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Bacteria show a wide variety of different metabolisms. Some bacteria require only carbon dioxide for their carbon source and are called autotrophs. Those that obtain their energy in the form of light, via photosynthesis, are called photoautotrophs. Those that obtain energy by oxidizing chemical compounds are called chemoautotrophs. Another group of bacteria is dependent on an organic form of carbon and they are called heterotrophs. In addition, bacteria are distinguished based on the source of reducing equivalents they are using. Those using inorganic compounds (e. g. water, hydrogen, sulfide or ammonia) for this purpose are called lithotrophs, the others need organic compounds (e. g. sugars or organic acids) and are called organotrophs. The Shigella spp. are highly infectious agents that are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. The disease is caused when virulent Shigella organisms attach to, and penetrate, epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. After invasion, they multiply intracellularly, and spread to contiguous epitheleal cells resulting in tissue destruction. Some strains produce enterotoxin and Shiga toxin (very much like the verotoxin of E. coli O157:H7). Click on following items to see more information: Anaerobes, Antibiotics, Antibiotic treatment, Antimicrobial, Bacillus, Bacillus, Microorganisms, Microorganisms, Phage, Bifidobacteria, Burkholderia, Cell cultures, Cephalosporin, Corynebacter, Denitrifying, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, E coli O157, Enterococci, Fermentations, Yeasts, Growth media, Klebsiella, Listeriosis, Microbial, Microbiological, Multidrug resistant, Paracocci, Prokaryotes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Rhodococci, S. cerevisiae, Salmonella, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcal, Streptococci, Vibriosis, Yeasts Bordetella is a genus of proteobacteria. Members of the species B. pertussis and occasionally B. parapertussis cause pertussis or whooping cough in humans. Several other species cause similar disease in other mammals, such as B. bronchiseptica, and in birds, such as B. avium and B. hinzii. Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria that possess ubiquinone 10 as the major respiratory quinone, contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs) instead of lipopolysaccharide in their cell envelopes, and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies. By 2001, the genus included more than 20 species that were quite diverse in terms of their phylogenetic, ecological, and physiological properties. As a result, the Sphingomonas were subdivided into four genera: Sphingomonas, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium and Sphingopyxis. The sulfate-reducing have been treated as phenotypic group, together with the other sulfur-reducing bacteria, for identification purposes. They are found in several different phylogenetic lines. Three lines are included among the Proteobacteria, all in the delta subgroup: Desulfobacterales Desulfovibrionales Syntrophobacterales A fourth group including thermophiles is given its own phylum, the Thermodesulfobacteria. The remaining sulfate-reducers are included with other bacteria among the Nitrospirae and the gram-positive Peptococcaceae - for instance Thermodesulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum, respectively. There is also a single genus of Archaea capable of sulfate reduction, Archaeoglobus.
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