Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 55(10), 2443 - 7 Evaluation of the Autoanalysis Colilert test for detection and enumeration of total coliforms; Covert TC et al.; The Autoanalysis Colilert (AC) test was compared with the membrane filter (MF), 10-tube multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) technique, and the presence-absence test as described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for the detection and enumeration of total coliforms in water . The methods were evaluated with 31 samples from seven different sources . Each sample was analyzed by each of the techniques, using replicate 100-ml sample volumes . A total of 582 confirmed tubes were positive by the MTF test, and 533 tubes were positive by the AC test . Statistical analysis of the most-probable-number comparability data showed a statistically significant difference in the number of positive tubes, with the MTF test resulting in more positive tubes . There were no statistically significant differences in precision between the two methods . All the methods were comparable in detection of total coliforms . Levels of heterotrophic bacteria generally encountered in drinking water did not interfere with detection or enumeration of coliforms by the AC test. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Oct, 42(10), 1470 - 4 Calphostins (UCN-1028), novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C . I . Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities; Kobayashi E et al.; A novel complex of calphostin (UCN-1028), which specifically inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) has been isolated from the culture broth of a fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides . Purification of individual components was carried out by silica gel, non-porus resin Diaion HP-20SS and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, leading to isolation of five closely related components . A, B, C, D and I . Calphostins showed cytotoxic activities against various tumor cells, and these cytotoxicities were proportional to their inhibitory activities against PKC. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989 Sep 25, 17(18), 7427 - 39 The extended promoter of the gene encoding ribosomal protein S33 in yeast consists of multiple protein binding elements; Herruer MH et al.; At least 4 different, protein binding cis-acting elements are present in the upstream region of the S33-gene . The major protein binding site is situated between positions -148 and -163 relative to the ATG start codon . It binds a trans-acting factor designated SUF (S33 Upstream Factor) . When yeast cells are growing on glucose, deletion of this site results in a decrease of transcription of 50% . Using ethanol as a carbon-source, deletion of the SUF-responsive site lowers the transcription as much as 80% . A second protein binding site is found between positions -85 and -105 . Only extracts from glucose-grown cells contain a factor that is able to bind to this site in vitro . A third protein binding site was found using a protein extract from ethanol-grown cells . This site, which is located quite close to the transcriptional start site, is probably responsible for the 20% residual transcription when the SUF binding site is removed . Finally, a site far upstream was found, which binds a protein from both glucose-grown and ethanol-grown cells . This site may function as an upstream repression site which is only functional when a non-fermentable carbon-source is used . Taking these findings into account, we present a model for the carbon-source dependent transcription activation of the gene encoding S33. Br J Nutr, 1989 Sep, 62(2), 297 - 310 The influence of rumen volatile fatty acids on protein metabolism in growing lambs; Abdul-Razzaq HA et al.; The effect of acetic or propionic acid rumen fermentation patterns on whole-body protein turnover, tissue protein synthetic rates and body composition was investigated in growing lambs . Protein turnover was assessed using a continuous intravenous infusion of {2,3-3H}tyrosine and tissue protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR) from the specific activities of plasma free, intracellular free and tissue bound tyrosine . Only the FSR of muscle tissue approached significance . The high FSR in the propionic group was attributed to the high plasma insulin concentration . Values for whole-body protein synthesis, corrected for tyrosine oxidation, were similar to those obtained by summating protein synthesis in individual tissues, confirming that tyrosine oxidation should be measured accurately if reliable whole-body protein synthesis values are required . Tyrosine oxidation and flux were high in the acetic acid group, suggesting that amino acids are used for gluconeogenesis . The high protein turnover rate probably ensures an adequate supply of gluconeogenic amino acids and that the penalty of mobilizing body proteins for gluconeogenic amino acids is minimal . In the propionic acid group, high plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were associated with a low protein turnover rate, high ratio of deposited: synthesized protein and a high body fat content . It is concluded that changing the proportion of ruminal volatile fatty acids influences protein turnover, protein synthesis and the efficiency of protein retention . Such factors probably contribute, indirectly, to the observed differences in body composition. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1350 - 5 Structural study of isoflavonoids possessing antioxidant activity isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp; Funayama S et al.; Structures of three antioxidant isoflavonoids isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces sp . OH-1049 were shown to be 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone (1), 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2) and 8-chloro-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyisoflavone (3), respectively . Among them, 3 is a novel isoflavonoid possessing a chlorine atom in the molecule . Compound 1 was synthesized and its antitumor activities were tested against IMC carcinoma, S180, P388 leukemia and P388/ADM leukemia in vivo . As a result, 1 showed 139% increase in life span (ILS) against S180 bearing mice whereas it showed slight or no ILS against IMC carcinoma, P388 leukemia and P388/ADM leukemia bearing mice. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1344 - 9 Isolation of isoflavonoids possessing antioxidant activity from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp; Komiyama K et al.; Three antioxidant isoflavonoids characterized as 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone (1), 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2) and 8-chloro-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyisoflavone (3) were isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces sp . OH-1049 . Among them, 3 is a novel isoflavonoid possessing a chlorine atom in the molecule . In in vitro studies, these antibiotics were found to possess antioxidant activity whereas showed almost no cytocidal activities against HeLa S3 cells. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1331 - 8 Novel antitumor antibiotic phospholine . 1 . Production, isolation and characterization; Ozasa T et al.; Phospholine was isolated as an antitumor antibiotic from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus . Phospholine is an amphoteric compound which has an amino group and a phosphoric acid ester as functional groups . Phospholine shows strong activities against L1210, P388 and EL-4. Ann Thorac Surg, 1989 Sep, 48(3 Suppl), S79 - 80 New cardiac bioprostheses: theory, experiments, and 10 years of clinical use; Konstantinov BA et al.; The biological valve "BAKS" has the following specific features: (1) it is practically devoid of immunogenicity due to fermentative-chemical treatment; (2) it is completely treated with glutaraldehyde through gradual soaking in solutions of increasing concentration; (3) the biological part is fashioned taking into account the biomechanics of the aortic root; (4) the polypropylene stent is functional due to the use of the principles of bionics in valve construction; and (5) practically no thromboemboli occur, because of the special morphologic organization of the cuff and the distant location of the bioprosthesis leaflets from the stent edge . In the Department of Heart Surgery of the National Research Center of Surgery, "BAKS" valves have been used in 237 patients undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease . Of these 35% were younger than 35 years, 93.7% belonged to New York Heart Association functional class IV, and 24% had had a previous heart operation . The 10-year survival rate without hospital mortality was 68.94% +/- 4.86% . Total follow-up was 11,232 patient-months (range; 6 to 118 months; mean, 57 months; 97% complete) . Main causes of death and reoperation were (per patient-year) infectious endocarditis, 3.2%; spontaneous bioprosthesis degeneration, 0.96%; mechanical dysfunction resulting from damage in the manufacturing of the prosthesis, 0.74%; left atrial thrombosis and/or thromboemboli, 0.5%; sudden death, 0.2%; cardiac insufficiency, 0.3%; and other, 0.4%. Mikrobiologiia, 1989 Sep-Oct, 58(5), 791 - 6 {Biosynthesis of somatotropin in a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli}; Gorlatova NV et al.; A recombinant Escherichia coli K-12 strain was grown in the regime of chemostat with glucose limitation at a different flow rate and in the regime of turbidostat . The stability of its population and the dynamics of somatotropin biosynthesis were studied . The plasmid-containing strain became less stable as the flow rate in the fermenter dropped down, which was due, apparently, to a greater limitation . The level of somatotropin biosynthesis was higher at a low dilution rate (D = 0.075, 0.17 and 0.34 h-1) . Possible factors responsible for this phenomenon are discussed. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 1989 Sep, 5(3), 223 - 34 The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli; Clark DP; Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of alternative electron acceptors Escherichia coli converts sugars to a mixture of products by fermentation . The major soluble products are acetate, ethanol, acetate and formate with smaller amounts of succinate . In addition the gaseous products hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced in substantial amounts . The pathway generating fermentation products is branched and the flow down each branch is varied in response both to the pH of the culture medium and the nature of the fermentation substrate . In particular, the ratio of the various fermentation products is manipulated in order to balance the number of reducing equivalents generated during glycolytic breakdown of the substrate . The enzymes and corresponding genes involved in these fermentation pathways are described . The regulatory responses of these genes and enzymes are known but the details of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still obscure. Microbiologia, 1989 Sep, 5(2), 79 - 88 {Yeasts associated with spontaneous fermentation processes in wines from Ribeiro . Analysis of homo/heterothallism and the killer system of S . cerevisiae strains}; Cansado J et al.; A taxonomic analysis has been carried out concerning the different yeast species involved in spontaneous fermentations of Ribeiro wine . The results revealed the presence of 15 species belonging to 7 genera: Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, Dekkera, Saccharomycodes, Debaryomyces, Kloeckera and Candida . Within the genus Candida a high number of species was detected . The 28 isolated strains of S . cerevisiae showed with some exceptions, a remarkable sporulation ability and viability of the meiotic products . All the strains were homothallic . Among all S . cerevisiae strains, 6 exhibited killer K2 activity with higher isolation percentages in intermediate fermentations than in late fermentations. Nutr Rev, 1989 Sep, 47(9), 257 - 61 Diversion colitis: a nutritional deficiency syndrome? Agarwal VP, Schimmel EM. The dependence of cells of the colonic epithelium upon lumenal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for some of their energy supply is well known . SCFA (mainly acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids) comprise the predominant solutes in the aqueous phase of colonic contents and are produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of polysaccharides . Acetic acid is the principal fatty acid, but n-butyric acid is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, both in normal human colon and in colons of patients with ulcerative colitis . Four patients with diversion colitis, an inflammatory process in surgically excluded colon and rectum, were successfully treated by colonic instillation of a solution of mixed SCFA . This review examines the evidence that diversion colitis may be a new type of nutritional-deficiency syndrome based upon a local mucosal requirement for SCFA. Mikrobiologiia, 1989 Sep-Oct, 58(5), 778 - 84 {The study of the growth of tylosin producer using differential centrifugation of mycelium in a sucrose density gradient}; Salamakha OV et al.; The mycelium of Streptomyces fradiae was fractionated by differential centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (SDG) using various samples of the inoculation material and aliquots of the cultural broth taken in the course of tylosin production . The mode of mycelium distribution in SDG made it possible to select the most active inoculation material . The mycelium was redistributed from sucrose layers with a high density to those with a lower density in the course of fermentation . The fractions differed in the antibiotic activity but none of them had an activity higher than in the control centrifuged in 30% sucrose and washed off just like the fractions . Therefore, mycelium fractionation in SDG would not elevate its antibiotic activity . The paper presents the cytological characteristics of different fractions changing in the course of fermentation. J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Sep, 135 ( Pt 9), 2399 - 406 Glucose transport in crabtree-positive and crabtree-negative yeasts; van Urk H et al.; The kinetic parameters of glucose transport in four Crabtree-positive and four Crabtree-negative yeasts were determined . The organisms were grown in aerobic glucose-limited chemostats at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1 . The results show a clear correlation between the presence of high-affinity glucose transport systems and the absence of aerobic fermentation upon addition of excess glucose to steady-state cultures . The presence of these H+-symport systems could be established by determination of intracellular accumulation of 6-deoxy-{3H}glucose and alkalinization of buffered cell suspensions upon addition of glucose . In contrast, the yeasts that did show aerobic alcoholic fermentation during these glucose pulse experiments had low-affinity facilitated-diffusion carriers only . In the yeasts examined the capacity of the glucose transport carriers was higher than the actual glucose consumption rates during the glucose pulse experiments . The relationship between the rate of sugar consumption and the rate of alcoholic fermentation was studied in detail with Saccharomyces cerevisiae . When S . cerevisiae was pulsed with low amounts of glucose or mannose, in order to obtain submaximal sugar consumption rates, fermentation was already occurring at sugar consumption rates just above those which were maintained in the glucose-limited steady-state culture . The results are interpreted in relation with the Crabtree effect . In Crabtree-positive yeasts, an increase in the external glucose concentration may lead to unrestricted glucose uptake by facilitated diffusion and hence, to aerobic fermentation . In contrast, Crabtree-negative yeasts may restrict the entry of glucose by their regulated H+-symport systems and thus prevent the occurrence of overflow metabolism. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1989 Sep, 108(9), 362 - 5 {Morphologic changes of the pancreas in hemorrhagic shock and the postresuscitation period}; Titova GP et al.; The canine pancreas (20) in the terminal period of hemorrhagic shock and postresuscitation period was studied histologically and electronmicroscopically . There were detected ultrastructural signs of the plasmatic membranes of pancreatocytes and membranes of secretory granules with "leakage" of pancreatic ferments in the interstitial tissue . The incretion of pancreatic ferments in the vascular bed is conditioned by the elevation of proteolytic activity of blood serum in hemorrhagic shock and postresuscitation period. J Anim Sci, 1989 Sep, 67(9), 2370 - 6 Effects of monensin and pH on the production and utilization of pyro-glutamate, a novel product of ruminal glutamine deamination; Russell JB et al.; Pure cultures of monensin-sensitive ruminal bacteria were involved in both the production and utilization of pyro-glutamate (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid), a novel product of glutamine fermentation, but the effect of monensin on pyro-glutamate accumulation in mixed cultures had not been assessed . Mixed ruminal bacteria (n = 3) fermented glutamine (40 mM) at a rapid rate (63 nmol/{mg protein-min}) and there was a transient increase in pyro-glutamate (3 mM) . Monensin (5 ppm) decreased the rate of glutamine fermentation 70% and greatly enhanced the conversion of glutamine to pyro-glutamate (50 vs 7%) . Glutamate was fermented at nearly the same rate as glutamine, and monensin eliminated glutamate fermentation . Glutamate was never converted to pyro-glutamate . Trypticase, a pancreatic digest of casein, contained pyro-glutamate, and a significant fraction (30%) of its N was never converted to ammonia . Pyro-glutamate utilization was reduced by monensin and low pH (less than 6.0) . Based on these in vitro observations, pyro-glutamate could be a significant end-product of glutamine degradation when animals are fed monensin. J Dairy Sci, 1989 Sep, 72(9), 2316 - 24 Effect of hydrogenated fat on feed intake, nutrient digestion, and lactation performance of dairy cows; Jenkins TC et al.; Eight lactating Holstein cows were fed four diets in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine how hydrogenation affects fats as supplements for dairy rations . Four isonitrogenous diets contained either no added fat, 5% yellow grease, or 3 or 5% hydrogenated yellow grease . Only yellow grease reduced DM intake compared with DM intake of the control diet . Diets supplemented with fat had lower digestibilities of fiber, nitrogen, energy, and fatty acids than the control diet did . Ruminal acetate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were higher for the hydrogenated fat than for yellow grease . However, fatty acid digestibilities were lower for diets containing hydrogenated fat . Milk yields of fat-supplemented diets, whether actual or 4% FCM, did not exceed the control diet except for 5% hydrogenated yellow grease . This study shows that hydrogenated fats have fewer negative effects on food intake, milk fat content, and ruminal fermentation but have lower digestibilities than other fats . Hydrogenation improved milk yield compared with yellow grease fed at the same amount of supplementation. Lipids, 1989 Sep, 24(9), 781 - 5 Rhizomucor miehei triglyceride lipase is processed and secreted from transformed Aspergillus oryzae; Huge-Jensen B et al.; The cDNA encoding the precursor of the Rhizomucor miehei triglyceride lipase was inserted in an Aspergillus oryzae expression vector . In this vector the expression of the lipase cDNA is under control of the Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase gene promoter and the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase gene terminator . The recombinant plasmid was introduced into Aspergillus oryzae, and transformed colonies were selected and screened for lipase expression . Lipase-positive transformants were grown in a small fermentor, and recombinant triglyceride lipase was purified from the culture broth . The purified enzymatically active recombinant lipase (rRML) secreted from A . oryzae was shown to have the same characteristics with respect to mobility on reducing SDS-gels and amino acid composition as the native enzyme . N-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated that approximately 70% of the secreted rRML had the same N-terminal sequence as the native Rhizomucor miehei enzyme, whereas 30% of the secreted rRML was one amino acid residue shorter in the N-terminal . The recombinant lipase precursor, which has a 70 amino acid propeptide, is thus processed in and secreted from Aspergillus oryzae . We have hereby demonstrated the utility of this organism as a host for the production of recombinant triglyceride lipases. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1989 Sep-Oct, 25(5), 664 - 9 {Intensity of glycolysis in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis depending upon the oxygen supply}; Lisiuk GM et al.; The effect of inoculate pretreatment and the air content in the fermented medium on the activity of phosphofructokinase and alcohol dehydrogenase of yeasts was being studied during the yeast cultivation . The authors found that oxygen supply was very important for the activity of the enzymes . Preliminary aeration of the inoculate inhibited to a less degree the glycolytic pathway as compared to the use of a high oxygen level in the fermented medium. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1416 - 23 Repression of phenylacetic acid transport system in Penicillium chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 by free amino acids and ammonium salts; Martinez-Blanco H et al.; The phenylacetic acid (PA) transport system in Penicillium chrysogenum is an inducible-system (see Fernandez-Canon et al.; preceding papers) which is repressed by free amino acids when these molecules are added to the complex fermentation broths at the induction time . L-Tyrosine, L-alpha-aminoadipic acid, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine and L-methionine are the molecules that cause the greatest delay in induction . The addition of Krebs-cycle intermediates to the complex fermentation broth did not affect the rate of induction with the exception of oxalacetic acid and citric acid which strongly increased it . Ammonium salts and acetate also repressed the biosynthesis of the enzymes involved in the PA uptake. Arch Tierernahr, 1989 Aug-Sep, 39(8-9), 793 - 7 Effect of monensin on rumen fermentation and performance of young calves; Kalachnyuk GI et al.; The effect of monensin on the growth and rumen metabolism of young calves (30 days old initially) was followed in 70-day experiment . Calves diet consisted of a milk substitute (4 1 per day), a concentrate mixture (13 g per 1 kg of live weight per day) and meadow hay ad libitum . Ten calves were fed 0.65 mg of monensin (SPOFA, Czechoslovakia) per 1 kg of live weight per day . Ten calves served as a control . The non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio of VFA, mol-% acetate and butyrate were significantly lower and propionate higher in monensin-treated calves . Monensin-fed calves gained non significantly more (+ 7.2%) than control calves . A possible mode of action of monensin in young calves is discussed. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1989 Aug, 29(4), 235 - 8 {Studies on hyperglycophilic yeast causing gaseous fermentation of sweetened condensed milk}; Fu XH et al.; This report studied on a hyperglycophilic yeast isolated from sweetened condensed milk in Shandong province . It can fermented glucose, sucrose and raffinose; and can assimilate glucose, sucrose and raffinose as its sole carbon source . According to the morphology, physiology and habitat, it was identified to be Candida lactiscondensi (Hammer) Meyer et Yarrow, one of the synonym is Torulopsis lactiscondensi (Hammer) Lodder et Kreger-van Rij (1952) . Detailed description was given in this report. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1989 Aug, 108(8), 236 - 8 {Osteogenic properties of adhesive cells in Dexter culture of the mouse bone marrow}; Kuznetsov SA et al.; Disaggregated cell suspensions obtained by mouse bone marrow fermentative digestion as well as stromal tissue obtained by marrow mild mechanical destruction were explanted . Both methods yield the cultures in which the hematopoiesis duration is comparable with dexter cultures . Adhesive cells from all of these three culture types were resuspended and in the porous gelatin sponges heterotopically transplanted under the kidney capsule of syngenic recipients . In the transplantation site there develops the hemopoietic organ containing reticular stroma, hemopoietic cells, and in most cases the well developed bone tissue . Thus, the adherent layers of mouse bone marrow dexter and similar cultures contain for a long period (not less than 2-3.5 months) the stromal fibroblast population which maintains its osteogenic and hemopoietic microenvironment transfer capacities. J Dairy Sci, 1989 Aug, 72(8), 2002 - 16 Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows; McCarthy RD Jr et al.; Four early lactation multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to investigate the effects of source of protein (fish meal or soybean meal) and carbohydrate (corn or barley) on ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and animal performance . The treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 (protein x carbohydrate) factorial were: 1) corn plus soybean meal; 2) corn plus fish meal; 3) barley plus soybean meal; and 4) barley plus fish meal . Dry matter and starch intakes were greater when corn was fed than when barley was fed . Barley-based diets were more extensively degraded in the rumen than corn-based diets and therefore provided more energy for microbial growth . However, passage of amino acids and starch to the duodenum was greater for corn-based diets than barley-based diets, because of the greater intake and lower ruminal degradability of the corn-based diets . Microbial protein constituted a larger portion of the total N and had a greater influence on the pattern and quantity of amino acids that passed to the duodenum than did protein from fish meal or soybean meal, which escaped ruminal degradation . Feeding corn-based diets increased production of milk and milk protein compared with feeding barley-based diets. Cancer Lett, 1989 Aug, 46(3), 221 - 4 The occurrence of N-nitroso compounds in kiwam tobacco; Tricker AR et al.; The concentrations of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in kiwam, a fermented Indian tobacco product are presented . Total identified N-nitroso compound concentrations in kiwam ranged from 6.19 to 25.4 mg/kg fresh weight tobacco, the concentration range of TSNA was 5.43-22.2 mg/kg tobacco which accounted for 67-87% of the total identified N-nitroso compound burden . The high concentrations of TSNA found in kiwam tobacco may present a considerable exposure source to carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds for people using this type of tobacco. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1248 - 52 3-Methylpseudouridine as a fermentation product; Nielsen JB et al.; 3-Methylpseudouridine (beta isomer) has been identified in fermentation broths of Nocardia lactamdurans . It accumulates at quite high levels following the accumulation of extracellular uracil in strains exhibiting increased levels of de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes . It is labeled by exogenous uracil, and appears to result from an irreversible modification of one of the components of the elevated pyrimidine pool . Its methyl group is labeled efficiently by {methyl-14C}methionine. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1221 - 9 WS-9659 A and B, novel testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors isolated from a Streptomyces . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical characteristics; Nakayama O et al.; WS-9659 A and B, produced by Streptomyces sp . No . 9659, were extracted from cultured broth, purified by solvent extraction followed by chromatography on silica gel and then isolated as prisms (C22H24N2O, mp 161 approximately 162 degrees C, C22H23N2OCl, mp 152 approximately 153 degrees C) . WS-9659 A and B have testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory activity . The IC50 values of WS-9659 A and B for partially purified rat prostate testosterone 5 alpha-reductase were 5.0 x 10(-7) M and 1.0 x 10(-5) M, respectively. J Biochem Biophys Methods, 1989 Aug-Sep, 19(2-3), 223 - 40 Pilot scale production of a human monoclonal antibody against human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1; Jungbauer A et al.; Human monoclonal antibodies against the transmembrane protein gp41 of HIV-1 were isolated and purified on a pilot scale . A purification scheme was established for the production of human monoclonal antibodies on the gram scale . 50 1 of culture supernatant can be treated in one purification cycle . The hybridomas were mass cultured in an airlift fermenter . The culture broth was clarified by microfiltration and chromatographed on CM-Sepharose fast flow and protein A Superose . Scale up of the high performance affinity chromatography from 1 ml protein A Superose up to 40 ml is described . All desalting steps were performed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 coarse . The yield of the whole purification procedure is in the range of 50-60% . The purity is higher than 99.9% . DNA and reverse transcriptase could not be detected . The whole method is designed as a basis for scale up to industrial scale . Results from quality control assays have proven the validity of this approach. Vaccine, 1989 Aug, 7(4), 357 - 63 Studies on the development of a medium with peptone and casein hydrolysate for the production of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in BHK-21 cells; Saha SN et al.; Studies were undertaken to develop a cheaper medium with indigenous sources of peptone and casein hydrolysate for continuous culture of BHK-21 (suspension) cells and production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine . Eleven batches of experimental media were prepared using different indigenous sources of casein hydrolysate and peptone . These batches of media were tested for the growth of Razi BHK-21 cells in suspension and compared with the growth in control Eagle's medium . Out of eleven batches only four batches of the media produced cell growth equivalent to that with the Eagle's medium . Cells passaged in these batches of the experimental media supported virus growth and titres were comparable with those in Eagle's medium . Experimental batches of vaccine against FMD virus type A5 were prepared on a pilot scale as well as on a fermenter scale . The protection indices of these vaccine in guinea-pigs were satisfactory and induced 100% protection in cattle . One source each of peptone and casein hydrolysate was found suitable for the experimental medium . The medium developed is able to replace 10 out of 13 amino acids and also tryptose phosphate broth in Eagle's medium and is expected to reduce the cost of medium by 33% compared with Eagle's medium. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1989 Aug, 36(1), 29 - 39 Effect of gas phase on carbohydrate metabolism in Ascaris suum larvae; Vanover-Dettling L et al.; The in vitro metabolism of {1-13C}glucose by Ascaris suum third and fourth-stage larvae was analyzed under different gas phases using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR) . Third-stage larvae (L3) incubated under a gas phase of 85% N2/5% O2/10% CO2 produced trace amounts of {13C}succinate, and molted to fourth-stage larvae (L4) between days 3 and 4 in vitro . However, they appeared to arrest as L3s when incubated under air, or 85% N2/5% O2/10% CO2 in the presence of 2 mM potassium cyanide, or 95% N2/5% CO2 . Day 12 L4 (eight days after molting) incubated under 85% N2/5% O2/10% CO2, or 95% N2/5% CO2, or 94% N2/1% O2/5% CO2, produced succinate, acetate, propionate and the branched-chain fatty acids 2-methylvalerate and 2-methylbutyrate by fermentative pathways characteristic of adult body wall muscle . In contrast, when Day 12 L4 were incubated under air, only trace amounts of these acids were detected in the incubation medium . Thus, L4 are capable of synthesizing end-products typical of the adult even in the presence of oxygen, as long as the CO2 tensions are above 5% . As would be predicted, activities of enzymes involved in aerobic metabolism, including citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase, decreased dramatically as L4s underwent the final ecdysis and matured to the adult stage . More importantly, activities of enzymes typical of anaerobic metabolism, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme, were substantially elevated in L3s (over their levels in second-stage larvae), and appeared to have reached their adult levels in L3s prior to the third molt, even though L3s still exhibited cyanide sensitivity . Since L3s and L4s have enzymes involved in both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, it is possible that the L3s contain two populations of mitochondria, one which functions aerobically and a second which functions anaerobically. Biochimie, 1989 Aug, 71(8), 887 - 902 The second respiratory chain of Candida parapsilosis: a comprehensive study; Guerin M et al.; The yeast C . parapsilosis CBS7157 is strictly dependent on oxidative metabolism for growth since it lacks a fermentative pathway . It is nevertheless able to grow on high glucose concentrations and also on a glycerol medium supplemented with antimycin A or drugs acting at the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis . Besides its normal respiratory chain C . parapsilosis develops a second electron transfer chain antimycin A-insensitive which allows the oxidation of cytoplasmic NAD(P)H resulting from glycolytic and hexose monophosphate pathways functioning through a route different from the NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase described in S . cerevisiae or from the alternative pathways described in numerous plants and microorganisms . The second respiratory chain of C . parapsilosis involves 2 dehydrogenases specific for NADH and NADPH respectively, which are amytal and mersalyl sensitive and located on the outer face of the inner membrane . Since this antimycin A-insensitive pathway is fully inhibited by myxothiazol, it was hypothesized that electrons are transferred to a quinone pool that is different from the classical coenzyme Q-cytochrome b cycle . Two inhibitory sites were evidenced with myxothiazol, one related to the classical pathway, the other to the second pathway and thus, the second quinone pool could bind to a Q-binding protein at a specific site . Elimination of this second pool leads to a fully antimycin A-sensitive NADH oxidation, whereas its reincorporation in mitochondria allows recovery of an antimycin A-insensitive, myxothiazol sensitive NADH oxidation . The third step in this second respiratory chain involves a specific pool of cytochrome c which can deliver electrons either to a third phosphorylation site or to an alternative oxidase, cytochrome 590 . This cytochrome is inhibited by high cyanide concentrations and salicylhydroxamates. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1205 - 12 Ashimycins A and B, new streptomycin analogues; Tohma S et al.; Detailed analysis of the fermentation broth of Streptomyces griseus strain FT3-4 resulted in the identification of two new streptomycin analogues named ashimycins A and B . Their structures have been determined by NMR spectral analysis and chemical degradations. J Dairy Sci, 1989 Aug, 72(8), 2017 - 27 Effects of amino acids and peptides on rumen microbial growth yields; Argyle JL et al.; Experiments were conducted using mixed rumen bacterial cultures to determine which amino acids limited growth . Complete amino acid mixtures stimulated microbial growth alone and when added to casein . Amino acid subgroups did not stimulate growth alone or when added to casein or casein hydrolysates . Results were similar whether growth was limited by periodic addition of low amounts of carbohydrate or when higher amounts were added to batch cultures . Little growth occurred with ammonia as sole N source . Addition of 100 mg/L of amino acids and peptides quadrupled growth, peptides at 10 mg/L resulted in higher growth than the corresponding amount of free amino acids . Apparent saturation of growth occurred when 10 mg/L of a complete amino acid mixture or trypticase was added to cultures . The Michaelis constant values for amino acids and trypticase were determined to be .5 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively . Growth was a linear function of amount of carbohydrate fermented with the coefficient of slope increasing with increasing amino acid concentrations . These experiments demonstrate that growth stimulation from amino acids and proteins is due to the number of amino acids provided in a given mixture rather than specific growth limiting amino acids . Rumen bacterial growth is greatly stimulated by amino acids and peptides, with low affinity constant values, allowing good growth in the concentrations of amino acids and peptides found in vivo Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Jul 21, 992(1), 78 - 86 Localization and kinetics of pyruvate-metabolizing enzymes in relation to aerobic alcoholic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 and Candida utilis CBS 621; van Urk H et al.; The role of pyruvate metabolism in the triggering of aerobic, alcoholic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied . Since Candida utilis does not exhibit a Crabtree effect . this yeast was used as a reference organism . The localization, activity and kinetic properties of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) in cells of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of the two yeasts were compared . In contrast to the general situation in fungi, plants and animals, pyruvate carboxylase was found to be a cytosolic enzyme in both yeasts . This implies that for anabolic processes, transport of C4-dicarboxylic acids into the mitochondria is required . Isolated mitochondria from both yeasts exhibited the same kinetics with respect to oxidation of malate . Also, the affinity of isolated mitochondria for pyruvate oxidation and the in situ activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was similar in both types of mitochondria . The activity of the cytosolic enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase in S . cerevisiae from glucose-limited chemostat cultures was 8-fold that in C . utilis . The enzyme was purified from both organisms, and its kinetic properties were determined . Pyruvate decarboxylase of both yeasts was competitively inhibited by inorganic phosphate . The enzyme of S . cerevisiae was more sensitive to this inhibitor than the enzyme of C . utilis . The in vivo role of phosphate inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylase upon transition of cells from glucose limitation to glucose excess and the associated triggering of alcoholic fermentation was investigated with 31P-NMR . In both yeasts this transition resulted in a rapid drop of the cytosolic inorganic phosphate concentration . It is concluded that the relief from phosphate inhibition does stimulate alcoholic fermentation, but it is not a prerequisite for pyruvate decarboxylase to become active in vivo . Rather, a high glycolytic flux and a high level of this enzyme are decisive for the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation after transfer of cells from glucose limitation to glucose excess. Cancer Res, 1989 Jul 15, 49(14), 4020 - 3 Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: a case-control study in The Netherlands; van't Veer P et al.; In a case-control study in The Netherlands, we observed a significantly lower consumption of fermented milk products (predominantly yogurt and buttermilk) among 133 incident breast cancer cases as compared to 289 population controls (mean +/- SD among users only, 116 +/- 100 versus 157 +/- 144 g/day; P less than 0.01) . The age-adjusted odds ratio of daily consumption of 1.5 glasses (greater than or equal to 225 g) of fermented milk versus none was 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.23-1.08) . When fermented milk was entered as a continuous variable (per g) in either age-adjusted or multivariate analysis, the odds ratio expressed per 225 g was 0.63 (multivariate-adjusted 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.96) . After multivariate adjustment for intake of fat and other confounders, a statistically significant decrease in breast cancer risk was also observed for increasing intake of Gouda cheese . The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio expressed per 60 g of this fermented product was 0.56 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.95) . For daily intake of milk, no statistically significant differences were observed between cases and controls . These results support the hypothesis that high consumption of fermented milk products may protect against breast cancer. Gene, 1989 Jul 15, 79(2), 325 - 32 High-level expression of active human cystatin C in Escherichia coli; Dalboge H et al.; Expression of the human cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C (CysC) in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli was studied using a cDNA fragment encoding the cysteine proteinase inhibitor controlled by the phage lambda pR/cI857 system . The yield of CysC was low, probably due to proteolytic degradation . By fusing the cysC cDNA to a DNA fragment encoding the signal peptide of the E . coli outer membrane protein A, it was possible to produce a substantial amount of CysC in the periplasm . The processing of the signal peptide was shown to be quantitative and to result in CysC with the correct N-terminal amino acid . Yields higher than 1000 micrograms CysC/ml can be obtained by initiating the product formation at a moderate temperature (40 degrees C) late in an optimized fermentation process . A method that gives selective extraction of the periplasmic proteins and at the same time stabilizes CysC has been used. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Jul 7, 1008(2), 168 - 76 Expression of cloned Saccharomyces diastaticus glucoamylase under natural and inducible promoters; Vanoni M et al.; Any one of three homologous genes - STA1, STA2 and STA3 - encoding glucoamylase isozymes I, II and III respectively, allows the Saccharomyces species to utilize starch as a sole carbon source . We show in this paper that glucoamylase II production can be increased 4-fold over the level produced by STA2 strains, by using a two-step fermentation and a yeast strain transformed with a high-copy-number plasmid carrying the STA2 gene . The accumulation of anomalous STA2 mRNA species, mainly differing at their 5' ends, and saturation of step(s) in the secretory pathway appear to be among the major factors limiting glucoamylase expression in synthetic media. Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Jul, 35(7), 432 - 3 {Effect of biogas production on the health status of sludge}; Reinhold G; In general the anaerobic digestion leads to a reduction of the pathogenic microorganisms in the fermented substrat . The level of the reduction is determined by the reaction temperature and by the hydraulic retention time of the slurry in the digester . In 1986 investigations were carried out in the agricultural biogas plant in Vippachedelhausen . The main results are: The decrease of microorganisms during the agricultural biogasproduction is not so strength as described by other authors . A reduction of about one order of magnitude was measured . In the case of 10(7) to 10(9) microorganisms inside the start slurry the reduction is only of a small practical importance . This small reduction is caused by the short hydraulic retention time of about 12 days in connection with the principle of the stirred tank reaktor. Invest New Drugs, 1989 Jul, 7(2-3), 173 - 8 Experimental antitumor activity of BMY-28090, a new antitumor antibiotic; Schurig JE et al.; BMY-28090 is a novel actinomycete fermentation derived antitumor agent . The cytotoxic effect of BMY-28090 was evaluated in two murine and eight human tumor cell lines in vitro . Following 72-hour exposures, BMY-28090 was cytotoxic for all of these cell lines with IC50 values of less than 0.02 to 3.25 micrograms/ml . BMY-28090 was evaluated for in vivo antitumor activity in a variety of experimental murine tumor and human tumor xenograft models . Initial testing against the murine tumor models was performed using BMY-28090 as the water insoluble free base whereas subsequent antitumor tests were performed using water soluble lactate or succinate salts . BMY-28090 administered ip demonstrated good, reproducible antitumor activity against ip implanted P388 leukemia, L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma and M5076 sarcoma . The water soluble preparations of BMY-28090 were active iv against sc implanted B16 melanoma and M5076 sarcoma as well as subrenal capsule (src) M5076 sarcoma; activity against src implanted B16 was marginal . BMY-28090 lactate was also evaluated for activity against src implanted MX-1 human mammary tumor xenografts in nude mice and the HCT116 human colon tumor xenografts in immune-suppressed BDF1 mice . At maximum tolerated doses administered ip, BMY-28090 was active against the MX-1 xenograft in two of three tests, causing greater than 90% inhibition of tumor growth . BMY-28090 administered iv at maximally tolerated doses had marginal activity against the HCT116 xenografts, producing 61% and 68% inhibition of tumor growth in two tests . The results of these studies demonstrated that BMY-28090 has a broad spectrum of in vitro cytotoxicity against both murine and human tumor cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 27(7), 1594 - 600 Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens; Farmer JJ 3rd et al.; An unusual isolate from a human leg wound was identified as Xenorhabdus luminescens . This finding led to the discovery or isolation of four additional strains, two from blood and two from wounds . Three of the five strains were from patients in San Antonio, Tex . Three strains were studied by DNA-DNA hybridization (S1 nuclease-trichloroacetic acid method) and were 77 to 100% related to each other, 34% related to the type strain of X . luminescens, 35 to 40% related to three of Grimont's other DNA hybridization groups of X . luminescens, and 9% related to the type strain of Xenorhabdus nematophilus . The new group of five strains was designated X . luminescens DNA hybridization group 5 . All five strains were very inactive biochemically and fermented only D-glucose and D-mannose . The key reactions for recognizing this new organism are yellow pigment production, negative test for nitrate reduction to nitrite, weak bioluminescence (10 to 15 min of dark adaptation is required to see the weak light produced), and a unique hemolytic reaction on sheep blood agar plates incubated at 25 degrees C . Two case histories of strains from wounds are given; these suggest that X . luminescens DNA hybridization group 5 may be a new bacterial agent that causes wound infections . The two cases of wound infection, along with the two blood isolates, suggest that the new organism is clinically significant. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 55(7), 1703 - 10 Degradation and utilization of cellulose and straw by three different anaerobic fungi from the ovine rumen; Gordon GL et al.; Three different ruminal fungi, a Neocallimastix sp . (strain LM-1), a Piromonas sp . (strain SM-1), and a Sphaeromonas sp . (strain NM-1), were grown anaerobically in liquid media which contained a suspension of either 1% (wt/vol) purified cellulose or finely milled wheat straw as the source of fermentable carbon . Fungal biomass was estimated by using cell wall chitin or cellular protein in cellulose cultures and chitin in straw cultures . Both strains LM-1 and SM-1 degraded cellulose with a concomitant increase in fungal biomass . Maximum growth of both fungi occurred after incubation for 4 days, and the final yield of protein was the same for both fungi . Cellulose degradation continued after growth ceased . Strain NM-1 failed to grow in the cellulose medium . All three anaerobic fungi grew in the straw-containing medium, and loss of dry weight from the cultures indicated degradation of straw to various degrees (LM-1 greater than SM-1 greater than NM-1) . The total fiber component and the cellulose component of the straw were degraded in similar proportions, but the lignin component remained undegraded by any of the fungi . Maximum growth yield on straw occurred after 4 days for strain LM-1 and after 5 days for strains SM-1 and NM-1 . The calculated yield of cellular protein for strain LM-1 was twice that of both strains SM-1 and NM-1 . The cellular protein yield of strain SM-1 was the same in both cellulose and straw cultures . In contrast to cellulose, straw degradation ceased after the end of the growth phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jul, 42(7), 1070 - 87 Calicheamicins, a novel family of antitumor antibiotics . 3 . Isolation, purification and characterization of calicheamicins beta 1Br, gamma 1Br, alpha 2I, alpha 3I, beta 1I, gamma 1I and delta 1I; Lee MD et al.; Novel antitumor antibiotics, calicheamicins beta 1Br, gamma 1Br, alpha 2I, alpha 3I, beta 1I, gamma 1I and delta 1I were recovered from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora echinospora ssp . calichensis by solvent extraction, selective precipitation, normal phase, reversed phase and partition chromatography . The individual components were characterized by their UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jul, 42(7), 1063 - 9 Sch 38519, a novel platelet aggregation inhibitor produced by a Thermomonospora sp . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties, structure and biological properties; Patel M et al.; The complex containing a new platelet aggregation inhibitor, Sch 38519, was recovered from the fermentation filtrate of Thermomonospora sp . SCC 1793 . A chemically defined medium was developed which favored the production of Sch 38519 . The antibiotic was isolated from the fermentation filtrate by absorption on macroreticular resin and further purified by ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC . Sch 38519 is an isochromanequinone structurally related to medermycin, lactoquinomycin and granaticin . It inhibits thrombin-induced aggregation of human platelets with an IC50 of 68 micrograms/ml . Sch 38519 is also active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jul, 42(7), 1019 - 25 Studies on new phosphate ester antifungal antibiotics phoslactomycins . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, purification and biological activities; Fushimi S et al.; New antibiotics phoslactomycins A, B, C, D, E and F, which contain alpha, beta-unsaturated delta-lactone, phosphate ester, conjugated diene and cyclohexane ring moieties, were isolated from the culture broth of a soil isolate actinomycete . Morphological, cultural and physiological studies revealed that the isolate is a strain of Streptomyces nigrescens . Phoslactomycins were obtained by butanol extraction, gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography . The antibiotics show strong activity against various fungi, particularly phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria kikuchiana). Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1989 Jul, 16(7), 2367 - 72 {Antitumor efficacy of FK 973 on malignant glioma cells}; Shimizu K et al.; FK 973, a new substituted dihydrobenzoxazine, was obtained by chemical modification of a novel antibiotic which was isolated from the fermentation products of streptomyces sandaensis No . 6897 . FK 973 had cytotoxic effects against in vitro cultured human and murine glioma cells . The concentration of FK 973 required to inhibit cell growth by 50% was 0.06-5 micrograms/ml, after 2-day exposure of this drug against human glioblastoma (ONS-6, 12, 23, and ONS-12/ACNU), human medulloblastoma (ONS-76, 81), human neuroblastoma (ST), and murine glioblastoma (RSV-M glioma) . FK 973 showed antitumor efficacy in the meningeal gliomatosis models by RSV-M glioma cells . The median survival time (MST) of models treated by FK 973 (i.t.) was 30 days . However, the MST of control group was 23 days . In the in vitro neurotoxicity test, FK 973 proved to be slightly more toxic than ACNU and MTX, but it had no crucial problems, compared with ADM. Food Addit Contam, 1989 Jul-Sep, 6(3), 383 - 9 Investigation of ethyl carbamate levels in some fermented foods and alcoholic beverages; Dennis MJ et al.; An analytical procedure has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of ethyl carbamate in fermented foodstuffs and alcoholic beverages . Concentrations were generally below the 1-5 micrograms/kg detection limit in bread, cheese, yoghurt, beer, gin and vodka . Higher concentrations were found in the other alcoholic beverages examined, which included whisky, fruit brandy, liqueur, wine, sherry and port. Rev Med Interne, 1989 Jul-Aug, 10(4), 365 - 74 {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: a new therapeutic approach in diabetes and functional hypoglycemia}; Brogard JM et al.; Acarbose, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, represents a new concept for the treatment of metabolic disorders, and particularly diabetes mellitus . It slows the absorption kinetics of dietary carbohydrates by reversible competitive inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity, and so reduces the post-prandial blood glucose increment and insulin response . For these reasons, the drug has been successfully used not only in the treatment of type I or type II diabetes, but also in the management of reactive hypoglycemias and dumping syndrome . In addition, some data suggest a possible role in the treatment of type IV hyperlipidemia . Because of the delay in absorption of oligo- and disaccharides resulting from its administration, a colic bacterial fermentation occurs, accounting for the frequent abdominal discomfort mentioned by the patients . These side effects would be lessened with the second generation glucosidase inhibitors now in progress. Z Gastroenterol, 1989 Jul, 27(7), 391 - 5 {Possibilities for use and limits of the H2 breath test in gastroenterologic diagnosis}; Armbrecht U et al.; The H2 breath test is a non-invasive, safe, and - using modern analytical equipment - simple and non-expensive investigation, which reflects gastrointestinal bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate . It is widely used to study sugar malabsorption, and, with mainly scientific intent, also that of complex carbohydrates . The test plays an important role in the investigation of upper intestinal motility disturbances as it is suitable to monitor the orocaecal transit time . Furthermore, the test seems to offer valuable information for the study of upper intestinal bacterial overgrowth . However, a standardized test design for the latter purpose is lacking so far . The H2 breath test is an indirect investigation method and therefore requires careful consideration of multiple potentially interfering factors. J Bacteriol, 1989 Jul, 171(7), 3650 - 5 Escherichia coli derivatives lacking both alcohol dehydrogenase and phosphotransacetylase grow anaerobically by lactate fermentation; Gupta S et al.; Escherichia coli mutants lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (adh mutants) cannot synthesize the fermentation product ethanol and are unable to grow anaerobically on glucose and other hexoses . Similarly, phosphotransacetylase-negative mutants (pta mutants) neither excrete acetate nor grow anaerobically . However, when a strain carrying an adh deletion was selected for anaerobic growth on glucose, spontaneous pta mutants were isolated . Strains carrying both adh and pta mutations were observed by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to produce lactic acid as the major fermentation product . Various combinations of adh pta double mutants regained the ability to grow anaerobically on hexoses, by what amounts to a homolactic fermentation . Unlike wild-type strains, such adh pta double mutants were unable to grow anaerobically on sorbitol or on glucuronic acid . The growth properties of strains carrying various mutations affecting the enzymes of fermentation are discussed in terms of redox balance. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1989 Jul, 44(7), 483 - 5 {The periodontally affected tooth from the restorative aspect}; Hotz PR; On each periodontally affected tooth with loss of attachment caries lesions may develop under bacterial plaque on the root surface . The prevention of root caries follows the rules of prevention for crown caries: 1) optimized oral hygiene, 2) reduced intake of fermentable carbohydrates, and 3) fluor treatment . Successful periodontal therapy can prevent root caries with good professional management of the patient and/or adequate preventive measures on the part of the patient . If root fillings become necessary aspects of secondary caries prevention, like good margins and fluor treatment, and filling/margin/periodontium are of utmost importance . Progressive periodontal disease might affect pulp tissue . Careful endodontic monitoring of the tooth is indicated . There are yet no established measures for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity after periodontal treatment. J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 135 ( Pt 7), 1997 - 2003 The effects of temperature on growth and production of the antibiotic granaticin by a thermotolerant streptomycete; James PD et al.; The synthesis of granaticin, a polyketide-derived antibiotic synthesized as a secondary metabolite by Streptomyces thermoviolaceus strain NCIB 10076, was studied at different growth temperatures . Quantitative measurements of the antibiotic made during batch fermentations showed that the yield was greatest at 45 degrees C, whereas the rate of synthesis was most rapid at 37 degrees C . The timing of the appearance of granaticin in culture could not be assigned to any particular phase of growth or to de-repression due to depletion of any particular nutrient . However, at all temperatures, appearance of the antibiotic coincided with a rise in ammoniacal nitrogen presumably due to deamination of glutamate, the carbon source for growth . We have previously shown that production of the antibiotic is pH sensitive and that some carbon sources result in higher titres than others . This paper examines the effect of temperature on the physiology of growth and on antibiotic production in more detail under conditions that also allow an exact measurement of granaticin yield. Plant Mol Biol, 1989 Jul, 13(1), 53 - 68 Rice alcohol dehydrogenase genes: anaerobic induction, organ specific expression and characterization of cDNA clones; Xie Y et al.; Anaerobiosis rapidly induces alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme of the fermentation pathway, in different parts of rice seedlings . After initiation of anaerobiosis, the activity of the enzyme increases linearly for 3 days or more . The ADH activity is anaerobically inducible even in mature rice leaves in contrast to maize which shows no induction in mature leaves . Rice ADH activity can also be induced by an auxin analog, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, under aerobic conditions . The experimental results show that anaerobiosis increases the ADH mRNA level, indicating that the ADH enzyme is regulated at the transcriptional level . Starch gel electrophoresis of a protein extract from rice shows 3 distinct forms of ADH . The amounts of the 3 forms vary with the organ, suggesting that the expression of ADH genes is organ-specific . Sequencing data show that the two different cloned cDNA copies of ADH mRNAs are derived from two different genes. Q J Exp Physiol, 1989 Jul, 74(4), 437 - 42 Plasma enteroglucagon, gastrin and peptide YY in conventional and germ-free rats refed with a fibre-free or fibre-supplemented diet; Goodlad RA et al.; Germ-free rats and conventional rats were starved and then refed with either an elemental diet (Flexical), or Flexical plus 30% kaolin, or Flexical plus 30% of a fibre mixture . Plasma levels of enteroglucagon, gastrin and peptide YY (PYY) were all significantly affected by diet . Enteroglucagon and especially PYY were significantly increased by the addition of fermentable fibre to the diet, but only in the conventional, not in the germ-free rats . Gastrin was not affected by the addition of fermentable fibre, but was increased by kaolin . Enteroglucagon and PYY were, however, both very much elevated in the germ-free animals, in which there is no proliferative response to fibre . Enteroglucagon and PYY levels were similar to those usually associated with extreme hyperproliferative states, indicating that it is unlikely that these hormones are involved in the proliferative response of the gastrointestinal tract to dietary fibre, and casting doubt on their role in other responses. Br J Nutr, 1989 Jul, 62(1), 151 - 63 Intestinal zinc transfer by everted gut sacs from rats given diets containing different amounts and types of dietary fibre; Seal CJ et al.; Two experiments were carried out in which rats were offered diets containing different amounts and types of dietary fibre, i.e . commercial stock diet and three semi-purified diets containing no fibre, 200 g wheat bran or 200 g pectin/kg . Dietary inclusion of fibre, and especially pectin, stimulated large bowel fermentation, as indicated by caecal hypertrophy and reduced caecal pH . After 3 weeks, mucosal:serosal zinc transfer and Zn accumulation by tissue were measured using the everted-gut-sac technique . In Expt 2, incubations were carried out in the presence and absence of 0.25 mM-ouabain to assess the importance of transfer by Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent mechanisms, and some observations on glucose transport were also made . Ouabain reduced rates of transfer of both Zn and glucose and also tissue Zn accumulation . There were no significant differences in rates of Zn transfer by everted sacs from duodenal, ileal and colonic sites, but accumulation of Zn by tissue was a more important fate than transfer across the serosal surface, and accumulation by duodenal tissue was approximately twice as great as by other tissues . Mucosal:serosal transfer of glucose by ileal tissue was much more sensitive to ouabain than was Zn transfer . Previous diet appeared to alter the capacity of the intestinal tissue to transfer Zn, with the highest rates of transfer being by colonic tissue from pectin-fed rats. Med Hypotheses, 1989 Jul, 29(3), 161 - 6 Possible metabolic consequences of fermentation in the colon for humans; Venter CS et al.; We postulate that the short chain fatty acids, produced in the large gut by the microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, improve glucose tolerance and inhibit hepatic cholesterol and fibrinogen synthesis, probably by preventing an increase in serum levels of free fatty acids, and by improving insulin sensitivity . Since hypercholesterolemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and glucose intolerance are important risk factors for coronary heart disease, this could serve as a basis for recommendations that Western populations at risk should increase their dietary intake of substrates for short chain fatty acids. Yeast, 1989 Jul-Aug, 5(4), 285 - 90 Overproduction of glycolytic enzymes in yeast; Schaaff I et al.; Eight different enzymes for glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation were overproduced in a common Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by placing their genes on multicopy vectors . The specific enzyme activities were increased between 3.7- and 13.9-fold above the wild-type level . The overproduction of the different glycolytic enzymes had no effect on the rate of ethanol formation, even with those enzymes that catalyse irreversible steps: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase . Also the simultaneous increase in the activities of pairs of enzymes such as pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase or pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, did not increase the rate of ethanol production . The levels of key glycolytic metabolites were also normal, compared to the reference strain. Biochem Cell Biol, 1989 Jul, 67(7), 387 - 91 Single-step purification of pertussis toxin and its subunits by heat-treated fetuin-sepharose affinity chromatography; Chong P et al.; A general procedure for purifying biologically active pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis fermentation broth using affinity chromatography on heat-treated fetuin-Sepharose CL-4B is described . Diethanolamine is used as eluent in this single-step purification to prepare endotoxin-free pertussis toxin in good yield (70%) and high purity (greater than 95%) . This one-step affinity chromatography procedure can be easily applied for large-scale preparation of pertussis toxin S1 subunit and its B-component . The affinity-purified S1 subunit is devoid of any of the histamine-sensitizing activity normally associated with pertussis toxin . The chromatographically purified pertussis toxin and its subunits retained their immunogenicity and could induce high levels of anti-toxin neutralizing antibodies. Science, 1989 Jun 16, 244(4910), 1300 - 7 Genetic engineering of bacteria from managed and natural habitats; Lindow SE et al.; The genetic modification of bacteria from natural and managed habitats will impact on the management of agricultural and environmental settings . Potential applications include crop production and protection, degradation or sequestration of environmental pollutants, extraction of metals from ores, industrial fermentations, and productions of enzymes, diagnostics, and chemicals . Applications of this technology will ultimately include the release of beneficial agents in the environment . If safely deployed, genetically modified bacteria should be able to provide significant benefits in the management of environmental systems and in the development of new environmental control processes. Int J Cancer, 1989 Jun 15, 43(6), 1077 - 82 Diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Guangzhou, China; Yu MC et al.; We conducted interviews on 306 histologically confirmed incident cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurring in residents of Guangzhou City, China, who were under the age of 50 years, and an equal number of age-, sex-, and neighborhood-matched controls . We also interviewed 110 mothers of patients under age 45 years and 139 mothers of controls who were matched to patients under age 45 years, to obtain information on childhood exposures of study subjects . Exposure to salted fish, whether in adulthood or in childhood, was significantly associated with an increased risk of NPC . The association was strongest for exposure during weaning, and exposures at all other periods were no longer related to NPC risk after adjustment for exposure during weaning . Besides salted fish, childhood exposure to 5 other preserved foods (fermented fish sauce, salted shrimp paste, moldy bean curd, and 2 kinds of preserved plum) was significantly related to NPC, and the effects were independent of salted fish exposure . Finally, cases ingested significantly less fresh vegetables and fruits than controls, especially during early childhood, and the differences were not explained by their differing consumption pattern of salted fish and other preserved foods. Pol Tyg Lek, 1989 Jun 12, 44(24), 575 - 8 {Free fatty acids in the serum of patients with alcoholism}; Rosnowska M et al.; Blood free fatty acids and their composition were investigated in 25 alcohol abusers hospitalized for detoxication . Blood samples were collected at the admission to the hospital and following detoxication therapy . Free fatty acids were assayed with Dole's technique whereas their composition with gas chromatography . Liver functioning was evaluated with the aid of the following tests: AspAT, AlAT, AP, bilirubin concentration, and thymol test . An increase in free fatty acids concentration was seen in 12 out of 25 patients prior to detoxication . Blood serum free fatty acids were within normal limits in all except one patient after detoxication . A decrease in linoleic acid levels was seen in both total fatty acids and free fatty acids before detoxication . It is more marked in total fatty acids than in free fatty acids and persists after detoxication . Linoleic acid content in free fatty acids returns to the normal values following detoxication . An increase in oleic acid level accompanying a decrease in linoleic acid concentration is probably secondary to the stimulation with hydrogen excess formed during alcohol fermentation. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Jun 6, 981(2), 226 - 34 Sidedness of yeast plasma membrane vesicles and mechanisms of activation of the ATPase by detergents; Monk BC et al.; The binding of concanavalin A and of fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate indicate similar amount of right-side-out and inside-out vesicles in plasma membrane vesicles from either glucose-starved or glucose-fermenting yeast cells . These vesicles contain low-activity and high-activity states of the ATPase, respectively . Unmasking of latent active sites can explain the limited ATPase activation (about 2-fold) produced by several detergents on both kinds of vesicles . On the other hand, lysophosphatidic acid (oleoyl) produces a 7-fold activation of the ATPase in vesicles from glucose-starved cells . This effect is accompanied by a change in Km of the enzyme and probably reflects a direct action of the detergent on the ATPase . A similar activation and Km change can be obtained by sonication of the vesicles, although in this case soybean phospholipids are required for maximal activity . Apparently the low-activity state of the yeast plasma membrane ATPase can be activated not only by glucose metabolism 'in vivo' (mechanism unknown) but also by some detergents and physical treatments 'in vitro' . Experiments with purified ATPase from glucose-starved cells also indicate that lysophosphatidic acid (oleoyl) specifically activates the enzyme . These results suggest a note of caution on considering the usual interpretation of the effects of detergents on membrane enzymes, which only take into account the unmasking of latent active sites. Arch Tierernahr, 1989 Jun, 39(6), 535 - 42 Protein and energy relationships in dairy cattle . 1 . Dry cows; Teller E et al.; Nitrogen metabolism in ruminants is a dynamic process depending on level of intake and composition of dietary dry matter and on the physiological state of the animals . These parameters were analysed in a regression model for the requirements of nitrogen absorbed in the small intestine in relation to nitrogen balance of dry cows fed at maintenance level . The amount of total dietary nitrogen and the apparent nitrogen digestibility vary notably according to energy intake and energy concentration in dietary dry matter . On the contrary, the amount of nitrogen absorbed in the small intestine is only slightly affected by these parameters . The discrepancy between these statements lies mainly in differences in intestinal nitrogen absorption and in altered fermentation processes of the large intestine in response to changes in energy supply and ME concentration in dietary dry matter. J Anim Sci, 1989 Jun, 67(6), 1623 - 33 Combinations of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain and dry-rolled corn: effects on site and extent of digestion in beef heifers; Streeter MN et al.; To determine the effects of blends of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain (HMS) and dry-rolled corn (DRC) on site and extent of digestion, high-grain diets were fed to Angus-Hereford heifers (315 kg) in a 5 x 5 latin square . The grain portion consisted of ratios (HMS:DRC) of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 . Heifers were equipped with ruminal, duodenal and ileal T-type cannulas . Digestibilities of OM (P less than .05) and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN; P less than .01) in the total tract declined linearly as HMS replaced DRC . Chyme flow (liters/d) through the duodenum increased linearly (P less than .01), and true ruminal OM disappearance tended to decline linearly (P less than .10) as HMS replaced DRC . A quadratic response (P less than .05) in extent of starch disappearance (g/d) in the rumen was noted; blends were lower than either individual grain . Ruminal escape of feed N tended to be quadratic (P less than .10); values for individual grain types were greater than blends . Microbial efficiency increased linearly (P less than .05) as HMS replaced DRC . Extent of starch digestion in the rumen averaged 82.7% compared to only 2.9% in the small intestine and 5.7% in the large intestine . Altering the ratio of HMS to DRC appeared to have more effect on ruminal fermentation than on digestion in the small intestine; most starch and nitrogen responses were quadratic . Increases in ruminal pH and chyme flow, potentially caused by increased salivary flow, may cause non-linear changes in the solubility of proteins in HMS and DRC, when fed as blends, altering the digestibility of protein and starch from values predicted from the individual grains. Aust Dent J, 1989 Jun, 34(3), 240 - 4 A comparison of the cariogenicity of two infant snack foods; Pearce EI; Two snack foods marketed specifically for infants were compared in caries prediction tests . A milk powder-supplemented fruit and cereal snack bar produced more titratable acid but did not reach as low a terminal pH as a sweet biscuit on in vitro fermentation by salivary organisms . In an intra-oral caries test the fruit/cereal bar caused significantly less enamel softening than the biscuit . While this latter test does not assess food retention in the mouth and other factors important in caries, the results suggest that, under similar usage by children, the fruit bar will be less cariogenic . Because it was not absolutely safe with respect to caries, frequency of eating cannot be disregarded . Availability of the fruit snack bar is an important development, allowing an additional choice for parents who wish to select low-cariogenicity foods for their children. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 55(6), 1507 - 11 Enzyme immunoassay for macrolide antibiotics: characterization of an antibody to 23-amino-O-mycaminosyltylonolide; Yao RC et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of macrolide antibiotics by using a polyclonal antibody generated in rabbits immunized with 23-amino-O-mycaminosyltylonolide (23-amino-OMT) covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin . The specificity and sensitivity of this antibody were characterized by using 23-amino-OMT coupled to alkaline phosphatase as an enzyme-linked label in a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . The assay sensitivity was as low as 0.3 ng/ml for 23-amino-OMT, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 8 ng/ml . This antibody exhibited good reactivity with 12-, 14- or 16-membered macrolides possessing amino-substituted sugar moieties, regardless of the presence of neutral sugar residues . Little or no cross-reactivity was observed with the macrocyclic lactone ring structure (tylactone) or macrolides containing only neutral sugars . No cross-reaction was observed with polyenes or nonmacrolide antibiotics . Known macrolide-producing cultures grown in fermentation broth also showed good reactivity, indicating that this assay is useful in detecting this class of metabolites in fermentation. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Jun, 36(4), 314 - 6 Necrotizing pneumonia in cats associated with infection by EF-4a bacteria; Ceyssens K et al.; Two cases of severe necrotizing pneumonia in cats caused by Gram-negative bacteria called "Eugonic Fermenter 4a" (EF-4a) are described . The gross lesions resembled to those commonly seen with lung tuberculosis in other animal species. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1989 Jun, 188(6), 527 - 30 {Significance of toxic metabolites of the fungus Trichothecium roseum Link ex Fr . for viticulture}; Schwenk S et al.; The plant-pathogen fungus Trichothecium roseum produces in vitro as well as in vivo the toxic metabolites trichothecin, trichothecolone and rosenonolactone . Trichothecin is cytotoxic and inhibits the alcoholic fermentation . It is not metabolized by yeast during the alcoholic fermentation . All toxins showed a minor biological activity against microorganisms other than yeast . Trichothecin caused a bitter taste in wine at higher toxin concentrations (greater than 5 mg/l) . Trichothecin was detected in a few samples of wine of higher quality. Z Kardiol, 1989 Jun, 78(6), 408 - 11 {Myocardial infarct with normal coronary angiogram}; Richter G; We report on a 50-year-old woman who was able to escape from the cellar which contained fermenting wine, whereas her husband died there . Immediately after the incident she developed an extended myocardial infarction of the anterior and septal wall in spite of an intravenous administration of streptokinase within 2 h . Four weeks later coronary angiography showed normal vessels . A spasm is assumed, favored by systemic hypoxia, CO2-overloading, and systemic adrenergic reaction . The postulated cause of the special localization of the spasm is an unknown individual local factor as in all other similar cases. J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 1201 - 5 Evaluation of the Titertek-NF system for identification of gram-negative nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria; Kampfer P et al.; The Titertek-NF (TT-NF) system (Flow Laboratories GmbH, Meckenheim, Federal Republic of Germany) was evaluated for the identification of 1,289 strains of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria and some gram-negative, oxidase-positive bacteria . The oxidase test was also performed . Identifications were classified as correct, not identified (two or more taxa possible and identification score of less than 80%; supplementary tests for furthering the identification were not performed), and incorrect . Correct identification results were further subdivided by the correct level of species or biotype identification as greater than or equal to 98% (category a), 90 to 97% (category b), and 80 to 89% (category c) . When compared with conventional identification results, the TT-NF system correctly identified 90.3% of strains (1,164 of 1,289 strains), with 72.5% (935 strains) belonging to category a, 14.7% of strains (189 strains) belonging to category b, and 3.1% of strains (40 strains) belonging to category c . Among the remaining strains, 104 (8.1%) were not identified and 14 (1.1%) were misidentified, and the system failed to generate identification results for 7 strains (0.5%) . Reactions within the TT-NF system were reproducible, with an estimated probability of erroneous test results of 0.2%. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 926 - 33 Mechanism and stereochemistry of the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine and neosamine C; Kakinuma K et al.; Feeding experiments with D-{6,6-2H2}-, D-(6R)-{6-2H1}- and D-(6S)-{6-2H1}glucose in the fermentation of Streptomyces ribosidificus, followed by field desorption MS and 2H NMR analyses of the resulting labeled ribostamycin samples, clearly demonstrated that 1) both hydrogens of the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of D-glucose are stereospecifically incorporated into the C-2 position of 2-deoxystreptamine and 2) the pro S hydrogen of the C-6 position of D-glucose is stereospecifically removed during the elaboration of neosamine C in the biosynthesis of ribostamycin . A plausible mechanism of formation of the deoxy-scyllo-inosose, an early precursor to 2-deoxystreptamine, is suggested to be analogous to the dehydroquinate synthesis in the shikimate pathway and the conversion of the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of D-glucose into the aminomethyl group of neosamine C is likely to involve a dehydrogenation step to a formyl group. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 897 - 902 2-Epimutalomycin and 28-epimutalomycin, two new polyether antibiotics from Streptomyces mutabilis . Derivatization of mutalomycin and the structure elucidation of two minor metabolites; Fehr T et al.; A number of derivatives of mutalomycin (1), a naturally occurring polyether antibiotic, have been synthesized . In the desulfurization reaction of the ethylthio derivative (5) of mutalomycin (1) with Raney-nickel we observed an unusual course of the reaction, namely the introduction of a hydroxy group instead of the usual exchange against hydrogen, leading to two reaction products, mutalomycin (1) and 28-epimutalomycin (3) . The structure of 3 and 2-epimutalomycin (2), both minor metabolites from the mutalomycin fermentation, were elucidated by X-ray analysis. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 890 - 6 834-B1, a new thiolactone containing antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and structure; Sato T et al.; A new thiolactone containing antibiotic 834-B1 was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp . Y-0834H which has also produced thiolactomycin and thiotetromycin at the same time . The structure of 834-B1 was determined as I by the decoupling experiment in NMR. Microbiologia, 1989 Jun, 5(1), 45 - 52 Production of riboflavin (vitamin B2) by hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts; Sabry SA et al.; Candida guilliermondii Wickerham was found to be superior to the other yeasts tested for growth yields and riboflavin production when cultivated on different carbohydrate and hydrocarbon-containing media . Among the refined petroleum fractions and cheap hydrocarbons tested, solar was selected as a carbon source best suited for the fermentation process . The highest growth yield and riboflavin output (10.64 mg/100 ml) by C . guilliermondii Wickerham were achieved by placing aliquots of 20 ml medium (pH 6.0) in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and incubating the inoculated medium at 30 degrees C for 14 days in the dark. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1989 Jun, 29(3), 216 - 21 {The discovery and study on invasive strain of Escherichia coli O121}; Yang ZS et al.; A strain of Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli was isolated from the stool with blood and mucus of a child suffering from acute diarrhea . The strain shows the following characteristics: rapid fermentation of glucose (with gas), no fermentation of lactose, beta-galactosidase reaction positive, growth in acetate media, lysine decarboxylase negative, non-motility causing keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs and invading into epithelial cells, with a plasmid of 140 Md, Serotype is O121:H- which is a new serotype of Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 852 - 68 Karnamicin, a complex of new antifungal antibiotics . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical and biological properties; Nishio M et al.; A complex of new antifungal antibiotics designated karnamicin was isolated from the cultured broth of Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes No . N806-4 . Fifteen components have so far been isolated from the complex; the major component karnamicin B2 was identified by X-ray crystallography to be a novel molecule unrelated to known antibiotics . All components of karnamicin exhibited a rather broad spectrum of activity against fungi and yeasts with MICs ranging from 3.1 to 50 micrograms/ml. Gut, 1989 Jun, 30(6), 820 - 5 Does dietary fibre stimulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in germ free rats? Goodlad RA, Ratcliffe B, Fordham JP, Wright NA. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the role of hind gut fermentation in the proliferative response of the intestinal epithelium to dietary fibre . We have previously shown that refeeding starved rats with an elemental diet supplemented with fermentable dietary fibre (but not inert bulk) is capable of stimulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation throughout the gastrointestinal tract . Three groups of 10 germ free (GF) rats and three groups of 10 conventional (CV) rats, were used . All groups were starved for three days and then refed for two days with either an elemental diet (Flexical); Flexical plus 30% kaolin; or Flexical plus 30% of a fibre mixture . Cell production was determined by the accumulation of vincristine arrested metaphases in microdissected crypts . There was no significant difference between refeeding the rats with an elemental diet alone or with kaolin supplementation, however, the addition of fibre in CV rats was associated with a significant increase in intestinal crypt cell production rate in both the small intestine (p less than 0.01) and the colon (p less than 0.001) . This marked proliferative effects of fibre was abolished in the GF rats . It can be concluded that it is the products of hind gut fermentation, not fibre per se that stimulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in the colon and small intestine. J Nutr, 1989 Jun, 119(6), 872 - 8 Influence of cellulose structure on its digestibility in the rat; Hsu JC et al.; The effect of modifying the structural properties of a purified cellulose on its subsequent digestion in the rat was determined . The three structurally unique types of cellulose used in the study were a commercial microcrystalline cellulose, a ball-milled cellulose, and an acid-swollen cellulose . The ball-milled cellulose and the acid-swollen cellulose were prepared from the microcrystalline cellulose starting material . Differences in structure between the types of cellulose were determined by X-ray diffraction measurements and by analysis of their in vitro enzymatic saccharification . The extent of fermentation of each type of cellulose within the rat intestinal tract was determined . Each of the three types of cellulose had a unique structure with respect to its measured crystallinity index and its rate of degradation in vitro by cellulase enzymes . The measured in vivo digestion coefficient for microcrystalline, ball-milled, and acid-swollen cellulose was 8.8, 12.2 and 20.3%, respectively . This represents a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the extent of fermentation of the different structural types of cellulose within the rat intestine . The results demonstrate that modifying the structural properties of dietary cellulose can affect in vivo response. Anal Biochem, 1989 Jun, 179(2), 288 - 90 Spectrophotometric assay of hydroxylated by-products in penicillin V fermentations and its application in screening of mutant penicillin producer strains on agar media; Palotas B et al.; A fast and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed to measure the level of hydroxylated by-products (p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid and p-hydroxypenicillin V) in penicillin V fermentations . The method is based on a color reaction of the above-mentioned phenolic by-products with nitrous acid, yielding yellow nitroso derivatives . Both the nitroso derivative of p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid and that of p-hydroxypenicillin V have an absorption peak at 450 nm in alkaline solution with a molar absorption of 4.00 x 10(3) M-1cm-1 for both compounds . No fermentation medium components were found to interfere considerably with the assay . On the basis of the color reaction, an agar prescreen method has been developed for isolation of nonhydroxylating Penicillium chrysogenum strains in strain-improvement programs. J Mol Evol, 1989 Jun, 28(6), 528 - 35 Episodic evolution in the stomach lysozymes of ruminants; Jolles J et al.; By sequencing lysozymes c from deer and pig stomachs and comparing them to the known amino acid sequences of other lysozymes c, it was possible to examine the rate of sequence change during and after the period in which this enzyme acquired a new function . Evolutionary tree analysis suggests that the rate went up while lysozyme was being recruited to function as a digestive enzyme in the stomach of early ruminants . Later, presumably after lysozyme was well adapted for functioning in the new environment, which contains acid, pepsin, and fermentation products, the rate of amino acid replacement became subnormal. Eur J Biochem, 1989 May 15, 181(3), 741 - 6 Cloning and sequencing of the genes of 2-hydoxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase from Acidaminococcus fermentans; Dutscho R et al.; Two genomic libraries from Acidaminococcus fermentans DNA constructed with the lambda vectors gt11 and EMBL 3 were screened with antisera raised against 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase . Two clones giving the strongest reaction in the immunoassay were analyzed further, one was a lambda gt11 clone with an insert of 2050 bp and one was a lambda EMBL-3 clone with an insert of approximately 11,000 bp . Escherichia coli cells infected with the lambda gt11 clone expressed the alpha subunit of the dehydratase (Mr, 53,870), whereas with the lambda EMBL-3 clone, the alpha and beta subunits (Mr, 41,857) were detected on Western blots . Restriction fragments of both clones were subcloned in pUC 8 and sequenced by the chain termination method . Thus the complete sequence of the genes of both subunits, hgdA (alpha) and hgdB (beta) were obtained . The genes have the following order: A-B, with an intergenic region of only 2 bp . The deduced amino acid sequences for the alpha and beta subunits were confirmed by four peptides sequenced by protein chemical methods . Both chains are extremely rich in cysteine (13 in alpha, including a CNC and two CC clusters, and nine in beta) but no similarities to other known protein sequences were found. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989 May 11, 17(9), 3491 - 9 Identification of a novel site specific endonuclease produced by Mycoplasma fermentans: discovery while characterizing DNA binding proteins in T lymphocyte cell lines; Halden NF et al.; We have discovered a new restriction endonuclease, MfeI, in nuclear extracts from T cells contaminated with Mycoplasma fermentans . This endonuclease was identified while studying proteins binding to the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain gene promoter . MfeI cuts at the recognition sequence C'AATTG generating EcoRI compatible cohesive ends . Potential applications are discussed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 May, 55(5), 1066 - 73 Fermentation products and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by monocentric and polycentric anaerobic ruminal fungi; Borneman WS et al.; Five anaerobic fungal isolates from the bovine rumen were grown on Coastal Bermuda grass (CBG) leaf blades and monitored over a 9-day period for substrate utilization, fermentation products, cellulase, and xylanase activities . Two of the fungal isolates showed monocentric growth patterns; one (isolate MC-1) had monoflagellated zoospores and morphologically resembled members of the genus Piromyces; the other (isolate MC-2) had multiflagellated zoospores and resembled members of the genus Neocallimastix . Three other isolates (PC-1, PC-2, and PC-3) exhibited polycentric growth and have not yet been described in the literature; these isolates were characterized by differences in morphology . All of the isolates degraded CBG to approximately the same extent (70% {dry weight}) in 9 days . Fermentation product accumulation was concurrent with substrate utilization . The major fermentation products for all isolates were formate, acetate, D-(-)-lactate, L-(+)-lactate, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen . Succinate was produced by all cultures, with the exception of MC-1 . Fermentation balances revealed different profiles for each isolate . As a group, monocentric isolates produced a greater ratio of oxidized to reduced products when grown on glucose or CBG than did the polycentric isolates, which produced a nearly equal ratio of these products . All isolates exhibited cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, including endoglucanase, exoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase, and beta-xylosidase activities . Increasing enzyme activity correlated with the accumulation of fermentation products and substrate utilization . The optimum pH for the enzymatic activity of polycentric isolates was within a more narrow range (pH 6.4 to 7.0) than that of the monocentric isolates (pH 5.5 to 7.5) . Activity toward cellulosic substrates was not detected until after the disappearance of reducing sugars . Xylanase activity was found to be five to seven times that of carboxymethyl cellulase activity for all cultures grown on CBG. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1989 May-Jun, 18(3), 439 - 42 Toxicity of field samples and Fusarium moniliforme from feed associated with equine-leucoencephalomalacia; Vesonder R et al.; Feed samples of corn, pelleted feed, and oats associated with equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM) were obtained from North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma . These samples contained a high colony density of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon which ranged from 64 to 87% of the total fungi . Fifty-nine F . moniliforme strains were isolated . Isolates of F . moniliforme in feed samples from Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma were cultured on corn . The fermented corn, mixed with regular feed and fed to one-day-old ducklings, effected a high mortality coefficient (average 55%) . Methanol extracts of corn fermented with each of 14 representative F . moniliforme isolates from North Carolina feed were toxic to mice and some caused rabbit skin necrosis . Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol), T-2 toxin, zearalenone, and moniliformin were not detected in feed samples or fermented corn . However, 4 to 10 ng of aflatoxin B1 per gram of feed was present in the four North Carolina samples . Bikaverin (C20H14O8), a characteristic red pigment of Fusarium sp., was found in the North Carolina feed samples . This is the first report of bikaverin in feed samples associated with ELEM. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 745 - 51 Biosynthetic similarity between Streptomyces tenjimariensis and Micromonospora olivasterospora which produce fortimicin-group antibiotics; Hotta K et al.; The profile of bioconversion products of istamycin (IS) components by a blocked IS mutant of Streptomyces tenjimariensis that lost IS-productivity suggested a possible biosynthetic pathway of IS similar to that of fortimicin (FT) by Micromonospora olivasterospora . Both organisms are resistant to the antibiotics produced by each other . Based on these similarities, they were examined for their capability to convert an FT-intermediate (FT-B) and IS-intermediates (IS-A0 and -B0) through their biosynthetic pathways . S . tenjimariensis formed 1-epi-FT-B, 2''-N-formimidoyl-FT-A (= dactimicin) and 1-epidactimicin (a new antibiotic) from FT-B . On the other hand, M . olivasterospora converted IS-A0 and -B0 to 2''-N-formimidoyl-IS-A (= IS-A3) and -B (= IS-B3), respectively . Thus, the similarity in antibiotic biosynthesis was confirmed between these FT-group antibiotic-producing organisms . It was also found that the major fermentation product of M . olivasterospora is not FT-A (astromicin) but dactimicin. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 711 - 7 Metabolic products of microorganisms . 254 . Structure of the new nikkomycins pseudo-Z and pseudo-J; Heitsch H et al.; Two new nikkomycins were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces tendae Tu 901/PF 53+-3 . These new metabolites, nikkomycins pseudo-Z (psi-Z,1) and pseudo-J (psi-J, 2) differ from the corresponding nikkomycins Z and J by a C-glycosidic bond between C-5 of uracil and C-1' of 5-amino-5-deoxy-D-allo-furanuronic acid instead of an N-glycosidic bond . The structure elucidation was achieved by two-dimensional NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 647 - 53 New glutarimide antibiotics, S-632-B1 and B2 . I . Taxonomy of producing strain, fermentation and biological properties; Otani T et al.; Strain S-632 was found to produce new glutarimide antibiotics, S-632-B1 and B2, which were isolated from the culture fluid . A taxonomic study on strain S-632 was carried out, and the taxonomic characterization demonstrated that it belonged to the species Streptomyces hygroscopicus . The strain was given the name S . hygroscopicus S-632 . These antibiotics were active against Saccharomyces sp., but inactive against filamentous fungi and bacteria, and had cytotoxic activity against KB tissue culture cells. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1989 May 1, 270(2), 521 - 5 Studies on the biosynthesis of avermectins; Chen TS et al.; To elucidate the pathway of avermectin biosynthesis, the biosynthetic relationships of avermectins A1a, A2a, B1a, B2a, and their respective monosaccharides and aglycones were studied . 14C-labeled avermectin compounds prepared from {1-14C}acetate were fed to Streptomyces avermitilis strain MA5502 and their metabolites were determined . Two furan ring-free aglycones, 6,8a-seco-6,8a-deoxy-5-keto avermectin B1a and B2a, have been isolated from the fermentation broth of a blocked mutant of S . avermitilis . Addition of the compounds and a semisynthetic compound, 5-keto avermectin B2a aglycone, to the fermentation medium of a second blocked mutant established that the two compounds are intermediates in the avermectin biosynthetic pathway immediately preceding avermectin aglycones. EMBO J, 1989 May, 8(5), 1349 - 59 Characterization of the END1 gene required for vacuole biogenesis and gluconeogenic growth of budding yeast; Dulic V et al.; The Saccharomyces cerevisiae END1 gene is required for formation or maintenance of the vacuole, for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources, for efficient mating and for growth at 37 degrees C . The END1 gene was cloned by complementation of the end1 mutation . Two end1 null mutants, constructed by disruption and deletion of the END1 gene, show features identical to the original end1 mutant . However, in this paper we correct a previous finding from our group that end1 is defective in internalization of the yeast pheromone alpha-factor . End1 mutants take up alpha-factor at the same rate as corresponding wild-type cells but the internalized pheromone is not degraded . Since whole cell respiration and respiratory control of end1 mitochondria are not impaired, it seems plausible that a defect in gluconeogenesis could partially account for the inability of end1 to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources . DNA sequence analysis of the END1 gene reveals a 3090-bp open reading frame capable of encoding a hydrophilic protein of 118 kd . The molecular mass of End1p was confirmed by immunoprecipitation . The predicted End1p sequence shows no significant similarity to other known protein sequences except for a short region of homology with the putative adenine nucleotide binding sites shared by a group of enzymes, notably ATPases. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 May, 55(5), 1308 - 11 Growth rate control of adherent bacterial populations; Gilbert P et al.; We report a novel in vitro method which, through application of appropriate nutrient limitations, enables growth rate control of adherent bacterial populations . Exponentially growing cells are collected by pressure filtration onto cellulose acetate membranes . Following inversion into the bases of modified fermentors, membranes and bacteria are perfused with fresh medium . Newly formed and loosely attached cells are eluted with spent medium . Steady-state conditions (dependent upon the medium flow rate) at which the adherent bacterial biomass is constant and proportional to the limiting nutrient concentrations are rapidly achieved, and within limits, the growth rate is proportional to the medium flow rate . Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that such populations consist of individual cells embedded within an extracellular polymer matrix. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 May, 55(5), 1305 - 7 Use of a novel air separation system in a fed-batch fermentative culture of Escherichia coli; Fass R et al.; A novel air separation system based on permeable membrane gas separation technology was used to cultivate Escherichia coli . The system fulfilled the dissolved oxygen requirements of a culture of E . coli grown on a glucose synthetic medium at a high and constant growth rate of 0.55 h-1 . A biomass yield of 45 g (dry weight) per liter was achieved, and no by-product inhibition by acetate or CO2 was observed. Yeast, 1989 May-Jun, 5(3), 159 - 65 Kinetics of growth and glucose transport in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066; Postma E et al.; The glucose transport capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was studied in aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures . Two different transport systems were encountered with affinity constants of 1 and 20 mM, respectively . The capacity of these carriers (Vmax) was dependent on the dilution rate and the residual glucose concentration in the culture . From the residual glucose concentration in the fermenter and the kinetic constants of glucose transport, their in situ contribution to glucose consumption was determined . The sum of these calculated in situ transport rates correlated well with the observed rate of glucose consumption of the culture . The growth kinetics of S . cerevisiae CBS 8066 in glucose-limited cultures were rather peculiar . At low dilution rates, at which glucose was completely respired, the glucose concentration in the fermenter was constant at 110 microM, independent of the glucose concentration in the reservoir . At higher dilution rates, characterized by the occurrence of both respiration and alcoholic fermentation, the residual substrate concentration followed Monod kinetics . In this case, however, the overall affinity constant was dependent on the reservoir glucose concentration. J Dairy Sci, 1989 May, 72(5), 1217 - 27 Influence of protein supplementation of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw on ruminal microbial fermentation; Bas FJ et al.; A dual flow continuous culture system was used to determine the effects of four protein sources (soybean meal, Ca-ligno-sulfonate treated-soybean meal, blood meal, and feather meal), supplied individually or in combination in diets composed predominantly of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw, on ruminal microbial fermentation and amino acid flow . Diets containing blood meal had lower organic matter and fiber digestion, NH3 N and VFA concentrations, and CP degradation but higher non-NH3 N, dietary N, total amino acid, and essential amino acid flows . Feather meal fed alone or combined with other sources was not different from the blood meal diet in organic matter and fiber digestion . Combining treated soybean meal and blood meal resulted in similar organic matter and fiber digestibilities compared with the soybean meal diets . This combination was similar to the treated soybean meal diet in VFA concentration, non-NH3 N, and essential and total amino acid flows; however, amino acid profile was different with this combination, showing higher histidine and leucine flows . Results from this study suggest that amino acid profiles of digesta leaving the rumen may be manipulated by choice of protein supplement when diets containing a low protein, highly fermentable feedstuff such as alkaline hydrogen, peroxide-treated wheat straw are fed. Am J Clin Nutr, 1989 May, 49(5), 823 - 7 Yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk: effects of short-term and long-term ingestion on lactose absorption and mucosal lactase activity in lactase-deficient subjects; Lerebours E et al.; Lactase-deficient subjects absorb lactose in yogurt more effectively than lactose in other dairy products . However, as all previous studies were performed without a double-blind design and only after a single ingestion of the test product, the mechanism of this enhanced absorption remains unclear . The aims of this double-blind study were 1) to evaluate lactose absorption after prolonged ingestion of yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk (FPM) and 2) to assess the modification of the lactase activity of the duodenal mucosa . In 16 lactase-deficient subjects we confirmed that yogurt enhances lactose digestion, this beneficial effect being destroyed by pasteurization . Moreover, the long-term (8 d) ingestion of either yogurt or FPM does not modify the results of hydrogen breath tests in comparison with a 24-h ingestion . The mucosal lactase (Dahlquist method) and beta-galactosidase (ONPG method) activities were not significantly modified by yogurt or FPM ingestion . These results suggest that in lactase-deficient subjects no adaptation occurs after eating yogurt or FPM and that the increased lactose absorption in yogurt must be mainly related to an intraluminal process. FEBS Lett, 1989 Apr 24, 247(2), 381 - 5 Deletion analysis of yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase and identification of a regulatory domain at the carboxyl-terminus; Portillo F et al.; The function of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase have been investigated by constructing deletions in vitro and selectively expressing the mutant enzymes in vivo . The first 27 amino acids are dispensable but deletion of a further 33 amino acids greatly decreases the appearance of the enzyme in the plasma membrane . Membrane localization is also prevented by carboxyl-terminal deletions which include the last hydrophobic stretch, but the last 46 amino acids of the ATPase are not required . Removal of the last 11 amino acids produces an enzyme in glucose-starved cells with the kinetic parameters of the wild-type ATPase activated by glucose fermentation . This region seems to constitute a regulatory domain. Anal Chem, 1989 Apr 15, 61(8), 831 - 8 Determination of mono- and oligosaccharides in fermentation broths by liquid chromatographic separation and amperometric detection using immobilized enzyme reactors and a chemically modified electrode; Marko-Varga GA; Liquid chromatographic (LC) determinations of mono- and disaccharides in complex fermentation broths and beverage samples are disturbed by the presence of interfering matrix components . High selectivity can be performed by coupling of LC to immobilized enzyme reactors and amperometric detection . The carbohydrates eluting from the column are first introduced into a reactor containing immobilized amyloglucosidase which hydrolyses the oligosaccharides into glucose . A second reactor follows the first one and contains coimmobilized glucosedehydrogenase and mutarotase . The monosaccharides eluting from the first reactor are mixed with a make-up flow consisting of a nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) buffer . The carbohydrates are oxidized in an equivalent amount of reduced coenzyme (NADH) which is detected electrochemically by using an electrode modified with a phenoxazine derivative . The postcolumn system was applied to a high-energy soft drink, malt beer, and fermentation broths from the penicillin industry. FEBS Lett, 1989 Apr 10, 247(1), 55 - 6 An improved system for expressing pancreatic ribonuclease in Escherichia coli; McGeehan GM et al.; An improved method for expressing and purifying bovine pancreatic ribonuclease from a synthetic gene using the lambda promoter controlled by a temperature-sensitive repressor is described . The procedure involves isolation in the presence of a refolding buffer containing oxidized and reduced glutathione, under conditions where RNase can refold, but where proteases presumably do not . Yields are approx . 2 mg purified protein per 1 ferment. Am J Gastroenterol, 1989 Apr, 84(4), 375 - 8 Intestinal gas production from bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrate in irritable bowel syndrome; Haderstorfer B et al.; The relationship between abdominal pain and bowel gas from bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrate was investigated in nine patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), six lactose malabsorbers, and 11 asymptomatic controls . All subjects took breath samples and marked analog scales for abdominal pain, bloating, and psychological stress hourly during all waking hours for 7 days . Breath samples were analyzed for hydrogen concentration within 3 days, and the concentration was corrected for storage time . Symptoms of pain and bloating were significantly more common in IBS patients than in lactose malabsorbers or normal controls, and pain was significantly correlated with bloating in IBS patients . Breath hydrogen concentration was similar in all three groups, and breath hydrogen was not correlated with pain ratings in IBS patients . Thus, abdominal pain may be related to bloating from gastrointestinal gas, but bacterial fermentation cannot be the cause of such gas . The most likely source is swallowed air . This study also demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring hydrogen production in the bowel in field studies by having subjects collect hourly breath samples. J Dairy Sci, 1989 Apr, 72(4), 917 - 27 Effects of prilled fatty acids and calcium salts of fatty acids on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibilities, milk production, and milk composition; Schauff DJ et al.; Lactating Holstein cows averaging 193 d postpartum and fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of supplementing Ca salts of fatty acids or prilled fatty acids to the diet on fermentation in the rumen, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk production, and milk composition . Cows were fed ad libitum total mixed diets consisting of 45% concentrate and 55% forage . Treatments in Experiment 1 were: 1) control, 2) control plus 680 g/cow per d of Ca salts of fatty acids, 3) control plus 680 g/cow per d of prilled fatty acids, or 4) control plus 907 g/cow per d of prilled fatty acids . Treatments in Experiment 2 were: 1) control, 2) control plus 553 g/cow per d of Ca salts of fatty acids, or 3) control plus 454 g/cow per d of prilled fatty acids . Data suggest that Ca salts of fatty acids and prilled fatty acids are inert in the rumen and do not greatly alter fermentation in the rumen, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, ADF, NDF, and CP, or milk composition when fed at recommended amounts of 3 to 4% of the DM intake . The fact that milk production was not increased in these experiments by feeding Ca salts of fatty acids and prilled fatty acids may be attributed to the use of medium to low producing cows that were past the peak of milk production . Additional experiments are needed to obtain information about feeding these sources of supplemental fat to high producing cows during the early stages of lactation. J Dairy Sci, 1989 Apr, 72(4), 1002 - 11 Evaluation of white lupines and triticale in calf starter diets; Wright KL et al.; One hundred fifty-two Holstein calves were used to evaluate white lupines (Lupinus albus cv . Ultra) and triticale in starter diets . The basal diet contained corn, oats, minerals, and vitamins . Starter components were 1) 14% soybean meal; 2) 10% soybean meal and 27% triticale; 3) 22% lupines; 4) 16% lupines and 24.5% triticale; 5) 11% lupines and 8% soybean meal; and 6) 7% lupines, 5% soybean meal, and 26.5% triticale . Dietary CP was approximately 16% of DM . Data collection began on d 4 after birth and continued through d 56 . Calves were fed 3.6 kg of fermented colostrum from d 4 to 14 and 4.5 kg of fermented whole milk from d 15 to weaning at d 28 . Starter diets and water were offered for ad libitum consumption from d 4 to 56 . Dietary treatment had no effect on starter intake or weight gains . Average total gains during the experimental period were 25.6, 23.0, 23.3, 23.2, 25.0, and 21.6 kg for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively . Calf health was excellent . Starter diets were examined in a dual flow continuous culture system to evaluate fermentation by rumen bacteria . Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, and total nonstructural carbohydrate did not differ among treatments . Ammonia N concentrations ranged from 11.9 to 13.8 mg/100 ml effluent . Chemical composition of bacteria, efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis, total VFA concentration in the effluent, and amino acid flow were similar for all treatments . The results indicate that lupines and triticale are satisfactory for use in calf starters when included in amounts equal to or less than those used in this experiment. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Apr, 55(4), 852 - 5 pH-controlled continuous cultivation of mycoplasmas; Krebs B et al.; The continuous cultivation of mycoplasmas in a pH-controlled metabolistat was investigated with the fermentative strain Mycoplasma mobile 163K and the nonfermentative strain Mycoplasma arthritidis ISR1 . The addition of medium and the removal of culture suspension were regulated by acid production from glucose by M . mobile 163K and by ammonium production from arginine by M . arthritidis ISR1, respectively . For both strains the optimal pH for continuous growth was 7.0 . The steady state could be maintained for at least 21 days . With CFU of 8.4 X 10(9) ml-1 (M . mobile 163K) and 3.2 X 10(9) ml-1 (M . arthritidis ISR1), the cell concentrations were slightly higher than those obtained in batch cultures .