . Treatments consisted of: 1) basal (25% corn silage: 75% concentrate on a dry matter basis), 2) basal + 2.0% sodium chloride, 3) basal + 2.0% sodium bicarbonate, and 4) basal + 2.4% limestone . Addition of limestone to the basal diet reduced dry matter intake but increased efficiency of dietary nutrient utilization for milk synthesis . Sodium bicarbonate increased synthesis of milk fat . Sodium chloride also tended to increase milk fat synthesis whereas limestone had no effect . Milk yields (kg/day) and milk fat (%) for the four treatments were 1) 29.5, 2.40; 2) 29.3, 2.66; 3) 28.9, 3.26; and 4) 29.2, 2.32 . Rumen fluid pH, dilution rate (%/hour), and molar percentage of acetate and propionate were: 1) 5.98, 10.3, 49 and 39; 2) 6.02, 12.4, 55 and 32; 3) 6.16, 12.2, 58 and 25; and 4) 5.92, 10.7, 51 and 38 . Limestone was totally ineffective in altering ruminal pH, fluid dilution rate, molar percentages of acetate and propionate, and synthesis of milk fat . Improved feed efficiency for milk production after addition of limestone was related to an increase in starch digestion compared to the basal ration (95 versus 88%).

J Anim Sci, 1982 Apr, 54(4), 855 - 62
Carbohydrate fermentation in the large intestine of lambs; DeGregorio RM et al.; In one of two experiments, six 4-mo-old wethers fitted with ileal and cecal cannulas were fed three levels of concentrate (0, 40 or 80% corn) with forage in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin square design . Chromic oxide was fed as a marker . Quantities of starch recovered at the ileum and digested in the large intestine increased (P less than .05) with increased starch intake . Quantities of acid detergent fiber (ADF) recovered at the ileum increased with increased ADF intake; however; ADF digestion (grams) in the large intestine was highest (P less than .05) when the 80% corn diet was fed . Cecal total VFA concentrations, butyrate molar proportions and lactic acid concentrations were highest (P less than .05), and cecal acetate to propionate (C2:C3) ratios and pH values were lowest, in lambs fed 80% corn . In Exp . 2, 14 wethers (4-mo-old) were fed a forage (alfalfa hay) or a concentrate (80% corn) diet containing chromic oxide as a marker . Digesta grab samples were obtained by surgical procedure . The amounts of starch recovered at the abomasum and ileum and the amounts digested in the rumen, small intestine and large intestine were greater (P less than .05) when lambs were fed the concentrate . Large intestinal total VFA concentrations and butyrate molar proportions were higher (P less than .01) when the concentrate diet was fed; pH values were lower (P less than .01) . Lambs fed the concentrate diet had lower (P less than .01) large intestinal and ruminal C2:C3 ratios of VFA.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Mar 25, 257(6), 3026 - 31
Codon selection in yeast; Bennetzen JL et al.; Extreme codon bias is seen for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes for the fermentative alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme I (ADH-I) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase . Over 98% of the 1004 amino acid residues analyzed by DNA sequencing are coded for by a select 25 of the 61 possible coding triplets . These preferred codons tend to be highly homologous to the anticodons of the major yeast isoacceptor tRNA species . Codons which necessitate site by side GC base pairs between the codons and the tRNA anticodons are always avoided whenever possible . Codons containing 100% G, C, A, U, GC, or AU are also avoided . This provides for approximately equivalent codon-anticodon binding energies for all preferred triplets . All sequenced yeast genes show a distinct preference for these same 25 codons . The degree of preference varies from greater than 90% for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ADH-I to less than 20% for iso-2 cytochrome c . The degree of bias for these 25 preferred triplets in each gene is correlated with the level of its mRNA in the cytoplasm . Genes which are strongly expressed are more biased than genes with a lower level of expression . A similar phenomenon is observed in the codon preferences of highly expressed genes in Escherichia coli . High levels of gene expression are well correlated with high levels of codon bias toward 22 of the 61 coding triplets . As in yeast, these preferred codons are highly complementary to the major cellular isoacceptor tRNA species . In at least four cases (Ala, Arg, Leu, and Val), these preferred E . coli codons are incompatible with the preferred yeast codons.

J Biol Chem, 1982 Mar 25, 257(6), 3018 - 25
The primary structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene for alcohol dehydrogenase; Bennetzen JL et al.; The DNA sequence of the gene for the fermentative yeast alcohol dehydrogenase has been determined . The structural gene contains no introns . The amino acid sequence of the protein as determined from the nucleotide sequence disagrees with the published alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme I (ADH-I) sequence for 5 of the 347 amino acid residues . At least one, and perhaps as many as four, of these differences is probably due to ADH-I protein heterogeneity in different yeast strains and not to sequencing errors . S1 nuclease was used to map the 5' and 3' ends of the ADH-I mRNA . There are two discrete, mature 5' ends of the mRNA, mapping 27 and 37 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiating ATG . These two equally prevalent termini are 101 and 91 nucleotides, respectively, downstream from a TATAAA sequence . Analysis of the 3' end of ADH-I mRNA disclosed two minor ends upstream of the major poly(A) addition site . These three ends map 24, 67, and 83 nucleotides, respectively, downstream from the translation-terminating TAA triplet . The sequence AA-TAAG is found 28 to 34 nucleotides upstream of each ADH-I mRNA poly(A) addition site . Sequence comparisons of these three 3' ends with those for four other yeast mRNAs yielded a 13-nucleotide consensus sequence to which TAAATAAGA is central . All of the known yeast poly(A) addition sites map at or near the A residue of a CTA site 25 to 40 nucleotides downstream from this consensus octamer.

J Dairy Sci, 1982 Mar, 65(3), 346 - 52
Effect of fermentation on lactose, glucose, and galactose content in milk and suitability of fermented milk products for lactose intolerant individuals; Alm L; The lactose, glucose, and galactose content in various fermented milk products was studied by enzymatic methods . Lactose was decreased in all fermented products . After 11 days storage of yogurt the lactose content decreased to about 2.3 g/100 compared to 4.8 g/100 g in nonfermented milk . During the same period, galactose content increased from traces in milk to 1.3 g/100 g in yogurt . Results were similar with acidophilus and bifidus milk . Buttermilk, kefir, and ropy milk showed 26, 30, and 20% decreases in lactose content . Eight lactose intolerant individuals showed symptoms of abdominal distress and diarrhea following consumption of 500 ml of low fat milk whereas ingestion of the same quantity of yogurt or acidophilus milk did not result in any symptoms . Fermented milk products should be considered in formulating diets for lactose-intolerant subjects.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 43(3), 686 - 93
Physiological diversity of rumen spirochetes; Paster BJ et al.; Bovine rumen fluid contained relatively large numbers of spirochetes capable of fermenting polymers commonly present in plant materials . Polymers such as xylan, pectin, and arabinogalactan served as fermentable substrates for the spirochetes, whereas cellulose did not . Furthermore, spirochetes cultured from rumen fluid utilized as growth substrates hydrolysis products of plant polymers (e.g., D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid, cellobiose), but did not ferment amino acids . Viable cell counts of spirochetes capable of fermenting individual plant polymers or their hydrolysis products yielded minimum values ranging from 0.2 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) cells per ml of rumen fluid . Thirteen strains of rumen spirochetes were characterized in terms of their fermentation products from glucose, the guanine plus cytosine content of their DNA, their ultrastructure, and their ability to ferment pectin, starch, or arabinogalactan . Of the 13 strains, 6 fermented glucose mainly to formate, acetate, and succinate, whereas the remaining 7 strains did not produce succinate, but instead formed ethanol, in addition to formate and acetate . The succinate-forming strains had two periplasmic (axial) fibrils per cell, measured 0.2 to 0.3 by 5 to 8 micrograms, had a guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA ranging from 36 to 38 mol%, and lacked the ability to ferment pectin, starch, or arabinogalactan . The ethanol-forming strains had from 8 to more than 32 periplasmic fibrils per cell, tended to be larger in cell size than the succinate-forming strains, and had a guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA ranging from 41 to 54 mol% . Some of the ethanol-forming strains fermented pectin, starch, or arabinogalactan . The results of this study indicate that the bovine rumen is inhabited by a physiologically and morphologically diverse population of spirochetes . It is likely that these spirochetes contribute significantly to the degradation of plant materials ingested by the ruminants.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Mar, 43(3), 390 - 6
Retropulsion-propulsion in equine large colon; Sellers AF et al.; The circular and longitudinal muscle coats of equine "midcolon" were found to be directly electrically coupled . They appear to act in concert, in healthy animals, as a pacemaker in the area of the large colon pelvic flexure, for retropulsive-propulsive myoelectrical events . The retropulsive events keep the cecum and right ventral and left ventral divisions of the colon filled, imposing a delay time for fermentation of cellulose and for bacterial protein synthesis . Point-to-point involvement of adjacent colon sections was slowed by cooling the intestinal contents with no adverse clinical signs . Diminution of the blood flow to this regulatory area was achieved in 12 weanling foals (raised parasite-free) by parasitic cranial mesenteric arteritis, using Strongylus vulgaris larvae . Four of the 12 developed clinical signs of abdominal pain, but on necropsy 3 of these 4 had no gross lesions in the gastrointestinal tract . Dissociation of the left ventral and left dorsal colon divisions, as regards intraluminal pressure events and their antecedent myoelectrical action potentials, was induced in 7 of 8 adult animals given an acaricide which under field conditions is associated with progressive large colon obstruction and colic.

Br J Nutr, 1982 Mar, 47(2), 289 - 300
Studies of the large intestine of sheep . 1 . Fermentation and absorption in sections of the large intestine; Dixon RM et al.; 1 . Fermentation and absorption of constituents of digesta in segments of the large intestine of sheep given different diets were studied by analysis of gut contents obtained at slaughter after a period during which the sheep had been administered a non-absorbable gut marker . 2 . In sheep given chopped, dried lucerne (Medicago sativa) there was net absorption of water throughout the large intestine with concomitant increases in the proportion of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) . There was net disappearance of 62 g OM, 1.66 g non-urea non-ammonia-nitrogen (NU-NAN) and 0.6 g (urea + NH3(-N in the caecum and proximal colon . There was no significant change in OM and NU-NAN flow through the remainder of the large intestine but there was a net disappearance of 0.3 g NH3-N . There was also net appearance of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the caecum, most of which was apparently absorbed before the rectum . 3 . Metabolism in the caecum was also studied in sheep grazing fresh pasture or consuming one of three sugar cane-bagasse-based diets, or barley pellets . In the lucerne- and pasture-fed sheep there was a net disappearance of approximately 0.5 g NH3-N/d from the caecum, while in sheep fed on bagasse plus urea, 1.4 g NH3-N/d was apparently absorbed from this region . The addition of fish meal to this latter diet resulted in apparent disappearance of 5.3 g NH3-N/d from the caecum and proximal colon . 4 . There was apparent loss of NU-NAN from the caecum of sheep on all diets except the barley diet . With the latter diet there was a net gain of 1 g NU-NAN/d which was associated with relatively high VFA concentration and production; taken together these results indicate that microbial fermentation in the caecum was more extensive in the sheep fed on the barley diet than in those fed on the other diets . 5 . The proportions of individual VFA in digesta from the rumen and caecum of lucerne-fed and pasture-fed sheep and in digesta from the caecum of sheep given the bagasse-based or barley diets are also reported and discussed . 6 . In general the results indicate that the caecum and to a lesser extent the proximal colon were the major regions of fermentation and absorption of the components of the digesta in the large intestine.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Mar, (3), 107 - 10
{Experimental polyarthritis in rabbits induced by Mycoplasma fermentans}; Kagan GIa et al.; The time course of the distribution of M . fermentans antigen in the body of rabbits infected by a single intraperitoneal injection, as well as morphological and immunological changes occurring in the joints of the infected animals during 12 weeks of observation have been studied . M . fermentans, or its antigen, has been shown to persist mainly in immunocompetent organs and articular tissues, its localization in articular cartilage corresponding to the areas of dystrophic changes . The character of the pathological process in the joints is similar to rheumatoid arthritis in humans, which is confirmed by the results of immuno-morphological studies . The local synthesis of IgG and rheumatoid factor, the deposition of immune complexes and the presence of phagocytes in synovia have been detected.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 43(3), 514 - 6
Biosynthesis of radiolabeled verruculogen by Penicillium simplicissimum; Day JB et al.; In surface culture of Penicillium simplicissimum, verruculogen was shown to be biosynthesized from the intact carbon skeletons of tryptophan and proline, isoprenoid derivatives of mevalonic acid, and a methyl group donated by methionine . Selected radiolabeled precursors (1 mCi) pulse-fed at the optimum stage of fermentation yielded verruculogen (specific activity, 5.89 X 10(2) microCi mmol-1) labeled in the prolyl and isoprenyl regions of the molecule and suitable for metabolic studies.

Br J Nutr, 1982 Mar, 47(2), 331 - 48
Distribution and changes in urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activity in Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec); Czerkawski JW et al.; 1 . The Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec) was used in a series of long-term experiments to study the distribution and changes of urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activity in a heterogeneous fermentation system . 2 . It was shown that in Rusitec the high urease activity from the inoculum decreased to low values, that the rate of decrease was consistent with simple dilution of ureolytic micro-organisms and that the urease activity could be restored to original values by infusion of urea into the reaction vessels . The magnitude of this urease activity was a direct function of the amounts of urea infused . Single daily additions of the same or greater amounts of urea in food or as solid failed to increase the urease activity significantly . 3 . In general, urease activity increased 2-6 h after feeding and the increases were greater with roughage diets . 4 . The ureolytic activity per unit volume was always higher in compartment 2(space occupied by micro-organisms that are loosely associated with the solid) than in compartment 1 (strained rumen contents) or compartment 3 (space occupied by microbial population that cannot be washed out of the solid matrix) . 5 . The distribution of urease activity between the compartments was different from the distribution of certain other enzymes (e.g . protease and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1)) . 6 . Apart from the boundary region, the concentrations of urease, ammonia and volatile fatty acids in compartment 2 were constant, while the concentrations of protein, DNA and another enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) increased with the depth of the compartment . Specific urease activity (per unit weight of protein or DNA) was much higher in compartment 1 than in compartment 2 and it decreased markedly with depth of compartment . 7 . The concentrations of ammonia were always much higher in the solid matrix (compartments 2 and 3) than in the free suspension of micro-organisms (compartment 1) . There was a linear relation between these two quantities . 8 . The results are discussed in relation to published work on the entry and metabolism of urea in the rumen.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Mar-Apr, 51(2), 318 - 23
{Variability of beta-1,3/1,4-glucanglucanohydrolase-forming Streptomyces narbonensis induced by UV rays and mitomycin C}; Elinov NP et al.; The effect of mitomycin C and UV on spores before germination and two hours after it was investigated with Streptomyces narbonensis 2a producing beta-1,3/1,4-glucanglucan hydrolase (beta-glucanase) . The lethal effect of mitomycin C on the germinating spores was considerably greater than that on the spores . The mutagenic activity of mitomycin C was closely related to the process of spore germination . The frequency of mutations was higher when mitomycin C acted on germinated spores . UV caused a lesser frequency of morphological mutations than mitomycin C did . The action of UV produced mutants which synthesized beta-glucanase of the exotype in the course of fermentation in a medium without an inductor.

Can J Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 28(3), 360 - 3
Fermentation of D-xylose, xylitol, and D-xylulose by yeasts; Maleszka R et al.; Fifteen yeasts which can assimilate D-xylose were examined for the ability to convert this pentose to ethanol . In six of the seven genera investigated the conversion was enhanced when air had access to the medium . Therefore, the ability to convert D-xylose to ethanol under these conditions is probably common among yeasts . Growth under the same conditions on xylitol, a putative catabolite of D-xylose, led to only traces of ethanol . The effects of growth on another putative catabolite, D-xylose, were complex, but some of the strains which were among the better producers of ethanol from D-xylose produced less from D-xylulose.

Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Feb 22, 214(1196), 289 - 303
The Philips Lecture, 1981 . Targets in biotechnology; Spinks A; Established biotechnologies overcome cost handicaps, particularly aqueous process dilution, through unique advantages . Ancient fermentations confer psychopharmacological, palatable or nutritional qualities on drinks and foods . Modern biotechnologies depend on bacterial versatility (sewage disposal), enzyme specificity (hydrolases), high value of complex products (antibiotics, vaccines), chirality (amino acids), high yield (citric acid), or, rarely, process intensity (glucose isomerase) . Advances in recombinant DNA have already given valuable human proteins . Numerous new targets include hormones, blood proteins and antibodies . Production techniques will include cell fusion and animal cell culture, and new hosts, some eukaryotic, for human genes . Enhanced production of cells, organelles and enzymes will follow, partly to take advantage of the industrial potential of immobilization . Later still, improved engineering and new biological processes should allow competitive production of fine chemicals, protein and other foods, bulk chemicals and fuels . Some products will require simultaneous change and advance in agriculture: interspecific genetic manipulation, plant cell culture and other modern developments will facilitate these.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1982 Feb 13, 112(7), 232 - 4
{Fermentable carbohydrates in teething preparations as a cause of caries in small children}; Guggenheim B et al.; Occasional clinical observations have shown extensive caries lesions in small children between 12 and 36 months of age, in some of which cases, while sugar intake history was negative, continuous use of teething jellies, lozenges or syrups was established . This prompted the hypothesis that such products were the source of the hidden fermentable sugars, and the sugar content of a number of products available on the Swiss market was therefore analyzed . Sucrose was determined enzymatically using the Boehringer sucrose/glucose UV-test . The content of other fermentable carbohydrates was checked by GLC . The use of such products should not be recommended for real or assumed pain related to the eruption of primary teeth . Among the eight products tested only one was found to be free of fermentable sugars . All other preparations contained 31-93% fermentable sugars, chiefly sucrose . Declaration of fermentable sugars in such products should be enforced by food and drug legislation.

J Lipid Res, 1982 Feb, 23(2), 283 - 90
Characterization of unusual intermediate density lipoproteins; Puppione DL et al.; We report on the physicochemical properties of unusual lipoproteins isolated from both lymph and blood of ruminating cattle . The densities of most of these particles fall within the range between 1.006 and 1.020 g/ml, although densities of 0.97-0.99 g/ml are calculated from chemical composition, assuming a liquid core . The triglycerides of these particles have a high content of saturated fatty acids . The major apoprotein has a mobility on polyacrylamide-SDS gels consistent with a molecular weight of 40,000 . The negatively-stained particles appear flattened and asymmetric in electron micrographs . The particles are very large, with molecular weights in the 20 to 250 million dalton range, and they scatter light strongly . The hydrodynamic frictional ratio is about 1.4, consistent with oblate ellipsoids with axial ratios of about 8 to 1 . The flat appearance, asymmetric shape, and anomalous densities of the particles would be explained if these lipoproteins consisted of a core of crystallized triglycerides encapsulated within a phospholipid monolayer . Crystallization of the saturated triglycerides could occur during routine lipoprotein isolation, in which temperatures much lower than the melting points of their core lipids are employed . when protocols are done entirely at 37 degrees C, the unusual structures are not observed in the intermediate density class . Although the saturated fats in these bovine lipoproteins are derived from ruminal fermentation, we feel that any triglyceride-rich lipoprotein highly enriched in saturated fats will behave similarly if isolation temperatures are well below the melting points of the core lipids.

Kardiologiia, 1982 Feb, 22(2), 81 - 93
{Role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury and the antioxidant protection of the heart}; Meerson FZ et al.; It has been shown that an important link of the heart ischaemic damage in the infarction is the so-called lipid triad supervening in the lipid bilayer of cardiomyocyte membranes . This triad consists in the activation of the lipid peroxidation (LPO), phospholipase activation, and the detergent effect of high concentrations of fatty acids, that results in an increase of the membrane permeability for calcium and plays an important role in the transition from the reversible ischaemic damage to the irreversible . The LPO activation established by the authors in the myocardial infarction in the ischaemic and non-ischaemic zones seems to be the link triggering the lipid triad . Administration of the synthetic LPO inhibitors, antioxidants 2.6 - ditretbutyl - 4 - methyl phenol, or OP-6 significantly decreased the ischaemic necrosis area, fermentemia and disturbances of the cardiac contractility in experimental infarction.

Vet Med (Praha), 1982 Feb, 27(2), 65 - 74
{The effect of feeding sawdust and fodder cut into various lengths on rumen fermentation}; Baran M et al.; Wethers were subjected to experiments aimed at studying the possibility of replacing part of bulk fodder by treated beech sawdust and its effect on ruminal fermentation in the case of administration of chopped and unchopped hay . For a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1000 g of diet dry matter daily; the diet contained 41.81% of chopped meadow hay, 25.28% of barley, 15.37% of chopped straw, 14.98% of molasses, 1.32% of urea and 1.24% of mineral supplement . In the test group the 15.37% proportion of straw was replaced by sawdust . In the subsequent ten-week period the animals were given the same diets, but the hay was not chopped . On the whole the experiment was performed with two groups with straw and two with sawdust . In the groups with chopped hay the sawdust in the diet increased the molar percentage of acetic acid, reduced the molar percentage of propionic acid (which resulted in an increased acetate: propionate ratio), and reduced the pH value and energy efficiency of the produced volatile fatty acids (VFA) . The levels of total VFA were not affected . In the groups fed unchopped (long) hay the diet with 15.37% of sawdust showed a significant increase in total VFA and in the molar percentage of butyric acid as well as in the energy efficiency of VFA in rumen . The acetate: propionate ratio was not changed, probably owing to sufficient production of acetic acid . Although some variability was recorded in the results, it can be stated that treated beech sawdust had no adverse effect on rumen fermentation and that the replacement of part of bulk forage by this sawdust was successful . A relationship was also found between sawdust and the physical form of the bulk fodder contained in the ration.

Soc Sci Med, 1982, 16(1), 99 - 106
Smoking, chewing and drinking in Ban Pong . Northern Thailand; Mougne C et al.; The unusual pattern of oral cavity and respiratory tract cancers in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand led to this descriptive study of smoking, drinking and chewing in a rural community in Chiang Mai Province . A high proportion of adults were smokers and both males and females had very high estimated lifetime tobacco tar exposures . Variation in additive mixed with tobacco in traditional cigars and differences in smoking may be related to different respiratory cancer patterns in males and females . Manufactured cigarettes were little smoked, and then mainly by young men and those of higher socioeconomic status . Betel nut chewing, found commonly in other parts of S.E . Asia was found only among the old, but chewing of miang, a fermented tea-leaf preparation was common in all age groups, and was generally accompanied by smoking . Drinking of alcoholic beverages was rare and infrequent.

Pol Arch Weter, 1982, 23(3), 7 - 15
{Effect of volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen on blood flow in the mesenteric vessels of sheep}; Siwecka B et al.; The studies were performed on sheep with chronic rumen fistulae and implanted electromagnetic recorders of blood flow in the anterior mesenteric vein and the anterior mesenteric artery . The animals were fed the diet consisting of sugar beet, urea and mineral salts (diet I) or sugar beet and mineral salts (diet II--nitrogen deficient) . The diet caused an increase of blood flow in the mesenteric artery and the mesenteric vein: this increase reached the highest level after 2 hours since the application of the diet . There was noted a positive correlation between the changes of blood flow in the mesenteric vessels and the volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen . The composition of the diet, differing by a protein level, did not influence significantly the differences in blood flow in the mesenteric vessels . It was suggested that an increase of blood flow in the mesenteric vessels was caused by fermentation of carbohydrates in proventriculi, and hence an increased concentration of VFA in the content attaining the duodenum, stimulation of chemoreceptors in the rumen mucosa and increased activity of cholinergic system in internal organs of the abdominal cavity.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1982, 17(5), 505 - 14
Behavior of parathion in apple juice processed into cider and vinegar; Banna AA et al.; Apple juice, fortified with 25 ppm (ug/g) of parathion, was processed into cider and vinegar . After the initial fermentation period of 12 days, the supernatant cider contained 7.4 ppm of parathion while the level in the sedimented lees was 88 ppm . Sorption to the sedimented matter was the main pathway for parathion residue reduction in the cider . Levels of aminoparathion and 4-nitrophenol, the only metabolites of parathion detected as confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, were 0.19 and 1.2 ppm, respectively, in the cider . The 56-day-old finished cider prior to bottling contained 2.2 ppm parathion, 0.15 ppm aminoparathion and 1.3 ppm 4-nitrophenol . Storage of the cider at 24, 12, 4 and -20 degrees C resulted in further reduction in the parathion levels . After one year, samples stored at 24 degrees C contained only 2.5% of the initial level added to the juice . Samples stored at the three other temperatures contained about 5% of the original level . Vinegar formed after 57 days of fermentation contained 5.1 ppm parathion, while the residue level in the lees was 76 ppm . Aminoparathion and 4-nitrophenol levels were 0.23 and 1.2 ppm, respectively in the vinegar . Storage of the vinegar at 24 degrees C for one year resulted in a gradual decline in the parathion level and at the end of the storage period, the remaining residue represented about 6% of the initial 24 ppm added to the juice.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1982, 27(6), 446 - 9
Metabolism of aromatic acids in the antibiotic-producing basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; Zouchova Z et al.; Aromatic acids were determined in the mycelium and fermentation medium of Oudemansiella mucida . Coumaric acids (both m- and p-), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and benzoic acid were found to predominate in the mycelium . Phenylacetic acid represents the main component in the medium . Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase catalyzing conversion of phenylalanine to cinnamic acid which is further metabolized to benzoic acid was detected in the mycelium . The results are discussed with respect to the synthesis of the antibiotic mucidin.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(10), 717 - 22
Yield coefficients in dependence on milieu conditions and cell states . III . Induction of synchrony in continuous yeast cell cultivation by milieu changes; Stichel E et al.; Induction of synchrony by various perturbations in continuous yeast cultivation on hydrocarbons of crude oil is described . Short-time temperature and pH-value shocks cause oscillations of budding cell percentage in the order of the cell cycle duration . An abrupt change of the phosphate ion concentration of the nutritional medium may also induce a synchronization of microbial growth . However, the frequency corresponds with the eigenfrequency of the fermentation process . The experimental values were investigated statistically using autocorrelation and spectral analysis.

Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1982, 62, 113 - 20
Epidemiology of esophageal cancer in China; Li JY; Chinese historical records of about 2,000 years ago noted several unique epidemiological features and possible risk factors of esophageal cancer in this country . This paper presents selected recent findings on the epidemiology of esophageal cancer in China with special attention directed to geographical distribution, risk factors, and preventive measures . Some of the major characteristics of this disease in China include: 1) an unusually high mortality, the highest in the world; 2) wide geographical differences in mortality; 3) an irregular concentric belt area of elevated mortality; 4) stability of rates over the years; 5) variations in rate by sex; 6) great ethnic differences in mortality; 7) gullet cancer in chickens comparable to the human disease; and 8) associations with high prevalence of epithelial dysplasia of the esophagus . It has been hypothesized that the prevalence of esophageal cancer in high-risk areas may be associated with fermented and moldy foodstuffs, nitrosamines, deficiencies of molybdenum, nutritional deficiencies, specific living habits, and poor oral hygiene . Accordingly, comprehensive studies are being conducted in Lin County and other areas with elevated risk of this diseases so that the possible function of fungi and nitrosamines in the carcinogenesis of esophageal cancer can be determined.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(8), 545 - 55
{Degradation of mixed substrates by yeasts . I . Substrates of waste sulfite liquor}; Krauel U et al.; Two Candida strains were isolated from an industrial batch reactor for fermentation of waste sulfite liquor . Pure cultures of these yeasts assimilate single substrates contained in waste sulfite liquor with different specific activity . The respiration rate is influenced by some induction substrates, too . In a mixed substrate model corresponding to waste sulfite liquor the single substrates are metabolized by pure cultures in a specific sequential manner . These sequences change during degradation of mixed substrates by mixed cultures . The spectrum of metabolized substrates, however, is not reduced . This fact is important for energy balance or for waste water contamination.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(8), 535 - 44
{Theoretical determination of the energy efficiency of microbial carbon substrate conversion and comparison with experimental values in phase cultures}; Heinritz B et al.; The phenomenological description of microbial substrate conversion is possible by connecting energy and material balance equations . The change of free enthalpy of microbial substrate conversion was determined on the basis of exact material balance equations . A simultaneous determination of heat production allowed to calculate the energetic efficiency of microbial growth processes . In addition to this the change of free enthalpy by microbial substrate conversion was standardized by the free standard formation enthalpy of biomass . Both quantities were used for comparing microbial combustion of several substrates into biomass . Comparable with the concept of substrate combustion enthalpy standardized by the combustion enthalpy of biomass an optimal strategy of mixing different substrates can be deduced from energy and material balance equations on the basis of theoretic consumption coefficients . Besides the energetic efficiency the binding state of the substrate is important in the search for optimal substrate mixing ratios . This could be shown by experimental work . Thus, the fermentation systems sucrose/yeast, paraffin/yeast, and sucrose/paraffin/yeast were studied using synchronous populations produced by the method of phased cultures . The investigations of real fermentation systems confirm the theoretical predictions on special conditions.

Acta Physiol Pol, 1982 Jan-Apr, 33(1-2), 23 - 8
Utilization of urea 15N for the synthesis of the rumen microorganisms and blood plasma protein in sheep; Kowalczyk J et al.; Two sheep were fed a diet containing urea and high level of easy fermentable carbohydrate or crude fibre . Incorporation of urea 15N into the total and bacterial N in rumen and NPN of blood plasma was higher, but lower into plasma protein in the sheep fed the diet with easy fermentable carbohydrate . The analysis of data of the rate of enrichment with 15N in protein and NPN of plasma and rumen liquid suggests that urea nitrogen was fixed transiently into plasma protein and after releasing and recirculation throughout the rumen incorporated permanently into plasma protein.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1982, 48(4), 337 - 52
Degradation patterns and intermediates in the anaerobic digestion of glucose: experiments with 14C-labeled substrates; Cohen A et al.; A mineral salts medium containing 1% (w/v) glucose was subjected to anaerobic digestion in an upflow reactor . Performance with respect to utilization of glucose was monitored by collection of fermentation gases and calculation of carbon mass balances . Sub-samples of bacterial suspensions from the upflow reactor were incubated with (U-14C)-glucose, (U-14C)-acetate, (2-14C)-propionate, (1-14C)-butyrate or 14C-carbonate . Individual radioactive products in samples from incubation mixtures were analysed by radio gas chromatography . Quantitatively, acetate and propionate were the only important intermediates in glucose degradation by glucose-adapted sludge, with acetate accounting for the largest part of intermediary fatty acid flux.

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1982, 26(3), 291 - 9
Infraspecific taxonomy of tularemia agent Francisella tularensis McCoy et Chapin; Olsufjev NG et al.; The authors investigated 286 strains of the tularemia microbe isolated in a number of countries of the Old and the New World from humans, hares, rodents, ticks, water and other objects, including 217 strains from the USSR and 69 strains from other countries . As a result, the earlier observed subspecific differences in the biological properties of the tularemia strains isolated in different regions were reconfirmed on an extensive material . It is proposed to designate the three subspecies distinguished within the species as follows: Francisella tularensis holarctica Ols., occurring in the Old World as well as in the New World; F . t . nearctica Ols., known only in North America, and F . t . media-asiatica Aikimb., occurring in Central Asia . Three biological varieties are distinguished in the holarctic subspecies: biovar japonica Rod., occurring on the Japanese islands, biovar I eryS (erythromycin-sensitive) distributed in Old and New World and biovar II eryR (erythromycin-resistant) known only in a few localities in Europe and Asia . Subspecific taxons differ from each other in several stable signs including biochemical-fermentation of glycerol and citrulline, and others, in the degree of pathogenicity for man and domestic rabbits, in the ecology and also in the area of distribution while the biovars differ in one sign and partly in the area of distribution . No differences were found between the North-American strains of the holarctic subspecies and the Eurasian holarctic strains of biovar I . The absence of serological differences between the individual taxons is no obstacle to infraspecific taxonomy of the tularemia microbe.

IARC Sci Publ, 1982, (41), 319 - 26
N-nitrosamines in grass silages; Van Broekhoven LW et al.; During the fermentation of silages from nitrate-rich grass, the conditions are suitable for the formation of N-nitrosamines . Earlier investigations had shown that only low concentrations of volatile N-nitrosamines were formed . The first ten days of ensilage were investigated . The formation of nitrite was accompanied by the formation of volatile N-nitrosamines . NDMA and NDEA were detected in concentrations of up to about 2 micrograms/kg . After stabilisation of the silage, these concentrations dropped to about 0.6 microgram/kg . Preliminary results are presented concerning the presence of non-volatile N-nitroso compounds . The method of Walters et al . (1980) indicates that non-volatile N-nitroso compounds were present in amounts equivalent to 85 mg NPIP/kg sample.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1982, 27(4), 245 - 9
Activities of catabolic pathways and alkaloid biogenesis during submerged cultivation of Claviceps sp . SD-58; Desai JD et al.; Alkaloid biogenesis in Claviceps sp . SD-58 was found to be associated with low growth and reduced consumption of sucrose and mannitol . The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and aldolase increased up to 9 d of the fermentation cycle and then declined . A close parallel between the operation of pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathways and tryptophan content was demonstrated . An inverse relation between the operation of citric acid and glyoxylate cycles and the ability of the cells to synthesize alkaloids was noted . The role of carbon metabolic pathways during fermentative production of alkaloids is discussed.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1982, 27(4), 237 - 41
Effect of tryptophan on the production of mucidin in cultures of basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida; Zouchova Z et al.; Addition of L-tryptophan to cultures of the basidiomycete Oudemansiella mucida brought about a pronounced increase of production of the antibiotic mucidin . The highest increase was reached in the presence of 0.15-0.20% tryptophan and after its addition to a l-d culture . The methyl ester of tryptophan exhibited the same effect . Mycelium growing during the initial phases in the presence of tryptophan synthesized mucidin powerfully during later phases of the fermentation.

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