Fermentations

Arch Tierernahr, 1987 Jul-Aug, 37(7-8), 701 - 11
Effects of dietary forage proportion on digestive function in maintenance-fed beef cows . Fescue and bermudagrass hays; Jones AL et al.; Five crossbred beef cows (Hereford x Angus, 428 kg), cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, were used in a Latin square experiment to determine the effects of dietary proportions of fescue (F) and bermudagrass (B) hays (0:1, .25: .75, .5:.5, .75: .25 and 1:0) on digestive function . Feed intake was 85% of ad libitum intake of F alone (1.04% of body weight) . Fescue contained 1.19% nitrogen (N), 74.8% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 6.3% acid detergent lignin (ADL), and B contained 1.99% N, 84.5% NDF and 6.1% ADL . Ruminal ammonia-N decreased and four- and five-carbon fatty acid concentrations increased linearly (P less than .05) with increasing F . Mean particle size of duodenal digesta was not affected by F level, but specific gravity of duodenal particles changed quadratically (P less than .05) as F rose, being greatest with 25 and 50% F . Ruminal fluid volume was constant, but dilution rate increased linearly (P less than .05) as F increased . Passage rate of B was faster than that of F in mixed diets . Organic matter (OM) flow and digestibilities, true ruminal N disappearance and microbial efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by F . True ruminal N disappearance and microbial efficiency were not affected (P greater than .10) by F . True ruminal N disappearance ranged from 73 to 78%, and microbial growth efficiency was between 18 and 22 g microbial N/kg OM fermented . Ruminal digestibilities of NDF, acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemicellulose decreased linearly (P less than .05) as F increased, being 68.2, 64.9, 65.6, 61.2 and 61.6% for NDF, 58.9, 54.7, 56.2, 53.3 and 53.2% for ADF, 64.7, 61.3, 62.1, 59.0 and 59.1% for cellulose, and 76.1, 74.4, 75.4, 70.1 and 72.2% for hemicellulose for 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% F, respectively . Digestive function in beef cows fed mixed F-B diets at a low level of intake related directly to dietary forage proportions and digestive characteristics when forages were fed alone.

Arch Tierernahr, 1987 Jul-Aug, 37(7-8), 643 - 9
Effect of pectinase on rumen fermentation in sheep and lambs; Baran M et al.; In trial with adult wethers and weaned lambs the effect of enzymatic preparation Pektofoetidin G3x (mostly pectinase and cellulase) on rumen fermentation was studied . After 4 weeks of Pektofoetidin G3x application (0.54 g per day and animal) to adult wethers no statistically significant differences in total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, ammonia in the rumen contents and urea in blood were determined between control and enzyme treated group . In comparison of fermentation parameters in wethers (mean of 1-3 hours after feeding) and lambs (2-3 hours after feeding) the significant differences in mol % of acetic acid (63.3 in control, 54.6 in experimental group, P less than 0.01), propionic acid (24.6, vs . 31.3, P less than 0.001), acetate: proprionate ratio (2.54, vs . 1.77, P less than 0.01) and in energy efficiency of VFA production (76.0%, vs . 79.1%, P less than 0.001) were determined . These differences between wethers and lambs suggest more intensive fermentation in lambs than in adult sheep . On the basis of these results it is possible to suggest, that in adult animals the efficiency of application of enzymatic preparations is low . In utilization of enzymatic preparations more important role, probably, is that of ruminal ecosystem itself, that, if once fully developed, is perfectly resistant to biotechnological interferences.

Can J Microbiol, 1987 Jul, 33(7), 619 - 25
The production of alamethicins by Trichoderma spp; Brewer D et al.; The production of polypeptides containing a high percentage of 2-methylalanine residues by a number of isolates of Trichoderma spp . has been examined . It has been shown that good yields (0.5-1.0 g L-1) can be achieved on synthetic media provided an insoluble carbohydrate is included and provided single-spore isolates that have this production ability are selected from time to time . Such yields could not be obtained on any single nitrogen source investigated, but a mixture of potassium nitrate, glutamine, and 2-methylalanine was effective . It was shown that at least eight polypeptides were produced in shake-flask or tank fermentation and that the proportions of these metabolites depended on the fermentation temperature, its pH, age, and aeration . Fermentation conditions for enhancing the production (independently) of two of the metabolites at the expense of the others are given . These two metabolites have been obtained in crystalline form and details of some of their physical and chemical properties are given.

Can J Microbiol, 1987 Jul, 33(7), 602 - 6
Metabolic changes in a conidia-induced Claviceps paspali strain during submerged fermentation; Gaberc-Porekar V et al.; Chemical changes in the mycelium of the conidial Claviceps paspali mutant strain, isolated after gamma irradiation, were followed during the course of submerged fermentation and compared with the mycelial parent strain; both strains are capable of producing simple lysergic acid derivatives . The syntheses of lipids, carbohydrates, phosphates, nucleic acids, proteins, and alkaloids, as well as nutrient uptake, were determined . It was found that conidiation induced by mutagenic treatment was accompanied by a set of changes in the metabolic pattern . In the conidial mutant, the primary and secondary metabolic activities were repressed and the protein to nonprotein compound ratio of the cells was changed in favour of protein compounds.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Jul, 53(7), 1571 - 3
Comparison of media for recovery of total coliform bacteria from chemically treated water; Rice EW et al.; Five broth media and two solid media were compared for their ability to quantitatively recover total coliform bacteria from chemically treated water . M-Endo LES and mT7 media were used in the membrane filter technique . Lauryl tryptose broth, lactose broth, presence-absence broth, lactose broth with twice the amount of lactose, and lauryl tryptose broth with twice the amount of sodium lauryl sulfate were used in the fermentation tube procedure . The differences in recovery were not significant for the five broth media and M-Endo LES agar . The M-Endo LES and mT7 media were not significantly different; however, the five broth media did yield significantly higher counts than mT7.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jul, 40(7), 970 - 90
Parvodicin, a novel glycopeptide from a new species, Actinomadura parvosata: discovery, taxonomy, activity and structure elucidation; Christensen SB et al.; An extensive taxonomic investigation identified strain SK&F-AAJ-271 as a new species, designated Actinomadura parvosata . Fermentations of this organism produce a complex of acidic, lipophilic glycopeptide antibiotics, the parvodicins . Structures for seven of the isolated components were derived from a combination of mass spectral, high-field NMR and chemical techniques . The O-acetyl functionality present in two of the isolated components is a structural feature unique among the known members of this class of antibiotics . The parvodicins are active in vitro against a range of Gram-positive bacteria . The most active parvodicin, C1, produces high serum levels in vivo and has the potential for a long duration of action.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jul, 40(7), 961 - 9
Pyrroxamycin, a new antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure determination and biological properties; Yano K et al.; A strain of streptomycete was found to produce a new antibiotic pyrroxamycin . This compound was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp . S46506 . The chemical structure was determined to be 4,5-dichloro-2-(6',8'-dichloro-4'H-1',3'-benzodioxin-4'-yl)-3-nitr opyrrole by its chemical character and 1H and 13C NMR spectral analysis . Pyrroxamycin was active against Gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jul, 40(7), 924 - 32
Chloropolysporins A, B and C, novel glycopeptide antibiotics from Faenia interjecta sp . nov . II . Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical characterization; Takatsu T et al.; New antibiotics, chloropolysporins A, B and C, were found in the culture broth of an actinomycete identified as Faenia interjecta sp . nov . They were isolated from the culture filtrate by column chromatography on various resinous adsorbents, followed by preparative reverse phase HPLC . Chloropolysporins A, B and C possessed all the same new aglycone composed of actinoidic acid, 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, N-methyl-p-hydroxyphenylglycine and vancomycinic acid . From elementary analyses and mass spectroscopic measurements, the molecular formulae of chloropolysporins A, B and C appear to be C89H99O39N8Cl3 (MW 2,008), C83H89O34N8Cl3 (MW 1,846) and C77H79O30N8Cl3 (MW 1,700), respectively . Their physico-chemical characterizations including molecular formulae revealed that chloropolysporins A, B and C were new members of glycopeptide antibiotics.

Br J Nutr, 1987 Jul, 58(1), 95 - 103
Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors; Sakata T; 1 . Effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on epithelial proliferation of the intestine were studied in ileally fistulated rats fed on an elemental diet . 2 . The stimulatory effect of daily doses of acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids (100, 20 and 60 mM respectively; pH 6.1) per fistula (3 ml, twice daily) on crypt cell production rate (CCPR) appeared within 2 d and lasted for at least 5 d . 3 . The daily doses of SCFA for 14 d increased daily CCPR three to four fold . This effect was independent of the presence of gut bacteria . 4 . Effects of SCFA were dose-dependent and varied among acids (butyrate greater than propionate greater than acetate) . The effect was independent of low lumen pH . 5 . In contrast, SCFA inhibited epithelial proliferation of isolated rat caecal tissue in vitro . 6 . These results suggest that SCFA are physiological lumen trophic factors mediated by a systemic mechanism in vivo . 7 . It is concluded that SCFA are involved in the trophic effects of gut microbes, ingestion of fermentable fibre, and lumen contents.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1987 Jul, 46(1), 61 - 5
Gaseous response to ingestion of a poorly absorbed fructo-oligosaccharide sweetener; Stone-Dorshow T et al.; Fructo-oligosaccharides are naturally occurring sweet substances that are poorly absorbed and have the potential to be clinically useful nonnutritive sweeteners . Because most nonabsorbed carbohydrates are fermented yielding gas, we assessed flatulent symptoms and H2 excretion during ingestion of fructo-oligosaccharide (5 g tid) for 12 d . Ten subjects had significantly greater flatulence while taking the oligosaccharide than did five subjects taking sucrose (5 g tid) . Breath H2 after 10 g fructo-oligosaccharide was similar to that of 10 g lactulose, suggesting near total malabsorption of the fructo-oligosaccharide . Although previous studies found a marked diminution in breath H2 after prolonged exposure to lactulose, breath H2 response increased by 50% after a 12-d period on the oligosaccharide and gaseous symptoms did not improve . We conclude that adaptation of colonic bacteria to carbohydrate malabsorption is variable and may depend upon quantity or nature of the carbohydrate.

J Anim Sci, 1987 Jul, 65(1), 244 - 55
Evaluation of corn fiber, cottonseed hulls, oat hulls and soybean hulls as roughage sources for ruminants; Hsu JT et al.; An in situ trial (randomized complete block design) using cows, and a site and extent of digestion trial (Latin square design) using sheep were conducted to study the potential of corn fiber (CF), cottonseed hulls (CSH), oat hulls (OH) and soybean hulls (SH) as roughage sources for ruminants . Two feedlot trials with steers and one with lambs (completely randomized design with factorial arrangements of treatments) were conducted to study the potential of CF and SH as energy supplements relative to corn . In situ rate of ruminal dry matter (DM) disappearance (3 to 36 h) and extent of DM disappearance (36 h) indicated that CF and SH were more fermentable in the rumen compared with OH or CSH, with SH being the most fermentable . Total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were above 70% for sheep fed CF and SH diets, and were 50% or less for sheep fed OH and CSH diets . A ranking of by-products in terms of nutritive value followed the trend: CF greater than SH greater than OH greater than CSH . Lamb feedlot trial data showed that CF was of similar nutritive value to corn and of higher nutritive value than SH at the 50% level of supplementation . Corn-fed lambs responded better than CF- or SH-fed lambs at the 70% level of supplementation . Data from steer feedlot trials showed that CF was of similar quality to corn and of higher quality than SH . Dramatic differences exist in by-product feed utilization by ruminants . All by-products tested appeared to have some usefulness as dietary components.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1987 Jun 15, 190(12), 1575 - 6
Laminitis and decreased milk production in first-lactation cows improperly fed a dairy ration; Moser EA et al.; First-lactation cows that were improperly fed a grain ration developed chronic, nonsuppurative laminitis, resulting in profound lameness in all 4 limbs, thin body condition, and poor milk production . Results of ration analysis indicated that the cows were receiving 10% to 40% more energy than that recommended by the National Research Council . The following management changes were instituted for first-lactation cows: the absolute amount of concentrate offered was decreased by 10% to 25% (depending on each cow's milk production), the rate of increase in concentrate fed was lessened to achieve maximal intake in 21 days, feed was made available more frequently and in smaller amounts during the day, sequence feeding was implemented, forage was provided before grain when possible, and sodium bicarbonate (1%, on a dry-weight basis) and fat (5%, on a dry-weight basis) were added to the grain mix . These management changes normalized rumen fermentation, and the clinical problems did not develop in the 20 subsequently fresh heifers . Therefore, the ration should be analyzed when first-lactation cows begin developing lameness and poor milk production.

Z Ernahrungswiss, 1987 Jun, 26(2), 138 - 41
On the occurrence of free glucose in the caecal contents of rats; Siebert G; Free glucose was assayed in the caecal contents of rats . Whereas control animals had less than 60 nmol glucose per g of caecal contents, 230 nmol glucose/g caecal contents were determined 3 hours after the administration of 300 mg Palatinit by gastric intubation . In contrast to an earlier report (8), caecal fluid thus contained less than 3% of the glucose concentration of 11 mumol/ml claimed to occur after Palatinit administration by these authors (8) . Since the anaerobic fermentation capacity for glucose by the caecal contents of rats amounted to at least 630 nmol glucose/min X g fresh weight at 37 degrees C, only the low glucose concentrations reported above are plausible.

Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1987 Jun, 24(2), 147 - 54
Anaerobic metabolism in Ascaris suum: acyl CoA intermediates in isolated mitochondria synthesizing 2-methyl branched-chain fatty acids; Komuniecki R et al.; Freshly isolated Ascaris suum mitochondria contained CoASH, acetyl CoA, propionyl CoA, 2-methylcrotonyl CoA, 2-methylbutyryl CoA, 2-methyl-2-pentenoyl CoA, and 2-methylvaleryl CoA, as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography . Incubation of these mitochondria aerobically in the absence of substrate resulted in the conversion of the branched-chain enoyl CoA's to acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA . With the addition of malate to the incubation medium, succinyl CoA and methylmalonyl CoA accumulated and the levels of propionyl CoA decreased dramatically . However, the branched-chain fatty acids characteristic of A . suum's fermentative metabolism were not formed and it appears that the formation of propionyl CoA may be limiting in these mitochondria . Indeed, the addition of propionate to incubations with malate increased intramitochondrial levels of propionyl CoA and 2-methyl-2-pentenoyl CoA and stimulated significant 2-methylvalerate synthesis . The exclusion of air from these incubations further increased levels of 2-methyl-2-pentenoyl CoA and stimulated 2-methylvalerate synthesis . These studies suggest that in addition to elevated NADH/NAD ratios, elevated enoyl CoA/acyl CoA ratios also are important in the regulation of branched-chain fatty acid synthesis in A . suum mitochondria.

Gut, 1987 Jun, 28(6), 721 - 5
Evaluation of the hydrogen breath test in man: definition and elimination of the early hydrogen peak; Mastropaolo G et al.; After ingestion of a non-absorbable carbohydrate breath hydrogen excretion increases early at about 10 minutes, and again later when the ingested carbohydrate enters the caecum . The late rise has been used as a marker of mouth to caecum transit time, but the source of the early rise has not been satisfactorily explained . We studied in 60 healthy volunteers the source and frequency of the early rise in breath hydrogen after ingestion of a non-absorbable carbohydrate . After ingestion of either lactulose solution (10 g in 150 ml water), lentil soup (46 g carbohydrate) or solid meal containing baked beans (15 g carbohydrate), breath hydrogen was significantly raised above basal concentrations within 10 minutes (81 +/- 27, 395 +/- 138 and 110 +/- 52% above basal respectively) . A significant rise in breath hydrogen (75 +/- 21%) occurred 10 minutes after sham lactulose feeding (lactulose applied to oral cavity but not swallowed), but no early peak occurred after sham saccharin feeding (non-fermentable carbohydrate), intragastric or intraduodenal administration of lactulose . Ten of the 12 subjects given lactulose sham feeding were restudied after oral hygiene with chlorhexidine mouthwash . In these the early hydrogen peak was abolished . Oral hygiene also reduced the occurrence and magnitude of the early hydrogen rise after lactulose ingestion . These findings indicate that the early rise in breath hydrogen observed after ingestion of lactulose is produced by interaction with oral bacteria.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jun, 40(6), 778 - 85
Kazusamycin B, a novel antitumor antibiotic; Funaishi K et al.; A novel antibiotic, kazusamycin B (C32H46O7, MW 542), was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . No . 81-484 and the structure was established mainly on the basis of its physico-chemical properties . Unambiguous 13C NMR spectral analysis of kazusamycin B has been also accomplished . Kazusamycin B possesses potent cytocidal activities against L1210 (IC50 0.0018 micrograms/ml) and P388 (IC100 0.0016 micrograms/ml) leukemia cells in vitro.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jun, 40(6), 761 - 77
A21978C, a complex of new acidic peptide antibiotics: isolation, chemistry, and mass spectral structure elucidation; Debono M et al.; A21978C, produced by Streptomyces roseosporus, NRRL 11379, is a complex of new acidic lipopeptolide antibiotics which inhibits Gram-positive bacteria . HPLC separation of the various components from the purified complex resulted in the isolation of A21978C1, -C2 and -C3 (major components) and -C4, -C5, and -C0 (minor components) . Each of these components was fermented with cultures of Actinoplanes utahensis (NRRL 12052) to give the identical inactive peptide ("A21978C nucleus") by removal of the fatty acid acyl groups from the N-terminus . This peptide was composed of 13 amino acids: L-kynurenine, L-threo-3-methylglutamic acid, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid (3 residues), glycine (2 residues), L-tryptophan, L-ornithine, D-alanine, D-serine and L-threonine . The amino acid sequence was determined using a combination of the Edman degradation and gas chromatography mass spectrum (GC-MS) analysis of appropriately derivatized peptides obtained from partial hydrolysis . Each major component was shown to be acylated with a branched chain fatty acid at the N-terminus and the structure of this fatty acid was determined by 1H NMR and mass spectral methods . A structure for A21978C was assigned on the basis of this degradative and physico-chemical information.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jun, 40(6), 732 - 9
Studies on new antibiotics SF2415 . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities; Shomura T et al.; A new species of Streptomyces is described for which the name Streptomyces aculeolatus is proposed . The organism produces new antibiotics SF2415A1, A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3 active against Gram-positive bacteria . Empirical molecular formulae of the antibiotics SF2415A1, A2, A3, B1, B2 and B3 were determined to be C26H31N2O5Cl, C26H30N2O5, C26H30N2O5Cl2, C26H33O5Cl, C26H32O5 and C26H32O5Cl2, respectively.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Jun, 40(6), 727 - 31
CV-1, a new antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces sp . II . structure determination; Yasuzawa T et al.; The structure of a new antibiotic, CV-1 was determined to be 1,2-diamino-1,2-N,N'-carbonyl-1,2-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucose hydrate by spectral and chemical studies . CV-1 possessed a unique open ring hemiaminal structure . CV-1 synthesized from N-carbamoyl-D-glucosamine was identical to material isolated from fermentation.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Jun, 53(6), 1210 - 5
Growth and fermentation of an anaerobic rumen fungus on various carbon sources and effect of temperature on development; Lowe SE et al.; An anaerobic fungus (strain R1) resembling Neocallimastix spp . was isolated from sheep rumen . When grown on defined medium, the isolate utilized a wide range of polysaccharides and disaccharides, but of the eight monosaccharides tested only fructose, glucose, and xylose supported growth . The organism had doubling times of 5.56 h on glucose and 6.67 h on xylose, and in each case fermentation resulted in production of formate, acetate, lactate, and ethanol . During active growth, formate was a reliable indicator of fungal biomass . Growth on a medium containing glucose and xylose resulted in a doubling time of 8.70 h, but diauxic growth did not occur since both sugars were utilized simultaneously . The optimum temperature for zoospore and immature plant development was 39 degrees C, and no development occurred below 33 degrees C or above 41 degrees C.

Strahlenther Onkol, 1987 Jun, 163(6), 378 - 84
Optimization of cancer radiotherapy with selective sensitizers; Wideroe R; This study is based on the two-component theory, radiation being considered as composed of a high-LET (alpha) and a low-LET (beta) component . For average tumor-cell parameters (squamous carcinoma) the beta-component will reach a maximum when single doses of 5 to 6 Gy low-LET radiation are given . Here I assume that hypoxic tumor cells can be eliminated by means of selective radiosensitizers . The previously favoured electron-attracting metronidazole and misonidazole have now practically been given up . The enhancement in cell sensitivity was too low and they were too neurotoxic . Newer drugs based on blocking the anaerobic glycolysis (fermentation process) of hypoxic cells seem to be very promising; they have no serious side effects . Special sensitizers supporting the killing of tumor cells with normal oxygen supply could improve radiation therapy . The drug ICRF 159 (resp . 187), "Razoxane" reduces the extrapolation number for proliferating tumor cells . An example shows that therapy with 10 X 6 Gy single doses of high-energy electrons might reduce the number of tumor cells to about 10(-8) with radiation only to nearly 10(-10) if "Razoxane" is given twelve hours before radiation exposures.

J Anim Sci, 1987 Jun, 64(6), 1835 - 41
Evaluation of rare-earth markers using an in vitro ruminal fermentation system and effect of processing method on ruminal turnover of sized corn particles; Turnbull GW et al.; A two-stage in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment was conducted to determine the extent of marker migration and the effects of marker addition on digestibility . Fermentation studies were terminated either at the end of stage I, the fermentation phase, or stage II, the pepsin digestion phase . Treatment diets contained ytterbium-marked corn plus chopped Coastal bermudagrass hay and nonmarked corn plus chopped hay . After stage I of the in vitro ruminal fermentation, 90% of ytterbium was recovered . Of this, 8.8% of the ytterbium had migrated to the hay, 2% was recovered in the supernatant and 89.2% remained bound to the corn . After completion of both stages, 72% was recovered, of which 7.9% was bound to corn, 33.6% was bound to the hay, 1.1% was recovered in the stage I supernatant and 57.4% was associated with the acid pepsin supernatant . Dry matter digestion was not affected after stage I but after stage II, digestibility was decreased 7% due to marker addition . A ruminal-cannulated Holstein steer weighing approximately 680 kg was used to determine turnover rates from the rumen of liquid and five different particle sizes of corn . Corn from each of two processing methods was fractionated into five particle sizes by dry-sieving . The corn particles included steam-rolled corn (SRC) retained on a 4-mm sieve and marked with dysprosium, SRC retained on a 2-mm sieve and marked with erbium, cracked corn (CC) retained on a 4-mm sieve and marked with yttrium, CC retained on a 2-mm sieve and marked with ytterbium, and CC retained on a 1-mm sieve and marked with samarium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Am J Clin Pathol, 1987 Jun, 87(6), 773 - 5
Asymptomatic blood methanol in emergency room patients; Wargotz ES et al.; Over a four-month period, methanol was found in the blood of 18 patients among 687 sequential emergency room admissions screened for alcohols by gas chromatography . In the patients with positive results, blood ethanol ranged from 6 to 570 mg/dL (1.3-123.7 mmol/L), blood methanol from 2.3 to 4.0 mg/dL (0.72-1.25 mmol/L) . Methanol exposure during preparation of the sampling site or in the course of specimen handling, ingestion of denatured alcohol, as well as methanol production from the metabolism of aspartame are ruled out as causes for these findings . The authors conclude that endogenous methanol production is the probable major cause, while methanol as a fermentation congener may be a contributory minor cause.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1987 Jun, 32(6), 434 - 7
{Characteristics of the oleandomycin producer inoculum at various levels of antibiotic biosynthesis}; Rudakova AV et al.; Parameters of the oleandomycin-producing organism metabolism were studied at the stage of inoculum when intensity of the antibiotic biosynthesis was increased by treating the spores with a surface active substance (twin-21) . It was shown that the inoculum producing later at the stage of fermentation higher quantities of the antibiotic was characterized by certain peculiarities . In particular, there were observed a shorter lag phase, a higher specific growth rate and a higher rate of accumulating the medium components at lower pyruvate levels in the exponential phase, higher activity of succinate dehydrogenase and higher levels of ATP in the mycelium during this period.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 Jun, 53(6), 1286 - 91
Ethanol production during batch fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae: changes in glycolytic enzymes and internal pH; Dombek KM et al.; During batch fermentation, the rate of ethanol production per milligram of cell protein is maximal for a brief period early in this process and declines progressively as ethanol accumulates in the surrounding broth . Our studies demonstrate that the removal of this accumulated ethanol does not immediately restore fermentative activity, and they provide evidence that the decline in metabolic rate is due to physiological changes (including possible ethanol damage) rather than to the presence of ethanol . Several potential causes for the decline in fermentative activity have been investigated . Viability remained at or above 90%, internal pH remained near neutrality, and the specific activities of the glycolytic and alcohologenic enzymes (measured in vitro) remained high throughout batch fermentation . None of these factors appears to be causally related to the fall in fermentative activity during batch fermentation.

Vet Med (Praha), 1987 Jun, 32(6), 331 - 6
{The effect of monensin on rumen fermentation and weight gain in bulls fed a diet containing nontraditional feed}; Baran M et al.; Two groups of bullocks, each consisting of 125 animals, were subjected to a trial to study the effect of monensin (Rumensin premix) administered at doses from 125 to 175 mg per head/day on rumen fermentation and weight gains . For 135 days the animals were given a diet based on green juicy forage with a supplement of chopped straw and concentrate mixture; this mixture contained 20-30% of dried poultry droppings . In the experimental group with monensin, the concentration of total and protein nitrogen and the molar percentage of propionic acid significantly increased (23.7 and 28.5%, respectively, P less than 0.01) and the acetate: propionate ratio decreased four hours after feeding . Further, the energy yield of the production by volatile fatty acids (VFA) significantly increased in the rumen contents (76.89%, 78.64%, respectively, P less than 0.05) . The levels of ammonia and non-protein nitrogen were not affected by the addition of monensin . The average daily live weight gains were 713 g in the control group and 800 g in the experimental group; this means that the gains of the experimental animals rose by 12.2% . Monensin had a positive influence on the proportions of the rumen-produced VFA in favour of propionic acid which, in turn, favourably influenced the energy balance of nutrient conversion and efficiency.

Microbiol Sci, 1987 Jun, 4(6), 173 - 80
Membrane systems in which foreign proton pumps are incorporated; Driessen AJ et al.; Detailed information about the role of the proton-motive force in solute transport has often been obtained from studies in model systems such as membrane vesicles . For many bacteria, such studies have been hampered by the lack of a good proton-motive force generating system in these model systems . Recently this problem has been solved by the development of procedures to incorporate foreign proton pumps in membrane vesicles derived from bacteria . This improved model system has been used for studies on the role of the proton-motive force in solute transport in fermentative bacteria and yeasts . Important applications can be found in studies of many energy-transducing systems in membranes which lack a suitable proton pump.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 May, 40(5), 612 - 22
A new immunomodulator, FR-900494: taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological characteristics; Iwami M et al.; FR-900494 is a new type of immunoactive substances produced by an actinomycete named Kitasatosporia kifunense sp . nov . FR-900494 exhibits a competitive action against immunosuppressive factor produced in the serum of tumor bearing mice and has the capacity to restore the depression of lymphocytes.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 May, 40(5), 600 - 6
A new antitumor antibiotic, FR-900482 . III . Antitumor activity in transplantable experimental tumors; Shimomura K et al.; FR-900482 (4-formyl-6,9-dihydroxy-14-oxa-1,11-diazatetracyclo{7.4.1.02,7, O10,12}tetradeca-2,4,6-triene-8-ylmethyl carbamate), a new antibiotic with antitumor activity was isolated from fermentation broth of Streptomyces sandaensis . Its antitumor activities were studied and compared with that of mitomycin C (MMC) in animals . FR-900482 in doses of 0.32 approximately 10 mg/kg (ip) prolonged the life of mice bearing ascitic P388, L1210, B16, MM46, Ehrlich or EL4 tumors and rats bearing ascitic AH130 or AMC60 tumors . FR-900482 in doses of 5.6 approximately 18 mg/kg (iv) inhibited human LX-1, MX-1, SC-6 and LC-6 tumors xenografted sc in nude mice . FR-900482 was more effective than or equally effective to MMC in all the tumors used . FR-900482 was ineffective against cyclophosphamide-resistant P388, but was effective against MMC- or vincristine-resistant P388 . The results suggest that FR-900482 may have clinical potential.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 May, 40(5), 575 - 88
Tiacumicins, a novel complex of 18-membered macrolides . II . Isolation and structure determination; Hochlowski JE et al.; A novel complex of Gram-positive antibiotics has been isolated from the fermentation broth and mycelium of Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subsp . hamdenesis subsp . nov . The structures of these six compounds were deduced employing UV, MS, IR, and extensive 1D and 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR experiments . Each component contained a highly unsaturated 18-membered macrolide ring . Components differed from one another by minor structural variations in the macrolide ring and by the number and esterification pattern of glycosidically bound sugars.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1987 May, 25(5), 363 - 8
Differential induction of mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity in rat liver and intestine by diets containing processed cabbage: correlation with cabbage levels of glucosinolates and glucosinolate hydrolysis products; McDanell R et al.; Both white and Savoy-type cabbage added to a semi-purified diet at 25% dry weight and fed to rats ad lib . for 5 days significantly induced ethoxyresorufin (ERR) deethylation in the small and large intestine . Savoy cabbage also induced hepatic activity and, in general, exhibited a greater inducing effect than white cabbage . These enzyme-inducing effects were altered when the cabbage had been processed . The content of intact glucosinolate was greater in Savoy than in white cabbage . The indole glucosinolate (glucobrassicin) content of both types of cabbage was approximately halved by cooking but was unaffected by fermentation, whilst homogenization of Savoy cabbage led to the total disappearance of intact glucosinolates . Levels of the indole glucosinolate breakdown products ascorbigen and indole-3-carbinol were highest in homogenized cabbage, and ascorbigen levels were also higher in cooked than in fresh cabbage of either type . When added to the semi-purified diet and fed ad lib . to rats for 5 days, indole-3-carbinol was a potent inducer of hepatic ERR deethylation and cytochrome P-450 activity, but had much less effect in the intestine . Other glucobrassicin metabolites, diindolylmethane and indole-3-acetonitrile, also had some inducing effect in the liver but no effect in the intestine, while ascorbigen significantly induced ERR deethylation in the small and large intestine but had no effect on hepatic MFO activity.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1987 May, 53(5), 1046 - 50
Effect of phenolic acids and phenolics from plant cell walls on rumenlike fermentation in consecutive batch culture; Theodorou MK et al.; Information on the interaction between mixed populations in the rumen and plant phenolics is required to fully elucidate the limitations of phenolic compounds on forage digestibility . The objective of this study was to examine the degradation of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) hay incubated with mixed ruminal populations in consecutive batch culture (CBC) with or without phenolic acids or phenolic compounds extracted from plant cell walls . Each CBC consisted of a series of 10 cultures (3 replicates per culture) inoculated (10%, vol/vol) in sequence at 48-h intervals with microbial suspension from the previous set of cultures . All cultures were grown on a semidefined medium containing Italian ryegrass hay, and each CBC was initiated with an inoculum from the rumen . Rumenlike fermentation characteristics were maintained in control CBCs by repeated inoculum transfer . Treatment CBCs were transferred as described above, but cultures 5, 6, and 7 were incubated in the presence of trans-p-coumaric, cis-p-coumaric, or trans-ferulic acid or phenolics extracted from the cell walls of maize stem or barley straw . Mean apparent dry matter disappearance in control CBC cultures was 495 mg per g of hay, whereas the presence of phenolics reduced the initial dry matter disappearance by 6.3 to 25.6% . trans-p-Coumaric acid and, to a lesser extent, the phenolics from cell walls of maize stem were the most inhibitory compounds for dry matter disappearance and for the production of volatile fatty acids; trans-p-coumaric acid altered the molar ratio of acetate/propionate/butyrate . The CBC further showed variations in the ability of the rumen microbial population to adapt to phenolic compounds.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1987 May, 32(5), 337 - 41
{Separation of emulsions during extraction of antibiotics from native solutions}; Katrush VR et al.; The separating capacity of a laboratory cup centrifuge and industrial centrifugal separator was compared . It was shown that the process of emulsion centrifugal separation could be modeled under laboratory conditions: antibiotic fermentation broth filtrate--organic solvent in industrial apparatus under similar conditions of preliminary mixing aqueous and organic phases.

J Dairy Sci, 1987 May, 70(5), 1000 - 5
Ruminal metabolic development in calves weaned conventionally or early; Anderson KL et al.; Eight neonatal bull calves were rumen fistulated and assigned to one of two weaning programs to study the effect of diet and weaning age on ruminal metabolic development . All calves were fed colostrum until 3 d of age and milk until weaning . Calves in the early weaning program were fed milk and a highly palatable, prestarter diet until they consumed 227 g/d and then a mixture of 227 g of prestarter and all the starter diet they would eat . Calves in this group were weaned at 4 wk of age . Calves in the conventional weaning program were fed milk and a starter diet and weaned at 6 wk of age . Eight ruminal samples were collected over 12 h from each calf at 1, 4, 8, and 12 wk of age . Ruminal fluid samples were analyzed for pH, VFA, NH3 N, and L(+)-lactate and D(-)-lactate concentrations . Calves weaned early had lower ruminal pH, higher total VFA concentration, and higher molar proportion of butyrate than conventionally weaned calves . Ruminal NH3 N and lactate concentrations were not significantly affected by the weaning program, although lactate tended to be higher in calves weaned early . Ruminal VFA concentration increased and NH3N concentration decreased with increased feed consumption by calves in both groups . Molar proportions of acetate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate decreased, and those of propionate increased with age in both groups . Apparently, ruminal metabolic development, as evidenced by changes in fermentation products, was faster in calves weaned early than in calves weaned conventionally.

J Nutr, 1987 May, 117(5), 919 - 27
Alfalfa saponins affect site and extent of nutrient digestion in ruminants; Lu CD et al.; Alfalfa saponins isolated by ethanol extraction and partial acid hydrolysis were intraruminally administered to sheep to investigate the biological activities and nutritional implications in ruminants . Mature wethers fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were fed a concentrate or roughage diet formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic . Microbial fermentation and nutrient degradation in the rumen were reduced by saponins . Total protozoal count in the rumen was reduced 34 and 66% by saponins at levels of 2 and 4% dietary dry matter, respectively . Bacterial nitrogen flow to the duodenum was reduced 20 and 30% in the same sequence . Apparent digestion coefficients of organic matter, hemicellulose and cellulose in the total digestive tract were increased by saponins in sheep fed concentrate diets . Fractional digestion coefficients of organic matter, hemicellulose, cellulose and nitrogen were reduced in the stomach while they were increased in the small intestine by saponins in both diets . Saponins inhibited microbial fermentation and synthesis in the rumen and altered the sites of nutrient digestion in sheep.

J Anim Sci, 1987 May, 64(5), 1526 - 32
Effect of fats and fatty acid combinations on ruminal fermentation in semi-continuous in vitro cultures; Jenkins TC; Four in vitro trials were conducted to determine how ruminal fermentation is affected by source of fat, level of fat, and combinations of fatty acids . Trials I and II examined how volatile fatty acids (VFA) were changed by three sources of fat (blended animal-vegetable fat, corn oil and tallow fatty acids) each added to a hay substrate at six levels (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%) . Increasing blended fat caused no changes in VFA levels except to decrease butyric acid from 12.1 to 9.9% of the total VFA (P less than .05) . Corn oil and tallow fatty acids both increased propionic acid, causing the ratio of acetic to propionic acids (A/P) to decrease (P less than .01) . Trial III tested different ratios of oleic/stearic and linoleic/stearic acids to determine if certain combinations were better for fermentation . There was no evidence of synergism among fatty acids since increasing the ratio of unsaturates steadily reduced A/P . Trial IV was designed to determine how changes in VFA levels reflect changes in fiber digestibility of substrates containing added fat . Volatile fatty acids having significant regressions with fiber digestibility were acetic acid (r = .648), propionic acid (r = -.670), total VFA concentration (r = .742) and A/P (r = .831) . Results are interpreted to show that blended animal-vegetable fats are less toxic in the rumen than equal levels of other lipids, and the beneficial effects of blended fat cannot be attributed to a unique combination of fatty acids acting synergistically.

J Bacteriol, 1987 May, 169(5), 2012 - 6
Activities of oxidative enzymes in mycoplasmas; Constantopoulos G et al.; The activities of several oxidoreductases were measured in three fermentative and two nonfermentative Mycoplasma species that were grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions . Acholeplasma laidlawii MG, Mycoplasma hyorhinis GDL, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae FH had very high apparent activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex compared with the activities of mammalian fibroblasts or human platelet-enriched preparations, while Mycoplasma salivarium VV and Mycoplasma arthritidis 07 had very low apparent activities of these two enzymes . Strictly anaerobic growth diminished both enzymatic activities . The activity of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex was minimal in all five mycoplasmas that were grown under aerobic conditions, anaerobic conditions, or both . All the mycoplasmas that were examined exhibited lactate dehydrogenase and NADH-dichlorophenol indophenol oxidoreductase activities . The properties of mycoplasmal pyruvate dehydrogenase complex suggest that it differs from the mammalian enzyme.

J Exp Zool, 1987 May, 242(2), 241 - 5
Separation and functions of two acyl CoA transferases from Ascaris lumbricoides mitochondria; Saz HJ et al.; Many invertebrates accumulate propionate, or products derived from propionate, as products of fermentation . Evidence has been reported that the nematode, Ascaris suum, the cestode, Spirometra mansonoides, and the trematode, Fasciola hepatica, accumulate propionate by means of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating decarboxylation of succinate . To generate energy, an acyl coenzyme A (CoA) transferase that would transfer CoA to succinate is required as one component of the sequence of reactions . Recently, an acyl CoA transferase was isolated from Ascaris mitochondria and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity . However, upon examination of the substrate specificities of this enzyme, it was found essentially to lack the ability to use succinate or succinyl CoA as an acceptor or donor of CoA, respectively . Therefore, this transferase could not serve to activate succinate . This article describes the isolation of an additional acyl CoA transferase from Ascaris mitochondria that appears to be unique in its substrate specificity and that could easily account not only for the activation of succinate but also for the regulation of succinate metabolism primarily in the direction of decarboxylation to propionate . This is in contrast with mammalian tissues, which act in the opposite direction by catalyzing the fixation of CO2 into propionate, thereby forming succinate and accounting for the glycogenic nature of dietary propionate . Possible functions of the two acyl CoA transferases are discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 May, 40(5), 668 - 78
Production and biological activity of rebeccamycin, a novel antitumor agent; Bush JA et al.; An actinomycete, strain C-38,383, was selected in a screening program for the isolation of novel antitumor agents . A yellow crystalline product, named rebeccamycin, was isolated from the mycelium and was found to have activity against P388 leukemia, L1210 leukemia and B16 melanoma implanted in mice . Rebeccamycin inhibits the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and produces single-strand breaks in the DNA of these cells . No DNA-protein cross-links were detected . A related antibiotic, staurosporine, is produced by Streptomyces staurosporeus and Streptomyces actuosus . Strain C-38,383 was found to resemble closely strains of Nocardia aerocolonigenes recently renamed Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes . A strain selection isolate without aerial mycelium, C-38,383-RK-1, failed to produce rebeccamycin while a strain with aerial mycelium, C-38,383-RK-2, was found to be a suitable strain for production . A description of the producing strain is presented and its taxonomic position is reviewed . A fermentor containing 37 liters of production medium gave a rebeccamycin yield of 663 mg/liter after 204 hours of incubation with strain C-38,383-RK-2.

J Bacteriol, 1987 May, 169(5), 2063 - 8
Anaerobic catabolism of formate to acetate and CO2 by Butyribacterium methylotrophicum; Kerby R et al.; The catabolism of sodium formate to acetate and carbon dioxide by the anaerobic acetogen Butyribacterium methylotrophicum was analyzed by fermentation time course and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies . Significant hydrogen production and consumption fluxes were observed during formate catabolism but not during the catabolism of formate plus CO . In the latter case, formate and CO were simultaneously consumed and label distribution studies with mixtures of 13C-labeled CO and formate demonstrated their preferential incorporation into the acetate carboxyl and methyl groups, respectively . Hydrogen consumption was inhibited by CO when both were present, whereas hydrogen and formate were simultaneously consumed when CO2 was supplied . Carbon dioxide was required for the conversion of CO to acetate, but a similar need was not observed when methanol plus CO or formate plus CO was present . These analyses indicate a bifurcated single-carbon catabolic pathway in which CO2 is the sole single-carbon compound that directly supplies the carbonyl and methyl group synthesis pathways leading to the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the primary reduced product . We discuss causes for the reported inability of B . methylotrophicum to use formate as a sole substrate.

J Chromatogr, 1987 Apr 17, 392, 225 - 38
Affinity chromatography of glycopeptide antibiotics; Folena-Wasserman G et al.; An affinity support was designed to facilitate the isolation and purification of glycopeptide antibiotics by mimicking their known affinity for the bacterial cell wall . Members of this class of antibiotics inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis by specifically binding to pentapeptide precursors terminating with L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala . A series of ligands (Gly, D-Ala, D-Ala-D-Ala and alpha-N-Ac-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) were immobilized on an N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated agarose support and evaluated using the glycopeptides vancomycin and the aridicin complex . Conditions were developed to enable complete adsorption and efficient elution of both antibiotics . Of the four ligands, the readily available dipeptide offered the best compromise between high binding specificity and recovery on elution . Binding and subsequent high recovery of biologically active products were observed for eight other glycopeptide antibiotics . Column performance was shown by purification of vancomycin directly from a low titer fermentation broth . The applicability of this technique to large scale isolation was demonstrated by the preparative affinity chromatography of 36 g of the aridicins.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1987 Apr, 264(1-2), 84 - 92
Elimination of Mycoplasma from cell cultures by means of specific bovine antiserum; Polak-Vogelzang AA et al.; Heifers were immunized against Mycoplasma arginini, M . fermentans, M . hyorhinis and M . orale and the antisera were applied for elimination of these species from cell cultures . From fifteen out of nineteen contaminated human and animal cell cultures the mycoplasmas could be eliminated by treating the cells with medium with 10% or 20% antiserum (eight cases) or antiserum combined with one or two antibiotics (six cases) . In ten cases two treatments were sufficient, in four cases respectively four, six or eight (2 X) treatments were necessary, in one case antiserum combined with a heat treatment (42 degrees C) was successful . The efficacy of the treatment depended on the antibody titer of the serum, the contaminating mycoplasm species (M . arginini being more difficult to eliminate than the other three species) and the cells involved . The bovine sera were not cytotoxic, except for a slight toxicity for a mouse lymphoma cell line . The application of specific bovine antiserum for elimination of mycoplasmas is an easy and often successful method.

J Dairy Sci, 1987 Apr, 70(4), 799 - 805
Alteration of fermentation in continuous culture of mixed rumen bacteria by isolated alfalfa saponins; Lu CD et al.; Saponins isolated from alfalfa by ethanol extraction and acid hydrolysis were incorporated into protein-free purified diets at 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4% of dietary dry matter to investigate the effect of saponins on fermentation by mixed rumen bacteria maintained in continuous culture . Inoculum was obtained from a lactating dairy cow fed alfalfa hay and a 13% crude protein grain mixture with forage to grain ratios of 33:67, 67:33, or 100:0 . Outflow of microbial protein was lower in fermenters fed purified diet containing 1% saponins . Accumulation of ammonia was observed in fermenters fed purified diets containing alfalfa saponins . Total volatile fatty acid production was reduced by addition of isolated alfalfa saponin fraction at .5, 1, 2, and 4% concentrations . Acetate to propionate ratios were reduced from 1.93 in control to 1.37 in fermenters with 1% saponins . Extent of change in fermentation was not proportional to the concentration of added saponins.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Apr, 40(4), 408 - 18
Paulomycin-related antibiotics: paldimycins and antibiotics 273a2 . Isolation and characterization; Argoudelis AD et al.; The isolation of paulomycins A and B from fermentations of Streptomyces paulus has been reported earlier {J . Antibiotics 35: 285-294, 1982} . Further work on the antibiotics produced by S . paulus revealed the production of two paulomycin-related compounds, antibiotics 273a1 and 273a2 which were isolated by procedures involving extractions and chromatography over buffered silica gel . Antibiotic 273a1 which has been named paldimycin, was found to be a mixture of two materials, paldimycins A and B (antibiotics 273a1 alpha, and 273a1 beta) . Similarly, antibiotic 273a2 was found to consist of antibiotic 273a2 alpha and antibiotic 273a2 beta . Paldimycin and antibiotic 273a2, which are produced by addition of two or one molecules of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, respectively, to paulomycins A and B, are active vs . Gram-positive bacteria.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Apr, 40(4), 401 - 7
Arizonins, a new complex of antibiotics related to kalafungin . II . Isolation and characterization; Hochlowski JE et al.; A new complex of anti-Gram-positive antibiotics was produced by the fermentation of Actinoplanes arizonaensis sp . nov . The antibiotics were recovered from the fermentation broth with Amberlite XAD-7 resin and from the mycelium by acetone lysis . UV, IR, MS and NMR spectral studies characterized these compounds as kalafungin-type antibiotics . They differ from other known members by an unusual oxidation pattern on the aromatic ring . They vary from one another by the degree and position of O-methylation on the aromatic ring and in the aliphatic portion of the molecules . The structure of one component was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

J Anim Sci, 1987 Apr, 64(4), 1241 - 8
Effects of slaframine on ruminant digestive function: liquid turnover rate and fermentation patterns in sheep and cattle; Froetschel MA et al.; Two trials were initiated to determine if slaframine (SF) can be used to alter fluid digesta flow and fermentation patterns in the rumen . In trial 1, a preliminary experiment, four Dorset X Barbados Black-belly ruminal-cannulated wethers (avg weight 41.6 8.7 kg) given ad libitum access to a pelleted concentrate/hay diet were injected intramuscularly with 0, 12, 24 or 48 micrograms SF/kg body weight (BW) in a 4 X 4 Latin-square design . Ruminal fluid dilution rate was determined using a single intraruminal infusion of polyethylene glycol (7 g), followed by seven hourly ruminal fluid samples . The administration of 48 micrograms SF/kg BW increased (P less than .10) ruminal volume and outflow by 27 and 25%, respectively, compared with controls . In trial 2, two Hereford and two Angus ruminal cannulated steers (avg weight 568 +/- 93 kg) were injected with 0, 6, 12 or 24 micrograms SF/kg BW at 8-h intervals over a 24-h period in a 4 X 4 Latin-square design . Steers were fed a concentrate diet at twice maintenance in 24 equal portions daily . Ruminal fluid dilution was measured using a single intraruminal infusion of cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (20 g) administered 9 h after the initial SF injection . Ruminal fluid was collected each hour during 8 to 24 h after the initial SF injection and analyzed for pH, osmolality and volatile fatty acids (VFA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Anim Sci, 1987 Apr, 64(4), 1227 - 34
Influence of decoquinate on ruminal fermentation, diet digestibility and cattle performance; Harmon DL et al.; Three experiments utilizing three Holstein steers (235 and 299 kg avg body weight for Exp . 1 and 2, respectively) were conducted to evaluate the effects of decoquinate, a synthetic coccidiostat, on ruminal fermentation, diet digestibility and performance of steers fed a finishing diet containing monensin and tylosin . Experiment 1 utilized a 70% forage diet, whereas Exp . 2 utilized a 20% forage diet . Each experiment was a 3 X 3 Latin-square design with treatments being 0, .5 and 5 mg decoquinate/kg body weight . Ruminal fermentation characteristics, water kinetics and blood constituents were measured on d 11 of each period, and zero-time volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was measured at 3 and 6 h post-feeding on d 12 to 14 . No changes were seen in plasma glucose or L-lactate, ruminal pH, NH3-N or ruminal L-lactate for either experiment . Dry matter digestibility was depressed (P less than .05) at the .5- and 5-mg levels of decoquinate in Exp . 1, but dry matter digestibility was not affected in Exp . 2 . No changes were seen in ruminal volume, outflow or total VFA concentration for either experiment . Molar proportions of VFA were not affected in Exp . 1, but the proportions of isobutyrate and butyrate decreased (P less than .05) at the 5-mg level of decoquinate in Exp . 2 . Volatile fatty acid production was not changed in Exp . 1, but butyrate production was decreased (P less than .05) at the 5-mg level in Exp . 2 . Experiment 3 involved 135 crossbred steers (259 kg avg initial wt), which were stratified by weight into 12 pens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Anim Sci, 1987 Apr, 64(4), 1170 - 7
Effect of feeding frequency on forage fiber and nitrogen utilization in sheep; Bunting LD et al.; Four crossbred wether lambs (38 kg) with permanent ruminal and abomasal cannulae were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square arrangement of treatments to determine the effect of feeding frequency (FF) on forage fiber and N utilization . Lambs were offered 900 g of good quality (vegetative) Kentucky-31 tall fescue hay in equal portions either 2, 4, 8 or 16 times daily . Water consumption increased (P less than .05; linear) with increased FF . Apparent total tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter and cell wall constituents were not affected (P greater than .05) by FF, but apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein decreased (P less than .05; linear) with increased FF . Ruminal and post-ruminal digestion of acid detergent fiber (percent of total tract digestion) differed (P less than .05; cubic) among FF treatments . Although N retention was not affected (P greater than .05) by FF, increased FF decreased (P less than .05; linear) mean ruminal ammonia-N concentrations . Both the quantity of total N reaching the abomasum and the efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis tended to increase (P greater than .05) with increased FF . In addition, the daily quantity of microbial N reaching the abomasum was affected (P less than .05; cubic) by FF . Ruminal pH was not affected (P greater than .05) by FF, whereas total volatile fatty acid concentrations (VFA) decreased (P less than .05; linear) with increased FF . Responses in molar proportions of individual VFA to FF were variable, and suggest that increasing FF elicits significant changes in the distribution of fermentation end-products.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Gen Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 133 ( Pt 4), 1053 - 9
Cytochrome P-450 accumulation and loss as controlled by growth phase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: relationship to oxygen, glucose and ethanol concentrations; Blatiak A et al.; Ethanol induced small amounts of cytochrome P-450 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC 754 under conditions in which it is not normally detectable . Moreover, in non-growing yeast the existing cytochrome P-450 content was increased by 50% at a limited range of glucose concentrations (8-12% in 0.1 M-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0), in which ethanol is produced by fermentation, possibly at an optimum concentration for induction of cytochrome P-450 . Added alkanols, other than ethanol, caused rapid degradation of cytochrome P-450 in non-growing yeast; the rate of loss was directly related to the lipid solubility of the alkanol . Ethanol therefore favoured the accumulation of cytochrome P-450 in yeast; this may be related to an important putative role of one of the isoenzymes in ethanol-tolerance of the yeast, by the oxidative removal of ethanol from the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell . It is the accumulation of dissolved oxygen, rather than ethanol, that occurs on cessation of yeast growth that is likely to trigger the rapid disappearance of cytochrome P-450 observed at this time.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Apr, 40(4), 450 - 4
K-13, a novel inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme produced by Micromonospora halophytica subsp . exilisia . I . Fermentation, isolation and biological properties; Kase H et al.; A novel inhibitor of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE), designated K-13, was isolated from the culture broth of Micromonospora halophytica subsp . exilisia K-13 . K-13 inhibited ACE non-competitively when hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine was used as a substrate . The inhibition constant (Ki) was 0.349 microM . K-13 hardly inhibited carboxypeptidase A, trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and aminopeptidase B even at a level of 61 microM . When K-13 was administered intravenously to rats, it inhibited the pressor response to angiotensin I.

J Gen Microbiol, 1987 Apr, 133 ( Pt 4), 925 - 33
Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding lipoamide dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Roy DJ et al.; The LPD1 gene of S . cerevisiae, which encodes lipoamide dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4), has been cloned and characterized . The LPD1 gene is present as a single copy in the yeast genome and is transcribed to give a polyadenylated mRNA species of approximately 2.0 kb . The synthesis of lipoamide dehydrogenase in yeast is subject to carbon catabolite repression since both the level of the LPD1 transcript and the accumulation of the lipoamide dehydrogenase subunit polypeptide were greatly reduced in wild-type cells grown on glucose compared to those grown on a variety of non-fermentable carbon sources . Strains defective in LPD1 but transformed with the LPD1 gene on a high copy number vector exhibited elevated levels of the LPD1 transcript as well as increased lipoamide dehydrogenase activity when grown on glycerol . Immunoblotting experiments confirmed that such transformants over-expressed lipoamide dehydrogenase protein . Transcription from the LPD1 sequence on plasmid pGP1 still appeared to be subject to some catabolite repression despite the presence of multiple copies of the plasmid in the cell.

Int J Cancer, 1987 Mar 15, 39(3), 293 - 6
Volatile nitrosamine levels in common foods from Tunisia, south China and Greenland, high-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC); Poirier S et al.; On the basis of anthropological pilot studies on diet in Tunisia, south China and Greenland, food items consumed frequently by these populations at high risk for NPC were analysed for volatile nitrosamines using gas chromatography combined with a thermal energy analyzer . Relatively high levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) were detected in Tunisian stewing base ("Touklia") and dried mutton preserved in olive oil ("Qaddid") . NDMA was also detected at levels ranging from trace amounts to 133 micrograms/kg in several Chinese salted and dried marine fish and in Greenland dried, unsalted fish preparations . NPYR and NPIP were also occasionally detected in several vegetables fermented in brine collected in Tunisia and China . The possible role of nitrosamines in the etiology of NPC is discussed.

Hygie, 1987 Mar, 6(1), 21 - 3
{Alcoholism: yesterday and tomorrow}; Sournia JC; The consumption of fermented drinks, made from fruit, grains, or milk, dates from antiquity . Distilled drinks have been manufactured world-wide since the XVth century . Inebriation was familiar, but the recognition of the health hazards due to persistent intoxication went unnoticed by societies and their doctors for centuries . In 1849, Magnus Huss (a Swede) classified all the pathological manifestations of excessive consumption under the term chronic alcoholism, thus rendering it a medical entity . It was not until the middle of the 20th century, however, that this "disease" could rid itself of moral and religious connotations . Throughout history, countries have made various attempts at reducing alcohol consumption: prohibition, rationing, limiting production and purchasing outlets, raising prices and taxes, reducing publicity, and improved health education . All of these methods have had temporary results; they can only be really effective if they are well coordinated, and if governments wish to choose between the income generated from alcohol and the illnesses it causes.

J Clin Microbiol, 1987 Mar, 25(3), 485 - 7
Laboratory proficiency test results on use of selective media for isolating Pseudomonas cepacia from simulated sputum specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis; Tablan OC et al.; Pseudomonas cepacia colonization of or infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been associated with increased morbidity and premature death . However, current data on national incidence may be biased because of interlaboratory differences in the methods of culturing sputa of patients with CF . We conducted three tests to evaluate the proficiency of microbiology laboratories at CF centers in identifying and isolating P . cepacia and to assess the value of using selective media for P . cepacia (P . cepacia agar and oxidation-fermentation polymyxin-bacitracin-lactose medium {OFPBL}) to recover P . cepacia from specimens simulating sputa of patients with CF . In test 1, we evaluated the proficiency of laboratories in identifying P . cepacia . Of 111 laboratories tested, 105 (95%) correctly identified P . cepacia . In test 2, we evaluated the proficiency of laboratories in isolating P . cepacia from simulated CF sputum specimens . Only 36 (32%) of 115 laboratories detected P . cepacia . Recovery of the microorganism was associated with the use of P cepacia agar or OFPBL; 14 (95%) of 15 laboratories using P . cepacia agar or OFPBL (or both) versus 22 (22%) of 100 laboratories not using either medium recovered P . cepacia (P less than 0.0001, Fisher exact test, one tailed) . Laboratories failing test 2 were requested to use a selective medium for P . cepacia in a repeat test; 73 (97%) of 75 laboratories using P . cepacia agar or OFPBL (or both) versus 0 of 4 laboratories not using either medium detected P . cepacia (P less than 0.0001, Fisher exact test, one tailed) . Our studies show that (i) microbiology laboratories at CF centers are proficient in identifying P . cepacia, and (ii) the use of selective media for P . cepacia enhances recovery of the microorganism in simulated sputum specimens . Therefore, we recommend the use of selective media for P . cepacia in laboratories processing sputa of patients with CF.

J Anim Sci, 1987 Mar, 64(3), 907 - 14
Effects of tallow supplementation and protein withdrawal on ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis and site of digestion; Boggs DL et al.; The effects of tallow supplementation {0% (NT) vs 7.5% (T)} and crude protein level {8.5% (LP) vs 12.0% (HP)} on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein (MCP) synthesis, digesta passage and site of digestion were estimated using yearling Angus X Simmental steers (390 kg) fitted with ruminal and T-type duodenal cannulae . Chromium-EDTA and ytterbium (Yb) chloride were used as markers of the liquid and solid phases . Passage and site of digestion data were estimated from the concentrations of Yb in the duodenal digesta and feces . Dry matter (DM) intakes were 6.8, 6.5, 6.3 and 6.6 kg/d for the NT-LP, NT-HP and T-HP diets, respectively . Ruminal ammonia concentrations (mg/100 ml) for the NT-LP, NT-HP, T-LP and T-HP diets were 1.22, 4.75, 1.05 and 3.41, respectively . Tallow decreased (P less than .05) acetate (mol/100 mol), increased (P less than .01) propionate (mol/100 mol) and decreased the total volatile fatty acid concentration . Tallow depressed apparent ruminal DM and organic matter (OM) digestibilities only on the HP diet . High protein increased ruminal DM, OM and fiber digestibilities . Tallow and LP tended to shift the site of OM digestion to the lower tract . The liquid and solid dilution rates for the NT-LP, NT-HP, T-LP and T-HP diets were 9.53, 3.37; 5.63, 3.28; 6.66, 5.10 and 6.79, 5.34%/h, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Anim Sci, 1987 Mar, 64(3), 897 - 906
Effect of wheat and high-moisture sorghum grain fed singly and in combination on ruminal fermentation, solid and liquid flow, site and extent of digestion and feeding performance of cattle; Axe DE et al.; Two experiments were conducted to determine how varying the proportion of wheat (W) and high-moisture sorghum grain (SG) in 80% grain dies would affect ruminal fermentation, liquid and solid flow, site and extent of digestion (Exp . 1) and feeding performance of cattle (Exp . 2) . In Exp . 1, three ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulated steers (average weight 295 kg), fed at 1.54% of body weight, were used in a six-period crossover design . Treatments were: W, 50W:50SG (W:SG) and SG . Increasing wheat level decreased ruminal pH, molar proportion of acetate, and acetate:propionate ratio (P less than .05) and increased (P less than .05) L-lactate concentration, molar proportions of propionate and valerate and total volatile fatty acid concentration . Ruminal liquid dilution and outflow rates were faster (P less than .05) and retention time was shorter (P less than .05) for the W diet . Duodenal and ileal liquid flow increased (P less than .05), and solid flow decreased (P less than .05), as dietary level of wheat increased . Apparent ruminal digestion (% of intake) of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was greater (P less than .01) with the wheat-containing diets . Intestinal DM and OM digestion (percent of intake) was higher (P less than .05) with the SG and W:SG diets . Ruminal, small intestine, large intestine and total tract starch digestion (percent of intake) was 93.5, 5.6, .7, 99.8, 71.5, 20.4, 5.7, 97.6; and 48.0, 32.5, 10.5, 91.0 with the W, W:SG and SG diets, respectively . In Exp . 2, group-fed (24 pens) steers (avg initial weight 341 kg) were fed ad libitum once daily for 121 d . Treatments were: W, 67W:33SG, 33W:67SG and SG . Rates of gain (kg/d) with the W (1.32), 67W:37SG (1.33) and 33W:67SG (1.30) diets were similar (P greater than .05), but faster (P less than .05) than those with the SG diet (1.16) . Feed intake was lower (P less than .01) with the W and 67W:33SG diets, but the wheat-containing diets were utilized more efficiently (P less than .01) . Increasing the proportion of wheat in sorghum grain feedlot diets improved cattle performance by optimizing ruminal and post-ruminal digestion.

J Anim Sci, 1987 Mar, 64(3), 872 - 9
Effects of potassium on macromineral absorption in sheep fed wheat straw-based diets; Grings EE et al.; Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of increasing dietary K on macromineral bioavailability from a wheat straw-hay diet, and to monitor changes in the rumen that could affect mineral availability . In the first experiment, 12 mature wethers were used in a metabolism study to determine the effect of adding potassium chloride (KCl) to a supplement fed with a diet of 55% NH3-treated wheat straw and 45% bromegrass hay . In the second experiment, similar diets were fed to six wethers with ruminal and abomasal cannulae to determine the site of mineral absorption . Dietary K levels were 1, 2 and 3% of the diet dry matter . Increasing K tended to decrease (P less than .06) apparent absorption of Mg . Potassium absorption increased (P less than .01) with increasing dietary K, but retention was not altered . Quadratic effects (P less than .01) of K were observed for Ca and P apparent absorption and retention . Increased K lowered (P less than .05) plasma Mg in Exp . 1 but not in Exp . 2 . Ruminal concentrations of K increased (P less than .01), and concentrations of Na decreased (P less than .05), as dietary K increased . Ruminal fermentation was influenced by dietary K level . Molar proportions of acetate in the rumen were increased (P less than .01) by the addition of K to the diet, while molar proportions of butyrate (P less than .01) and valerate (P less than .01) decreased linearly with increasing K . Time X treatment interactions were present for ruminal propionate, butyrate and NH3-N (P less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1987 Mar, 40(3), 275 - 80
Mulundocandin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Roy K et al.; Mulundocandin, a new lipopeptide antibiotic, was isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Aspergillus sydowi No . Y-30462 . The antibiotic, obtained as a colorless amorphous powder having the molecular formula C48H77N7O16, is an antifungal antibiotic active against yeasts and filamentous fungi.

Br J Nutr, 1987 Mar, 57(2), 279 - 90
Effect of different levels of phosphorus on rumen microbial fermentation and synthesis determined using a continuous culture technique; Komisarczuk S et al.; A continuous culture technique was used to study the phosphorus requirements of rumen micro-organisms . Solutions of artificial saliva containing 120, 80, 40 and 0 mg inorganic phosphorus (Pi)/l were infused into the reaction vessels previously inoculated with rumen contents, resulting in Pi concentrations in the vessel contents of 48, 28, 4 and less than 1 mg/l respectively . Various fermentative and synthetic characteristics were examined . In the vessel contents, concentrations of protozoa (about 0.9 X 10(5)/ml) were not significantly affected by Pi concentration . Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced averaged about 6.83 mmol/h with Pi levels of 48 and 28 mg/l . Reduction in Pi concentrations to 4 and less than 1 mg/l resulted in significant reductions in total VFA to approximately 6.25 and 3.75 mmol/h respectively, accompanied by a rise in pH from 6.5 to 7.3 . Ammonia-nitrogen values, which averaged about 131 mg/l at the higher Pi concentrations, also increased with the lowest level of Pi to about 240 mg/l . ATP concentrations averaged about 14 mumol/l at the highest Pi concentration and fell progressively with each reduction in Pi concentration to a final value of 2.5 mumol/l with the Pi level less than 1 mg/l . At Pi concentrations of 48 and 28 mg/l, the digestibilities of xylose, arabinose and cellulose-glucose were maintained at about 0.90, 0.62 and 0.70 g/g input respectively . At lower Pi concentrations these digestibilities fell significantly and corresponding values at Pi less than 1 mg/l were 0.73, 0.41 and 0.31 respectively . Starch digestion was unaffected by Pi concentration and remained at about 0.90 g/g input . The amount of microbial-N synthesized averaged 0.48 g/d and was maintained with Pi concentrations down to 4 mg/l . There was, however, a significant reduction to 0.26 g/d with Pi concentrations of less than 1 mg/l . The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was variable but averaged approximately 25 g N/kg total carbohydrate fermented . It was estimated that the minimum Pi concentrations required in rumen fluid in vivo to maintain maximum degradative and synthetic microbial activities was in the range 75-100 mg/l and that over-all P requirement of the microbes was of the order of 5.1 g/kg apparently digested organic matter intake.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1987 Mar-Apr, 6(2), 286 - 9
Effects in premature infants of normalizing breath H2 concentrations with CO2: increased H2 concentration and reduced interaliquot variation; Kien CL et al.; Interval sampling of expired breath samples from the anterior nares is a feasible and noninvasive method for detecting elevated breath H2 and thus colonic carbohydrate fermentation, especially in nontherapeutic research studies of healthy premature infants . However, there may be a risk of falsely low breath H2 concentration and an unacceptable experimental error due to contamination with room air as well as with dead space air . We studied ten premature infants (28-32 week gestational age and 2-4 weeks postnatal age) who were receiving either a proprietary formula containing equal proportions of lactose and glucose polymer, or a similar formula in which lactose was the sole carbohydrate . In 70 breath samples (obtained 30-180 min after feeding) we assessed the coefficient of variation in breath hydrogen concentration among three aliquots obtained over a 3-5 min interval . Breath was collected from the anterior nares . The interaliquot coefficient of variation averaged 11% when expressed as parts per million per 5% CO2, compared to 19% when expressed as parts per million (Wilcoxon, p less than 0.001) . Mean breath hydrogen concentration at each time period using the former method (parts per million per 5% CO2) was about 100% higher than when using the latter method . Although ventilation rate can alter alveolar CO2, normalizing for CO2 concentration reduces a major source of experimental error.

J Chromatogr Sci, 1987 Mar, 25(3), 112 - 7
Simultaneous determination of carbohydrates and products of carbohydrate metabolism in fermentation mixtures by HPLC; Ross LF et al.; An improved procedure for separating and quantitating carbohydrates, alcohols, and organic acids in fermentation mixtures metabolized by intestinal microflora is described . The high-pressure liquid chromatographic method is efficient, reproducible, and sensitive . A column packed with cation-exchange resin in the hydrogen form, eluted isocratically with 0.028 M H2SO4 at 40 degrees C separates the compounds of interest . The eluate is monitored with ultraviolet and refractive index detectors in series . On-line acquistion and storage of detector output by a computer allows post-analysis data manipulation and quantitation . Using this method, the metabolic profiles for the fermentation of glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose by several intestinal microorganisms are characterized and compared.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1987 Mar, 45(3), 570 - 4
Modification of sweet acidophilus milk to improve utilization by lactose-intolerant persons; McDonough FE et al.; Enhanced digestion of yogurt by lactose-intolerant individuals is believed to be due to inherent beta-galactosidase (lactase) in the culture organisms that aids in the hydrolysis of ingested lactose . However, sweet acidophilus milk, which contains lactase-rich organisms, does not enhance lactose digestion . Using breath-hydrogen measurements to indicate malabsorption in 14 human subjects, we compared utilization of: milk, yogurt, heated yogurt, yogurt plus lactose, heated yogurt plus lactase, sweet acidophilus milk (SAM), and SAM made with sonicated cells . Results indicate that both the reduction of lactose during fermentation and the presence of indigenous bacterial lactase are responsible for the increased ability to tolerate lactose in yogurt . Improved utilization of SAM by sonication suggests that intracellular lactase is not available during digestion and that sonication releases the lactase activity from the cells.

Arch Microbiol, 1987 Mar, 147(2), 195 - 200
On the role of cyclic AMP and the Fnr protein in Escherichia coli growing anaerobically; Unden G et al.; The role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and of the Fnr protein, a transcriptional regulator of anaerobic electron transport, in the expression of anaerobic respiration of Escherichia coli was investigated . Under conditions of fermentation or anaerobic respiration intracellular cAMP was formed in concentrations up to 4.6 nmol/g protein . From the enzymes of the anaerobic electron transfer chain from glycerol-3-P to fumarate only the expression of glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase (Freedberg WB, Lin ECC (1973) J Bacteriol 115:816-823), but not that of fumarate reductase required cAMP . Isolated Fnr protein, which has been suggested to be an additional site of action of cAMP under anaerobic conditions did not bind cAMP . It is concluded that cAMP in anaerobic growth like in aerobic growth acts as the effector of CRP and that catabolite repression plays an important regulatory role in anaerobic catabolism . The Fnr protein was present in constant amounts (0.06 mg/g cellular protein) and in constant molar mass (Mr 30,000) in aerobically and in anaerobically grown bacteria . This result excluded regulation of the activity of the Fnr protein by a change of concentration or by processing of the protein.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1987 Mar, 253(2), 431 - 8
Early metabolic effects and mechanism of ammonium transport in yeast; Pena A et al.; Studies were performed to define the effects and mechanism of NH+4 transport in yeast . The following results were obtained . Glucose was a better facilitator than ethanol-H2O2 for ammonium transport; low concentrations of uncouplers or respiratory inhibitors could inhibit the transport with ethanol as the substrate . With glucose, respiratory inhibitors showed only small inhibitory effects, and only high concentrations of azide or trifluoromethoxy carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone could inhibit ammonium transport . Ammonium in the free state could be concentrated approximately 200-fold by the cells . Also, the addition of ammonium produced stimulation of both respiration and fermentation; an increased rate of H+ extrusion and an alkalinization of the interior of the cell; a decrease of the membrane potential, as monitored by fluorescent cyanine; an immediate decrease of the levels of ATP and an increase of ADP, which may account for the stimulation of both fermentation and respiration; and an increase of the levels of inorganic phosphate . Ammonium was found to inhibit 86Rb+ transport much less than K+ . Also, while K+ produced a competitive type of inhibition, that produced by NH4+ was of the noncompetitive type . From the distribution ratio of ammonium and the pH gradient, an electrochemical potential gradient of around -180 mV was calculated . The results indicate that ammonium is transported in yeast by a mechanism similar to that of monovalent alkaline cations, driven by a membrane potential . The immediate metabolic effects of this cation seem to be due to an increased {H+}ATPase, to which its transport is coupled . However, the carriers seem to be different . The transport system studied in this work was that of low affinity.

J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 1987 Mar, 3(1), 59 - 64
Ground and aerial application of the asexual stage of Lagenidium giganteum for control of mosquitoes associated with rice culture in the Central Valley of California; Kerwin JL et al.; A series of ground and aerial applications of Lagenidium giganteum, a facultative fungal parasite of mosquito larvae, was made in rice fields and associated habitats in the Sacramento Valley, CA . Initial trials using ground applications of the fungus in 400 m2 plots indicated that asexually competent mycelium from 30 liters of fermentation beer per hectare was sufficient to control Culex tarsalis in rice field habitats . Two multi-hectare applications using a Micronair Atomizer were made at rates of mycelium from either 20 or 30 liters of fermentation beer per hectare . The lower application rate resulted in 40% confirmed infection of Cx . tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni sentinel larvae, while the higher application rate resulted in greater than 90% initial mortality of sentinel Cx . tarsalis and An . freeborni and 65% Aedes melanimon sentinel mortality . This was accompanied by a 10-fold decrease in indigenous populations of the 2 former species.

EMBO J, 1987 Mar, 6(3), 723 - 8
A yeast mutant lacking mitochondrial porin is respiratory-deficient, but can recover respiration with simultaneous accumulation of an 86-kd extramitochondrial protein; Dihanich M et al.; A yeast mutant lacking the only known pore-forming protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane was constructed by gene disruption . The mutant retained all other major proteins of the mitochondrial outer membrane, but was severely deficient in mitochondrial cytochromes and initially did not grow on the non-fermentable carbon source, glycerol . However, it could slowly adapt to glycerol; adaptation was accompanied by the partial restoration of cytochrome levels and massive accumulation of an 86-kd polypeptide in extramitochondrial cell fractions.

FEBS Lett, 1987 Feb 23, 212(2), 302 - 6
The secretion of glucagon by transformed yeast strains; Moody AJ et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were transformed with plasmids coding for modified mating factor alpha 1 leader sequences followed by glucagon . Glucagon-containing peptides which were secreted into the fermentation broth were isolated and their amino acid sequences determined . The yeast strain transformed with the sequence coding for the complete mating factor alpha 1 leader sequence preceding the glucagon gene (MT556) secreted glucagon plus glucagon extended at its N-terminal by parts of the leader sequence . The yeast strain transformed with the sequence coding for a truncated mating factor alpha 1 leader sequence before the glucagon gene (MT615) secreted glucagon . These observations suggest that S . cerevisiae is a suitable vehicle for the efficient expression of plasmids coding for polypeptides similar to glucagon (e.g . VIP, secretin, GIP).

J Med Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 23(1), 89 - 92
The prolonged persistence of mycoplasmas in culture; Taylor-Robinson D et al.; Mycoplasma fermentans organisms in medium containing 20% horse serum multiplied to 10(7)-10(10) ccu/ml within 5 days at 37 degrees C and were dead usually after 9 days . There was no growth in medium without serum, nor in such medium with the addition of cholesterol or palmitic acid or both, but in some experiments addition of bovine plasma albumin (BPA) increased the number of organisms by up to 1000-fold and some remained viable for up to 84 days . BPA and cholesterol or BPA, palmitic acid and cholesterol more often enhanced growth, in terms of the maximum number of organisms and their survival, than did the addition of BPA alone . The maximum number of organisms in such supplemented serum-free media was usually at least ten-fold less than in medium with horse serum, but some organisms remained viable for up to 131 days . Survival of Ureaplasma urealyticum was also longer in the supplemented serum-free medium than in standard horse-serum medium . The possible factors affecting persistence of mycoplasmas in culture are discussed in relation to these observations.

J Dairy Res, 1987 Feb, 54(1), 107 - 31
Metabolism of the lactating cow . II . Digestive elements of a mechanistic model; Baldwin RL et al.; The structure and characteristics of a model suitable for estimating digestion within the rumen and rates and patterns of nutrient entry in lactating cows are presented . The model consists of 12 state variables comprising a large particle pool, small particle pools representing insoluble dietary nutrients, soluble pools representing soluble dietary nutrients, and fermentation intermediates and end products . The model was constructed assuming continuous feeding, using Michaelis-Menten or mass action kinetics . The computer program was written in ACSL to run on a VAX computer . A fourth-order Runge-Kutta procedure was used for numerical integration . Sensitivity and behavioural analysis demonstrated that overall stability and sensitivity of the model to individual parameters was generally satisfactory, but the need to improve the description and parameterization of aspects such as particle size in relation to availability, rate and affinity constants for amino acid degradation and rate constants for particle outflow from the rumen was established . Adjustments of the model to examine discontinuous feeding regimes were undertaken and initial results with respect to changes in fermentation rates, rumen acetate levels and microbial metabolism were considered realistic . Comparisons with experimental data were considered satisfactory on forage-based and medium concentrate-containing diets, but with diets comprising 90% cereal, some inconsistencies, especially with respect to predictions of volatile fatty acid production rates, were observed . Reasons for this are put forward and suggestions for improvements in the model are discussed.

Infect Immun, 1987 Feb, 55(2), 352 - 7
Proline requirement for glucose utilization by Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337; Curtis MA et al.; Resting cells of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius maintained under anaerobic conditions were unable to metabolize either glucose or alanine . The addition of proline to the appropriate suspension, however, resulted in the immediate utilization of both compounds . Fermentation of alanine by the cells required that stoichiometric concentrations of proline be present in the medium; and during the oxidation of alanine, proline was simultaneously reduced to the ring cleavage product delta-aminovaleric acid . Although proline was required to initiate glucose transport, stoichiometric amounts of the imino acid were not necessary for glucose fermentation . Proline also stimulated the uptake and concomitant phosphorylation of the nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose . The proline requirement for glucose transport by P . anaerobius could be replaced by adding ferricyanide or simply by aerating the cell suspension . The initiation of sugar uptake by proline, ferricyanide, and O2 was attributed to the capacity of these compounds to function as electron acceptors, which permitted reoxidation of the (reduced) intracellular nucleotide pool and the formation (from an endogenous reserve) of the high-energy donor(s) required for the vectorial transport and phosphorylation of sugar.

Mycopathologia, 1987 Feb, 97(2), 77 - 82
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Deuteromycotina: Moniliales), a fungal pathogen of the mosquito Aedes australis . II . Methods of spore propagation and storage; Gardner JM et al.; A laboratory fermenter was used to produce up to 12 l of infective Tolypocladium cylindrosporum blastoconidia in Sabouraud dextrose broth . Two media derived from coconuts were also demonstrated as suitable alternative systems for the production of viable blastoconidia . T . cylindrosporum conidia when dried at 37 degrees C and stored at 4 degrees C retained their viability for 10 months, but, when stored at 25 degrees C, the conidia lost viability after 2 months and blastoconidia did not survive the drying process . Distilled water suspensions were a simple, economic technique for the long-term storage of spores at both 4 and 25 degrees C . The adsorption of conidia onto silica gel crystals was a very suitable technique for the storage of stock culture material at 4 degrees C . The virulence, production and storage capabilities of both spore types were examined.

Can J Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 33(2), 157 - 61
Inhibition of yeast respiration and fermentation by benomyl, carbendazim, isocyanates, and other fungicidal chemicals; Chiba M et al.; The inhibition of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevesiae) metabolism by fungicidal chemicals was investigated . Glucose- or ethanol-dependent yeast respiration was measured with an oxygen electrode, and manometric determination of carbon dioxide release was used to measure fermentation . Both respiration and fermentation were inhibited more by benomyl than by identical molar concentrations of its breakdown product, carbendazim . Butyl isocyanate, another benomyl breakdown product, inhibited respiration more but inhibited fermentation less than the parent compound . Of the isocyanates tested, hexyl isocyanate was the most inhibitory towards both activities . Captan was more active and iprodione less active than benomyl . Because benomyl rapidly broke down to carbendazim when it was prepared in 80% ethanol, only 59% of the dissolved benomyl was intact when it was added to yeast to determine its effect on respiration or fermentation.

J Dairy Sci, 1987 Feb, 70(2), 397 - 406
Milk intolerance and microbe-containing dairy foods; Savaiano DA et al.; The relationship between primary lactase deficiency, the amount of lactose in the diet, and symptoms of intolerance continues to be debated . Primary adult lactase deficiency is common with a worldwide occurrence of near 70% . Lactase-deficient individuals malabsorb lactose but may or may not show intolerance symptoms . The development of symptoms appears to depend on the dose of lactose ingested, whether it is accompanied by a meal or other food, rate of gastric emptying, and small intestine transit time . Lactose loads of 15 g or greater produce symptoms in the majority of lactase-deficient persons . However, when lactose loads of up to 12 g are fed, symptoms can be minimal or absent . Tolerance to yogurt, acidophilus milk, and other microbe-containing dairy foods has been suggested and is thought to be due to either a low lactose content or in vivo autodigestion by microbial beta-galactosidase . Up to 20 g of lactose in yogurt is tolerated well by lactase-deficient persons . Associated with the consumption of yogurt is a three- to fourfold reduction in lactose malabsorption as compared with similar lactose consumption in milk . Improved lactose digestion appears due to autodigestion by microbial beta-galactosidase . This enzyme may be released from yogurt culture by gastric or bile acid digestion . Feeding yogurt that was pasteurized following fermentation, with only trace amounts of microbial beta-galactosidase activity, results in a threefold increase in lactose malabsorption as compared with feeding yogurt with a viable culture . However, pasteurized yogurt also is tolerated well by lactase-deficient persons, suggesting that tolerance of up to 20 g of lactose in yogurt may be independent of lactose malabsorption . The enhanced lactose absorption and tolerance observed with yogurt feeding are not apparent when unfermented acidophilus milk or cultured milk are fed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1987 Feb, 133 ( Pt 2), 375 - 9
The influence of ammonium permease activity and carbon source on the uptake of ammonium from simple defined media by Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Egbosimba EE et al.; When growing under defined conditions, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae absorbed ammonium more rapidly with glucose as carbon source than with maltose . Ammonium pool sizes and permease activity were also higher in the glucose-grown cells and the relationship implies that firstly, the sugar is a primary determinant of ammonium permease activity and, secondly, the activity of the permease largely determines both the rate of ammonium uptake and ammonium pool size in the first part of the fermentation.

J Dent Res, 1987 Feb, 66(2), 430 - 5
Physiological factors influencing salivary clearance of sugar and fluoride; Lagerlof F et al.; The salivary clearance of sugar and fluoride is influenced by several physiological factors not yet fully investigated or understood . There are reasons to believe that these factors influence both the acid production by sugar fermentation in the dental plaque and the cariostatic action of fluoride on the enamel surface and its immediate environment . This paper presents theoretical and experimental considerations of physiological factors which influence the kinetics of sugar and fluoride in the oral cavity.

Gut, 1987 Feb, 28(2), 171 - 80
Effects of an elemental diet, inert bulk and different types of dietary fibre on the response of the intestinal epithelium to refeeding in the rat and relationship to plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, and PYY concentrations; Goodlad RA et al.; Refeeding starved rats with an elemental diet resulted in a marked increase in crypt cell production rate (CCPR) in the proximal small intestine but not in the distal regions of the gut . Little effect on CCPR was noted when inert bulk (kaolin) was added to the elemental diet . Addition of a poorly fermentable dietary fibre (purified wood cellulose) had little effect on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation except in the distal colon where it significantly increased CCPR . A more readily fermentable fibre (purified wheat bran) caused a large proliferative response in the proximal, mid, and distal colon and in the distal small intestine . A gel forming fibre only significantly stimulated proliferation in the distal colon; the rats in this group, however, did not eat all the food given . There was no significant correlation between CCPR and plasma gastrin concentrations, but plasma enteroglucagon concentrations were significantly correlated with CCPR in almost all the sites studied . Plasma PYY concentrations also showed some correlation with CCPR, especially in the colon . Thus while inert bulk cannot stimulate colonic epithelial cell proliferation fermentable fibre is capable of stimulating proliferation in the colon, and especially in the distal colon: it can also stimulate proliferation in the distal small intestine and it is likely that plasma enteroglucagon may have a role to play in this process.

J Bacteriol, 1987 Feb, 169(2), 654 - 9
Generation of deletions in the 3'-flanking sequences of the Escherichia coli crp gene that induce cyclic AMP suppressor functions; Barton JW et al.; The crp structural gene and its 3'-flanking sequences were subcloned into M13mp8, and in vitro deletions were constructed in both the 5' and 3' ends of the gene by using Bal 31 nuclease . Deletions ranged in size from 24 to 250 base pairs at the 5' end of crp . Sixteen deletions generated at the 3' end of the gene ranged in size from 133 to 675 base pairs . The majority of deletions extended into the crp structural gene . Another class of deletions, i.e., delta crp-4, delta crp-17, and delta crp-2, had endpoints extending in the 3'-flanking sequences external to the crp structural gene . Deletions were subcloned into pBR322 and transformed into the Escherichia coli cya crp deletion strain NCR438 . Transformants containing plasmid pBM4 with the delta crp4 mutation, a deletion of 133 base pairs, were cyclic AMP independent . Strain NCR440 harboring this plasmid expressed beta-galactosidase and threonine dehydratase activities and fermented lactose, ribose, arabinose, and xylose in the absence of exogenous cyclic AMP . The delta crp-4 mutation also caused strain NCR440 to be hypersensitive to exogenous cyclic AMP . The cylic AMP receptor protein expressed in maxicells from pBM4 carrying the delta crp-4 mutation comigrated with the wild-type protein on electrophoretic gels . The delta crp-4 mutation demonstrates that sequences distal to the crp structural gene can mediate cyclic AMP suppressor functions.

Chest, 1987 Feb, 91(2), 285 - 6
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus oryzae; Akiyama K et al.; A 19-year-old female student with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) due to Aspergillus oryzae is reported . This organism was used for fermentation starter to make soybean paste in her father's workshop adjacent to the home where she lived . ABPA might be considered an occupational disease in certain situations.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1987 Jan 30, 142(2), 329 - 33
Isolation and characterization of a novel nonheme chloroperoxidase; Liu TN et al.; Chloroperoxidase, purified from the fermentation of Curvularia inaequalis, had a molecular weight of approximately 240,000 and was composed of 4 subunits of identical molecular weight (Mr 66,000) . The enzyme was specific for I-, Br- and Cl-, and inactive toward F- . The optimum pH of the enzyme was centered around 5.0 . X-ray fluorescence revealed that the enzyme contained 2.2 atoms of zinc and 0.7 atom of Fe per molecule of protein . The enzyme had no heme-like compound as a prosthetic group, making it the first nonheme chloroperoxidase to be reported . Under oxidative conditions that rapidly inactivated other haloperoxidases, this enzyme was remarkably stable.

Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1987 Jan 15, 22(2-3), 241 - 8
Biochemical changes during the aerobic-anaerobic transition in Ascaris suum larvae; Komuniecki PR et al.; Ascaris suum L3 larvae isolated from rabbit lungs undergo the third ecdysis to L4 larvae after 3 days in culture under a gas phase of 85% N2/10% CO2/5% O2 . The L3 larvae contain substantial malic enzyme activity and are capable of producing small amounts of the reduced organic acids characteristic of the fermentative pathways which operate in the adult . However, only a small portion of the total carbon utilized is accounted for by these reduced acids and their motility is cyanide-sensitive, suggesting that their energy-generating pathways are predominantly aerobic . In contrast, after ecdysis, the L4 larvae begin to utilize glucose at a greater rate and the proportion of total carbon utilized which is accounted for as propionate, 2-methylbutyrate and 2-methylvalerate also increases . In addition, motility becomes increasingly cyanide-insensitive, suggesting that these L4 larvae are able to utilize the anaerobic energy-generating pathways of the adult . Surprisingly, on day 10 in culture, these L4 larvae, although capable of producing reduced volatile acids, still retain substantial cyanide-sensitive cytochrome oxidase activity.

J Chromatogr, 1987 Jan 9, 385, 99 - 108
Integrated biological-physicochemical system for the identification of antitumor compounds in fermentation broths; Hook DJ et al.; A rapid, integrated biological-physicochemical system for the identification of six major classes of antitumor compounds in fermentation broths is described . The system relies upon preliminary fractionation of the fermentation broth by liquid-solid extraction, gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array spectrophotometric detection of the compounds and automated bioassay . The previously stored UV-VIS spectra of the biologically active peaks are used for identification . Confirmation of compound identity is by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . The method has been applied to representatives of the bleomycin, streptonigrin, echinomycin, chromomycin, actinomycin and anthracycline groups.

Am J Physiol, 1987 Jan, 252(1 Pt 1), G65 - 76
Pyloric ceca of fish: a "new" absorptive organ; Buddington RK et al.; The functions of the blind appendages attached to the proximal intestine of many fish, the pyloric ceca, have been disputed . Hence we recorded morphological parameters and nutrient uptake rates in the ceca and intestine of four fish species (rainbow trout, cod, largemouth bass, and striped bass) with various degrees of cecal development (the ceca contribute 70, 69, 42, and 16% of the total postgastric surface area, respectively) . Proline and glucose uptake, measured in vitro, is similar in the ceca and proximal intestine . For these two solutes in these four species, and for 10 other solutes (9 amino acids and 1 dipeptide) in trout, the ceca contribute about the same percentage to uptake as to total gut area . Trout ceca and intestine have similar membrane-bound disaccharidase activity . Separate experiments with trout fed either graded glass beads or a radiopaque marker and then X-rayed show that the ceca fill and empty with particles less than 150 microns and over the same time course as the proximal intestine . Thus ceca are an adaptation for increasing intestinal surface area without increasing the length or thickness of the intestine itself . Fish ceca are entirely different from the distally located ceca of birds and mammals, which have fermentation functions.

Arch Tierernahr, 1987 Jan, 37(1), 69 - 78
{The effect of reduced drinking water supply on feed absorption, apparent digestibility of crude nutrients and rumen fermentation of sheep}; Legel S et al.; Based on the fact that the insufficient supply of agricultural domestic animals with drinking water in tropical and subtropical regions is often the factor limiting their performance, the effect of different drinking water supply of sheep (ad libitum, 54% of ad libitum and 27% of ad libitum) on various parameters was studied . A water supply reduced to 54 and 27% resp . diminished dry matter intake to 84% and 45% resp . A water supply reduced to 54% improved the digestibility of organic matter, crude fibre, crude cellulose and N-free extractives, it was, however, not significant . A reduction to 27% of the ad libitum water supply improved the digestibility of all crude nutrients, significantly, however, only that of organic matter, crude fibre, crude cellulose and N-free extractives . In comparison with a supply of water reduced to 54%, a water supply reduced to 27% also resulted in an improvement of the digestibility of all crude nutrients . Both the reduction of the ad libitum water supply and the increasing time interval for the sampling of rumen fluid resulted in an increased concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid, which was sampled 15 min, 1 hour and 2 hours after feeding.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1987, 27(5), 921 - 8
{In vitro study of various ionophore antibiotics and some of their derivatives . II . Characterization of the ionophore properties of the compounds in a model system for Na+ and K+ ions}; Caffarel-Mendez S et al.; Transport of Na+ and K+ by different carboxylic polyether antibiotics and some of their derivatives was measured in a triphasic water/chloroform/water model system . Monensin, nigericin, narasin and lasalocid proved to be efficient K+ carriers, while grisorixin, alborixin and X 14547A gave lower ionic fluxes . Furthermore, the structural modifications of nigericin, grisorixin and lasalocid reduced the ionophore properties of the corresponding natural metabolite . Monensin was also characterized as a good Na+ carrier . Cation transport results were in keeping with those of a previous study on the end-products of rumen fermentation . In both cases monensin, nigericin, narasin and lasalocid were the most efficient compounds.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1987, 27(5), 907 - 19
Effects of phosphorus deficiency on rumen microbial activity associated with the solid and liquid phases of a fermentor (Rusitec); Komisarczuk S et al.; The rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) has been used to study the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency on bacterial protein synthesis and chemical composition and on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in the solid and liquid phases of fermentors . 16 g DM of a P-deficient mixed diet was put into each vessel daily and the vessels were infused with about 1 l of a P-deficient (0 mg of P) or P-supplemented (120 mg of P/l) buffer . Two vessels per treatment were used, and during a second experimental period the deficient and supplemented buffers were interchanged to determine the effects of P repletion and depletion . The proportion of bacterial N directly incorporated from dietary amino acids or peptides was greater in solid-associated bacteria (SAB) than in liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) (46 vs 19%) . P deficiency increased this proportion in both bacterial populations . Protein synthesis associated with the solid phase represented about 30% of the total protein synthesis in the system . P deficiency induced a marked decrease in microbial protein synthesis in both phases . Microbial yield declined by about 5 points (g of N/kg OMF) in P-deficient conditions . ATP concentrations were greatly reduced in both phases but P deficiency had no effect on protozoal numbers . The effects of P depletion during period II were similar to those of P deficiency in period I, and P repletion showed that the effects of P deficiency were almost entirely reversible.

IARC Sci Publ, 1987, (84), 415 - 9
Occurrence of volatile nitrosamines in food samples collected in three high-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Poirier S et al.; Fifty-four samples of foods consumed frequently in Tunisia, southern China and Greenland, all high-risk areas for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), were analysed for the presence of volatile nitrosamines by gas chromatography (GC) combined with a thermal energy analyser (TEA) . Relatively high levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) were found in Tunisian stewing base (touklia) and dried mutton preserved in olive oil (qaddid) . In one Chinese salted and dried fish sample, a high level of NDMA (133 micrograms/kg) was detected, but for the 14 others the levels ranged from undetectable to 14 micrograms/kg, with a mean of 3 micrograms/kg . Similarly high levels of NDMA, were found in Eskimo dried, unsalted fish samples . NDMA, NPIP and NPYR at various levels were present in Chinese vegetables fermented in brine . The possible role of nitrosamines in the etiology of NPC is discussed.

IARC Sci Publ, 1987, (84), 219 - 21
An investigation of apparent total N-nitroso compounds in beer; Massey RC et al.; The concentration of apparent total N-nitroso compounds (ATNC) in beer has been investigated using a group-selective procedure based on chemical denitrosation with hydrogen bromide and chemiluminescence detection of the released nitric oxide . In a survey of samples of 40 brands of beer and lager, detectable levels of ATNC were present in 17 samples at concentrations of 20-100 micrograms N-NO/kg in 11 and 100-500 micrograms N-NO/kg in six . To determine the origin of ATNC in beer the production of a commercial batch was examined in detail . ATNC levels were below the detection limit in the sweet wort (aqueous extract of malt), bitter wort (malt extract boiled with hops) and also at the start of fermentation, but during the course of fermentation the concentration of ATNC increased appreciably and that of inorganic nitrate decreased; detectable, though transitory, levels of inorganic nitrite were observed . None of the brewing ingredients contained sufficiently high enough levels of ATNC to account for the concentration of these compounds present in the beer after fermentation . These findings suggest that the presence of detectable levels of ATNC in some beers is a result of N-nitrosation reactions occurring in the fermenting wort with the nitrosating species derived from reduction of nitrate, due probably to the presence of microbial species with nitrate reductase activity.

Comp Biochem Physiol B, 1987, 88(1), 47 - 9
Volatile fatty acid concentrations in the digestive tract of the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus; Burn DM et al.; 1 . Digesta samples were collected from five West Indian manatees, Trichechus manatus, for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis . 2 . Mean total VFA concentrations were low in the stomach and duodenum (18.6 and 12.3 mM/l, respectively) . Mean VFA concentrations were considerably higher in the cecum and colon (220.6 and 307.3 mM/l, respectively) . 3 . The relative proportions of the individual VFA's shifted from predominantly acetic acid in the foregut to a mixture of acetic, butyric and propionic acids in the hindgut . 4 . The VFA concentrations in the manatee are similar to those in the dugong, Dugong dugon, and the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas . 5 . The mean total VFA concentrations indicate that the cecum and colon of the manatee are sites of microbial cellulose fermentation . The contribution of VFAs to the manatees' total energy requirements could not be calculated, but it is probably considerable.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1987, 53(2), 93 - 7
Candida lyxosophila sp . nov., a new D-xylose fermenting yeast from southern Africa; van der Walt JP et al.; Six strains of an undescribed Candida species which ferment D-xylose tardily, were isolated from soil . A description of the new species, Candida lyxosophila, is given.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1987, 27(4), 755 - 68
{Diet type, grinding size and anatomo-functional characteristics of the proximal digestive tract in the rabbit}; Auvergne A et al.; Two diets containing either dehydrated lucerne (40%) or dehydrated beet pulp (50%) both being coarsely (4 mm) of finely (1 mm) ground before pelleting, were fed to 120 rabbits after weaning . Feed intake and weight gain were estimated . After 79 days, 11 rabbits in each group were slaughtered between 14.00 and 17.00 h . The parameters measured were stomach and ileal weights, dry matter, fibre and nitrogen contents, volatile fatty acid concentrations . Gastric emptying and intestinal transit time were estimated in each group . Rabbits fed the beet pulp diet had a better feed conversion ratio associated with a higher solid matter gastric retention and also a longer jejuno-ileal transit time . Finely ground diet further increased the transit time, particularly in the ileum, which was also associated with a higher concentration of fermentation by-products.

Nahrung, 1987, 31(5-6), 543 - 51
Role of microorganisms in improving nutritional status of the poor; Ramakrishnan CV et al.; The intestinal microflora as well as bacteria involved in fermentation of foods ordinarily consumed in India may contribute substantially for the improvement of nutritional status of poor Indians.

Zentralbl Mikrobiol, 1987, 142(1), 71 - 85
Substrate regulation of elymoclavine formation by some saccharides; Kren V et al.; Regulation of the production of clavine alkaloids, especially elymoclavine, by sucrose, maltose, and mixtures of these saccharides was studied in submerged cultures of strains Claviceps purpurea 129/35 and Claviceps sp . SD-58 . The data were statistically processed on an EC 1040 computer . Fermentation medium containing sucrose (80 g/l) in combination with glucose (20 g/l) was the best for elymoclavine formation . Retarded release of glucose from maltose increased the formation of elymoclavine and suppressed the synthesis of undesirable extracellular glucans . Carbon source can affect both the total amount of produced alkaloids and the relative proportion of individual clavines in the alkaloid mixture.

Dev Biol Stand, 1987, 66, 357 - 60
Invasive infrared sensor for the determination of the cell number in a continuous fermentation of hybridomas; Merten OW et al.; A new and simple device for the on-line determination of the total cell count in fermentation vessels is presented . It is based on fibre optic techniques, produces a constant infrared signal and determines the cell count via the scattered light . The linear range between the cell count and the infrared response lies between 1 X 10(5) and more than 2 X 10(6) cells per ml . This sensor shows good correlation between the cell count and the infrared response in fermentations with cell viability of more than 80% . The feeding pumps in these fermentations can be controlled via this sensor to get fermentation with stationary cell counts.

Dev Biol Stand, 1987, 66, 325 - 30
Investigations of reactors for insect cell culture; Eberhard U et al.; The application of a silicone tube system has been tested for aeration by diffusion of insect cell cultures in different types of 10-litre fermenters . Results of a stirred tank reactor fitted with a blade impeller show that the oxygen transfer rate of the aeration system depends on the operation parameters (i.e . aeration gas pressure and agitation speed) . Based on variations of these parameters, batch-cultivations of insect cells show a dependency of final cell density in the range between 1-5 X 10(6) cells per ml.

Dev Biol Stand, 1987, 66, 269 - 72
Use of a rotating wire cage for retention of animal cells in a perfusion fermentor; Varecka R et al.; Separation of cells within a perfused suspension system is still a problem . We modified the rotating steel wire cage described by other researchers (2) for separation of single cells from suspension . The system was mounted to the stirrer shaft of a circular-loop fermenter . After optimization of fermenter design experimental data showed good separation of cells at useful perfusion rates . Data of a 5 l-prototype show with a mammalian tumor cell line a retention rate of better than 95% at a perfusion rate of D = 0.05 . Scaling-up studies show a good scaling-up potential and a wide range of possible applications.

Dev Biol Stand, 1987, 66, 263 - 8
Optimization of a membrane oxygenation system for cell culture in stirred tank reactors; Kuhlmann W; Bubble free aeration of animal cell cultures in conventional stirred tank reactors is performed with a silicone tubing oxygenation system . This system is characterized for the laboratory fermenter BIOSTAT M with 1.5 l working volume in respect to oxygen transfer and mixing performance.

J Dairy Sci, 1987 Jan, 70(1), 50 - 63
Effects of feeding or infusing ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids on ruminal fermentation, plasma characteristics, and milk production of cows; Klusmeyer TH et al.; Eight rumen-fistulated Holstein cows, averaging 77 d postpartum, were used in a replicated 4 X 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods to investigate the effect of ammonium salts of isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, isovalerate, and n-valerate on animal performance and their possible mechanism(s) and site(s) of action . Each cow was fed ad libitum a complete mixed diet of 55% corn silage and 45% concentrate on a dry basis that was supplemented with 1.8 kg of premix daily . Treatments were 1) control, 2) ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids in premix, 3) ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids ruminally infused, or 4) ammonium salts of volatile fatty acids abomasally infused . Mean ruminal fluid pH and concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids for treatment comparisons were not different . Plasma concentrations of isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate, and valerate differed among treatments, but there was no significant effect on dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, or efficiency of feed utilization . Apparent nutrient digestibility; disappearance of dry matter, cellulose, and nitrogen from polyester bags suspended in the rumen; and plasma concentrations of glucose, free fatty acids, and growth hormone also were not significantly affected by treatment.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1987 Jan-Feb, 70(1), 132 - 40
Mass spectral investigations on trichothecene mycotoxins . II . Detection and quantitation of macrocyclic trichothecenes by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry; Krishnamurthy T et al.; A general, sensitive gas chromatographic/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric (GC/NICIMS) method of analysis was developed for the detection and quantitation of several polar, thermally labile, toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes . The procedure involves the conversion of the molecules to their corresponding alcohols (verrucarols) by alkaline hydrolysis, followed by derivatization of the hydrolysate with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole and analysis by GC/MS technique under negative ion chemical ionization conditions . Nanogram (250 ng) quantities of several macrocyclic trichothecenes with different verrucarol and ester moieties were analyzed successfully with good precision by this procedure . The method was applicable for the accurate determination of at least low ppb levels of these macrocyclic trichothecenes in environmental samples, such as fungal products, fermentation broths, and plant samples . This is the first reported, well developed, sensitive, and applicable method for the detection and quantitation of these compounds in naturally occurring samples.

Dev Biol Stand, 1987, 66, 111 - 42
Application of sensors for the determination of physical and biochemical parameters in the fermentation of animal cells; Merten OW et al.; Biosensors, sondes, and transducer elements are reviewed with respect to the application for fermentation processes of animal cells . Hereby, the possible connection of these elements to the fermentor is shown . Specially, the (possible) online determinations of the viable and total cell count, of the glucose, the lactate, the pyruvate, and the ammonia concentration in the medium of fermentors are presented . Finally, some sensors for the on-line estimation of the product concentration are described.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1987 Jan, 32(1), 11 - 5
{Distributed automatic control system for experiments on the cultivation of microorganisms}; Oprishko AA et al.; Hard- and software of a distributed system for computer control of experiments on cultivation of microorganisms is described . The system is based on microprocessor techniques and minicomputer CM-4(1420) . It provides intensification of microbiological studies due to rational management of experiments, accumulation and long-term storage of experimental data and their processing with specific algorithms for providing additional information on biosynthetic processes and optimization of fermentation conditions.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1987 Jan, 35(1), 11 - 9
{Structure and activity of anthracyclines}; Lavelle F; Several mechanisms are proposed for explaining the antitumor activity and the toxicity of anthracyclines . The first recognized biochemical target is DNA . Anthracyclines and DNA lead to the formation of complexes of intercalation . The intercalation can explain biochemical properties such as inhibition of DNA polymerase and of RNA polymerase . On the other hand, the intercalation cannot explain the chromosomal damages observed in cancer cells following in vivo administration or in vitro incubation . Additional mechanisms are proposed such as biological reduction of quinone C ring, leading to the formation of radical species able to react covalently with DNA . More recently, an interaction of anthracyclines with topoisomerase II has been also described . There is no clear correlation between antitumour efficacy and DNA intercalation . However it must be pointed out that no anthracycline has been found so far which shows antitumour activity dissociated from the ability of interacting with DNA . Anthracyclines interact with membranes: interaction with negatively charged phospholipids like cardiolipin; peroxidation of membrane lipids following biological reduction of the quinone C ring . These membrane effects are believed to be responsible for chronic cardiac toxicity . The clinical activity of daunorubicin and of doxorubicin leads to considerable work with the hope to discover more active and/or less toxic congeners . Several possibilities are investigated: isolation of new anthracyclines from natural sources (fermentation broths); chemical modifications of the whole molecule; total synthesis of new sugars and of new aglycones.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1987, 32(1), 13 - 23
Kinetics of delta 5,7-sterol accumulation during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Novotny C et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulates delta 5,7-sterols up to 4 mg per g biomass . The differential rate of sterol synthesis continually increases during growth, its value only being decreased at sterol levels higher than 30 mg per g biomass . The specific rate of sterol synthesis reaches a broad maximum during the growth phase . The gradual sterol accumulation pattern is dominant in cultures growing both on fermentable and nonfermentable carbon sources and is modulated by glucose repression . Limited feeding with sucrose has a significantly greater negative impact on sterol accumulation than feeding with ethanol as a carbon source.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1987, 501, 165 - 70
Liquid surfactant membrane emulsions . A new technique for enzyme immobilization; Scheper T et al.; Liquid membrane reactors are well known for metal extraction . This technology may also be applied to the immobilization of enzymes in enzyme emulsions . The use of liquid membrane reactors for enzymatic bioconversions has several advantages in comparison to solid membrane reactors and conventional immobilization techniques: there is no membrane fouling, enzyme emulsions can be used in cell-free fermentation broths, in complex mixtures the membrane can preselect the desired substrate for enzymatic reaction, and substances that might decrease the enzyme activity can be excluded . The separation effect is not based on differences in molecular weight but on the chemical behavior of the substances to be separated . Thus, it is not necessary to use cofactors with increased molecular weight for enzymatic reactions, since the coenzyme cannot permeate the liquid membrane . The three systems presented here indicate that enzyme systems can be easily immobilized in liquid surfactant membrane emulsions and there is a broad field of application for enzyme emulsions.

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1987, 62(6), 542 - 76
{Original adaptive characters of intestinal Digenea of Sarpa salpa (Teleostei, Sparidae) and their interpretation in terms of evolution}; Bartoli P; In the family Sparidae, the genus Sarpa is distinguished by a few characteristics: monospecificity, vegetarian diet and wide geographical distribution . The helminth fauna of Sarpa salpa is also very original . Indeed, the digenean parasites of this Teleostean fish are essentially classified into two families restricted to this fish . In the present paper, the author redescribes Mesometra orbicularis, M . brachycoelia, Centroderma spinosissima, Elstia stossichianum, Wardula capitellata (family Mesometridae) together with Robphildollfusium fractum (family Robphildollfusidae) . Various original and yet unknown features are pointed out . Among these unusual structures, several correspond to adaptive characteristics favouring the settlement of the Digenean on the peculiar digestive gut wall of this herbivorous fish . Indeed, the intestinal mucous membrane of Sarpa salpa exhibits very few villi giving it an unusual smooth aspect . Therefore, the Mesometridae which always have just a single sucker (monostomatous) have selected a new kind of compensatory adhesive structure . Sometimes, the anterior end of the body becomes a sucker due to the particular distribution of the muscle strings; in other examples, the whole body becomes a sucker and its edges become considerably thinner to improve the tightness of the adhesive system . Other original anatomical features have been selected to allow survival in a medium rich in plant detritus . So, in the oral sucker crests ornemented by numerous sclerous denticles seem to act as a microfilter for the intestinal chyme in which plant fibres predominate . The original pharynx seems to act as a suction-force pump . The excretory system, which is of a reticular type, penetrates the whole parenchyma and this could be a response to huge intestinal fermentations . The Digenea of Sarpa salpa are not interpreted by the author as true parasites but as endocommensal symbionts . These inquiline species are not immunogenic, or at least only slightly so, since they do not feed upon the host itself but upon its intestinal chyme . In most cases this results in a high parasite density (post larvae and adults) together with a cohabitation of the various species along the various intestinal segments . Coexistence of several species, systematically very close, evidently raises the question of their reproductive isolation . The author proposes an answer founded upon data of allopatric speciation.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1987 Jan, 21(1), 27 - 33
{Effect of lasalocid on the fermentation of glucose by Neocallimastix frontalis RK 21}; Cansunar E; In this study, the effect of the antibiotic lasalocid on the rumen anaerobic fungus Neocallimastix frontalis RK 21 was examined . It was thought that lasalocid increased the efficiency of feed utilization by cattle by altering the rumen fermentation . There was a decrease in H2 and acetate production against the increasing concentrations of lasalocid while propionate and butyrate did not appear to be effected . Glucose uptake was reduced considerably.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1987 Jan-Mar, 82(1), 7 - 13
{Serotype characterization of Escherichia coli potentially producing enterotoxins in foods}; Ernandez D et al.; The incidence of serotypes of Escherichia coli usually described as enterotoxins producer was investigated in 137 samples of food from different origins (animal and vegetal) . The serological analysis of the somatic "O", capsular "K" and flagellar "H" antigens in 265 isolates of Escherichia coli resulted in the characterization of 34 strains, distributed in 12 serotypes . These organisms were obtained from 24 samples of food of animal origin . A possible association with epidemiological markers for other test, were analyzed . The fermentation pattern of the 34 strains with melibiose, raffinose, sucrose, salicin, and sorbitol allowed classification into 11 biotypes . However the marked heterogenicity of the biotypes distributed among the serotypes did not allow correlation between the serofermentative types and the origin of the food . The other tests based on hemolysis and hemagglutinating ability did not aid in the differentiation of the phenotypes.

Biochem Soc Symp, 1987, 54, 113 - 26
The role of the citric acid cycle in fungal organic acid fermentations; Kubicek CP; Filamentous fungi are well known for their potential to accumulate organic acids in the medium when supplied with large amounts of sugar . Commercial applications of this are the production of citric and itaconic acids . The present review attempts to present the current state of knowledge on the biochemical basis of organic acid accumulation by filamentous fungi (citric, itaconic, fumaric and oxalic acids), particularly with respect to the role of citric acid cycle reactions . The explanations offered are based on recent advances in understanding the compartmentation of the fungal cell, and regulation of some key enzymes . The general conclusion is that fungi accumulate organic acids by mechanisms which avoid the channeling of substrates into the citric acid cycle under conditions of strongly active glycolysis.

Vet Med Nauki, 1987, 24(10), 76 - 9
{Mathematical determination of the growth curve parameters of BHK-21(C13) multiplying in suspension culture}; Marchev N et al.; A mathematical method for nomination of the continuity of the growing curve BHK-21(C13) phases, cultivated in the conditions of a one litre fermentor was used . The number of cell dividing (n), the speed of dividing (R) and the time of the entire dividing of the culture were calculated as well . It was established that the lowest point of the growing curve was in the 4th h and 34th min from the beginning of cultivation, the duration of the exponential phase is 20 h and 15 min . At the end of the exponential phase n is 1.85, Tg--12 h, 57 min and R--0.077 . The short lag-phase is explained with the three dimension cell multiplication.

Curr Genet, 1987, 12(6), 391 - 7
Nuclearly-encoded CBP1 interacts with the 5' end of mitochondrial cytochrome b pre-mRNA; Dieckmann CL et al.; CBP1 is a nuclearly-encoded protein that is imported into mitochondria and confers stability on the mRNA for cytochrome b . Previous work has shown that CBP1 interacts with the cytochrome b transcript upstream of the coding sequence; a region encompassing some 1,100 nucleotides . The work presented here narrows the site of action of CBP1 to the distal third of this upstream sequence through analysis of mRNA produced from a novel recombinant gene containing segments of the gene for cytochrome b, cob, and the ATP synthase subunit 9 gene, olil . In a wild-type CBP1 strain, the cob-olil-cob gene produces stable, mature mRNA that is translated and contributes a portion of the cytochrome b necessary for optimal growth on non-fermentable medium.

Gene, 1987, 61(3), 265 - 75
High level expression of proinsulin in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Cousens LS et al.; Human proinsulin (PI) has been expressed to a high level (100 mg/liter) as a human superoxide dismutase-PI fusion protein in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae . At the junction of the two proteins is a methionine residue, allowing PI to be released from the fusion by reaction with cyanogen bromide . The fusion is expressed using a regulated, hybrid promoter containing the regulatory region of the alcohol dehydrogenase II promoter and the 3' end of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter, allowing the recombinant yeast cells to be stably maintained . Production of the fusion protein is induced by growth in medium lacking a fermentable carbon source . The heterologous fusion protein is probably insoluble within the cell, since electron microscopy reveals the presence of 'inclusion bodies' . In a cell-free extract the fusion protein is also insoluble, but can be solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate, and cleaved with cyanogen bromide . The PI that is produced contains incorrect disulfide bonds . After sulfitolysis, the product can be easily purified, renatured, and processed to yield insulin.

J Basic Microbiol, 1987, 27(6), 329 - 39
{Use of fermenter dialysis culture technic to grow clinically important bacteria which carry capsules . I . Escherichia coli K1}; Starke R et al.; For mass culture of Escherichia coli K1 a fermenter dialysis culture technique based on an artificial hollowfiber kidney and substrate feeding is described and compared with conventional shaking culture and fermenter batch culture techniques . Important growth parameters as bacterial dry weight, optical density and live cell counts demonstrate the advantage of this new method . On the basis of bacterial yields, effectivity had increased about 100 fold . The synthesis of K1 capsular polysaccharides, which is influenced by a number of factors, proved to be good . Thus it was possible to obtain the quantities of native capsular substance necessary for bed-side diagnostics and the investigation of this virulence marker.

Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr, 1987, 47(5), 261 - 7
{Simulation of intestinal microbial overgrowth by continuous culture}; Bernhardt H et al.; By the aid of continuous flow culture of microbial populations it is possible to answer specific micro_ecological questions even under anaerobic conditions . We present some findings from a continuous flow model of human duodenal juice with microbial overgrowth . Germ counts and species were reproducible in a steady state over several days . Metabolic activity was very high . For example, this model allows the in vitro study of therapeutic possibilities against overgrowth syndrome, microbial fermentation of food, metabolism of drugs and the growth of microorganisms on surfaces in gastrointestinal tract.

Postgrad Med J, 1987, 63 Suppl 2, 73 - 81
Development of a hepatitis B vaccine from transformed yeast cells; Petre J et al.; The production in yeast cells of the recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine of SmithKline Biologicals involves an optimized fermentation process followed by cell disruption and extraction, together with other soluble yeast components of the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus . The subsequent purification process includes precipitation steps, ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography, and caesium chloride ultracentrifugation . The yeast-derived antigen occurs as spherical particles containing the non-glycosylated HBsAg polypeptide, lipid, and Tween 20 . The purity of the polypeptide is above 95% and confirmed by the absence of an immune response to yeast-derived contaminants in vaccinees . Yeast DNA levels were less than 10 pg/vaccine dose . Various biochemical analyses showed that the recombinant polypeptide was faithfully expressed and did not undergo unwanted processing or degradation during fermentation or purification . These results indicate that the recombinant HBsAg can be effectively produced in yeast and processed to a high degree of purity to yield HBsAg particles displaying most of the characteristic properties of plasma-derived HBsAg.

Postgrad Med J, 1987, 63 Suppl 2, 65 - 70
Construction and characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (RIT4376) expressing hepatitis B surface antigen; Harford N et al.; A host/vector system suitable for large-scale production of HBsAg has been constructed and optimized in terms of the expression plasmid and yeast host strain in order to permit fermentation to very high cell densities . The final expression plasmid contains the coding sequence of the major HBsAg protein (P24) flanked by the promoter sequences from a glycolytic gene and by the transcription-termination region of the ARG3 gene . The host/vector system was found to be genetically stable under large-scale fermentation conditions as demonstrated by nucleotide sequencing and restriction mapping experiments . The P24 protein is recovered from yeast as particles whose physiochemical properties are very similar to those of plasma-derived HBsAg.

Vet Res Commun, 1987, 11(3), 235 - 41
Bovine pododermatitis aseptica diffusa (laminitis) aetiology, pathogenesis, treatment and control; Mgasa MN; Pododermatitis aseptica diffusa (laminitis) is a major cause of lameness and discomfort to cattle with resultant economic losses . The disease is a result of multifactorial aetiology most of which is not clearly understood . Feeding readily fermentable carbohydrates to unaccustomed cattle predisposes to the disease . Histamine, lactic acid and endotoxins are believed to be involved . Systemic acidosis, histaminosis and endotoxaemia are thought to produce the pathophysiological characteristics of laminitis . The diagnosis is primarily based on the observation of symmetrical and bilateral lesions in hooves and characteristic lameness affecting all feet . Gross lesions include concavity of the dorsal wall, discolorations in the sole and rotation of the pedal bone . Degenerative changes and arteriosclerosis are constant histological findings in the corium, with chronic thrombi and chronic granulation tissue . The disease may be treated conservatively and by application of cyclo-oxygenase inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prevented or controlled by proper feeding and management practices.

Digestion, 1987, 37 Suppl 1, 56 - 60
Nutrient malassimilation after total gastrectomy and possible intervention; Armbrecht U et al.; Malnutrition is common after total gastrectomy . Different pathophysiological reasons have been reported . We have investigated malabsorption in patients after total gastrectomy and Roux-Y esophagojejunostomy, analyzing the orocecal transit time, the bacterial flora of the upper intestine, and the small intestinal carbohydrate fermentation . Furthermore, we studied the benefit of pancreatic enzymes in this condition . The orocecal transit time was found to be short in 5/11 patients . In 4/11 patients upper intestinal bacterial overgrowth was probable . In the remaining 3/11 patients with steatorrhea, pancreatic dysfunction, due to understimulation, was suspected to be the reason for malassimilation . A subsequent double-blind, cross-over trial on supplementary treatment with pancreatic enzymes was performed in 15 patients . This treatment did not significantly reduce the degree of steatorrhea in these patients.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1987 Jan-Feb, 19(1), 1 - 16
Nigerian flora and its pharmaceutical potential; Gbile ZO et al.; The use of plants by man came about through observation of their definite effects on man and animals . Herbalists employ both physical and psychological treatments and herbal medicines can be used in powders, concoction, decoction, soup or ointment . Various plants used as anti-infective agents, antimalarials, laxatives, cardiovascular and nervous remedies, or containing proteolytic ferments, steroid sources, sweeteners, anti-tumour substances and as source for materials for dosage forms are discussed . Generally, plants useful in pharmaceutical and food industries and those with substances of general economic importance are also described.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1987, 53(2), 65 - 75
Isolation and characterization of a mutant of Schwanniomyces castellii with altered respiration; Poinsot C et al.; We have tried to isolate respiratory deficient mutants of the amylolytic yeast Schwanniomyces castellii CBS 2863 after mutagenesis with acriflavine . One of the mutants called DR 12 has been studied in more detail . Pasteur effect present in the wild-type is lost in the mutant, on the contrast an obvious Crabtree effect was observed: fermentation was almost as active in aerobiosis as in anaerobiosis . Moreover, the rate of anaerobic fermentation of the mutant was almost twice that of the wild type . This mutant was cytochrome b-deficient while the amount of the other cytochromes was larger than in the wild-type . Moreover, the level of these remaining cytochromes in the mutant was higher on non-repressive medium than on glucose medium . However, the fact that the mutant DR 12 retained a cyanide-sensitive respiration and that it was able to grow on ethanol as a non-fermentable substrate is noteworthy.

Nutr Cancer, 1987, 10(1-2), 23 - 8
Colonic carcinogenesis: the microbial feast or famine mechanism; McBurney MI et al.; A mechanism is presented which suggests that high-fat, high-protein, low-fiber diets can cause an unfavorable microbial environment in the human colon which predisposes some individuals towards large bowel diseases . The digesta leaving the ileum on high-fat, high-protein, low-fiber diets has a high proportion of mucins, malabsorbed carbohydrates and proteins, bile acids, and sloughed epithelial cells . The irregular (pulsatile) emptying of rapidly fermentable ileal digesta into the colon causes a massive surge in microbial activity . The sudden availability of rapidly fermentable substrate generates a large microbial population in the exponential growth phase that soon depletes its substrate . For microorganisms to perpetuate until the next high-fat, high-protein, low-fiber meal propels ileal digesta into the colon, they must induce enzymes to ferment dying or dead microbes (cannibalism) in addition to colonic epithelial mucosa and mucins . As the carbohydrate-to-nitrogen ratio of the colonic contents decreases, the fermentation becomes more proteolytic and subacute levels of fermentation products such as ammonia may be generated . Carcinogens are concentrated within a small colonic mass and the probability of precancerous lesions and polyps developing in the colonic mucosa is directly related to the severity, frequency, and duration of these microbial "feast or famine" situations in the colon.

Mol Aspects Med, 1987, 9(1), 17 - 29
Dietary fibre--definition, chemistry and analytical determination; Asp NG; Dietary fibre includes non-starch polysaccharides and lignin that are not digested or absorbed in the human small intestine . It contains a mixture of chemically complex polysaccharides . Lignin is a highly cross-linked complex polymer of phenylpropane units . The plant cell wall is the main source of dietary fibre and its structure is reviewed briefly . The structure of the main dietary fibre polysaccharides is then summarized . The demarcation between starch--the main digestible polysaccharide--and dietary fibre presents some problems due to more or less enzyme resistant starch fractions that occur naturally or are formed with processing . "Resistant starch" formed during baking passes through the small intestine in the rat and, probably, in man and is fermented in the colon . It should therefore also be regarded as dietary fibre . Methods for dietary fibre determination fall into two categories: gravimetric methods, weighing the dietary fibre after removal of other components; component analysis methods, determining monomeric composition of fibre polysaccharides (preferably by gas-liquid chromatography) supplemented with a gravimetric lignin determination and separate assay of uronic acid components (pectin) . Recently developed enzymatic gravimetric methods are most convenient for the assay of total dietary fibre or water soluble and insoluble fibre separately, whereas component analysis is required for determining the dietary fibre composition.

Physiol Bohemoslov, 1987, 36(1), 71 - 4
The redox potential, rH and pH values in the gastrointestinal tract of small ruminants; Marounek M et al.; Oxidation-reduction potentials (Eh), pH and rH in the gastrointestinal tract were measured in six goats and two sheep fed on ground barley and hay, with or without the addition of urea . Each ration was supplied for three weeks . The animals were slaughtered after morning feeding, the contents of relevant parts of the gastrointestinal tract were sampled, pH and Eh values were measured and rH values calculated . The range of the oxidation-reduction potential was rather extensive, from -300 to +186 mV . The variability of rH values was smaller, being between 4.6 and 12.9, except for three values . The following linear relationship holds for findings of Eh and pH: Eh (mV) = 292-69.9 pH with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.84 . In those parts of the gastrointestinal tract, where the fermentation process occurs (the rumen, caecum and colon), the Eh and rH values are lower than those in the abomasum and duodenum . Urea addition has no effect on the oxidation-reduction equilibrium.

Cancer Surv, 1987, 6(4), 601 - 21
Dietary fibre, fermentation and large bowel cancer; Cummings JH et al.; Diet, especially the amount of starch and dietary fibre which escape digestion in the small intestine, are major determinants of colon function in man . These carbohydrates are the principal substrates for fermentation by the large bowel flora . Carbohydrate fermentation results in lowered caecal pH and the production of short chain fatty acids of which butyric acid may protect the colon epithelium from dysplastic change . Protein digestion and amino acid fermentation also occur in the large bowel but the nature of its endproducts varies in relation to the amount of carbohydrate available . During active carbohydrate breakdown amino acid fermentation endproducts such as ammonia are used by the bacteria for protein synthesis during microbial growth, but in carbon-limited fermentation amines, ammonia, phenols and indoles, etc, accumulate . Fermentation also results in changes in colon pH which alters the metabolism of bile acids, nitrate, sulphate and other substances . Fermentation is thus controlled to a great extent by substrate availability, especially of carbohydrates which are derived from the diet . The potential to induce mutagenic change in colon epithelial cells and promote tumour growth may readily be influenced by diet.

Curr Genet, 1987, 12(7), 519 - 26
A region in the yeast genome which favours multiple integration of DNA via homologous recombination; Hohmann S; Integrative transformation of yeast with gapped DNA fragments results in single or multiple integration into the yeast genome via homologous recombination . A sequence of yeast DNA was found which favours multiple integration even when the strategy of gene replacement is used . This strategy by which the transformed DNA fragment replaces its chromosomal homologue rather than simply integrating into the genome usually occurs as a single exchange event . The described region is unique and lies near a telomere about 5 kb proximal to the SUC4 locus on chromosome XIII . DNA from this region was used as a vehicle for the integration of different SUC genes coding for invertase . Most of the sucrose fermenting transformants isolated carried between two and seven copies of the SUC genes . These transformants overproduced invertase even though there was no selective pressure for high invertase activity in these experiments . I conclude that this region is highly recombinogenic and favours multiple integration of DNA fragments . This region could be used for stable multiple integration of heterologous genes into the yeast genome for over-production of the respective gene product.

Gene, 1987, 57(1), 131 - 41
Establishment of stable mouse myeloma cells constitutively secreting human tissue-type plasminogen activator; Weidle UH et al.; Expression plasmids for human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-pA) were introduced into mouse myeloma cells and stable cell lines constitutively secreting t-pA established by selection with mycophenolic acid . Expression of t-pA is driven either by the simian virus 40 early promoter or by immunoglobulin regulatory elements of either light or heavy chains of the mouse . The availability of myeloma cells secreting a heterologous protein is of importance for biotechnological applications, because large-scale fermentation of myeloma cells is well established.

Gut, 1987, 28 Suppl, 221 - 6
Proliferative effects of 'fibre' on the intestinal epithelium: relationship to gastrin, enteroglucagon and PYY; Goodlad RA et al.; Refeeding starved rats with a fibre free 'elemental' diet increased crypt cell production rate (CCPR) in the proximal small intestine but not in the distal regions of the gut . Little effect on CCPR was seen when inert bulk (kaolin) was added to the 'elemental' diet . Addition of a poorly fermentable dietary 'fibre' (purified wood cellulose) had little effect on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation except in the distal colon where it significantly increased CCPR . A more readily fermentable 'fibre' (purified wheat bran) caused a large proliferative response in the proximal, mid and distal colon and in the distal small intestine . A gel forming 'fibre' also stimulated proliferation in the distal colon . There was no significant correlation between CCPR and plasma gastrin concentrations, but plasma enteroglucagon concentrations were significantly correlated with CCPR in almost all the sites studied . Plasma PYY concentrations also showed some correlation with CCPR, especially in the colon . Thus, whilst inert bulk cannot stimulate colonic epithelial cell proliferation, fermentable 'fibre' is capable of stimulating proliferation in the colon, and especially in the distal colon: it can also stimulate proliferation in the distal small intestine and it is likely that plasma enteroglucagon may have a role to play in this process.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1987, 129, 181 - 4
In vivo studies with fibre components; Pomare EW et al.; There are few studies in man examining the in vivo effects of dietary fibre on bile acid metabolism but divergent results have been recorded depending on the amount and type of fibre eaten . Studies in which the fibre components pectin, cellulose, and lignin were fed to normal volunteers for four weeks have been reported . The highly fermentable component pectin is associated with increased secondary bile acid formation in contrast to the partially fermentable component cellulose in which the opposite occurs . Lignin has no effect on bile acid metabolism . No component significantly alters biliary lipids . Since ordinary diets contain a mixture of different fibres the net effect will depend on the relative amounts of each . Significant changes in bile acid metabolism and biliary lipids in the longer term (greater than 4 weeks) however, are not precluded by the results of these short term studies.

Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 1987, 17(3), 207 - 26
{Acute pancreatitis . Neurovascular and microcirculatory changes . Pathogenic and therapeutic study}; Salazar JR et al.; A group of 159 dogs divided in 8 sub-groups were studied, in regard to pancreatitis, the purpose of the study was to investigate the participation of the automatic nervous system in the course of acute pancreatitis . The procedures and the results were as follows: 1 . Pancreatitis was induced in two forms: a) Injection of gallbladder bile, from the same animal to the pancreatic duct . b) Blind duodenal loop with exclusion of the distal duodenum through the pylorus . In both cases acute pancreatitis was obtained . Fat necrosis was predominant in type a, and hemorrhagic lesions in type b . 2 . The anesthetic block of the celiac plexus controlled the pain and shock . The animals were in good general conditions but there were no changes in the pathological process of the pancreas . The same results were noted in surgical resections of splanchnic trunks . 3 . When the surgical resections of splanchnic nerves was followed by a waiting period of 20 days from the production of pancreatitis there were no changes in the gland . 5 . Vagotomy previous to pancreatitis does not have protector effects in the induction of pancreatitis . 6 . Continuous perfusion of E.V . novocaine was of extreme utility . The animals remained without pain and the process remained stable when it was given in the initial face of edema . 7 . The enzyme inhibitor (Trasylol) given in the first 24 hs . does not prove to be valuable . Due to the fermentative derangement the condition of the animals was better maintained in relation to the comparative animals.

Curr Genet, 1987, 11(5), 359 - 67
Temperature sensitive pet mutants in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that lose mitochondrial RNA; Mueller DM et al.; This is a description of a new class of temperature sensitive pet mutants in Saccharomyces cereviase that lose all or part of their mitochondrial RNA at the restrictive temperature . These mutants fall into 8 different complementation groups, mna1 to mna8, and 2 different classes based on their phenotype . Class I mutations, mna1-1 through mna5-1, cause complete or partial loss of mitochondrial RNA at the restrictive temperature . The mutation, mna1-1, is especially interesting since it causes a loss of both mitochondrial DNA and RNA when the mutant is grown on a fermentable carbon source at the restrictive temperature . However, when this mutant is grown at the permissive temperature on a non-fermentable carbon source then shifted to the restrictive temperature, only the mitochondrial RNA is lost . This indicates that the primary cause for the pet phenotype is due to the loss of mitochondrial RNA and not DNA . Class II mutations, mna6-1 through mna8-1, cause complete loss of the 14S rRNA after growth at the restrictive temperature in a fermentable carbon source . This loss appears to be specific for the 14S rRNA, since all other transcripts probed by Northern analysis are normal.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1987, 53(2), 107 - 18
Comparison of two methods for detection of mollicutes (Mycoplasmatales and Acholeplasmatales) in cell cultures in the Netherlands; Polak-Vogelzang AA et al.; A total of 1949 cell cultures was tested for contamination with mollicutes by cultivation on and in mycoplasma media, 25.7% of the cell cultures was positive, 243 strains of Mycoplasma hyorhinis were isolated . Furthermore, mainly M . arginini and M . orale were detected, less often Acholeplasma laidlawii, M . fermentans and M . pneumoniae . Optimal conditions for isolation were discussed . About one third of 217 hybridoma cultures and two third of 57 myeloma cultures proved to be contaminated, all with M . hyorhinis . A DNA fluorochrome staining method (DAPI-test) was compared to cultivation for testing 1039 cell cultures . The efficiency of the DAPI-test could be estimated to be about 96% that of cultivation about 89%, but cultivation is more specific . The highest assurance is obtained when both methods are applied.

Dev Biol Stand, 1987, 66, 523 - 30
Production of Aujeszky vaccine by the microcarrier technology "from the ampoule to the 500 litre fermentor"; Baijot B et al.; A process for the production of Aujeszky vaccine on microcarrier cultures in large fermentors is described . The NLST cells are routinely produced in fermentors of 150 litres; cell density reaches 0.7-0.8 10(6)/ml . The authors describe the method used to obtain those results . The different parameters used in fermentors are discussed and especially pO2 regulation . A study of subculturing method is being carried out to reach a volume of 500 litres . The comparison between stationary culture and microcarrier cultures shows the advantages of such a technique for the viral antigen produced versus infective and the increase of the bulk capacity . This experience also shows that specific development is required for each cell line.

Eur J Biochem, 1986 Dec 15, 161(3), 525 - 31
Transcription of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases when fermentative cultures are stressed by heat-shock; Piper PW et al.; The single gene for phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) in the haploid genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is expressed to a very high level in cultures fermenting glucose . Despite this it responds to heat-shock . When S . cerevisiae growing exponentially on glucose media was shifted from 25 degrees C to 38 degrees C transient increases of 6-7-fold in cellular PGK mRNA were observed . This elevation in PGK mRNA still occurred in the presence of the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, but was not observed in cells bearing the rna1.1 mutation . From the kinetics of continuous labelling of PGK mRNA, relative to the labelling of other RNAs in the same cultures whose levels do not alter with heat-shock, it was shown that the elevation in PGK mRNA in response to temperature upshift reflects primarily an increased synthesis of this mRNA and not an alteration of its half-life . PGK mRNA synthesis is therefore one target of a response mechanism to thermal stress . Synthesis of PGK enzyme in glucose-grown cultures is efficient after mild (25 degrees C to 38 degrees C) or severe (25 degrees C to 42 degrees C) heat-shocks . Following the severe shock, the synthesis of most proteins is abruptly terminated, but synthesis of PGK and a few other glycolytic enzymes continues at levels comparable to the levels of synthesis of most of those proteins dramatically induced by heat (heat-shock proteins) . Cells that overproduce PGK due to the presence of multiple copies of the PGK gene on a high-copy-number plasmid continue their overproduction of this enzyme during severe thermal stress . Therefore PGK mRNA is both elevated in level in response to heat-shock and translated efficiently at supra-optimal temperatures.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Dec, 63(6), 2018 - 27
Growth, intakes and metabolic responses of artificially reared lambs weaned at 14 d of age; Lane SF et al.; In two experiments, a total of 46 Finn Cross and Dorset lambs were artificially group-reared . Thirty eight were weaned abruptly at 14 d of age from a commercial milk replacer (MR) to a dry starter diet (SD) . Lambs were self-fed cool (10 to 15 C) MR reconstituted to 25% dry matter (DM) . The ground (2-mm screen) SD averaged 26.2% crude protein and 7.4% fat (DM basis) . For both experiments, birth and weaning weights averaged 3.8 and 8.0 kg, respectively . Experiment 1 tested a strategy for encouraging postweaning DM intake . Fifteen lambs received MR reconstituted to 33% DM from d 11 to 14, and 15 lambs received standard 25% DM MR . Between d 14 and 15, intakes of DM, gross energy, crude protein and water dropped 86, 89, 85 and 64%, respectively . Lambs doubled their birth weights during the milk-feeding period and consumed 1.41 kg SD between d 14 and 25 . The MR reconstitution rate did not affect weaning weight, postweaning SD or water intake, or growth check (GC, P greater than .10) . Postweaning GC averaged 12.2 d and was not influenced (P greater than .10) by birth weight, sex or weaning weight . Mortality and disease rates under these conditions were negligible . Experiment 2 was designed to differentiate between the dual effects at weaning of altering the type of diet and of reducing the level of nutrient intake . Eight lambs were weaned to SD at 14 d, and eight lambs were bottle-fed isocaloric levels of MR from d 12 to 30 . At weaning, plasma glucose concentration declined 1.4 mM from 6.7 mM due to fasting and an additional 1.0 mM due to the change of the type of diet (P less than .01) . Plasma acetate and urea N concentrations rose steadily after d 16 in the SD-weaned lambs, but not in the MR-fed lambs (P less than .01), suggesting that the SD-weaned lambs absorbed ruminal fermentation products . These results indicate that artificially reared lambs may be routinely weaned to a dry diet at 14 d of age . The major alterations in plasma metabolites that occur within 6 to 8 d after abrupt weaning may define the period when these lambs become functional ruminants.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Dec, 39(12), 1712 - 8
Novel polyether antibiotics X-14873A, G and H produced by a Streptomyces: taxonomy of the producing culture, fermentation, biological and ionophorous properties of the antibiotics; Liu CM et al.; Novel polyether antibiotics X-14873A, X-14873G, and X-14873H are produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces sp . X-14873 (ATCC 31679) . This report presents taxonomic studies and fermentation conditions for the antibiotic producing culture . The antibiotics are mainly active against Gram-positive bacteria . The ionophore properties of X-14873A are also characterized.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Dec, 39(12), 1674 - 84
OF4949, new inhibitors of aminopeptidase B . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Sano S et al.; New aminopeptidase B inhibitors that we named OF4949-I, II, III and IV were isolated from the culture broth of a fungus, Penicillium rugulosum OF4949 . The molecular formula of I was C23H26N4O8 and that of II, C22H24O8, judging from elemental analysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry . The concentrations of I, II, III and IV required for 50% inhibition of aminopeptidase, using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells as the source of the enzyme, were 0.0054, 0.0048, 3.4 and 1.7 micrograms/ml, respectively . Components I and II augmented delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice to sheep red blood cells.

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 1986 Dec, 8(6), 489 - 509
Applications of light scattering in microbiology; Harding SE; Applications of the three principal light scattering techniques of turbidimetry, differential light scattering, and quasi-elastic light scattering to systems of microorganisms are reviewed . The relation between the three techniques is demonstrated and it is shown how these techniques can yield basic structural, optical, and even hydrodynamic properties for a wide range of microorganisms, with particular emphasis on changes in such properties . Such applications include antibiotic susceptibility testing, the effects of inhibitors on trypanosome motility, spore structure, virus self-assembly, and bacterial motility on the surface of fermentation reactors.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Dec, 31(12), 889 - 92
{Effect of oleandomycin on the growth of the producer Streptomyces antibioticus itself and on its antibiotic synthesis}; Virina AM et al.; It was shown that addition of oleandomycin to the fermentation broth during development of Str . antibioticus inhibited the mycelium growth within the first 2 days and lowered the level of its further biosynthesis . The inhibitory effect depended on concentration of the added antibiotic and medium composition . An excess of glucose increased the inhibitory effect of oleandomycin . The antibiotic influenced both synthesis of the oleandomycin macrolide ring and methylation of the molecule.

Mol Gen Genet, 1986 Dec, 205(3), 487 - 93
The use of suicide substrates to select mutants of Escherichia coli lacking enzymes of alcohol fermentation; Cunningham PR et al.; Mutants of Escherichia coli resistant to chloroethanol or to chloroacetaldehyde were selected . Such mutants were found to lack the fermentative coenzyme A (CoA) linked acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity . Most also lacked the associated fermentative enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase . Both types of mutants, those lacking acetaldehyde dehydrogenase alone or lacking both enzymes, mapped close to the regulatory adhC gene at 27 min on the E . coli genetic map . The previously described acd mutants which lack acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and which map at 63 min were shown to be pleiotropic, affecting respiration and growth on a variety of substrates . It therefore seems likely that the structural genes for both the acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases lie in the adhCE operon . This interpretation was confirmed by the isolation of temperature sensitive chloracetaldehyde-resistant mutants, some of which produced thermolabile acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase and were also found to map at the adh locus . Reversion analysis indicated that mutants lacking one or both enzymes carried single mutations . The gene order in the adh region was determined by three point crosses to be trp-zch::Tn10-adh-galU-bglY-tyrT-chlC.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1986 Dec, 44(6), 357 - 67
A clinical evaluation of anterior conventional, microfiller, and hybrid composite resin fillings . A 6-year follow-up study; van Dijken JW; Anterior resin fillings of seven composite resin materials--two conventional, two hybrid, and three microfiller--were evaluated over a 6-year period . Extrinsic discoloration, color match, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, surface roughness, and recurrent caries were investigated . The individual caries increment was compared with an estimation of the expected caries risk of the individuals . The estimation was based on the net effect of microbial counts, oral hygiene, salivary flow rates, buffer values, and fermentable carbohydrate intake . The variation of the investigated factors within each resin group was too great to enable combination of the results . The individual materials are therefore presented and compared . Unacceptable color match scores after 6 years varied markedly among the brands (3.5%-79.7%) . Unacceptable marginal discoloration was seen in 1.7% of the restorations, whereas unacceptable marginal adaptation varied between 13.7% and 37.3% for the brands . Recurrent caries occurred at the margins of 18.9% of the composite fillings (range, 9.3%-29.4%) during the period . The cumulative relative frequencies of replaced fillings for the materials varied between 14.8% and 55.1% . Recurrent caries was the major reason for replacement . Patients with many caries risk factors showed clearly a higher increment of caries.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Dec, (12), 3 - 8
{The medium for determining the gelatinase activity of non-fermenting gram-negative microorganisms}; Kalina GP et al.; To determine the gelatinase activity of Gram-negative nonfermenting microorganisms, a double-layer medium containing 2% of agar in the lower layer and 10-20% of gelatin in the upper layer has been developed . The medium ensures free access of atmospheric oxygen, possibility of rapid (24-42 h) determination of gelatinase activity at 22-25 degrees C, efficacy of the test . simultaneous determination of gelatin hydrolysis by 8-12 strains in one dish.

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1986 Dec, 183(3), 299 - 310
Relationship between dietary fiber and cancer: metabolic, physiologic, and cellular mechanisms; Jacobs LR; The relationships between fiber consumption and human cancer rates have been examined, together with an analysis of the effects of individual dietary fibers on the experimental induction of large bowel cancer . The human epidemiology indicates an inverse correlation between high fiber consumption and lower colon cancer rates . Cereal fiber sources show the most consistent negative correlation . However, human case-control studies in general fail to confirm any protective effect due to dietary fiber . Case-control studies indicate that if any source of dietary fiber is possibly antineoplastic then it is probably vegetables . These results may mean that purified fibers alone do not inhibit tumor development, whereas it is likely that some other factors present in vegetables are antineoplastic . Experiments in laboratory animals, using chemical induction of large bowel cancer, have in general shown a protective effect with supplements of poorly fermentable fibers such as wheat bran or cellulose . In contrast, a number of fermentable fiber supplements including pectin, corn bran, oat bran, undegraded carageenan, agar, psyllium, guar gum, and alfalfa have been shown to enhance tumor development . Possible mechanisms by which fibers may inhibit colon tumorigenesis include dilution and adsorption of any carcinogens and/or promoters contained within the intestinal lumen, the modulation of colonic microbial metabolic activity, and biological modification of intestinal epithelial cells . Dietary fibers not only bind carcinogens, bile acids, and other potential toxins but also essential nutrients, such as minerals, which can inhibit the carcinogenic process . Fermentation of fibers within the large bowel results in the production of short chain fatty acids, which in vivo stimulate cell proliferation, while butyrate appears to be antineoplastic in vitro . Evidence suggests that if dietary fibers stimulate cell proliferation during the stage of initiation, then this may lead to tumor enhancement . Fermentation also lowers luminal pH, which in turn modifies colonic microbial metabolic acidity, and is associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation and colon carcinogenesis . Because dietary fibers differ in their physiochemical properties it has been difficult to identify a single mechanism by which fibers modify colon carcinogenesis . Clearly, more metabolic and physiological studies are needed to fully define the mechanisms by which certain fibers inhibit while others enhance experimental colon carcinogenesis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1986 Dec, 83(23), 8934 - 8
Pel, the protein that permits lambda DNA penetration of Escherichia coli, is encoded by a gene in ptsM and is required for mannose utilization by the phosphotransferase system; Williams N et al.; Mannose uptake and phosphorylation in Escherichia coli is catalyzed by the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) . The mannose-specific complex of the PTS, designated IIMan, comprises lipid and two membrane proteins, II-AMan and II-BMan . The proteins are encoded by ptsM, located at approximately equal to 40 minutes on the E . coli chromosome . A different genetic marker, pel, maps with ptsM, and is required for lambda DNA penetration of the cytoplasmic membrane . Earlier studies suggested that both pel function and II-BMan are encoded by the same gene, while a different gene (also in ptsM) encodes II-AMan . In the present studies, a ptsM clone, pCS13, was isolated from an E . coli HindIII gene bank in pBR322 and restored both mannose termentation and pel+ function to ptsM mutants defective in II-BMan . Subclones of pCS13 show that two distinct genes, manY and manZ, encode the pel+ function and the II-BMan protein, respectively; each gene may have its own promoter; whereas the protein encoded by manY (Pel) alone seems sufficient for lambda sensitivity, all three gene products are required for mannose fermentation, transport of the mannose analogue 2-deoxyglucose, and phosphorylation of the latter by cytoplasmic membranes . Thus, Pel is required for function of the IIMan complex . The efficiency of the complex may depend on the ratio of Pel to IIMan.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Dec, 39(12), 1704 - 11
Isolation and characterization of three novel polyether antibiotics and three novel actinomycins as cometabolites of the same Streptomyces sp . X-14873, ATCC 31679; Westley JW et al.; Streptomyces sp . X-14873 (ATCC 31679) has been found to produce a number of secondary metabolites . Three have been identified as the novel actinomycins, X-14873B, C and D, each of which contains both proline and 3-hydroxy-5-methylproline . Potentially, the most important microbial product from this fermentation is the novel polyether antibiotic X-14873A which differs from lysocellin only in the substituents at carbons C-4 and C-5 in the tetrahydropyranyl ring . The methyl group and proton in lysocellin are replaced by an ethyl and hydroxyl group, respectively in X-14873A . In addition, two other novel polyethers, X-14873H and G, were isolated and shown to differ from 1 in lacking a carboxyl group and in the case of 3, possessing an ether bridge across the terminal tetrahydrofuranyl ring system.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Nov, 69(11), 2959 - 62
Malt sprouts as a source of supplemental protein for ruminants; Erickson PS et al.; Nitrogen solubility, ruminal degradation, and amino acid composition of pelleted malt sprouts, pelleted corn gluten feed, and soybean meal were studied . Four rumen-cannulated steers were fed diets containing 45% pelleted malt sprouts or 45% pelleted corn gluten feed in a 2 X 2 crossover design with 15-d periods . Ruminal degradation of dry matter and nitrogen from malt sprouts or corn gluten feed was estimated by disappearance of these components from polyester bags after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, or 24 h of in situ fermentation . For comparison, degradation of soybean meal after 2, 4, 8, or 24 h was measured . Malt sprouts had less soluble nitrogen than corn gluten feed, but available crude protein contents were similar . Malt sprouts dry matter was degraded more slowly than was corn gluten feed dry matter . Nitrogen degradation rates of the two feeds, after correction for unavailable nitrogen, did not differ . Malt sprouts had higher concentrations of arginine, lysine, and aspartate than corn gluten feed; however, corn gluten feed had higher concentrations of the other amino acids measured . Malt sprouts would be expected to provide more amino acids of feed origin to the lower gut of ruminants, provided passage rates of the supplements are similar.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Nov, 69(11), 2941 - 7
Effect of pH and energy spilling on bacterial protein synthesis by carbohydrate-limited cultures of mixed rumen bacteria; Strobel HJ et al.; Rumen contents were obtained from a cow fed 2.5 kg concentrates and 2.5 kg timothy hay twice daily, and the mixed rumen bacterial inoculum (pH 6.3) was separated from large feed particles and protozoa by centrifugation . Bacteria were incubated in artificial media at pH 6.7 and 6.0 . When starch, sucrose, cellobiose, xylan, pectin, or a mix of carbohydrates were provided to pH 6.7 incubations at 1 mM/h for 10 h, fermentation was carbohydrate-limited, less than 20% of the carbohydrate was converted to lactate, molar ratio of methane to hexose fermented was as great as 49%, and pH remained constant . When initial pH was lowered to 6.0, methane production was nearly eliminated, volatile fatty acid production was reduced, and there was a small decrease (less than .5) in final pH . At pH 6.0, lactate production was increased in all incubations except xylan and pectin, and pH had a greater effect on acid production than the type of carbohydrate provided . Bacterial protein synthesis was reduced 34 to 69% when initial pH was 6.0, but these reductions were greater than decreases in carbohydrate utilization, increases in lactate, and associated decreases in adenosine 5'-triphosphate production . Because less adenosine 5'-triphosphate was used for protein synthesis, it appeared that low pH diverted energy to nongrowth functions.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Nov, 63(5), 1624 - 33
Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants; Orskov ER; For most grain, except corn and sorghum, 90% or more of starch is normally fermented in the rumen . With corn, up to 30% or more could escape ruminal fermentation; most of the starch escaping fermentation would be digested in the small intestine or fermented in the large intestine . The capacity for digestion of raw starch in the small intestine is limited to 100 to 200 g/d in sheep . Gelled starch could be digested in quantities up to 200 to 300 g/d . The capacity would ultimately be limited by lack of enzymes involved in hydrolysis of short chain di- and oligosaccharides and also by capacity for absorption of glucose . Starch fermented in the cecum leads to an increase of N loss in the feces . In some instances, the high propionic acid proportion arising from fermentation of starch exceeds the capacity of the liver for metabolism . In growing lambs and goats, this creates problems of synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids in adipose tissue and, in dairy cows, problems of low milk yield and milk fat production . The low ruminal pH that often occurs when starchy grain is included in diets for ruminants can cause depression in fiber digestion . Some of these problems can be overcome by reducing extent of cereal processing and other methods that prevent low ruminal pH . It is concluded that due to limited capacity for starch digestion postruminally and high animal variability, deliberate attempts to increase postruminal digestion of starch are unlikely to be beneficial and are likely to create potential digestive problems.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Nov, 39(11), 1557 - 64
Production of nanaomycin and other antibiotics by phosphate-depressed fermentation using phosphate-trapping agents; Masuma R et al.; Nanaomycin production by Streptomyces rosa subsp . notoensis in complex media was inhibited by exogenously supplied inorganic phosphate . The inhibition was reversed by phosphate-trapping agents such as allophane and aluminum oxide . Under such condition nanaomycin production increased to the control level, and the phosphate content dropped down to the unsupplemented level . When allophane was added to conventional complex media containing nutrient-derived inorganic phosphate, the production of nanaomycin and several other antibiotics, which are subject to phosphate regulation, was enhanced several fold with the simultaneous reduction of free phosphate . The term "phosphate-depressed fermentation" is proposed for this technique.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Nov, 39(11), 1533 - 40
A47934, a novel glycopeptide-aglycone antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis taxonomy and fermentation studies; Boeck LD et al.; A47934, a novel glycopeptide-aglycone antibiotic, is produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis, NRRL 15009 . A47934 is unique among reported glycopeptides in that it contains a sulfate ester . Like several other glycopeptides, the majority of the A47934 produced remained associated with the producing biomass, from which it could be released into aqueous media by alkalization . Antibiotic biosynthesis was depressed when initial levels of phosphate phosphorus in the medium exceeded the normal level of 35 micrograms/ml . Enrichment of the fermentation medium with tyrosine depressed A47934 yields while enrichment with p-hydroxyphenylglycine or p-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid stimulated antibiotic biosynthesis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Nov, 39(11), 1527 - 32
Azinomycins A and B, new antitumor antibiotics . I . Producing organism, fermentation, isolation, and characterization; Nagaoka K et al.; A strain of Streptomyces griseofuscus S42227 (FERM P-8443) was found to produce new antitumor antibiotics, called azinomycins A and B . The molecular formulas of azinomycins A and B were determined as C30H33N3O10 and C31H33N3O11, respectively . They were active against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and L5178Y cells in tissue culture.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Nov, 39(11), 1515 - 26
Benzanthrins A and B, a new class of quinone antibiotics . II . Isolation, elucidation of structure and potential antitumor activity; Rasmussen RR et al.; The benzanthrins, which were produced by Nocardia lurida, were extracted from the fermentation broth with CH2Cl2 . Subsequent purification on Sephadex LH-20 and diolbonded silica gel, followed by countercurrent chromatography, afforded analytically pure benzanthrins A and B . FAB-MS revealed that benzanthrins A and B were isomeric . It was demonstrated through degradative and spectroscopic studies that the benzanthrins were di-glycosides of a trihydroxy benz{a}anthraquinone chromophore where one of the sugars was linked through carbon and the other through oxygen . Benzanthrins A and B differed in the stereochemistry of the O-glycosidic sugar . Both compounds inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and 9KB, 9PS and 9ASK tumor cells in tissue culture.

Am J Vet Res, 1986 Nov, 47(11), 2423 - 5
Cecal short-chain fatty acids in experimental rabbit mucoid enteropathy; Toofanian F et al.; Short-chain fatty acid concentrations were measured in the cecal contents of 9 healthy rabbits and 20 rabbits with experimentally induced mucoid enteropathy . In control rabbits, cecal concentration of acetate was the most abundant, followed by that of butyrate and propionate--a feature distinguishing rabbits from most other mammals . In mucoid enteropathy, cecal acetate and butyrate concentrations were lower, whereas propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate were increased . The results indicated that there were abnormal fermentation and cecal maldigestion in rabbits with mucoid enteropathy.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1986 Nov, 19(4), 276 - 88
Protease production with sweet potato residue by solid state fermentation; Yang SS et al.; The sweet potato residue being at the initial moisture content 50-58%, initial pH 3.5-4.3, supplemented with rice bran, and minerals, and incubated at 20-26 degrees C for 5 days was the optimal conditions for protease production with Aspergillus niger NTU-AM-1 by solid state fermentation . Protease could be recovered by shaking at room temperature for one hour and extracted with five times volume of 0.1% NaCl solution . The yield of protease was 814 units per gram dry weight of substrate . Partially purified protease with DEAE-Sephacel column chromatography was thermally stable and able to retain 80-100% of activity in pH 4.0-5.5 at 55 degrees C for 40 minutes . In addition, the activity of protease was stimulated by the presence of EDTA and cysteine, but was inhibited by the addition of HgCl2.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Nov, 31(11), 830 - 5
{Isolation and study of the biological properties of substances stimulating levorin biosynthesis in a mixed actinomycete and yeast culture}; Iakovleva EP et al.; Active components responsible for increased synthesis levels of levorin, a polyenic antibiotic in mixed cultures of an actinomycete and a yeast-like fungus C . tropicalis were isolated from the fermentation broth . Component I identified as succinic acid increased the levels of the antibiotic production by 40-50 per cent . Component II found to be lactic acid increased the antibiotic production levels by 20 per cent . Component III, a mixture of nonidentified substances of the amine nature stimulated biosynthesis of levorin by 20-25 per cent . Addition of a mixture of succinic acid and N-methyl glucosamine to the nutrient medium provided increase of the antibiotic activity of the fermentation broth up to 175-185 per cent as compared to the control.

Mol Cell Biol, 1986 Nov, 6(11), 4046 - 52
Effects of null mutations in the hexokinase genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on catabolite repression; Ma H et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two homologous hexokinases, I and II; they are 78% identical at the amino acid level . Either enzyme allows yeast cells to ferment fructose . Mutant strains without any hexokinase can still grow on glucose by using a third enzyme, glucokinase . Hexokinase II has been implicated in the control of catabolite repression in yeasts . We constructed null mutations in both hexokinase genes, HXK1 and HXK2, and studied their effect on the fermentation of fructose and on catabolite repression of three different genes in yeasts: SUC2, CYC1, and GAL10 . The results indicate that hxk1 or hxk2 single null mutants can ferment fructose but that hxk1 hxk2 double mutants cannot . The hxk2 single mutant, as well as the double mutant, failed to show catabolite repression in all three systems, while the hxk1 null mutation had little or no effect on catabolite repression.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Nov, 63(5), 1649 - 62
Grain processing effects on starch utilization by ruminants; Theurer CB; Starch utilization may be markedly enhanced by proper grain processing; however, extent of improvement is primarily dependent upon the ruminant species, grain source and method of processing . Grain processing has less impact on starch digestion by sheep than cattle . The magnitude of improvement is inverse to the starch digestion values for nonprocessed (or minimally processed) grains . Utilization of sorghum grain starch is improved most by extensive processing, and then corn, with little improvement in barley starch digestion . Studies comparing processing effects on barley or wheat starch utilization by cattle were not found . Steam-flaking consistently improves digestibility of starch by cattle fed corn- or sorghum grain-based diets over whole, ground or dry-rolled processes . Other extensive processing methods appear to enhance starch digestibility of corn and sorghum grain to a similar extent as steam-flaking, but comparative data are too limited to quantitate adequately effects of these methods . This improvement in starch utilization appears to be the primary reason for enhanced feed conversion of cattle fed diets high in these processed grains . The major site of cereal grain starch digestion is usually the rumen . Processing increases microbial degradation of starch in the rumen and decreases amounts of starch digested post-ruminally . Rates of in vitro amylolytic attack of starch in cereal grains by both ruminal microbial and pancreatic enzyme sources are improved by processing methods employing proper combinations of moisture, heat and pressure . In vitro and in situ studies suggest that much of the increase in ruminal starch fermentation with steam-flaking is due to changes in starch granular structure, which produces additive effects beyond those of decreasing particle size . Thus, efficiency of ruminal starch fermentation by cattle appears to be improved by proper processing of corn and sorghum grain . Processing and grain source studies both suggest that maximal total tract starch digestibility is positively related to the extent of digestion in the rumen.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Nov, 52(5), 975 - 81
Magnesium limitation and its role in apparent toxicity of ethanol during yeast fermentation; Dombek KM et al.; The rate of ethanol production per milligram of cell protein begins to decline in the early stage of batch fermentation before high concentrations of ethanol have accumulated . In yeast extract-peptone medium (20% glucose), this initial decline appears to be related to growth and to result in part from a nutrient deficiency . The addition of yeast extract, peptone, and ashed preparations of these restored the ability of glucose-reconstituted medium (in which cells had been previously grown) to support vigorous growth . Magnesium was identified as the active component . Supplementing fermentations with 0.5 mM magnesium prolonged exponential growth, resulting in increased yeast cell mass . The addition of magnesium also reduced the decline in fermentative activity (micromoles of CO2 evolved per hour per milligram of protein) during the completion of batch fermentations . These two effects reduced the time required for the conversion of 20% glucose into ethanol by 1/3 with no measurable loss in ethanol yield (98% of theoretical maximum yield) . It is possible that some of the reported beneficial effects of complex nutrients (soy flour and yeast extract) for ethanol production also result from the correction of a simple inorganic ion deficiency, such as magnesium.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Nov, 52(5), 1055 - 9
Direct fermentation of potato starch to ethanol by cocultures of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Abouzied MM et al.; Direct fermentation of unhydrolyzed potato starch to ethanol by monocultures of an amylolytic fungus, Aspergillus niger, and cocultures of A . niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated . Amylolytic activity, rate and amount of starch utilization, and ethanol yields increased several-fold in coculture versus the monoculture due to the synergistic metabolic interactions between the species . Optimal ethanol yields were obtained in the pH range 5 to 6 and amylolytic activity was obtained in the pH range 5 to 8 . Ethanol yields were maximal when fermentations were conducted anaerobically . Increasing S . cerevisiae inoculum in the coculture from 4 to 12% gave a dramatic increase in the rate of ethanol production, and ethanol yields of greater than 96% of the theoretical maximum were obtained within 2 days of fermentation . These results indicate that simultaneous fermentation of starch to ethanol can be conducted efficiently by using cocultures of the amylolytic fungus A . niger and a nonamylolytic sugar fermenter, S . cerevisiae.

N Engl Reg Allergy Proc, 1986 Nov-Dec, 7(6), 533 - 42
Adverse reactions to food additives; Simon RA; There are thousands of agents that are intentionally added to the food that we consume . These include preservatives, stabilizers, conditioners, thickeners, colorings, flavorings, sweeteners, antioxidants, etc . etc . Yet only a surprisingly small number have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions . Amongst all the additives, FD&C dyes have been most frequently associated with adverse reactions . Tartrazine is the most notorious of them all; however, critical review of the medical literature and current Scripps Clinic studies would indicate that tartrazine has been confirmed to be at best only occasionally associated with flares of urticaria or asthma . There is no convincing evidence in the literature of reactivity to the other azo or nonazo dyes . This can also be said of BHA/BHT, nitrites/nitrates and sorbates . Parabens have been shown to elicit IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions when used as pharmaceutical preservatives; however, as with the other additives noted above, ingested parabens have only occasionally been associated with adverse reactions . MSG, the cause of the 'Chinese restaurant syndrome' has only been linked to asthma in one report . Sulfiting agents used primarily as food fresheners and to control microbial growth in fermented beverages have been established as the cause of any where from mild to severe and even fatal reactions in at least 5% of the asthmatic population . Other reactions reported to follow sulfite ingestion include anaphylaxis, gastro intestinal complaints and dermatological eruptions . The prevalence of these non asthmatic reactions is unknown . The mechanism of sulfite sensitive asthma is also unknown but most likely involves hyperreactivity to inhale SO2 in the great majority of cases; however, there are reports of IgE mediated reactions and other sulfite sensitive asthmatics have been found with low levels of sulfite oxidase; necessary to oxidize endogenous sulfite to sulfate.

J Clin Periodontol, 1986 Nov, 13(10), 950 - 6
Clinical uses of an enzyme-containing dentifrice; Midda M et al.; Previous studies have shown that the inclusion of certain enzymes in mouthrinses and dentifrices will reduce plaque and gingivitis scores . The enzymes that are most effective clinically have, as their active ingredients, amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase . These produce hydrogen peroxide from dietary fermentable carbohydrates which in turn converts thiocyanate to hypothiocyanite in the presence of salivary lactoperoxidase . The resultant hypothiocyanite acts as a bacterial inhibitor by interfering with cell metabolism; thus, there is a reduction in plaque accumulation and therefore in gingival inflammation . Pilot studies have compared over a short period the action of the trial dentifrice with enzymes and fluoride at 1100 ppm, using as controls the paste without enzymes but with fluoride and a commercial fluoride paste . There was an expected reduction in all scores with all products due to the mechanical removal of plaque, but a significantly greater reduction in gingivitis was noted in the paste with enzymes . This study is of longer duration with many more subjects . Baseline data include plaque and gingival indices and Periotron readings for crevicular fluid . The trial is of a double-blind non-crossover study design using a split-mouth technique . One side of the mouth is given a prophylaxis and the subject given one of the 3 test pastes to use . Readings were repeated every 2 weeks for 3 months . The results show a significant reduction in gingivitis scores in the enzyme-containing dentifrice group.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Nov, 63(5), 1547 - 60
The role of ciliate protozoa in nutrition of the ruminant; Veira DM; The effects of ciliate protozoa on the ruminal ecosystem, digestion in different parts of the gut, the nature of nutrients available for absorption and their effects upon the nutrition and productivity of their host are reviewed . Compared with fauna-free ruminants, the presence of ciliate protozoa results in a more stable ruminal fermentation, higher levels of ammonia, reduced numbers of bacteria, as well as changes in dry matter (%), liquid volume and turnover rate of ruminal contents . Associated with these differences in the rumen are higher ruminal and total tract digestion of organic matter and fiber in faunated animals . A reduction in net microbial synthesis and an increase in dietary protein degradation in the rumen results in the flow of protein to the small intestine being lower in faunated ruminants . The major nutritional effect of the ciliate protozoa is to change the ratio of protein to energy in the nutrients absorbed, with faunated animals having lower protein and higher energy availabilities compared with ciliate-free ruminants . Of the nutrients available for absorption, the ciliates have no consistent effect on the proportions of volatile fatty acids or amino acids . However, there is evidence that hydrogenation of lipids is increased, as is the supply of choline, and that the bioavailability of copper is reduced by the presence of ciliates . Defaunation of young growing ruminants that are fed high energy diets, containing low levels of ruminal nondegradable protein, results in increased growth rate and feed efficiency . It is unlikely, with the possible exception of wool growth, that there are other situations in which defaunation will be beneficial; and it is more likely to be detrimental to animal productivity . It remains to be determined whether manipulation of the types of ciliate protozoa in the rumen could improve animal performance . Information for this review was largely derived from comparisons of faunated and fauna-free animals . However, it is indicated that there are large differences in protozoa numbers and types between naturally faunated individuals in the same flock or herd, and that the effects of such variations on their host's nutrition are unknown.

Mol Cell Biol, 1986 Nov, 6(11), 3891 - 9
Structural and functional analysis of the MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Charron MJ et al.; We describe the isolation of a 22.6-kilobase fragment of DNA containing the MAL1 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Our results demonstrate that the MAL1 locus, like the MAL6 locus, is a complex locus containing three genes . These genes were organized similarly to their MAL6 counterparts . We refer to them as MAL11, MAL12, and MAL13 and show that they are functionally homologous to the MAL61 (encoding maltose permease), MAL62 (encoding maltase), and MAL63 (encoding the positive regulator) genes of the MAL6 locus . Transcription from each of the three genes was analyzed in a strain carrying the undisrupted MAL1 locus and in strains carrying single disruptions in each of the MAL1 genes . The MAL1 and MAL1 loci were found to be highly sequence homologous and conserved throughout the region containing these three genes . The strain used to isolate the MAL1 locus also carried the tightly linked SUC1 gene . The SUC1 gene was found to be located on the same 22.6-kilobase fragment containing the MAL1 locus and 5 kilobases from the 3' end of the MAL12 gene . The meaning of these results with regard to the mechanism of regulation of maltose fermentation is discussed.

Am J Vet Res, 1986 Nov, 47(11), 2431 - 4
Prevalence of K88, K99, and 987P pili of Escherichia coli in neonatal pigs with enteric colibacillosis; Evans MG et al.; One hundred nineteen live neonatal pigs with diarrhea less than or equal to 2 weeks old were euthanatized, and frozen sections of their ilea were submitted to an indirect fluorescent antibody technique to identify K88, K99, and 987P pili (also referred to as F-4, F-5, and F-6 pili, respectively) in Escherichia coli . Ten-centimeter ileal sections were used to determine numbers of lactose-fermenting bacteria . Of 52 pigs in which E coli pili were found, 14 had K88 (27%), 23 had K99 (44%), 13 had 987P (25%), and 2 had K88 and K99 simultaneously (4%) . Numbers of lactose-fermenting bacteria were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher in pigs with piliated E coli than in pigs without piliated E coli . Results of this study indicated that piliated E coli are a major cause of enteric disease in neonatal swine in Michigan, and that in pigs less than or equal to 2 weeks of age, K99 was the most frequently encountered pilus antigen.

FEBS Lett, 1986 Oct 27, 207(2), 258 - 61
Inactivation of the galactose transport system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; DeJuan C et al.; The galactose transport system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae consists of one component which shows a Km value of approx . 4mM in growing cells . A rapid and irreversible inactivation of this transport is detected on impairment of protein synthesis . This inactivation shows the following characteristics: (i) it is due to changes in the Km and Vmax of the transport system; (ii) it follows first-order kinetics; (iii) it is an energy-dependent process and is stimulated by the presence of an exogenous carbon source; (iv) fermentable sub-dependent process and is stimulated by the presence of an exogenous carbon source; (iv) fermentable substrates stimulate inactivation more efficiently than non-fermentable substrates.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Oct, 69(10), 2648 - 57
Effects of ruminal exposure on the amino acid profile of heated and formaldehyde-treated soybean meal; Crooker BA et al.; Rumen cannulated Holstein steers, fed corn silage and a corn-soybean grain mixture twice a day, were used to compare the effectiveness of heat and formaldehyde treatments in preserving the amino acid profile of soybean meal exposed to ruminal fermentation for 12 h . Formaldehyde treatments were 0, .3, .6, and .9 g/100 g soybean meal . Defatted soybean flakes treated at 250, 250, 215, and 180 degrees C for 30, 20, 20, and 25 min, respectively, and unheated soybean meal comprised the heat treatments . The in situ polyester bag technique was used to obtain estimates of ruminal degradation of the treated and untreated soybean meals and to obtain undegraded residues from the soybean meals following 12 h of rumen exposure . Diaminopimelic acid was used to assess the extent of bacterial contamination . Significant amounts of apparent diaminopimelic acid were detected in unexposed samples (2.0 to 7.6% of soybean nitrogen) and in residues (4.8 to 12.7% of residue nitrogen) . Significant differences in amino acid contents were detected between untreated and heat-treated soybean meals and their respective residues . Formaldehyde treatment was effective in preserving the original amino acid profile of soybean meal.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Oct, 69(10), 2616 - 21
In vitro fermentation of sugars, grains, and by-product feeds in relation to initiation of ruminal lactate production; Cullen AJ et al.; In vitro fermentations of various sugars, grains, and by-products were conducted to investigate the relationships between soluble carbohydrates and initiation of ruminal lactate production . Fermentation of hexose sugars, both monosaccharides and disaccharides, resulted in greater accumulation of lactate than did fermentation of pentoses . Results of fermentation of grains and by-products, in order of greatest to least potential to produce lactic acid, were steam-flaked barley = barley = wheat greater than moisture corn = sorghum grain . Water-soluble fractions of the grains and by-products were more rapidly fermented to lactate than the insoluble fractions . Combining 10% soluble fractions from wheat, barley, and steam-flaked barley with 90% insoluble fractions from corn resulted in significant increases in lactate concentration . Analysis of sugar composition of these water soluble materials indicated that monosaccharides and disaccharides constitute 23 to 46% by weight . Data suggest that water-soluble materials play a role in initiation of lactate production from grains, and further production is dependent on starch fermentability.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Oct, 39(10), 1395 - 406
Kibdelins (AAD-609), novel glycopeptide antibiotics . II . Isolation, purification and structure; Folena-Wasserman G et al.; A new glycopeptide antibiotic complex was isolated from the fermentation culture of Kibdelosporangium aridum subsp . largum (SK&F AAD-609) by affinity chromatography on a D-alanyl-D-alanine agarose column . This major components of the complex were resolved by preparative reversed-phase HPLC . Mild acid hydrolysis showed that the new antibiotics have the same mannosyl aglycon (2) as the aridicins . FAB mass spectrometry, isoelectric focusing, potentiometric titration and carbohydrate and fatty acid analyses were used to determine the structures of the five major components of the complex . These studies showed that the kibdelins differ from the aridicins only in the oxidation level at the C-6 position of the amino sugar . Kibdelin A (5), B (6), C1 (7), C2 (8) and D (9) are a series of N-acylglucosamine analogs containing saturated straight and branched chain C10-C12 fatty acids whereas, in kibdelin D the fatty acid component is (Z)-4-decenoic acid.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Oct, 39(10), 1361 - 7
L-681,217, a new and novel member of the efrotomycin family of antibiotics; Kempf AJ et al.; L-681,217 is a new broad spectrum antibiotic isolated from fermentation broth . The compound is a structurally unique member of the efrotomycin family of growth permittant antibiotics.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Oct, 63(4), 1246 - 57
Ruminal changes in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture; Katz MP et al.; Microbial and fermentation changes in the rumen in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture were studied using genetically bloat-susceptible, ruminally-cannulated adult cattle . Monensin at .66 and .99 mg/kg body weight daily reduced the severity of legume bloat by 41 and 73%, respectively . The same doses of lasalocid reduced bloat by 25 and 12% . Comparison of ruminal contents from animals before treatment with ruminal contents from antibiotic-treated animals showed no differences in pH, ammonia, soluble N, soluble carbohydrate, ethanol-precipitable slime and anaerobic bacterial counts . Monensin treatment decreased protozoal numbers and microbial activity, as evidenced by lower gas production from in vitro fermentation of ground alfalfa hay when compared to pretreatment . Lasalocid had no effect on protozoal counts and in vitro gas production . Addition of monensin or lasalocid (12 micrograms/ml) to in vitro fermentation of chopped, fresh alfalfa reduced microbial activity as evidenced by higher soluble N, lower ammonia concentration and decreased gas production . Monensin reduced the amount of ethanol-precipitable slime and protozoal numbers . Reduction in the severity of bloat when monensin was fed appears to be due to decreased protozoal numbers, which resulted in decreased gas production . Lasalocid did not reduce legume bloat because of its minimal effect on the ruminal protozoa.

Gastroenterology, 1986 Oct, 91(4), 853 - 60
Influence of the oropharyngeal microflora on the measurement of exhaled breath hydrogen; Thompson DG et al.; We investigated the possible contribution made by oropharyngeal microfloral fermentation of ingested carbohydrate to the generation of the early, transient exhaled breath hydrogen rise seen after carbohydrate ingestion . Ten subjects ate or were sham fed carbohydrate-containing meals with and without prior chlorhexidine mouthwash during serial collection of exhaled breath and mouth hydrogen samples . Meal ingestion and sham feeding both induced significant (p less than 0.01) elevations of breath and mouth hydrogen that were virtually abolished by prior chlorhexidine mouthwash . In 7 subjects, delivery of the meal directly into the stomach via an orogastric tube did not cause a breath or mouth hydrogen rise . Oral contents incubated anaerobically in vitro with carbohydrate generated hydrogen that was again inhibited by chlorhexidine . These studies indicate that fermentation of ingested carbohydrate by oropharyngeal bacteria can contribute significantly to measured breath hydrogen values soon after meal ingestion, and may introduce avoidable error into the interpretation of serial breath hydrogen data.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Oct, 39(10), 1368 - 77
Propioxatins A and B, new enkephalinase B inhibitors . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties; Inaoka Y et al.; A soil isolate of actinomycete, strain SANK 60684, was found to produce new enkephalinase B inhibitors, propioxatins A and B . The presence of both LL- and meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid, glycine and galactose in the cell wall assigned this strain to genus Kitasatosporia . From the morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, this strain was determined to be Kitasatosporia setae . The Ki values of propioxatins A and B were 1.3 X 10(-8)M and 1.1 X 10(-7)M, respectively, for enkephalinase B . All other proteases examined except aminopeptidases, which were slightly inhibited, were not inhibited by these two compounds.

Clin Gastroenterol, 1986 Oct, 15(4), 787 - 814
Volatile fatty acids: their production, absorption, utilization, and roles in human health; Fleming SE et al.; The evidence shows that microbial fermentation of carbohydrates and endogenous substrates occurs in the large intestine of humans and that VFA represent a major endproduct . The large number of bacterial species, the complex nature of their interactions, and the endproducts of their fermentation processes are all likely to have significance in human health . Fermentation in the human intestine resembles rumen fermentation with respect to the metabolic pathways involved in anaerobic degradation of organic matter and in the concentrations of VFA endproducts . Thus, rumen bacteria are useful for understanding the dynamics and potential interactions of human intestinal bacteria . Current research is directed towards examining fermentation processes in animals, such as the pig and some species of monkey, since these animals most closely resemble the human . From such animal studies the metabolic activities of VFA and the processes by which they are produced and absorbed can be more clearly investigated and understood . The effects of diet on the microflora and on the metabolic pathways leading to the generation of VFA are under investigation . Modification of diet seems the most likely way of modifying the extent to which VFA are produced and absorbed by the human . As methodologies and protocols for evaluating human intestinal fermentation in vivo are revised and made more sensitive, the significance of fermentation will become more clearly understood . However, it appears that VFA make a physiologically significant contribution to the health of the colonic mucosa, and to the energy supply of the host . The magnitude of these effects is probably influenced by diet.

Clin Gastroenterol, 1986 Oct, 15(4), 763 - 85
Comparative physiology of the mammalian colon and suggestions for animal models of human disorders; Stevens CE et al.; The large intestine is absent from the digestive tract of some mammals and shows a considerable degree of gross structural variation among the other species . The cecum serves as the major site for digesta retention and microbial fermentation in lagomorphs, most rodents, and many herbivorous marsupials, but the proximal colon appears to serve this purpose in most other mammals . The VFA end-products of microbial fermentation play an important role in the normal secretory and absorptive processes of the colon . Among those species that have received the most extensive study, the pig appears to have a colon most similar to that of humans in its gross structural and absorptive characteristics.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1986 Oct, 83(20), 8012 - 4
Aristotle revisited: the function of pyloric caeca in fish; Buddington RK et al.; The function of the pyloric caeca of fish has been uncertain since their detailed description in 345 B.C . by Aristotle . He suggested three hypotheses about their function: "to store up the food," "putrify it up," and "concoct it" (i.e., storage, fermentation, and digestion) . Our results for trout, cod, largemouth bass, and striped bass support the third but not the first or second of Aristotle's theories . In all four species, the caeca prove to be a major site of sugar, amino acid, and dipeptide uptake, contributing more uptake than the entire remaining alimentary tract in trout and cod . Caecal brush-border membranes contain hydrolytic enzymes . X-ray plates taken at various times after trout had ingested radioopaque marker, and observations of trout fed blue dye plus glass beads of graded sizes, show that caeca fill and empty of food with the same time course as proximal intestine . Thus, whereas the caeca of mammals and birds serve as fermentation chambers, fish caeca are an adaptation to increase gut surface area.

Proteins, 1986 Oct, 1(2), 139 - 45
Isolation and characterization of native human renin derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells; Poorman RA et al.; Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a plasmid containing the cDNA for human preprorenin has provided cell lines that secrete 15 mg of native prorenin per liter of culture medium . Tryptic activation of the prorenin occurs by selective cleavage of the Arg66-Leu67 bond (numbering as in preprorenin) . The renin product, purified in a single step and in high yield by affinity chromatography, is fully stable for as long as 8 months when stored in solution at 4 degrees C and pH 6.5 . Purity of the renin was judged to be greater than 95% by gel electrophoresis, compositional and N-terminal sequence analyses, and specific enzyme activity . An important aspect of the present work is the development of a direct assay for renin which permits accurate and reproducible evaluation of enzyme units and kinetic parameters . Application of methods described herein, combined with appropriate scale-up fermentation capabilities, provides the means for generating gram quantities of human renin and its zymogen.

Microbiologia, 1986 Oct, 2(2), 97 - 103
Production of some enzymes in the autolysis of the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor in fermenter; Gomez-Alarcon G et al.; The autolysis and production of some extracellular enzymes by Coriolus versicolor was studied in submerged cultures . After 48 days of incubation the fungus lost 31% of its maximum dry weight . 1.3-beta-glucanase was excreted at the beginning of autolysis and proteases were present during the course of the experiment . On the other hand, laccase was produced in very small amount in the first days of incubation, reaching the maximum activity at the 8th-day of autolysis.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Oct, 69(10), 2755 - 66
Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion; Hoover WH; In the United States, cattle are commonly fed diets containing cereal grains . The presence of starch and sugars reduces fiber digestion, which may in turn depress intake . In this paper, chemical constraints that may be responsible for the decrease in fiber digestion are explored . A major factor appears to be rumen pH . Moderate depression in pH, to approximately 6.0, results in a small decrease in fiber digestion, but numbers of fibrolytic organisms are usually not affected . Further decreases to 5.5 or 5.0 result in depressed growth rates and decreased fibrolytic microbes, and fiber digestion may be completely inhibited . Proliferation of organisms on readily fermentable carbohydrates may increase the need for total nitrogen as both ammonia and amino acids . The value of amino acids to cellulolytic organisms appears to be primarily as sources of isobutyric, isovaleric, and 2-methylbutyric acids . This reinforces the need to establish dietary requirements for nonprotein nitrogen, degradable protein, and isoacids . Other factors affecting fiber digestion, such as inhibition of cellulytic enzymes and plant concentrations of lignins and phenyl propanoids, are also discussed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Oct, 52(4), 892 - 7
Utilization of ornithine and arginine as specific precursors of clavulanic acid; Romero J et al.; Ornithine and arginine (5 to 20 mM), but not glutamic acid or proline, exerted a concentration-dependent stimulatory effect on the biosynthesis of clavulanic acid in both resting-cell cultures and long-term fermentations of Streptomyces clavuligerus . Ornithine strongly inhibited cephamycin biosynthesis in the same strain . {1-14C}-, {5-14C}-, or {U-14 C} ornithine was efficiently incorporated into clavulanic acid, whereas the incorporation of uniformly labeled glutamic acid was very poor . {U-14C} citrulline were not incorporated at all . Mutant nca-1, a strain that is blocked in clavulanic acid biosynthesis, did not incorporate arginine into clavulanic acid . S . clavuligerus showed arginase activity, converting arginine into ornithine, but not amidinotransferase activity . Both arginase activity and clavulanic acid formation were enhanced simultaneously by supplementing the production medium with 10 mM arginine.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1986 Oct, 61(4), 315 - 8
A note on the use of cross-linked starch in microbiology with special reference to detecting amylase production; Modi DC et al.; Anilogel-E, a cross-linked starch, can be used with distinct advantages where native starch or soluble starch are conventionally used, e.g . in scoring for amylolytic organisms, as an ingredient of fermentation media, and in enhancing protoplast regeneration . It is particularly useful for the direct visualization of amylase producing micro-organisms on solid media, making prior replication of colonies unnecessary.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Sep, 69(9), 2312 - 20
Effect of rumen ammonia concentration on in situ rate and extent of digestion of feedstuffs; Erdman RA et al.; Three dry Holstein cows fitted with rumen fistula were fed a 7.4% crude protein diet consisting of 47.4% corn, 50% cottonseed hulls, and 2.6% minerals and vitamins during a 44-d experiment . Treatments consisted of rumen infusion, 0, 33, 67, and 100 g/d of urea nitrogen applied in a four period Youden Square design . Increasing urea infusion increased rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen from 4.3 to 25.0 mg/dl . Estimated effective dry matter degradation based on in situ rates of digestion were increased from 67.9 to 74.4% for corn and 77.5 to 80.3% for soybean meal with maximums at 100 g/d infused urea nitrogen . Up to 67 g/d infused nitrogen increased dry matter degradation of corn gluten feed from 67.0 to 71.4% and cottonseed meal dry matter degradation from 56.7 to 60.1% . Alfalfa hay dry matter and neutral detergent fiber degradation were not increased by urea infusion . Minimum rumen ammonia required in feeds in this trial were pooled with literature data and suggest that lowest ammonia concentrations required for maximal digestion was a function of the rumen fermentability of the diet or feed . The equation: minimum ammonia concentration (mg/dl) = .452 fermentability % - 15.71, accounted for 50% of the variation in minimum ammonia requirements . We conclude that rumen ammonia concentrations required for maximum digestion are not constant but rather are a function of fermentability of the diet.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Sep, 69(9), 2298 - 303
Aspects of the regulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation in bovine liver; Jesse BW et al.; Factors involved in regulation of bovine hepatic fatty acid oxidation were examined using liver slices . Fatty acid oxidation was measured as the conversion of 1-{14C} palmitate to 14CO2 and total {14C} acid-soluble metabolites . Extended (5 to 7 d) fasting of Holstein cows had relatively little effect on palmitate oxidation to acid-soluble metabolites by liver slices, although oxidation to CO2 was decreased . Feeding a restricted roughage, high concentrate ration to lactating cows resulted in inhibition of palmitate oxidation . Insulin, glucose, and acetate inhibited palmitate oxidation by bovine liver slices . We suggest the regulation of bovine hepatic fatty acid oxidation may be less dependent on hormonally induced alterations in enzyme activity as observed in rat liver and more dependent upon action of rumen fermentation products or their metabolites on enzyme systems involved in fatty acid oxidation.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 Sep, 30(3), 458 - 64
Antifungal macrodiolide from Streptomyces sp; Jois HR et al.; Aerobic fermentation cultures of Streptomyces sp . produced an antifungal macrodiolide . This new antibiotic consists of two units of homononactic acid linked to form a cyclic diester . An unknown polypeptide was also isolated in trace quantities . The antibiotic with polypeptide complex showed high levels of antifungal activity compared with that of the macrodiolide alone . The macrodiolide also showed a stimulatory effect on some species of fungi . The production, purification, and characterization of these compounds are reported.

Anal Biochem, 1986 Sep, 157(2), 360 - 6
Determination of 2-keto-L-gulonic and other ketoaldonic and aldonic acids produced by ketogenic bacterial fermentation; Lazarus RA et al.; The quantitative analysis of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) produced by microbial fermentation is described . 2-KLG is separated from other aldonic and ketoaldonic acids by high-performance liquid chromatography on an Aminex anion exchange column with ammonium formate or potassium phosphate as the eluant . This is a rapid and simple method for routine analysis of a large number of samples generated by fermentation studies . Gas chromatography--mass spectrometry permits the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nanogram levels of 2-keto-L-gulonate in complex media and provides confirmation of the HPLC results . The methodologies presented are useful for the analysis of a number of aldonic and ketoaldonic acids.

Res Vet Sci, 1986 Sep, 41(2), 251 - 6
Effect of lasalocid, monensin and thiopeptin on rumen protozoa; Dennis SM et al.; The effects of lasalocid, monensin and thiopeptin on the total number and the generic composition of rumen protozoa were determined in vivo and in vitro . Feeding lasalocid or monensin to cattle on either high grain or high roughage diets reduced total protozoal counts . Addition of lasalocid or monensin (6 to 48 micrograms ml-1) to the in vitro rumen fermentation resulted in marked reduction in protozoal numbers . The inhibition was dose dependent . Thiopeptin had no effect on rumen protozoa either in vivo or in vitro . Among the protozoal types, holotrichs (Dasytricha, Isotricha and Charonina) were unaffected by either lasalocid or monensin . Among the entodiniomorphs, Entodinium, Diplodinium and Ophryoscolex were more sensitive than the other types . Ophryoscolex purkynei was more sensitive to monensin than to lasalocid . Protozoal inhibition by lasalocid and monensin was transient because prolonged antibiotic feeding resulted in the selection of a resistant population in the rumen of cattle.

Poult Sci, 1986 Sep, 65(9), 1765 - 70
Nutritional value of aerobically fermented poultry manure and offal (Fermway) for broiler chicks; Dafwang II et al.; The nutritional value of two samples of an aerobically fermented poultry product (Fermway) were evaluated for broiler chicks . Fermway is a combination of broiler house litter and offal from a broiler processing plant . A significant (P less than .05) growth stimulation was obtained with one sample at 8 to 16% of the diet . Feed efficiency generally improved, but the effect was not significant . Gizzard weight was also significantly increased.

Am J Vet Res, 1986 Sep, 47(9), 2020 - 4
Breath hydrogen concentration and small intestinal malabsorption in calves; Holland RE et al.; Breath hydrogen concentrations were measured to assess intestinal carbohydrate malabsorption in preruminating calves . Oral administration of 1.25 g of lactulose (a nonabsorbable carbohydrate)/kg to calves produced breath hydrogen concentrations significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than values determined after calves were fed milk and before the treatment was given . This indicates that, in the calf, fermentation of nonabsorbed carbohydrates results in increased breath hydrogen values . To induce small intestinal malabsorption, chloramphenicol was administered orally at 50 mg/kg, 2 times a day, to 5 calves for 3 days . Before therapy was started, each calf was fitted with a duodenal cannula to facilitate collection of intestinal mucosal biopsy samples during treatment . Chloramphenicol therapy significantly (P less than 0.001) increased breath hydrogen concentrations from those values measured after calves were fed milk alone . Concurrently, chloramphenicol administration significantly decreased intestinal villous length (P less than 0.001) and D-xylose absorption (P less than 0.05), compared with those values before treatment was given . These results demonstrate that decreased intestinal absorptive capacity is associated with an increase in breath hydrogen concentrations and that breath hydrogen may be useful in evaluating malabsorption in calves with naturally occurring enteric disease.

J Nutr, 1986 Sep, 116(9), 1694 - 700
Effects of food restriction and starvation-refeeding on volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rat; Illman RJ et al.; Adult male rats were fed either ad libitum or at levels of 19 or 15 g of nonpurified diet per rat daily or subjected to 48 h of starvation followed by 24 h of refeeding . Concentrations of total and individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) in cecal contents were higher in rats fed ad libitum than in those restricted to 19 or 15 g/d . Only butyrate concentration was lower in rats given 15 g/d than in those given 19 g/d . In starved animals all cecal VFA declined within 24 h of food removal, but the greatest change was in butyrate, which fell to less than 12% of the initial value . Acetate and propionate fell further after 48 h, but their concentrations were restored to control values within 24 h of refeeding while butyrate remained depressed by 50% . Cecal pH was closely related to total VFA concentration, although the highest degree of correlation was with butyrate . Hepatic portal venous plasma VFA concentrations generally reflected those in cecal digesta except that the proportion of butyrate was relatively lower in this blood vessel than in cecal contents . Under all conditions acetate was the only VFA found in arterial plasma and in the fully fed state was lower than in hepatic portal venous plasma . Food restriction and starvation did not alter arterial concentrations, indicating abolition of net uptake . We conclude that all VFA are affected by availability of fermentable material to the large bowel microflora but that the disproportionate changes in butyrate may reflect preferential use of this acid by cells of the large bowel wall.

J Infect, 1986 Sep, 13(2), 133 - 42
Infections caused by Kingella kingae: report of four cases and review; Verbruggen AM et al.; Kingella kingae, formerly known as Moraxella kingae, is a fastidious, non-motile, coccobacillary, fermentative Gram-negative rod that has been chiefly associated with two types of infections in man: bone and joint infections, and endocarditis . We describe four patients with K . kingae infections, one with septicaemia, two with endocarditis, and one with osteoarthritis . The current literature on infections with K . kingae is reviewed.

Br J Nutr, 1986 Sep, 56(2), 369 - 78
Abnormal fermentations in continuous cultures of rumen micro-organisms given cobalt-deficient hay or barley as the food substrate; McDonald P et al.; 1 . Four experiments, each with four concurrent continuous cultures of rumen micro-organisms, were used to investigate the effects of inoculum, food substrate and cobalt supplementation on the course of fermentation and vitamin B12 synthesis . The inocula came from sheep receiving either a Co-rich, complete diet (Ruminant A: Expts 1, 2 and 4) or a Co-deficient hay (Expt 3) . In Expt 2, inocula from different donors were used for each culture but for other experiments they were pooled . Co-deficient hay was used as the initial substrate and Co-supplements were given after 8-54 d Co-depletion . 2 . In three of four experiments, two using a pooled inoculum, uncharacteristically low acetate (Ac) and high propionate (Pr) outputs were obtained from the hay substrate in some cultures . In all, six cultures gave Ac:Pr values in the effluent less than 2:1 and, in Expt 3, the differences remained evident for at least 6 d after a change to a Co-deficient barley substrate . 3 . Abnormal cultures gave lower cobalamin (cbl) and vitamin B12 analogue outputs than normal cultures: when supplemented with Co they showed small responses in cbl and large responses in analogue output with a slow increase in Ac:Pr . 4 . We suggest that the use of Co-deficient substrates led to shifts in the microbial populations of some cultures, indicating the cbl-dependence of some species of rumen micro-organisms.

Plasmid, 1986 Sep, 16(2), 116 - 23
The insertion of large pieces of foreign genetic material reduces the stability of bacterial plasmids; Warnes A et al.; The stability of genetically engineered bacterial plasmids under continuous culture fermentation is of crucial importance in the application of microbiology to many processes of potential industrial importance . In order to determine the effect of inserting large pieces of foreign DNA on the stability of bacterial plasmids we have studied the behavior of pAT153 with DNA inserts of various sizes derived from cytomegalovirus . Foreign DNA up to 2 kb in length had no effect on stability, whereas the insertion of an 8-kb fragment resulted in a transient instability . This instability was overcome by the spontaneous appearance of leu+ cells in the culture . Insertion of a 21-kb DNA fragment resulted in a rapid loss of plasmid, which was not prevented by the appearance of leu+ cells . In all cases copy number analyses indicated that plasmid loss was due to segregational instability, probably because the plasmid placed an unacceptable metabolic load on the cell.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1986 Sep, 83(18), 6766 - 70
Secretion and processing of insulin precursors in yeast; Thim L et al.; A series of dibasic insulin precursors including proinsulin was expressed and secreted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Recombinant plasmids were constructed to encode fusion proteins consisting of a modified mating factor alpha 1 leader sequence and an insulin precursor . The leader sequence serves to direct the fusion protein into the secretory pathway of the cell and to expose it to the Lys-Arg processing enzyme system . The secreted peptides were purified from the fermentation broth and characterized by sequencing and amino acid analysis . Processing at one or both dibasic sequences was shown in proinsulin and in other insulin precursors containing a short spacer peptide in place of the C peptide . In contrast, no processing was observed in the absence of a spacer peptide in the insulin precursor molecule, e.g., B-Lys-Arg-A (where A and B are the A and B chain of human proinsulin, respectively) . This type of single-chain insulin precursors isolated from such constructions could be enzymatically converted into insulin by treatment with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B . The above results suggest that the C-peptide region of proinsulin serves to direct the trypsin-like converting enzyme to process at the two dibasic sequences . We propose that in hormone precursors in general the spacer peptides serve to expose dibasic sequences for processing.

Eur J Biochem, 1986 Sep 1, 159(2), 393 - 8
Coupling of carbon monoxide oxidation to CO2 and H2 with the phosphorylation of ADP in acetate-grown Methanosarcina barkeri; Bott M et al.; Cell suspensions of Methanosarcina barkeri, grown on acetate, catalyzed the conversion of carbon monoxide and H2O to CO2 and H2 in stoichiometric amounts when methane formation was inhibited by bromoethanesulfonate . The specific activity was 80-120 nmol min-1 mg protein-1 at 5% CO in the gas phase . CO oxidation was coupled with the phosphorylation of ADP as indicated by a rapid increase of the intracellular ATP level upon start of the reaction . At least 0.1 mol ATP was formed/mol CO consumed . The onset of CO oxidation was also accompanied by an increase of the proton motive force (delta p) from 100 mV to 150 mV (inside negative) . Addition of the uncoupler tetrachlorosalicylanilide to CO-metabolizing cells led to a rapid decrease of the ATP level and of delta p, and to an increase of the CO oxidation rate up to 70% . In the presence of the proton-translocating ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide the phosphorylation of ADP was inhibited and CO oxidation slowed down, whereas delta p was almost unaffected . Inhibition of CO oxidation under these conditions was relieved by the addition of the protonophore tetrachlorosalicylanilide . The results indicate that in acetate-grown M . barkeri the free-energy change associated with the formation of CO2 and H2 from CO and H2O (delta G degrees = -20 kJ/mol) can be used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP and that the coupling proceeds via a chemiosmotic mechanism . A possible role of the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction as an energy-conserving site in acetate fermentation to CH4 and CO2 is discussed.

Arch Tierernahr, 1986 Sep, 36(9), 839 - 50
{Nitrogen metabolism in the large intestine of ruminants . 3 . Microbial utilization of intracecally administered 14C- and 15N-marked urea in the large intestine of sheep in simultaneous intracecal administration of partially hydrolyzed straw meal}; Kijora C et al.; Two experiments were performed on sheep, receiving on maintenance level a pelleted straw ration high in crude fibre (straw, 70.5%; dried sugar beet pulp, 12%; cereals, 10%; urea, 2%; ammonium hydrogen carbonate, 3%; minerals 2,5%) . The animals were fitted with ileo-caecal re-entrant cannulas . The effects of the introduction of HC1-partly hydrolysed straw meal into the digesta of the large intestine on the digestion processes in that segment were studied . Under these conditions the metabolism of 14C and 15N labelled urea, which was given into the caecum, was estimated . In experiment 1 (E 1; 2 animals) unlabelled, precollected digesta were hourly reintroduced together with 14C and 15N labelled urea via the caecal cannula . In experiment 2 (E 2; 3 animals) the digesta were supplemented with partly hydrolysed straw meal (10% of the mean daily DM-intake with the ration) . The supplement of partly hydrolysed straw meal caused an increase of the 15N excretion with faeces from 13.4% (E 1) to 19.8% (E 2) of the dose . The 15N was mainly incorporated in the bacterial fraction (98% E 1; 96% E 2) . As a reason for the increased 15N incorporation into the bacterial fraction of 106.4 mg15N' in E 2 vs . 67.3 mg15N' in the experiment without straw meal supplement the higher supply of energy as fermentable carbohydrates was assumed.

Arch Tierernahr, 1986 Sep, 36(9), 827 - 37
Effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen on rumen fermentation and N-flow in the duodenum of sheep; Kayouli C et al.; In order to confirm earlier fragmentary results, the effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen on the fermentation pattern and flow of N-components in the proximal duodenum of two sheep was investigated . Defaunation had no effect on acetic acid as a proportion of the total volatile fatty acids in the rumen, while the proportions of propionic acid increased with a concomitant decrease in butyrate . Refaunation resulted in lower acetic acid and higher butyric acid proportions . The concentration of ammonia N in the rumen was clearly decreased after defaunation, already indicating an effect of the elimination of protozoa on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen . Defaunation also increased significantly the flow of total N, non ammonia N and individual and total amino acids in the proximal duodenum . Defaunation resulted in higher bacterial growth efficiency, significantly in one sheep, but the decrease after refaunation was statistically significant for both sheep . Determination of rumen digestibility of organic matter and acid detergent fibre (ADF) revealed lower values in the absence of the protozoa, while total digestibility was only influenced to a much lower extent . This indicated a shift of digestion from rumen to the lower digestive tract . Finally, earlier work is discussed in the light of the present findings.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Sep, 63(3), 923 - 32
Effect of sodium bicarbonate and sodium bentonite on digestion, solid and liquid flow, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of forage sorghum silage-based diets fed to steers; Jacques KA et al.; Six ruminally cannulated steers, five Holsteins and one Hereford (250 to 295 kg), were fed 84% forage sorghum silage plus 16% supplement or 50% forage sorghum silage plus concentrate and supplement diets containing either no addition (controls), 1% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or 2% sodium bentonite in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 6 X 6 Latin-square experiment with 3-wk periods . Sodium bicarbonate increased dry matter (DM) intake when concentrate was included, but neither compound affected intake of the 84% silage diet . Bentonite lowered DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibilities, but NDF disappearance from nylon bags was unchanged . Ruminal pH, osmolality and L(+) and D(-) lactate were not affected by treatment . Both NaHCO3 and bentonite tended to lower ruminal NH3-N concentrations . Bentonite lowered the molar proportion of isobutyrate in ruminal fluid relative to controls, but proportions of other volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total VFA concentrations were unchanged . Neither NaHCO3 nor bentonite affected ruminal liquid or solid volumes, dilution rate constants or ruminal outflow rates . Markers overestimated volumes, but correction with measured volumes did not change interpretation of treatment effects . It was concluded that control diets had sufficiently high baseline values of pH, dilution rate and acetate proportion to preclude changes induced by either compound, especially at 1 or 2% of DM intake . An effect on palatibility through neutralization of silage acids may have been responsible for the intake response to NaHCO3.

Mycopathologia, 1986 Sep, 95(3), 149 - 53
Moniliformin produced by cultures of Fusarium moniliforme Var . subglutinans isolated from swine feed; Vesonder RF; Feed samples from Iowa suspected of causing vomiting and enlarged vulva as well as mortalities of swine were examined for toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and F . moniliforme Sheldon var . subglutinans Wollenew . & Reink . accounted for 43% and 18.5%, respectively, of the total count of 4.75 X 10(5) propagules filamentous fungi per gram of swine feed, but representatives of various Penicillium spp . and Aspergillus spp . were also found . Eight isolates of F . moniliforme var . subglutinans from the feed produced 51-540 micrograms of moniliformin per g on cracked corn at 25 degrees C for six weeks . Zearalenone was not detected in these corn fermentations . Eight isolates of F . moniliforme from the feed did not produce detectable amounts of either zearalenone or monoliformin on cracked corn . Moniliformin was not detected in the feed samples.

S Afr Med J, 1986 Aug 16, 70(4), 199 - 200
Sugar-free liquid pharmaceuticals; Dangor CM et al.; With the reported increased incidence of dental disease in chronically ill children receiving sugar-containing medicines, health care personnel should be made aware of the availability of sucrose-free paediatric preparations . The list of sugar-free liquid preparations for oral use presented will require updating as more products are reformulated to avoid inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1986 Aug, 17(2), 171 - 82
An Indian herbal formula (SKV) for controlling voluntary ethanol intake in rats with chronic alcoholism; Shanmugasundaram ER et al.; Chronic ethanol ingestion in rats showed metabolic and physiological changes similar to alterations reported in human alcoholics . There was a lowering of blood glucose concentration, urea and plasma proteins and elevated concentrations of serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase . Administration of SKV, an Ayurvedic formula produced by fermentation of cane sugar with raisins and 12 herbal ingredients brought down voluntary ethanol ingestion in the rats and increased food intake . ECG and EEG studies in alcoholic rats showed cardiac depression, augmentation of frequency and amplitude of the alpha, delta and theta waves and weakness in the beta waves . These changes were reversed during SKV-induced voluntary alcohol restriction . The involvement in the ECG and EEG wave patterns was associated with improvement in blood glucose, plasma protein levels and reduction in gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activities . SKV appeared to have no adverse reaction with ethanol (it contains 1-2% ethanol) and appears to be a promising way to combat alcoholism.

Arch Tierernahr, 1986 Aug, 36(8), 741 - 7
Effect of the pH value when treating concentrate protein with formaldehyde on protein protection in the rumen; Schonhusen U et al.; Nine samples of soybean extracted meal were treated by fumigation in plastic bag with 0.5 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein, the pH ranging from 2.1 to 10.7 . The studies showed that with rising pH (x) the proportion of totally bound (y1, % of formaldehyde amount used) and irreversibly bound (y2) formaldehyde increased (y1 = 77.7 + 1.56x, y2 = 28.2 + 2.04x), whilst the reversible proportion remained constant (45.4% of formaldehyde amount used) . The lysine detectable (g/16 g N) after HCl hydrolysis was reduced due to pH raising (y = 101 - 0.67x) . Solubility and fermentability of the soybean protein in the rumen were found to rise though . Consequently, the formaldehyde content of the protein was positively correlated with the content of soluble N and fermentable N, respectively, and negatively correlated with the lysine content . These experimental results allow to conclude that the desired protein protection to be attained by treating soybean extracted meal with formaldehyde, is greatly influenced by the respective pH value . To reach maximum protection of the protein against microbial degradation in the rumen (N degradation after 12 hours incubation less than or equal to 20% of total N), the pH value should be below 5 . The contents of totally, reversibly or irreversibly bound formaldehyde does not allow any conclusion regarding the protein protection attained . The apparently increased binding rate of formaldehyde is presumably due to the fact that here the reaction stops at the stage of methylol formation (molar proportion 1:1) . Under the conditions of acid protein hydrolysis for lysine determination, the released formaldehyde obviously reacts irreversibly with the E-NH2 group of lysine.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Aug, 39(8), 1047 - 53
Capuramycin, a new nucleoside antibiotic . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization; Yamaguchi H et al.; A new antibiotic capuramycin was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus 446-S3 by adsorption and partition column chromatography . Based on its chemical structure being an uracil nucleoside with a caprolactam substituent, this substance was named as capuramycin . This paper describes the taxonomy of a producing organism, fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological properties of capuramycin.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1986 Aug 1, 189(3), 311 - 2
Isolation of group eugonic fermenter-4 bacteria from a cat with multifocal suppurative pneumonia; Drolet R et al.; A pure growth of Group Eugonic Fermenter-4 bacteria (gram-negative) was isolated from the lungs of an 11-year-old male domestic cat that had been ill for 2 days before death . Clinical signs included anorexia, severe dyspnea, and salivation . The lungs contained several firm, slightly raised, yellowish-gray, spherical nodules of various sizes . Purulent exudate was found in the pericardial sac and left pleural cavity . Histologic evaluation revealed multifocal suppurative pneumonia.

Pediatr Res, 1986 Aug, 20(8), 740 - 3
Absorption and oxidation of glucose polymers of different lengths in young infants; Shulman RJ et al.; Because mucosal glucoamylase is most active against glucose polymers less than 10 glucose units in length, longer chain polymers may not be completely absorbed by young infants . In order to investigate this possibility, the absorption and oxidation of 13C-rich glucose, short-chain (3 to 8 glucose units in length) and long-chain (average length 43 units) glucose polymers (GP) were compared in 12 healthy, 1-month-old infants . Recovery of the GP and glucose in stool was measured by determining the 13C enrichment of stool . The oxidation of the GP was measured by tracing the increase in breath 13CO2 after GP were fed . Carbohydrate malabsorbed in the small bowel was assessed by measurement of breath H2, a gas formed from the fermentation of carbohydrate in the colon . Analysis of the infants' stools revealed that one infant excreted 9.7% of the dose of glucose, another 6.7% of the dose of short-chain GP, and five infants excreted 2.6 to 18.5% (mean 8.4%) of the dose of long-chain GP . The percent of the administered dose recovered in breath was similar among substrates (mean = 28.7% of the dose fed) . A rise in breath H2 greater than 20 ppm was found in four of the 12 infants after the feeding of glucose, in five of 12 after the short-chain GP, and in six of 12 after the long-chain GP . None of the infants developed diarrhea . The results suggest that healthy young infants do not absorb long-chain GP as completely as they absorb short-chain GP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 1986 Aug, 64(8), 1055 - 9
Effect of insulin on gluconeogenesis and the metabolism of lactate in sheep; Brockman RP et al.; Owing to the fermentative nature of their digestion, ruminant animals are highly dependent upon gluconeogenesis to meet their glucose needs . The role of hormones in regulating this process is not clear . The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of insulin on the utilization of lactate in glucose synthesis in sheep . The euglycemic model was used in sheep . {U-14C}Lactate and {6-3H}glucose were infused to monitor lactate and glucose fluxes . Hepatic metabolism was measured using radioisotopic and venoarterial concentration difference techniques . Insulin concentrations increased from basal concentrations of 16 +/- 2 to 95 +/- 9 microU/mL . Insulin reduced the net hepatic utilization of lactate (303 +/- 43 vs . 120 +/- 27 mumol/min), hepatic extraction efficiency of lactate (29 +/- 4 vs . 9 +/- 2%), hepatic output of glucose (338 +/- 33 vs . 103 +/- 21 mumol/min), and incorporation of lactate into glucose (90 +/- 5 vs . 46 +/- 8 mumol/min) . Insulin at physiological levels can inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis in ruminants.

Mol Cell Biol, 1986 Aug, 6(8), 2757 - 65
Identification of a second trans-acting gene controlling maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis; Dubin RA et al.; Maltose fermentation in Saccharomyces spp . requires the presence of a dominant MAL locus . The MAL6 locus has been cloned and shown to encode the structural genes for maltose permease (MAL61), maltase (MAL62), and a positively acting regulatory gene (MAL63) . Induction of the MAL61 and MAL62 gene products requires the presence of maltose and the MAL63 gene . Mutations within the MAL63 gene produce nonfermenting strains unable to induce the two structural gene products . Reversion of these mal63 nonfermenters to maltose fermenters nearly always leads to the constitutive expression of maltase and maltose permease, and constitutivity is always linked to MAL6 . We demonstrated that for one such revertant, strain C2, constitutivity did not require the MAL63 gene, since deletion disruption of this gene did not affect the constitutive expression of the structural genes . In addition, constitutivity was trans acting . Deletion disruption of the MAL6-linked structural genes for maltase and maltose permease in this strain did not affect the constitutive expression of a second, unlinked maltase structural gene . We isolated new maltose-fermenting revertants of a nonfermenting strain which carried a deletion disruption of the MAL63 gene . All 16 revertants isolated expressed maltase constitutively . In one revertant studied in detail, strain R10, constitutive expression was demonstrated to be linked to MAL6, semidominant, trans acting, and residing outside the MAL63-MAL61-MAL62 genes . From these studies we propose the existence of a second trans-acting regulatory gene at the MAL6 locus . We call this new gene MAL64 . We mapped the MAL64 gene 2.3 centimorgans to the left of MAL63 . The role of the MAL64 gene product in maltose fermentation is discussed.

J Interferon Res, 1986 Aug, 6(4), 429 - 35
Production of recombinant mouse beta-interferon; Tanaka T et al.; A plasmid was constructed to express a mouse beta-interferon (IFN-beta) in Escherichia coli under the control of the modified tryptophan (trp) promoter . E . coli carrying the plasmid were cultivated in a minijar fermentor and synthesized up to 2.7 X 10(6) IU/ml of antiviral activity . At the end of the cultivation the cells became elongated and curved.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Aug, 39(8), 1155 - 9
Selective suppression by prodigiosin of the mitogenic response of murine splenocytes; Nakamura A et al.; In the course of screening for immunomodulating substances among microbial metabolites using a triple mitogen assay system, we detected an immunosuppressive activity which is similar to cyclosporin A . Two active components were isolated as red pigments from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hiroshimensis and they were identified with prodigiosin 25-C and metacycloprodigiosin respectively . These compounds inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation which was induced by plant lectins, concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), much more extensively than B lymphocyte proliferation which was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . Prodigiosin 25-C completely inhibited induction of cytotoxic T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) at 4 ng/ml.

J Biol Chem, 1986 Jul 5, 261(19), 8744 - 9
Mechanism of control of adenylate cyclase activity in yeast by fermentable sugars and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; Purwin C et al.; The phosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is preceded by a transient increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP which activates a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (Pohlig, G., and Holzer, H . (1985) J . Biol . Chem . 260, 13818-13823) . Possible mechanisms by which sugars or ionophores might activate adenylate cyclase and thereby lead to an increase in cyclic AMP concentrations were studied . Studies with permeabilized yeast cells demonstrated that neither sugar intermediates nor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone are able to increase adenylate cyclase activity . In the light of striking differences of the effects of fermentable sugars and of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on parameters characterizing the membrane potential, it seems not reasonable that the activity of adenylate is under control of the membrane potential . Rapid quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence after addition of fermentable sugars to starved yeast cells indicated an intracellular acidification . The 31P NMR technique showed a fast drop of the intracellular pH from 6.9 to 6.55 or 6.4 immediately after addition of glucose or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone . The time course of the decrease of the cytosolic pH coincides with the transient increase of cyclic AMP concentration and the 50% inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase under the conditions of the NMR experiments . Kinetic studies of adenylate cyclase activity showed an approximately 2-fold increase of activity when the pH was decreased from 7.0 to 6.5, which is the result of a decrease in the apparent Km for ATP with no change in Vmax . These studies suggest that activation of adenylate cyclase by decrease in the cytosolic pH starts a chain of events leading to accumulation of cyclic AMP and phosphorylation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Jul, 31(7), 522 - 4
{Oxidation-reduction status of the culture medium during the biosynthesis of amphotericin B}; Vekshin GA et al.; The possibility of potentiometric estimation of the oxidation-reduction state of the fermentation broth during production of amphotericin B was studied . It was shown that the reduction capacity of the fermentation broth was high and did not change significantly during the antibiotic biosynthesis . It contained electrochemically active compounds in amounts providing stable potentials on the indicator electrodes . Both the platinum and the glass redoxmetric electrodes not sensitive to changes in the level of oxygen dissolved in the fermentation broth might be used for measuring the oxidation potential of the fermentation broth . Investigation of the dynamics of the oxidation potential changing revealed that during the process of amphotericin B biosynthesis the potential changed within wide ranges and every stage of the culture development was characterized by particular direction of the potential changing . This allowed, in combination with other parameters of the process, estimation of physiological activity of the culture at any moment of its growth.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Jul, 31(7), 519 - 21
{Effect of various forms of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of rifamycin B}; Lysko AV et al.; To study the influence of various forms of inorganic nitrogen on biosynthesis of rifamycin B, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate were compared . It was shown possible to use mineral salts containing nitrogen in reduced or oxidized form as fermentation medium components . Sodium nitrate induced early alkalization of the fermentation broth, while ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride induced its early oxidation . Moreover, the chlorine ions inhibited the antibiotic biosynthesis . All this impaired normal development of the culture . Only ammonium sulfate provided the pH levels of the fermentation broth normal for the antibiotic biosynthesis and the highest levels of the antibiotic production . The positive role of this salt was due to the presence of both the ammonium group and the sulfogroup in the fermentation medium, since addition of the sulfogroup contained in the sulfates or sulfuric acid resulted only in partial increase of the antibiotic yield.

South Med J . 1986 Jul;79(7):916.
Candida glabrata meningitis; Anhalt E et al.; We have reported an unusual case of Candida glabrata meningitis causing acute changes in mental status in a chronically ill, elderly patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Candida glabrata was identified by Gram stain, culture, and fermentation pattern from the CSF . Although the patient died of foreign body aspiration, an excellent clinical response was initially obtained with amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine . This is the first report of a symptomatic Candida glabrata meningitis.

Fed Proc, 1986 Jul, 45(8), 2272 - 6
Uptake and transport of nonprotein nitrogen by the ruminant gut; Huntington GB; Ruminants can use dietary or endogenous nonprotein nitrogen (N) to meet protein requirements largely because of the symbiotic relationship between the ruminant and its gut microbes . Because of gut fermentation, a substantial portion (16-80%) of N is absorbed as ammonia N (NH3N) . Net uptake of NH3N by portal-drained viscera ranges from 0.4 to 6.5 times net uptake of alpha-amino N, with proportionally greater net uptake of NH3N with forage diets than with high-energy diets . Uptake of NH3N appears to be by diffusion; therefore, rates of absorption are controlled by factors regulating NH3N concentrations in chyme . Urea N is transferred directly to the lumen of the gut from blood and indirectly from blood as a constituent of saliva . Therefore, rate of urea transfer is controlled in part by blood concentrations of urea . However, other less clearly defined mechanisms relating to type of diet, ruminal fermentation patterns, and intraruminal concentrations of metabolites affect urea transfer to the rumen . Urea N transfer to the lumen of the gut ranges from 10 to 42% of N intake . Nucleic acid N is absorbed from the small intestine as part of purines and pyrimidines, some of which ruminants may incorporate directly in nucleotides . Estimated nucleic acid N absorption is 7-8% of N intake.

Br J Nutr, 1986 Jul, 56(1), 305 - 11
Effect of glucose on fermentation heat in sheep rumen fluid in vitro; Arieli A; 1 . Heat production rate (H) of rumen fluid was measured in a direct calorimeter . Basal H of samples of 15 ml rumen fluid mixed with 45 ml buffer was 0.4 mW/ml rumen fluid . 2 . Addition of glucose (0.4-6.4 mg/sample) was followed by a dose-dependent increase in H . Maximal H was 1.1 mW/ml and lasted up to 5 min, returning thereafter to the basal level . 3 . Expression of fermentation heat (Hf; kJ/mol substrate added) against glucose dose indicated an asymptotic dose response . 4 . Maximal Hf (at infinite dilution) agreed with stoichiometric calculations whereas minimal Hf suggested a partial fermentation of the substrate at a high-glucose dose in the rumen environment.

J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Jul, 132 ( Pt 7), 1827 - 42
A probability matrix for the identification of gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermentative bacteria that grow on nutrient agar; Holmes B et al.; Results of the identification of 621 strains of Gram-negative, aerobic, non-fermentative bacteria by a computer-based probabilistic method are given . Although many of the strains were atypical and have caused difficulty in identification in the medical diagnostic laboratory, the identification rate on this matrix was 91.5%.

J Anim Sci, 1986 Jul, 63(1), 310 - 25
Potential for manipulation of the rumen fermentation through the use of recombinant DNA techniques; Forsberg CW et al.; Recombinant DNA techniques offer a new approach to the study and eventual genetic manipulation of rumen bacteria to modify the rate and extent of nutrient digestion within the rumen . The foreign genes cloned into a rumen bacterium undoubtedly will have to enhance its ability to compete; otherwise, the new trait will be lost from the highly competitive environment within the rumen . As a general rule, the types of metabolic activities amenable to gene cloning may be those that enhance substrate versatility or eliminate a dependence of a specific rumen bacteria on cross-feeding by other rumen microorganisms . Enhanced substrate diversity and bypassing cross-feeding probably will become more important as the use of highly refined feeds and waste materials from the food and other industries are used in greater quantities to meet the dietary needs of ruminants.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1986 Jul, 83(14), 5033 - 7
Mutations affecting the signal sequence alter synthesis and secretion of yeast invertase; Perlman D et al.; Insertion mutations previously constructed within the proximal region of the yeast invertase signal sequence did not interfere with secretion or glycosylation of the enzyme . We now describe deletion mutations within the same signal sequence . Large deletions truncating the hydrophobic core of the signal peptide prevented both secretion and glycosylation of the enzyme and increased the intracellular concentration of nonglycosylated invertase . This increase was coupled with the appearance of a new invertase polypeptide, 2 kilodaltons larger than cytoplasmic invertase . The new polypeptide was consistent in size with uncleaved (signal peptide intact) pre-secretory invertase previously identified by using in vitro translation (apparent molecular mass, 62 kilodaltons) . The data on enzyme activity indicate that invertase whose secretion is aborted by large deletion mutations augments the normal pool of cytoplasmic invertase found in sucrose-fermenting yeast cells.

J Dent Res, 1986 Jul, 65(7), 1020 - 3
In vivo measurements of sulcal plaque pH after topical applications of sorbitol and sucrose in rats fed sorbitol or sucrose; Firestone AR et al.; To test whether adaptation to sorbitol could be observed in rat plaque, we made pH measurements of rat sulcal plaque in vivo, following topical application of 10% sorbitol solution . Rat pups were inoculated orally with S . mutans 6715 and fed diet MIT 305 (5% sucrose) for 16 days . Baseline sulcal plaque pH response of these rats to topical application of 10% sorbitol solution was measured . One group of 16 rats was then fed 20% sucrose in the diet, and a second group 20% sorbitol . After 13 days' feeding of the experimental diets (four days were used for accommodation to dose, and nine days at the 20% level for sorbitol), there was a significantly greater (p less than 0.01) drop in pH following topical application of 10% sorbitol in this group than in the sucrose-fed group . There was no difference in the pH response of the two groups to topical application of a 10% sucrose solution when tested six days later . The sulcal enamel caries score was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in the sucrose group, but buccal enamel scores were similar in both groups . Adaptation in rat plaque took place, and could be measured in vivo as an increased drop in sulcal plaque pH following topical application of sorbitol . It is not clear whether this adaptation was primarily due to selection of sorbitol-fermenting micro-organisms, or, more likely, by induction of sorbitol-specific enzymes . Relative to the sucrose-containing diet, the sorbitol diet was hypocariogenic, even under experimental conditions.

Br J Nutr, 1986 Jul, 56(1), 181 - 92
Feeding frequency for lactating cows: effects on rumen fermentation and blood metabolites and hormones; Sutton JD et al.; 1 . The present paper reports the effects on rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites and hormones of giving fixed rations of hay and high-cereal concentrates at different meal frequencies to lactating cows . In Expt 1 the total ration was given in two and twenty-four meals daily and in Expts 2-4 the concentrates were given in two and five or six meals and the hay in two meals daily . The diets contained 600-920 g concentrates/kg . 2 . In Expt 1, minimum rumen pH was higher but mean pH was lower when cows were given their ration in twenty-four meals/d rather than two meals/d . 3 . In all the experiments, the effects of increased meal frequency on the molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were small and not significant, although there was a general tendency for the proportion of acetic acid to increase and that of propionic acid to fall . Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet reduced the proportion of acetic acid and increased the proportions of propionic and n-valeric acids . 4 . In Expt 3, more frequent feeding was found to reduce the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood, but changes in other metabolites were small and not significant . Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet reduced the concentrations of acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid and increased the concentrations of propionic acid and glucose . 5 . The mean daily concentration of insulin in the blood was reduced by more frequent feeding of the higher-concentrate diet but not of the lower-concentrate diet . The concentration of glucagon also tended to fall with more frequent feeding . Increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet increased the concentration of insulin . 6 . More frequent feeding reduced the depression in milk-fat concentration caused by feeding the low-roughage diets . About three-quarters of the variation in milk-fat concentration could be related to changes in rumen VFA proportions, but the relations for the two meal frequencies had different intercepts although similar curves . The results suggest that milk-fat depression on low-roughage diets with twice-daily feeding was due to a change in rumen VFA proportions accompanied by elevated plasma insulin concentrations . The improvement in milk-fat concentration due to more frequent feeding could be explained partly by the small change in rumen VFA proportions and partly by a reduction in mean plasma insulin concentrations, but these mechanisms did not fully account for the milk-fat responses observed.

Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1986 Jul, 20(1), 57 - 65
Anaerobic pyruvate metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis hydrogenosomes; Steinbuchel A et al.; Hydrogenosomes isolated from Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis fermented pyruvate to acetate, malate, H2, and CO2 in an anaerobic process dependent on ADP, Pi, Mg2+, and succinate . The extent to which pyruvate was carboxylated to malate by malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) rather than decarboxylated to acetate by pyruvate/ferredoxin oxidoreductase was dependent on pCO2 . The processes observed showed carbon and redox balances . The presence of an NADH/ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity was demonstrated . This enzyme is likely to be involved in the transfer of electrons from the ferredoxin reduced in pyruvate oxidation to NAD+ needed for the reductive carboxylation of pyruvate . Disruption of hydrogenosomes with Triton X-100 led to cessation of pyruvate-dependent H2 formation which could be restored by addition of coenzyme A and methyl viologen or ferredoxin . The formation of acetate and H2 by undisrupted hydrogenosomes proceeded at approximately half maximal rates in the presence of 25 microM succinate for T . foetus and 5 microM succinate for T . vaginalis . The apparent Km value of the acetate/succinate CoA transferase from T . foetus for succinate was approximately 45 microM, thus the stimulating effect of succinate might be due to the requirement of this enzyme for succinate . The exact mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated, however.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Jul, 31(7), 541 - 5
{Effect of kerogen oxidation products on the biosynthesis of beta-lactamases by Escherichia coli}; Poliak MS et al.; Shale acid concentrate (SAC) and ozonid, the products of water-alkaline oxidation of kerogen stimulated production of beta-lactamases by E . coli . The effect was most pronounced when the SAC was added to the fermentation nutrient medium . Kerogen ozonid was inferior by its activity . Cultivation of the seed material on media containing both the products of kerogen did not influence the enzyme production . Stimulating effect on production of either penicillinases or cephalosporinases was observed . SAC and ozonid had no influence on the culture growth, multiplication and biomass accumulation.

Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1986 Jul, 20(1), 45 - 55
Glycerol, a metabolic end product of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus; Steinbuchel A et al.; Glycerol was demonstrated as an end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism in Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus, produced in addition to acetate, H2, CO2, and lactate or succinate . In T . vaginalis strain C-1, glycerol amounted to 16% of the fermentation products and was formed at an average rate of 38 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1 . Corresponding figures for T . foetus strain KV1 were 7% and 4.8 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1 . The amounts of glycerol detected compensated almost exactly for the deficits in fermentation products recognized earlier, thus complete redox balances can now be provided for both organisms . The metronidazole-resistant T . foetus strain KV1-1MR-100 excreted only negligible amounts of glycerol and carried out an ethanol-CO2 fermentation . Aerobiosis hardly affected glycerol formation in T . vaginalis strains C-1 and NYH 286, but almost completely abolished it in T . foetus strain KV1 . An NADP-dependent glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and a Mg2+-dependent glycerol 3-phosphatase were detected in the cytosol of both species . The phosphatase is distinct from the particle-bound nonspecific acid phosphatase . Glycerol kinase activity was not detected in either organism . Enhanced pCO2 did not affect the ratio of fermentation products in T . vaginalis strain C-1, but significantly increased the amount of succinate, and decreased the amounts of acetate, H2, and CO2, formed by T . foetus.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1986 Jul, 81(7), 507 - 11
Digestion and absorption of fiber carbohydrate in the colon; Fleming LL et al.; Most dietary carbohydrates are digested and absorbed in the small bowel . However, fiber carbohydrate and other carbohydrates can be metabolized by the normal flora of the colon . The substrate for bacterial fermentation includes compounds for which small bowel digestive and absorptive mechanisms may, or may not, exist and soluble and some insoluble fiber . Products of fermentation include gases and volatile fatty acids which may be absorbed or nourish the colon mucosa . Total body nutrition and metabolism may also be affected by the products digested and absorbed in the colon.

J Chromatogr, 1986 Jun 27, 361, 209 - 16
Hydrophobic adsorbents for the isolation and purification of biosynthetic human growth hormone from crude fermentation mixtures; Lefort S et al.; Hydrophobic interaction chromatography was used as the initial step for the concentration and partial purification of biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) . This molecule was extracted from the culture medium of a transformed monkey kidney cell line by batch adsorption either to Octyl-Sepharose or Phenyl-Sepharose . The adsorbate was decanted and packed into a column for elution . This initial work-up procedure rendered a concentrated hGH solution that was further purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography . The hGH obtained was homogeneous, based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, N-terminal sequence and fingerprint analysis.

Cell, 1986 Jun 20, 45(6), 885 - 94
Hsp26 is not required for growth at high temperatures, nor for thermotolerance, spore development, or germination; Petko L et al.; Hsp26 is one of the major heat shock proteins of eukaryotic cells . It is also strongly induced at particular times during development at normal temperatures . We have isolated the unique gene for this protein from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and we have used it to create disruption and deletion mutations . Surprisingly, the mutations have no detectable effect on the following characteristics: growth rates at various temperatures, in fermentative or in respiratory metabolism, in rich or in minimal media; the acquisition of thermotolerance in log phase or in stationary phase cells; resistance to ethanol; spore development; thermoresistance during sporulation; spore germination; thermoresistance of mature or germinating spores; or survival after long-term storage in stationary phase or as spores.

Experientia, 1986 Jun 15, 42(6), 594 - 9
Effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts on cultured tumor cells; Ribereau-Gayon G et al.; Bacterially fermented mistletoe preparations (BFMP) were tested on rat hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) cells and human leukemia Molt 4 cells . A dose-dependent inhibition of the growth rate of the cells was observed . For both cell lines, cytostatic concentrations, expressed in weight of fresh plant, were 0.5 mg/ml culture medium for oak BFMP and 1 mg/ml for apple tree BFMP . However, the action of the two preparations was markedly different on each cell line . Non-viable HTC cells were not stained by trypan blue while non-viable Molt 4 cells were fully colored by this reagent . A lysis of cellular membranes of HTC cells was observed by electron microscopy . Furthermore, oak BFMP inhibited the growth of virus transformed 3T3-SV40 cells more than that of non-transformed 3T3 cells . In contrast to BFMP, non-fermented extracts and a purified mistletoe lectin showed a greater inhibition of the growth of Molt 4 cells than of HTC cells . Samples withdrawn at different times during fermentation gradually lost their inhibitory effect on the growth of Molt 4 cells while their action on HTC cells increased up to the 4th day of fermentation . These results are discussed in relation to the cytotoxic substances of mistletoe already characterized.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 Jun, 39(6), 792 - 9
Isolation and characterization of A41030, a complex of novel glycopeptide antibiotics . Application of the Michel-Miller high performance low pressure liquid chromatography system; Eggert JH et al.; A new antibiotic complex, designated A41030, has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces virginiae . Factors A, B, C, D, E, F and G were separated by an efficient preparative high performance low pressure liquid chromatography system . The apparatus offers economic reversed phase separations on glass columns . The A41030 factors are members of the general class of glycopeptide antibiotics and are active in vitro and in vivo vs . Gram-positive bacteria.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Jun, (6), 46 - 50
{Ultrafiltration characteristics of immunobiological preparations}; Perepechkina NP et al.; The removal of ammonium sulfate from the bulk product of fermented antitoxic serum by continuous diafiltration was not accompanied by changes in the stability of the solution . To concentrate immunoglobulin, eluted from DEAE cellulose, by diafiltration, the stabilization of the solution by adding sodium chloride at high concentration was necessary . The use of membranes purchased from different manufacturers and having similar selectivity characteristics permitted obtaining transfer factor preparations somewhat differing in their biological activity . The process of ultrafiltration, carried out in the atmosphere of compressed carbon dioxide, made it possible to obtain such preparations from donor blood plasma.

Naturwissenschaften, 1986 Jun, 73(6), 314 - 21
{Biosensors}; Schmidt HL et al.; By the combination of transducers (thermistors, selective electrodes, field-effect transistors, optical systems) with immobilized enzymes or antibodies specific sensors for biologically relevant substances are obtained . The construction, ranges, of linearity, response times and stability of biosensors are demonstrated . Examples are given for their application in clinical analysis and fermentation control . Finally limits and future possibilities are discussed.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 Jun, 69(6), 1568 - 75
Effect of steroidal sapogenins on ruminal fermentation and on production of lactating dairy cows; Valdez FR et al.; Supplementation of dairy rations with steroidal sapogenins was evaluated in an in vitro, an in situ, and a production trial . Sixteen in vitro semicontinuous rumen cultures were supplied a 55:45 concentrate to roughage substrate with Sarsaponin concentrations of 0, 33, 55, and 77 ppm of air-dry feed for 22 d . Supplementation decreased protozoa numbers and increased bacterial numbers and acid detergent fiber digestion . Digestion of feed nitrogen tended to be lowest at the highest concentration of Sarsaponin, whereas microbial nitrogen output was similar for all concentrations . In rumen-cannulated animals fed a typical dairy ration, in situ rate of disappearance of organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen of a complete ration substrate tended to be lower with 77 ppm added Sarsaponin . In a production trial, 16 primiparous dairy cows 6 to 10 wk postpartum were fed rations containing either 0 or 77 ppm Sarsaponin . Sarsaponin did not alter dry matter intake, digestibility, body weight change, or milk production and composition . Supplementation had no significant effect on ruminal fermentation in vivo as reflected by concentrations of ruminal ammonia nitrogen, blood urea, or molar ratios and concentrations of ruminal volatile fatty acids.

J Nutr, 1986 Jun, 116(6), 991 - 8
Effects of amylomaize starch on mineral metabolism in the adult rat: role of the microflora; Andrieux C et al.; The effects of amylomaize starch on rat mineral metabolism were studied . To elucidate the role of bacterial fermentation, the effects of amylomaize starch were compared in germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) rats . A purified diet, sterilized by irradiation and containing either maize starch (M) or amylomaize starch (A), was fed to the rats . Feed intake was similar in all groups of rats except GF rats fed amylomaize starch ad libitum, whose feed intake was higher . One group of GF rats received amylomaize starch in restricted amounts (pair-fed rats) . A balance study of energy, nitrogen and minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) was performed . Apparent absorption of Mg, P, Na, K and Zn (expressed as a percentage of the amount ingested) was lower in GF rats fed amylomaize starch than in GF rats fed maize starch . Since feed intake was higher in GF rats fed amylomaize starch ad libitum than in rats fed maize starch, mineral absorption (expressed in milligrams per day) was not reduced in rats fed ad libitum, whereas it was reduced in pair-fed rats . Mineral retention was similar in GF rats fed ad libitum, but was reduced in pair-fed rats . In CV rats fed amylomaize starch, cecal weight and cecal volatile fatty acids concentration were higher than those in CV rats fed maize starch . Apparent absorption of N and P was lower and that of Ca, Mg and Fe was higher in CV rats fed amylomaize starch than in rats fed maize starch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Jun, 31(6), 416 - 22
{Role of levorin and lytic enzymes in the interrelations of yeasts and actinomycete in a mixed culture}; Iakovleva EP; Interrelation of yeasts and the actinomycete producing levorin, Streptomyces levoris in mixed cultures was studied . It was found that death of the accompanying microorganisms during fermentation with the two cultures was mainly due to the effect of the actinomycete lytic enzymes . The level of the enzymatic lysis depended on the genus and species characteristics of the organisms used in mixed cultures . By the end of the fermentation process the culture fluid contained no organisms with respect to which the lysoenzymes of S . levoris were highly active . In this case mixed cultivation of the actinomycete and yeasts resulted in increasing antibiotic synthesis by 45-48 per cent as compared to the control . The yeasts hydrolyzed by the S . levoris yeastlytic enzymes with difficulty or slightly remained viable up to the end of mixed cultivation and lowered the level of the antibiotic activity.

J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 1986 Jun, 2(2), 182 - 9
Ground and aerial application of the sexual and asexual stages of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) for mosquito control; Kerwin JL et al.; Fermentor-grown cultures of the sexual and asexual stages of Lagenidium giganteum were applied in rice fields in the Central Valley near Sacramento, CA . Both ground and aerial applications of the asexual stage resulted in high levels of immediate control of sentinel Culex tarsalis and indigenous Cx . tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni larvae and provided some degree of control throughout the four-month mosquito breeding season . Oospores which were desiccated in the field following application provided consistently high larval infection levels after reflooding of the fields . Advantages of using the sexual stage of L . giganteum for field larval control are presented.

Antibiot Med Biotekhnol, 1986 Jun, 31(6), 428 - 31
{The antibiotic galtamycin . Its fermentation, isolation, physicochemical and biological properties}; Korobkova TP et al.; A culture of Streptomyces sp., producing an antibiotic named galtamycin was isolated from a soil sample collected in the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region . The antibiotic belongs to anthracyclines . Biosynthesis, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties of the antibiotic are described . The studies showed that galtamycin consisting of a chromophore and three unidentified sugars is a new compound differing from the known anthracyclines except trypanomycin by the absence of the UV absorption maximum at 230-240 nm . Galtamycin differs from trypanomycin by the molecular weight of the chromophore . Galtamycin showed low antitumor activity and was inactive against grampositive and gramnegative organisms and fungi.

Yeast, 1986 Jun, 2(2), 123 - 7
Alcoholic fermentation by 'non-fermentative' yeasts; van Dijken JP et al.; All type strains of 'non-fermentative' yeasts, available in the culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, were reinvestigated for their capacity to ferment glucose in the classical Durham tube test . Although visible gas production was absent, nearly all strains produced significant amounts of ethanol under the test conditions . Under conditions of oxygen-limited growth, even strong alcoholic fermentation may occur in a number of yeasts hitherto considered as non-fermentative . Thus, shake-flask cultures of Hansenula nonfermentans and Candida silvae fermented more than half of the available sugar to ethanol . It is concluded that the taxonomic test for fermentation capacity, which relies on detection of gas formation in Durham tubes, is not reliable for a physiological classification of yeasts as fermentative and non-fermentative species.

J Med Microbiol, 1986 Jun, 21(4), 357 - 9
A modified scheme for biotyping Gardnerella vaginalis; Benito R et al.; A scheme is proposed for biotyping Gardnerella vaginalis, based on detection of hippurate hydrolysis, beta-galactosidase (ONPG) and lipase, and fermentation of arabinose, galactose and xylose . Seventeen biotypes were found among 197 strains from asymptomatic women and patients with bacterial vaginosis (non-specific vaginitis) . The distribution of biotypes was similar in both populations but some biotypes were found more frequently in patients . The proposed scheme is compared with those previously described.

Surgery, 1986 Jun, 99(6), 703 - 7
The effect of enteral feedings supplemented with pectin on the healing of colonic anastomoses in the rat; Rolandelli RH et al.; The effect of the addition of pectin to an elemental diet on the healing of experimental colonic anastomoses was investigated . Transection and anastomosis of the ascending colon and feeding gastrostomy were performed in 24 Sprague-Dawley rats . All rats then received an elemental diet, and 12 of them had 1% (w/v) citrus pectin added to their diet . On the seventh postoperative day, animals that received pectin-supplemented diets had significantly greater bursting pressures at the anastomoses (266 versus 234 mm Hg, p less than 0.04) and significantly lower colonic mucosal pH (6.2 versus 6.8, p less than 0.001) than animals that received the elemental diet only . The colons from animals fed pectin also had significantly higher hydroxyproline content at the anastomosis than those of the control animals (46.6 versus 40.7 micrograms hydroxyproline nitrogen/mg tissue nitrogen, p less than 0.05) . The decreased intracolonic pH is consistent with the hypothesis that improved healing is a local effect mediated by the presence of short-chain fatty acids resulting from the fermentation of pectin.

Scand J Dent Res, 1986 Jun, 94(3), 208 - 18
Nutrient and environmental growth factors for eight small-sized oral spirochetes; Fiehn NE et al.; The present investigation was carried out in order to obtain better information about the growth requirements for small-sized oral spirochetes containing two endoflagella from each cell-end . Eight strains of such spirochetes were isolated from subgingival plaque in patients suffering from advanced marginal periodontitis . The strains were maintained under anaerobic conditions in a fluid basal BHI medium with 15% inactivated rabbit serum, 0.07% Noble Agar and 5 micrograms/ml cocarboxylase . Firstly, the effect of trace amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere and pH in the medium on growth of the spirochete strains were examined . Secondly, the effect of different sera incorporated in the medium was examined, and thirdly, the effect of important growth factors in serum was studied by adding different serum components to the fluid basal medium instead of rabbit serum . Growth was always determined after 4 days' incubation at 35 degrees C, either by counting numbers of spirochete cells in a Petroff-Hauser counting chamber or by measuring the turbidity of the culture spectrophotometrically at 600 nm . There was no difference in growth by using an atmosphere containing 1% oxygen or an anaerobic atmosphere . It was found that serum (rabbit or human) was an essential growth component, and no single growth factor could replace rabbit serum . Only a long chain fatty acid mixture and an amino acid solution could, to a minor extent, stimulate growth compared to the basal medium without rabbit serum . Sodium bicarbonate inhibited growth of all strains . Finally, none of the strains fermented a series of low molecular weight carbohydrates, but all strains produced H2S and indole.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1986 Jun, 43(6), 898 - 902
Breath hydrogen and methane: poor indicators of apparent digestion of soy fiber; McNamara EA et al.; To examine whether end-alveolar breath hydrogen and methane could be used as indicators of fiber digestion in humans, 16 male subjects were fed four fiber-free, complete liquid diets with 0, 30 g (heat processed), 30 g, and 60 g/day soy polysaccharide . Breath hydrogen was measured hourly and breath methane every 4 h on days 6 and 8 of each study period . Feces were collected, homogenized, dried, and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) . NDF in diets was determined and apparent NDF digestibility calculated . NDF from soy was extensively fermented, greater than 80%, on the fiber-containing diets . No significant relationship was found between breath-gas excretion and fiber digestion, although breath-gas values varied greatly . Breath hydrogen and methane were not significantly different when subjects consumed diets containing 0, 30, or 60 g soy polysaccharide.

In Vitro Cell Dev Biol, 1986 Jun, 22(6), 301 - 4
Comparative studies to determine the efficiency of 6 methylpurine deoxyriboside to detect cell culture mycoplasmas; McGarrity GJ et al.; Studies were performed to compare three methods to detect mycoplasmal infection of cell cultures . The methods included microbiological assay by inoculation into broth and onto agar with anaerobic incubation, fluorescent DNA staining by Hoechst 33258, and mycoplasmal mediated cytotoxicity by 6 methylpurine deoxyriboside (6MPDR) . Fluorescent DNA staining and 6MPDR assays were performed in an indicator cell culture system . A total of 2589 cell cultures were assayed . Mycoplasmas were detected in 174, an incidence of 6.7% . Species isolated were: Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma orale, M . arginini, M . hyorhinis, M . fermentans, M . pirum, and M . pneumoniae . In separate studies, 6MPDR also detected infection with Spiroplasma mirum when this organism was deliberately inoculated into cell cultures . The efficiencies of microbiological testing, fluorescent DNA assays, and 6MPDR were 43.1, 98.8, and 97.1%, respectively.

Experientia, 1986 May 15, 42(5), 542 - 3
Distribution of lysozyme in guinea pigs: implications for the function of gastrointestinal lysozyme in herbivores; Prieur DJ et al.; High levels of gastrointestinal lysozyme were present in the stomach of guinea pigs, but not in other portions of the gastrointestinal tract . Because the cecum is the fermentation organ of guinea pigs, these observations call into question the validity of the current hypothesis that the gastrointestinal lysozyme of herbivores functions in the digestion of bacteria from the anterior fermentation organ.

Lancet, 1986 May 10, 1(8489), 1082 - 4
Metabolic basis of starvation diarrhoea: implications for treatment; Roediger WE; PIP: Diarrhea or respiratory infection constitutes the terminal illness in most starved children and adults . A major component of starvation diarrhea appears to be an organ-specific malnutrition of the inestinal epithelium, not bacterial overgrowth . Faced with an overburden of nutrients on refeeding, the intestine cannot salvage ions because its epithelium has insufficient energy to control absorption effectively . In many cases, patients have a worsening of diarrhea and die within the 1st few days of oral refeeding . Antibiotics are particularly detrimental in starvation because they prevent effective bacterial fermentation and thus production of substrates for mucosal growth and sodium absorption . Oral rehydration thereapy uses glucose to drive sodium absorption in the small intestine mucosa, but it provides little energy to the mucosa . Nutrition of the small bowel mucosa is promoted by increasing the vascular supply of amino acids . Once nutrition of the intestinal mucosa has been restored, absorption of orally supplied nutrients becomes efficient . Refeeding diets in starvation should have a relatively high content of ferementable complex polysaccharides and dietary fiber and smaller amounts of milk fats and glucose than are normally provided to severely malnourished children . The starved intestinal epithelium returns to functional capacity after 5-7 days . As a result of the therapeutic implications in severely malnourished children, it is essential that cases of infective diarrhea and starvational diarrhea be differentiated from each other .

Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh), 1986 May-Jun, 27(3), 315 - 24
The topographic relations of the high jugular fossa to the inner ear . A radioanatomic investigation; Wadin K et al.; The radioanatomy of high jugular fossae and their topographic relations to the inner ear structures were investigated in 245 unselected temporal bones . One hundred and fifty specimens were submitted to multidirectional and 10 to computed tomography . After careful chemical and fermentative maceration plastic casts were made, using polyester resin and silicone rubber . With the use of vacuum, even minute structures became filled with the casting material . The specimens offered a three-dimensional view of the jugular fossae and surrounding structures . Fifty-eight (24%) of the total 245 specimens had high jugular fossae at a level above the lower border of the round window . Five casts showed a dehiscence of the peripheral portion of the vestibular aqueduct caused by the high jugular fossa . In 2 casts the proximal portion of the cochlear aqueduct was affected . In some casts the posterior semicircular canal, the facial canal, the stapedial muscle and the round window lay so close to the fossa that a dehiscence could not be excluded . In a clinical material of 102 high fossae the radiographic findings were in accordance with the experimental results . High jugular fossae were predominantly found in pyramids with low-grade mastoid bone pneumatization and sparse or no perilabyrinthine air cells.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1986 May, 39(5), 619 - 23
DC-86-M, a novel antitumor antibiotic . I . Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation; Asano K et al.; A novel antibiotic, DC-86-M was isolated from the culture broth of a new isolate, DO-86, from the soil sample collected in Machida-shi, Japan . The producing organism was found to belong to Streptomycetes, for it formed aerial mycelia and chains of spores and its cell wall analyses revealed the presence of LL-diaminopimelic acid . The morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics of the strain DO-86 resemble closely those of Streptomyces luteogriseus and we concluded that the strain DO-86 could be designated as Streptomyces luteogriseus DO-86 . The antibiotic was produced in the fermentation medium consisting of lactose 20 g, glucose 10 g, Pharmamedia 15 g, yeast extract 5 g, meat extract 10 g and CaCO3 2 g per liter of tap water.

J Dairy Sci, 1986 May, 69(5), 1293 - 301
Ruminal fermentation in vivo as influenced by long-chain fatty acids; Chalupa W et al.; Responses of ruminal microbes to long-chain fatty acids in forms of free acids, calcium salts, or triglycerides were measured in trials with rumen cannulated heifers . Addition of fatty acids at 10% to a basal diet of 50% corn silage and 50% grain increased fat content 3 to 10 to 12% . Long-chain fatty acids with a high melting point (stearic acid) and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (vegetable fat and tallow) decreased acetate:propionate by about 20% . Long-chain fatty acids with a low melting point (oleic acid) and the triglyceride form of long-chain fatty acid (tallow) decreased acetate to propionate ratio by 50 to 60% . Even though they were not completely inert in the rumen, responses with the hard long-chain fatty acids (stearic acid) and with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids confirm that these are efficacious for protecting ruminal microbes from adverse effects of fat . With calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids, dietary buffers may be needed to maintain ruminal pH so that dissociation of salts does not occur . Long-chain fatty acid supplementation at 10% of the diet is probably more than the amount needed to optimize productivity and health . With most diets, 6 to 8% supplemental long-chain fatty acid is probably sufficient.

J Anim Sci, 1986 May, 62(5), 1412 - 22
An update of a dynamic model of ruminant digestion; Murphy MR et al.; The progressive development of a dynamic model of ruminant digestion for evaluation of factors affecting nutritive value of feedstuffs is outlined . Significant changes have been introduced in many of the interactive subunits that accommodate the digestion of 12 chemical constituents (soluble carbohydrate, organic acids, starch, pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, lipids, soluble protein, insoluble protein, nonprotein N, lignin and ash), microbial growth, animal interactions and summary computations . Explicit consideration of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids and pectins has been replaced by an aggregate fraction . A section has been added to follow dynamic aspects of volatile fatty acid metabolism in the rumen . Evaluations of the model were made by comparing its behavior with that observed experimentally for sheep fed a number of diets . These included an alfalfa diet fed at two intake levels either hourly or once daily, a dried subterranean clover diet fed hourly, a forage oat diet fed every 3 h and an 80% concentrate diet fed twice daily . For frequently fed diets, model estimates, in general, agreed very well with experimental estimates . Although changes in representations of protein metabolism were helpful, the pool size of ruminal ammonia N was not simulated well . Digestion and passage in the model occurred more rapidly than was observed when animals were fed high-quality forages once daily and rates of particle size reduction, fermentation and passage were lower than observed when low-quality diets were fed . It was concluded that the model can serve as a useful and adaptable tool for analyzing factors affecting nutritive value . Particle size reduction and passage from the rumen, dynamics of protein metabolism and utilization, and water dynamics were identified as areas requiring further research.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1986 May-Jun, 22(3), 356 - 62
{Effect of carbohydrates in the culture medium on amino acid composition of a cephalosporin C producer}; Novak MI et al.; The intracellular and extracellular amino acid composition of an auxotrophic methionine-deficient strain of Acremonium chrysogenum was studied in respect of the content of various carbohydrates in the fermentation medium . In the presence of glucose, an intensive involvement of exogenous DL-methionine into the cell metabolism was observed at earlier stages than in the presence of dextran or succrose . The total content of intracellular amino acids was lower in the cells grown on the medium with glucose . The production of cephalosporin C depended on the intracellular content of methionine, glutamic acid and lysine.

Clin Cardiol, 1986 May, 9(5), 197 - 202
Comparative analysis of myocardial enzyme activities of the energy-supplying metabolism in patients with dilative cardiomyopathies and valve diseases; Klein HH et al.; We determined representative enzyme activities of glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase) glycolysis (d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH), beta oxidation of free fatty acids (1-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, HADH), citric acid cycle (citrate synthase, CS), lactate fermentation (lactate dehydrogenase LDH), and creatine phosphate metabolism (creatine kinase, CK) in left ventricular samples of 36 patients to investigate if the metabolic capacities of the energy-supplying pathways are differently affected in different heart diseases . There were 17 patients with mitral valve diseases (MVD), 8 patients with aortic valve diseases (AVD), and 11 patients who suffered from dilative cardiomyopathies (DCM) . The main metabolic characteristic on the level of enzymatic organization in patients with DCM was an increased ratio of GAPDH/HADH activities and a decreased ratio of HADH/CS activities compared to the valve-diseased patients . This result indicates that the capacity of glucose oxidation is enhanced at the expense of fatty acid metabolism in patients with DCM . Furthermore, we determined significantly lower myocardial CK activities in this group of patients, most probably reflecting a diminished content of myofibrils . Citrate synthase activity was lowest in patients with AVD . Although we cannot rule out that the impaired left ventricular function is in part responsible for the shift of the capacities of the energy-supplying metabolism in patients with DCM, we favor the assumption that it is a specific feature of this myocardial disease.

Am J Med Sci, 1986 May, 291(5), 352 - 4
Acute myocardial infarction associated with DF-2 bacteremia after a dog bite; Newton NL et al.; This is the first reported case of an acute myocardial infarction probably secondary to DF-2 bacterial septicemia and presumed endocarditis . Selective coronary arteriography revealed a long filling defect causing 95% stenosis of the second diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery . Multiple blood cultures revealed Decarboxylase Fermentor-2 (DF-2) septicemia that responded to penicillin therapy . Two months status after myocardial infarction recatheterization revealed complete recanalization with slight irregularity of the vessel lumen at the site of previous obstruction.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 May, 51(5), 1007 - 12
Comparison of membrane filter, multiple-fermentation-tube, and presence-absence techniques for detecting total coliforms in small community water systems; Jacobs NJ et al.; Methods for detecting total coliform bacteria in drinking water were compared using 1,483 different drinking water samples from 15 small community water systems in Vermont and New Hampshire . The methods included the membrane filter (MF) technique, a 10-tube fermentation tube (FT) technique, and the presence-absence (P-A) test . Each technique was evaluated using a 100-ml drinking water sample . Of the 1,483 samples tested, 336 (23%) contained coliforms as indicated by either one, two, or all three techniques . The FT detected 82%, the P-A detected 88%, and the MF detected 64% of these positives . All techniques simultaneously detected 55% of the positives . Evaluation of the confirmation efficiency of the P-A technique showed 94% of the presumptive positives confirming as coliforms . Thirteen different species of coliforms were identified from the 37 tests in which the P-A was positive but the MF and FT were negative . The P-A test was simple to inoculate and interpret and was considerably more sensitive than the MF and slightly more sensitive than the FT in detecting coliforms in this type of drinking water supply.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1986 May, 60(5), 395 - 400
Selection of pH buffers for use in conductimetric microbiological assays; Owens JD et al.; Many metabolic activities of micro-organisms lead to changes in the pH value of cultures and consequently pH buffer compounds are potentially a major source of conductivity changes in cultures . To maximize changes in conductivity associated with microbial growth the pH buffer-associated changes should occur in a direction that reinforces those due to other metabolic activities . In agreement with this, studies with Escherichia coli showed that fermentation of glucose and aerobic growth on L-alanine yielded greater changes in the conductivity of media containing Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or L-histidine buffers than in a medium containing phosphate buffer, whereas aerobic growth on glucose or succinate yielded greater changes with phosphate buffer than with Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or L-histidine buffers . Criteria for the selection of appropriate pH buffer compounds are presented.

J Dent Res, 1986 May, 65(5), 686 - 8
Effects of fluorides on in vitro acid production by dental plaque; Bibby BG et al.; A method that holds human dental plaque on a glass micro-electrode has been used to measure the pH depressions in plaque samples exposed to different concentrations of fluoride from sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate . Fluoride from both sources gave some inhibition of sucrose-induced acid formation at levels as low as 10 ppm and parallel results at other test concentrations of up to 200 ppm F . Repeated exposures of plaque to fluoride solutions did not interfere with its subsequent ability to ferment sucrose.

Mutagenesis, 1986 May, 1(3), 179 - 83
Genetic toxicology of flavonoids: the role of metabolic conditions in the induction of reverse mutation, SOS functions and sister-chromatid exchanges; Rueff J et al.; Glycosides of flavonols such as quercetin, are found in the edible portions of most food vegetables . Flavonols present in plants as glycosides can be freed during fermentation . We have compared the DNA-damaging activity of quercetin, rutin (3-o-rutinoside of quercetin) and a fermented flavonoid-containing beverage, red wine, for different genetic end-points under different metabolic conditions . The genotoxicity of quercetin, rutin and commercial red wine has been studied for the induction of: (i) reverse mutation in the Ames assay; (ii) SOS functions in the SOS Chromotest; (iii) sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human lymphocytes . While in the Ames assay the mutagenicity of quercetin is enhanced by the presence of rat liver microsomal enzymes (S9) or the respective cytosolic fraction (S100), genotoxicity is reduced when the induction of SOS responses is assessed using the SOS Chromotest . Similarly, the induction of SCEs is lowered when testing in the presence of liver enzymes . Rutin has no activity whatsoever . Detection of activity of red wine in the three assays is not dependent upon hydrolysis by glycosidases and its content of quercetin accounts almost entirely for the levels of genotoxicity detected . The results suggest that the putative genotoxic metabolites of quercetin vary for different genetic end-points considered and that the metabolic fate of flavonoids might partly account for the conflicting data about their genotoxicity in vivo and carcinogenic activity.

Microbiol Sci, 1986 May, 3(5), 145 - 9
Biosurfactants; Cooper DG; Many different types of biosurfactants are synthesized by microorganisms . As the structures and properties are elucidated, yields increased and costs of recovery from the fermentation media reduced, biosurfactants will become important industrial chemicals.

Mikrobiologiia, 1986 May-Jun, 55(3), 455 - 60
{Cyclic adenosine-3',5-monophosphate in Streptomyces antibioticus and its possible role in regulating oleandomycin biosynthesis and the growth of the culture}; Lishnevskaia EB et al.; When glucose is substituted for sucrose in the fermentation medium for Streptomyces antibioticus, the pH of the cultural broth becomes more acidic, the rate of protein synthesis in the mycelium rises, and the rate of oleandomycin synthesis decreases abruptly . The dynamics of cAMP (cyclic monophosphate) accumulation was studied in the process of biosynthesis by the culture in different media . Most of the synthesized cAMP (80-90%) was shown to be excreted into the medium . Glucose stimulates cAMP synthesis and excretion from the mycelium by a factor of 1.5-3 . No distinct correlation was found between cAMP content in S . antibioticus cells and the level of oleandomycin biosynthesis . A correlation between changes in the concentration of exocellular cAMP and protein synthesis in the mycelium suggests that the excreted cAMP may be involved in regulating the growth of the culture producing the antibiotic.

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