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Constitutive Activation of the PDR16 Promoter in a Candida albicans Azole-Resistant Clinical Isolate Overexpressing CDR1 and CDR2. Xavier De Deken, 2004.Candida albicans azole-resistant clinical isolates overexpressing the CDR1 and CDR2 genes (multidrug transporters) also overexpress the PDR16 gene (phosphatidylinositol transfer protein) . We show here that the PDR16 promoter displays higher transcriptional activity following integration in an azole-resistant isolate than in the matched azole-susceptible one . Thus, the upregulation of PDR16 in the resistant strain results from a mutation acting in trans . Prevalence of the stx2 Gene in Coliform Populations from Aquatic Environments. Cristina García-Aljaro, 2004.Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains are human pathogens linked to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome . The major virulence factors of these strains are Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2 . The majority of the genes coding for these toxins are borne by bacteriophages . Free Stx2-encoding bacteriophages have been found in aquatic environments, but there is limited information about the lysogenic strains and bacteria present in the environment that are susceptible to phage infection . The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and the distribution of the stx2 gene in coliform bacteria in sewage samples of different origins . The presence of the stx2 gene was monitored every 2 weeks over a 1-year period in a municipal sewage treatment plant . A mean value of 102 genes/ml was observed without significant variation during the study period . This concentration was of the same order of magnitude in raw municipal sewage of various origins and in animal wastewater from several slaughterhouses . A total of 138 strains carrying the stx2 gene were isolated by colony hybridization . This procedure detected approximately 1 gene-carrying colony per 1,000 fecal coliform colonies in municipal sewage and around 1 gene-carrying colony per 100 fecal coliform colonies in animal wastewaters . Most of the isolates belonged to E . coli serotypes other than E . coli O157, suggesting a low prevalence of strains of this serotype carrying the stx2 gene in the wastewater studied .
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