J Dairy Sci, 1986 May, 69(5), 1355 - 65 Influence of pecan shells and hulls as a roughage source on milk production, rumen fermentation, and digestion in ruminants; Ramirez RG et al.; In Experiment 1, 20 lambs (36 kg) were fed five diets containing 0, 5, or 10% pecan shells or hulls to evaluate digestion and nitrogen balance . Digestion was not depressed by diets containing 5% shells . Protein digestibility was not reduced and nitrogen balance was higher for lambs fed 5% hulls than for lambs in other groups . In Experiment 2, 8 Holstein cows (29.3 kg milk/d) were assigned to two diets: basal and basal with 5% shells in the grain mix . Cows fed diets containing shells produced the same amount of milk and milk fat as control cows . In Experiment 3, 12 Holstein cows (27.3 kg milk/d) were assigned to the same two diets used in Experiment 2 and a third treatment received 5% pecan hulls in the grain mix . Cows fed shells or hull diets reduced concentrate intake and milk production . In Experiment 4, 12 Hereford X Angus steers (474.5 kg) were fed diets used in Experiment 3 to examine rumen fermentation, digestion, and passage rates . Steers fed hulls had lower rumen ammonia N and higher rumen pH compared with steers fed the basal diet . Total rumen volatile fatty acid concentration was not different among treatments . Generally, rumen fluid from steers fed hulls had higher proportions of acetate and lower proportions of butyrate . Rumen fluid and particulate passage rates and digestion measurements were not affected by addition of shells or hulls. Wien Med Wochenschr, 1986 Apr 30, 136(7-8), 158 - 62 {Escherichia coli in biotechnology}; Hauptmann R et al.; Escherichia coli plays a central role in modern biotechnology i.e . gene technology and fermentation . This article summarizes the basic principles of genetic engineering using human type I interferon genes as an example . The second part describes the advantages and the problems encountered using E . coli as a production organism. Eur J Biochem, 1986 Apr 15, 156(2), 259 - 63 Substrate stereochemistry of the biotin-dependent sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans; Buckel W; The steric course of the decarboxylation of glutaconyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, catalysed by the biotin-dependent sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans, was elucidated using the sequence: chiral acetate----citrate----glutamate----glutaconyl-CoA----crotonyl-CoA ----chiral acetate . Since glutaconyl-CoA or glutaconate labeled at C-4 was subjected to rapid chemical or enzymatic exchanges, glutamate was fermented to acetate by growing cells of A . fermentans . The analysis of the final chiral acetates gave following deviations from 50% in the fumarase exchange: + 13.8% starting with (R)-acetate and - 13.9% starting with (S)-acetate . The results demonstrated a retention of configuration during the decarboxylation . Thus glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase adds to the list of biotin enzymes in which exclusive retention of configuration was observed . Glutaconate CoA-transferase from A . fermentans catalysed a 3H exchange of {2,4,4-3H}glutaconate with water when acetyl-CoA was present . At low concentration of acetyl-CoA (20 microM) the exchange ceased after exactly one atom 3H was released into the water, at high concentrations (1 mM) the exchange proceeded further . The apparent Km of acetyl-CoA in the exchange (1.1 microM) was 150 times smaller than that of the complete CoA transfer . It was concluded that either a mixed anhydride, between a carboxyl group of the enzyme and {2,4,4-3H}glutaconate, or enzyme-bound glutaconyl-CoA was the exchanging species. Eur J Biochem, 1986 Apr 15, 156(2), 251 - 7 The sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans . Specific cleavage by n-alkanols; Buckel W et al.; Glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase from Acidaminococcus fermentans was inactivated by incubation with n-alkanols at 37 degrees C . The concentration of the alcohol required for complete inactivation decreased with increasing chain length; e.g . 2 M ethanol was as potent as 2 mM hexanol or 0.5 mM decanol . The data indicate a binding of the alcohol to the enzyme with an energy of about 4 kJ/methylene group . Sodium ions prevented the inactivation (50% at 30 mM NaCl) . K+, NH4+, Cs+ and Mg2+ had no influence, whereas Li+ was ten times less effective than Na+ . The enzyme was cleaved during the inactivation into a soluble part, consisting of the alpha (Mr 120,000) and beta polypeptide chains (60,000), whereas the hydrophobic gamma chain (30,000) precipitated . The soluble part catalysed the sodium-ion-independent but avidin-sensitive glutaconyl-CoA/crotonyl-CoA exchange as measured with the substrates {3-3H}crotonyl-CoA and unlabelled glutaconate and with glutaconate CoA-transferase as auxiliary enzyme . In the presence of free biotin or its methyl ester the soluble part catalysed the formation of crotonyl-CoA from glutaconyl-CoA (apparent Km for biotin 40 mM, Vmax 1% of the native decarboxylation reaction) . This apparent reactivation was most likely caused by the carboxylation of free biotin . Based on these and other observations the following functions may be assigned to the different polypeptide chains of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase: biotin carrier (alpha), carboxytransferase (beta) and carboxylase, the actual sodium pump (gamma). Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1986 Apr 12, 116(15), 469 - 72 {The effect of lactitol on the production of expired hydrogen in normal subjects}; Griessen M et al.; In man, unabsorbed disaccharide lactitol is fermented by colonic flora with an H2 breath production proportional to the absorbed quantity . The osmolality of the ingested solution is without effect either on the oro-cecal transit time and the time of H2 peak, or on the output and peak value of H2 expired . The intestinal symptoms seemed less prominent with slighter osmolality . The beginning of H2 production and the amount of H2 recorded varied widely between different subjects and in the same subject . It is thus important to consider this variability when measuring transit time and evaluating the amount of unabsorbed sugar . The comparison between two analogous doses of lactitol and lactulose (Duphalac) shows lower H2 production with lactulose, but clinical symptoms are slightly more pronounced . The glycemic peak was significantly higher for lactulose than for lactitol. Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Apr, 31(4), 246 - 8 {Dynamics of protein biosynthesis in a Streptomyces erythreus culture and its alteration as affected by exogenous erythromycin}; Listvinova SN et al.; The intensity of protein biosynthesis in cultures of Streptomyces erythreus estimated by the specific incorporation of 2{14C}-valine into the mycelium changed in accordance with a definite irregular rhythm . When the samples were collected every 6 hours a number of pronounced radioactivity peaks characterizing the intensity of the label incorporation was observed . The height of the peaks was different and they were recorded at different intervals during both the phase of the culture intensive growth and the stationary phase . Erythromycin added to the fermentation medium inhibited protein synthesis at the stationary phase which was evident of the antibiotic effect on the regulatory apparatus controlling the active mycelium growth. J Anim Sci, 1986 Apr, 62(4), 1081 - 94 Effects of forage particle size, level of feed intake and supplemental protein degradability on microbial protein synthesis and site of nutrient digestion in steers; Firkins JL et al.; A 2(3) factorial arrangement of treatments was used to study main effects and interactions between particle size of prairie hay (chopped vs ground), two levels of feed intake (60 and 90% of ad libitum) and ruminal degradability of protein sources {dry corn gluten feed (DCGF) vs dry distillers grains (DDG)} on ruminal and total tract digestion in eight ruminal- and duodenal-cannulated steers . Steers were fed every 2 h to approach steady-state feeding conditions . Steers fed ground hay diets digested higher (P less than .05) percentages of total digestible organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in the rumen and had lower (P less than .05) nonammonia-nonbacterial N (NANBN) flows to the duodenum than did those fed chopped hay, probably because greater surface area of ground hay allowed more extensive ruminal fermentation . Protein source X intake interactions were noted for ruminal OM and NDF digestion when expressed as percentages of total digestion . At low intakes, steers fed DCGF had higher (P less than .05) percentages of total digestible OM and NDF disappearing in the rumen than did those fed DDG . Steers fed DCGF had lower total N, NANBN and total amino acid (AA) flows at the duodenum than did those fed DDG, indicating that less DCGF protein escaped ruminal degradation . Steers fed DDG had greater (P less than .05) total tract NDF digestion, suggesting that escape protein from DDG may stimulate hindgut fermentation and thereby affect site and extent of nutrient digestion . Regression analysis indicated that extent of ruminal fermentation and efficiency of microbial growth in vivo are associated with ruminal rates of passage within individual animals . When steers were fed at high-intake levels (1.6% of body weight), ruminal dilution rates were not increased (P less than .05) due to forage particle size or level of intake treatments, accounting, in part, for the lack of expected treatment differences in efficiency of bacterial growth and duodenal N flow, and for the low number of interactions between main effects. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Apr, 39(4), 594 - 600 Nitrogen repression of gilvocarcin V production in Streptomyces arenae 2064; Byrne KM et al.; Analysis of gilvocarcin V production by Streptomyces arenae in complex and chemically defined media revealed strong nitrogen repression of antibiotic biosynthesis . Nitrogen regulation was first suggested by the observation of a 10-fold increase in gilvocarcin V production when the ammonium ion trapping agent Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O was added to complex medium . In a chemically defined medium, cell mass increased as the initial ammonium sulfate concentrations approached 7.5 mM; however, antibiotic production was strongly repressed at ammonium sulfate concentrations exceeding 1.5 mM . Repression of gilvocarcin V production at 7.5 mM ammonium sulfate was maximally reversed by adding Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O to the medium at 25 mM; specific antibiotic production attained a level 2.5-fold higher than at the nonrepressive ammonium salt concentration of 1.5 mM . Evaluation of the effects of soluble inorganic phosphate concentrations upon gilvocarcin V titers suggested that the relatively insoluble Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O must in fact serve as an ammonium ion-trapping agent, as previously reported in other fermentation systems, not as a supplementary source of phosphate for growth and antibiotic production . These studies also revealed a minor repression of antibiotic synthesis at elevated levels of soluble phosphate . Comparisons of several amino acids as nitrogen sources in a Mg3(PO4)2.8H2O-containing medium indicated that L-aspartic acid and glycine promoted the highest yields of gilvocarcin V . Metabolism of these two amino acids into precursors of the polyketide pathway for gilvocarcin V biosynthesis is postulated. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Apr, 39(4), 510 - 5 Clavamycins, new clavam antibiotics from two variants of Streptomyces hygroscopicus . I . Taxonomy of the producing organisms, fermentation, and biological activities; King HD et al.; In a selective screening for antifungal metabolites, six new clavam antibiotics, clavamycins A, B, C, D, E and F, have been detected from two variants of Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 15846 and NRRL 15879. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Apr, 39(4), 502 - 9 A novel macrolide antibiotic, notonesomycin A; Sasaki T et al.; Fermentation of Streptomyces aminophilus subsp . notonesogenes 647-AV1 produced a mixture of antifungal antibiotics . Notonesomycin A, the main component has been characterized as a new macrolide antibiotic containing a sulfate group, a malonate moiety, two deoxysugars and a 1,3,4-trisubstituted benzene system in the molecule . It was active against some fungi and Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and effective against the sheath blight disease of rice plant in a green house test. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Apr, 51(4), 703 - 9 Assimilatory reduction of sulfate and sulfite by methanogenic bacteria; Daniels L et al.; A variety of sulfur-containing compounds were investigated for use as medium reductants and sulfur sources for growth of four methanogenic bacteria . Sulfide (1 to 2 mM) served all methanogens investigated well . Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg and delta H grew well with S0, SO3(2-), or thiosulfate as the sole sulfur source . Only Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus was able to grow with SO4(2-) as the sole sulfur source . 2-Mercaptoethanol at 20 mM was greatly inhibitory to growth of Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus on SO4(2-) or SO2(2-) and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg on SO3(2-) but not to growth of strain delta H on SO3(2-) . Sulfite was metabolized during growth by Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus . Sulfide was produced in cultures of Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus growing on SO4(2-), SO3(2-), thiosulfate, and S0 . Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg was successfully grown in a 10-liter fermentor with S0, SO3(2-), or thiosulfate as the sole sulfur source. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Apr, 29(4), 620 - 4 Avermectin B2 O-methyltransferase activity in "Streptomyces avermitilis" mutants that produce increased amounts of the avermectins; Schulman MD et al.; The level of activity of avermectin B O-methyltransferase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of avermectin B components to avermectin A components, was analyzed in a series of "Streptomyces avermitilis" mutants selected for increased production of the avermectins . In all of the mutants, increased avermectin production was accompanied by increased avermectin B O-methyltransferase activity . Both the average specific activity and the maximum observed specific activity of avermectin B O-methyltransferase increased in direct proportion to avermectin production . The level of avermectin B O-methyltransferase alone did not determine the extent of conversion of avermectin B components to avermectin A components, since a constant ratio of B components to A components was maintained throughout the fermentation even though avermectin B O-methyltransferase specific activity varied three- to fivefold . These results indicate that avermectin B O-methyltransferase is not rate limiting . The correlation between avermectin B O-methyltransferase specific activity and avermectin production is compatible with the hypothesis that genes coding for successive steps in the same secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathway are coordinately regulated. Mol Cell Biol, 1986 Apr, 6(4), 1044 - 9 The alpha subunit of initiation factor 2 is phosphorylated in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Romero DP et al.; The phosphorylation state of the alpha subunit of initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of lysates from cultures grown under a variety of conditions . The alpha subunit was maintained in a phosphorylated state during logarithmic growth on fermentable and nonfermentable carbon sources, during starvation for an essential amino acid, during heat shock, during stationary phase, and during sporulation . Only when cells were starved for a carbon source for 2 h in 1 M sorbitol was eIF-2 alpha isolated in the nonphosphorylated state . This is in contrast with the studies in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, in which arrested protein synthesis was correlated with a relative increase in the extent of phosphorylation of eIF-2 alpha. Acta Orthop Scand, 1986 Apr, 57(2), 123 - 5 Influence of trypsin on the regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage; Lack W et al.; A purely chondral lesion was inflicted at the medial or lateral femoral condyle of the knee joints of 54 adult male rabbits in order to study hyaline cartilage regeneration . The experimental group was given a sequential intraarticular instillation of trypsin and autologous blood, the control groups were given trypsin or blood or nothing . Only the experimental group (trypsin and autologous blood) showed hyaline cartilage regeneration in 2/3 of the cases examined . Apparently neither the healthy cartilage nor the synovial membrane suffered damage from the trypsin injection . A possible mechanism of cartilage regrowth may be the inhibition of chalones by the fermentative effect of trypsin, which stimulates the aggregation of thrombocytes and fibrin from the injected blood on the chondral lesion, thus initiating the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. J Nucl Med, 1986 Mar, 27(3), 388 - 94 Deuterioglucose: alteration of biodistribution by an isotope effect; Gatley SJ et al.; Carbon-14 glucose, in which all carbon-hydrogen bonds were replaced by carbon-deuterium bonds (deuterioglucose), was extracted from algae growing in heavy water and exposed to {14C}carbon dioxide . The identity of {14C}deuterioglucose was confirmed by comparison with authentic material on two high performance liquid chromatography and two thin layer chromatography systems . Fermentation to lactate followed by oxidative decarboxylation demonstrated that 35% of the 14C was on carbons 3 and 4 for deuterioglucose isolated from a 24-hr algal incubation, and 61% for a 20-min incubation . Mice were injected intravenously with either (24-hr) deuterioglucose or with 14C-labeled (protio)glucose labeled uniformly . The deuterioglucose cleared more slowly from the blood, while heart and brain accumulated label more slowly . Tissue concentrations peaked at later times for deuterioglucose . Deuteration may be a useful feature of radiopharmaceutical design. J Dairy Sci, 1986 Mar, 69(3), 745 - 53 Microbial numbers, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen utilization of steers fed wet or dried brewers' grains; Rogers JA et al.; Holstein steers were fed corn silage supplemented with either wet or dried brewers' grains to determine effects of heat drying commercial brewers' grains . Four rumen-fistulated steers were fed a 12.5% crude protein diet in a single reversal design experiment . Brewers' grains supplied 45% of the protein of the diet . Bacterial numbers, concentration of ciliated protozoa, and ammonia concentration in the rumen were higher, and rumen pH was lower, for steers fed wet brewers' grains . Concentrations of rumen volatile fatty acids were similar for both diets . Ruminal digestibility of dry matter decreased when wet versus dried brewers' grains were fed (56.9 versus 39.3%) . The rate of dry matter passage from the rumen was faster with wet brewers' grains . In Experiment 2, 12 steers were in a 2 X 2 factorial design . Diets contained wet or dried brewers' grains supplemented at 22 or 40% of the diet dry matter (12.5 and 14.5% crude protein) . Nitrogen retention was increased in steers fed the higher crude protein diet . Apparent digestible nitrogen, acid detergent fiber nitrogen, and nitrogen retention were higher with wet versus dried brewers' grains . Plasma essential and nonessential amino acids were also higher in steers fed wet brewers' grains . Alteration in microbial numbers, fermentation measurements, and nitrogen utilization were associated with more soluble nitrogen with wet (13.4%) versus dried (3.3%) brewers' grains. Farmakol Toksikol, 1986 Mar-Apr, 49(2), 64 - 8 {Mechanisms of the damage to the liver monooxygenase systems in thermal ischemia}; Sharapov VI et al.; It was shown in experiments in vitro that thermal ischemia of liver tissue leads to disorders in the function of membrane-bound microsomal monooxygenases . Disorders in the structural organization of membranes were also expressed in the inhibition of reactions of ascorbate-depending and fermentative peroxide oxidation of lipids and labilization of lysosomal membranes . Faults in the rate of amidopyrine n-demethylation and aniline n-hydroxylation correlate with the intensification of spontaneous peroxidation of lipids and activation of proteolytic processes in ischemia . The obtained data permitted to ground the approach to pharmacological prophylaxis of ischemic damages of liver microsomal monooxygenases. Arzneimittelforschung, 1986 Mar, 36(3), 428 - 33 {Detection and quantitative determination of lectins and viscotoxins in mistletoe preparations}; Jordan E et al.; Mistletoe lectins and viscotoxins, which up to now have been isolated only from plant material, were detected and quantitatively determined in the mistletoe preparation Iscador and in a fermented mistletoe extract . Lectins were isolated by affinity chromatography and analyzed by isoelectric focussing . Thus, in Iscador and in the fermented mistletoe extract only the mistletoe lectins ML II/III were found whereas typical proteins of the ML I complex were missing . The lectin content of the preparation and the extract was determined by "single radial immunodiffusion" (SRID) . For identification and quantitative determination of viscotoxins, a HPLC method was designed. J Vet Pharmacol Ther, 1986 Mar, 9(1), 26 - 39 Absorption and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in Welsh Mountain ponies; Maitho TE et al.; The disposition of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg), administered intravenously to six Welsh Mountain ponies, was described by a two-compartment open model . Pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different after morning dosing in comparison with afternoon dosing . When phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg) was administered orally to the same ponies, marked variations in time to peak concentrations were produced with different feeding schedules . When access to hay was permitted before and after dosing, the mean time to peak concentration was 13.2 +/- 1.2 h and double peaks in the plasma concentration-time curve were common . Double peaks were also encountered when phenylbutazone was given to ponies deprived of food prior to, and allowed access to hay after, dosing . In this circumstance, mean times to peak concentration were much shorter (3.8 +/- 1.3 h after morning dosing and 5.3 +/- 1.5 h followed afternoon dosing) . Absorption was more regular and double peaks were less apparent when food was withheld both before and after dosing . In order to explain these findings, it is tentatively postulated that, whereas some of the administered dose of phenylbutazone may be absorbed quickly, some may become adsorbed on to the feed and subsequently released by fermentative digestion in the large intestine and/or caecum . The consequences of delayed absorption in fed animals for toxicity and clinical efficacy, and for the use of phenylbutazone in equestrian sports, are considered . Delayed absorption in ponies given access to hay was not accompanied by a significant reduction in total absorption . Bioavailability was estimated to be approximately 69% in fed and 78% in unfed ponies . Estimates of bioavailability gave similar values for morning (72%) and afternoon (71%) dosing. J Anim Sci, 1986 Mar, 62(3), 789 - 803 Postprandial trends in estimated ruminal digesta polysaccharides and their relation to changes in bacterial groups and ruminal fluid characteristics; Leedle JA et al.; In a diurnal study, feedstuff and digesta polysaccharides, ruminal bacterial carbohydrate-fermenting groups, and selected ruminal fluid characteristics (ruminal pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids) were measured in ruminal-cannulated Holstein steers fed high- or low-forage diets at maintenance level intake once daily . A procedure for the sequential extraction of soluble sugar, starch, pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose from feedstuffs was developed to measure these carbohydrates in dietary and ruminal digesta samples . Recovery of dry matter (determined chemically) using this scheme was 60 to 70% . Data were obtained within the ranges of those in the literature for similar feedstuffs and(or) by similar methods . Dietary analysis by the sequential method yielded total recovery across all carbohydrate fractions of 87 and 81% for the high- and low-forage diets, respectively, and similar recoveries were obtained for the digesta samples . Analytical variation was small (less than or equal to 15% CV), which permitted comparison of the carbohydrate profiles of the digesta over time . From these values, total ruminal digesta polysaccharide content was calculated and, when plotted over time, indicated that the disappearance per fraction corresponded with theoretical curves for ruminal fermentation of major feedstuff components . The postprandial variation within the bacterial population carbohydrate-fermenting groups was small, but changes were consistent with digesta component fermentation . Xylan- and cellulose-fermenting groups followed a pattern compatible with the disappearance of these polysaccharides from the rumen . In contrast, soluble sugar-fermenting groups predominated at all times despite the rapid rise and fall of these components in the digesta . Ruminal fluid pH, ammonia and total carbohydrate supported the digesta and bacterial trends observed . The data are interpreted to suggest that once daily maintenance feeding of high- or low- forage diets permits detection of digesta sugar and polysaccharide changes, supports a relatively stable microbial population while specific groups increase and decrease with the availability of substrate, and results in few differences in ruminal fluid traits. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Mar, 39(3), 437 - 46 New mitomycin analogs produced by directed biosynthesis; Claridge CA et al.; When the normal fermentation medium for the production of mitomycin C with Streptomyces caespitosus is supplemented with a number of primary amines, two new types of mitomycin analogs described as Type I and Type II are produced . Type I analogs are related to mitomycin C with the amine substitution at position C7 on the mitosane ring . Type II analogs also contain the same substitutions at C7 but the conformation of the mitosane ring is related to mitomycin B having an OH at positions C9a and a methyl substituted aziridine . The products obtained from the supplementation of the medium with methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, propargylamine and 2-methylallylamine were isolated and characterized . In all cases the Type I analogs are more active in a prophage induction test and against L1210 lymphatic leukemia in mice . A number of other amines have been tested and shown to yield new products that have not yet been isolated . No secondary amines are incorporated. Br J Nutr, 1986 Mar, 55(2), 399 - 407 Metabolism of lactic acid isomers in the rumen of silage-fed sheep; Gill M et al.; 1 . Four mature sheep were offered perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, cv . S23) silage (885 g dry matter/d) at hourly intervals . The silage was well fermented with a pH of 4.0, a lactic acid content of 139 g/kg dry matter and an organic matter digestibility of 0.766 . 2 . Continuous intraruminal infusions of 14C-labelled sodium salts of {U-14C}acetic acid, {2-14C}propionic acid, {2-14C}butyric acid and D- and L-{U-14C}lactic acid and an intravenous infusion of {U-14C}glucose were made on separate occasions to estimate the fluxes of rumen acetate, propionate, butyrate and lactate as well as plasma glucose . The data were resolved by the use of appropriate four-compartment (rumen) and three-compartment (rumen-plasma) models . 3 . Irreversible loss rate (g C/h) of rumen acetate (5.32 g C/h) was considerably greater than values obtained for propionate (2.58), butyrate (2.80) and lactate (2.91) . 4 . Total flux of lactate (1.83 mol/d) exceeded the amount of lactate consumed in the diet (1.37 mol/d) indicating a net synthesis of 0.46 mol lactate/d . Approximately 0.90 of total lactate flux was metabolized in the rumen, with 1.00 mol/d converted to acetate, 0.57 to propionate and 0.08 to butyrate . The flux to acetate was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that to propionate . Both the D- and L-isomers appeared to have similar metabolic fates . 5 . Lactate appeared to make no direct contribution to glucose flux in the animal, but 0.10 of total lactate was converted to glucose through propionate . 6 . The results are discussed in relation to overall lactate metabolism, and it is suggested that almost 0.30 of ruminally digested organic matter may be fermented via lactate. Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1986 Mar, 36(1), 135 - 51 {Silage of huizache (Acacia farnesiana, L . Willdt) as a potential resource in the feeding of goats}; Alcantara SE et al.; Acacia farnesiana, L . Willd (huizache) is a leguminous plant that, because of its abundance, represents a forage resource for ruminant animals which up to this moment has not been effectively utilized . Bearing this fact in mind, the present research was focussed on investigating the silage method efficiency for conservation and improvement of its nutritive value . Considering the high protein content and low carbohydrate availability which characterize legumes in general, the following chemical additives were submitted to trial: formaldehyde, sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide (3 ml/100 g dry matter); another variable was also introduced: the addition or lack of addition of molasses to the different treatments, both of the silaged and not ensiled forage . The resulting silages were then submitted to proximate chemical analysis, determination of neutral detergent fiber, pH, ammonium, and acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids . The dry matter disappearance percentage in situ, as well as nitrogen protein, cell walls and cellular matter contents were also calculated . For the dry matter disappearance trials, four female goats with permanent ruminal fistulas were distributed in four 4 X 4 latin squares . Findings revealed that the high dry matter content of the ensiled forage (73.6%) markedly restricted fermentation . Nevertheless, the silage proved to be of good quality; as expected, a high lactic acid concentration was detected in silages to which molasses were added . In regard to the dry matter disappearance percentage and nitrogen protein, no differences of statistical importance were found among treatments . However, significant results were obtained in regard to disappearance of cell walls and cellular contents . It was concluded that no chemical additives are required to ensile huizache, as the plant by itself makes a good quality forage. Jpn J Antibiot, 1986 Mar, 39(3), 746 - 50 {The suppressive effect of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid on platelet aggregation}; Komiyama K et al.; In the course of a search for novel antibiotics, an antiplatelet substance was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . No . 82-85 . Thereafter, the active substance was identified as pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (P2C) by structural studies . The effects of P2C on adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-, arachidonic acid-, collagen- or tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation were examined in vitro and ex vivo . In in vitro studies, P2C (25-100 micrograms/ml) suppressed the aggregation of platelets of normal Wistar rats . The intraperitoneal administration of P2C (200 mg/kg) to rats and rabbits suppressed platelet aggregation induced by ADP, arachidonic acid and collagen when examined for 0.5-3 hours after administration . The agent also suppressed platelet aggregation induced by both mouse syngenic tumors, Meth-A fibrosarcoma and IMC carcinoma in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Mar, 39(3), 354 - 63 MY336-a, a novel beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist produced by Streptomyces gabonae; Kase H et al.; Streptomyces gabonae KY2234 was found to produce a new compound, MY336-a, which bound to beta-adrenergic receptor . The compound was isolated from the fermentation broth of KY2234 . MY336-a showed a high affinity for the beta-receptor, labeled with {3H}dihydroalprenolol in the membrane fractions of rat heart (beta 1-adrenergic receptor) or lung (beta 2-adrenergic receptor), whereas the compound bound very weakly to alpha-adrenergic receptor, labeled with {3H}dihydroergokryptine in rat brain . the inhibition constants (Ki) of the compound were 0.73 and 0.14 microM for the beta-receptors of heart and lung, respectively . 5'-Guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) did not alter the affinity of the beta-receptors for MY336-a . In isolated guinea-pig atria, MY336-a produced an inhibition of the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of isoproterenol . MY336-a also antagonized the relaxation of tone induced by isoproterenol in isolated guinea-pig trachea . No partial agonistic activity was detected in MY336-a in the isolated atria and trachea . In anaesthetized dogs, MY336-a (1 mg/kg, iv) exerted negative inotropic action (left ventricular dp/dt max, -32.6%). Arch Biochem Biophys, 1986 Feb 15, 245(1), 271 - 81 Studies on NADH(NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase (FMN-containing) from yeast: steady-state kinetic properties of the flavoenzyme from top-fermenting ale yeast; Johnson MS et al.; A study of the steady-state kinetics of NADH(NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase (FMN-containing) from ale yeast (M . S . Johnson and S . A . Kuby (1985) J . Biol . Chem . 260, 12341-12350) has led to a postulated three-substrate random-ordered hybrid mechanism, where NAD(P)H and FMN add randomly and very likely in a steady-state fashion, followed by an ordered addition of cytochrome c . Kinetic parameters have been derived from this mechanism . Arrhenius plots showed large differences between NADH and NADPH, as the substrate-reductant . Menadione accelerated cytochrome c reduction and also O2 uptake, but vitamin K1 and coenzyme Q10 were ineffective as electron mediators, possibly as a result of their insolubility . With NADPH as the substrate-reductant, the order of the rate of reduction of electron acceptors was ferricyanide greater than DCIP greater than cytochrome c greater than oxygen; with menadione, the specificity sequence was cytochrome c greater than ferricyanide greater than DCIP greater than oxygen . With NADH, the order was ferricyanide greater than cytochrome c greater than oxygen greater than DCIP, which changed to cytochrome c greater than ferricyanide greater than oxygen greater than DCIP on addition of menadione . Cytochrome b5 was also reduced in the absence of oxygen . No transhydrogenase activity was observed, but the reduced thionicotinamide analogs of NADH and NADPH acted as substrates . Superoxide dismutase inhibited cytochrome c reduction in air by 50%, but O2- . was not necessary for cytochrome c reduction, as evidenced by the increase in rate in the absence of O2 . The product of the reaction with oxygen appeared to be H2O2. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1986 Feb, 19(1), 69 - 80 Protein enrichment of sugar beet residue with the inoculation of conidia of Trichoderma album by solid state fermentation; Yang SS et al.; Cellulosic material was inoculated with Trichoderma album by solid state fermentation and the change of protein, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, cellulose and total fiber contents of raw material were measured . It was found that the water holding capacity and bulk density of substrate increased as the fermentation progressed . The optimum C/N ratio for the conidia production was between 4 and 7, and the optimum pH was around 5 . The protein enrichment of sugar beet residue were the best at the initial moisture content 76%, initial pH 4.5 and supplement with 1% nitrogen . After 4 days fermentation, the final product contained 22% of protein . From the present state of technological development, the protein enrichment of cellulosic materials by solid state fermentation proved to be valuable. J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 132 ( Pt 2), 379 - 85 Catabolite inactivation of the glucose transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Busturia A et al.; The sugar transport systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are irreversibly inactivated when protein synthesis is inhibited . This inactivation is responsible for the drastic decrease in fermentation observed in ammonium-starved yeast and is related to the occurrence of the Pasteur effect in these cells . Our study of the inactivation of the glucose transport system indicates that both the high-affinity and the low-affinity components of this system are inactivated . Inactivation of the high-affinity component evidently requires the utilization of a fermentable substrate by the cells, since inactivation did not occur during carbon starvation, when a fermentable sugar was added to starved cells, inactivation began, when the fermentation inhibitors iodoacetate or arsenate were added in addition to sugars, the inactivation was prevented, when a non-fermentable substrate was added instead of sugars, inactivation was also prevented . The inactivation of the low-affinity component appeared to show similar requirements . It is concluded that the glucose transport system in S . cerevisiae is regulated by a catabolite-inactivation process. J Protozool, 1986 Feb, 33(1), 121 - 5 Effects of mitochondrial inhibitors on intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro cultures; Ginsburg H et al.; Malarial parasites infecting mammalian hosts are considered to be homolactate fermentors at their asexual intraerythrocytic developmental stage; however, existing ultrastructural and biochemical evidence suggest that their acristate mitochondria could be involved in energy metabolism . In the present study, inhibitors of mitochondrial function including compounds which act on NADH and succinate dehydrogenases, electron transport and mitochondrial ATPase, as well as uncouplers, were found to inhibit the growth and propagation of the human parasite Plasmodium falciparum in in vitro cultures at concentrations that specifically affect mitochondrial functions . Direct measurement of parasite protein and nucleic acid synthesis in synchronized cultures showed that throughout the parasite life cycle both processes were inhibited, the latter process being more sensitive . These results strongly suggest that intraerythrocytic malarial parasites require mitochondrial energy production. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1986 Feb, 19(1), 61 - 8 Solid state fermentation of swine manures; Hsu JP et al.; A kinetic model for the solid state fermentation of swine manures under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions have been proposed . The rate of CO2 production is used as an indicator of the degree of stabilization of swine manures . Analysis of available experimental data suggests that the initial rate of stabilization, as measured by the product of the reaction constant and the initial activity of bacteria, increases with temperature and correlates with the initial moisture content of swine manures . The rate of deactivation of bacteria, as reflected by the deactivation rate constant, is relatively constant for low and medium temperatures (25-35 degrees C) and is fast for higher temperature (45 degrees C) . The optimum operating scheme should adopt a medium high temperature (35 degrees C) and an appropriate amount of initial moisture. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1986 Feb, 182(2), 103 - 6 Indoxylsulfate in milk; Wolfschoon-Pombo AF et al.; Indoxylsulfate in 27 individual milk samples ranged from 25.4 to 111 micrograms/l (average 52.3 micrograms/l); pooled milk samples from 12 farms contained 81.1 micrograms/l (46.4-146 micrograms/l); the variation in indoxylsulfate concentration of dried skimmed milk over a period of one year amounted to 23% . This variability is likely attributable to regional and seasonal, and hence to feeding effects . The indoxylsulfate content of milk seems also to be dependent upon the degree of fermentation during processing of milk; yoghurt contained very low amounts of this component (6.4 micrograms/kg) . On the other hand, heat treatment of the milk (HTST, UHT, sterilization) apparently does not affect its indoxylsulfate content . Indoxylsulfate concentrations in milk correlated positively with blood-serum indoxylsulfate content (r = 0.752, n = 20) and with the urea content of milk (r = 0.61, n = 12 pooled milks) . Further research is suggested on the use of indoxylsulfate determinations as an aid to determine sweet whey added to dried skimmed milk, also as an analytical tool to differentiate bovine and sheep milks. Mol Gen Genet, 1986 Feb, 202(2), 255 - 6 Allelism within the DEX and STA gene families in Saccharomyces diastaticus; Erratt JA et al.; Saccharomyces diastaticus produces an extracellular glucoamylase and is therefore capable of hydrolyzing and fermenting starch . Tamaki (1978) studied starch utilization in S . diastaticus and found three polymeric genes controlling this function: STA1, STA2 and STA3 . Independently, Erratt and Stewart (1978) studied dextrin utilization by the yeast S . diastaticus and designated the gene, which they identified, DEX1 . Erratt and Stewart (1981 a, b) later described two other genes which controlled glucoamylase production in S . diastaticus: DEX2 and a third which was allelic to STA3 . At that time STA1 and STA2 were not available to test for allelism in the DEX gene family . In this study strains containing the remaining 4 genes have been examined to determine if further allelism exists between the two gene families . It was ascertained that DEX1 is allelic to STA2 and DEX2 is allelic to STA1 . Therefore, no new gene controlling starch utilization has been identified and these two nomenclatures can now be consolidated into one . Based on the fact that the glucoamylase from S . diastaticus can hydrolyze both dextrin and starch, dextrin being the term used to describe partially hydrolyzed starch, and the more wide use of the nomenclature STA, we propose to retain STA as the designation for genes coding for glucoamylase production in S . diastaticus. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Feb, 39(2), 198 - 204 FR-900452, a specific antagonist of platelet activating factor (PAF) produced by Streptomyces phaeofaciens . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics; Okamoto M et al.; A PAF antagonist, designated as FR-900452, was isolated from fermentation products of Streptomyces phaeofaciens and the molecular formula was determined as C22H25N3O3S . The compound inhibited PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation with an IC50 of 3.7 X 10(-7)M, but was much less active against collagen-, arachidonic acid- or ADP-induced aggregation (IC50; 6.4 X 10(-5), greater than 10(-4) or greater than 10(-4)M, respectively). J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 132 ( Pt 2), 417 - 26 Biochemical and structural characterization of an unusual group of gram-negative, anaerobic rods from human periapical osteitis; Haapasalo M et al.; The biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties of three previously undescribed strains from human dental root canal infections are presented . The strains were obligately anaerobic Gram-negative rods with fimbriae and a thick capsule-like structure . Carbohydrates were not fermented and agglutination tests were negative . The presence of alpha-galactosidase, alpha- and beta-glucosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase was confirmed . The strains produced acetic and succinic acids as metabolic end products . They contained a peptidoglycan structure based upon meso-diaminopimelic acid (Al gamma) and lacked respiratory quinones . The cellular fatty acids were mainly straight-chain saturated and methyl-branched molecules . High interstrain DNA homology was observed and the DNA base compositions were between 56 and 59 mol % G + C . These three strains appear to comprise the nucleus of a new genus of anaerobic, Gram-negative rods from odontogenic infections. J Immunol Methods, 1986 Jan 22, 86(1), 53 - 9 Factors affecting cell growth and monoclonal antibody production in stirred reactors; Reuveny S et al.; Environmental and cultural factors that could affect growth and cell viability of mouse-mouse hybridoma cells in culture were investigated . The aim was to determine conditions that could prolong viability and result in increased yields of monoclonal antibodies in stirred reactors . Factors studied included temperature, level of dissolved oxygen, nutrient depletion, and waste product accumulation . Growing cells at temperatures 3-9 degrees lower than optimum (37 degrees C) increased viability but monoclonal antibody production was lowered . A low level of dissolved oxygen (25% air saturation compared to 60% for optimum growth) prolonged cell viability and increased the monoclonal antibody yield by about 50% . Feeding cultures daily to maintain the glucose level above 1 mg/ml and at the same time feeding cells glutamine (150 micrograms/10(6) cells per day) maintained the level of viable cells at 1.7 X 10(6)/ml for at least 9 days and resulted in an antibody yield of 290 micrograms/ml, about a 70% increase over cultures fed either glucose or glutamine alone . Ammonium ion, added to cell populations at levels produced in cultures, stopped cell growth and decreased antibody production . Another waste product, lactic acid, had no toxic effect when added to media at levels found in cultures . These results agree with our suggestion that monoclonal antibody production is enhanced by maintaining cell viability over a prolonged period and provide a base for investigating modes of hybridoma cell propagation in fermentors. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1986, 26(6), 1295 - 303 {In vitro study of ionophore antibiotics and various derivatives . I . Action on fermentation products in the rumen}; Caffarel-Mendez S et al.; An in vitro study was conducted to test the action of different ionophore antibiotics and some of their derivatives on the end-products of rumen fermentation . Nigericin and narasin, like monensin and lasalocid, increased the molar proportion of propionate in the V.F.A . mixture and decreased the proportion of acetate and especially that of butyrate . They had no action on total V.F.A . production . The effect observed with derivatives (lasalocid O-acetyl or nigericin-O-acetyl) was generally less . Gas production, chiefly methane, decreased with the addition of antibiotics . This result agrees with the stoichiometric reactions of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen . The amount of ammonia nitrogen fixed by bacteria was generally lowered by the addition of five antibiotics (nigericin, narasin, monensin, grisorixin and lasalocid) or two derivatives (lasalocid O-acetyl and nigericin O-acetyl), indicating a decrease in bacterial synthesis . In contrast, calcimycin improved the butyrate production at the expense of propionate, and had no effect on gas composition or bacterial synthesis; X 14547 A and alborixin had only a small effect on rumen fermentations . These results, however, must be interpreted with care since the inocula used came from non-adapted sheep. Oncology, 1986, 43 Suppl 1, 8 - 15 Structure and properties of polysaccharides from Viscum album (L.); Jordan E et al.; Polysaccharides are possibly involved in the pharmacological effects of Viscum album (mistletoe) extracts, which are used in cancer therapy . Therefore the water-soluble polysaccharides of the fresh plant and the fermented proprietary preparation Iscador were isolated and characterized inter alia by methylation analysis, partial hydrolysis and C-13-NMR spectroscopy . The main polysaccharide of the green parts of Viscum is a highly esterified galacturonan whereas in Viscum 'berries' a complex arabinogalactan is predominant . Both types of these constituents were found in Iscador but with definite changes in molecular weight and structure . An interaction between the arabinogalactan and the galactose-specific lectin (ML I) in Viscum could be demonstrated . In three immunological tests (granulocyte, chemiluminescence, carbon clearance test) the polysaccharides failed to increase phagocytic activity of granulocytes and macrophages. Oncology, 1986, 43 Suppl 1, 35 - 41 Comparison of the effects of fermented and unfermented mistletoe preparations on cultured tumor cells; Ribereau-Gayon G et al.; The bacterially fermented mistletoe preparation Iscador, used in cancer therapy for 30 years, and the recently prepared unfermented preparation, have been tested on rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells and human leukemia Molt 4 cells . As observed by phase-contrast microscopy, treatment of HTC cells with fermented or unfermented Iscador, at a concentration corresponding to 1 mg of fresh plant per milliliter culture, led to rapid lysis of cellular membranes . At a lower concentration, 0.1 mg/ml, unfermented Iscador led to the formation of polynucleated cells . On Molt 4 cells, fermented Iscador also produced cytolysis but after a longer time of action . Unfermented Iscador showed a much stronger cytotoxic effect on these cells than on HTC cells . Fermented Iscador was slightly more potent than unfermented Iscador in inhibiting the growth of HTC cells, but on Molt 4 cells fermented Iscador was less active than unfermented Iscador . DNA synthesis, measured by {3H}thymidine incorporation in HTC and Molt 4 cells, was inhibited by fermented and unfermented Iscador with the same type of differences of action as on cell growth . Fermented Iscador contained a low amount of lectins, approximately 100 ng/ml, while unfermented Iscador contained about 10 times more . A purified mistletoe lectin produced effects on HTC and Molt 4 cells similar to those of unfermented preparations . HTC cells were 100 times less sensitive to this lectin than Molt 4 cells . These results are discussed in relation to the known biological effects of lectins. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1986, 26(5A), 1137 - 49 {Influence of caecotrophy (coprophagia) on the production, absorption and utilization of organic acids in the rabbit}; Vernay M; The influence of caecotrophy on organic acid production and behaviour was studied for 4 days in rabbits with and without a collar preventing caecotrophy . Volatile fatty acids (VFA) and lactate were measured in the digestive material and the corresponding venous blood . Blood was removed from the gastric, intestinal, caecocolonic, portal and hepatic veins and the inferior vena cava of anaesthetized rabbits . Arterial blood was also collected . A comparison of the data obtained from rabbits with and without a collar showed significant differences . When caecotrophy was prevented, lactic fermentation in the stomach ceased and the lactate level dropped in venous and arterial blood . Meanwhile, VFA production in the foregut (stomach and intestine) stopped, whereas it augmented in the hindgut; VFA enrichment of the caecocolonic and portal blood was greater when the rabbits were subjected to a stercoral fast . The liver removed about 15% of the lactate reaching it, while acetate, propionate and butyrate uptakes were 21, 59 and 76%, respectively, in rabbits with caecotrophy . The corresponding values for those without caecotrophy were: 20% lactate, 43% acetate, 70% propionate and 84% butyrate . The plasma venous-arterial difference in acetate was negative in the peripheral blood: uptake was about 16% for the controls and 27% for rabbits without caecotrophy; the other VFA were not involved . The variations of the levels of VFA in the arterial blood were not significant; only lactate concentration diminished by about 30% . Preventing caecotrophy augmented digestive production, and the absorption of VFA in the rabbit hindgut and their metabolism in the liver and extra-hepatic tissues also increased. J Comp Physiol {B}, 1986, 156(6), 829 - 37 Physiological and metabolic changes associated with weaning in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii; Wilkes GE et al.; The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) is a small macropodid marsupial in which the major part of weaning occupies the period between 28 and 36 weeks of pouch life . Before weaning the diet of the tammar is high in carbohydrate and low in lipid/volatile fatty acid whereas the reverse applies after weaning . The adult tammar is a forestomach fermenter . The aim of this study was to elucidate some of the physiological and metabolic changes associated with this major change in the diet . Hepatic glycogen content increased gradually early in development to a maximum of 7% of liver weight at 28-30 weeks of pouch life . It then fell precipitously to less than 1% of liver weight at 36 weeks before recovering to the adult level of about 3% liver weight . Plasma glucose levels were maintained at about 10 mM until 36 weeks, after which they fell gradually to adult values of about 4 mM . Hepatic hexokinase activity increased several-fold between 18 and 30 weeks of pouch life, remained high until 42 weeks, and then fell to the adult level . The hepatic activities of fructose-bisphosphatase and particulate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) were unchanged during development but soluble hepatic PEPCK activity, which was low until 28 weeks of pouch life, increased 3-4 fold between 30 and 36 weeks and then fell slightly to the adult level . Hepatic pyruvate kinase increased in activity up to 28 weeks and then fell to about half peak values at 36 weeks and 20% of peak activity in the adult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1986, 52(5), 411 - 29 The NADP(H) redox couple in yeast metabolism; Bruinenberg PM; Theoretical calculations of the NADPH requirement for biomass formation indicate that in yeast this parameter is strongly dependent on the carbon and nitrogen sources used for growth . Enzyme surveys of NADPH-generating metabolic pathways and radiorespirometric studies demonstrate that in yeast the HMP pathway is the major source of NADPH . Furthermore, radiorespirometric data suggest that in yeasts the HMP pathway activities are close to the theoretical minimum . It may be concluded that the mitochondrial NADPH oxidation, which in yeasts may yield ATP, is quantitatively not an important process . The inability of C . utilis to utilize the NADH produced in formate oxidation as an extra source of NADPH strongly suggests that transhydrogenase activity is absent . Furthermore, the absence of xylose utilization under anaerobic conditions in most facultatively fermentative yeasts indicates that also in these organisms transhydrogenase activity is absent . This conclusion is supported by the observation that anaerobic xylose utilization is observed only in those yeasts which possess a high activity of an NADH-linked xylose reductase . Hence in these organisms the redox-neutral conversion of xylose to ethanol is possible, since the second step in xylose metabolism is mediated by an NAD+-linked xylitol dehydrogenase. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1986, 33(1), 27 - 31 Effect of phloridzin on lipid biosynthesis by Cladosporium tenuissimum Cooke; Ghareib M; A local strains of Cladosporium tenuissimum was found unsuitable as a producer of lipid . Addition of phloridzin to the fermentation media induced this organism to accumulate a moderate level of lipid, especially sterols increased highly in the presence of phloridzin . The promoting effect of phloridzin may be due to directing the sugar breakdown towards lipid biosynthesis and/or transforming the free fatty acids and oxalacetic acid to acetyl-Co A. J Comp Physiol {B}, 1986, 156(4), 599 - 609 How do food passage rate and assimilation differ between herbivorous lizards and nonruminant mammals? Karasov WH, Petrossian E, Rosenberg L, Diamond JM. What digestive adaptations permit herbivorous nonruminant mammals to sustain much higher metabolic rates than herbivorous lizards, despite gross similarity in digestive anatomy and physiology? We approached this question by comparing four herbivorous species eating the same diet of alfalfa pellets: two lizards (chuckwalla and desert iugana) and two mammals (desert woodrat and laboratory mouse) . The mammals had longer small and large intestines, greater intestinal surface area, much higher (by an order of magnitude) food intake normalized to metabolic live mass, and much faster food passage times (a few hours instead of a few days) . Among both reptiles and mammals, passage times increase with body size and are longer for herbivores than for carnivores . The herbivorous lizards, despite these much slower passage times, had slightly lower apparent digestive efficiencies than the mammals . At least for chuckwallas, this difference from mammals was not due to differences in body temperature regime . Comparisons of chuckwallas and woodrats in their assimilation of various dietary components showed that the woodrat's main advantage lay in greater assimilation of the dietary fiber fraction . Woodrats achieved greater fiber digestion despite shorter residence time, but possibly because of a larger fermentation chamber, coprophagy, and/or different conditions for microbial fermentation . We conclude with a comparative overview of digestive function in herbivorous lizards and mammals, and with a list of four major unsolved questions. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1986, 52(1), 39 - 44 Key to the species of Hyphozyma (yeast-like Hyphomycetes) and description of H . roseonigra sp . nov; de Hoog GS et al.; The new species, Hyphozyma roseonigra, characterized by pink colonies, budding cells with minute annellated zones and brown, septate hyphae, is described . It is non-fermentative, shows no colouration with Diazonium Blue B, and has an ascomycete-type cell wall ultrastructure . A key to the accepted species and varieties of Hyphozyma is given. Pathology, 1986 Jan, 18(1), 162 - 4 Dysgonic fermenter-2 septicemia; Waters MJ et al.; A 62 yr-old man with a recent history of dog bite and a past history of splenectomy developed septicemia and signs suggestive of a generalized Schwartzman reaction, including fever, hypotension, symmetrical peripheral gangrene and laboratory evidence of consumptive coagulopathy . The causative organism was a Dysgonic Fermenter-2 (DF-2), a designation given to an unnamed group of Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria . This organism has not previously been reported in Australia . A review of documented cases of serious infection suggests that splenectomy and dog bite are predisposing factors to disease caused by this organism. Rev Argent Microbiol, 1986, 18(1), 7 - 11 {Production of ethanol by fermentation with a high concentration of yeasts . Its application in already installed distilleries}; Navarro AR et al.; Due to the dramatic increase in international oil prices, the ethanol production by fermentation is presently becoming an attractive and feasible project for many countries Argentina has implemented an experimental national program of ethanol use as fuel and the standard procedure of Melle-Boinot is currently employed in sugar cane molasses fermentation . The aim of this work was to improve the overall efficiency of the batch process by recycling high levels of yeast biomass . It was observed that the volumetric productivity increased with biomass concentration, whereas the specific productivity decreased . Both variations were not linear (Fig . 1) . It was difficult to keep a yeast concentration higher than 3 x 10(8) cell/ml during batch fermentation assays . Anyhow the periodic subculturing of yeast biomass (every 13 recycling periods) proved to be an effective method to obtain a high cell density in the fermentation medium (Fig . 2) . The industrial application of data reported here would not imply additional investment or equipment to distilleries using standard fermentation procedures. Acta Microbiol Hung, 1986, 33(4), 305 - 10 Novel fermentation procedures for the production and the isolation of antibiotics; Uri JV; Novel procedures for the production, in shaken and/or air-agitated fermentations, and the isolation of antibiotics were developed by which active crystalline flavofungin by Streptomyces flavofungini and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces SK&F, BC-1652 were obtained. Biosensors, 1986, 2(5), 269 - 86 Rapid chromatographic monitoring of bioprocesses; Chase HA; This paper describes the use of rapid chromatographic separation systems to monitor the level of specific proteins in various bioprocesses such as downstream processing and fermentation . In these monitoring systems, samples of the liquid are continuously extracted from the process and the proteins resolved from one another by a rapid chromatographic separation . The peak on the chromatogram corresponding to the protein of interest is identified and quantified to obtain on-line information on the level of that protein in the bioprocess . There are a number of advantages in using affinity separations as the rapid chromatographic principle . In particular, the use of immobilised monoclonal antibodies potentially allows a chromatographic sensor to be constructed for any protein against which a suitable antibody can be raised . The potential of this technique is illustrated with various examples, including measurement of the levels of monoclonal antibody in tissue culture supernatant using immobilised Protein A as the affinity adsorbent . A discussion of the inherent limitations of this type of protein biosensor is also included. Gene, 1986, 50(1-3), 225 - 37 Construction of stable laboratory and industrial yeast strains expressing a foreign gene by integrative transformation using a dominant selection system; Zhu J et al.; An expression cassette of mouse dihydrofolate reductase (Mdhfr) cDNA under control of the yeast cytochrome c promoter was inserted in a yeast plasmid containing the ARS1 sequence . The ARS replicating function was destroyed by BglII treatment prior to yeast transformation . Using this linearized plasmid, genomic transformants could be obtained from either laboratory or industrial strains of bakers' yeast based on direct methotrexate (MTX)-resistance selection . The entire sequence of the linearized plasmid was integrated by homologous recombination at the ARS region of the host chromosome . The results indicate that repetitive and homologous recombination occurs readily in such transformations . The stability of the constructed integrants was more than 99.95% per generation in non-selective medium, and tandem repeats of up to six copies (i.e., about 44 kb) were not changed even after 30 generations in rich medium . Expression in rich medium of cointegrated, human interleukin 2 cDNA under control of the triose phosphate isomerase promoter was shown by Western blot experiments in both laboratory and industrial yeast strains . Furthermore, a comparison of the transcription efficiency of the Mdhfr gene in the chromosome with that in the plasmid revealed that the efficiency was almost proportional to the number of gene copies, irrespective of the location of the transcription unit . These results show that by using the MTX/Mdhfr dominant selection-amplification system one can construct stable recombinant yeast strains suitable for heterologous gene expression in laboratory as well as in industrial fermentation conditions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1986, 25(2), 107 - 58 Biochemistry and technology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds; Chavan JK et al.; Chickpea is an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, B-group vitamins, and certain minerals, particularly to the populations of developing nations . India contributes over 75% of the chickpea production in the world where it is mostly consumed as dhal, whole seeds, and several types of traditional, fermented, deep fried, sweetened, and puffed products . In this review, the world production and distribution, genetic background, biochemical and nutritional quality, and developments in storage and processing technology of chickpea are discussed . Future research needs, to improve the utilization of chickpea as human food, are addressed. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 1986, 112(3), 266 - 71 Studies on the metabolic activation of diethanolnitrosamine in animal-mediated and in vitro assays using Escherichia coli K-12 343/113 as an indicator; Knasmuller S et al.; The mutagenic activity of diethanolnitrosamine (NDELA), a carcinogenic compound which leads to inconsistent results in standard in vitro procedures was tested in vitro and in animal-mediated assays with the indicator strain Escherichia coli (E . coli) K-12 343/113 . This strain allows the simultaneous detection of forward and back mutations arising in several genes of the E . coli chromosome . In animal-mediated assays in which mice were used as hosts for i.v . injected E . coli indicator cells, s.c . application of NDELA induced a dose dependent increase of galactose fermenting mutants in cells recovered from the livers of animals exposed for 3 h to the mutagen . Comparison with results obtained with diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in the same test system revealed that the two compounds apparently cause different types of mutagenic lesions . Induction of arg+ mutations by DENA and several other aliphatic nitrosamines is mainly due to base pair substitutions, whereas NDELA is rather mutagenic in the galRs system . This latter system is, in addition, sensitive to frameshifts and deletions . These differences in mutagenic specificity suggest that NDELA and DENA, although structurally closely related, are activated via different molecular mechanisms . In fact, evidence is accumulating that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) could be involved in the activation of NDELA . On the other hand, the effective mutagenesis of NDELA obtained in vitro with E . coli upon addition of rat liver microsomal fraction would not be expected if ADH is involved in the activation since the S-9 Mix used in the present experiments was devoid of cofactors (NAD, NADP), necessary to accomplish oxidation by ADH . Therefore, further in vivo studies were performed, in which pyrazole, a potent blocker of ADH, was administered prior (1 and 24 h) to the injection of the mutagen . The observation that a dose dependent increase of mutants in the liver (and to a lower extent in the spleens) of treated animals takes place under conditions in which ADH activity is blocked, whereas several microsomal enzymes are stimulated, indicated that besides oxidation of NDELA by ADH other metabolic activation pathways are involved . Apparently enzymes contained in the liver homogenate, possibly NADPH dependent enzymes of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, play an important role in the formation of mutagenic metabolites of NDELA. Crit Rev Microbiol, 1986, 13(3), 219 - 80 Ethanol tolerance in yeasts; Casey GP et al.; It is now certain that the inherent ethanol tolerance of the Saccharomyces strain used is not the prime factor regulating the level of ethanol that can be produced in a high sugar brewing, wine, sake, or distillery fermentation . In fact, in terms of the maximum concentration that these yeasts can produce under batch (16 to 17% {v/v}) or fed-batch conditions, there is clearly no difference in ethanol tolerance . This is not to say, however, that under defined conditions there is no difference in ethanol tolerance among different Saccharomyces yeasts . This property, although a genetic determinant, is clearly influenced by many factors (carbohydrate level, wort nutrition, temperature, osmotic pressure/water activity, and substrate concentration), and each yeast strain reacts to each factor differently . This will indeed lead to differences in measured tolerance . Thus, it is extremely important that each of these be taken into consideration when determining "tolerance" for a particular set of fermentation conditions . The manner in which each alcohol-related industry has evolved is now known to have played a major role in determining traditional thinking on ethanol tolerance in Saccharomyces yeasts . It is interesting to speculate on how different our thinking on ethanol tolerance would be today if sake fermentations had not evolved with successive mashing and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of rice carbohydrate, if distillers' worts were clarified prior to fermentation but brewers' wort were not, and if grape skins with their associated unsaturated lipids had not been an integral part of red wine musts . The time is now ripe for ethanol-related industries to take advantage of these findings to improve the economies of production . In the authors' opinion, breweries could produce higher alcohol beers if oxygenation (leading to unsaturated lipids) and "usable" nitrogen source levels were increased in high gravity worts . White wine fermentations could also, if desired, match the higher ethanol levels in red wines if oxygenation (to provide the unsaturated lipids deleted in part by the removal of the grape skins) were practiced and if care were given to assimilable nitrogen concentrations . This would hold true even at 10 to 14 degrees C, and the more rapid fermentations would maximize utilization of winery tankage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Biosystems, 1986, 19(1), 15 - 22 Relating damped oscillations to sustained limit cycles describing real and ideal batch fermentation processes; Lenbury Y et al.; A batch fermentation model is presented in which the specific growth rate and yield functions are chosen such that sustained oscillations in both the cell and substrate concentration occur . This phenomenon is shown to be a Hopf bifurcation in the underlying system of non-linear ordinary differential equations which comprises the model . It is shown that for oscillations in the substrate concentration to occur it is necessary for the yield term to depend on both the cell and substrate levels. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1986, 31(2), 113 - 9 Intracellular ATP in a glucosephosphate isomerase mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ugarova NN et al.; The degree of ATP depletion caused by glucose in a glucosephosphate isomerase-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined . Even in the presence of a sugar normally fermentable by the mutant, the addition of glucose can decrease the intracellular ATP, depending on the competition of the sugars for transport and subsequent phosphorylation . For both parent and mutant cells, a correlation exists between the calculated velocity of ATP formation or ATP consumption during the utilization of different concentrations of sugars and the experimental intracellular ATP level . For initially resting yeast cells, a rate increase of 35 mumol per min per g ATP was calculated to increase the intracellular level of this nucleotide by 1 mumol per g cell mass. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1986, 26(1B), 147 - 59 {Interaction among anaerobic microbe species in the rumen}; Gouet P et al.; The rumen is a strictly anaerobic ecosystem colonized by an extremely dense microflora and microfauna . These populations are composed of a grand variety of bacterial and protozoal species . Their cohabitation allows observation of most of the known stages of communal life . The different hydrolytic, fermentative and methanogenic activities of these populations ensure the efficient degradation of cell wall constituent in forages (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin) ingested by ruminants. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Jan, 51(1), 197 - 200 Determination of the intracellular concentration of ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation; Dombek KM et al.; Considerable controversy exists concerning the intracellular concentration of ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during fermentation . This controversy results from problems in the measurement of the intracellular concentration of compounds like ethanol, which are being produced rapidly by metabolism and potentially diffuse rapidly from the cell . We used a new method for the determination of intracellular ethanol based on the exclusion of {14C}sorbitol to estimate the aqueous cell volume . This method avoided many of the technical problems in previous reports . Our results indicate that the extracellular concentrations of ethanol in fermenting suspensions of S . cerevisiae are less than or equal to those in the intracellular environment and do not increase to the high levels previously reported even during the most active stages of batch fermentation. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1986, 124, 89 - 93 Effect of Nigerian bottled palm wine on gastric acid secretion; Ibu JO et al.; Palm wine is the sap of palm tree (family Palmeae) obtained as the fermentation product of a 24 hour tapping . The effect was studied in 40 albino rats of both sexes . It was found that palm wine per orally caused 21.8% decrease in gastric acid secretion (P less than 0.01) . But 4% ethanol caused significant increase, while 12% sucrose caused significant decrease in gastric acid secretion in rats . This inhibitory effect of palm wine may be of clinical significance in the management of peptic ulcer patients and ulcer prone subjects in this region. Pol Arch Weter, 1986, 25(1), 111 - 26 {Inhibition of methanogenesis in the rumen of sheep . I . Methanogenesis before administration of inhibitors}; Zawadzki W; Studies were carried out on 5 sheep aged 2-4 years of about 40 kg in body weight successively in summer and autumn . They were fed in 6 feeding groups in the morning between 6.30 and 7.30 and in the afternoon between 13.30 and 14.30 . Gas samples were taken with an Orsat apparatus, Kiecka methanometer and a gas chromatograph from the rumen through a stable fistula directly before and after feeding and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hr after eating the morning food . The presence of CH4, CO2, N2, H2, O2, CO, CnHm, H2S and SO2 was found in the rumen gas samples analysed . The ratios of the following gases were also analysed: CO2:CH4, N2:O2, CO2:O2, H2:N2, CO2:N2 and CH4:N2 . It was shown that the level of methane production in the sheep rumen depends on the composition of the food fed, the lapse of time from the last feeding and on the years season, whereas the amount of methane and its ratio to that of other gases of the rumen show a distinct dependence on the content of the food volume fed . The particular gas ratios, especially that of CO2 to CH4 may account for regular fermentation processes developing in the rumen of the sheep studied . The obtained results were mathematically analysed. Curr Genet, 1986, 11(3), 247 - 9 Isolation and genetical and biochemical characterization of mutants resistant to the alkaloid lycorine; Del Giudice L et al.; Mutants resistant to 200 micrograms/ml of the alkaloid lycorine (LYCR) in non-fermentable substrate were isolated after nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis . Tetrad analysis and growth of heterozygous (LYCR/lycS) diploids from two different mutants revealed that a single nuclear and dominant mutation is responsible for the resistant phenotype . In the wild type total protein synthesis is only slightly inhibited, whereas DNA and RNA synthesis is lowered to about 30% of the control . In the lycorine resistant mutants all macromolecular syntheses are unaffected by the drug. Curr Genet, 1986, 11(2), 97 - 106 Trehalose and maltose metabolism in yeast transformed by a MAL4 regulatory gene cloned from a constitutive donor strain; de Oliveira DE et al.; A 6.8 kb fragment of DNA containing the regulatory sequence MAL4p has been cloned from a genomic library prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1403-7A which ferments maltose constitutively . The library was prepared by ligation of 5-20 kb Sau3AI restriction fragments of total yeast DNA into the BamH1 restriction site of shuttle vector YEp13 . A restriction map of the cloned fragment indicates that it encompasses a 2.6 kb segment which closely resembles the regulatory MAL6 gene previously identified (Needleman et al . 1984) . The hybrid plasmid, p(MAL4p)4, could transform maltose-nonfermenting strains which contain cryptic alpha-glucosidase and maltose permease genes (malp MALg), but could not transform strains containing a functional regulatory sequence and a defective maltase-permease region (MAlp malg) . A correlated absence of maltase and permease DNA from the cloned fragment was indicated by the restriction map . Although the cloned DNA fragment was derived from a constitutive strain, maltose fermentation and alpha-glucosidase formation by yeast transformed with p(MAL4p)4 was largely inducible by maltose and sensitive to catabolite repression . Moreover, the active trehalose accumulation pattern (TAC(+) phenotype) linked to the complete MAL4 locus in strain 1403-7A and other constitutive MAL strains (Oliveira et al . 1981b) was not found in p(MAL4p)4 transformants . It may be concluded that constitutivity of maltose fermentation and the associated active trehalose accumulation are not merely consequences of a cis-dominant mutation causing constitutive formation of the MALp regulatory product . Moreover, constitutivity may not be caused solely by a mutation within the structural region of the MALp gene. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 1986, 325, 1 - 9 Human growth hormone produced with recombinant DNA technology: development and production; Flodh H; The molecular basis of recombinant DNA technology is described, and the principles of genetically engineered proteins developed . The production of hGH by such methods utilizes a strain of Escherichia coli as host and a vector plasmid containing the appropriate information . Fermentation and purification of the hGH produced gives a preparation of high purity, containing only 1-2 ppm of E . coli polypeptide (ECP) . This somatrem (Somatonorm) is identical to pituitary hGH except for an additional methionine residue at the N-terminal . Monoclonal antibodies fail to distinguish between pituitary hGH and somatrem . Preclinical studies of a variety of pharmacological and toxicological parameters indicate that the two hGH preparations have identical biological effects; no toxicological or mutagenic effects of somatrem have been detected. Pol Arch Weter, 1986, 26(3-4), 31 - 9 The secretion of pancreatic juice in sheep in different fed treatments; Pierzynowski SG; This experiment was undertaken to define the relations between the rate of fermentation in the forestomach and the amount of pancreatic rate flow and as well an activity of some pancreatic enzymes . The experiment was carried out on 12 ewes of the Polish Merino breed about 2 years old . In the fasted animals and those fed ad libitum the pancreatic rate flow was stable: in fasted animals from 15.7 to 18.0 ml.h-1, and in animals fed ad libitum from 27.2 to 33.7 ml.h-1 . Temporary increase of the pancreatic rate flow (P = 0.01) was observed a few hours after administering the feed to the rumen . The amount of pancreatic secretion in sheep fed ad libitum was largest (P = 0.01) from that of all sheep from the other groups . The amylolytic activity oscillated greatly . It was lowest in fasted sheep (53 U.ml-1) and highest in animals fed ad libitum (439 U.ml-1) . The lipolytic activity showed comparatively high stability (72-130 U.ml-1) in all groups. Acta Biochim Biophys Hung, 1986, 21(3), 225 - 8 Enzymatic determination of isocitrate by amperometric monitoring of the rate of oxygen consumption; Abraham M et al.; A coupled enzymatic method elaborated for NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases has been adapted for NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, in combination with amperometric measurements . The isocitrate dehydrogenase activity dependent linearly on the isocitrate concentration in the range 0-2 X 10(-4) M . Application of this method affords a sensitive estimation of isocitrate even in turbid liquids such as fermentation broths. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 1986, 16(2), 95 - 101 In vivo and in vitro anticancer activity of the structurally novel and highly potent antibiotic CI-940 and its hydroxy analog (PD 114,721); Roberts BJ et al.; CI-940, PD 114,721, and PD 118,607 are structurally novel antibiotics, which were isolated from fermentation beers of a previously unknown actinomycete . They are highly lipophilic acids characterized by unsaturated lactone and branched, polyunsaturated aliphatic side-chain moieties . All three agents demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity in vitro against a number of human and mouse tumor lines which encompassed a wide range of tissue types . CI-940 retained full activity in vitro against lines of P388 leukemia that are resistant to Adriamycin, amsacrine, and mitoxantrone . Activity was confirmed for both CI-940 and PD 114,721 against a number of murine experimental tumor systems in vivo, which included the P388 and L1210 leukemias and also B16 melanoma, Ridgway osteogenic and M5076 sarcomas, and mammary adenocarcinoma 16/C . PD 118,607 was also highly active against B16 melanoma . All three agents demonstrated anticancer activity at very low dosages compared with current clinically useful anticancer agents . No significant activity was seen against the MX-1 human mammary xenograft or pancreas 02 tumor models . The primary target for host toxicity of CI-940 and PD 114,721 appeared to be gastrointestinal in nature . Neither CI-940 nor PD 114,721 caused delayed lethality when given either IP or IV . In schedule studies, the toxicities of both CI-940 and PD 114,721 were moderately dependent on the regimen used, with total maximum tolerated dosages for intermittent (q4dx2), daily (qdx5), and divided daily (q4hx3, qdx5) dosing schedules of 1, 0.25, and 0.12 mg/kg, respectively . CI-940 is being developed for clinical trial on the basis of its potent activity against seven different tumor models, its novel structure, and its apparently novel mechanism of action. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1986, 206, 105 - 18 Modification of experimental colon carcinogenesis by dietary fibers; Jacobs LR; The literature concerning the effect of individual dietary fibers on the experimental induction of colorectal cancer was reviewed . It has become increasingly apparent that the effect of dietary fibers on colon carcinogenesis depends on many factors, including the type and amount of fiber; the other dietary components, particularly fat; animal species, strain, and sex; and the type of carcinogen and its dose and route of administration . Despite such variations in design, most experiments with wheat bran and cellulose have shown evidence of a significant protective effect . In contrast, numerous other fiber supplements have been shown to enhance tumor development . These include pectin, corn bran, undegraded carageenan, agar, Metamucil, and alfalfa . Possible mechanisms by which fibers may inhibit colon tumorigenesis include dilution and adsorption of any carcinogens or promoters contained within the intestinal lumen and faster transit time and therefore less opportunity for carcinogen/promoter interaction with the intestinal epithelium . Modulation of colonic microbial metabolic activity by dietary fibers may also be important in the activation and detoxification of carcinogens and promoters . Dietary fibers produce structural and functional changes in the intestinal epithelium and modify rates of cell proliferation changes in the intestinal epithelium and modify rates of cell proliferation and migration . Evidence suggests that if this stimulus to cell proliferation occurs during the stage of initiation, it may lead to enhancement of the carcinogenic process . Dietary fibers bind not only carcinogens, bile acids, and other potentially toxic agents but also essential nutrients that themselves can modify the carcinogenic process . Fermentation of fibers within the large bowel results in production of volatile fatty acids, which in vitro have been shown to be antineoplastic . Fermentation also produces a lower luminal pH, which in turn affects colonic microbial populations and their metabolic activities . The presence of lignans in higher plants and their bacterial synthesis from precursors present in fiber-rich foods provide an additional source of antineoplastic agents, whose relative importance in colon carcinogenesis is unknown . Because dietary fibers differ in their physiochemical properties, it has been difficult to identify a single mechanism by which fibers prevent or inhibit colon carcinogenesis . Clearly, more investigation is needed regarding the mechanism(s) by which certain fibers inhibit while others enhance experimental colon carcinogenesis. Int J Biochem, 1986, 18(12), 1089 - 95 In situ stability of uridylyl removing-uridylyltransferase of Escherichia coli; Mura U et al.; The difference in sensitivity of UR/UT toward Lubrol WX permeabilization treatment of stationary phase E . coli cells is not uniquely related to nitrogen availability during cellular growth . The sensitivity of UR/UT to detergent treatment appears to be related to differences in the balance between fermentative and oxidative glucose metabolism . The possible occurrence of a third cycle in the glutamine synthetase regulatory cascade mechanism is considered. Oncology, 1986, 43 Suppl 1, 16 - 22 Studies on the standardization of mistletoe preparations; Wagner H et al.; The newly isolated phenylpropanoids syringin, syringenin-apiosylglucoside, eleutheroside E and the high molecular lectins and viscotoxins were selected for a standardization of mistletoe extracts and drug preparation . The phenylpropanoids found in all alcoholic and aqueous extracts were suitable for an HPLC fingerprint analysis, and for quantitative determination . The lectin content of the drug preparations was determined by single radial immunodiffusion . As shown by the isoelectric focussing method, Iscador and fermented mistletoe extracts contain only the mistletoe lectins ML II/III, whereas the proteins of the ML I complex are missing . For identification and quantitative determination of viscotoxins, an HPLC method was designed. Ann Rech Vet, 1986, 17(1), 43 - 9 {Effects of a diet with low fiber and thiamine contents on erythrocyte transketolase activity in goats}; Cussac A et al.; To test the effects of an insufficient fiber content, a high percentage of readily fermentescible carbohydrate and non protein nitrogen uptake on thiamin nutrition, three goats were submitted during periods of 40 or 90 days to three diets with low fiber contents (1: 16.53%; 2: 12.37%; 3: 12.84%) and low thiamin contents (1: 0.07; 2: 0.08; 3: 0.05' mg/kg) . The diets were basically composed of beet pulp and equilibrated in protein either with copra meal or with urea . Diets 2 and 3 were enriched with 20% lactose . Animals had no access to coarse forage or litter . Variations of blood transketolase activity, pyruvicemia and lactacidemia were followed . Preliminary standard values of transketolase activity were determined with a hay diet (38 +/- 10 Ul/l total blood) or a grass diet (47 +/- 13 Ul/l) . In the same way, no decrease of food intake or clinical signs of thiamin deficiency could be observed . In none of the cases were noted impairment of blood transketolase activity or increase in lactacidemia or pyruvicemia . It was concluded that a diet deficient in fiber and rich in fermentescible carbohydrate cannot by itself induce a decrease in thiamin synthesis in so far as transitions between diets are not done abruptly. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1986, 31(4), 288 - 92 Effect of dithiocarbamates on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger; Khanna V et al.; Dithiocarbamates were found to enhance the production of citric acid under solid-state fermentation conditions by Aspergillus niger . Maximum increase was observed with tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) . Percent increases observed were 74.2% with 2.5 micrograms/mL of TMTD, 19.6% with 2.5 micrograms/mL of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate and 33.1% with 0.6 micrograms/mL of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1986, 26(1B), 161 - 79 Influence of substrate and microbial interaction on efficiency of rumen microbial growth; Demeyer D et al.; Microbial N produced in the rumen and flowing to the duodenum (Ni) is related to the total amount of OM fermented or apparently digested in the rumen (OMf) . This relationship, best expressed as microbial N yield (gNi/kgOMf), is affected mainly by the physical and chemical properties of feed carbohydrates and the amounts ingested . These factors influence yields at three levels of increasing complexity: Bacterial fermentation within one compartment following the continuous culture model . Fermentation pattern as such does not seem to affect yields . High fermentation rates are associated with lactate production, low methane production and transient polysaccharide synthesis . These effects induce acidification and lower yields, partly compensated by faster growth . Protozoal action, determined by the presence of sequestration spaces provided mainly by roughage diets . The presence of protozoa depresses microbial N yield but allows more complete fibre digestion . Compartmentation and differential passage . With roughage diets, optimal microbial N yield seems to require well developed microbial compartmentation, involving a large proportion of microbes in a large-particle pool with a slow turnover, balanced by a small proportion in liquid, small-particle pools with a fast turnover . Such a situation is associated with long roughage feeding . It is hypothesized that microbial N yields in the rumen may vary between two extremes which are associated with the feeding of long roughage on the one hand or with concentrate (starch) feeding on the other. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N N Burdenko, 1986 Jan-Feb, (1), 13 - 7 {Progressive sequelae of cranio-cerebral injuries}; Romodanov AP; Progressively increasing pathological phenomena, those of a vegetovascular character in the main, develop often in the late period after closed craniocerebral trauma even if it was of a mild degree . Impaired immune response, mosaicly manifested disorders of regional volumetric cerebral blood flow and local reactivity of the cerebral vessels, and other changes are always revealed in such patients . Experimental studies showed disorders of the mechanisms of self-regulation of brain cells to be the underlying factors of these posttraumatic changes . They are reflected in particular by stable changes of fermentative reactions determining the synthesis and catabolism of cyclic nucleotides. Isr J Med Sci, 1986 Jan, 22(1), 12 - 5 Pilot study of the efficacy of spent grain dietary fiber in the treatment of constipation; Odes HS et al.; Spent grain is the crude fiber obtained by decanting the fermented distillate of barley . The spent grain was processed to yield dietary fiber composed of: cellulose and hemicellulose 65.6% (by weight), lignin 5.2%, pectin 2.2%, protein 10.9% and lipid 8.0% . Biscuits and scones were prepared by 25% substitution of wheat flour by fiber, yielding 7 to 8 g fiber per biscuit/scone . Nineteen ambulatory patients with chronic, laxative-dependent constipation were treated in a pilot study for 4 weeks with 20 to 25 g fiber daily . Fifteen patients (79%) showed improvement in some or all of five factors, while four patients were largely unresponsive to fiber . Specific symptoms improved as follows: bowel movement frequency in 15 patients (79%), flatulence in 12 (63%), abdominal pain in 10 (53%), stool consistency in 8 (42%) and laxative dependence in 14 (74%) . A 4-week post-treatment follow-up showed a return to prefiber status in 11 of 13 improved subjects . This preliminary study suggests a role for spent grain fiber in the treatment of constipated patients, and a comparative study with placebo and wheat fiber is now warranted. Curr Genet, 1986, 11(3), 227 - 34 Construction and physiological characterization of mutants disrupted in the phosphofructokinase genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Heinisch J; The structural genes coding for the two kinds of subunits of phosphofructokinase in yeast have been cloned previously (Heinisch 1986) . The coding regions were defined by S1-mapping . They were disrupted in vitro by insertion of a LEU2-marker . These constructions were then used for substitution of the respective chromosomal copies . That the disruption of the PFK-genes had in fact occurred was confirmed by Southern blot analysis . Furthermore, in Northern blots shorter transcripts were detected in the respective disruption mutants . Using polyclonal antibodies the alpha-subunits were not detectable in pfk1-disruptions whereas the beta-subunits were undetectable in pfk2-disruptions . Physiological characterization showed that the single disruption mutants still fermented glucose to ethanol and CO2 . They accumulated fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate over wild type levels and showed decreased levels of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate . In addition an accumulation of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate was observed, a metabolite not detectable in wild type cells . A haploid yeast strain containing both disrupted copies of the PFK-genes is not capable of growing on rich medium containing 2% glucose . The accumulation of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and sedoheptulose-7-phosphate is much more pronounced in such mutants, whereas the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate concentration decreases below the level of detection. Biol Cell, 1986, 58(1), 71 - 8 Resistance of Candida parapsilosis to drugs; Camougrand N et al.; Several strains of Candida parapsilosis, isolated independently in our laboratory, had their resistance compared to a series of inhibitors which act either at the level of mitochondrial ribosomes (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, paromomycin) or at the level of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation (oligomycin, antimycin A, diuron, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) . Cells were grown on glycerol media supplemented with one of these inhibitors, and it was demonstrated that the resistance of these yeasts to a large spectrum of antibiotics was due to several features: a resistance to oligomycin was found at the permeation level; the resistance to the other drugs was correlated to the relative insensitivity of cytochrome biosynthesis to the drugs; the cells developed, at the same time, two types of alternative pathways: the one branched at the ubiquinone level which drove electrons from Krebs cycle substrates to oxygen, and the other, antimycin A-insensitive but inhibited by amytal, salicylhydroxamic acid and high cyanide concentrations . This secondary mitochondrial pathway, driving reducing equivalents from cytoplasmic NADH to cytochrome c and then to cytochrome aa3 or to alternate oxidase, allowed the growth of Candida parapsilosis on a non fermentescible medium, supplemented with these drugs. Comp Biochem Physiol A, 1986, 84(3), 589 - 93 Kinetics of D-glucose and L-leucine transport into sheep and pig intestinal brush border membrane vesicles; Wolffram S et al.; The kinetic parameters (Vmax, Kt) of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport into brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from sheep and pig jejunum were determined . Due to the fermentation of ingested carbohydrates in the rumen the small intestine of ruminants (sheep) has to absorb much less glucose than the small intestine of monogastric omnivores (pigs) or herbivores . Kinetic analysis of the concentration dependence of D-glucose transport revealed a ten-fold smaller Vmax value combined with a five times lower Kt value in sheep BBMV compared with pig BBMV . The Vmax value for L-leucine transport did not differ between the two species investigated, whereas the Kt value in the sheep exceeded that in the pig . It is concluded from these results that the mechanism for Na+-dependent D-glucose transport in ruminants is adapted to the small amounts of carbohydrates reaching the small intestine. Adv Neurol, 1986, 44, 3 - 55 New wave of research in the epilepsies; Delgado-Escueta AV et al.; The epilepsies affect at least 1 to 2 million people in the United States and 20 to 40 million people worldwide . Because the causes and basic mechanisms of the epilepsies have only started to unravel, there is still no cure for the disease . The purpose of this chapter is to present the new routes of navigation in epilepsy research, the salient theories on mechanisms of epilepsies, and their cogency to cause (generation of seizures) and effects (epileptic cell damage) . In particular, it advances a comprehensible picture of the major cellular events involved in the generation, arrest, or spread of partial epileptic seizures; it also questions the major molecular events involved in the transmission and use of genetic information in the generalized epilepsies . In reviewing the many theories on mechanisms of epilepsies, this chapter establishes the connections between neurosciences, molecular genetics, and the epilepsies . The knowledge gained from such connections will certainly bear on the diagnosis of the subvarieties of epilepsies and is already promoting new methods of treatment of the disease . Indeed, it is this fusion between molecular genetics, neurosciences, and the clinical epilepsies that provides the excitement and new ferment in research of the epilepsies . This chapter also advances a conceptual blueprint for priority challenges in epilepsy research . It calls attention to the primary goal, namely, understanding the mechanisms of human epilepsies . In the most common of human epilepsies, namely, temporal lobe epilepsy, a priority challenge is to analyze paroxysmal depolarization shifts in hippocampal slices in vitro, slices excised from known sites of epileptogenicity . Parallel experiments exploring biochemical membrane abnormalities in neuronal and glial membranes isolated from the hippocampal seizure focus would be especially valuable . The role of kindling and the mirror focus in human temporal lobe epilepsy must be resolved . A second important goal is the search for polymorphisms of restriction endonuclease patterns in monogenic epilepsies in order to localize the abnormal gene to a specific chromosome . Because of the recent successful applications of positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon-emission computed tomography, and nuclear magnetic resonance computed tomography (NMR-CT), ion transport pathways, neurotransmitter systems, and metabolic processes may be constructed within the functioning brains of epileptic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Curr Genet, 1986, 11(3), 235 - 41 Insertion of non-homologous DNA sequences into a regulatory gene cause a constitutive maltase synthesis in yeast; Rodicio R; Two maltase constitutive alleles MAL1-1c and MAL1-2c were obtained as revertants from a defective mall-1 mutant allele not promoting maltose fermentation . Classical genetical analysis showed that the mutations were linked or allelic to the MAL1 locus . Dominance relations were established by testing alpha-glucosidase activities in diploids containing various allele combinations . The maltose regulatory genes belonging to the MAL1, MAL1-1c and MAL1-2c alleles were cloned . Differences in restriction sites were found between the wild type MAL1 and the derived MAL1-constitutive alleles . The MAL1 regulatory gene was located in a 1.15 kb EcoRI fragment (Rodicio and Zimmermann 1985a, b) . An EcoRI fragment of this size was found in plasmids containing the MAL1 regulatory wild type allele but was absent from plasmids carrying the constitutive alleles . The genomic organization of the MAL loci in the constitutive mutants was confirmed by Southern analysis . Various fragments containing sequences of the different MAL1 alleles were used to probe genomic digests of MAL1, MAL1-1c and MAL1-2c strains . The results obtained support the conclusion that the constitutive mutations had arisen by a rearrangement between the original mal1-1 mutant allele and sequences with different location in the genome. Curr Genet, 1986, 11(3), 217 - 25 Cloning and expression on a multicopy vector of five invertase genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Hohmann S et al.; Six unlinked loci for invertase structural genes are known in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: SUC1-SUC5 and SUC7 . These genes are similar in structure and expression but not identical . Different yeast strains possess none, one or several of these genes . We have isolated the genes SUC1-SUC5, subcloned them into the multicopy vector YEp24 and compared the expression of the five SUC genes in one recipient strain . SUC2 was isolated by transformation of a suc0 strain with a gene pool and complementation to sucrose fermentation . SUC4 was cloned from a minipool of chromosomal fragments which were shown to contain SUC4 by Southern hybridization . SUC1, SUC3 and SUC5 were isolated using the method of plasmid eviction . A plasmid containing regions flanking SUC4 was integrated next to these SUC genes . The plasmid together with the SUC genes were then cut out of the chromosome using an appropriate restriction endonuclease . The length of chromosomal DNA fragments containing the different SUC genes were 4.8 kb for SUC1, 5.2 kb for SUC2, 4.8 kb for SUC3, 12.8 kb for SUC4 and 17.2 kb for SUC5 . Fragments containing the complete SUC genes and the sequences controlling their expression were subcloned into YEp24 and transformed into a strain without any active invertase gene . Invertase activity of transformants was measured after growth repressing (8% glucose) and derepressing (2% raffinose) conditions . As expected from results with strains carrying the individual SUC genes in a chromosomal location, the SUC genes were expressed to a different extent. Curr Genet, 1986, 10(6), 491 - 4 Genetic analysis of intergeneric hybrids obtained by protoplast fusion in yeasts; Tamaki H; Prototrophic hybrids have been obtained by the fusion of various auxotrophic haploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schwanniomyces castellii . The fusion hybrids showed starch fermentability which derived from one of the fusion parents, S . castellii . Surprisingly, these fusion hybrids were found to exhibit excellent sporulation and spore germination . The progenies of these fusion hybrids showed a few aberrant segregations, but mostly normal segregation for auxotrophic genetic markers . They also showed many tetrads with an apparently digenic segregation (2:2, 3:1 and 4:0) for starch fermentation . On the other hand, mating types of segregants of the fusion hybrids were determined by the prototrophic recovery method . Consequently, tetrad types for mating type were mostly 2a:1 alpha: 1 non-mater and several asci showed tetrad types of 2a: 2 non-mater and 2a:2 alpha . The 60 prototrophic fusion hybrids and its segregants did not secrete alpha-amylase on the starch agar plate . However, all of the data suggested that fusion hybrid could carry two dominant genes (STAB and STAC) to ferment starch, and that the two genes STAB and STA2 may be identical or allelic as may be the genes STAC and STA3. Acta Microbiol Pol, 1986, 35(3-4), 259 - 66 Cell proliferation-cephamycin biosynthesis relationship in the culture of Streptomyces lactamdurans L 2/6: phosphate regulation; Chmiel A et al.; During batch cultivation of Streptomyces lactamdurans a diauxic growth has been shown taking into consideration dry cell mass, protein, and DNA determination . This phenomenon was connected with substantial changes in environmental conditions such as concentrations of ammonia and amino nitrogen, soluble inorganic phosphate and pH . The antibiotic production was preceded by the preparatory phase occurring at the beginning of the second growth phase . A hypothetical pattern of cell physiology in the curse of cephamycin fermentation is discussed . An essential part in the biphasic cell growth and the induction of antibiotic synthesis in this model is played by phosphate depletion in the medium. Adv Enzyme Regul, 1986, 25, 125 - 39 The biochemical pharmacology of (2'-R)-chloropentostatin, a novel inhibitor of adenosine deaminase; Jackson RC et al.; 2'-Chloropentostatin is a new inhibitor of adenosine deaminase isolated from the fermentation broth of an unidentified actinomycete, ATCC 39365 . It contains the aglycone of coformycin, i.e . 3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo{4,5-d}{1,3}diazepin-8-o1, coupled to the unusual carbohydrate, 2'-chloro-2'-deoxyribose . 2'-Chloropentostatin is a slightly weaker inhibitor of rat and human adenosine deaminases than coformycin, and considerably weaker than pentostatin . Unlike pentostatin, which appears to undergo a two-stage interaction with adenosine deaminase, 2'-chloropentostatin forms a single enzyme-inhibitor complex . The enzyme-inhibitor complex between adenosine deaminase and 2'-chloropentostatin was much more rapidly dissociable than the complex with pentostatin . The complex between adenosine deaminase and 2'-chloropentostatin dissociated with a half-life of approximately 3 hr, compared with 68 hr for the complex between adenosine deaminase and pentostatin . 2'-Chloropentostatin, at concentrations up to 10 micromolar, did not cause significant inhibition of growth of WI-L2 human B-cell lymphoblasts, or of CCRF-CEM human T-cell lymphoblasts in culture . However, it greatly potentiated the inhibitory potency of adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, or arabinosyladenine towards these cell lines . This potentiating effect was equipotent for 2'-chloropentostatin and pentostatin . T-cells (CCRF-CEM) were much more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of combinations of adenosine or 2'-deoxyadenosine with 2'-chloropentostatin or pentostatin than were B-cells (WI-L2) . Pentostatin and 2'-chloropentostatin had no significant antitumor activity against mouse leukemia L1210 in vivo . However, these adenosine deaminase inhibitors, at nontoxic doses, greatly potentiated the antitumor activity of ara-A 5'-phosphate . 2'-Chloropentostatin was somewhat more active in this regard than was pentostatin. Eur J Biochem, 1985 Dec 16, 153(3), 601 - 7 Substrate-level phosphorylation in isolated yeast mitochondria; Rigoulet M et al.; The activity and the control of substrate-level phosphorylations in isolated yeast mitochondria were investigated . The oligomycin-insensitive ATP synthesis rate linked to 2-oxoglutarate oxidation is of similar order of magnitude to that observed in oxidative phosphorylation . The flux control coefficients of respiratory chain activity, translocase and phosphate carrier activities were close to zero . Kinetic control was confined to 2-oxoglutarate supply and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity . The study of endogenous nucleotide phosphorylation showed that ADP is the first phosphate acceptor during this process . Moreover, the comparison between the whole intramitochondrial content of nucleotides and phosphate to the fraction involved in substrate-level phosphorylation indicated a metabolic compartmentation of nucleotides and phosphate . A linear relationship was observed between the 2-oxoglutarate-linked ATP synthesis rate and the internal phosphate potential: delta G'p = delta G'o + RT 1n ({ATP}/{ADP} {Pi}) . The fact that the substrate-level phosphorylation process alone was able to maintain a high internal phosphate potential has an important bioenergetic consequence, particularly for yeast grown on fermentable substrates. EMBO J, 1985 Dec 16, 4(13A), 3509 - 18 The first twelve amino acids of a yeast mitochondrial outer membrane protein can direct a nuclear-coded cytochrome oxidase subunit to the mitochondrial inner membrane; Hurt EC et al.; We have used an in vivo complementation assay to test whether a given polypeptide sequence can direct an attached protein to the mitochondrial inner membrane . The host is a previously described yeast deletion mutant that lacks cytochrome oxidase subunit IV (an imported protein) and, thus neither assembles cytochrome oxidase in its mitochondrial inner membrane nor grows on the non-fermentable carbon source, glycerol . Growth on glycerol and cytochrome oxidase assembly are restored to the mutant if it is transformed with the gene encoding authentic subunit IV precursor, a protein carrying a 25-residue transient pre-sequence . No restoration is seen with a plasmid encoding a subunit IV precursor whose pre-sequence has been shortened to seven residues . Partial, but significant restoration is achieved by an artificial subunit IV precursor in which the authentic pre-sequence has been replaced by the first 12 amino acids of a 70-kd protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane . If this dodecapeptide is fused to the amino terminus of mouse dihydrofolate reductase (a cytosolic protein), the resulting fusion protein is imported into the matrix of yeast mitochondria in vitro and in vivo . Import in vitro requires an energized inner membrane . We conclude that the extreme amino terminus of the 70-kd outer membrane protein can direct an attached protein across the mitochondrial inner membrane. J Biol Chem, 1985 Dec 15, 260(29), 15495 - 503 The mannose-permease of the bacterial phosphotransferase system . Gene cloning and purification of the enzyme IIMan/IIIMan complex of Escherichia coli; Erni B et al.; The mannose-permease complex of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotranferase system exhibits two apparently unrelated activities . It mediates active transport concomitant with phosphorylation of mannose, 2-deoxyglucose, and a number of other hexoses, and it is required for penetration of bacteriophage lambda DNA across the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli . A cloned fragment of E . coli chromosome restores mannose-fermentation in, and confers lambda sensitivity to, an E . coli strain with a mutation in the gene for the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent mannose uptake . Using complementation analysis of phosphotransferase activity and of lambda sensitivity, a 3.8-kilobase pair fragment was shown to carry two adjacent genes, ptsM and ptsL . Although each gene has a promoter of its own, transcription of ptsL has a positive polar effect on the transcription of ptsM . A complex of two proteins, IIMan and IIIMan, was purified to homogeneity from an overproducing strain . IIMan is encoded by gene ptsM, IIIMan by gene ptsL . IIMan, a 27-kDa protein, is the transmembrane component of the complex . IIIMan, a 35-kDa protein, exists as a dimer and is found both membrane-associated and free in the cytoplasm . IIIMan can be phosphorylated in a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent reaction, while phosphorylation of IIMan could not be detected . IIMan and IIIMan are both required for phosphorylation of 2-deoxyglucose in vitro, while IIMan alone is sufficient to confer lambda sensitivity. J Biol Chem, 1985 Dec 5, 260(28), 15013 - 8 Isolation and characterization of yeast strains carrying mutations in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes; McAlister L et al.; Mutant yeast strains were constructed which carry insertion mutations in each of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structural genes which have been designated TDH1, TDH2, and TDH3 . Haploid strains carrying mutations in TDH1 and TDH2 as well as TDH1 and TDH3 were isolated from crosses between strains carrying the appropriate single mutations . The three single mutants as well as the two double mutants grow at wild type rates when ethanol is used as carbon source . Mutant strains lacking only a functional TDH2 allele or a TDH3 allele grow at 50 and 75% of the rate observed for wild type cells, respectively, when glucose is used as carbon source . No growth phenotype was observed for strains lacking only a functional TDH1 allele when either fermentable or nonfermentable carbon sources were used . Evidence is presented that strains lacking functional TDH2 and TDH3 alleles are not viable . These data demonstrate that the presence of a functional TDH2 or TDH3 allele is required for cell growth. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1985 Dec, 38(12), 1642 - 8 Catacandins, novel anticandidal antibiotics of bacterial origin; Meyers E et al.; Two novel antibiotics, catacandin A and catacandin B, were isolated from the fermentation broth of the bacterium, Lysobacter gummosus, by extraction and adsorption, reverse-phase and gel filtration chromatography . On the basis of their physico-chemical properties, they are acyltetramic acids that are easily distinguishable from others in this class . Catacandin A and catacandin B possess good anticandidal activity. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Dec, 50(6), 1368 - 74 Effect of reducing-equivalent disposal and NADH/NAD on deamination of amino acids by intact rumen microorganisms and their cell extracts; Hino T et al.; When mixed rumen microorganisms were incubated in media containing the amino acid source Trypticase, both monensin and carbon monoxide (a hydrogenase inhibitor) decreased methane formation and amino acid fermentation . Both of the methane inhibitors caused a significant increase in the ratio of intracellular NADH to NAD . Studies with cell extracts of rumen bacteria and protozoa indicated that the ratio of NADH to NAD had a marked effect on the deamination of reduced amino acids, in particular branched-chain amino acids . Deamination was inhibited by the addition of NADH and was stimulated by methylene blue, an agent that oxidizes NADH . Neutral and oxidized amino acids were un