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| J Bacteriol, 1977 Sep, 131(3), 917 - 21 Component from the cell surface of the hydrocarbon-utilizing yeast Candida tropicalis with possible relation to hydrocarbon transport; Kappeli O et al.; A polysaccharide-fatty acid complex was isolated from the cell surface of Candida tropicalis growing on alkanes . This complex was solubilized by Pronase treatment of whole cells . A decrease in alkane-binding affinity was observed after Pronase treatment, resulting in 10 to 12% of the yeast dry cell weight being released as polysaccharide . The isolated polysaccharide contained 2.5% fatty acids . C . tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown with glucose contained only traces of fatty acids in the corresponding polysaccharide fraction . The fatty acids were not removed from the polysaccharide moiety by gel filtration . Extraction of the polysaccharide with chloroform-methanol showed that fatty acids were covalently bound to the polysaccharide . The amphipathic nature of the isolated polysaccharide and the hydrocarbon-induced formation suggest a possible role in alkane metabolism. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Sep-Oct, 46(5), 846 - 56 {Preparatory metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in Candida tropicalis}; Karasevii IuN et al.; A technique of experimental adaptation was used to obtain mutants of Candida tropicalis which were able to utilize p-hydroxybenzoic acid as the sole source of carbon and energy . The preparatory metabolism of p-hydroxybenzoic acid involves the following stages: PHBA leads to quinol leads to hydroxyquinol leads to maleylacetic acid leads to beta-ketoadipic acid . The enzyme system which catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of PHBA mediates also oxidative decarboxylation of protocatechuic, beta-resorcylic and gallic acids, i.e . compounds having a hydroxyl group in para position with respect to the carboxyl of hydroxyl derivatives of benzoic acid . Benzoic, salicyclic and gentisic acids are not substrates of this enzyme system . A technique is proposed for rapid indentification of beta-ketoadipic acid by thin-layer chromatography . The authors believe that methods used to study preparatory metabolism, on the basis of the Stanier theory of "simultaneous adaptation", are not quite reliable and may lead to erroneous conclusions. Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Aug, 68(2), 294 - 5 Germ tube-positive Candida tropicalis; Tierno PM Jr et al.; The germ tube test is routinely used for the rapid identification of Candida albicans and its variant C . stellatoidea, and is generally thought to be specific for these organisms . Four cases in which yeastlike fungi were isolated, and, although they were germ tube-positive, further morphologic and biochemical examinations identified them as Candida tropicalis are presented. Farmaco {Sci}, 1977 Jul, 32(7), 539 - 48 Primary amides of bis-(2-carboxyphenyl)-disulfides with antimycotic activity}; Montanari L et al.; A series of bis-amides of 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyldisulfides with monosubstituted N-alkyl groups (substances I leads to XXVI) or N-aralkyl groups (substances XXVI leads to XLII) was prepared and examined for in vitro antifungal activity . The substances were obtained by condensing the chloride of 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyldisulfide with suitable amines . The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following four strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes . The results obtained summarised in Tables I and II amplify the structure-antifungal activity relationships of this class of compound . The most active compounds proved to be bis-(N-n.heptyl-2-carboxami-dophenyl)disulfide (XX) and bis-(N-beta-4Cl-phenylethyl-2-carboxamidophenyl)disulfide (XXXV). Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Jul, 11(3), 417 - 20 {Correlation among different Candida tropicalis, Candida rhagii and Salmonella cholerae suis 0 6,7 antigen}; Aksoycan N et al.; The immune sera for Candida tropicalis (C . benhamii) CBS-5701, Candida tropicalis (C . vulgaris) CBS-2310 and C . rhagii (C . tropicalis v . rhagii) CBS-618 agglutinated Salmonella cholarae suis 211 (0 6,7) . The immune serum for S . cholerae suis agglutinated C . tropicalis (C . benhamii), C . tropicalis (C . vulgaris) and C . rhagii (C . tropicalis v . rhagii) . Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested species and in S . cholerae suis (0 6,7). Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Jul-Aug, 46(4), 632 - 4 {Effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate on glutamine synthetase in the food yeast Candida tropicalis}; Uralets TI et al.; The effect of p-CMB on the activity of glutamine synthetase in the fodder yeast Candida tropicalis was studied in the synthetase reaction in Mg-, Mn-, and Co-activated systems and in the transferase reaction . The activity of glutamine synthetase was inhibited by pCMB, the degree of inhibition depending on the presence of bivalent cations of metals . Preliminay incubation of the enzyme with p-CMB stimulated the action of the latter, whereas metals increased the stability of the enzyme to pCMB . If the enzyme preparation was purified, it became more susceptible to the action of p-CMB . The transferase activity was also inhibited by p-CMB but to a less extent that the synthetase reaction. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1977 Jun, 170(6), 873 - 6 {Mykosis of soft contact lenses (author's transl)}; Vannas A et al.; A 63-year-old patient suffering from old sclerokeratitis was fitted with a therapeutic soft contact lens one and a half years after corneal transplantation and half a year after cataract surgery . The patient was on oral and local cortisone treatment . The first three months were uneventful with an aphakic high water content lens worn continuously . This lens was lost and she was given a B-L plano T . One month later the patient was admitted to the hospital with a red eye and a large corneal ulcer . Two white spots were noted on the contact lens . In a frozen section yeast-like structures were seen on the lens that partly invaded the lens material . Fungal culture from the other deposit revealed candida tropicalis and fusarium . The corneal ulcer healed with antimycotic therapy . The possible relationship between cortisone treatment, corneal ulcer and fungal contamination of the lens is discussed. Biochemistry, 1977 May 3, 16(9), 1780 - 7 Scope and mechanism of carbohydrase action: stereospecific hydration of D-glucal catalyzed by alpha- and beta-glucosidase; Hehre EJ et al.; A unique demonstration is presented of the capacity of glycosidases to create anomeric configuration de novo . Purifed Candida tropicalis alpha-glucosidase and sweet almond beta-glucosidase have been found to attack the same substrate, D-glucal, and to convert this unusual glycosyl substrate (which lacks alpha or beta anomeric configuration) to 2-deoxy-alpha-(or beta-) D-glucose, respectively . The stereospecificity of the hydration reaction catalyzed by each enzyme in D2O was revealed by the use of high-resolution (270 MHz) 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy . The alpha-glucosidase caused a specific axial protonation (deuteration) of D-glucal at C-2, and formation of 2-deoxy-alpha-D-{2(a)-2H}glucose . The beta-glucosidase catalyzed an oppositely directed axial protonation at C-2 and formation of 2-deoxy-beta-D-{2(e)-2H}glucose . These results are not accounted for by the generally accepted mechanisms of carbohydrase action derived from studies with glycosidically linked substrates alone . D-Glucal apparently binds to the enzymes with essentially the same overall orientation as the D-glucosyl moiety of glycosidically linked substrates (with the double bond of D-glucal lying essentially in the plane of the similarly bound D-glucosyl group) . Thus, the alpha-glucosidase evidently protonates D-glucal from above the double bond and alpha-D-glucosidic substrates from below the glycosidic oxygen; beta-glucosidase apparently protonates D-glucal from below the double bond and beta-D-glucosides from above the glycosidic oxygen . A detailed mechanism is proposed for the hydration of D-glucal by each enzyme, involving an incipient glycosyl carbonium ion and assuming the presence at the active site of two carboxyl groups arranged to account for catalysis of glycosylations from glycosidically linked substrates . That D-glucal serves as a glycosyl substrate for these enzymes strongly supports the concept that glycosidases and glycosyltransferases are catalysts of glycosylation (i.e., glycosylases), since this concept does not make the usual assumption that carbohydrases are restricted to acting on substrates having a glycosidic bond and either alph- or beta-anomeric configuration. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 May, 238(1), 97 - 117 {Candida tropicalis as causative agent of septicemia (author's transl)}; Staib F et al.; In connection with microbiological findings in two patients, a report on septicemia caused by C . tropicalis is given . C . tropicalis is second in frequency to C . albicans in man . Because for the different biological properties of Candida species in each case of isolation of such fungi from clinical specimens an identification of the species is obligatory, because the generalizing diagnosis of "Candida mycosis" may be insufficient for the detection of epidemiological and pathogenetic associations . The possible primary resistance of C . tropicalis against the antimycotic 5-Fluorocytosine (Ancotil) is discussed . It is shown that the antigen similarity within the most important Candida species as e.g . between C . albicans and C . tropicalis may cause a false interpretation of serological results concerning the causative agent of the infection . For a safe inactivation of C . tropicalis on human skin, cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol for ten seconds is proposed . Because C . tropicalis is entering the human body preferably through food it is discussed whether a microbiological control of food for patients predisposed for such infections should be performed. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 May-Jun, 46(3), 583 - 5 {Cultivation of Candida tropicalis yeasts on coal substrates}; Kucher RV et al.; The optimum conditions have been established in order to obtain aquaeous extracts of oxidized coal . Coal substrates seem to consist of aromatic polycarboxylic acids and unsaturated aliphatic compounds . Candida tropicalis was adapted to coal extracts, and about 2 g of absolutely dry yeast biomass had been obtained from 600 ml of the substrate in the conditions of a laboratory fermenter . The amino acid composition of the biomass was determined. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 May-Jun, 46(3), 467 - 71 {Several properties of the extracellular vesicles of Candida tropicalis yeasts grown on n-alkanes}; Chigaleichik AG et al.; Vesicles with a high content of phospholipids were found when Candida tropicalis IBFM-303 was cultivated on n-alkanes . The vesicles were extracellular, and their inner content had a fine-grained structure confined within a monolayer membrane . The number of the vesicles increased in the course of growth and depended on the concentration of n-alkanes in the medium . When the vesicles were added to an inoculate of C . tropicalis IBFM-303, the growth of cells decelerated and the biomass yield decreased . The paper presents experimental results concerning the chemical composition and the activity of some enzymes of these extracellular structures. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1977 May, 19(5), 701 - 14 Assimilation of liquid hydrocarbon by microorganisms . I . Mechanism of hydrocarbon uptake; Miura Y et al.; The uptake mechanism of liquid hydrocarbons of low solubility in water was investigated, using microorganisms with different affinities for liquid hydrocarbon . Microorganisms which could utilize hydrocarbon were much more adherent to hydrocarbon than those which could not . The adhesive force between Candida intermedia IFO 0761 and hydrocarbon was higher than that of Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336, though both could utilize hydrocarbon; The total hydrocarbon uptake from the drop and accommodation forms of hydrocarbons was much higher than that from dissolved hydrocarbon . The uptake rate of drop-form hydrocarbon was nearly equal to that of accommodation-form hydrocarbon for C . intermedia, but was lower for C . tropicalis which shows lower adhesion to hydrocarbon. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 5(4), 501 - 2 Comparison of cream of rice agar and horse serum for differentiating germ tubes of Candida albicans from filaments of Candida tropicalis; Warwood NM et al.; Simple cream of rice agar was superior to horse serum for the demonstration of germ tubes by Candida albicans and in the differentiation of pseudohyphae of Candida tropicalis from germ tubes at 37 degrees C . Mycelium and chlamydospores were also produced on this medium. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 23(4), 398 - 401 Sterol content and polyene antibiotic resistance in isolates of Candida krusei, Candida parakrusei, and Candida tropicalis; Safe LM et al.; Three isolates, one from each species of Candida krusei, C . parakrusei, and C . tropicalis, obtained from infected patients, were more tolerant of significantly higher concentrations of polyene antibiotics than the corresponding reference wild types . The resistant strains isolated had the same sterols as their wild-type counterparts but in lower concentrations. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 5(4), 494 - 6 Sucrose-negative variants of Candida tropicalis; Ahearn DG et al.; Four cultures of a Candida sp . that lacked alpha-glucosidase activity were isolated from clinical specimens . Physiological, morphological, and serological characterizations of the yeasts and deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation studies supported their classification as a variant of C . tropicalis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Feb 9, 480(2), 357 - 66 Glucose-phosphorylating enzymes of Candida yeasts and their regulation in vivo; Hirai M et al.; Three glucose-phosphorylating enzymes having different specificities for glucose and fructose were separated from the cell-free extract of Candida tropicalis by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 . Two of them, which phosphorylated fructose 1.5 times faster than glucose, were designated as hexokinase I and II (ATP : D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1.), and the other with very low or no fructose-phosphorylating activity, as glucokinase (ATP : D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.2) . Km values for glucose with both hexokinase I and glucokinase were 0.3 mM, and that for fructose with hexokinase I was 2.2 mM . Time-course changes in the levels of these enzymes in C . tropicalis growing on glucose and on n-alkane revealed that hexokinase was induced specifically by the sugars, while glucokinase was a constitutive enzyme . Addition of cycloheximide to the culture medium prevented the increase in the hexose-phosphorylating activity and in the Fru/Glu ratio (the ratio of enzymatic phosphorylation of fructose to that of glucose) in the cells . Although Candida lipolytica also contained hexokinase and glucokinase, both enzymes seemed to be constitutive. Arch Microbiol, 1977 Feb 4, 112(1), 1 - 8 Microbody of n-alkane-grown yeast . Enzyme localization in the isolated microbody; Kawamoto S et al.; Microbodies appearing abundantly in n-alkane-grown cells of Candida tropicalis pK 233 were isolated by means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation . Electron microscopical observation showed that the microbodies isolated were intact . Localization of catalase and D-amino acid oxidase in the isolated microbodies was confirmed . Isocitrate lyase, melate synthase and NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were also located in the microbody, but malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, aconitase and NAD-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase were not . Neither cytochrome P-450 not NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, the components involved in the n-alkane hydroxylation system of the yeast, were detected in the microbody fraction. J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 294 - 7 Experimental hematogenous endophthalmitis due to Candida: species variation in ocular pathogenicity; Edwards JE Jr et al.; The ocular pathogenicity of species of Candida other than albicans was studied in the rabbit model of hematogenous candida endophthalmitis by injection of 10(5)-10(8) colony-forming units of Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida stellateoidea, and Candida albicans (control) . At one and three weeks after infection, rabbits were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and were sacrificed for culture of eyes and kidneys . With an inoculum of 10(8) organisms, C . tropicalis and C . stellatoidea infected the kidneys but only occasionally infected the chorioretina and never infected the vitreous . Organisms were cultured only rarely from the kidneys of rabbits infected with C . krusei, C . guilliermondii, and C . parapsilosis; these species were never isolated from eyes . The C . albicans control consistently infected the kidney, chorioretina, and vitreous; approximately equal numbers of C . albicans were isolated from these organs . These data suggest a relative resistance of ocular tissues to hematogenous candida infections with species other than C . albicans. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1977 Jan-Feb, 13(1), 46 - 54 {Molecular weight and several features of the structure of yeast polysaccharides possessing antiviral properties}; Kovalenko AG et al.; By the methods of biogel R-10, R-30, R-60 and R-200 gel filtration, sedimentation analysis and IR-spectroscopy polysaccharides isolated from yeast Candida tropicalis 3b, C . arborea KAM-1 and a commercial yeast extract (Merck) were investigated . The effect of the preparations on TMV was also studied . Polysaccharides consisted primarily of glucanes with a molecular weight of 10000-16500 . The yeast extract preparation also included mannane with a molecular weight of 48000 . IV-spectra of the purified preparations were in the main identical and were typical of polysaccharides . The mannane containing preparation inhibited TMV more significantly that glucane containing preparations . The interaction between physical parameters, structure and biological activity of the biopolymers tested is discussed. Br Heart J, 1976 Nov, 38(11), 1209 - 12 Echocardiographic diagnosis of large fungal verruca attached to mitral valve; Pasternak RC et al.; In a patient with endocarditis due to Candida tropicalis echocardiograms from mitral valve vegetations were found to mimic the typical pattern of a left atrial myxoma . A mass was shown occupying the mitral orifice posterior to the anterior mitral leaflet; densities also appeared in the left atrium.Though these echocardiographic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma, there were other distinctive differential diagnostic features . Other diagnostic possibilities must, therefore, be considered in the interpretation of echocardiograms which suggest left atrial tumour. J Infect Dis, 1976 Oct, 134(4), 336 - 41 Effect of culture media on the antifungal activity of miconazole and amphotericin B methyl ester; Hoeprich PD et al.; The capacity of four culture media to obfuscate the antifungal activity of miconazole and amphotericin B methyl ester was evaluated qualitatively by examination of five isolates each of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Torulopsis glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans, and quantitatively by determination of the absolute minimal inhibitory concentrations for a strain of C . albicans . Miconazole, like the predecessor imidazole (clotrimazole), was antagonized by two complex, undefined media (Sabouraud's glucose and brain-heart infusion agars) but not by either of two synthetic formulations (synthetic amino acid medium, fungal and modified yeast-nitrogen base) . The antifungal activity of amphotericin B methyl ester, like that of the parent compound amphotericin B, was not materially affected by the culture medium used for testing . When added separately to synthetic amino acid medium (fungal), neither purines nor pyrimidines antagonized miconazole . Ether extraction of Sabouraud's glucose agar failed to diminish the antagonism of this medium for miconazole. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 844 - 51 {Cytological mechanisms involved in assimilation of n-alkanes by yeasts}; Meisel' MN et al.; The paper describes cytological mechanism of adaptation of yeasts to assimilation of aliphatic hydrocarbons added to a growth medium as a sole source of carbon . The process was studied by light optical and electron microscopy, employing fluorescent labelling and electron microscopy contrasting . Two types of yeasts were found, which differed by the response of the cell walls to hydrocarbons: those that formed "channels" and those that did not form them . Cytological response to hydrocarbon assimilation was detected also in the mitochondria and canals of the endoplasmic reticulum . Components of the Golgi apparatus may also participate in this process, in particular, in formation of peroxisomes (microbodies) . Close contacts of the yeast cells with the hydrocarbon being assimilated is important; assimilation may start in a close vicinity of the cell walls . The rate of flavin production by Candida tropicalis 303 IBFM increases during growth on solid paraffins, beginning with C20-paraffin. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 852 - 8 {Isolation of vacuoles from Candida tropicalis}; Belov AP et al.; Intact vacuoles were isolated from the homogenate of the Candida tropicalis protoplasts by flotation in a stepwise gradient of phycoll density . New parameters of protoplast decomposition in hypotonic and isotonic conditions yielding intact vacuoles have been found, as well parameters of density gradient and conditions of centrifugation which differ essentially from parameters used by other authors for isolating the vacuoles from the Saccharomyces cells . The purity of the vacuole preparations was confirmed by using enzymes, light and electron microscopy . The specific content of the carbon of protein, lipids, and free amino acids in the vacuoles and protoplasts of the yeast cells cultivated on 14C-labelled glucose was determined by the radioindicator technique. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 JUL-AUG, 45(4), 636 - 9 {Effect of temperature on the synthesis of protein and individual amino acids by the thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis on media with hydrocarbons}; Kvasnikov EI et al.; Synthesis of protein and amino acids by the thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis K-41 was studied at various temperatures of cultivation during growth on media with hydrocarbons in conditions of continuous cultivation . The content of protein in the cells decreased by 6% with an increase in growth temperature by 10 degrees C (from 29 to 39 degrees C) while excretion of free amino acids into the medium increased . The cultural broth of the cells grown at 39 degrees C contained up to 8 amino acids, with alanine, aspartic acid, serine and glycine prevailing . The content of amino acids which liberated into the medium decreased in the intracellular pool . However, the total amount of free amino acids in the system "cell--medium" remained constant at various temperatures of cultivation . Synthesis of free amino acids does not presumably limit total synthesis of protein by the yeast. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1976 Jul, 18(7), 967 - 74 The mode of interaction between the substrate and cell surface of the hydrocarbon-utilizing yeast Candida tropicalis; Kaeppeli O et al.; A method for the measurement of the affinity of the cell surface to hydrocarbons is described . The affinity was basically unaffected by different pH values and temperature as well as by the chain length of the substrate . The contact time required for saturation of the cell surface with substrate was 30 sec . Cells grown on glucose showed a 25% lower adsorption capacity compared to those grown on n-alkane . The glucose grown cells showed also a more distinguished dependence of the amount of adsorbed hydrocarbon on the quality of the emulsion . The interaction between the substrate and cell surface turned out to be an adsorption that did not involve an enzymatic reaction . These results led to the conclusion that a lipopolysaccharide moiety present at the cell surface is responsible for the affinity. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 433 - 6 {Effect of carbon source and cultivation temperature on growth limitation of Candida tropicalis by biotin}; Todosiichuk SR et al.; The effect of biotin on the specific growth rate of Candida tropicalis was studied on media with various sources of carbon nutrition at temperatures of 29 and 39degreesC . The yeast was found to require 3--5 times less biotin on the medium with paraffin than on the medium with glucose and hexodecane, and 3--4 times more biotin on the same substrate with an increase in temperature . The growth rate increased by 36--40% on liquid paraffins containing 0.5 mcg/litre of biotin at 29degreesC and 1.5--2.0 mcg/litre of biotin at 39degreesC . The saturation constant of biotin increased from 0.033 to 0.063 mcg/litre on the medium with paraffin, and more by an order on the medium with glucose and hexadecane, at a rise of growth temperature from 29 to 39degreesC. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 May-Jun, 45, 413 - 6 {ATP content in Candida tropicalis cells growing at different temperatures}; Pozmogova IN et al.; The thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis, strain T-20, was cultivated on a chemically defined medium with glucose or malt wort in flasks with shaking at three temperatures: optimal (36degreesC), supraoptimal (38degreesC) and submaximal (41degreesC) . An increase of temperature within these limits caused an increase in ATP content in yeast cells and a decrease in phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity. Tsitol Genet, 1976 Mar-Apr, 10(2), 103 - 6 {Lipid composition of wild and histamine-dependent strains of Candida tropicalis D-2}; Danilenko II et al.; Lipid composition of prototropic and histidine-dependent strains of Candida tripicalis D-2 was studied by the method of gas and thin layer chromatography . Essential differences are shown in the quantitative composition of neutral lipids and fatty acids of the studied strains. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Mar-Apr, 45(2), 266 - 8 {Pyruvate- and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity during yeast growth on glucose and hexadecane}; Sofronova MIu et al.; The activity of pyruvate- and ketoglutarate dehydrogenases (PDH and KGDH) was determined in the cells of Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis during the exponential phase of their growth on glucose and hexadecane . The activity of PDH in the cells growing on hexadecane was found to be lower than in the cells growing on glucose . The activity of KGDH was almost the same in the cells cultivated on hexadecane and glucose . The results obtained are discussed with respect to different pathways of degradation of glucose and n-alkanes, and a decreased requirement in thiamine during growth of the yeast cells on n-alkanes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Feb 6, 419(3), 425 - 34 Microsomal cytochromes of Candida tropicalis grown on alkanes; Gallo M et al.; A comparison of methods used in isolating microsomes and in measuring microsomal cytochrome P-450 demonstrated that separation following protoplast lysis gave the best results . By this latter technique a high amount of cytochrome P-450 (0.2-0.3 nmol/mg) was recovered but cytochrome P-420, considered as the denatured form, was absent . The alkanes specifically induce cytochromes P-450 and b5 localized on the microsomes . The denaturation in vivo of cytochrome P-450 into cytochrome P-420 even occurs during storage at 1 degree C . This degradation is increased during preparation of subcellular fractions if no preventive measures are taken. J Infect Dis, 1976 Feb, 133(2), 206 - 9 Synergistic action of amphotericin B and rifampin against Candida species; Beggs WH et al.; Amphotericin B and rifampin act synergistically against certain yeasts in vitro . Whether this synergism is a general phenomenon or whether the effect has strict species and strain requirements was studied . Included in a survey of the genus Candida were eight human isolates of Candida albicans and one strain each of Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida guilliermodnii, and Candida stellatoidea . Cultures in both control and drug-containing liquid medium were incubated at 37 C with aeration . Effects of the drugs were determined from viability assays performed at zero-time and at 17 hr . Amphotericin C and rifampin were judged to be synergistic if any one of three different sets of criteria was met . Combined activity greater than the sums of individual drug effects was required in each set of criteria . Partially inhibitory or fungistatic levels of amphotericin B and noninhibitory concentrations of rifampin acted synergistically against all strains of Candida examined . Within the genus Candida, synergism of amphotericin B and rifampin appears to be a rather general phenomenon. Biochimie, 1976, 58(3), 351 - 7 {Demonstration of 2 phosphate transport systems in Candida tropicalis}; Blasco F et al.; Candida tropicalis has two phosphate transport systems, one of which is constitutive and has a low affinity for its substrate (Kmapp 1.2.10(-3) M) . The other one characterized by a high affinity for H2PO4- (Kmapp = 4.5.10(-6) M) appears only under phosphate starvation conditions . The regulation of the latter would act on the one hand on the synthesis of binding proteins for P1 (repression-derepression) and on the other on the activation or inactivation of the carriers. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1976, 42(1-2), 101 - 5 Yeast-like fungi recovered from normal human skin in Nsukka (Nigeria); Njoku-Obi AN et al.; The incidence of yeast-like fungi on normal skin was investigated in 52 healthy Nsukka individuals comprising 21 adults, 24 children, and 7 infants . Eighty-six isolates of yeasts and 2 of Geotrichum candidum were recovered . The yeasts included Candida tropicalis-36 isolates, C . guilliermondii-3, C . parapsilosis-2, Candida spp . (unidentified)-16, Cryptococcus albidus-6, Trichosporon cutaneum-7, Trichosporon spp.-8 and Rhodotorula spp.-8 isolates . The isolates originated from various sites, predominantly from nails and finger clefts . The significance of the findings is discussed with particular reference to the absence of C . albicans and the frequent isolation of C . tropicalis, T . cutaneum and C . albidus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1976, 22(3), 255 - 61 Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and liver fats of the rats fed yeast grown on n-alkanes; Tajima M et al.; n-Alkane assimilating yeast, Candida tropicalis YO-148, was grown on an n-alkane-containing medium . A synthetic diet containing 6.8% of dried yeast was fed to rats . The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and liver fats was determined after a two week feeding period . The percentage of odd-numbered acids increased in the animals fed the yeast diet . Furthermore, it was shown that heptadecenoic acid, the major odd-numbered acid in yeast, was accumulated in neutral lipid fraction of adipose tissue fat . Fatty acid composition of protein isolate prepared from yeast cells had a profile similar to that of the original cells. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Jan-Feb, 45(1), 33 - 40 {The activity of citrate glyoxylate and pentosephosphate cycle enzymes during yeast growth on hexadecane and glucose}; Lozinov AB et al.; The activity of key enzymes of the citrate (CC), glyoxylate (GC), and pentose phosphate cycles (PPC) was determined in the cells of Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis growing on hexadecane and glucose . The activity of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase (enzymes of GC) was very high in hexadecane grown cells but was almost absent in "glucose" grown . The activity of citrate synthase and aconitase was 2-4 times and 1.5-2 times, respectively, higher in the cells, grown on n-alkane . The activity of citrate synthase of "hexadecane" and "glucose" yeasts was higher than the activity of other enzymes of CC (aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase), especially in the "hexadecane" cells . The activity of the key enzymes of PPC was almost the same in the yeast cells, grown on "hexadecane" and "glucose" . Possible factors causing differences in the activities of the enzymes of GC and CC are discussed . Yeast organisms incapable to grow on n-alkanes were found to be able to grow on acetate (43 strains belonging to 35 yeast species have been studied) and to have a high activity of isocitrate lyase . Therefore, the absence of growth of many yeast strains on n-alkanes is not caused by the absence of the activity of enzymes of GC in these strains. Neoplasma, 1976, 23(1), 43 - 6 Antibacterial and antitumor activity of some derivatives of ureidosuccinic acid; Golovinsky EV et al.; The effect of several derivatives of ureidosuccinic acid on the growth of Escherichia coli 387, Staphylococcus aureus strain 209 and its mutant UV-2, Sarcina lutea, Candida tropicalis and Neurospora crossa 9863 as pre-screening systems for antitumor activity was studied . It was found that dihydrazide of D,L-ureidosuccinic acid (DHUA) had a marked antibacterial activity . The inhibitory effect of DHUA on N . crassa could not be removed by aspartic acid, ureidosuccinic acid, dihydroorotic acid, orotic acid, uracil or cytosine . DHUA suppressed the growth of Myeloma P-8 by 38%, that of Sarcoma 180 by 12% and that of Yoshida sarcoma by 19% . No effect was found on the growth of Lymphosarcoma Pliss. Biokhimiia, 1976 Jan, 41(1), 167 - 74 {Regulation of fodder yeast Candida tropicalis glutamine synthetase activity by the end products of glutamine metabolism}; Kretovich VL et al.; Effect of different products of glutamine metabolism on the activity of glutamine synthetase in the presence of Mg2+, and Mn2+ and Co2+ as cofactors is studied . All the metabolites studied are found to inhibit the glutamine synthetase activity in the presence of any cation listed . The degree and the character of the inhibition by one or other metabolite depended in a considerable degree on the nature of the cation presented in the reaction mixture (Mg2+, Mn2+ or Co2+) . The mechanism of the cumulative effect of retroinhibitors under the change of Mg2+ or Mn2+ in the reaction mixture was the same. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Dec, 17(12), 1705 - 15 YATP value in Candida tropicalis grown on n-alkanes, fatty acids, and acetate; Gallo M et al.; The amount of ATP produced during n-alkane, fatty acid, or acetate metabolism in Candida tropicalis has been established from the P/O ratios measured on isolated mitochondria, yield on substrate and carbon balance . For these three kinds of substrates YATP value has been found to be close to 4, although Ysub on acetate is very different from those found with n-alkanes or fatty acids. J Pediatr, 1975 Dec, 87(6 Pt 1), 987 - 8 Treatment of Candida peritonitis by peritoneal lavage with amphotericin B; Bortolussi RA et al.; A 14-year-old girl, who was a renal transplant recipient, developed Candida tropicalis peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis and immunosuppressive and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy . Therapeutic cure of the peritonitis followed a ten-day course of amphotericin B administered solely by peritoneal lavage. J Pediatr, 1975 Dec, 87(6 Pt 1), 989 - 90 Candida arthritis treated with amphotericin B; Poplack DG et al.; This report describes a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed arthritis of the knee caused by Candida tropicalis . Systemic therapy with amphotericin B apparently suppressed but did not eliminate the infection . Resolution of the arthritis occurred only after three intra-articular injections of amphotericin B . Intra-articular administration of amphotericin B may be a useful adjunct to systemic antifungal therapy in the treatment of these infections. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Nov-Dec, 44(6), 1041 - 5 {Changes in the composition of intracellular lipids and hydrocarbons in Candida tropicalis in the absence of growth}; Zhelifonova VP et al.; The fatty acid composition of lipids and the composition of hydrocarbons were studied in Candida tropicalis cultivated on a medium with propionic acid and incubated in the conditions of starvation and on a medium containing glucose-1-6-14C but no nitrogen . Intracellular fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms were found to be easily metabolized by yeast cells . The content and composition of intracellular hydrocarbons were very labile and underwent intensive transformation caused by changes in the metabolism of the yeast cell. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Nov-Dec, 44(6), 1016 - 21 {Effect of the nitrogen source in the medium on the activity of glutamine synthetase in Candida tropicalis and on the kinetics of the enzymatic reaction of glutamine synthesis}; Generalova TG et al.; The effect of various nitrogen sources (L-glutamic acid, L-glutamine, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, and ammonium sulphate) on the synthetase and transferase activity of glutamine synthetase was studied in Candida tropicalis . These nitrogen sources had different effect on the two activity of the enzyme . Glutamic acid or ammonium sulphate did not produce any considerable action on the kinetic properties of glutamine synthetase of this fodder yeast. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Sep-Oct, 11(5), 645 - 8 {Effect of the chemical nature of the carbon source in the medium on the makeup of the biomass}; Osovik AN et al.; The yeast Candida tropicalis, Candida utilis, Trichosporon cutaneum were cultivated on the synthetic medium containing additions of group B vitamins (biotin, thiamin) and glucose, glycerol of lactic acid as the sole source . The protein content, amino acid composition, nucleic acids and complex B vitamins were identified in the resultant biomass . The carbon source in the medium affected these indices . The protein and nucleic acid content also depended on the yeast strain. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Sep-Oct, 44(5), 945 - 7 {Increased flavinogenesis in 1 of the strains of Candida tropicalis}; Medvedeva GA et al.; Candida tropicalis IBFM 303 is capable of the active production and liberation of flavins during the oxidation of solid paraffins with the carbon chain consisting of 20 carbon atoms and more . Unlike other known strains, this strain does not accumulate considerable amounts of the vitamin neither on media containing liquid n-paraffins not on media with glucose, even under the conditions of iron deficiency. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Sep-Oct, 11(5), 649 - 52 {Effect of furfural on the energy metabolism of fodder yeasts}; Vitrinskaia AM et al.; The effect of furfurol on the rate of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production by Candida tropicalis cells was studied . Furfurol was shown to inhibit significantly the yeast respiration, inducing aerobic glycolysis . Enhanced carbon dioxide production in the presence of furfurol was followed by an intensive degradation of trehalose and ethanol accumulation in the medium. Tsitol Genet, 1975 Sep-Oct, 9(5), 429 - 35 {Structure of Candida tropicalis K-41 thermotolerant yeasts at various growing temperatures on a mineral medium with hydrocarbons}; Stepaniuk VV et al.; In the C . tropicalis K-41 cells fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium most membranes consisted of two electron-transparent and one electron-dense layer . Morphologo-structural peculiarities of the cell fraction grown at 39 degrees testify to a certain disconnection of energetic and constructive metabolism, inhibition of synthetic processes . Cell division was more active at 29 degrees. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jul-Aug, 44(4), 621 - 4 {Isolation and characteristics of the cellular structures of Candida tropicalis}; Davidova EG et al.; Using the method of radioactive indicators, the specific content of proteins, lipids, total phosphorus, and lipid phosphorus was estimated in the morphological cell fractions of Candida tropicalis after growth in a liquid mineral medium containing n-octadecane as a source of carbon . The morphological cell fractions were produced by means of differential centrifuging . The following comparatively pure fractions were obtained simultaneously: soluble fraction, microsomes, mitochondria, large membranes, and cell walls. J Bacteriol, 1975 Jul, 123(1), 317 - 28 Ultrastructure of methanol-utilizing yeast cells: appearance of microbodies in relation to high catalase activity; Fukui S et al.; Nine strains of methanol-utilizing yeasts belonging to the genera Candida, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Pichia, and Torulopsis were examined with respect to the interrelationship between their catalase content and ultrastructure . Methanol-grown cells of all the yeasts tested showed higher catalase activities than the respective ethanol- and glucose-grown cells . In connection with this, occurrence of a specific organelle surrounded by a single-unit membrane ("microbodies") was observed only in the methanol-grown cells . Several morphological differences were observed between the microbodies of methanol-utilizing yeasts and those of hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts such as Candida tropicalis . That is, microbodies of methanol utilizers were large in size, existed in closely associated forms, and had crystalloid structures . Localization of catalase activity in these microbodies was demonstrated cytochemically by use of 3,3'-diaminobenzidene . Especially, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine reaction product accumulated heavily in crystalloids of yeast microbodies. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 Jul-Aug, 11(4), 485 - 9 {Regulation of glutamine synthetase of the fodder yeast Candida tropicalis by ammonium ions}; Kretovich WL et al.; The effect of ammonium on glutamine synthetase of fodder yeast Candida tropicalis was studied . Ammonium ions were found to repress the synthesis of glutamine synthetase of fodder yeast and to inhibit the enzyme in the cells . The substitution of glutamic acid for ammonium in the nutrient medium brought about depression of glutamine synthetase. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jun 24, 391(2), 282 - 91 Difference in pyruvate kinase regulation among three groups of yeasts; Hirai M et al.; Yeast pyruvate kinase (ATP : pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.40) was classified into three groups based on the interaction with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate . The pyruvate kinases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis were activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in the concentration range tested (up to 10 mM) of the substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate; the enzymes of "fermentative Candida" (Candida tropicalis and Candida utilis) were affected by fructose 1,6-biphosphate only when the substrate concentration was below 2 mM . Although the pyruvate kinase of Candida lipolytica (a yeast belonging to "oxidative Candida") was also affected by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, the degree of the activation was extremely small as compared with the above four yeasts . The pyruvate kinase of C . tropicalis was inhibited by ATP more strongly in the absence of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate than its presence . In the case of the C . lipolytica enzyme, however, the enzyme was inhibited to a lesser extent by ATP, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate did not reverse the inhibitory effect of ATP . Time course changes of the enzyme levels in the yeasts grown on glucose and on ethanol indicate that the pyruvate kinases of S . cerevisiae and C . tropicalis can be controlled both by an allosteric mechanism and by changes in the enzyme concentration, although a marked difference was observed in the susceptibility to the allosteric effect by fructose 1,6-biphosphate between these fermentative yeasts . On the other hand, that of C . lipolytica would be controlled only by the latter mechanism. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 May-Jun, 44(3), 556 - 8 {Electron microscopic study of Candida tropicalis yeasts grown on a medium containing selenium}; Reshetnikova IA et al.; The yeast Candida tropicalis 303 was cultivated on a medium containing selenium, and studied by electron microscopy . The vacuoles of these cells contained electron-dense granules . The correlation between the increase in the number of the electron-dense granules in the cells of C . tropicalis 303 and the biomass suggests the presence of Se0 in the Granules. Avian Dis, 1975 Apr-Jun, 19(2), 393 - 5 Candida tropicalis infecting the respiratory tract of turkeys in Israel; Kuttin ES et al.; A Candida tropicalis epidemic is described that affected the respiratory tract of turkeys receiving antibiotics in their food and drinking water . When the antibiotics were stopped and Io-vine given, the disease was cured. Arch Microbiol, 1975 Mar 12, 103(1), I - II Development of microbodies in candida tropicalis during incubation in a n-alkane medium; Osumi M et al.; Development of microbodies in Candida tropicalis pK 233 was studied mainly by electron microscopical observation . The yeast cells, precultured on malt extract, scarcely contained microbodies and showed very low catalase activity . When the precultured cells were transferred to a n-alkane medium and incubated with shaking, the number of microbodies increased and concomitantly the activity of catalase was enhanced . That is, both the area ratio of microbodies in the cell and the ratio of microbodies to cytoplasm in area increased significantly during the utilization of n-alkanes for 8 hrs . Localization of catalase in the microbodies was demonstrated cytochemically by use of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, but other organella in the cell, except for vacuoles appearing in the early growth phase and mitochondria, were not stained with this reagent . Microbodies seemed to grow by division . Biogenesis of microbodies in the yeast cells is also discussed. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 339 - 46 {Yeast flora of plant rhizosphere and phyllosphere}; Kvasnikov EI et al.; The species belonging to the genera Cryptococcus and Hansenula with saturnian spores predominate in the rhizosphere of agricultural plants . The sporiferous strains of Debaryomyces, Hanseniaspora apiculata, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, and asporogenic Candida krusei and Trichosporon cutaneum prevail in the rhizosphere of wild plants . Candida krusei and Trichosporon cutaneum prevail in the rhizosphere of wild plants . The cultures of Rhodotorula, Candida krusei and Metschnikowia pulcherrima are typical of the phyllosphere of both cultural and wild plants . The phyllosphere of cultural plants contains also the asporogenic strains of Cryptococcus, Candida tropicalis, Trichosporon pullulans, Tr . cutaneum, and Hansenula, while Hanseniaspora apiculata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae predominate in the phyllosphere of wild plants . The yeast flora of the majority of studied plants is diverse and comprises 10--20 species (in cabbage, potato, linden, aspen, and pear trees) . The rhizophere and phyllosphere of some plants contain only 2 to 4 yeast species (onion, hop, wild apple). N Engl J Med, 1975 Jan 30, 292(5), 236 - 41 Effects of corticosteroid therapy on human monocyte function; Rinehart JJ et al.; Since high-dose corticosteroid therapy appears to impair cellular defense mechanisms, this study examined its effect on human monocyte function . Fifteen normal volunteers were studied before and after a three-day course of prednisone therapy (50 mg every 12 hours for six doses) . A transient period of monocytopenia occurred during the first few hours of therapy . Monocyte killing of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced in nine subjects from 5.6 plus or minus 0.2 (plus or minus S.E.) X 10-6 organisms before to 1.3 plus or minus 0.4 x 10-6 organisms at completion of therapy (p less than 0.01) . Similary, killing of Candida tropicalis four subjects fell from 9.3 plus or minus 0.6 to 0.6 plus or minus 0.3 x 10-6 organisma (p less than 0.01) . Bactericidal activity returned to normal levels 48 hours after the last dose of prednisone . These same monocyte preparations had normal or increased chemotactic response, phagocytic rate of cryptococci, hexosemonophosphate-shunt response to phagocytosis and ultrastructural characteristics . This impairment of bactericidal and fungicidal activity during prednisone therapy may contribute to the infectious complications seen in patients receiving comparable doses of corticosteroids. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 61 - 6 {Physiologo-biochemical characteristics of Candida tropicalis yeasts, cultivated on n-alkanes at supraoptimal temperature}; Chigaleichik AG et al.; Cultivation of Candida tropicalis IBEM 303 without thermostatic regulation on n-alkanes results in an increase of the temperature in the fermenter to supraoptimal values and to the linear growth of the culture without distinct differentiation according to the growth phases . The cells grown at supraoptimal temperature differ from the cells cultivated at optimal temperature by the amount of some amino acids and oligopeptides liberated by the yeast into the cultural broth, by the chemical composition of the cells and their morphology. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jan-Feb, 44(1), 21 - 7 {Activity of pentose phosphate pathway enzymes in alkane-oxidizing yeast cells}; Glazunova LM et al.; The activity of the key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transketolase) was determined in cell-free homogenates of Candida lipolytica 695 and Candida tropicalis 303 growing on different carbon sources . The activity of these enzymes remained almost the same in the course of growth of both cultures . The activity of the enzymes differed only slightly in the cells metabolizing hexadecane and glucose . The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the cell-free homogenates of C . tropicalis 303 was twice as high as in the cells of C . lipolytica 695 . The activity of transketolase was the same in both cultures . The main role of the pentose phosphate pathway is presumed to consist not in catabolism of the carbon source, but in biosynthesis of pentoses and other important intermediates. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 231(1-3), 278 - 92 {Kininases from yeasts (author's transl)}; Fischer G et al.; Practically no studies are available on the presence of kinin-decomposing enzymes in yeasts . Different preparations (intact washed cell suspensions, cell-homogenised blastospores, nutrient media, supernatant of raw fungus suspensions) of Candida strains sampled from foci of disease and from the environment were studied qualitatively and quantitatively fro the presence of kinin-inactivating enzymes . The parameter measured is the time-dependent inactivation of bradykinin by the test strain preparations as determined in the isolated guinea-pig ileum by the water-bath test . Preceding surveys of the basic presence of kinin-decomposing enzyme activity in 10 Candida strains from foci of disease revealed that only undiluted, intact washed suspensions of spores were capable of bradykinin inactivation . Intact washed blastospores from 4 other strains sampled from foci of disease (Candida tropicalis B5, Candida tropicalis B12, Candida albicans C10, Candida albicans A23) diluted 1:10 by volume did not exhibit bradykinin decomposition at the concentration studied . In contrast to this, identical preparations of three strains from the environment (Candida tropicalis E2, Rhodotorula rubra H14, Saccharomyces lactis R15) were exhibiting kinin-inactivation of partially high intensity which was still enhanced by cell homogenisation . The Candida brumptii Q6 strain, however, did not induce kinin breakdown . In the case of Candida tropicalis E2, the enzymes could be demonstrated also in the nutrient diluted 1 : 2 . Supernatants obtained by centrifugation of raw fungus suspensions were ineffective in respect of strains from foci of disease as well as such from the environment . Bradykinin was protected against inactivation by treatment of all kinin-decomposing preparations with 1,10 phenanthroline, acid and heat . Thus, the kinin-decomposing enzymes involved were kininases . In a general view, species-specific differences in the presence of kininases among Candida strains were recognizable. Genetika, 1975, 11(12), 143 - 5 {The effect of DNA isolated from different sources and different physico-chemical conditions on Candida tropicalis strain D-2 his-}; Danilenko II; Mutagenic effect of DNA, isolated from Escherichia coli, Actinomyces olivaceus and calf thymus, on hystidine-deficient strain of Candida tropicalis D-2 is demonstrated.
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