Fermentations

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Oct, 55(10), 2443 - 7
Evaluation of the Autoanalysis Colilert test for detection and enumeration of total coliforms; Covert TC et al.; The Autoanalysis Colilert (AC) test was compared with the membrane filter (MF), 10-tube multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) technique, and the presence-absence test as described in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for the detection and enumeration of total coliforms in water . The methods were evaluated with 31 samples from seven different sources . Each sample was analyzed by each of the techniques, using replicate 100-ml sample volumes . A total of 582 confirmed tubes were positive by the MTF test, and 533 tubes were positive by the AC test . Statistical analysis of the most-probable-number comparability data showed a statistically significant difference in the number of positive tubes, with the MTF test resulting in more positive tubes . There were no statistically significant differences in precision between the two methods . All the methods were comparable in detection of total coliforms . Levels of heterotrophic bacteria generally encountered in drinking water did not interfere with detection or enumeration of coliforms by the AC test.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Oct, 42(10), 1470 - 4
Calphostins (UCN-1028), novel and specific inhibitors of protein kinase C . I . Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities; Kobayashi E et al.; A novel complex of calphostin (UCN-1028), which specifically inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) has been isolated from the culture broth of a fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides . Purification of individual components was carried out by silica gel, non-porus resin Diaion HP-20SS and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, leading to isolation of five closely related components . A, B, C, D and I . Calphostins showed cytotoxic activities against various tumor cells, and these cytotoxicities were proportional to their inhibitory activities against PKC.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1989 Sep 25, 17(18), 7427 - 39
The extended promoter of the gene encoding ribosomal protein S33 in yeast consists of multiple protein binding elements; Herruer MH et al.; At least 4 different, protein binding cis-acting elements are present in the upstream region of the S33-gene . The major protein binding site is situated between positions -148 and -163 relative to the ATG start codon . It binds a trans-acting factor designated SUF (S33 Upstream Factor) . When yeast cells are growing on glucose, deletion of this site results in a decrease of transcription of 50% . Using ethanol as a carbon-source, deletion of the SUF-responsive site lowers the transcription as much as 80% . A second protein binding site is found between positions -85 and -105 . Only extracts from glucose-grown cells contain a factor that is able to bind to this site in vitro . A third protein binding site was found using a protein extract from ethanol-grown cells . This site, which is located quite close to the transcriptional start site, is probably responsible for the 20% residual transcription when the SUF binding site is removed . Finally, a site far upstream was found, which binds a protein from both glucose-grown and ethanol-grown cells . This site may function as an upstream repression site which is only functional when a non-fermentable carbon-source is used . Taking these findings into account, we present a model for the carbon-source dependent transcription activation of the gene encoding S33.

Br J Nutr, 1989 Sep, 62(2), 297 - 310
The influence of rumen volatile fatty acids on protein metabolism in growing lambs; Abdul-Razzaq HA et al.; The effect of acetic or propionic acid rumen fermentation patterns on whole-body protein turnover, tissue protein synthetic rates and body composition was investigated in growing lambs . Protein turnover was assessed using a continuous intravenous infusion of {2,3-3H}tyrosine and tissue protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR) from the specific activities of plasma free, intracellular free and tissue bound tyrosine . Only the FSR of muscle tissue approached significance . The high FSR in the propionic group was attributed to the high plasma insulin concentration . Values for whole-body protein synthesis, corrected for tyrosine oxidation, were similar to those obtained by summating protein synthesis in individual tissues, confirming that tyrosine oxidation should be measured accurately if reliable whole-body protein synthesis values are required . Tyrosine oxidation and flux were high in the acetic acid group, suggesting that amino acids are used for gluconeogenesis . The high protein turnover rate probably ensures an adequate supply of gluconeogenic amino acids and that the penalty of mobilizing body proteins for gluconeogenic amino acids is minimal . In the propionic acid group, high plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were associated with a low protein turnover rate, high ratio of deposited: synthesized protein and a high body fat content . It is concluded that changing the proportion of ruminal volatile fatty acids influences protein turnover, protein synthesis and the efficiency of protein retention . Such factors probably contribute, indirectly, to the observed differences in body composition.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1350 - 5
Structural study of isoflavonoids possessing antioxidant activity isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp; Funayama S et al.; Structures of three antioxidant isoflavonoids isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces sp . OH-1049 were shown to be 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone (1), 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2) and 8-chloro-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyisoflavone (3), respectively . Among them, 3 is a novel isoflavonoid possessing a chlorine atom in the molecule . Compound 1 was synthesized and its antitumor activities were tested against IMC carcinoma, S180, P388 leukemia and P388/ADM leukemia in vivo . As a result, 1 showed 139% increase in life span (ILS) against S180 bearing mice whereas it showed slight or no ILS against IMC carcinoma, P388 leukemia and P388/ADM leukemia bearing mice.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1344 - 9
Isolation of isoflavonoids possessing antioxidant activity from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp; Komiyama K et al.; Three antioxidant isoflavonoids characterized as 4',7,8-trihydroxyisoflavone (1), 3',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2) and 8-chloro-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyisoflavone (3) were isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces sp . OH-1049 . Among them, 3 is a novel isoflavonoid possessing a chlorine atom in the molecule . In in vitro studies, these antibiotics were found to possess antioxidant activity whereas showed almost no cytocidal activities against HeLa S3 cells.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1331 - 8
Novel antitumor antibiotic phospholine . 1 . Production, isolation and characterization; Ozasa T et al.; Phospholine was isolated as an antitumor antibiotic from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus . Phospholine is an amphoteric compound which has an amino group and a phosphoric acid ester as functional groups . Phospholine shows strong activities against L1210, P388 and EL-4.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1989 Sep, 48(3 Suppl), S79 - 80
New cardiac bioprostheses: theory, experiments, and 10 years of clinical use; Konstantinov BA et al.; The biological valve "BAKS" has the following specific features: (1) it is practically devoid of immunogenicity due to fermentative-chemical treatment; (2) it is completely treated with glutaraldehyde through gradual soaking in solutions of increasing concentration; (3) the biological part is fashioned taking into account the biomechanics of the aortic root; (4) the polypropylene stent is functional due to the use of the principles of bionics in valve construction; and (5) practically no thromboemboli occur, because of the special morphologic organization of the cuff and the distant location of the bioprosthesis leaflets from the stent edge . In the Department of Heart Surgery of the National Research Center of Surgery, "BAKS" valves have been used in 237 patients undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement for rheumatic heart disease . Of these 35% were younger than 35 years, 93.7% belonged to New York Heart Association functional class IV, and 24% had had a previous heart operation . The 10-year survival rate without hospital mortality was 68.94% +/- 4.86% . Total follow-up was 11,232 patient-months (range; 6 to 118 months; mean, 57 months; 97% complete) . Main causes of death and reoperation were (per patient-year) infectious endocarditis, 3.2%; spontaneous bioprosthesis degeneration, 0.96%; mechanical dysfunction resulting from damage in the manufacturing of the prosthesis, 0.74%; left atrial thrombosis and/or thromboemboli, 0.5%; sudden death, 0.2%; cardiac insufficiency, 0.3%; and other, 0.4%.

Mikrobiologiia, 1989 Sep-Oct, 58(5), 791 - 6
{Biosynthesis of somatotropin in a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli}; Gorlatova NV et al.; A recombinant Escherichia coli K-12 strain was grown in the regime of chemostat with glucose limitation at a different flow rate and in the regime of turbidostat . The stability of its population and the dynamics of somatotropin biosynthesis were studied . The plasmid-containing strain became less stable as the flow rate in the fermenter dropped down, which was due, apparently, to a greater limitation . The level of somatotropin biosynthesis was higher at a low dilution rate (D = 0.075, 0.17 and 0.34 h-1) . Possible factors responsible for this phenomenon are discussed.

FEMS Microbiol Rev, 1989 Sep, 5(3), 223 - 34
The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli; Clark DP; Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of alternative electron acceptors Escherichia coli converts sugars to a mixture of products by fermentation . The major soluble products are acetate, ethanol, acetate and formate with smaller amounts of succinate . In addition the gaseous products hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced in substantial amounts . The pathway generating fermentation products is branched and the flow down each branch is varied in response both to the pH of the culture medium and the nature of the fermentation substrate . In particular, the ratio of the various fermentation products is manipulated in order to balance the number of reducing equivalents generated during glycolytic breakdown of the substrate . The enzymes and corresponding genes involved in these fermentation pathways are described . The regulatory responses of these genes and enzymes are known but the details of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still obscure.

Microbiologia, 1989 Sep, 5(2), 79 - 88
{Yeasts associated with spontaneous fermentation processes in wines from Ribeiro . Analysis of homo/heterothallism and the killer system of S . cerevisiae strains}; Cansado J et al.; A taxonomic analysis has been carried out concerning the different yeast species involved in spontaneous fermentations of Ribeiro wine . The results revealed the presence of 15 species belonging to 7 genera: Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, Dekkera, Saccharomycodes, Debaryomyces, Kloeckera and Candida . Within the genus Candida a high number of species was detected . The 28 isolated strains of S . cerevisiae showed with some exceptions, a remarkable sporulation ability and viability of the meiotic products . All the strains were homothallic . Among all S . cerevisiae strains, 6 exhibited killer K2 activity with higher isolation percentages in intermediate fermentations than in late fermentations.

Nutr Rev, 1989 Sep, 47(9), 257 - 61
Diversion colitis: a nutritional deficiency syndrome?
Agarwal VP, Schimmel EM.
The dependence of cells of the colonic epithelium upon lumenal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for some of their energy supply is well known . SCFA (mainly acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids) comprise the predominant solutes in the aqueous phase of colonic contents and are produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of polysaccharides . Acetic acid is the principal fatty acid, but n-butyric acid is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, both in normal human colon and in colons of patients with ulcerative colitis . Four patients with diversion colitis, an inflammatory process in surgically excluded colon and rectum, were successfully treated by colonic instillation of a solution of mixed SCFA . This review examines the evidence that diversion colitis may be a new type of nutritional-deficiency syndrome based upon a local mucosal requirement for SCFA.

Mikrobiologiia, 1989 Sep-Oct, 58(5), 778 - 84
{The study of the growth of tylosin producer using differential centrifugation of mycelium in a sucrose density gradient}; Salamakha OV et al.; The mycelium of Streptomyces fradiae was fractionated by differential centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (SDG) using various samples of the inoculation material and aliquots of the cultural broth taken in the course of tylosin production . The mode of mycelium distribution in SDG made it possible to select the most active inoculation material . The mycelium was redistributed from sucrose layers with a high density to those with a lower density in the course of fermentation . The fractions differed in the antibiotic activity but none of them had an activity higher than in the control centrifuged in 30% sucrose and washed off just like the fractions . Therefore, mycelium fractionation in SDG would not elevate its antibiotic activity . The paper presents the cytological characteristics of different fractions changing in the course of fermentation.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Sep, 135 ( Pt 9), 2399 - 406
Glucose transport in crabtree-positive and crabtree-negative yeasts; van Urk H et al.; The kinetic parameters of glucose transport in four Crabtree-positive and four Crabtree-negative yeasts were determined . The organisms were grown in aerobic glucose-limited chemostats at a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1 . The results show a clear correlation between the presence of high-affinity glucose transport systems and the absence of aerobic fermentation upon addition of excess glucose to steady-state cultures . The presence of these H+-symport systems could be established by determination of intracellular accumulation of 6-deoxy-{3H}glucose and alkalinization of buffered cell suspensions upon addition of glucose . In contrast, the yeasts that did show aerobic alcoholic fermentation during these glucose pulse experiments had low-affinity facilitated-diffusion carriers only . In the yeasts examined the capacity of the glucose transport carriers was higher than the actual glucose consumption rates during the glucose pulse experiments . The relationship between the rate of sugar consumption and the rate of alcoholic fermentation was studied in detail with Saccharomyces cerevisiae . When S . cerevisiae was pulsed with low amounts of glucose or mannose, in order to obtain submaximal sugar consumption rates, fermentation was already occurring at sugar consumption rates just above those which were maintained in the glucose-limited steady-state culture . The results are interpreted in relation with the Crabtree effect . In Crabtree-positive yeasts, an increase in the external glucose concentration may lead to unrestricted glucose uptake by facilitated diffusion and hence, to aerobic fermentation . In contrast, Crabtree-negative yeasts may restrict the entry of glucose by their regulated H+-symport systems and thus prevent the occurrence of overflow metabolism.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1989 Sep, 108(9), 362 - 5
{Morphologic changes of the pancreas in hemorrhagic shock and the postresuscitation period}; Titova GP et al.; The canine pancreas (20) in the terminal period of hemorrhagic shock and postresuscitation period was studied histologically and electronmicroscopically . There were detected ultrastructural signs of the plasmatic membranes of pancreatocytes and membranes of secretory granules with "leakage" of pancreatic ferments in the interstitial tissue . The incretion of pancreatic ferments in the vascular bed is conditioned by the elevation of proteolytic activity of blood serum in hemorrhagic shock and postresuscitation period.

J Anim Sci, 1989 Sep, 67(9), 2370 - 6
Effects of monensin and pH on the production and utilization of pyro-glutamate, a novel product of ruminal glutamine deamination; Russell JB et al.; Pure cultures of monensin-sensitive ruminal bacteria were involved in both the production and utilization of pyro-glutamate (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid), a novel product of glutamine fermentation, but the effect of monensin on pyro-glutamate accumulation in mixed cultures had not been assessed . Mixed ruminal bacteria (n = 3) fermented glutamine (40 mM) at a rapid rate (63 nmol/{mg protein-min}) and there was a transient increase in pyro-glutamate (3 mM) . Monensin (5 ppm) decreased the rate of glutamine fermentation 70% and greatly enhanced the conversion of glutamine to pyro-glutamate (50 vs 7%) . Glutamate was fermented at nearly the same rate as glutamine, and monensin eliminated glutamate fermentation . Glutamate was never converted to pyro-glutamate . Trypticase, a pancreatic digest of casein, contained pyro-glutamate, and a significant fraction (30%) of its N was never converted to ammonia . Pyro-glutamate utilization was reduced by monensin and low pH (less than 6.0) . Based on these in vitro observations, pyro-glutamate could be a significant end-product of glutamine degradation when animals are fed monensin.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Sep, 72(9), 2316 - 24
Effect of hydrogenated fat on feed intake, nutrient digestion, and lactation performance of dairy cows; Jenkins TC et al.; Eight lactating Holstein cows were fed four diets in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine how hydrogenation affects fats as supplements for dairy rations . Four isonitrogenous diets contained either no added fat, 5% yellow grease, or 3 or 5% hydrogenated yellow grease . Only yellow grease reduced DM intake compared with DM intake of the control diet . Diets supplemented with fat had lower digestibilities of fiber, nitrogen, energy, and fatty acids than the control diet did . Ruminal acetate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio were higher for the hydrogenated fat than for yellow grease . However, fatty acid digestibilities were lower for diets containing hydrogenated fat . Milk yields of fat-supplemented diets, whether actual or 4% FCM, did not exceed the control diet except for 5% hydrogenated yellow grease . This study shows that hydrogenated fats have fewer negative effects on food intake, milk fat content, and ruminal fermentation but have lower digestibilities than other fats . Hydrogenation improved milk yield compared with yellow grease fed at the same amount of supplementation.

Lipids, 1989 Sep, 24(9), 781 - 5
Rhizomucor miehei triglyceride lipase is processed and secreted from transformed Aspergillus oryzae; Huge-Jensen B et al.; The cDNA encoding the precursor of the Rhizomucor miehei triglyceride lipase was inserted in an Aspergillus oryzae expression vector . In this vector the expression of the lipase cDNA is under control of the Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase gene promoter and the Aspergillus niger glucoamylase gene terminator . The recombinant plasmid was introduced into Aspergillus oryzae, and transformed colonies were selected and screened for lipase expression . Lipase-positive transformants were grown in a small fermentor, and recombinant triglyceride lipase was purified from the culture broth . The purified enzymatically active recombinant lipase (rRML) secreted from A . oryzae was shown to have the same characteristics with respect to mobility on reducing SDS-gels and amino acid composition as the native enzyme . N-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated that approximately 70% of the secreted rRML had the same N-terminal sequence as the native Rhizomucor miehei enzyme, whereas 30% of the secreted rRML was one amino acid residue shorter in the N-terminal . The recombinant lipase precursor, which has a 70 amino acid propeptide, is thus processed in and secreted from Aspergillus oryzae . We have hereby demonstrated the utility of this organism as a host for the production of recombinant triglyceride lipases.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1989 Sep-Oct, 25(5), 664 - 9
{Intensity of glycolysis in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis depending upon the oxygen supply}; Lisiuk GM et al.; The effect of inoculate pretreatment and the air content in the fermented medium on the activity of phosphofructokinase and alcohol dehydrogenase of yeasts was being studied during the yeast cultivation . The authors found that oxygen supply was very important for the activity of the enzymes . Preliminary aeration of the inoculate inhibited to a less degree the glycolytic pathway as compared to the use of a high oxygen level in the fermented medium.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Sep, 42(9), 1416 - 23
Repression of phenylacetic acid transport system in Penicillium chrysogenum Wis 54-1255 by free amino acids and ammonium salts; Martinez-Blanco H et al.; The phenylacetic acid (PA) transport system in Penicillium chrysogenum is an inducible-system (see Fernandez-Canon et al.; preceding papers) which is repressed by free amino acids when these molecules are added to the complex fermentation broths at the induction time . L-Tyrosine, L-alpha-aminoadipic acid, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine and L-methionine are the molecules that cause the greatest delay in induction . The addition of Krebs-cycle intermediates to the complex fermentation broth did not affect the rate of induction with the exception of oxalacetic acid and citric acid which strongly increased it . Ammonium salts and acetate also repressed the biosynthesis of the enzymes involved in the PA uptake.

Arch Tierernahr, 1989 Aug-Sep, 39(8-9), 793 - 7
Effect of monensin on rumen fermentation and performance of young calves; Kalachnyuk GI et al.; The effect of monensin on the growth and rumen metabolism of young calves (30 days old initially) was followed in 70-day experiment . Calves diet consisted of a milk substitute (4 1 per day), a concentrate mixture (13 g per 1 kg of live weight per day) and meadow hay ad libitum . Ten calves were fed 0.65 mg of monensin (SPOFA, Czechoslovakia) per 1 kg of live weight per day . Ten calves served as a control . The non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio of VFA, mol-% acetate and butyrate were significantly lower and propionate higher in monensin-treated calves . Monensin-fed calves gained non significantly more (+ 7.2%) than control calves . A possible mode of action of monensin in young calves is discussed.

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1989 Aug, 29(4), 235 - 8
{Studies on hyperglycophilic yeast causing gaseous fermentation of sweetened condensed milk}; Fu XH et al.; This report studied on a hyperglycophilic yeast isolated from sweetened condensed milk in Shandong province . It can fermented glucose, sucrose and raffinose; and can assimilate glucose, sucrose and raffinose as its sole carbon source . According to the morphology, physiology and habitat, it was identified to be Candida lactiscondensi (Hammer) Meyer et Yarrow, one of the synonym is Torulopsis lactiscondensi (Hammer) Lodder et Kreger-van Rij (1952) . Detailed description was given in this report.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1989 Aug, 108(8), 236 - 8
{Osteogenic properties of adhesive cells in Dexter culture of the mouse bone marrow}; Kuznetsov SA et al.; Disaggregated cell suspensions obtained by mouse bone marrow fermentative digestion as well as stromal tissue obtained by marrow mild mechanical destruction were explanted . Both methods yield the cultures in which the hematopoiesis duration is comparable with dexter cultures . Adhesive cells from all of these three culture types were resuspended and in the porous gelatin sponges heterotopically transplanted under the kidney capsule of syngenic recipients . In the transplantation site there develops the hemopoietic organ containing reticular stroma, hemopoietic cells, and in most cases the well developed bone tissue . Thus, the adherent layers of mouse bone marrow dexter and similar cultures contain for a long period (not less than 2-3.5 months) the stromal fibroblast population which maintains its osteogenic and hemopoietic microenvironment transfer capacities.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Aug, 72(8), 2002 - 16
Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows; McCarthy RD Jr et al.; Four early lactation multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square to investigate the effects of source of protein (fish meal or soybean meal) and carbohydrate (corn or barley) on ruminal fermentation, flow of nutrients to the small intestine, and animal performance . The treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 (protein x carbohydrate) factorial were: 1) corn plus soybean meal; 2) corn plus fish meal; 3) barley plus soybean meal; and 4) barley plus fish meal . Dry matter and starch intakes were greater when corn was fed than when barley was fed . Barley-based diets were more extensively degraded in the rumen than corn-based diets and therefore provided more energy for microbial growth . However, passage of amino acids and starch to the duodenum was greater for corn-based diets than barley-based diets, because of the greater intake and lower ruminal degradability of the corn-based diets . Microbial protein constituted a larger portion of the total N and had a greater influence on the pattern and quantity of amino acids that passed to the duodenum than did protein from fish meal or soybean meal, which escaped ruminal degradation . Feeding corn-based diets increased production of milk and milk protein compared with feeding barley-based diets.

Cancer Lett, 1989 Aug, 46(3), 221 - 4
The occurrence of N-nitroso compounds in kiwam tobacco; Tricker AR et al.; The concentrations of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), volatile and non-volatile N-nitroso compounds in kiwam, a fermented Indian tobacco product are presented . Total identified N-nitroso compound concentrations in kiwam ranged from 6.19 to 25.4 mg/kg fresh weight tobacco, the concentration range of TSNA was 5.43-22.2 mg/kg tobacco which accounted for 67-87% of the total identified N-nitroso compound burden . The high concentrations of TSNA found in kiwam tobacco may present a considerable exposure source to carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds for people using this type of tobacco.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1248 - 52
3-Methylpseudouridine as a fermentation product; Nielsen JB et al.; 3-Methylpseudouridine (beta isomer) has been identified in fermentation broths of Nocardia lactamdurans . It accumulates at quite high levels following the accumulation of extracellular uracil in strains exhibiting increased levels of de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes . It is labeled by exogenous uracil, and appears to result from an irreversible modification of one of the components of the elevated pyrimidine pool . Its methyl group is labeled efficiently by {methyl-14C}methionine.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1221 - 9
WS-9659 A and B, novel testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors isolated from a Streptomyces . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical characteristics; Nakayama O et al.; WS-9659 A and B, produced by Streptomyces sp . No . 9659, were extracted from cultured broth, purified by solvent extraction followed by chromatography on silica gel and then isolated as prisms (C22H24N2O, mp 161 approximately 162 degrees C, C22H23N2OCl, mp 152 approximately 153 degrees C) . WS-9659 A and B have testosterone 5 alpha-reductase inhibitory activity . The IC50 values of WS-9659 A and B for partially purified rat prostate testosterone 5 alpha-reductase were 5.0 x 10(-7) M and 1.0 x 10(-5) M, respectively.

J Biochem Biophys Methods, 1989 Aug-Sep, 19(2-3), 223 - 40
Pilot scale production of a human monoclonal antibody against human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1; Jungbauer A et al.; Human monoclonal antibodies against the transmembrane protein gp41 of HIV-1 were isolated and purified on a pilot scale . A purification scheme was established for the production of human monoclonal antibodies on the gram scale . 50 1 of culture supernatant can be treated in one purification cycle . The hybridomas were mass cultured in an airlift fermenter . The culture broth was clarified by microfiltration and chromatographed on CM-Sepharose fast flow and protein A Superose . Scale up of the high performance affinity chromatography from 1 ml protein A Superose up to 40 ml is described . All desalting steps were performed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 coarse . The yield of the whole purification procedure is in the range of 50-60% . The purity is higher than 99.9% . DNA and reverse transcriptase could not be detected . The whole method is designed as a basis for scale up to industrial scale . Results from quality control assays have proven the validity of this approach.

Vaccine, 1989 Aug, 7(4), 357 - 63
Studies on the development of a medium with peptone and casein hydrolysate for the production of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in BHK-21 cells; Saha SN et al.; Studies were undertaken to develop a cheaper medium with indigenous sources of peptone and casein hydrolysate for continuous culture of BHK-21 (suspension) cells and production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine . Eleven batches of experimental media were prepared using different indigenous sources of casein hydrolysate and peptone . These batches of media were tested for the growth of Razi BHK-21 cells in suspension and compared with the growth in control Eagle's medium . Out of eleven batches only four batches of the media produced cell growth equivalent to that with the Eagle's medium . Cells passaged in these batches of the experimental media supported virus growth and titres were comparable with those in Eagle's medium . Experimental batches of vaccine against FMD virus type A5 were prepared on a pilot scale as well as on a fermenter scale . The protection indices of these vaccine in guinea-pigs were satisfactory and induced 100% protection in cattle . One source each of peptone and casein hydrolysate was found suitable for the experimental medium . The medium developed is able to replace 10 out of 13 amino acids and also tryptose phosphate broth in Eagle's medium and is expected to reduce the cost of medium by 33% compared with Eagle's medium.

Mol Biochem Parasitol, 1989 Aug, 36(1), 29 - 39
Effect of gas phase on carbohydrate metabolism in Ascaris suum larvae; Vanover-Dettling L et al.; The in vitro metabolism of {1-13C}glucose by Ascaris suum third and fourth-stage larvae was analyzed under different gas phases using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR) . Third-stage larvae (L3) incubated under a gas phase of 85% N2/5% O2/10% CO2 produced trace amounts of {13C}succinate, and molted to fourth-stage larvae (L4) between days 3 and 4 in vitro . However, they appeared to arrest as L3s when incubated under air, or 85% N2/5% O2/10% CO2 in the presence of 2 mM potassium cyanide, or 95% N2/5% CO2 . Day 12 L4 (eight days after molting) incubated under 85% N2/5% O2/10% CO2, or 95% N2/5% CO2, or 94% N2/1% O2/5% CO2, produced succinate, acetate, propionate and the branched-chain fatty acids 2-methylvalerate and 2-methylbutyrate by fermentative pathways characteristic of adult body wall muscle . In contrast, when Day 12 L4 were incubated under air, only trace amounts of these acids were detected in the incubation medium . Thus, L4 are capable of synthesizing end-products typical of the adult even in the presence of oxygen, as long as the CO2 tensions are above 5% . As would be predicted, activities of enzymes involved in aerobic metabolism, including citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase, decreased dramatically as L4s underwent the final ecdysis and matured to the adult stage . More importantly, activities of enzymes typical of anaerobic metabolism, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and malic enzyme, were substantially elevated in L3s (over their levels in second-stage larvae), and appeared to have reached their adult levels in L3s prior to the third molt, even though L3s still exhibited cyanide sensitivity . Since L3s and L4s have enzymes involved in both aerobic and anaerobic pathways, it is possible that the L3s contain two populations of mitochondria, one which functions aerobically and a second which functions anaerobically.

Biochimie, 1989 Aug, 71(8), 887 - 902
The second respiratory chain of Candida parapsilosis: a comprehensive study; Guerin M et al.; The yeast C . parapsilosis CBS7157 is strictly dependent on oxidative metabolism for growth since it lacks a fermentative pathway . It is nevertheless able to grow on high glucose concentrations and also on a glycerol medium supplemented with antimycin A or drugs acting at the level of mitochondrial protein synthesis . Besides its normal respiratory chain C . parapsilosis develops a second electron transfer chain antimycin A-insensitive which allows the oxidation of cytoplasmic NAD(P)H resulting from glycolytic and hexose monophosphate pathways functioning through a route different from the NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase described in S . cerevisiae or from the alternative pathways described in numerous plants and microorganisms . The second respiratory chain of C . parapsilosis involves 2 dehydrogenases specific for NADH and NADPH respectively, which are amytal and mersalyl sensitive and located on the outer face of the inner membrane . Since this antimycin A-insensitive pathway is fully inhibited by myxothiazol, it was hypothesized that electrons are transferred to a quinone pool that is different from the classical coenzyme Q-cytochrome b cycle . Two inhibitory sites were evidenced with myxothiazol, one related to the classical pathway, the other to the second pathway and thus, the second quinone pool could bind to a Q-binding protein at a specific site . Elimination of this second pool leads to a fully antimycin A-sensitive NADH oxidation, whereas its reincorporation in mitochondria allows recovery of an antimycin A-insensitive, myxothiazol sensitive NADH oxidation . The third step in this second respiratory chain involves a specific pool of cytochrome c which can deliver electrons either to a third phosphorylation site or to an alternative oxidase, cytochrome 590 . This cytochrome is inhibited by high cyanide concentrations and salicylhydroxamates.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Aug, 42(8), 1205 - 12
Ashimycins A and B, new streptomycin analogues; Tohma S et al.; Detailed analysis of the fermentation broth of Streptomyces griseus strain FT3-4 resulted in the identification of two new streptomycin analogues named ashimycins A and B . Their structures have been determined by NMR spectral analysis and chemical degradations.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Aug, 72(8), 2017 - 27
Effects of amino acids and peptides on rumen microbial growth yields; Argyle JL et al.; Experiments were conducted using mixed rumen bacterial cultures to determine which amino acids limited growth . Complete amino acid mixtures stimulated microbial growth alone and when added to casein . Amino acid subgroups did not stimulate growth alone or when added to casein or casein hydrolysates . Results were similar whether growth was limited by periodic addition of low amounts of carbohydrate or when higher amounts were added to batch cultures . Little growth occurred with ammonia as sole N source . Addition of 100 mg/L of amino acids and peptides quadrupled growth, peptides at 10 mg/L resulted in higher growth than the corresponding amount of free amino acids . Apparent saturation of growth occurred when 10 mg/L of a complete amino acid mixture or trypticase was added to cultures . The Michaelis constant values for amino acids and trypticase were determined to be .5 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively . Growth was a linear function of amount of carbohydrate fermented with the coefficient of slope increasing with increasing amino acid concentrations . These experiments demonstrate that growth stimulation from amino acids and proteins is due to the number of amino acids provided in a given mixture rather than specific growth limiting amino acids . Rumen bacterial growth is greatly stimulated by amino acids and peptides, with low affinity constant values, allowing good growth in the concentrations of amino acids and peptides found in vivo

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Jul 21, 992(1), 78 - 86
Localization and kinetics of pyruvate-metabolizing enzymes in relation to aerobic alcoholic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 and Candida utilis CBS 621; van Urk H et al.; The role of pyruvate metabolism in the triggering of aerobic, alcoholic fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied . Since Candida utilis does not exhibit a Crabtree effect . this yeast was used as a reference organism . The localization, activity and kinetic properties of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1), the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) in cells of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of the two yeasts were compared . In contrast to the general situation in fungi, plants and animals, pyruvate carboxylase was found to be a cytosolic enzyme in both yeasts . This implies that for anabolic processes, transport of C4-dicarboxylic acids into the mitochondria is required . Isolated mitochondria from both yeasts exhibited the same kinetics with respect to oxidation of malate . Also, the affinity of isolated mitochondria for pyruvate oxidation and the in situ activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was similar in both types of mitochondria . The activity of the cytosolic enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase in S . cerevisiae from glucose-limited chemostat cultures was 8-fold that in C . utilis . The enzyme was purified from both organisms, and its kinetic properties were determined . Pyruvate decarboxylase of both yeasts was competitively inhibited by inorganic phosphate . The enzyme of S . cerevisiae was more sensitive to this inhibitor than the enzyme of C . utilis . The in vivo role of phosphate inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylase upon transition of cells from glucose limitation to glucose excess and the associated triggering of alcoholic fermentation was investigated with 31P-NMR . In both yeasts this transition resulted in a rapid drop of the cytosolic inorganic phosphate concentration . It is concluded that the relief from phosphate inhibition does stimulate alcoholic fermentation, but it is not a prerequisite for pyruvate decarboxylase to become active in vivo . Rather, a high glycolytic flux and a high level of this enzyme are decisive for the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation after transfer of cells from glucose limitation to glucose excess.

Cancer Res, 1989 Jul 15, 49(14), 4020 - 3
Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: a case-control study in The Netherlands; van't Veer P et al.; In a case-control study in The Netherlands, we observed a significantly lower consumption of fermented milk products (predominantly yogurt and buttermilk) among 133 incident breast cancer cases as compared to 289 population controls (mean +/- SD among users only, 116 +/- 100 versus 157 +/- 144 g/day; P less than 0.01) . The age-adjusted odds ratio of daily consumption of 1.5 glasses (greater than or equal to 225 g) of fermented milk versus none was 0.50 (95% confidence interval, 0.23-1.08) . When fermented milk was entered as a continuous variable (per g) in either age-adjusted or multivariate analysis, the odds ratio expressed per 225 g was 0.63 (multivariate-adjusted 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.96) . After multivariate adjustment for intake of fat and other confounders, a statistically significant decrease in breast cancer risk was also observed for increasing intake of Gouda cheese . The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio expressed per 60 g of this fermented product was 0.56 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.95) . For daily intake of milk, no statistically significant differences were observed between cases and controls . These results support the hypothesis that high consumption of fermented milk products may protect against breast cancer.

Gene, 1989 Jul 15, 79(2), 325 - 32
High-level expression of active human cystatin C in Escherichia coli; Dalboge H et al.; Expression of the human cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C (CysC) in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli was studied using a cDNA fragment encoding the cysteine proteinase inhibitor controlled by the phage lambda pR/cI857 system . The yield of CysC was low, probably due to proteolytic degradation . By fusing the cysC cDNA to a DNA fragment encoding the signal peptide of the E . coli outer membrane protein A, it was possible to produce a substantial amount of CysC in the periplasm . The processing of the signal peptide was shown to be quantitative and to result in CysC with the correct N-terminal amino acid . Yields higher than 1000 micrograms CysC/ml can be obtained by initiating the product formation at a moderate temperature (40 degrees C) late in an optimized fermentation process . A method that gives selective extraction of the periplasmic proteins and at the same time stabilizes CysC has been used.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Jul 7, 1008(2), 168 - 76
Expression of cloned Saccharomyces diastaticus glucoamylase under natural and inducible promoters; Vanoni M et al.; Any one of three homologous genes - STA1, STA2 and STA3 - encoding glucoamylase isozymes I, II and III respectively, allows the Saccharomyces species to utilize starch as a sole carbon source . We show in this paper that glucoamylase II production can be increased 4-fold over the level produced by STA2 strains, by using a two-step fermentation and a yeast strain transformed with a high-copy-number plasmid carrying the STA2 gene . The accumulation of anomalous STA2 mRNA species, mainly differing at their 5' ends, and saturation of step(s) in the secretory pathway appear to be among the major factors limiting glucoamylase expression in synthetic media.

Z Gesamte Hyg, 1989 Jul, 35(7), 432 - 3
{Effect of biogas production on the health status of sludge}; Reinhold G; In general the anaerobic digestion leads to a reduction of the pathogenic microorganisms in the fermented substrat . The level of the reduction is determined by the reaction temperature and by the hydraulic retention time of the slurry in the digester . In 1986 investigations were carried out in the agricultural biogas plant in Vippachedelhausen . The main results are: The decrease of microorganisms during the agricultural biogasproduction is not so strength as described by other authors . A reduction of about one order of magnitude was measured . In the case of 10(7) to 10(9) microorganisms inside the start slurry the reduction is only of a small practical importance . This small reduction is caused by the short hydraulic retention time of about 12 days in connection with the principle of the stirred tank reaktor.

Invest New Drugs, 1989 Jul, 7(2-3), 173 - 8
Experimental antitumor activity of BMY-28090, a new antitumor antibiotic; Schurig JE et al.; BMY-28090 is a novel actinomycete fermentation derived antitumor agent . The cytotoxic effect of BMY-28090 was evaluated in two murine and eight human tumor cell lines in vitro . Following 72-hour exposures, BMY-28090 was cytotoxic for all of these cell lines with IC50 values of less than 0.02 to 3.25 micrograms/ml . BMY-28090 was evaluated for in vivo antitumor activity in a variety of experimental murine tumor and human tumor xenograft models . Initial testing against the murine tumor models was performed using BMY-28090 as the water insoluble free base whereas subsequent antitumor tests were performed using water soluble lactate or succinate salts . BMY-28090 administered ip demonstrated good, reproducible antitumor activity against ip implanted P388 leukemia, L1210 leukemia, B16 melanoma and M5076 sarcoma . The water soluble preparations of BMY-28090 were active iv against sc implanted B16 melanoma and M5076 sarcoma as well as subrenal capsule (src) M5076 sarcoma; activity against src implanted B16 was marginal . BMY-28090 lactate was also evaluated for activity against src implanted MX-1 human mammary tumor xenografts in nude mice and the HCT116 human colon tumor xenografts in immune-suppressed BDF1 mice . At maximum tolerated doses administered ip, BMY-28090 was active against the MX-1 xenograft in two of three tests, causing greater than 90% inhibition of tumor growth . BMY-28090 administered iv at maximally tolerated doses had marginal activity against the HCT116 xenografts, producing 61% and 68% inhibition of tumor growth in two tests . The results of these studies demonstrated that BMY-28090 has a broad spectrum of in vitro cytotoxicity against both murine and human tumor cell lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 27(7), 1594 - 600
Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens; Farmer JJ 3rd et al.; An unusual isolate from a human leg wound was identified as Xenorhabdus luminescens . This finding led to the discovery or isolation of four additional strains, two from blood and two from wounds . Three of the five strains were from patients in San Antonio, Tex . Three strains were studied by DNA-DNA hybridization (S1 nuclease-trichloroacetic acid method) and were 77 to 100% related to each other, 34% related to the type strain of X . luminescens, 35 to 40% related to three of Grimont's other DNA hybridization groups of X . luminescens, and 9% related to the type strain of Xenorhabdus nematophilus . The new group of five strains was designated X . luminescens DNA hybridization group 5 . All five strains were very inactive biochemically and fermented only D-glucose and D-mannose . The key reactions for recognizing this new organism are yellow pigment production, negative test for nitrate reduction to nitrite, weak bioluminescence (10 to 15 min of dark adaptation is required to see the weak light produced), and a unique hemolytic reaction on sheep blood agar plates incubated at 25 degrees C . Two case histories of strains from wounds are given; these suggest that X . luminescens DNA hybridization group 5 may be a new bacterial agent that causes wound infections . The two cases of wound infection, along with the two blood isolates, suggest that the new organism is clinically significant.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 55(7), 1703 - 10
Degradation and utilization of cellulose and straw by three different anaerobic fungi from the ovine rumen; Gordon GL et al.; Three different ruminal fungi, a Neocallimastix sp . (strain LM-1), a Piromonas sp . (strain SM-1), and a Sphaeromonas sp . (strain NM-1), were grown anaerobically in liquid media which contained a suspension of either 1% (wt/vol) purified cellulose or finely milled wheat straw as the source of fermentable carbon . Fungal biomass was estimated by using cell wall chitin or cellular protein in cellulose cultures and chitin in straw cultures . Both strains LM-1 and SM-1 degraded cellulose with a concomitant increase in fungal biomass . Maximum growth of both fungi occurred after incubation for 4 days, and the final yield of protein was the same for both fungi . Cellulose degradation continued after growth ceased . Strain NM-1 failed to grow in the cellulose medium . All three anaerobic fungi grew in the straw-containing medium, and loss of dry weight from the cultures indicated degradation of straw to various degrees (LM-1 greater than SM-1 greater than NM-1) . The total fiber component and the cellulose component of the straw were degraded in similar proportions, but the lignin component remained undegraded by any of the fungi . Maximum growth yield on straw occurred after 4 days for strain LM-1 and after 5 days for strains SM-1 and NM-1 . The calculated yield of cellular protein for strain LM-1 was twice that of both strains SM-1 and NM-1 . The cellular protein yield of strain SM-1 was the same in both cellulose and straw cultures . In contrast to cellulose, straw degradation ceased after the end of the growth phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jul, 42(7), 1070 - 87
Calicheamicins, a novel family of antitumor antibiotics . 3 . Isolation, purification and characterization of calicheamicins beta 1Br, gamma 1Br, alpha 2I, alpha 3I, beta 1I, gamma 1I and delta 1I; Lee MD et al.; Novel antitumor antibiotics, calicheamicins beta 1Br, gamma 1Br, alpha 2I, alpha 3I, beta 1I, gamma 1I and delta 1I were recovered from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora echinospora ssp . calichensis by solvent extraction, selective precipitation, normal phase, reversed phase and partition chromatography . The individual components were characterized by their UV, IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jul, 42(7), 1063 - 9
Sch 38519, a novel platelet aggregation inhibitor produced by a Thermomonospora sp . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties, structure and biological properties; Patel M et al.; The complex containing a new platelet aggregation inhibitor, Sch 38519, was recovered from the fermentation filtrate of Thermomonospora sp . SCC 1793 . A chemically defined medium was developed which favored the production of Sch 38519 . The antibiotic was isolated from the fermentation filtrate by absorption on macroreticular resin and further purified by ion exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC . Sch 38519 is an isochromanequinone structurally related to medermycin, lactoquinomycin and granaticin . It inhibits thrombin-induced aggregation of human platelets with an IC50 of 68 micrograms/ml . Sch 38519 is also active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jul, 42(7), 1019 - 25
Studies on new phosphate ester antifungal antibiotics phoslactomycins . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, purification and biological activities; Fushimi S et al.; New antibiotics phoslactomycins A, B, C, D, E and F, which contain alpha, beta-unsaturated delta-lactone, phosphate ester, conjugated diene and cyclohexane ring moieties, were isolated from the culture broth of a soil isolate actinomycete . Morphological, cultural and physiological studies revealed that the isolate is a strain of Streptomyces nigrescens . Phoslactomycins were obtained by butanol extraction, gel filtration and reverse phase chromatography . The antibiotics show strong activity against various fungi, particularly phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria kikuchiana).

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1989 Jul, 16(7), 2367 - 72
{Antitumor efficacy of FK 973 on malignant glioma cells}; Shimizu K et al.; FK 973, a new substituted dihydrobenzoxazine, was obtained by chemical modification of a novel antibiotic which was isolated from the fermentation products of streptomyces sandaensis No . 6897 . FK 973 had cytotoxic effects against in vitro cultured human and murine glioma cells . The concentration of FK 973 required to inhibit cell growth by 50% was 0.06-5 micrograms/ml, after 2-day exposure of this drug against human glioblastoma (ONS-6, 12, 23, and ONS-12/ACNU), human medulloblastoma (ONS-76, 81), human neuroblastoma (ST), and murine glioblastoma (RSV-M glioma) . FK 973 showed antitumor efficacy in the meningeal gliomatosis models by RSV-M glioma cells . The median survival time (MST) of models treated by FK 973 (i.t.) was 30 days . However, the MST of control group was 23 days . In the in vitro neurotoxicity test, FK 973 proved to be slightly more toxic than ACNU and MTX, but it had no crucial problems, compared with ADM.

Food Addit Contam, 1989 Jul-Sep, 6(3), 383 - 9
Investigation of ethyl carbamate levels in some fermented foods and alcoholic beverages; Dennis MJ et al.; An analytical procedure has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of ethyl carbamate in fermented foodstuffs and alcoholic beverages . Concentrations were generally below the 1-5 micrograms/kg detection limit in bread, cheese, yoghurt, beer, gin and vodka . Higher concentrations were found in the other alcoholic beverages examined, which included whisky, fruit brandy, liqueur, wine, sherry and port.

Rev Med Interne, 1989 Jul-Aug, 10(4), 365 - 74
{Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: a new therapeutic approach in diabetes and functional hypoglycemia}; Brogard JM et al.; Acarbose, a potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, represents a new concept for the treatment of metabolic disorders, and particularly diabetes mellitus . It slows the absorption kinetics of dietary carbohydrates by reversible competitive inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity, and so reduces the post-prandial blood glucose increment and insulin response . For these reasons, the drug has been successfully used not only in the treatment of type I or type II diabetes, but also in the management of reactive hypoglycemias and dumping syndrome . In addition, some data suggest a possible role in the treatment of type IV hyperlipidemia . Because of the delay in absorption of oligo- and disaccharides resulting from its administration, a colic bacterial fermentation occurs, accounting for the frequent abdominal discomfort mentioned by the patients . These side effects would be lessened with the second generation glucosidase inhibitors now in progress.

Z Gastroenterol, 1989 Jul, 27(7), 391 - 5
{Possibilities for use and limits of the H2 breath test in gastroenterologic diagnosis}; Armbrecht U et al.; The H2 breath test is a non-invasive, safe, and - using modern analytical equipment - simple and non-expensive investigation, which reflects gastrointestinal bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate . It is widely used to study sugar malabsorption, and, with mainly scientific intent, also that of complex carbohydrates . The test plays an important role in the investigation of upper intestinal motility disturbances as it is suitable to monitor the orocaecal transit time . Furthermore, the test seems to offer valuable information for the study of upper intestinal bacterial overgrowth . However, a standardized test design for the latter purpose is lacking so far . The H2 breath test is an indirect investigation method and therefore requires careful consideration of multiple potentially interfering factors.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Jul, 171(7), 3650 - 5
Escherichia coli derivatives lacking both alcohol dehydrogenase and phosphotransacetylase grow anaerobically by lactate fermentation; Gupta S et al.; Escherichia coli mutants lacking alcohol dehydrogenase (adh mutants) cannot synthesize the fermentation product ethanol and are unable to grow anaerobically on glucose and other hexoses . Similarly, phosphotransacetylase-negative mutants (pta mutants) neither excrete acetate nor grow anaerobically . However, when a strain carrying an adh deletion was selected for anaerobic growth on glucose, spontaneous pta mutants were isolated . Strains carrying both adh and pta mutations were observed by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to produce lactic acid as the major fermentation product . Various combinations of adh pta double mutants regained the ability to grow anaerobically on hexoses, by what amounts to a homolactic fermentation . Unlike wild-type strains, such adh pta double mutants were unable to grow anaerobically on sorbitol or on glucuronic acid . The growth properties of strains carrying various mutations affecting the enzymes of fermentation are discussed in terms of redox balance.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1989 Jul, 44(7), 483 - 5
{The periodontally affected tooth from the restorative aspect}; Hotz PR; On each periodontally affected tooth with loss of attachment caries lesions may develop under bacterial plaque on the root surface . The prevention of root caries follows the rules of prevention for crown caries: 1) optimized oral hygiene, 2) reduced intake of fermentable carbohydrates, and 3) fluor treatment . Successful periodontal therapy can prevent root caries with good professional management of the patient and/or adequate preventive measures on the part of the patient . If root fillings become necessary aspects of secondary caries prevention, like good margins and fluor treatment, and filling/margin/periodontium are of utmost importance . Progressive periodontal disease might affect pulp tissue . Careful endodontic monitoring of the tooth is indicated . There are yet no established measures for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity after periodontal treatment.

J Gen Microbiol, 1989 Jul, 135 ( Pt 7), 1997 - 2003
The effects of temperature on growth and production of the antibiotic granaticin by a thermotolerant streptomycete; James PD et al.; The synthesis of granaticin, a polyketide-derived antibiotic synthesized as a secondary metabolite by Streptomyces thermoviolaceus strain NCIB 10076, was studied at different growth temperatures . Quantitative measurements of the antibiotic made during batch fermentations showed that the yield was greatest at 45 degrees C, whereas the rate of synthesis was most rapid at 37 degrees C . The timing of the appearance of granaticin in culture could not be assigned to any particular phase of growth or to de-repression due to depletion of any particular nutrient . However, at all temperatures, appearance of the antibiotic coincided with a rise in ammoniacal nitrogen presumably due to deamination of glutamate, the carbon source for growth . We have previously shown that production of the antibiotic is pH sensitive and that some carbon sources result in higher titres than others . This paper examines the effect of temperature on the physiology of growth and on antibiotic production in more detail under conditions that also allow an exact measurement of granaticin yield.

Plant Mol Biol, 1989 Jul, 13(1), 53 - 68
Rice alcohol dehydrogenase genes: anaerobic induction, organ specific expression and characterization of cDNA clones; Xie Y et al.; Anaerobiosis rapidly induces alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme of the fermentation pathway, in different parts of rice seedlings . After initiation of anaerobiosis, the activity of the enzyme increases linearly for 3 days or more . The ADH activity is anaerobically inducible even in mature rice leaves in contrast to maize which shows no induction in mature leaves . Rice ADH activity can also be induced by an auxin analog, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, under aerobic conditions . The experimental results show that anaerobiosis increases the ADH mRNA level, indicating that the ADH enzyme is regulated at the transcriptional level . Starch gel electrophoresis of a protein extract from rice shows 3 distinct forms of ADH . The amounts of the 3 forms vary with the organ, suggesting that the expression of ADH genes is organ-specific . Sequencing data show that the two different cloned cDNA copies of ADH mRNAs are derived from two different genes.

Q J Exp Physiol, 1989 Jul, 74(4), 437 - 42
Plasma enteroglucagon, gastrin and peptide YY in conventional and germ-free rats refed with a fibre-free or fibre-supplemented diet; Goodlad RA et al.; Germ-free rats and conventional rats were starved and then refed with either an elemental diet (Flexical), or Flexical plus 30% kaolin, or Flexical plus 30% of a fibre mixture . Plasma levels of enteroglucagon, gastrin and peptide YY (PYY) were all significantly affected by diet . Enteroglucagon and especially PYY were significantly increased by the addition of fermentable fibre to the diet, but only in the conventional, not in the germ-free rats . Gastrin was not affected by the addition of fermentable fibre, but was increased by kaolin . Enteroglucagon and PYY were, however, both very much elevated in the germ-free animals, in which there is no proliferative response to fibre . Enteroglucagon and PYY levels were similar to those usually associated with extreme hyperproliferative states, indicating that it is unlikely that these hormones are involved in the proliferative response of the gastrointestinal tract to dietary fibre, and casting doubt on their role in other responses.

Br J Nutr, 1989 Jul, 62(1), 151 - 63
Intestinal zinc transfer by everted gut sacs from rats given diets containing different amounts and types of dietary fibre; Seal CJ et al.; Two experiments were carried out in which rats were offered diets containing different amounts and types of dietary fibre, i.e . commercial stock diet and three semi-purified diets containing no fibre, 200 g wheat bran or 200 g pectin/kg . Dietary inclusion of fibre, and especially pectin, stimulated large bowel fermentation, as indicated by caecal hypertrophy and reduced caecal pH . After 3 weeks, mucosal:serosal zinc transfer and Zn accumulation by tissue were measured using the everted-gut-sac technique . In Expt 2, incubations were carried out in the presence and absence of 0.25 mM-ouabain to assess the importance of transfer by Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent mechanisms, and some observations on glucose transport were also made . Ouabain reduced rates of transfer of both Zn and glucose and also tissue Zn accumulation . There were no significant differences in rates of Zn transfer by everted sacs from duodenal, ileal and colonic sites, but accumulation of Zn by tissue was a more important fate than transfer across the serosal surface, and accumulation by duodenal tissue was approximately twice as great as by other tissues . Mucosal:serosal transfer of glucose by ileal tissue was much more sensitive to ouabain than was Zn transfer . Previous diet appeared to alter the capacity of the intestinal tissue to transfer Zn, with the highest rates of transfer being by colonic tissue from pectin-fed rats.

Med Hypotheses, 1989 Jul, 29(3), 161 - 6
Possible metabolic consequences of fermentation in the colon for humans; Venter CS et al.; We postulate that the short chain fatty acids, produced in the large gut by the microbial fermentation of dietary fiber, improve glucose tolerance and inhibit hepatic cholesterol and fibrinogen synthesis, probably by preventing an increase in serum levels of free fatty acids, and by improving insulin sensitivity . Since hypercholesterolemia, hyperfibrinogenemia and glucose intolerance are important risk factors for coronary heart disease, this could serve as a basis for recommendations that Western populations at risk should increase their dietary intake of substrates for short chain fatty acids.

Yeast, 1989 Jul-Aug, 5(4), 285 - 90
Overproduction of glycolytic enzymes in yeast; Schaaff I et al.; Eight different enzymes for glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation were overproduced in a common Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by placing their genes on multicopy vectors . The specific enzyme activities were increased between 3.7- and 13.9-fold above the wild-type level . The overproduction of the different glycolytic enzymes had no effect on the rate of ethanol formation, even with those enzymes that catalyse irreversible steps: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase . Also the simultaneous increase in the activities of pairs of enzymes such as pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase or pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, did not increase the rate of ethanol production . The levels of key glycolytic metabolites were also normal, compared to the reference strain.

Biochem Cell Biol, 1989 Jul, 67(7), 387 - 91
Single-step purification of pertussis toxin and its subunits by heat-treated fetuin-sepharose affinity chromatography; Chong P et al.; A general procedure for purifying biologically active pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis fermentation broth using affinity chromatography on heat-treated fetuin-Sepharose CL-4B is described . Diethanolamine is used as eluent in this single-step purification to prepare endotoxin-free pertussis toxin in good yield (70%) and high purity (greater than 95%) . This one-step affinity chromatography procedure can be easily applied for large-scale preparation of pertussis toxin S1 subunit and its B-component . The affinity-purified S1 subunit is devoid of any of the histamine-sensitizing activity normally associated with pertussis toxin . The chromatographically purified pertussis toxin and its subunits retained their immunogenicity and could induce high levels of anti-toxin neutralizing antibodies.

Science, 1989 Jun 16, 244(4910), 1300 - 7
Genetic engineering of bacteria from managed and natural habitats; Lindow SE et al.; The genetic modification of bacteria from natural and managed habitats will impact on the management of agricultural and environmental settings . Potential applications include crop production and protection, degradation or sequestration of environmental pollutants, extraction of metals from ores, industrial fermentations, and productions of enzymes, diagnostics, and chemicals . Applications of this technology will ultimately include the release of beneficial agents in the environment . If safely deployed, genetically modified bacteria should be able to provide significant benefits in the management of environmental systems and in the development of new environmental control processes.

Int J Cancer, 1989 Jun 15, 43(6), 1077 - 82
Diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a case-control study in Guangzhou, China; Yu MC et al.; We conducted interviews on 306 histologically confirmed incident cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurring in residents of Guangzhou City, China, who were under the age of 50 years, and an equal number of age-, sex-, and neighborhood-matched controls . We also interviewed 110 mothers of patients under age 45 years and 139 mothers of controls who were matched to patients under age 45 years, to obtain information on childhood exposures of study subjects . Exposure to salted fish, whether in adulthood or in childhood, was significantly associated with an increased risk of NPC . The association was strongest for exposure during weaning, and exposures at all other periods were no longer related to NPC risk after adjustment for exposure during weaning . Besides salted fish, childhood exposure to 5 other preserved foods (fermented fish sauce, salted shrimp paste, moldy bean curd, and 2 kinds of preserved plum) was significantly related to NPC, and the effects were independent of salted fish exposure . Finally, cases ingested significantly less fresh vegetables and fruits than controls, especially during early childhood, and the differences were not explained by their differing consumption pattern of salted fish and other preserved foods.

Pol Tyg Lek, 1989 Jun 12, 44(24), 575 - 8
{Free fatty acids in the serum of patients with alcoholism}; Rosnowska M et al.; Blood free fatty acids and their composition were investigated in 25 alcohol abusers hospitalized for detoxication . Blood samples were collected at the admission to the hospital and following detoxication therapy . Free fatty acids were assayed with Dole's technique whereas their composition with gas chromatography . Liver functioning was evaluated with the aid of the following tests: AspAT, AlAT, AP, bilirubin concentration, and thymol test . An increase in free fatty acids concentration was seen in 12 out of 25 patients prior to detoxication . Blood serum free fatty acids were within normal limits in all except one patient after detoxication . A decrease in linoleic acid levels was seen in both total fatty acids and free fatty acids before detoxication . It is more marked in total fatty acids than in free fatty acids and persists after detoxication . Linoleic acid content in free fatty acids returns to the normal values following detoxication . An increase in oleic acid level accompanying a decrease in linoleic acid concentration is probably secondary to the stimulation with hydrogen excess formed during alcohol fermentation.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1989 Jun 6, 981(2), 226 - 34
Sidedness of yeast plasma membrane vesicles and mechanisms of activation of the ATPase by detergents; Monk BC et al.; The binding of concanavalin A and of fluorescein 5'-isothiocyanate indicate similar amount of right-side-out and inside-out vesicles in plasma membrane vesicles from either glucose-starved or glucose-fermenting yeast cells . These vesicles contain low-activity and high-activity states of the ATPase, respectively . Unmasking of latent active sites can explain the limited ATPase activation (about 2-fold) produced by several detergents on both kinds of vesicles . On the other hand, lysophosphatidic acid (oleoyl) produces a 7-fold activation of the ATPase in vesicles from glucose-starved cells . This effect is accompanied by a change in Km of the enzyme and probably reflects a direct action of the detergent on the ATPase . A similar activation and Km change can be obtained by sonication of the vesicles, although in this case soybean phospholipids are required for maximal activity . Apparently the low-activity state of the yeast plasma membrane ATPase can be activated not only by glucose metabolism 'in vivo' (mechanism unknown) but also by some detergents and physical treatments 'in vitro' . Experiments with purified ATPase from glucose-starved cells also indicate that lysophosphatidic acid (oleoyl) specifically activates the enzyme . These results suggest a note of caution on considering the usual interpretation of the effects of detergents on membrane enzymes, which only take into account the unmasking of latent active sites.

Arch Tierernahr, 1989 Jun, 39(6), 535 - 42
Protein and energy relationships in dairy cattle . 1 . Dry cows; Teller E et al.; Nitrogen metabolism in ruminants is a dynamic process depending on level of intake and composition of dietary dry matter and on the physiological state of the animals . These parameters were analysed in a regression model for the requirements of nitrogen absorbed in the small intestine in relation to nitrogen balance of dry cows fed at maintenance level . The amount of total dietary nitrogen and the apparent nitrogen digestibility vary notably according to energy intake and energy concentration in dietary dry matter . On the contrary, the amount of nitrogen absorbed in the small intestine is only slightly affected by these parameters . The discrepancy between these statements lies mainly in differences in intestinal nitrogen absorption and in altered fermentation processes of the large intestine in response to changes in energy supply and ME concentration in dietary dry matter.

J Anim Sci, 1989 Jun, 67(6), 1623 - 33
Combinations of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain and dry-rolled corn: effects on site and extent of digestion in beef heifers; Streeter MN et al.; To determine the effects of blends of high-moisture harvested sorghum grain (HMS) and dry-rolled corn (DRC) on site and extent of digestion, high-grain diets were fed to Angus-Hereford heifers (315 kg) in a 5 x 5 latin square . The grain portion consisted of ratios (HMS:DRC) of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 . Heifers were equipped with ruminal, duodenal and ileal T-type cannulas . Digestibilities of OM (P less than .05) and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN; P less than .01) in the total tract declined linearly as HMS replaced DRC . Chyme flow (liters/d) through the duodenum increased linearly (P less than .01), and true ruminal OM disappearance tended to decline linearly (P less than .10) as HMS replaced DRC . A quadratic response (P less than .05) in extent of starch disappearance (g/d) in the rumen was noted; blends were lower than either individual grain . Ruminal escape of feed N tended to be quadratic (P less than .10); values for individual grain types were greater than blends . Microbial efficiency increased linearly (P less than .05) as HMS replaced DRC . Extent of starch digestion in the rumen averaged 82.7% compared to only 2.9% in the small intestine and 5.7% in the large intestine . Altering the ratio of HMS to DRC appeared to have more effect on ruminal fermentation than on digestion in the small intestine; most starch and nitrogen responses were quadratic . Increases in ruminal pH and chyme flow, potentially caused by increased salivary flow, may cause non-linear changes in the solubility of proteins in HMS and DRC, when fed as blends, altering the digestibility of protein and starch from values predicted from the individual grains.

Aust Dent J, 1989 Jun, 34(3), 240 - 4
A comparison of the cariogenicity of two infant snack foods; Pearce EI; Two snack foods marketed specifically for infants were compared in caries prediction tests . A milk powder-supplemented fruit and cereal snack bar produced more titratable acid but did not reach as low a terminal pH as a sweet biscuit on in vitro fermentation by salivary organisms . In an intra-oral caries test the fruit/cereal bar caused significantly less enamel softening than the biscuit . While this latter test does not assess food retention in the mouth and other factors important in caries, the results suggest that, under similar usage by children, the fruit bar will be less cariogenic . Because it was not absolutely safe with respect to caries, frequency of eating cannot be disregarded . Availability of the fruit snack bar is an important development, allowing an additional choice for parents who wish to select low-cariogenicity foods for their children.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 55(6), 1507 - 11
Enzyme immunoassay for macrolide antibiotics: characterization of an antibody to 23-amino-O-mycaminosyltylonolide; Yao RC et al.; An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of macrolide antibiotics by using a polyclonal antibody generated in rabbits immunized with 23-amino-O-mycaminosyltylonolide (23-amino-OMT) covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin . The specificity and sensitivity of this antibody were characterized by using 23-amino-OMT coupled to alkaline phosphatase as an enzyme-linked label in a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . The assay sensitivity was as low as 0.3 ng/ml for 23-amino-OMT, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 8 ng/ml . This antibody exhibited good reactivity with 12-, 14- or 16-membered macrolides possessing amino-substituted sugar moieties, regardless of the presence of neutral sugar residues . Little or no cross-reactivity was observed with the macrocyclic lactone ring structure (tylactone) or macrolides containing only neutral sugars . No cross-reaction was observed with polyenes or nonmacrolide antibiotics . Known macrolide-producing cultures grown in fermentation broth also showed good reactivity, indicating that this assay is useful in detecting this class of metabolites in fermentation.

Zentralbl Veterinarmed B, 1989 Jun, 36(4), 314 - 6
Necrotizing pneumonia in cats associated with infection by EF-4a bacteria; Ceyssens K et al.; Two cases of severe necrotizing pneumonia in cats caused by Gram-negative bacteria called "Eugonic Fermenter 4a" (EF-4a) are described . The gross lesions resembled to those commonly seen with lung tuberculosis in other animal species.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1989 Jun, 188(6), 527 - 30
{Significance of toxic metabolites of the fungus Trichothecium roseum Link ex Fr . for viticulture}; Schwenk S et al.; The plant-pathogen fungus Trichothecium roseum produces in vitro as well as in vivo the toxic metabolites trichothecin, trichothecolone and rosenonolactone . Trichothecin is cytotoxic and inhibits the alcoholic fermentation . It is not metabolized by yeast during the alcoholic fermentation . All toxins showed a minor biological activity against microorganisms other than yeast . Trichothecin caused a bitter taste in wine at higher toxin concentrations (greater than 5 mg/l) . Trichothecin was detected in a few samples of wine of higher quality.

Z Kardiol, 1989 Jun, 78(6), 408 - 11
{Myocardial infarct with normal coronary angiogram}; Richter G; We report on a 50-year-old woman who was able to escape from the cellar which contained fermenting wine, whereas her husband died there . Immediately after the incident she developed an extended myocardial infarction of the anterior and septal wall in spite of an intravenous administration of streptokinase within 2 h . Four weeks later coronary angiography showed normal vessels . A spasm is assumed, favored by systemic hypoxia, CO2-overloading, and systemic adrenergic reaction . The postulated cause of the special localization of the spasm is an unknown individual local factor as in all other similar cases.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Jun, 27(6), 1201 - 5
Evaluation of the Titertek-NF system for identification of gram-negative nonfermentative and oxidase-positive fermentative bacteria; Kampfer P et al.; The Titertek-NF (TT-NF) system (Flow Laboratories GmbH, Meckenheim, Federal Republic of Germany) was evaluated for the identification of 1,289 strains of gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria and some gram-negative, oxidase-positive bacteria . The oxidase test was also performed . Identifications were classified as correct, not identified (two or more taxa possible and identification score of less than 80%; supplementary tests for furthering the identification were not performed), and incorrect . Correct identification results were further subdivided by the correct level of species or biotype identification as greater than or equal to 98% (category a), 90 to 97% (category b), and 80 to 89% (category c) . When compared with conventional identification results, the TT-NF system correctly identified 90.3% of strains (1,164 of 1,289 strains), with 72.5% (935 strains) belonging to category a, 14.7% of strains (189 strains) belonging to category b, and 3.1% of strains (40 strains) belonging to category c . Among the remaining strains, 104 (8.1%) were not identified and 14 (1.1%) were misidentified, and the system failed to generate identification results for 7 strains (0.5%) . Reactions within the TT-NF system were reproducible, with an estimated probability of erroneous test results of 0.2%.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 926 - 33
Mechanism and stereochemistry of the biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine and neosamine C; Kakinuma K et al.; Feeding experiments with D-{6,6-2H2}-, D-(6R)-{6-2H1}- and D-(6S)-{6-2H1}glucose in the fermentation of Streptomyces ribosidificus, followed by field desorption MS and 2H NMR analyses of the resulting labeled ribostamycin samples, clearly demonstrated that 1) both hydrogens of the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of D-glucose are stereospecifically incorporated into the C-2 position of 2-deoxystreptamine and 2) the pro S hydrogen of the C-6 position of D-glucose is stereospecifically removed during the elaboration of neosamine C in the biosynthesis of ribostamycin . A plausible mechanism of formation of the deoxy-scyllo-inosose, an early precursor to 2-deoxystreptamine, is suggested to be analogous to the dehydroquinate synthesis in the shikimate pathway and the conversion of the C-6 hydroxymethyl group of D-glucose into the aminomethyl group of neosamine C is likely to involve a dehydrogenation step to a formyl group.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 897 - 902
2-Epimutalomycin and 28-epimutalomycin, two new polyether antibiotics from Streptomyces mutabilis . Derivatization of mutalomycin and the structure elucidation of two minor metabolites; Fehr T et al.; A number of derivatives of mutalomycin (1), a naturally occurring polyether antibiotic, have been synthesized . In the desulfurization reaction of the ethylthio derivative (5) of mutalomycin (1) with Raney-nickel we observed an unusual course of the reaction, namely the introduction of a hydroxy group instead of the usual exchange against hydrogen, leading to two reaction products, mutalomycin (1) and 28-epimutalomycin (3) . The structure of 3 and 2-epimutalomycin (2), both minor metabolites from the mutalomycin fermentation, were elucidated by X-ray analysis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 890 - 6
834-B1, a new thiolactone containing antibiotic taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and structure; Sato T et al.; A new thiolactone containing antibiotic 834-B1 was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp . Y-0834H which has also produced thiolactomycin and thiotetromycin at the same time . The structure of 834-B1 was determined as I by the decoupling experiment in NMR.

Microbiologia, 1989 Jun, 5(1), 45 - 52
Production of riboflavin (vitamin B2) by hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts; Sabry SA et al.; Candida guilliermondii Wickerham was found to be superior to the other yeasts tested for growth yields and riboflavin production when cultivated on different carbohydrate and hydrocarbon-containing media . Among the refined petroleum fractions and cheap hydrocarbons tested, solar was selected as a carbon source best suited for the fermentation process . The highest growth yield and riboflavin output (10.64 mg/100 ml) by C . guilliermondii Wickerham were achieved by placing aliquots of 20 ml medium (pH 6.0) in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and incubating the inoculated medium at 30 degrees C for 14 days in the dark.

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1989 Jun, 29(3), 216 - 21
{The discovery and study on invasive strain of Escherichia coli O121}; Yang ZS et al.; A strain of Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli was isolated from the stool with blood and mucus of a child suffering from acute diarrhea . The strain shows the following characteristics: rapid fermentation of glucose (with gas), no fermentation of lactose, beta-galactosidase reaction positive, growth in acetate media, lysine decarboxylase negative, non-motility causing keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs and invading into epithelial cells, with a plasmid of 140 Md, Serotype is O121:H- which is a new serotype of Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jun, 42(6), 852 - 68
Karnamicin, a complex of new antifungal antibiotics . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical and biological properties; Nishio M et al.; A complex of new antifungal antibiotics designated karnamicin was isolated from the cultured broth of Saccharothrix aerocolonigenes No . N806-4 . Fifteen components have so far been isolated from the complex; the major component karnamicin B2 was identified by X-ray crystallography to be a novel molecule unrelated to known antibiotics . All components of karnamicin exhibited a rather broad spectrum of activity against fungi and yeasts with MICs ranging from 3.1 to 50 micrograms/ml.

Gut, 1989 Jun, 30(6), 820 - 5
Does dietary fibre stimulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in germ free rats?
Goodlad RA, Ratcliffe B, Fordham JP, Wright NA.
The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the role of hind gut fermentation in the proliferative response of the intestinal epithelium to dietary fibre . We have previously shown that refeeding starved rats with an elemental diet supplemented with fermentable dietary fibre (but not inert bulk) is capable of stimulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation throughout the gastrointestinal tract . Three groups of 10 germ free (GF) rats and three groups of 10 conventional (CV) rats, were used . All groups were starved for three days and then refed for two days with either an elemental diet (Flexical); Flexical plus 30% kaolin; or Flexical plus 30% of a fibre mixture . Cell production was determined by the accumulation of vincristine arrested metaphases in microdissected crypts . There was no significant difference between refeeding the rats with an elemental diet alone or with kaolin supplementation, however, the addition of fibre in CV rats was associated with a significant increase in intestinal crypt cell production rate in both the small intestine (p less than 0.01) and the colon (p less than 0.001) . This marked proliferative effects of fibre was abolished in the GF rats . It can be concluded that it is the products of hind gut fermentation, not fibre per se that stimulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation in the colon and small intestine.

J Nutr, 1989 Jun, 119(6), 872 - 8
Influence of cellulose structure on its digestibility in the rat; Hsu JC et al.; The effect of modifying the structural properties of a purified cellulose on its subsequent digestion in the rat was determined . The three structurally unique types of cellulose used in the study were a commercial microcrystalline cellulose, a ball-milled cellulose, and an acid-swollen cellulose . The ball-milled cellulose and the acid-swollen cellulose were prepared from the microcrystalline cellulose starting material . Differences in structure between the types of cellulose were determined by X-ray diffraction measurements and by analysis of their in vitro enzymatic saccharification . The extent of fermentation of each type of cellulose within the rat intestinal tract was determined . Each of the three types of cellulose had a unique structure with respect to its measured crystallinity index and its rate of degradation in vitro by cellulase enzymes . The measured in vivo digestion coefficient for microcrystalline, ball-milled, and acid-swollen cellulose was 8.8, 12.2 and 20.3%, respectively . This represents a significant difference (P less than 0.05) in the extent of fermentation of the different structural types of cellulose within the rat intestine . The results demonstrate that modifying the structural properties of dietary cellulose can affect in vivo response.

Anal Biochem, 1989 Jun, 179(2), 288 - 90
Spectrophotometric assay of hydroxylated by-products in penicillin V fermentations and its application in screening of mutant penicillin producer strains on agar media; Palotas B et al.; A fast and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed to measure the level of hydroxylated by-products (p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid and p-hydroxypenicillin V) in penicillin V fermentations . The method is based on a color reaction of the above-mentioned phenolic by-products with nitrous acid, yielding yellow nitroso derivatives . Both the nitroso derivative of p-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid and that of p-hydroxypenicillin V have an absorption peak at 450 nm in alkaline solution with a molar absorption of 4.00 x 10(3) M-1cm-1 for both compounds . No fermentation medium components were found to interfere considerably with the assay . On the basis of the color reaction, an agar prescreen method has been developed for isolation of nonhydroxylating Penicillium chrysogenum strains in strain-improvement programs.

J Mol Evol, 1989 Jun, 28(6), 528 - 35
Episodic evolution in the stomach lysozymes of ruminants; Jolles J et al.; By sequencing lysozymes c from deer and pig stomachs and comparing them to the known amino acid sequences of other lysozymes c, it was possible to examine the rate of sequence change during and after the period in which this enzyme acquired a new function . Evolutionary tree analysis suggests that the rate went up while lysozyme was being recruited to function as a digestive enzyme in the stomach of early ruminants . Later, presumably after lysozyme was well adapted for functioning in the new environment, which contains acid, pepsin, and fermentation products, the rate of amino acid replacement became subnormal.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 May 15, 181(3), 741 - 6
Cloning and sequencing of the genes of 2-hydoxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase from Acidaminococcus fermentans; Dutscho R et al.; Two genomic libraries from Acidaminococcus fermentans DNA constructed with the lambda vectors gt11 and EMBL 3 were screened with antisera raised against 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase . Two clones giving the strongest reaction in the immunoassay were analyzed further, one was a lambda gt11 clone with an insert of 2050 bp and one was a lambda EMBL-3 clone with an insert of approximately 11,000 bp . Escherichia coli cells infected with the lambda gt11 clone expressed the alpha subunit of the dehydratase (Mr, 53,870), whereas with the lambda EMBL-3 clone, the alpha and beta subunits (Mr, 41,857) were detected on Western blots . Restriction fragments of both clones were subcloned in pUC 8 and sequenced by the chain termination method . Thus the complete sequence of the genes of both subunits, hgdA (alpha) and hgdB (beta) were obtained . The genes have the following order: A-B, with an intergenic region of only 2 bp . The deduced amino acid sequences for the alpha and beta subunits were confirmed by four peptides sequenced by protein chemical methods . Both chains are extremely rich in cysteine (13 in alpha, including a CNC and two CC clusters, and nine in beta) but no similarities to other known protein sequences were found.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1989 May 11, 17(9), 3491 - 9
Identification of a novel site specific endonuclease produced by Mycoplasma fermentans: discovery while characterizing DNA binding proteins in T lymphocyte cell lines; Halden NF et al.; We have discovered a new restriction endonuclease, MfeI, in nuclear extracts from T cells contaminated with Mycoplasma fermentans . This endonuclease was identified while studying proteins binding to the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain gene promoter . MfeI cuts at the recognition sequence C'AATTG generating EcoRI compatible cohesive ends . Potential applications are discussed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 May, 55(5), 1066 - 73
Fermentation products and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes produced by monocentric and polycentric anaerobic ruminal fungi; Borneman WS et al.; Five anaerobic fungal isolates from the bovine rumen were grown on Coastal Bermuda grass (CBG) leaf blades and monitored over a 9-day period for substrate utilization, fermentation products, cellulase, and xylanase activities . Two of the fungal isolates showed monocentric growth patterns; one (isolate MC-1) had monoflagellated zoospores and morphologically resembled members of the genus Piromyces; the other (isolate MC-2) had multiflagellated zoospores and resembled members of the genus Neocallimastix . Three other isolates (PC-1, PC-2, and PC-3) exhibited polycentric growth and have not yet been described in the literature; these isolates were characterized by differences in morphology . All of the isolates degraded CBG to approximately the same extent (70% {dry weight}) in 9 days . Fermentation product accumulation was concurrent with substrate utilization . The major fermentation products for all isolates were formate, acetate, D-(-)-lactate, L-(+)-lactate, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen . Succinate was produced by all cultures, with the exception of MC-1 . Fermentation balances revealed different profiles for each isolate . As a group, monocentric isolates produced a greater ratio of oxidized to reduced products when grown on glucose or CBG than did the polycentric isolates, which produced a nearly equal ratio of these products . All isolates exhibited cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, including endoglucanase, exoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, xylanase, and beta-xylosidase activities . Increasing enzyme activity correlated with the accumulation of fermentation products and substrate utilization . The optimum pH for the enzymatic activity of polycentric isolates was within a more narrow range (pH 6.4 to 7.0) than that of the monocentric isolates (pH 5.5 to 7.5) . Activity toward cellulosic substrates was not detected until after the disappearance of reducing sugars . Xylanase activity was found to be five to seven times that of carboxymethyl cellulase activity for all cultures grown on CBG.

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 1989 May-Jun, 18(3), 439 - 42
Toxicity of field samples and Fusarium moniliforme from feed associated with equine-leucoencephalomalacia; Vesonder R et al.; Feed samples of corn, pelleted feed, and oats associated with equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM) were obtained from North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma . These samples contained a high colony density of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon which ranged from 64 to 87% of the total fungi . Fifty-nine F . moniliforme strains were isolated . Isolates of F . moniliforme in feed samples from Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma were cultured on corn . The fermented corn, mixed with regular feed and fed to one-day-old ducklings, effected a high mortality coefficient (average 55%) . Methanol extracts of corn fermented with each of 14 representative F . moniliforme isolates from North Carolina feed were toxic to mice and some caused rabbit skin necrosis . Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol), T-2 toxin, zearalenone, and moniliformin were not detected in feed samples or fermented corn . However, 4 to 10 ng of aflatoxin B1 per gram of feed was present in the four North Carolina samples . Bikaverin (C20H14O8), a characteristic red pigment of Fusarium sp., was found in the North Carolina feed samples . This is the first report of bikaverin in feed samples associated with ELEM.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 745 - 51
Biosynthetic similarity between Streptomyces tenjimariensis and Micromonospora olivasterospora which produce fortimicin-group antibiotics; Hotta K et al.; The profile of bioconversion products of istamycin (IS) components by a blocked IS mutant of Streptomyces tenjimariensis that lost IS-productivity suggested a possible biosynthetic pathway of IS similar to that of fortimicin (FT) by Micromonospora olivasterospora . Both organisms are resistant to the antibiotics produced by each other . Based on these similarities, they were examined for their capability to convert an FT-intermediate (FT-B) and IS-intermediates (IS-A0 and -B0) through their biosynthetic pathways . S . tenjimariensis formed 1-epi-FT-B, 2''-N-formimidoyl-FT-A (= dactimicin) and 1-epidactimicin (a new antibiotic) from FT-B . On the other hand, M . olivasterospora converted IS-A0 and -B0 to 2''-N-formimidoyl-IS-A (= IS-A3) and -B (= IS-B3), respectively . Thus, the similarity in antibiotic biosynthesis was confirmed between these FT-group antibiotic-producing organisms . It was also found that the major fermentation product of M . olivasterospora is not FT-A (astromicin) but dactimicin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 711 - 7
Metabolic products of microorganisms . 254 . Structure of the new nikkomycins pseudo-Z and pseudo-J; Heitsch H et al.; Two new nikkomycins were isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces tendae Tu 901/PF 53+-3 . These new metabolites, nikkomycins pseudo-Z (psi-Z,1) and pseudo-J (psi-J, 2) differ from the corresponding nikkomycins Z and J by a C-glycosidic bond between C-5 of uracil and C-1' of 5-amino-5-deoxy-D-allo-furanuronic acid instead of an N-glycosidic bond . The structure elucidation was achieved by two-dimensional NMR techniques and mass spectrometry.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 May, 42(5), 647 - 53
New glutarimide antibiotics, S-632-B1 and B2 . I . Taxonomy of producing strain, fermentation and biological properties; Otani T et al.; Strain S-632 was found to produce new glutarimide antibiotics, S-632-B1 and B2, which were isolated from the culture fluid . A taxonomic study on strain S-632 was carried out, and the taxonomic characterization demonstrated that it belonged to the species Streptomyces hygroscopicus . The strain was given the name S . hygroscopicus S-632 . These antibiotics were active against Saccharomyces sp., but inactive against filamentous fungi and bacteria, and had cytotoxic activity against KB tissue culture cells.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1989 May 1, 270(2), 521 - 5
Studies on the biosynthesis of avermectins; Chen TS et al.; To elucidate the pathway of avermectin biosynthesis, the biosynthetic relationships of avermectins A1a, A2a, B1a, B2a, and their respective monosaccharides and aglycones were studied . 14C-labeled avermectin compounds prepared from {1-14C}acetate were fed to Streptomyces avermitilis strain MA5502 and their metabolites were determined . Two furan ring-free aglycones, 6,8a-seco-6,8a-deoxy-5-keto avermectin B1a and B2a, have been isolated from the fermentation broth of a blocked mutant of S . avermitilis . Addition of the compounds and a semisynthetic compound, 5-keto avermectin B2a aglycone, to the fermentation medium of a second blocked mutant established that the two compounds are intermediates in the avermectin biosynthetic pathway immediately preceding avermectin aglycones.

EMBO J, 1989 May, 8(5), 1349 - 59
Characterization of the END1 gene required for vacuole biogenesis and gluconeogenic growth of budding yeast; Dulic V et al.; The Saccharomyces cerevisiae END1 gene is required for formation or maintenance of the vacuole, for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources, for efficient mating and for growth at 37 degrees C . The END1 gene was cloned by complementation of the end1 mutation . Two end1 null mutants, constructed by disruption and deletion of the END1 gene, show features identical to the original end1 mutant . However, in this paper we correct a previous finding from our group that end1 is defective in internalization of the yeast pheromone alpha-factor . End1 mutants take up alpha-factor at the same rate as corresponding wild-type cells but the internalized pheromone is not degraded . Since whole cell respiration and respiratory control of end1 mitochondria are not impaired, it seems plausible that a defect in gluconeogenesis could partially account for the inability of end1 to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources . DNA sequence analysis of the END1 gene reveals a 3090-bp open reading frame capable of encoding a hydrophilic protein of 118 kd . The molecular mass of End1p was confirmed by immunoprecipitation . The predicted End1p sequence shows no significant similarity to other known protein sequences except for a short region of homology with the putative adenine nucleotide binding sites shared by a group of enzymes, notably ATPases.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 May, 55(5), 1308 - 11
Growth rate control of adherent bacterial populations; Gilbert P et al.; We report a novel in vitro method which, through application of appropriate nutrient limitations, enables growth rate control of adherent bacterial populations . Exponentially growing cells are collected by pressure filtration onto cellulose acetate membranes . Following inversion into the bases of modified fermentors, membranes and bacteria are perfused with fresh medium . Newly formed and loosely attached cells are eluted with spent medium . Steady-state conditions (dependent upon the medium flow rate) at which the adherent bacterial biomass is constant and proportional to the limiting nutrient concentrations are rapidly achieved, and within limits, the growth rate is proportional to the medium flow rate . Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that such populations consist of individual cells embedded within an extracellular polymer matrix.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 May, 55(5), 1305 - 7
Use of a novel air separation system in a fed-batch fermentative culture of Escherichia coli; Fass R et al.; A novel air separation system based on permeable membrane gas separation technology was used to cultivate Escherichia coli . The system fulfilled the dissolved oxygen requirements of a culture of E . coli grown on a glucose synthetic medium at a high and constant growth rate of 0.55 h-1 . A biomass yield of 45 g (dry weight) per liter was achieved, and no by-product inhibition by acetate or CO2 was observed.

Yeast, 1989 May-Jun, 5(3), 159 - 65
Kinetics of growth and glucose transport in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066; Postma E et al.; The glucose transport capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was studied in aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures . Two different transport systems were encountered with affinity constants of 1 and 20 mM, respectively . The capacity of these carriers (Vmax) was dependent on the dilution rate and the residual glucose concentration in the culture . From the residual glucose concentration in the fermenter and the kinetic constants of glucose transport, their in situ contribution to glucose consumption was determined . The sum of these calculated in situ transport rates correlated well with the observed rate of glucose consumption of the culture . The growth kinetics of S . cerevisiae CBS 8066 in glucose-limited cultures were rather peculiar . At low dilution rates, at which glucose was completely respired, the glucose concentration in the fermenter was constant at 110 microM, independent of the glucose concentration in the reservoir . At higher dilution rates, characterized by the occurrence of both respiration and alcoholic fermentation, the residual substrate concentration followed Monod kinetics . In this case, however, the overall affinity constant was dependent on the reservoir glucose concentration.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 May, 72(5), 1217 - 27
Influence of protein supplementation of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw on ruminal microbial fermentation; Bas FJ et al.; A dual flow continuous culture system was used to determine the effects of four protein sources (soybean meal, Ca-ligno-sulfonate treated-soybean meal, blood meal, and feather meal), supplied individually or in combination in diets composed predominantly of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw, on ruminal microbial fermentation and amino acid flow . Diets containing blood meal had lower organic matter and fiber digestion, NH3 N and VFA concentrations, and CP degradation but higher non-NH3 N, dietary N, total amino acid, and essential amino acid flows . Feather meal fed alone or combined with other sources was not different from the blood meal diet in organic matter and fiber digestion . Combining treated soybean meal and blood meal resulted in similar organic matter and fiber digestibilities compared with the soybean meal diets . This combination was similar to the treated soybean meal diet in VFA concentration, non-NH3 N, and essential and total amino acid flows; however, amino acid profile was different with this combination, showing higher histidine and leucine flows . Results from this study suggest that amino acid profiles of digesta leaving the rumen may be manipulated by choice of protein supplement when diets containing a low protein, highly fermentable feedstuff such as alkaline hydrogen, peroxide-treated wheat straw are fed.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1989 May, 49(5), 823 - 7
Yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk: effects of short-term and long-term ingestion on lactose absorption and mucosal lactase activity in lactase-deficient subjects; Lerebours E et al.; Lactase-deficient subjects absorb lactose in yogurt more effectively than lactose in other dairy products . However, as all previous studies were performed without a double-blind design and only after a single ingestion of the test product, the mechanism of this enhanced absorption remains unclear . The aims of this double-blind study were 1) to evaluate lactose absorption after prolonged ingestion of yogurt and fermented-then-pasteurized milk (FPM) and 2) to assess the modification of the lactase activity of the duodenal mucosa . In 16 lactase-deficient subjects we confirmed that yogurt enhances lactose digestion, this beneficial effect being destroyed by pasteurization . Moreover, the long-term (8 d) ingestion of either yogurt or FPM does not modify the results of hydrogen breath tests in comparison with a 24-h ingestion . The mucosal lactase (Dahlquist method) and beta-galactosidase (ONPG method) activities were not significantly modified by yogurt or FPM ingestion . These results suggest that in lactase-deficient subjects no adaptation occurs after eating yogurt or FPM and that the increased lactose absorption in yogurt must be mainly related to an intraluminal process.

FEBS Lett, 1989 Apr 24, 247(2), 381 - 5
Deletion analysis of yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase and identification of a regulatory domain at the carboxyl-terminus; Portillo F et al.; The function of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase have been investigated by constructing deletions in vitro and selectively expressing the mutant enzymes in vivo . The first 27 amino acids are dispensable but deletion of a further 33 amino acids greatly decreases the appearance of the enzyme in the plasma membrane . Membrane localization is also prevented by carboxyl-terminal deletions which include the last hydrophobic stretch, but the last 46 amino acids of the ATPase are not required . Removal of the last 11 amino acids produces an enzyme in glucose-starved cells with the kinetic parameters of the wild-type ATPase activated by glucose fermentation . This region seems to constitute a regulatory domain.

Anal Chem, 1989 Apr 15, 61(8), 831 - 8
Determination of mono- and oligosaccharides in fermentation broths by liquid chromatographic separation and amperometric detection using immobilized enzyme reactors and a chemically modified electrode; Marko-Varga GA; Liquid chromatographic (LC) determinations of mono- and disaccharides in complex fermentation broths and beverage samples are disturbed by the presence of interfering matrix components . High selectivity can be performed by coupling of LC to immobilized enzyme reactors and amperometric detection . The carbohydrates eluting from the column are first introduced into a reactor containing immobilized amyloglucosidase which hydrolyses the oligosaccharides into glucose . A second reactor follows the first one and contains coimmobilized glucosedehydrogenase and mutarotase . The monosaccharides eluting from the first reactor are mixed with a make-up flow consisting of a nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) buffer . The carbohydrates are oxidized in an equivalent amount of reduced coenzyme (NADH) which is detected electrochemically by using an electrode modified with a phenoxazine derivative . The postcolumn system was applied to a high-energy soft drink, malt beer, and fermentation broths from the penicillin industry.

FEBS Lett, 1989 Apr 10, 247(1), 55 - 6
An improved system for expressing pancreatic ribonuclease in Escherichia coli; McGeehan GM et al.; An improved method for expressing and purifying bovine pancreatic ribonuclease from a synthetic gene using the lambda promoter controlled by a temperature-sensitive repressor is described . The procedure involves isolation in the presence of a refolding buffer containing oxidized and reduced glutathione, under conditions where RNase can refold, but where proteases presumably do not . Yields are approx . 2 mg purified protein per 1 ferment.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1989 Apr, 84(4), 375 - 8
Intestinal gas production from bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrate in irritable bowel syndrome; Haderstorfer B et al.; The relationship between abdominal pain and bowel gas from bacterial fermentation of undigested carbohydrate was investigated in nine patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), six lactose malabsorbers, and 11 asymptomatic controls . All subjects took breath samples and marked analog scales for abdominal pain, bloating, and psychological stress hourly during all waking hours for 7 days . Breath samples were analyzed for hydrogen concentration within 3 days, and the concentration was corrected for storage time . Symptoms of pain and bloating were significantly more common in IBS patients than in lactose malabsorbers or normal controls, and pain was significantly correlated with bloating in IBS patients . Breath hydrogen concentration was similar in all three groups, and breath hydrogen was not correlated with pain ratings in IBS patients . Thus, abdominal pain may be related to bloating from gastrointestinal gas, but bacterial fermentation cannot be the cause of such gas . The most likely source is swallowed air . This study also demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring hydrogen production in the bowel in field studies by having subjects collect hourly breath samples.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Apr, 72(4), 917 - 27
Effects of prilled fatty acids and calcium salts of fatty acids on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibilities, milk production, and milk composition; Schauff DJ et al.; Lactating Holstein cows averaging 193 d postpartum and fitted with rumen cannulae were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of supplementing Ca salts of fatty acids or prilled fatty acids to the diet on fermentation in the rumen, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk production, and milk composition . Cows were fed ad libitum total mixed diets consisting of 45% concentrate and 55% forage . Treatments in Experiment 1 were: 1) control, 2) control plus 680 g/cow per d of Ca salts of fatty acids, 3) control plus 680 g/cow per d of prilled fatty acids, or 4) control plus 907 g/cow per d of prilled fatty acids . Treatments in Experiment 2 were: 1) control, 2) control plus 553 g/cow per d of Ca salts of fatty acids, or 3) control plus 454 g/cow per d of prilled fatty acids . Data suggest that Ca salts of fatty acids and prilled fatty acids are inert in the rumen and do not greatly alter fermentation in the rumen, apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, organic matter, ADF, NDF, and CP, or milk composition when fed at recommended amounts of 3 to 4% of the DM intake . The fact that milk production was not increased in these experiments by feeding Ca salts of fatty acids and prilled fatty acids may be attributed to the use of medium to low producing cows that were past the peak of milk production . Additional experiments are needed to obtain information about feeding these sources of supplemental fat to high producing cows during the early stages of lactation.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Apr, 72(4), 1002 - 11
Evaluation of white lupines and triticale in calf starter diets; Wright KL et al.; One hundred fifty-two Holstein calves were used to evaluate white lupines (Lupinus albus cv . Ultra) and triticale in starter diets . The basal diet contained corn, oats, minerals, and vitamins . Starter components were 1) 14% soybean meal; 2) 10% soybean meal and 27% triticale; 3) 22% lupines; 4) 16% lupines and 24.5% triticale; 5) 11% lupines and 8% soybean meal; and 6) 7% lupines, 5% soybean meal, and 26.5% triticale . Dietary CP was approximately 16% of DM . Data collection began on d 4 after birth and continued through d 56 . Calves were fed 3.6 kg of fermented colostrum from d 4 to 14 and 4.5 kg of fermented whole milk from d 15 to weaning at d 28 . Starter diets and water were offered for ad libitum consumption from d 4 to 56 . Dietary treatment had no effect on starter intake or weight gains . Average total gains during the experimental period were 25.6, 23.0, 23.3, 23.2, 25.0, and 21.6 kg for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively . Calf health was excellent . Starter diets were examined in a dual flow continuous culture system to evaluate fermentation by rumen bacteria . Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, and total nonstructural carbohydrate did not differ among treatments . Ammonia N concentrations ranged from 11.9 to 13.8 mg/100 ml effluent . Chemical composition of bacteria, efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis, total VFA concentration in the effluent, and amino acid flow were similar for all treatments . The results indicate that lupines and triticale are satisfactory for use in calf starters when included in amounts equal to or less than those used in this experiment.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Apr, 55(4), 852 - 5
pH-controlled continuous cultivation of mycoplasmas; Krebs B et al.; The continuous cultivation of mycoplasmas in a pH-controlled metabolistat was investigated with the fermentative strain Mycoplasma mobile 163K and the nonfermentative strain Mycoplasma arthritidis ISR1 . The addition of medium and the removal of culture suspension were regulated by acid production from glucose by M . mobile 163K and by ammonium production from arginine by M . arthritidis ISR1, respectively . For both strains the optimal pH for continuous growth was 7.0 . The steady state could be maintained for at least 21 days . With CFU of 8.4 X 10(9) ml-1 (M . mobile 163K) and 3.2 X 10(9) ml-1 (M . arthritidis ISR1), the cell concentrations were slightly higher than those obtained in batch cultures . The dependence on the adjusted pH values was measured for several parameters, such as flow rate, CFU, glucose fermentation or production of ammonia, and gliding velocity . Since the long lag phases of batch cultures can be avoided, pH-controlled continuous cultures provide an appropriate system for the production of mycoplasma cells.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Apr, 42(4), 564 - 70
UCN-01 and UCN-02, new selective inhibitors of protein kinase C . I . Screening, producing organism and fermentation; Takahashi I et al.; In the course of continued screening program for new selective inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), fermentation broths from over 5,000 soil isolates were screened for their inhibitory activity of PKC . HPLC analysis of active cultures revealed that five different strains (N-71, N-115, N-126, N-128 and N-139) of Streptomyces isolated from various local soil samples were found to produce staurosporine and related compounds . Of these strains, N-126, a high producing strain, was found to produce new selective inhibitors of PKC, UCN-01 and its stereoisomer, UCN-02 . The pH control of fermentation resulted in an increase of the production of UCN-01 and UCN-02.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Apr, 42(4), 558 - 63
Calicheamicins, a novel family of antitumor antibiotics: taxonomy, fermentation and biological properties; Maiese WM et al.; A novel family of antitumor antibiotics, the calicheamicins, were isolated from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora echinospora subsp . calichensis . These antibiotics exhibited significant activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro . Calicheamicin gamma 1I demonstrated antitumor activity against P388 leukemia and B16 melanoma in vivo.

Hybridoma, 1989 Apr, 8(2), 249 - 57
Elimination of mycoplasmas from mouse myeloma cells by intraperitoneal passage in mice and by antibiotic treatment; Hirschberg L et al.; Intraperitoneal passage in mice and antibiotic treatment were evaluated alone and in combination for elimination of mycoplasma contamination of mouse myeloma cell cultures . Intentional infections were established by inoculating Mycoplasma arginini, M . fermentans, M . hyorhinis and M . orale into cell cultures . Successful elimination of mycoplasmas was achieved with all strains tested by intraperitoneal passage in mice, however, cells infected with M . hyorhinis did not survive the infection long enough to be tested . Clindamycin and lincomycin cured cells infected with M . arginini, M . hyorhinis, M . orale but not M . fermentans . M . fermentans were resistant to all antibiotics tested, but could be partially suppressed by clindamycin long enough to permit curing by in vivo passage . M . arginini was eliminated by all antibiotics tested . In vivo passage and treatment with antibiotics is an efficient combination of methods for mycoplasma elimination from cell cultures and has the advantage of being simple and inexpensive.

Mol Gen Genet, 1989 Apr, 216(2-3), 511 - 6
The naturally occurring silent invertase structural gene suc2 zero contains an amber stop codon that is occasionally read through; Gozalbo D et al.; The yeast invertase structural gene SUC2 has two naturally occurring alleles, the active one and a silent allele called suc2 zero . Strains carrying suc2 zero are unable to ferment sucrose and do not show detectable invertase activity . We have isolated suc2 zero and found an amber codon at position 232 of 532 amino acids . However, transformants carrying suc2 zero on a multicopy plasmid were able to ferment sucrose and showed detectable invertase activity . Full-length invertase was found in gels stained for active invertase and in immunoblots . Therefore we concluded that the amber codon is occasionally read as an amino acid . The calculated frequency of read-through is about 4% of all translation events.

Semin Perinatol, 1989 Apr, 13(2), 78 - 87
Digestion, absorption, and fermentation of carbohydrates; Kien CL et al.; Newborn infants born after a term gestation appear to have an adequate capacity for small intestinal digestion and absorption of carbohydrate . Premature infants do not have a mature level of intestinal lactase activity . Apparently, in the premature infant, colonic fermentation serves an important, if not the only major route, for lactose carbon absorption, and it also appears that signs of fermentation activity such as increased BH2 are not indicative of disease . Important questions remaining in the premature infant relate to developmental aspects of colonic fermentative activity, effects of systemic antibiotic treatment on colonic salvage, the effects of various fermentation pathways on energy balance, the capacity for absorption of sugars, SCFA, and electrolytes by colonic epithelia, and the effects of fermentation products on metabolism and on the mucosal cells of the intestine or colon . Research addressing these questions may have relevance in the following areas: further development of formula diets for healthy premature infants and for patients of all ages with intestinal or colon dysfunction; the effects of colonic disease or surgical resection; the nutritional or clinical effects of dietary fiber; and the effects of antibiotic therapy on intestinal and colon function.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Apr, 27(4), 743 - 7
Biotypes and O serogroups of Escherichia coli involved in intestinal infections of weaned rabbits: clues to diagnosis of pathogenic strains; Camguilhem R et al.; A total of 575 Escherichia coli strains isolated from weaned rabbits experiencing diarrhea in 119 French commercial farms were tested for O serogroups . The results showed a strong predominance of serogroup O103 strains . A sample of 126 strains were further checked for simplified biotypes by using five carbohydrate fermentation reactions . Of 72 O103 strains, 70 were shown to belong to biotypes characterized by a rhamnose-negative reaction . Four of nine serogroup O68 strains also showed this type of reaction . Thirty-nine strains, representative of the serotypes and biotypes found, were further tested for experimental pathogenicity in weaned rabbits and for antibiotic susceptibility . All the rhamnose-negative strains produced life-threatening watery or hemorrhagic diarrhea, whereas rhamnose-positive strains induced only mild diarrheic syndrome without any mortality or no clinical signs at all . Rhamnose-negative, highly pathogenic strains did not belong to related antibiotypes . We think that O serogrouping together with biotyping, or even rhamnose fermentation testing, may be an important clue in the diagnosis of enteropathogenic strains from rabbits in France, permitting rapid identification of highly pathogenic strains and leading to improved prognosis and treatment.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1989 Apr, 49(4), 675 - 84
Prophylactic and therapeutic aspects of fermented milk; Hitchins AD et al.; Many claims have been made concerning prophylactic and therapeutic effects of fermented bovine milk consumption . Of these, the amelioration of lactose intolerance symptoms in humans and rats due to the reduced lactose level caused by fermentation is convincingly documented and corroborated . In addition, some kinds of fermentation microbes can contribute to lactose digestion in vivo thus augmenting the preingestive fermentative decrease of lactose . Relief of the growth inhibition and the gastrointestinal infection susceptibility due to high dietary lactose levels can also be achieved by fermentation of milk lactose . The hypocholesterolemic activity of fermented milk is apparently related to a similar uncharacterized activity of ordinary milk . Antitumorigenic effects in rats have been reported . Microfloral alterations due to dietary dairy microbes have been reported to retard the development of colon cancer . Purported human longevity effects have not been supported by appropriate data.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Apr, 72(4), 964 - 71
The potential of a phyllosilicate (Palabora vermiculite) as buffer in dairy cattle diets; Erasmus LJ et al.; Four rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were used to determine the ability of vermiculite to alter rumen fermentation, rumen fluid dilution rate, milk production, and nutrient utilization in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment . Treatments consisted of 1) basal diet (70% concentrate:30% Eragrostis curvula hay), 2) basal + .6% NaHCO3 + 1.8% vermiculite, 3) basal + 1.2% NaHCO3, and 4) basal + 3.6% vermiculite . Feed intake and milk production were not affected, but the NaHCO3 treatments tended to increase milk fat production . The 1.2% NaHCO3 treatment increased rumen pH and fluid dilution rate, decreased molar percent propionate, and increased acetate:propionate ratio . Rumen NH3 N was not affected . Milk yield (kg/d) and milk fat (%) for the treatments were 1) 19.3, 3.33; 2) 19.4, 3.59; 3) 19.8, 3.62; and 4) 18.7, 3.32 . Rumen fluid pH, dilution rate (%/h), and acetate:propionate ratio were 1) 5.75, 10.9, 2.08; 2) 5.89, 11.5, 2.16; 3) 5.95, 12.1, 2.38; and 4) 5.80, 11.6 and 1.82 . Treatments had little effect on nutrient digestibilities and serum mineral concentrations . Vermiculite did not show any promise as a buffer but NaHCO3 proved to be an effective buffer in diets based on Eragrostis hay and 70% concentrate diets.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Apr, 42(4), 553 - 7
A new antitumor antibiotic, FR900840 . III . Antitumor activity against experimental tumors; Nishimura M et al.; FR900840 {2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl (3R)-2-diazo-3-hydroxybutyrate), a new antibiotic with antitumor activity was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp . No . 8727 . Its antitumor activity was examined in three mouse tumor systems and ten human tumor systems . FR900840 had no clear effect on mouse ascitic tumors, P388 and L1210, and the B16 melanoma line, but had prominent antitumor effects on several human solid tumors . Its antitumor activity against A549 human lung adenocarcinoma was stronger than those of vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin . These results suggest that FR900840 may become a useful prototype antitumor drug.

J Nutr, 1989 Apr, 119(4), 560 - 5
Specific effects of fermentable carbohydrates on blood urea flux and ammonia absorption in the rat cecum; Remesy C et al.; These studies were conducted to determine to what extent dietary fibers, or related compounds such as lactulose or amylomaize starch, alter the flux of blood urea to the cecum and cecal absorption of ammonia in the rat . Cecal weight and pH values were not different among rats fed diets containing 10% lactulose, pectin or guar gum, or 25% amylomaize starch . However, the cecal wall weight was markedly higher with lactulose feeding than with the other polysaccharides, whereas volatile fatty acid concentrations were lower with lactulose . The fiber diets depressed cecal ammonia, particularly in the case of the amylomaize starch diet, whereas the lactulose diet enhanced the concentration of ammonia . Owing to cecal enlargement and enhanced blood flow, the diets containing fermentable carbohydrates promoted a higher flux of urea to the cecum and also higher ammonia absorption in spite of low concentrations of ammonia in the cecum . Lactulose led to particularly high transfer of urea and absorption of ammonia . High blood urea in rats fed a 50% casein diet led to a very high flux of urea to the cecum and, hence, to high ammonia absorption . The presence of polysaccharides amplified the flux of urea and ammonia in the cecum . This study suggests that oligosaccharides such as lactulose, although very effective for the acidification of the contents of the large intestine, may enhance cecal ammonia and its absorption . Polysaccharides such as amylomaize starch might show greater efficiency for lowering ammonia concentrations in the large intestine.

J Vet Diagn Invest, 1989 Apr, 1(2), 120 - 3
Effects of halogenated hydrocarbons on rumen microorganisms; Willett KL et al.; Halogenated hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), heptachlor (HEP), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are environmental contaminants and, at times, can bioaccumulate in the food chain . Cattle have been contaminated in a variety of ways, but generally it is believed that they are only affected by high concentrations of the chemicals . Rumen microorganisms, however, may be affected at lower doses, thus possibly affecting the cow's growth and milk production . Polychlorinated biphenyls, HEP, DDT, and PCP were tested by a 1-stage in vitro fermentation procedure . Substrate utilization was determined by measuring percent dry matter disappearance . Four concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 100 ppm) were studied, and in vitro incubations were conducted for 24 and 48 hr . Samples were removed from 48-hr incubations to determine if the chlorinated hydrocarbons were metabolized during fermentation . Dry matter disappearance proved to be a reliable method to determine microbial activity in the presence of chemicals . Substrate dry matter disappearance for controls and all concentrations of PCB's, HEP, and DDT was approximately 50 and 80% at 24 and 48 hr, respectively . The PCP significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed the percent dry matter disappearance in 50- and 100-ppm cultures to 45 and 30% at 24 hr and 70 and 50% at 48 hr, respectively . Metabolic changes in the test chemicals were not detected by gas chromatographic analysis.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Apr, 42(4), 533 - 7
Coumamidines, new broad spectrum antibiotics of the cinodine type . II . Isolation and structural elucidation; Chen RH et al.; Two novel, isomeric compounds, coumamidines gamma 1 and gamma 2, were isolated from fermentations of an actinomycete . The structures were elucidated spectroscopically using 2D NMR correlation experiments and mass spectral data . The coumamidines were found to be close structural relatives of the cinodines (LL-BM123 gamma 1 and gamma 2).

Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 1989 Apr, 51(1), 110 - 7
Effect of FK-506, a novel immunosuppressive drug on murine systemic lupus erythematosus; Takabayashi K et al.; A novel immunosuppressive compound extracted from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces tsukubaensis belongs to the macrolide family . We gave this drug (FK-506) to MRL/lpr and NZB X NZW F1 (B/W F1) mice, an animal model of human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), to investigate its effect on the course of the disease . This drug showed potential to prolong the lifespan, to reduce proteinuria, and to prevent the progression of nephropathy . Appreciable differences in the levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies between treated and control animals were nil.

J Biol Chem, 1989 Mar 25, 264(9), 5070 - 9
Characterization of hydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus; Bryant FO et al.; The archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, grows optimally at 100 degrees C by a fermentative type metabolism in which H2 and CO2 are the only detectable products . The organism also reduces elemental sulfur (S0) to H2S . Cells grown in the absence of S0 contain a single hydrogenase, located in the cytoplasm, which has been purified 350-fold to apparent homogeneity . The yield of H2 evolution activity from reduced methyl viologen at 80 degrees C was 40% . The hydrogenase has a Mr value of 185,000 +/- 15,000 and is composed of three subunits of Mr 46,000 (alpha), 27,000 (beta), and 24,000 (gamma) . The enzyme contains 31 +/- 3 g atoms of iron, 24 +/- 4 g atoms of acid-labile sulfide, and 0.98 +/- 0.05 g atoms of nickel/185,000 g of protein . The H2-reduced hydrogenase exhibits an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal at 70 K typical of a single {2Fe-2S} cluster, while below 15 K, EPR absorption is observed from extremely fast relaxing iron-sulfur clusters . The oxidized enzyme is EPR silent . The hydrogenase is reversibly inhibited by O2 and is remarkably thermostable . Most of its H2 evolution activity is retained after a 1-h incubation at 100 degrees C . Reduced ferredoxin from P . furiosus also acts as an electron donor to the enzyme, and a 350-fold increase in the rate of H2 evolution is observed between 45 and 90 degrees C . The hydrogenase also catalyzes H2 oxidation with methyl viologen or methylene blue as the electron acceptor . The temperature optimum for both H2 oxidation and H2 evolution is greater than 95 degrees C . Arrhenius plots show two transition points at approximately 60 and approximately 80 degrees C independent of the mode of assay . That occurring at 80 degrees C is associated with a dramatic increase in H2 production activity . The enzyme preferentially catalyzes H2 production at all temperatures examined and appears to represent a new type of "evolution" hydrogenase.

Br Dent J, 1989 Mar 11, 166(5), 157 - 62
The possible dental effects of children's rusks: laboratory evaluation by two different methods; Grenby TH et al.; In response to concern over the sugar content and possible dental effects of infants' rusks, a programme of research was undertaken to compare six different kinds of rusk with respect to (a) their cariogenicity in caries-active laboratory rats; (b) their capacity to serve as substrates for acid production by oral microorganisms, and the attack of this acid on dental mineral; (c) the adhesiveness of the rusks to the enamel surface . The caries scores in the animal experiments ranged from very high, with rampant dental destruction, for 31%-sucrose rusks, down to virtually non-cariogenic on a zero-sucrose variety . With only one anomaly, cariogenicity correlated well with sucrose content . The results of the studies in vitro showed good general agreement with the animal data . The sucrose in the rusks, rather than their content of other sugars such as glucose, maltose and lactose, etc, emerged as a major factor in determining their effect on teeth, but cereal components can also play a part in governing adhesiveness and fermentability.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1989 Mar 11, 17(5), 1965 - 75
Nucleotide sequence of the narL gene that is involved in global regulation of nitrate controlled respiratory genes of Escherichia coli; Gunsalus RP et al.; The DNA sequence was determined for the narL gene of Escherichia coli . This gene is involved in global regulation of a number of nitrate controlled genes including frdABCD, tor, narGHJI, and adhE which are associated with bacterial respiration and fermentation . Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of narL to that of other bacterial genes revealed significant homologies to the phoB, ompR, and virG gene products based on the presence of similar protein domains . These DNA binding proteins are members of two-component regulatory systems . The similarities suggest that narL may also participate in such a two-component regulatory system and that the narR gene, which lies upstream of narL, may encode a second component required for nitrate control of gene regulation . In vitro protein synthesis experiments using a narL plasmid identified a putative NarL protein of 29 kDa in size consistent with the DNA sequence analysis . Primer extension experiments revealed the presence of two 5' termini for narL mRNA, and indicates that transcription may be complex.

J Biol Chem, 1989 Mar 5, 264(7), 3713 - 22
Mutational analysis of the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . I . Construction of a RIP1 deletion strain and isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants; Beckmann JD et al.; A protocol has been devised to permit mutational analysis of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The gene for this iron-sulfur protein (RIP1) has recently been cloned and sequenced (Beckmann, J . D., Ljungdahl, P . O., Lopez, J . L., and Trumpower, B . L . (1987) J . Biol . Chem . 262, 8901-8909) . We have constructed a stable yeast deletion strain, JPJ1, in which the chromosomal copy of RIP1 was displaced by the yeast LEU2 gene by homologous recombination . A linear DNA fragment containing the LEU2 gene was inserted at the breakpoints of an 800-base pair deletion of the iron-sulfur protein gene and used to transform a leu- yeast strain . Leu+ transformants were obtained which were unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources . Southern analysis of the transformant, JPJ1, confirmed that the chromosomal copy of the RIP1 gene was deleted and replaced by the LEU2 gene . The genotype of JPJ1 was confirmed by genetic crosses . JPJ1 cannot grow on nonfermentable carbon sources but can be complemented to respiratory competence and transformed by yeast vectors containing the wild type RIP1 gene . The ability to complement strain JPJ1 with episomally encoded iron-sulfur protein provided the basis of a selection protocol by which mutagenized plasmids containing the RIP1 gene were assayed for mutations affecting respiratory growth . Five mutants of RIP1 were identified by their ability to complement JPJ1 to temperature-sensitive respiratory growth . DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that temperature-sensitive respiratory growth resulted from single point mutations within the protein coding region of RIP1 . These mutations altered a single amino acid residue in each case . Mutations were dispersed throughout the terminal two-thirds of the protein . Each mutation was recessive and did not affect fermentative growth on dextrose . However, each mutation exerted unique temperature-sensitive growth characteristics on media containing the nonfermentable carbon source glycerol.

J Clin Microbiol, 1989 Mar, 27(3), 566 - 7
Evaluation of the enhanced rapid identification method for Gardnerella vaginalis; Lien EA et al.; The enhanced rapid identification method (RIM; Austin Biological Laboratories), a micromethod for the identification of Gardnerella vaginalis, is based on starch and raffinose fermentation and hippurate hydrolysis . We tested 105 clinical isolates of G . vaginalis with both the RIM and standard biochemical tests . The RIM agreed with the standard biochemical methods for 96 (91.4%) of the strains; nine isolates which were hippurate hydrolysis positive by standard biochemical tests were hippurate hydrolysis negative in the RIM . RIM may serve as a useful adjunct to Gram stain and colony morphology for the identification of G . vaginalis.

Arch Tierernahr, 1989 Mar, 39(3), 299 - 309
{The feeding of differently treated straw materials to piglets after various weaning times . 2 . Fatty acids in the large intestine and parameters of protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism in the blood serum during the feeding of untreated, HCl-treated and partly-hydrolysed straw meal}; Munchow H et al.; In feeding experiments with piglets of the country species variously treated straw materials were used in concentrate--straw meal mixtures after the traditional weaning date (49th day of life) and studies were made of the fermentation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the large intestine (colon) and of the concentration of selected parameters of the protein, fat, carbohydrate and mineral metabolism in the blood serum of the animals . The concentrate--straw mixtures with a 10% straw quota contained untreated (II), HCl treated (HCl treatment without steaming, without (III) and with neutralization, IV) as well as partly hydrolysed straw meal (HCl treatment with subsequent steaming, without (V) and with neutralization with CaCO3, VI) were tested in comparison with sole feeding of concentrate (I) and its combination with wheat bran (VII) . With regard to the fermentation processes in the large intestine in a comparison of the feeding groups (I-VII) the highest concentration and production quota of VFA was registered in I and the lowest in II . The straw treatment variants (III, IV, V and VI) took a medium position with regard to this and did not differ from each other . After their application of a significant increase in the molar acetate quota was ascertained in comparison with the sole feeding of concentrate (I), which was also characteristic of the other crude fibre sources (II and VII) and was reflected in the extension of the C2: C3 relation . Only few of the total of 15 selected parameters in the blood serum showed reactions of the intermediary metabolism of the test groups caused by feeding . The decrease of the urea concentration in the serum after the feeding of the treated straw materials (III, IV, V and VI) is particularly remarkable . In general, the urea concentration in the serum was negatively related to growth performance of the test groups . The use of HCl treated straw materials (III-VI) proved to be advantageous in comparison to the sole feeding of concentrate (I) and the use of other crude fibre sources (untreated straw meal (II) and wheat bran, VII) in the feeding regime of the keeping stage 'weaned pigs'.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Mar, 34(3), 199 - 202
{Oleandomycin and its natural and synthetic analogs . II . Structure and properties of oleandomycin B, a new compound of the oleandomycin group}; Beliakova IuG et al.; The revealed regularities of mass spectroscopic disintegration of oleandomycin and its derivatives made it possible to determine analytic criteria for identification of compounds related by their structure to oleandomycin . Analysis of the extracts from oleandomycin fermentation broth filtrates on the basis of the selected group of diagnostic ions showed that along with the main antibiotic there formed during the biosynthesis oleandomycin B, a structurally close minor component . The structure of the substance was assigned and its physico-chemical and biological properties were studied.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Mar, 34(3), 189 - 91
{The role of succinic acid in the biosynthesis of levorin}; Namestnikova VP et al.; The influence of succinic acid as a component of media for biosynthesis of levorin, a polyenic antibiotic was studied . It was shown that with the use of the soybean-corn medium supplemented with succinic acid (0.05-0.4 per cent) the antibiotic content in the fermentation broth was higher than that in the control . The highest stimulating effect (135 per cent) was observed with addition of 0.1 per cent of succinic acid . For providing optimal antibiotic production in the synthetic medium supplemented with succinic acid (0.4 per cent) addition of acetic acid (0.05 per cent) was required . Studies with the soybean-corn medium with and without succinic acid revealed differences in the level of p-aminoacetophenone, an aromatic fragment of the levorin molecule . Under the conditions of the medium with succinic acid the content of p-aminoacetophenone in the mycelium was higher by 10 to 18 per cent as compared to that in the control and depended on the fermentation period . The role of succinic acid in biosynthesis of levorin is discussed.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Mar, 34(3), 186 - 9
{Dynamics of the changes in microelement composition (cations of iron, copper and arsenic) during the biosynthesis of nystatin}; Sher AA et al.; The dynamics of changes in the microelemental composition during cultivation of the nystatin-producing organisms and synthesis of the antibiotic was studied . The microelemental composition of the raw materials and media used for the cultivation was also studied . Interrelation between the dynamics of the changes in the microelemental composition and the main parameters of the process of the antibiotic production were analyzed . It was revealed that during the first stage of the culture development characterized by the maximum rate of the biomass accumulation the ions of ferrum, cuprum and arsenic were consumed along with consumption of the main nutrients (carbohydrates, nitrogen and phosphorus) . During the second stage of the culture development i.e . after 36 hours the ferrum ions were liberated into the fermentation broth while the content of cuprum and arsenic continued to decrease though at a lower rate . Marked shifts in the specific rates of the changes in the contents of ferrum and cuprum ions in the fermentation broth were also observed at the beginning of the second phase of the culture development . It was shown possible to control the process of nystatin biosynthesis by the microelemental composition of the media for cultivation of the antibiotic-producing organism.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1989 Mar, 142(3), 7 - 11
{Syndrome of endogenous toxemia in complications of pancreonecrosis}; Shurkalin BK; The authors have performed an investigation of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication in the following complications of pancreatonecrosis: pancreatogenous shock, fermentative and fibrinous-purulent peritonitis, parapancreatic infiltrate, abscesses of the pancreas and phlegmons of the retroperitoneal fat . The most pronounced toxicosis was observed in purulent processes in the pancreas, parapancreatic fat and abdominal cavity.

Parazitologiia, 1989 Mar-Apr, 23(2), 129 - 33
{Survival of the larvae of the ship botfly Oestrus ovis L . depending on the function of the immune system of the host's body}; Marchenko VA et al.; In the experiments on artificial infection the survival of larvae of Oestrus ovis L . in sheep with depressed, normal and stimulated immune system was studied . The maximum number of larvae survived in immune depressed animals (62.9%), the minimum number survived in immune stimulated animals (0.4%) . For the estimation of specific immune response the reaction of indirect hemagglutination (IHA), the reaction of diffused precipitation (RDP) and the immune ferment analysis (ELISA) were used.

J Nat Prod, 1989 Mar-Apr, 52(2), 337 - 41
Microbial metabolism studies of the antimalarial sesquiterpene artemisinin; Lee IS et al.; Microbial metabolism of the sesquiterpene lactone antimalarial drug artemisinin {1} was studied . Screening studies have shown a number of microorganisms capable of metabolizing artemisinin {1} . Scale-up fermentation with Nocardia corallina (ATCC 19070) and Penicillium chrysogenum (ATCC 9480) have resulted in the production of two major microbial metabolites that have been characterized with the use of 2D-nmr techniques . These metabolites have been identified as deoxyartemisinin {2} and 3 alpha-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin {3}.

Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1989 Mar, 23(2), 77 - 9
{Study on mutagenicity of Toxoflavin from Pseudomonas farinofermentans}; Yue QA; Fermented corn flour containing toxoflavin and bongkretic acid produced by P . farinofermentans can cause acute food poisoning, but study on mutagenicity of toxoflavin has not been reported . We studied the mutagenicity of toxoflavin by Tradescantia Paludosa and animal micronucleus tests . The results showed that toxoflavin possesses distinct mutagenic action in both plant and animal cells . Mutagenic action of toxoflavin in cells may have important bearing on food hygiene examination.

J Anim Sci, 1989 Mar, 67(3), 827 - 34
Effects of a salivary stimulant, slaframine, on ruminal fermentation, bacterial protein synthesis and digestion in frequently fed steers; Froetschel MA et al.; Slaframine (SF), a parasympathomimetic salivary stimulant, was administered i.m . (10, 15 or 20 micrograms SF/kg BW) to ruminally and abomasally fistulated steers at 12-h intervals for 18-d periods in a latin square-designed experiment . Steers were fed semicontinuously (12 times daily) a 40:60 roughage:concentrate diet at twice their net energy requirement for maintenance . Ruminal digestion coefficients for DM, ADF and starch were 10 to 16% lower and linearly related in an inverse manner to the level of SF administered (P less than .05) . Postruminal digestion of DM, ADF and starch increased as much as 46.7, 9.5 and 44.0%, respectively, in a fashion linearly related (P less than .05) to the level of SF administered . Total tract digestion of DM and ADF were not affected by SF; however, total tract starch digestion was increased as much as 5% and was related linearly (P less than .05) to SF treatment . With SF administration, as much as 13% more bacterial protein exited the rumen, resulting in a 16.5% linear improvement (P less than .1) in the efficiency of ruminal bacterial protein production per 100 g of OM fermented . Ruminal concentrations of VFA, ammonia and pH were not affected by SF . These results demonstrate a positive relationship between salivation and ruminal bacterial protein synthesis and suggest that feed utilization by ruminants may be improved by pharmacological stimulation of salivary secretions.

Analyst, 1989 Mar, 114(3), 375 - 9
Rapid determination of the glucose content of molasses using a biosensor; Bradley J et al.; A knowledge of the sugar content of molasses is of commercial importance to a number of industrial fermentations . Hence the feasibility of using a glucose oxidase biosensor to determine the glucose content of molasses samples was investigated . This method was compared with standard high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedures and with the use of a commercially available glucose analyser . A good correlation was obtained between the standard acetic anhydride GLC and glucose oxidase biosensor results (correlation coefficient = 0.98) . Rapid and accurate measurements could be carried out using the biosensor without the need to employ the sample preparation step required in standard GLC methods . It was concluded that the use of the biosensor technique for the determination of glucose in molasses samples has distinct advantages over conventional methods.

Anal Chem, 1989 Mar 1, 61(5), 404 - 8
Analysis of antimycin A by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry; Ha ST et al.; A mixture of closely related streptomyces fermentation products, antimycin A, is separated, and the components are identified by using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with directly linked 400-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance detection . Analyses of mixtures of three amino acids, alanine, glycine, and valine, are used to determine optimal measurement conditions . Sensitivity increases of as much as a factor of 3 are achieved, at the expense of some loss in chromatographic resolution, by use of an 80-microL NMR cell, instead of a smaller 14-microL cell . Analysis of the antimycin A mixture, using the optimal analytical high-performance liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance conditions, reveals it to consist of at least 10 closely related components.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1989 Mar-Apr, 72(2), 332 - 5
Purification of cyclopiazonic acid by liquid chromatography; Peterson RE et al.; A purification procedure for cyclopiazonic acid has been developed, using sequential preparative and semi-preparative liquid chromatography . Crude cyclopiazonic acid (324 mg) was extracted from a 1 L fermentation medium with chloroform-methanol (80 + 20), dried, dissolved in chloroform, and chromatographed on an oxalic acid/silica preparative column with chloroform-methanol (99 + 1) as the eluant . A semi-preparative oxalic acid/silica column and chloroform-methanol (99.5 + 0.5) were then used for rechromatography of the partially purified cyclopiazonic acid . This second chromatographic treatment yielded fractions from which cyclopiazonic acid was readily crystallized (106.7 mg; 33% recovery) . Analytical chromatography was developed using an amino column in an ion-exchange mode, with a methanol-phosphate buffer eluant . Response was linear from 10 to 800 micrograms/injection of standard solutions . Cyclopiazonic acid chemically binds sodium from soda-lime vials.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Mar, 42(3), 398 - 406
Biosynthetic origin of the carbon skeleton and oxygen atoms of the LL-F28249 alpha, a potent antiparasitic macrolide; Tsou HR et al.; The biosynthesis of LL-F28249 alpha in a culture of Streptomyces cyaneogriseus has been studied using 13C, 14C and 18O labeled precursors . A complete 13C NMR spectrum of F28249 alpha has been assigned . Incorporation studies using 13C labeled precursors indicate that the carbon skeleton of F28249 alpha is derived from seven acetate, six propionate and one 2-methylpropionate units . The origin of the oxygen atoms of F28249 alpha has been examined by feeding {1-13C,18O2}acetate, {1-13C,18O2}propionate, {2-13C}acetate/18O2 and 18O2 separately to the fermentation culture and analyzing the resulting labeled LL-F28249 alpha samples by 13C NMR, electron impact MS and chemical ionization MS . Out of a total of eight oxygen atoms in LL-F28249 alpha, four oxygen atoms are derived from acetate, three from propionate and one from molecular oxygen.

Parazitologiia, 1989 Mar-Apr, 23(2), 89 - 97
{The behavior of the causative agents of blood and transmissible infections during the preparatory period for a change in host . A review}; Alekseev AN; The author has reviewed the available literature on the changes in the physiological state and behaviour of hosts of vector-borne diseases agents during the before-host-changing and during host-changing periods . For vertebrates the effect of the agent is reflected in the rise of body temperature, reduction of locomotor activity and protective reactions, thrombocytopenia and vasodilation, accompanied by periodical concentration of the agent in the peripheral part of the vascular system . All this provides a successful search for a host, a source of infection, and obtaining the agent by blood-sucking vector . For arthropods the effect of the agent is reflected in changes in the vector behaviour as during the host-searching period so in an attempt for bloodsucking . Alimentary tract obstruction with an agent blocking, phagoreceptors block (eructation type of infection), inhibition of saliva ferments activity (saliva type of transmission) result in the prolongation of the feeding period and rise of agent hit probability . The last three types of effect on the feeding mechanism increase the possibility of death of an infected individual and decrease the chance of progeny preservation.

J Emerg Med, 1989 Mar-Apr, 7(2), 185 - 92
Dysgonic fermenter-2: a clinico-epidemiologic review; Job L et al.; In the literature to date, there have been 44 confirmed cases of infection with the Dysgonic Fermenter-2 (DF-2) bacterium . DF-2 infections appear to demonstrate a strong association with dog bites (or recent exposure to dogs) and have a predilection for patients with defective host defenses although immunocompetent individuals are also susceptible . Recently, the first two cases of documented DF-2 infection following cat bite have been reported . Of the cases reported, 42 of the 44 blood cultures grew DF-2 . In one of the two cases where blood culture failed to grow DF-2, the bacterium was isolated at the time of operation from an infected myxoma of the tricuspid valve . In the other case, the organism was isolated from the eyelid margin of a case of angular blepharitis . Peripheral blood smears also afford an effective and practical clinical tool for early diagnosis; 9 of 10 patients for whom smears were done tested positive . This paper reviews the epidemiologic, microbiological, and clinical features of this relatively new illness and also offers general guidelines to physicians for clinical management . Health professionals, especially those providing care for high risk groups, should be alerted to this potentially fatal infection.

J Protozool, 1989 Mar-Apr, 36(2), 205 - 13
Hydrogen production by rumen holotrich protozoa: effects of oxygen and implications for metabolic control by in situ conditions; Lloyd D et al.; Experiments with washed suspensions of holotrich protozoa (Isotricha spp . and Dasytricha ruminantium) showed that both organisms have an efficient O2-scavenging capability (apparent Km values 2.3 and 0.3 microM, respectively) . Reversible inhibition of H2 production increased almost linearly with increasing O2 up to 1.5 microM; higher levels of O2 gave irreversible inhibition . In situ determinations of H2, CH4, O2 and CO2 in ovine rumen liquor, using a membrane inlet mass spectrometer probe, indicated that O2 was present before feeding at 1-1.5 microM and decreased to undetectable levels (less than 0.25 microM) within 25 min after feeding . A transient increase in O2 concentration after feeding occurred only in defaunated animals and resulted in suppression of CH4 and CO2 production . The presence of washed holotrich protozoa decreases the O2 sensitivity of CH4 production by suspensions of a cultured methanogenic bacterium Methanosarcina barkeri . It is concluded that holotrich protozoa play a role in ruminal O2 utilization as well as in the production of fermentation end products (especially short-chain volatile fatty acids) utilized by the ruminant and H2 utilized by methanogenic bacteria . These hydrogenosome-containing protozoa thus both control patterns of fermentation by influencing O2 levels, and are themselves regulated by the low ambient O2 concentrations they experience in the rumen.

Biomed Environ Sci, 1989 Mar, 2(1), 65 - 71
Fermented corn flour poisoning in rural areas of China . III . Isolation and identification of main toxin produced by causal microorganisms; Hu WJ et al.; Flavotoxin A was isolated from Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp . farinofermentans culture in semisolid potato-dextrose-agar medium, which was isolated from fermented corn meal that had caused food poisoning outbreaks in China . The isolation, purification, and chemical structure of this toxin were studied . The NMR spectra, the uv spectra, and molar extinction coefficients, and the mass spectra of Flavotoxin A are in good agreement with those reported for bongkrekic acid . Therefore, Flavotoxin A and bongkrekic acid are the same organic chemical compound; the molecular formula is C28H38O7 . The oral LD50 of the purified Flavotoxin A in mice was 3.16 mg/kg (1.53-6.15 mg/kg) . The existence of bongkrekic acid in toxic fermented corn samples collected during food poisoning outbreaks was also confirmed . It is concluded that bongkrekic acid has played an important role in the outbreaks of fermented corn poisoning.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Mar, 42(3), 361 - 6
Isolation and structure determination of two new analogs of teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic; Borghi A et al.; Teicoplanin is an antibiotic produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus as a complex formed by five closely related glycopeptides characterized by different fatty acid chains of ten and eleven carbon atoms . In addition, minor quantities of related substances are present . Two of them, named RS-1 and RS-2, were shown to be teicoplanins having as fatty acid chains 10-methylundecanoic acid and n-dodecanoic acid, respectively . Other two related substances, named RS-3 and RS-4, have now been isolated and purified starting from fermentation broths of a mutant of the same microorganism producing them in substantial amounts . This was achieved by semipreparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography carried out on high-pressure scale . The structures were assigned on the basis of 1H NMR spectra and homonuclear COSY 2D experiments and fast atom bombardment MS spectrometry, in comparison with the large mass of data till now accumulated on teicoplanin . RS-3 and RS-4 are teicoplanins having as fatty acid chains 6-methyloctanoic acid and n-nonanoic acid, respectively.

Jpn J Pharmacol, 1989 Mar, 49(3), 317 - 24
Effect of FK973, a new antitumor antibiotic, on the cell cycle of L1210 cells in vitro; Nakamura T et al.; Our previous study showed that FK973 (11-acetyl-8-carbamoyloxymethyl-4-formyl-14-oxa-1,11- diazatetracyclo{7.4.1.0(2,7)0(10,12)}tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-6 ,9-diyl diacetate), a novel substituted dihydrobenzoxazine, which is a derivative of the fermentation product of Streptomyces sandaensis No . 6897, had strong antitumor effects on experimental tumors in vitro and in vivo . In this report, we investigated its effect on the cell cycle of murine leukemia L1210 cells in vitro by means of DNA/5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine double staining and compared these effects with those of other antitumor drugs . Both FK973 and mitomycin C arrested the cells in the G2 phase . Vinblastine arrested the cells in the M phase and cytosine arabinoside, in the G1 phase . Although FK973 and mitomycin C were shown to act on the cell cycle in a similar way, FK973 was slower in producing its effect . From the results, FK973 arrests the cells in the G2 phase, and it appears that FK973 must be converted into the activated form in the cells for the development of its antitumor effects.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1989 Mar, 39(1), 57 - 95
{Effect of various energy sources on the fermentation process of bovine colostrum}; Perez-Gil Romo F et al.; The present work consisted in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing different energy sources--corn, nixtamalized corn, sorghum and corn starch--in colostrum fermentation, by incorporating them in two different percentages, with and without the addition of acetic acid . The crude and true protein, ammonia, and dry matter content, as well as pH, total sugars, lactic acid, starches, dry matter digestibility, bacteriological count and gross energy, were studied . Results revealed that up to 10 days of fermentation, the most viable energy source was nixtamalized corn, and that the addition of acetic acid was not useful in colostrum preservation . The incorporation level of nixtamalized corn added to colostrum which rendered the best results, was that of 6.33%.

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 1989 Feb 28, 109(6), 693 - 4
{Fatal infection after a dog bite . Septicemia caused by Dysgonic fermenter 2 bacteria}; Holter J et al.; The article describes a case of lethal septicaemia caused by the bacterium Dysgonic fermenter 2, following a dog bite . We discuss symptoms, bacteriology and treatment, and present a review of the literature.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Feb, 42(2), 299 - 311
Urdamycins, new angucycline antibiotics from Streptomyces fradiae . V . Derivatives of urdamycin A; Henkel T et al.; Derivatives of the angucycline urdamycin A (1) were prepared in order to study structure-activity relationships in this group of antitumor antibiotics . Derivatives of 1 formed by methanolysis, O-acylation, hydrogenation and treatment with diazomethane were isolated and characterized by their spectroscopic data . Urdamycin G (20) was isolated from Streptomyces fradiae by shortening the fermentation time . The different glycosidation pattern of the aglycone 14 did not lead to significant differences in the biological activity . O-Acylation was shown to enhance the in vitro activity of 1 against stem cells of murine L1210 leukemia depending on the lipophilicity of the molecules . The importance of the 5,6-double bond of 1 with regard to the antitumor activities is discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Feb, 42(2), 236 - 41
Complestatin, a potent anti-complement substance produced by Streptomyces lavendulae . I . Fermentation, isolation and biological characterization; Kaneko I et al.; A new potent inhibitor of complement system, named complestatin, was isolated from the mycelium of Streptomyces lavendulae SANK 60477 . Complestatin (C61H45N7O15Cl6, MW 1,325) was a peptide compound having two unusual amino acids, D-(-)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine and D-(-)-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenylglycine . This compound inhibited the hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA) mediated by guinea pig and human complement 50% at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.7 micrograms/ml, respectively, but did not trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin activities at 200 micrograms/ml . When complestatin was administered intravenously to the sensitized guinea pigs, it strongly inhibited the systemic anaphylactic shock elicited by the antigen probably by blocking generation of anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a).

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao, 1989 Feb, 29(1), 39 - 44
{Screening of strains producing extracellular catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and fermentation conditions}; Li Q et al.; Two strains of Pseudomonus sp . having the extracellular catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase activity were selected from 112 bacterial strains . The conditions for enzyme production of the strains were examined . The optimal temperature and pH for enzyme formation were 30 degrees C and pH 6.8-7.0 respectively . Enzyme formation was enhanced by sodium benzoate, and was markedly inhibited by glucose, maltose and glycerol . Ammoniacal nitrogen sources were essential for cell growth and enzyme production . Sodium succinate was an effective inducer for enzyme formation . When the organism was grown in 0.15% sodium benzoate medium (pH 6.8-7.0) at 30 degrees C for 72 hours, about 10 units of catechol 1,2 dioxygenase per ml was obtained.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Feb, 34(2), 102 - 4
{Influence of the intensity of oxygen mass transfer on the biosynthesis of amphotericin B}; Vekshin GA et al.; Influence of oxygen mass transfer intensity characterized by the rate of oxygen dissolution (S) and the agitation rate (n), as well as influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on the process of amphotericin B biosynthesis was studied . It was shown that S = 40 and 110 mg/l . min and n = 450 and 800 min-1 were respectively the lower and the upper levels of the optimal conditions by oxygen mass transfer during amphotericin B biosynthesis . When biosynthesis of amphotericin B was conducted under conditions of the optimal oxygen mass transfer, the dissolved oxygen concentration of about 12 to 15 per cent of the saturation level was critical for the culture respiration . Inhibition of the culture respiration and antibiotic synthesis was induced under conditions of increased oxygen mass transfer intensity (S greater than 110 mg/l . min and n greater than 800 min-1) by high intensity mechanical agitation of the fermentation broth . Under conditions of decreased oxygen mass transfer (S less than 40 mg/l . min and n = less than 450 min-1) it was induced by insufficient supply of oxygen to the culture . On the basis of the results it was shown possible to control the aeration and agitation conditions by the rate of oxygen uptake and dissolved oxygen concentration . The data should be considered in optimization of aeration and agitation conditions in biosynthesis of amphotericin B in large fermenters.

J Dairy Sci, 1989 Feb, 72(2), 493 - 500
Effects of calcium carbonate on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and cow performance; Clark JH et al.; Sixteen Holstein cows were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design (four replicates) to investigate the effect of feeding calcium carbonate on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk yield, and milk composition . Supplementation of calcium carbonate to diets that contained 60% concentrate and 40% corn silage (DM basis) decreased DM intake and milk production and was not effective in altering ruminal fluid pH, ruminal fluid dilution rate or outflow, molar proportions of ruminal fluid VFA, or synthesis of milk fat and milk protein by dairy cows . Calcium carbonate supplementation to the diet tended to improve efficiency of feed utilization (4% FCM/DM intake) . The exact site of action of calcium carbonate, if any, is not known . However, these data suggest that calcium carbonate exerts little or no buffering effect in the rumen when the pH is 6 or above regardless of its reactivity rate in strong acid or its mean particle size . This lack of effect is probably because of its low solubility in ruminal fluid at pH above 5.5.

J Anim Sci, 1989 Feb, 67(2), 547 - 56
Lysocellin effects on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in steers fed forage diets; Spears JW et al.; Studies were conducted to determine the effects of lysocellin on growth performance and metabolism of steers fed forage-based diets . Treatments in all experiments consisted of 1) control, 2) 100 mg lysocellin/d, 3) 200 mg lysocellin/d and 4) 200 mg monensin/d . In each of two 90-d performance studies, 24 Hereford steers were individually fed greenchop (fungus-free tall fescue and Coastal and Tifton-44 bermudagrass) ad libitum and .91 kg/d of a corn-trace mineral salt supplement . In Exp . 1, tall fescue was fed from d 1 to 45 and bermudagrass from d 46 to 90 . Bermudagrass was offered during d 1 to 45 and tall fescue during d 46 to 90 in Exp . 2 . Lysocellin improved gain (Exp . 1, P less than .01) and feed conversion (Exp . 1 and 2 combined, P less than .05), decreased total VFA concentrations (P less than .05), increased molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate (P less than .01), decreased molar proportions of acetate and butyrate (P less than .01) and lowered acetate:propionate (P less than .01) . Two metabolism studies involving a total of 16 Hereford steers were conducted . Steers were fed tall fescue greenchop and .91 kg/d supplement for a 34-d adjustment period followed by a 5-d total collection period . Lysocellin increased N digestibility (P less than .01) and N retention (P less than .06) but did not (P greater than .05) affect DM, NDF or ADF digestibility . Data indicate that lysocellin results in major alterations in ruminal fermentation and can increase growth performance and N retention in steers fed forage-based diets.

J Anim Sci, 1989 Feb, 67(2), 529 - 37
Influence of phospholipids on ruminal fermentation in vitro and on nutrient digestion and serum lipids in sheep; Jenkins TC et al.; Phospholipid supplements were incubated in vitro or fed to sheep to determine how they affected ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion and serum lipid concentration . In vitro, deoiled soybean lecithin added to hay increased (P less than .05) total VFA concentration but had no effect on fiber digestion in four of five trials . Purified phospholipid (synthetic phosphatidylethanolamine), however, had little effect on in vitro hay fermentation when tested at four levels (0, 10, 20 or 30 mg) in three separate trials . Deoiled soybean lecithin disappeared in vitro at two rates, 12.9 and .66%/h for the fast- and slow-degrading fractions, respectively . Compared with 2.4% corn oil supplements, 5.2% soybean lecithin added to sheep diets (56% concentrate) reduced (P less than .05) energy, fiber and nitrogen digestibilities . Crude lecithin reduced (P less than .05) energy digestibility more than deoiled lecithin . Both types of lecithin increased (P less than .05) serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations but had no effect on serum glucose, cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations compared with the corn oil diet . In summary, phospholipids had different effects on ruminal fermentation, depending on their source . None had a beneficial effect on fiber digestion . Phospholipids are degraded in the rumen and inhibit digestion in a manner similar to that of the commercial fats and oils.

Hindustan Antibiot Bull, 1989 Feb-May, 31(1-2), 1 - 14
Biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin acylase by Escherichia coli NCIM-2400; Sudhakaran VK et al.; Fermentation parameters for the production of penicillin G acylase by Escherichia coli NCIM 2400 have been evaluated . The bacterium produced the enzyme intracellularly when grown in nutrient broth containing PAA . PAA stimulated the enzyme synthesis by 8-10 fold and reduced the lag period . The optimum concentration of PAA for induction was 20 mM and addition of PAA prior to inoculation gave maximum production of PGA . Glucose, lactose, sorbitol, acetate and lactate even at 0.1% concentration catabolically repressed the enzyme formation . Peptone was the best utilised 'N' source for the enzyme production . Phosphate and yeast extract were found to be essential for both the growth and for enzyme biosynthesis . Temperature between 22-24 degrees C was optimum and under ideal condition E . coli NCIM 2400 produced 0.45-0.55 U/ml of penicillin G acylase.

Indian J Exp Biol, 1989 Feb, 27(2), 121 - 3
Production of ethanol by alginate-entrapped Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain "14-12"; Youssef KA et al.; Cells of S . cerevisiae strain "14-12" of different ages were immobilized in sodium alginate and used for conversion of glucose to ethanol . Immobilized cells of 48 hr old were the most potential . Employment of high counts of alginate-entrapped cells shortened the period required for production of the maximal alcohol yield . However, the percentage surviving cells decreased with increasing initial cell counts . Maximal accumulation of ethanol (4.18 g/100 ml) was obtained after 4 days of static fermentation with 1.8 X 10(8) immobilized yeast cells . The residual viable cell count was found to represent 3-fold the surviving percentage in a control experiment using an inoculum of the free yeast cells . Immobilized yeast cells could convert about 85% of the available sugars to ethanol over 28 days of the repeated-batch fermentation . The immobilized cells retained 50% of their viability for 16 days . After 48 days of repeated fermentation only 6% of the yeast cells were viable, and on the 52nd day no viable cells could be detected.

Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1989 Feb, 142(2), 14 - 8
{Proteolytic activity in the stomach in duodenal ulcer}; Nechai AI et al.; An analysis of results of studying proteolytic activity in the stomach of patients with ulcer of the duodenum with the help of an installation "Ferment-2MT" has shown the method to be undoubtedly objective . A direct relation between the clinical course of the disease and proteolytic activity in the stomach before and after the operative treatment has been established . Correlation of the proteolytic activity in the stomach with the gastric acid secretion has been found . The authors consider that the determination of the proteolytic activity in the stomach gives the information which can be used for the determination of indications to operative treatment, choice of the operative method and the assessment of effectiveness of the surgical treatment of the disease.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Feb, 42(2), 163 - 7
L-671,329, a new antifungal agent . I . Fermentation and isolation; Schwartz RE et al.; In screening for new antifungal agents from fungi, a new lipopeptide antifungal agent, L-671,329, similar to echinocandin B, has been isolated from Zalerion arboricola . Studies indicate that L-671,329 is produced under both solid and liquid fermentation conditions.

Eur J Biochem, 1989 Feb 1, 179(2), 365 - 71
Characterization of MSM1, the structural gene for yeast mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase; Tzagoloff A et al.; Respiratory-deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae assigned to pet complementation group G72 are impaired in mitochondrial protein synthesis . The loss of this activity has been correlated with the inability of the mutants to acylate the two methionyl-tRNAs of yeast mitochondria . A nuclear gene (MSM1) capable of complementing the respiratory deficiency has been cloned by transformation of the G72 mutant C122/U3 with a yeast genomic library . In situ disruption of the MSM1 gene in a wild-type haploid strain of yeast induces a respiratory-deficient phenotype but does not affect the ability of the mutant to grow on fermentable substrates indicating that the product of MSM1 functions only in mitochondrial protein synthesis . Mitochondrial extracts prepared from the mutant with the disrupted copy of MSM1 were found to be defective in acylation of the two mitochondrial methionyl-tRNAs thereby confirming the identity of MSM1 as the structural gene for the mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase . The sequence of the protein encoded by MSM1 is similar to the Escherichia coli and yeast cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetases . Based on the primary-sequence similarities of the three proteins, the mitochondrial enzyme appears to be more related to the bacterial than to the yeast cytoplasmic methionyl-tRNA synthetase.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Feb, 171(2), 868 - 73
A second global regulator gene (arcB) mediating repression of enzymes in aerobic pathways of Escherichia coli; Iuchi S et al.; In Escherichia coli anaerobic growth lowers the basal or induced levels of numerous enzymes associated with aerobic metabolism . Mutations in arcA (dye) at min 0 relieve this pleiotropic anaerobic repression and render the cell sensitive to the redox dye toluidine blue . In this study we identified a second pleiotropic control gene, arcB, at min 69.5 . Mutations, including a deletion, in this gene also relieved the anaerobic repression and caused sensitivity to toluidine blue . Mutations in arcA or arcB did not significantly change the catabolite repression of the target phi(sdh-lacZ) operon, in which lacZ is fused to a structural gene for succinate dehydrogenase, nor did the mutations strikingly influence the pattern of excretion products during glucose fermentation . The presence of arcA+ in a multicopy plasmid restored anaerobic repression in arcB mutants, as indicated by the expression of phi(sdh-lacZ) . The arcB product might be a sensor protein for the redox or energy state of the arc regulatory system.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Feb, 171(2), 862 - 7
L-1,2-propanediol exits more rapidly than L-lactaldehyde from Escherichia coli; Zhu Y et al.; Catabolism of the six-carbon compound L-fucose results in formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (C-1-to-C-3 fragment) and L-lactaldehyde (C-4-to-C-6 fragment) as intermediates . The fate of lactaldehyde depends on the respiratory growth conditions . Aerobically, lactaldehyde is oxidized to L-lactate by an NAD-linked dehydrogenase (ald product) . L-Lactate, in turn, is converted to pyruvate, which enters the general metabolic pool . Anaerobically, lactaldehyde is reduced to L-1,2-propanediol by an NADH-linked oxidoreductase (fucO product) . L-1,2-Propanediol is excreted as a terminal fermentation product . In a previous study, we showed that retention of the C-4-to-C-6 fragment of fucose depended on the competition for lactaldehyde by aldehyde dehydrogenase and propanediol oxidoreductase (Y . Zhu and E.C.C . Lin, J . Bacteriol . 169:785-789, 1987) . In this study, we compared the wild-type strain and isogenic mutant strains defective in ald, fucO, or both for ability to accumulate radioactivity when incubated with fucose labeled at either the C-1 or the C-6 position . The results showed that although blocking the oxidation of lactaldehyde prevented its assimilation, rapid exit of the 3-carbon unit occurred only when the compound was reduced to propanediol . Moreover, growth experiments on fucose indicated that a double ald fucO mutant accumulated inhibiting concentrations of lactaldehyde . The inner cell membrane therefore appears to be much more permeable to the 3-carbon alcohol than to the 3-carbon aldehyde . The almost instantaneous exit of propanediol appears to be a facilitated process.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1989 Feb, 44(2), 124 - 7
{Microbiological in vitro and animal experiments assessing the cariogenic potential of various snacks}; Gehring F et al.; Microbiological in vitro and animal experiments were performed to determine the cariogenic potential of different snacks . The determination of the oral salivary sugar clearance time by the aid of a cariogenic S . mutans strain as standard for the cariogenic potential resulted in a relatively high clearance time when a praline was consumed, according to a high cariogenic potential . When consuming a "safe for teeth"-product no easily fermenting substances in the saliva can be shown, suggesting a lacking cariogenic potential . The cariogenic potential of banana, milk-chocolate, Milchschnitte, Musli-Frucht-Schnitten (cereals and fruits) is between that of the praline and the "safe for teeth"-product . The animal experiments showed in increasing strength of fissure caries after programmed feeding of the following snacks: Basic-diet----milk-chocolate----positive control-diet/Milchschnitte Musli-Frucht-Schnitten----banana . The highest caries values occurred after having fed banana, the lowest after having fed milk-chocolate . Milchschnitte and Musli-Frucht-Schnitten showed similar caries values which were between the values after feeding of milk-chocolate and banana.

Curr Genet, 1989 Feb, 15(2), 75 - 81
A deletion of the PDC1 gene for pyruvate decarboxylase of yeast causes a different phenotype than previously isolated point mutations; Schaaff I et al.; We deleted most of the pyruvate decarboxylase structural gene PDC1 from the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Surprisingly, mutants carrying this deletion allele showed a completely different phenotype than previously described point mutations . They were able to ferment glucose and their specific pyruvate decarboxylase activity was only reduced to 45% of the wild type level . Northern blot analysis revealed that a sequence in the yeast genome homologous to PDC1 and formerly designated as a possible pseudogene is expressed and may code for a different but closely related pyruvate decarboxylase . The products of the two PDC genes seem to form hybrid oligomers, however both homooligomers have enzyme activity . Thus, the product of the PDC1 gene is not absolutely necessary for glucose fermentation in yeast.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1989 Feb, 55(2), 468 - 77
Enzymic analysis of the crabtree effect in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Postma E et al.; The physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was studied in glucose-limited chemostat cultures . Below a dilution rate of 0.30 h-1 glucose was completely respired, and biomass and CO2 were the only products formed . Above this dilution rate acetate and pyruvate appeared in the culture fluid, accompanied by disproportional increases in the rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production . This enhanced respiratory activity was accompanied by a drop in cell yield from 0.50 to 0.47 g (dry weight) g of glucose-1 . At a dilution rate of 0.38 h-1 the culture reached its maximal oxidation capacity of 12 mmol of O2 g (dry weight)-1 h-1 . A further increase in the dilution rate resulted in aerobic alcoholic fermentation in addition to respiration, accompanied by an additional decrease in cell yield from 0.47 to 0.16 g (dry weight) g of glucose-1 . Since the high respiratory activity of the yeast at intermediary dilution rates would allow for full respiratory metabolism of glucose up to dilution rates close to mumax, we conclude that the occurrence of alcoholic fermentation is not primarily due to a limited respiratory capacity . Rather, organic acids produced by the organism may have an uncoupling effect on its respiration . As a result the respiratory activity is enhanced and reaches its maximum at a dilution rate of 0.38 h-1 . An attempt was made to interpret the dilution rate-dependent formation of ethanol and acetate in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of S . cerevisiae CBS 8066 as an effect of overflow metabolism at the pyruvate level . Therefore, the activities of pyruvate decarboxylase, NAD+- and NADP+-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenases, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) synthetase, and alcohol dehydrogenase were determined in extracts of cells grown at various dilution rates . From the enzyme profiles, substrate affinities, and calculated intracellular pyruvate concentrations, the following conclusions were drawn with respect to product formation of cells growing under glucose limitation . (i) Pyruvate decarboxylase, the key enzyme of alcoholic fermentation, probably already is operative under conditions in which alcoholic fermentation is absent . The acetaldehyde produced by the enzyme is then oxidized via acetaldehyde dehydrogenases and acetyl-CoA synthetase . The acetyl-CoA thus formed is further oxidized in the mitochondria . (ii) Acetate formation results from insufficient activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase, required for the complete oxidation of acetate . Ethanol formation results from insufficient activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

J Anim Sci, 1989 Feb, 67(2), 501 - 12
Effects of dry corn gluten feed on feedlot cattle performance and fiber digestibility; Kampman KA et al.; Effects of dry corn gluten feed (DCGF) on feedlot cattle performance and fiber digestibility were investigated . In Trial 1, 120 growing steers were fed corn silage-based diets containing 0, 40, 60 or 80% DCGF . Increasing levels of DCGF resulted in a curvilinear response in gain (P less than .05) and a linear increase in feed/gain (P less than .01) . When the same steers subsequently were fed the same levels of DCGF in corn-based diets (Trial 2), increasing the percentage of dietary DCGF resulted in a linear decrease in gain (P less than .01) and a linear increase in feed/gain (P less than .01) . In Trial 3, 46 crossbred steers were fed individually in a 2 x 2 factorial design to determine effects of 60 or 80% dietary high-moisture corn (HMC) or DCGF on feedlot cattle performance . Steers fed HMC had faster (P less than .08) and more efficient (P less than .05) gains than those fed DCGF, which had greater feed intakes (P less than .05) . In Trial 4, 120 Angus crossbred steers were used to compare effects of 20 or 40% dietary HMC or DCGF on feedlot performance . Steers fed diets containing 40% HMC or DCGF had greater gains (P less than .01) and feed intakes (P less than .01) than those fed 20% diets . Steers fed HMC gained more efficiently than those fed DCGF (P less than .01) . In an in situ trial, 0, 40, 60 or 80% dietary DCGF did not affect in situ DCGF DM or NDF disappearance . When DCGF was fermented in vitro in combination with corn silage, increasing the level of DCGF from 0 to 100% resulted in a linear increase (P less than .01) in 24 and 48 h NDF disappearance . These results suggest that at high dietary levels DCGF will support feedlot cattle gains that are nearly equal to those of cattle fed corn silage but somewhat less than those fed corn.

Gut, 1989 Feb, 30(2), 246 - 64
Fibre and enteral nutrition; Silk DB; The recent launch of a number of fibre enriched polymeric diet in the United States and Europe has stimulated considerable interest in the topic of fibre and enteral nutrition, and several commercial concerns appear to be under considerable pressures from their consumers to produce similar products . As a means of identifying areas of potential application of fibre to enteral nutrition some of the recent knowledge gained about the physical properties of dietary fibre and the processes involved in the intestinal assimilation of fibre has been reviewed . Two areas of interest are identifiable . The first relates to the bulking properties of fibre and the application of this to the regulation of bowel function in enterally fed patients . It is clear from the clinical studies that have been reviewed that there remains a paucity of controlled data, and a great deal more research is needed before widespread use of fibre supplemented diets can be supported . Perhaps of greater interest academically is the potentially beneficial effects that appear to be exerted by the VFA's, liberated as a consequence of colonic bacterial fermentation of fibre, on morphology and function of ileal and colonic mucosa . Although there are a number of potential applications of fibre supplemented enteral diets in this area, more research is required before any firm recommendations can be made about recommending their use . The one exception concerns patients with the nutritionally inadequate short bowel syndrome . There does seem to be sufficient experimental evidence to suggest that clinical studies should be commenced using a pectin supplemented predigested 'elemental' diet in these patients . Overall therefore, one is forced to conclude that the increasing interest and use of fibre supplemented enteral diets is being driven more by market than scientific forces . Nevertheless, the promotion of these diets has already provided a powerful stimulus to the scientific community, and it remains entirely possible that many of the potential applications of these diets will be realised in the near future.

J Nutr, 1989 Feb, 119(2), 235 - 41
Independent effects of fiber and protein on colonic luminal ammonia concentration; Lupton JR et al.; The potential interactive effects of protein and fiber on cecal and colonic surface areas, colonic luminal ammonia concentrations, luminal pH and blood indices of nitrogen metabolism were tested using two levels of protein (8% and 24%) and two types of fiber (8% pectin or cellulose) . Pectin supplementation resulted in larger cecal surface areas and longer large intestines than those of rats fed fiber-free or cellulose-supplemented diets . All high protein diets resulted in total large bowel luminal ammonia (NH3 + NH4+) concentrations that were twice as high as their low protein counterparts (P less than 0.05) . The effect of fiber on ammonia concentration depended on the fiber type . In the distal colon, pectin-fed animals had three times the ammonia concentration of the fiber-free animals, and 4-5 times the ammonia concentration of the cellulose-fed animals (P less than 0.001) . Blood urea nitrogen values were higher in the high protein than in the low protein groups (P less than 0.05), and highest in the high protein/pectin animals (P less than 0.01) . This study clearly demonstrates that luminal ammonia concentration is dependent upon both protein level and fiber type, and that a fermentable fiber (pectin), rather than decreasing colonic ammonia concentrations, actually increases them several-fold.

Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, 1989 Feb, 14(2), 31 - 3, 62
{Component analysis of the extracellular polysaccharide from Mortierella hepiali Chen et Lu sp . nov.}; Li XM et al.; The extracellular polysaccharide from the filtrate of fungal fermentation of Mortierella hepiali, a fungus isolated from traditional Chinese crude drug Cordyceps sinesis, is made up of three sugar components, glucose, mannose and galactose, which are detected by paper and gas chromatography . Both molar ratio and contents of the polysaccharide are determined by the internal standard method.

Vet Med (Praha), 1989 Feb, 34(2), 89 - 95
{Rusitec--fermentation equipment for the study of digestive processes in ruminants}; Krivanova M et al.; The fermentation equipment RUSITEC (Rumen Simulation Technique) is a simplified model of the rumen which stimulates the conditions inside the rumen, enables to keep the normal microbial population of the rumen for a long time under strictly controllable conditions, and enables a permanent monitoring of fermentation processes . Trials were conducted to see whether this model of "artificial rumen" can be used to determine the nutritive value of untreated beech sawdust and beech sawdust treated hydrobarothermically at the pressure of 1.4 MPa and impregnated with 1% H2SO4 . The digestibility of the dry matter and fibre components was higher in the treated beech sawdust than in the untreated sawdust . In both reaction vessels, the amounts of acetic, propionic and butyric acids as well as the total VFA, were higher during the fermentation of treated beech sawdust, as compared with the diet with raw beech sawdust . The increased output of VFA, especially the acetic and butyric acids, resulted in a proportional increase in the output of gases, especially carbon dioxide and methane, as compared with the production of gases in rumens digesting untreated beech sawdust . In comparison with other in-vitro methods, this model of fermentation equipment characterizes the nutritive values of various kinds of feed in a more thorough way: using this equipment, the simulation technique has proceeded much closer to reality.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Feb, 42(2), 218 - 22
Myrocin C, a new diterpene antitumor antibiotic from Myrothecium verrucaria . I . Taxonomy of the producing strain, fermentation, isolation and biological properties; Nakagawa M et al.; A new diterpene antitumor antibiotic, myrocin C, has been isolated from the culture filtrate of a soil fungus, Myrothecium verrucaria strain No . 55 . The antibiotic was effective against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and yeasts, and prolonged the life span of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1989, 29(1), 83 - 8
In vivo 13C NMR studies of glucose catabolism by isolated rumen bacteria; Grivet JP et al.; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study the metabolism of the rumen bacterial ecosystem . The fermentation of 1-13C-glucose was investigated . This system showed a transient build-up and decay of lactate labelled at the C3 position . The degradation of lactate gave rise to volatile fatty acids . These results agree with in vivo data on diets rich in available carbohydrates.

J Nutr, 1989 Jan, 119(1), 89 - 93
The effect of pectin on hepatic lipogenesis in the enterally-fed rat; Rolandelli RH et al.; The fermentation of pectin by colonic bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) which are then absorbed by the host . The purpose of this study was to determine whether pectin, added to a chemically defined diet, would increase hepatic lipogenesis and whether this effect is mediated by intestinal bacteria . Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of a feeding gastrostomy and a swivel apparatus . Postoperatively, rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) No Pectin received a fat-free chemically defined diet, 2) Pectin received the same diet with the addition of 1% (w/v) pectin, and 3) Neomycin received the same diet with 1% w/v pectin and neomycin (80 mg/kg of body weight daily) . On the 5th postoperative d, all diets included 12.5% (v/v) deuterium as D2O . After the infusion of the labeled diets for 24 hr, the content and deuterium enrichment of liver palmitate, stearate and oleate were measured and the production rates calculated . The liver content and production rates of these fatty acids were higher in Pectin animals than in either the No Pectin or Neomycin animals . Since the effect of pectin on hepatic lipogenesis was reduced by the concomitant administration of the intestinal antibiotic neomycin, it appears that this effect depends on the bacterial fermentation of pectin . It is postulated that the SCFA produced during pectin fermentation promote lipogenesis via a direct stimulatory effect, in addition to being carbon donors.

Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs, 1989, 17(3), 271 - 89
Immobilization of P . pictorum in open pore agar, alginate and polylysine-alginate microcapsules for serum cholesterol depletion; Garofalo FA et al.; P . pictorum depletes serum cholesterol levels upon induction of the involved enzymes . Analysis of the fermentation broth shows cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase activity . P . pictorum was immobilized in alginate beads, polylysine microcapsules and open pore agar beads . The pore size of the former two was too small to allow a barrier free mass transfer of lipoproteins . However, open pore agar beads depleted serum cholesterol . The rates of depletion were similar to those of free P . pictorum, suggesting a barrier free mass transfer . Furthermore, open pore agar beads could effectively retain P . pictorum, and no leakage was detected.

Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi, 1989, 7(2), 108 - 11
{Studies on ecology of Fasciolopsis buski and control strategy of fasciolopsiasis}; Weng YL et al.; The development of eggs of Fasciolopsis buski requires oxygen and the eggs cannot survive anaerobic conditions . The eggs have some resistance to low temperature and can be maintained at 4 degrees C for 3 to 4 months; however, the eggs are killed at 50 degrees C in four hours . The presence of salts can influence the development time of the eggs and reduce their hatching rate . Encysted cercariae exist not only on aquatic plants, but also on the surface of the water . The number of encysted cercariae floating on the water surface is about 3.6% of that of the total encysted cercariae . By inquiring into the case history we found that 10.3-12.8% of the patients and 35.1-40% of the infested pigs were possibly infected by drinking water contaminated with encysted cercariae . The authors suggest the use of fermented silage to feed pigs instead of fresh aquatic green fodders to prevent infection in the animals . In addition, aquatic plants such as water chestnut should be boiled for 1 to 2 minutes before eating to kill the encysted cercariae on the plants.

Biosystems, 1989, 22(4), 273 - 8
The effect of the yield expression on the existence of oscillatory behavior in a three-variable model of a continuous fermentation system subject to product inhibition; Lenbury YW et al.; A three-variable model of a continuous fermentation process characterised by product inhibition is studied . It is shown that if the cell to substrate yield is constant, the system cannot have periodic solutions . If, on the other hand, the yield term is a variable function of substrate concentration, the model will exhibit oscillations in the cells, substrate and product concentrations in the form of Hopf bifurcation in the underlying system of three nonlinear, ordinary differential equations which comprise the model.

Reprod Fertil Dev, 1989, 1(2), 117 - 25
Lupins and energy-yielding nutrients in ewes . II . Responses in ovulation rate in ewes to increased availability of glucose, acetate and amino acids; Teleni E et al.; An experiment, using a total of 320 Merino ewes, over two successive breeding seasons was conducted to investigate the separate effects of energy-yielding and protein-yielding nutrients on ovulation rate in sheep . The available energy-yielding or protein-yielding nutrients in the blood of sheep fed a maintenance pelleted ration were increased by either intravenous infusions of metabolites (acetate, glucose or acetate + glucose), feeding lupin grain, modification of the pattern of rumen fermentation to increase propionate production using the ionophore, lasalocid, or by feeding of ruminally undegradable protein (formaldehyde-treated casein) . All treatments were given for 9 days prior to and including expected time of ovulation . Ovulation rates were measured by laparoscopy . In the first season (the 1984 experiment) when the effects of lupin grain, glucose + acetate and formaldehyde-treated casein were compared, ovulation rates were increased significantly in the group fed lupin (29%, P less than 0.001) and the group infused with glucose + acetate (24%, P less than 0.01) . There was an apparent (17%) but statistically non-significant increase in the group fed casein . In comparisons between lupin grain, glucose, acetate, glucose + acetate, formaldehyde-treated casein and lasalocid in the 1985 experiment there were similar significant increases in ovulation rates in the groups fed lupin, and those infused with glucose or glucose + acetate (approximately 25%, P less than 0.001) . The increase in the group infused with acetate was lower at 14% (P less than 0.05) and the increases of 7% in the groups fed casein or lasalocid were not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Vestn Akad Med Nauk SSSR, 1989, (6), 84 - 7
{Mycoplasma arthritis in man and mechanisms of its pathogenesis}; Gorina LG et al.; Possible etiologic contribution of mycoplasma to human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is supported by their recovery from synovial fluid of RA patients, as well as Mycoplasma antigens and antibodies detection in the bloodstream . The detectability of free antigens of M . arthritidis (Ma) and M . fermentans (Mf) in the sera of patients was 22.4%, and that of antibodies against those, 52.7% . Considerable difference between the detectability of Mycoplasma antigens and antibodies can be attributed to the fact that the bulk of the antigens form part of immune complexes and cannot be detected by serologic tests . Mitogenic effect of arthritogenic Mycoplasma and their ability to produce a cytotoxic effect on various cells, including lymphocytes, appears to be a mechanism of immune process developing in association with human RA . A study of immunobiological properties of individual Ma and Mf cell components has shown that a protein factor translocated into the culture medium is responsible for mitogenic action . Ma cytotoxicity in respect of target cells is related to its cytoplasmatic membrane . Mf produces a factor, acting directly on rat lymphocytes; its synthesis is apparently taking place on the cell membrane.

Caries Res, 1989, 23(5), 315 - 9
Studies of the dental properties of lactitol compared with five other bulk sweeteners in vitro; Grenby TH et al.; Standardized mixed cultures of dental plaque microorganisms were incubated for 24 h in media containing six different bulk sweeteners as energy source . The attack of the acid generated on tooth mineral was measured by calcium and phosphorus analyses . Demineralization was most severe with glucose and sucrose . Less acid was generated from sorbitol and mannitol, with much reduced demineralization . Fermentation of lactitol and xylitol was only very slight, leaving the final pH high and leading to extremely low enamel demineralization figures . The amounts of polysaccharide synthesized by the microorganisms in the incubations decreased in the order: glucose greater than sucrose greater than sorbitol greater than mannitol greater than lactitol greater than xylitol.

Nahrung, 1989, 33(4), 311 - 4
Availability of zinc from germinated, fermented and autoclaved black-gram (Phaseolus mungo) in rats; Kawatra BL et al.; The availability of zinc in the autoclaved black-gram diet was better as compared to germinated, fermented and raw black-gram diets and this may be due to more destruction of phytate.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1989 Jan, 34(1), 46 - 8
{Inhibitor production, a stable feature of plague pathogen}; Gramotina LI; Application of the methods developed by the author to the plague causative agent isolated in six natural plague foci provided detection of its ability to synthesize a factor inhibiting the growth of the producing strain and cultures isolated from the same focus . In the strains isolated from these foci the inhibitor presence was stable on the agar consisting of fermentative casein hydrolysate and 0.6 per cent of lithium chloride when the indicator strains were incubated under definite temperature conditions . The results of the present study and previous studies of the author, as well as the literature data suggested that the ability to synthesize the inhibitor is a stable feature of the plague causative agent.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1989 Jan, 39(1), 108 - 11
Meeting the regulatory requirements for pharmaceutical production of recombinant DNA derived products; Werner RG et al.; Genetic engineering provides the opportunity for the synthesis of human proteins and derivatives thereof which are of significant value for replacement therapy . However, in addition to genetic engineering an extensive process development has to be carried out in order to establish an economic production process and to guarantee consistently high product quality from batch to batch . This includes the characterization of the production host cell vector construct, the validation of the fermentation and the protein purification process as well as the lyophilization and the reconstitution of the final product . A number of in-process and final product controls have to be established and limits for the specification have to be elaborated to provide consistent product quality . Real time stability data have to be supplied because data from accelerated conditions do not allow extrapolation of the shelf life of proteins . Data obtained from process development and validation of the production process contributes to the preparation of the chemical pharmaceutical dossier and the expert report to be submitted to the regulatory authorities.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1989 Jan, 27(1), 27 - 9
N-nitrosodimethylamine in German beer; Frommberger R; A total of 514 beer samples (called 'first samples'), produced in Baden-Wurttemberg, FRG, between October and December 1987, were analysed for their N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) content . In 302 of the samples NDMA was not detected (less than 0.2 microgram/kg), 191 contained indeterminable traces of NDMA (0.2-less than 0.5 microgram/kg) and 21 samples showed NDMA contents of 0.5 microgram/kg to 1.7 micrograms/kg . The technical threshold value of 0.5 microgram/kg was exceeded by 14 samples . No significant differences in the NDMA content were observed between the different beer types, but beers with a higher malt extract content (strong beer) showed slightly increased average NDMA content . Top fermented pale ale produced from wheat malt showed, as expected, the lowest average NDMA content . For those samples containing greater than 0.5 microgram/kg NDMA an additional sample of the same beer type, but produced some months later (called the 'second sample'), was analysed . The highest content of NDMA found in the second samples was 3.2 micrograms/kg . The average NDMA content of the 514 first samples was 0.16 micrograms/kg and the average daily intake was calculated as 0.1 microgram for men and 0.03 microgram for women . Individual daily intake of NDMA, depending on the amount of beer consumed and the beer type, may reach up to 10 micrograms/person/day.

Biol Met, 1989, 2(2), 83 - 8
A comparison of the effects of chromate, molybdate and cadmium oxide on respiration in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Henderson G; Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on non-fermentable medium was more sensitive to inhibition by chromate than growth on fermentable medium . Chromate was selectively toxic against oxygen uptake in cells grown in non-fermentable medium and also induced petite mutations . CdO demonstrated similar but lesser effects on growth and respiration . However, molybdate had little toxicity to yeast non-fermentable growth and stimulated oxygen uptake in cells grown in fermentable and non-fermentable media . These results suggest that chromate, a carcinogen, may act more directly against the mitochondria of S . cerevisiae than related chemical species, CdO and molybdate.

Braz J Med Biol Res, 1989, 22(12), 1441 - 56
Enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides: substrates for fermentation; Dekker RF; The enzymatic hydrolysis of plant carbohydrate polymers is discussed with particular emphasis on lignocellulose . The polysaccharides include starch, inulin, cellulose and the hemicelluloses, i.e., the heteroxylans and glucomannans . Commercial operations exist for the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and its fermentation into chemicals such as ethanol . Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose is more complex and the enzymes are rather expensive to produce, which currently precludes the commercial processing of lignocellulosic materials . The bioconversion of lignocellulose consists of 4 process steps: pretreatment, enzyme production, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation . Except for the last step, each of these process steps is discussed . The discussion is highlighted with examples of lignocellulosic waste materials (e.g., sugar cane and a hardwood and softwood sawdust) which are of potential use in a bioconversion process for providing sugar hydrolysates that can serve as fermentation substrates.

Adv Biophys, 1989, 25, 1 - 43
Selection and evolution of bacteriophages in cellstat; Husimi Y; Objectives of this work were as follows: 1 . to establish a laboratory experimental system utilizable in a biophysical approach to molecular evolution; and 2 . to provide real world parameters to theories of molecular evolution, especially to Eigen's theory of quasi-species . Secretion type bacteriophage fd of E . coli, closely related phages and artificial chimera phages of fd, and a virulent phage Q beta of E . coli were cultured continuously in a specially designed fermenter called a "cellstat" . A phage is cultured in a flow of host bacterial cells . Due to its high dilution rate, the mutant cell could not be selected in the cellstat . It was therefore recognized that the cellstat is suitable for study of the selection and evolution process of a bacteriophage under well-defined environmental conditions without interference from host cell mutations . Population dynamics of bacteriophages of various types in the cellstat were studied theoretically by computer simulation and experimentally . A genetically invariable pure population of phage behaves like an open non-linear chemical reaction system . An invariable mixed population shows a selection process, while a variable population generates an evolution process . Kinetic constants describing the dynamics were determined by curve fitting between the theoretical and the experimental curve obtained from competition experiments and from biological relaxation experiments . One of the most important kinetic parameters thus obtained was the selection coefficient, and its dependence on the base sequence of phage DNA . We drew a local landscape of the selection coefficient near the fd sequence on the base sequence space . From this landscape we were able to confirm the importance of slightly deleterious mutants in molecular evolution . We also confirmed the possibility of developing an evolutionary molecular engineering using a cellstat as an evolution reactor and fd phage as a working replicon . Novelties of this work were as follows: 1 . the first stable continuous culture of a bacteriophage was achieved with a cellstat; 2 . a local landscape of selection coefficient near the fd sequence on the sequence space was the first experimental drawing of such a map; 3 . a biological relaxation method was realized to measure kinetic constants of a biological kinetic process, or molecular evolution; and 4 . a practical engineering process of evolutionary molecular engineering was proposed.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1989, 28(5), 349 - 400
Nutritional improvement of cereals by fermentation; Chavan JK et al.; Cereal grains form a major source of dietary nutrients for all people, particularly those in the developing countries . However, compared with animal foods, nutritional quality of cereal grains is inferior due to lower protein content, deficiency of certain essential amino acids, lower protein and starch availabilities, and the presence of some antinutritional factors . Fermentation of cereals for a limited period of time improves amino acid composition and vitamin content, increases protein and starch availabilities, and lowers the levels of antinutrients . In this review, the available literature concerning the nutritional improvement of cereals by fermentation has been compiled and is critically analyzed . The traditional foods prepared by fermentation of cereals in different parts of the world are briefly described and future research needs to improve their nutritional contribution are addressed.

Int J Biochem, 1989, 21(9), 983 - 5
Constitutive expression of a native human interferon-alpha 1 gene in Escherichia coli; Ivanov I et al.; 1 . A plasmid for constitutive expression of the human interferon-alpha 1 (hIFN-alpha 1) gene in Escherichia coli is constructed on the basis of the cloning plasmid pBR322 using a strong synthetic promoter, synthetic ribosome binding site and a native hIFN-alpha 1 gene excised from a chromosomal clone . 2 . The yield of recombinant hIFN-alpha 1 from E . coli LE392 cells transformed with the expression plasmid pJP1R9-hIFN-alpha 1 is evaluated to be 2-6 x 10(7) U/l bacterial culture for metabolic shaker and 6-8 x 10(7) U/l for fermentor.

Crit Rev Biotechnol, 1989, 9(1), 1 - 40
Conversion of pentoses to ethanol by yeasts and fungi; Schneider H; Fermentation of D-xylose is of interest in enhancing the yield of ethanol obtainable from lignocellulosic hydrolysates . Such hydrolysates can contain both pentoses and hexoses, and while technology to convert hexoses to ethanol is well established, the fermentation of pentoses had been problematical . To overcome the difficulty, yeasts and fungi have been sought and identified in recent years that can convert D-xylose into ethanol . However, operation of their cultures in the presence of the pentose to obtain rapid and efficient ethanol production is somewhat more complex than in the archetype alcoholic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae on D-glucose . The complexity stems, in part, from the association of ethanol accumulation in cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source with conditions that limit growth, by oxygen in particular, although limitation by other nutrients might also be implicated . Aspects of screening for appropriate organisms and of the parameters that play a role in determining culture variables, especially those associated with ethanol productivity, are reviewed . Performance with D-xylose as sole carbon source, in sugar mixtures, and in lignocellulosic hydrolysates is discussed . A model that involves biochemical considerations of D-xylose metabolism is presented that rationalizes the effects of oxygen on cultures where D-xylose is the sole carbon source, notably effects of the specific rate of oxygen use on the rate and extent of ethanol accumulation . Alternate methods to direct fermentation of D-xylose have been developed that depend on its prior isomerization to D-xylose, followed by fermentation of the pentulose by certain yeasts and fungi . Factors involved in the biochemistry, use, and performance of these methods, which with some organisms involves sensitivity to oxygen, are reviewed.

Arch Microbiol, 1989, 152(1), 83 - 9
Mutations in trans which affect the anaerobic expression of a formate dehydrogenase (fdhF) structural gene; Schlensog V et al.; An operon fusion was constructed in which the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat) is under the transcriptional control of the anaerobically-activated formate dehydrogenase (fdhF) gene promoter . It was used as a screening system for mutations in trans which prevent the formate-dependent anaerobic induction of fdhF gene expression . Five classes of mutants were identified . The defect in class I mutants was complemented by a plasmid (pBA11) or subclones thereof, which harbor genes of the Escherichia coli 58 min hyd (hydrogenase) gene cluster . They may comprise regulatory gene mutants . The phenotype of class II mutants was reversed by supplementing the medium with 100 microM MoO4(2-); WO4(2-) could substitute for MoO4(2-) in restoring anaerobic induction by formate . Similarly, class III mutants were phenotypically suppressed by inclusion of 500 microM Ni2+ in the medium; these mutants were shown to carry a defective fnr gene . The mutant of class IV had a defect in a formate dehydrogenase structural gene and that of class V was unable to grow under fermentative conditions while maintaining the capability to grow anaerobically in the presence of electron acceptors.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1989, 55(2), 99 - 107
The effects of vanadate on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Henderson G et al.; Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on non-fermentable medium was more sensitive to inhibition by vanadate than growth on fermentable medium . The frequency of petite mutants increased in cultures grown for 18 hours in fermentable medium containing vanadate . However, oxygen uptake markedly increased in yeast cultures grown in the presence of vanadate, a similar effect being produced by phosphate . It was also found that oligomycin toxicity was relieved by vanadate . These results suggest that vanadate may interact with the mitochondria of S . cerevisiae.

Ir J Med Sci, 1989 Jan, 158(1), 18 - 9
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 as an enteric pathogen in Irish children; Cryan B; In this study sorbitol MacConkey agar was used to screen E . coli isolated from 894 children with diarrhoea . Thirty-four non-sorbitol fermenters were detected . On serotyping, three organisms belonged to the O157 serogroup . Only one of these possessed the H7 antigen . This organism was a verotoxin producer . These findings suggest that E . coli O157:H7 is an uncommon enteric pathogen in Irish children.

Crit Rev Biotechnol, 1989, 8(4), 275 - 303
Current biotechnological developments in Belgium; Masschelein CA et al.; In recent years, actions have been undertaken by the Belgian government to promote process innovation and technical diversification . Research programs are initiated and coordinated by the study committee for biotechnology setup within the Institute for Scientific Research in Industry and Agriculture (IRSIA) . As a result of this action, the main areas where biotechnological processes are developed or commercially exploited include plant genetics, protein engineering, hybridoma technology, biopesticides, production by genetic engineering of vaccines and drugs, monoclonal detection of human and animal deseases, process reactors for aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment, and genetic modification of yeast and bacteria as a base for biomass and energy . Development research also includes new fermentation technologies principally based on immobilization of microorganisms, reactor design, and optimization of unit operations involved in downstream processing . Food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries are involved in genetic engineering and biotechnology and each of these sectors is overviewed in this paper.

J Bacteriol, 1989 Jan, 171(1), 342 - 8
Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase; Mat-Jan F et al.; Mutants of Escherichia coli deficient in the fermentative NAD-linked lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) have been isolated . These mutants showed no growth defects under anaerobic conditions unless present together with a defect in pyruvate formate lyase (pfl) . Double mutants (pfl ldh) were unable to grow anaerobically on glucose or other sugars even when supplemented with acetate, whereas pfl mutants can do so . The ldh mutation was found to map at 30.5 min on the E . coli chromosome . The ldh mutant FMJ39 showed no detectable lactate dehydrogenase activity and produced no lactic acid from glucose under anaerobic conditions as estimated by in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance measurements . We also found that in wild-type strains the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase was conjointly induced by anaerobic conditions and an acidic pH . Despite previous findings that phosphate concentrations affect the proportion of lactic acid produced during fermentation, we were unable to find any intrinsic effect of phosphate on lactate dehydrogenase activity, apart from the buffering effect of this ion.

Khirurgiia (Sofiia), 1989, 42(6), 28 - 32
{The laser therapy of the regenerative tissue processes in long-term nonhealing postoperative wound dehiscence}; Burgudzhieva T; Clinical studies were performed in 97 complicated operative wounds with partial dehiscences, involving the skin and the subcutaneous connective tissue, and deeper ones reaching the fascia, after gynecological abdominal operations . All complicated operative wounds before prescription of laser therapy were locally treated, without achieving their healing for 10 to 60 days with antibiotic proteolytic ferments, flagyl, Vishnevski's paste and antiseptic dressings . As a result of helium-neon laser therapy with power density 90 mW/cm2 and 70 mW/cm2 healing of these complicated operative wounds occurred in 5 to 18 days (after 5 to 18 irradiations) . The studies showed that laser therapy dose (power density) of 90 mW/cm2 stimulated more effectively the tissue reparatory processes at exposure time of 1.5 min per field.

Acta Vet Hung, 1989, 37(3), 289 - 98
Development of ovine digestive enzymes with special reference to ribonuclease; Baintner K et al.; Twenty Merino lambs of four age groups (1 day, 2, 4 and 7 weeks) and 8 adult Merino wethers were killed . The development of pancreatic and gastrointestinal enzymes was followed by determining RNase, amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and total proteolytic (azocaseinase) activity . Pancreatic protein content, rumen and abomasal pH and abomasal clotting time were also determined . Pancreatic RNase was already present in the newborn lambs and significantly rose in the first 2 weeks of life and before reaching adult values . The increase was more marked and went to higher adult values than in the pig (Baintner and Farkas, 1989) . The time-course resembled that of pancreatic amylase and chymotrypsin; pancreatic trypsin and azocaseinase also showed some similarities, but pancreatic lipase had a different time course . Small intestinal RNase also changed differently; it showed a maximum at 4 weeks and had trends opposite to total proteolytic activity, indicating partial digestion of the enzyme by intestinal proteases . Rumen and caecal RNase activities may be indicative of microbial growth and fermentation rate; they showed mostly opposite tendencies in the two localities . In contrast to the pig (Baintner and Farkas, 1989), pancreatic and small intestinal trypsin:chymotrypsin ratios did not show significant increase during development in sheep.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1989, 43(5), 729 - 32
Investigation of survival time of some poultry mycoplasmas; Simon A et al.; Glucose-fermenting poultry mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma {M.} gallisepticum, M . pullorum, M . gallinaceum, M . gallopavonis) were tested in 2 experiments for their survival time at 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C on 18 different materials used on farms and in hatcheries . All mycoplasmas survived up to 16 days in egg yolk at both temperatures . On other materials, like egg shell, egg white, paper trails, feather, and others mycoplasmas generally survived 2 to 16 days at 20 degrees C . M . gallinaceum and M . gallopavonis proved more resistant to the environment than M . gallisepticum and M . pullorum.

Tierarztl Prax, 1989, 17(4), 353 - 8
{Dysfunction of the esophageal groove ("ruminal drinking") as a complication of neonatal diarrhea in the calf}; Dirr L et al.; It is well documented that the induction of the oesophageal groove reflex in the milk fed calf depends on certain prerequisites: The fluid drunk by the calf must come into contact with the receptors located in the pharynx, it must be consumed voluntarily by the animal without undue disturbances, it should have no offensive smell or taste and the general status of the calf should not be disturbed . When those conditions are not met the oesophageal groove closes incompletely or not at all and the milk flows into the reticulo-rumen . If the milk or any other nutrient solution remains there for a sufficient period of time, the nutrients it contains are subjected to bacterial breakdown . In a study including 249 calves (age less than 14 days) suffering from enteritis catarrhalis acuta it could be demonstrated that no closure of the oesophageal groove occurred in 11.2% of the patients; 11 calves of that group died . The same was probably true for a further 11.8% of the diarrheic calves; 12 of them died . In 37 ruminal drinkers, suffering from neonatal diarrhea (n = 30) or another primary disease (n = 7) the acid status of the rumen fluid could be examined several times . According to the analyses the following types of fermentation could be distinguished: --predominant butyric acid fermentation; --predominant lactic acid fermentation; --"biphasic type": predominant lactic acid fermentation changes to predominant butyric acid fermentation or vice versa . In the milk fed calf suffering from neonatal diarrhea, dysfunction of the oesophageal groove reflex (ruminal drinking) with its consequences (rumen acidosis, dyskeratosis of the ruminal mucosa) can result in a fatal outcome.

Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 1989, 40(2), 131 - 6
{Possibility of potato growing in the central part of the Katowice province in the aspect of population exposure to harmful substances}; Kucharski R et al.; The high consumption of potatoes in Poland may be connected with the risk of introduction of considerable amounts of metals into the organism of humans and animals even in case of low grade contamination of these vegetables . Levels of lead and cadmium were determined in potato samples taken at 16 points in the Province of Katowice . The results of determinations served for estimation of the degree of exposure of the population to these elements . In most samples the concentrations of these metals exceeded the safe level as recommended by the WHO . The content of these metals was determined in whole potatoes, peelings and peeled potatoes, and in the residues after alcoholic fermentation . The obtained results were used for formulation of prophylactic suggestions for reducing the exposure of humans and domestic animals to these metals.

Pharm Acta Helv, 1989, 64(11), 316 - 20
Anti-ulcer activity of procyanidins preparation of water-soluble procyanidin-cimetidine complexes; Vennat B et al.; The anti-ulcer properties of water-soluble procyanidins prepared by fermentation of tannins from Fragaria vesca were studied . Complexes of procyanidins and cimetidine were prepared . The procyanidins increased the water-solubility of the cimetidine and may prevent undesirable nitrosamine formation in the stomach as they block its cyanamide function.

J Basic Microbiol, 1989, 29(7), 469 - 72
Screening of microorganisms for enzyme-inhibiting activities; Angelov T et al.; In the course of a screening for extracellular inhibitors of 8 different proteinases 140 actinomycete and 150 mould strains were examined . 130 fungal and 50 actinomycete strains were similarly tested for the production of extracellular inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and alkaline phosphatase (APh) . Most of the inhibitors found in the culture media of the actinomycete and mould strains were specific against serine proteinases . Inhibitors of DHFR were discovered in the culture media of different actinomycetes and moulds . Inhibiting activities towards APh were found mainly in the fermentation filtrates of the mould strains . The approximate molecular sizes of the active substances were determined by using membrane filtration.

Caries Res, 1989, 23(6), 417 - 22
Comparison of in vivo human dental plaque pH changes within artificial fissures and at interproximal sites; Igarashi K et al.; Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) pH electrodes were used to monitor changes in plaque pH at the base of artificial occlusal surface fissures and at interproximal sites . Bovine enamel was used to construct fissures (1.5 x 0.1 x 1.0 mm) containing a small ISFET electrode . The fissures were fixed to carrier appliances and worn by 4 human volunteers . After plaque accumulation for 4 days changes in pH were monitored by wire telemetry following 1-min rinses with 10% solutions of either sorbitol or sucrose . Results were compared to data obtained from interproximal sites in the same subjects . Responses to sorbitol in the fissure and on the proximal surfaces were minimal and showed no significant difference in minimum pH (5.9 +/- 0.4 and 6.1 +/- 0.3, respectively) and area under pH 7.0 . The response to sucrose at the two sites was very different revealing unique pH profiles which were statistically significantly different with regard to minimum pH (5.0 +/- 0.3, fissure and 4.3 +/- 0.2, proximal) and area under pH 5.7 . Thus, the acidogenic potential of fermentable carbohydrate at two caries-prone sites in the human dentition is significantly different and conclusions based on interproximal telemetry measurements may not be applicable to occlusal surface fissures.

Reprod Nutr Dev, 1989, 29(3), 247 - 57
In vitro study of the effect of different ionophore antibiotics and of certain derivatives on rumen fermentation and on protein nitrogen degradation; Hillaire MC et al.; An in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different ionophore antibiotics and some of their derivatives on rumen fermentation and on the degradation of peanut meal nitrogen . The increase in the production of propionic acid at the expense of acetic acid, observed with lonomycin, nigericin, cationomycin and lysocellin, was identical to that noted with monensin . The decrease in methanogenesis observed in the presence of monensin was also found with cationomycin and lysocellin . With the exception of lysocellin, which greatly reduced protein degradation of peanut meal, and of nigericin, which had no effect on this parameter, the 2 other molecules presented the same action as monensin . The negative effect of monensin on microbial ammonia uptake was demonstrated with the same intensity in the presence of cationomycin; it was slightly higher with nigericin and particularly accentuated with lonomycin and lysocellin . Three ester derivatives of monensin (monensin acetate, monensin propionate and monensin butyrate) had a similar action to that of monensin on the orientation of rumen fermentations . The monensin isobutyrate derivative appeared to be more active than monensin and only weakly altered microbial ammonia uptake . The oxolonomycin and hydroxolonomycin derivatives behaved identically to lonomycin with respect to microbial metabolism and protein nitrogen degradation . Unlike the molecules from which they derive, the deacylated cationomycin and nigericic acid had no effect on the orientation of rumen fermentations . Of the compounds tested and presenting a potential 'growth-promoting action' at least comparable to that of monensin, and which demonstrated lower toxicity on mice, three molecules (oxolonomycin, lysocellin and cationomycin) appeared to present a zootechnical interest as feed additives for growing cattle.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1989 Jan, 43(1), 9 - 15
{The fermentation diagnosis and histologic studies in blood and the liver of surviving rats after 1 and 2 administrations of a median toxic dose of parathion methyl . 2 . Tyrosine aminotransferase and pathologico-morphological findings in the liver}; Sonnenschein P et al.; Tyrosine-amino transferase, an enzyme induced to the liver via glucocorticoids, caused clearly measurable activity rises in either sex, 24 hours after 1 and 2 applications . Increased levels continued to recordable from males on the 3rd day from application, whereas enzyme activities in females had already returned to normal by that time . Histological examination of liver sections, following 1 and 2 applications of parathion methyl (PM), revealed the tissue pattern of clearly manifest toxic hepatosis with detectable mesenchymal reactions . Histologically detectable damage reached its maximum on the 2nd and 3rd days from application . Sex-related differences were not recordable . Damage in response to the 2nd application was characterised by faster mesenchymal activation and higher frequency of cell necroses . The morphological picture of the liver was rated as having returned to normal, 14 days after 1 and 2 applications of PM . These results should not be interpreted as evidence to the involvement of specific, non-cholinergic mechanisms in the processes of damage observed . The alterations might rather be attributed to unspecific disorders in the energy balance or to the effect of "stress" during intoxication.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1989 Jan, 43(1), 1 - 8
{The fermentation diagnosis and histologic studies in blood and the liver of surviving rats after 1 and 2 administrations of a median toxic dose of parathion methyl . 1 . Results of studies on the activities of the plasma enzymes AlAT, AsAT, AP, and gamma-GT}; Sonnenschein P et al.; Clearly pronounced changes in plasma enzyme activities were observed 24 hours after one and two applications of parathion methyl (PM) . The most strongly pronounced rise was in activity of aspartate-amino transferase and was recorded from both sexes . PM application caused sizeable changes in male rats . Comparison between reactions after one and two applications revealed more intensive changes in males after the 1st application . Somewhat larger differences were recordable in some cases between the 1st and 2nd applications . Closer agreement between reaction intensities after the 1st and 2nd PM applications was recordable from female rats . In either sex in response to one single and repeated application parameters returned to normal within nearly one and the same period of time . No secured relationships between activities prior to and after application of PM could be derived from the assays of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) . Both increase and decrease of determined enzyme activities were actually recorded . Activities were highly variable in the control groups . Extreme rises were recordable in some cases from both control and experimental groups . No conclusions so far can be drawn as to "normal values" in rat plasma, possible sex-related differences, and behaviour of enzyme activity in response to one single or repetitive applications . Hence, within common investigations of acute toxicity of alkylphosphates, gamma-GT was found to be not suitable for detection of damage to the liver or other organs.

Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 1989, 87, 213 - 300
The Tenth Frederick H . Verhoeff lecture . What else did 1864 contribute to ophthalmology?
Blodi FC.
In summary we can say that the AOS was founded at a time when ophthalmology established itself as an independent scientific medical specialty . A hundred years earlier, in 1750, ophthalmology became an independent surgical specialty when Jacques Daviel of Marseille had begun extracting a cataract instead of merely couching or dislocating the lens . Now in the middle of the 19th century a new era dawned on the ophthalmic horizon . An era which Julius Hirschberg calls "the reform of ophthalmology." It was effected mainly by a group of unusual, gifted and genial scholars . Hermann v . Helmholtz, who not only invented the ophthalmoscope, but established with his handbook physiologic optics as an advanced, sophisticated branch of optics and mathematics; F.C . Donders, who put refraction, refractive errors and accommodation on a sound scientific footing, the great A . v . Graefe, who contributed so much to the concept and treatment of glaucoma, to strabismus, to various diseases of the fundus, to neuro-ophthalmology and to many other fields and finally William Bowman, the great investigator, clinician and surgeon . It was during this time of reform, of fermentation, of maturation, that a group of farsighted American ophthalmologists decided to establish a society to further the aims and objectives of our specialty in America . The time was right; the effort succeeded and our society developed into one of the decisive forces of American ophthalmology . I hope that my address has met the objectives which I had outlined earlier: To present and illuminate the circumstances and external conditions which were effective in 1864 when our society was founded . At the same time I hope I have done justice to the memory of this outstanding American ophthalmologist, Frederick Verhoeff, who contributed so much to the American Ophthalmological Society . On this the quasquicentennial jubilee of the AOS we find the Society healthy and flourishing . May it continue as an association of the most prominent and most promising American ophthalmologists who consider the practice of our specialty a scholarly profession and not a mercenary trade . I can only conclude with wishing the AOS a happy birthday, many successful returns, ad multos annos!

Revis Biol Celular, 1989, 21, 305 - 19
Proteolytic catabolite inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Holzer H; Fermentable sugars, when added to cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing on a non-fermentable carbon source, cause repression of the synthesis of certain enzymes ("catabolite repression") and in addition inactivation of a smaller group of enzymes ("catabolite inactivation") . Enzymes for which "catabolite inactivation" has been observed are listed herein . In five cases, it has been shown that the mechanism of catabolite inactivation is proteolytic in nature . Our present knowledge on the conditions and the mechanisms of initiation of inactivation and the biological significance of the proteolytic inactivation is summarized for these five enzymes: cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase I, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and isocitrate lyase . With the exception of aminopeptidase I, these enzymes are key enzymes of gluconeogenesis in S . cerevisiae . It is obvious that gluconeogenesis is no longer necessary, if a fermentable carbon source is available.

J Basic Microbiol, 1989, 29(9), 623 - 39
Microbial synthesis of metabolites with antihypertensive activity: aspects of fermentation derived inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); Manthey A et al.; In this review the microbial angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are described . Especially from the microbiological point of view the characteristics of these metabolites are given, e.g . occurrence, fermentation physiology and specificity . Besides these data, the structure, assays and some isolation problems are summarised . Apart from ACE inhibition the different biological activities of these secondary metabolites are discussed.

Biosystems, 1989, 23(1), 53 - 64
Biology of gut anaerobic fungi; Bauchop T; The obligately anaerobic nature of the gut indigenous fungi distinguishes them from other fungi . They are distributed widely in large herbivores, both in the foregut of ruminant-like animals and in the hindgut of hindgut fermenters . Comparative studies indicate that a capacious organ of fermentative digestion is required for their development . These fungi have been assigned to the Neocallimasticaceae, within the chytridiomycete order Spizellomycetales . The anaerobic fungi of domestic ruminants have been studied most extensively . Plant material entering the rumen is rapidly colonized by zoospores that attach and develop into thalli . The anaerobic rumen fungi have been shown to produce active cellulases and xylanases and specifically colonise and grow on plant vascular tissues . Large populations of anaerobic fungi colonise plant fragment in the rumens of cattle and sheep on high-fibre diets . The fungi actively ferment cellulose which results in formation of a mixture of products including acetate, lactate, ethanol, formate, succinate, CO2 and H2 . The properties of the anaerobic fungi together with the extent of their populations on plant fragments in animals on high-fibre diets indicates a significant role for the fungi in fibre digestion.

Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 1989, 39(1), 45 - 51
Relationship between dietary fiber levels and protein digestibility in selected foods as determined in rats; Mongeau R et al.; Samples of 15 food products and feces obtained by feeding them to rats were analysed for dietary fiber fractions . The food products were added as the sole source of protein in 8% protein diets, making up 8.8-51.6% of the diets . Diets were supplemented with 0.54-5.00% purified cellulose to make them more comparable in total fiber . Fiber analyses of food products revealed that the protein sources provided 0.06-7.27% total dietary fiber . The true protein digestibility in rats was negatively correlated with the total food fiber level (r = -0.69, P less than 0.01) or with the food cellulose level (r = -0.82, P less than 0.01) but it was positively correlated (r = +0.81, P less than 0.01) with the purified cellulose level . No relationship was found between protein digestibility and fiber fermentability . Results indicate that several food fiber fractions and possibly associated substances influenced protein digestibility . Purified cellulose did not have the same physiological behavior as food cellulose from the viewpoint of protein digestibility and fiber fermentability.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1989 Jan, 24(1), 103 - 9
Inhibition of starch absorption by dietary fibre . A comparative study of wheat bran, sugar-beet fibre, and pea fibre; Hamberg O et al.; The effect of dietary fibre on starch absorption was investigated in 8 healthy subjects . Amounts of starch escaping small-bowel absorption was assessed by comparison of breath H2 excretion after test meals and after lactulose (10g) . After ingestion of bread made from 100g of wheat flour increases in H2 excretion occurred in all subjects; the calculated fractions of unabsorbed starch ranged from 4% to 17% (median, 8%) . Concurrent ingestion of this bread with either wheat bran, sugar-beet fibre, or pea fibre increased the fraction of unabsorbed starch to 12.5% (5-22%) (p less than 0.05), 12.5% (5-20%) (p less than 0.01), and 12% (5-27%) (p less than 0.01), respectively . Bread made from 100 g of low-gluten wheat flour only escaped small-bowel absorption in three subjects with a maximal fraction of 6% (p less than 0.05) . All three fibres decreased mouth-to-caecum transit time . We conclude that the dietary fibres used in this impaired the absorption of wheat starch and thereby increased the amount of starch-derived carbohydrate available for colonic fermentation.

Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med, 1989, 122, 333 - 40
{Possibilities of using biophysical methods of investigation (superweak radiation of tissues) in the ORL area}; Navratil J et al.; Modern biophysical methods allow an insight into the cell metabolism in healthy and in pathological states . With the help of special instruments for measurements of superweak, spontaneous metabolic radiation, we have measured the bioluminiscence of various tissue samples from the ORL region . The energy for superweak radiation is provided by the process of non-fermentative oxidation of tissue lipids, the intensity of superweak radiation is directly related to the intensity of oxidation . Superweak radiation is inherent to all the tissues of the organism but it does not show a direct relationship to the intensity of cell division . The wave lengths of superweak radiation are 360-800 nm on the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum . We found that the intensity of radiation differs with the various types of pathological changes in tissues . On the basis of the results of our studies, we tried to determine the partical utilization of measurements of superweak radiation of tissue samples from the ORL region . The measurements will be useful to make the indication for tonsillectomy more precise and to determine the biological activity of malignomas.

Nahrung, 1989, 33(10), 983 - 8
The fate of aflatoxins during the production of "Ogiri", a West African fermented melon seed condiment from artificially contaminated seeds; Ogunsanwo BM et al.; Twenty-six market samples and four laboratory-prepared samples of "ogiri" were screened for aflatoxin contamination . Aflatoxins were not detected in any of the samples . The fermented product (ogiri) was prepared with Aspergillus flavus-contaminated melon seeds . Losses of 64.7% aflatoxin B1 and 82.9% aflatoxin G1 were observed at the end of the third day of fermentation of the ground melon seeds . The samples were completely detoxified at the fourth day of fermentation . Increase in pH of the mash from 6.2 to 7.2 was observed during fermentation.

C R Acad Sci III, 1989, 309(14), 593 - 7
{Contamination of fermented milk products by proinflammatory autacoid paf-acether}; Denizot Y et al.; Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) is one of the most potent inflammatory mediators synthesized by and acting on most inflammatory cells . It also displays potent immunoregulatory properties . Two metabolic steps are involved in its biosynthesis: the action of a phospholipase A2 on membrane alkyl-acyl (long chain) phospholipids with choline polar head results in the production of lyso paf-acether, and acetylation of the lyso compound by an acetyltransferase yields the biologically active molecule . Recently we showed that E . coli and other bacteria are able to produce paf-acether using exogenous lyso paf-acether . This finding prompted us to search for the presence of paf-acether in fermented milk products . The fraction corresponding to paf-acether isolated from milk exhibited the same physicochemical and biological characteristics as synthetic paf-acether and that from eukaryotic cells . The presence of a biologically active phospholipid in fermented products may bring new perspectives with respect to the study of gastrointestinal diseases as well as the putative immunostimulating effect of yogurt.

Public Health Rep, 1989 Jan-Feb, 104(1), 54 - 8
The presence-absence coliform test for monitoring drinking water quality; Rice EW et al.; The concern for improved monitoring of the sanitary quality of drinking water has prompted interest in alternative methods for the detection of total coliform bacteria . A simplified qualitative presence-absence test has been proposed as an alternate procedure for detecting coliform bacteria in potable water . In this paper data from four comparative studies were analyzed to compare the recovery of total coliform bacteria from drinking water using the presence-absence test, the multiple fermentation tube procedure, and the membrane filter technique . The four studies were of water samples taken from four different geographic areas of the United States: Hawaii, New England (Vermont and New Hampshire), Oregon, and Pennsylvania . Analysis of the results of these studies were compared, based upon the number of positive samples detected by each method . Combined recoveries showed the presence-absence test detected significantly higher numbers of samples with coliforms than either the fermentation tube or membrane filter methods, P less than 0.01 . The fermentation tube procedure detected significantly more positive samples than the membrane filter technique, P less than 0.01 . Based upon the analysis of the combined data base, it is clear that the presence-absence test is as sensitive as the current coliform methods for the examination of potable water . The presence-absence test offers a viable alternative to water utility companies that elect to use the frequency-of-occurrence approach for compliance monitoring.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1989 Jan, 42(1), 14 - 7
Myxochelin A, a new iron-chelating compound from Angiococcus disciformis (Myxobacterales) . Production, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties; Kunze B et al.; Myxochelin A, a new catechole siderophore, was isolated from the culture broth of the myxobacterium, Angiococcus disciformis strain An d30 . As is the case with other iron-chelating compounds the production of myxochelin A could be markedly increased up to 44 mg/liter by fermentation at low iron concentrations (10(-7) M FeCl3) . The new substance showed weak activity against some bacteria.

Chin J Biotechnol, 1989, 5(4), 241 - 51
On-line identification of the state and parameters for fed-batch penicillin fermentation process; Jin S et al.; A mathematical model with noises which is suitable for penicillin fed-batch fermentation in factory has been presented . By taking the carbon dioxide production rate as an online measured variable, an extended Kalman filter (EKF) was used for the real-time identification of the state and parameters . The study offers a basis for the adaptive optimal control of fermentation processes . It is shown that the estimated values of state by EKF coincide with the experimental data . The results prove that the filter is a better online observer for the state of fermentation process and dynamical parameters.

Chin J Biotechnol, 1989, 5(4), 203 - 11
Effect of pH value and dissolved oxygen concentration on expression of hepatitis B surface antigen by genetically engineered yeast in fermentation processes; Shi YA et al.; Both cell growth and expression of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) interact with each other in fermentation to produce exogenous protein HBsAg by genetically engineered yeast, S . cerevisiae, which contains the HBsAg gene . Since both processes required proper pH values in order to improve the overall yield, a suitable pH value sequence was determined . It is important that dissolved oxygen concentration in fermentation should be controlled to maintain the stability of recombinant plasmids and to obtain the high HBsAg expression . When the concentration of dissolved oxygen was controlled at 70% saturation, the stability of recombinant plasmid was maintained at 73%, and the relative concentration of HBsAg expression was found to be 98.6.

Chin J Biotechnol, 1989, 5(3), 149 - 55
Effects of culture medium composition and temperature on hepatitis B surface antigen expression by recombinant yeast in fermentation processes; Shi Y et al.; Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, an exogenous protein) was produced by fermenting recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the HBsAg gene . The relative HBsAg concentrations increased from 3.89 to 8.12 when glucose content was reduced and the culture medium was supplemented with glycerol and sucrose; specific activity also increased by a factor of 2.69 . The temperature variation sequence for fermentation processes was established from experimental results . The amount of HBsAg gene expressed reached 13.51 in relative concentration terms . The stability of the recombinant plasmid containing the HBsAg gene was studied by the varying fermentation temperatures in a fed-batch process . There was a conversion activity distribution for the yeast containing the exogenous DNA, which affected HBsAg production by the genetically engineered yeast in fermentation processes.

J Invest Surg, 1989, 2(3), 227 - 40
An assessment of prolonged reactivity of seven monoclonal antibodies against CX-1 tumor xenografts using a hand-held gamma-detecting probe; Nieroda CA et al.; The biodistribution and kinetics of 7 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with known reactivity against CX-1 tumor were examined over 21 days using a hand-held gamma-detecting probe (Neoprobe system) . Twenty-eight immuno-deprived (athymic) nude mice implanted with human colon adenocarcinoma CX-1 xenografts were injected intraperitoneally with 50 microCi of 125I-labeled antibodies (4 mice/antibody) . Of the 7 monoclonal antibodies, 4 were anti-CEA (MA, MB, MC, and MD), 2 were anti-TAG 72 (B72.3 NCI and B72.3 fermented) and one was anti-colorectal cancer (17-1A) . Daily probe counts were recorded in duplicate over the tumor site and the contralateral nontumor site (background), and tumor-to-background (Tu/Bkg) ratios were calculated . Animals were sacrificed on day 21, and blood, heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, intestine, muscle, and the tumor were removed for gamma well counting . All antibodies identified the tumor as early as 24 h postinjection and specific tumor localization improved over time . Patterns of prolonged tumor binding varied considerably from one antibody to another, although all but one (MB) showed continuously increasing Tu/Bkg ratios . These data indicate progressive clearance of the antibodies from the background tissue and a persistence of labeled MAb activity in tumor resulting in improved tumor localization with increasing postinjection time.

Aust J Biotechnol, 1989 Jan, 3(1), 50 - 5
The role of cell immobilization in fermentation technology; Webb C; The distinction between immobilized cell fermentation and immobilized cell biocatalysis is seldom made, though they are conceptually quite different . Unlike immobilized enzyme systems, immobilized viable cells can be used to carry out conventional fermentations . Microbial cells which would otherwise be freely dispersed (in almost colloidal suspension) within the fermentation environment can be encouraged to become attached in some way to a support (carrier), thus producing a discrete particulate solid phase . Such immobilization offers several potential advantages of a process engineering nature to the fermentation system . These include ease of handling and of cell separation, and lowering of bulk viscosity, as well as the obvious potential benefits of increased cell concentration.

Ann Ig, 1989 Jan-Apr, 1(1-2), 17 - 44
{Current and future prospects concerning the prevention of dental caries}; Simonetti D'Arca A et al.; Caries is a disease which on the basis of numerous epidemiological data it should be possible to control . The preventive interventions which have proved to have the greatest effect on the diffusion of this disease are essentially: fluoroprophylaxis, oral hygiene, food hygiene and periodic dental examination . The common denominator, which has the greatest effect on success, is a good level of health education of the populations affected by the programme, with specific reference to the teeth . The importance of the diet as a possible element predisposing to caries is an ascertained fact by now, and in fact it is well known that the greatest cariogenic effect is achieved after eating foods containing large quantities of fermentable sugars at irregular intervals throughout the day, especially in the form of products of high density and viscosity . The proposal to replace sugar with substitutive sweeteners such as: xilitol, sorbitol, licasin, talin, palatinit and, more recently, aspartame does not completely solve the problem; and apart from this the clearcut reduction of caries achieved in different European and non-European countries does not appear to be directly connected with a drop in sugar consumption, while more and more importance is ascribed to individual food choices . Oral hygiene procedures aim not only at the cleaning of teeth but also, to some extent, controlling the bacterial plaque . For this reason these are sometimes included among anticaries interventions; however opinions differ in this regard, with a clear prevalence of negative views . The question changes radically if we combine with mechanical procedures alone the use of fluoride-based toothpastes, which are recognised, in combination with other interventions, as playing a fundamental role in the rapid decline of caries in industralised countries . Toothpaste is considered as an excellent vehicle for the topical application of fluoride since it comes into contact with the teeth is slight concentrations only (of about 20 p.p.m.) but at high frequency, the latter constituting a decisive factor for the success of prevention . Furthermore, especially in the case of small children, it acts not only topically but also at systemic level, since in fact part of the toothpaste is swallowed, with consequent passing of the fluoride into the circulation . Undoubtedly the most valid anticaries prophylaxis is fluoroprophylaxis which may be achieved following different methods . Fluoration of water is the most widespread form of administration of fluoride systemically and also the most appropriate since it supplies small but continuous doses of fluoride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Dev Biol Stand, 1989, 70, 223 - 6
Experience with production of interferon and Japanese encephalitis vaccine in continuous cell lines; Peiwei G et al.; Two continuous cell lines, lymphoblastoid cell (Namalwa) and BHK-21, were studied for production of interferon and Japanese Encephalitis vaccine . Lymphoblastoid cells (Namalwa) were induced with 100 HAU/ml of Sendai virus while the cell density was 10(7) cells/ml . A titre of Ig 4.0-5.01 U/ml interferon was obtained at 16-18 hours after induction . A semi-continuous production technique was established in a fermentor . Thirty days of cell cultivation and induction was carried out continuously with a regular production of interferon . The crude lymphoblastoid interferon was purified with precipitation with trichloro-acetic acid, buffer solution treatment and blue-sepharose chromatography . The specific activity reached 10(6)-10(7) I.U/mg . No residual DNA was detected in the purified interferon . Four malignant tumour patients were treated with lymphoblastoid interferon . The preliminary result of the clinical trial was encouraging . BHK-21 C13 cell was tested for the karyological characteristics and its sensitivity to Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus . No karyological change was observed after 52 passages . After infection of the monolayer cell culture with JE virus, a typical cytopathic effect (CPE) was observed . The virus titre in the maintenance medium rose gradually while the CPE developed and more than log TCID50 7.0/0.1 ml could be obtained . After inactivation with 1:2000 formalin, a vaccine of high potency was successfully produced . It is expected that a suspension culture technique using a fermentor will give a higher titre of virus . A large scale production of inactivated vaccine will be succeeded when the characterization of BHK-21 C13 cell line and purification procedure are standardized.

J Invest Dermatol, 1989 Jan, 92(1), 18 - 21
Large-scale cultivation of human melanocytes using collagen-coated Sephadex beads (cytodex 3); Smit NP et al.; Pure melanocytes were obtained from the epidermis of human foreskin by a modification of a previously described method in which geneticin was added for selective killing of fibroblasts . Purity of the culture was confirmed by light and electron microscopy and by the use of a monoclonal antibody NKI-beteb, which is specific for a vesicular membrane antigen present on melanocytes . Melanocytes were tested for their affinity to several microcarriers . They attached to cytodex 1 and 3 and dorma cell, but they did not attach to glass and gelatin beads . The best results were obtained with cytodex 3 . After an almost immediate and total attachment of melanocytes a fourfold to fivefold increase in cell number was achieved on this microcarrier within 3 weeks . With the results obtained, it seems that the collagen-coated cytodex 3 microcarrier surface supports the growth of melanocytes . Preliminary results obtained with a microcarrier cell culture fermenter clearly indicate that the large-scale cultivation of normal human melanocytes in such an automated system is possible.

Eur J Biochem, 1988 Dec 15, 178(2), 451 - 7
Yeast adenylate kinase is active simultaneously in mitochondria and cytoplasm and is required for non-fermentative growth; Bandlow W et al.; Displacement of the single copy structural gene for yeast adenylate kinase (long version) by a disrupted nonfunctional allele is tolerated in haploid cells . Since adenylate kinase activity is a pre-requisite for cell viability, the survival of haploid disruption mutants is indicative of the presence of an adenylate kinase isozyme in yeast, capable of forming ADP from AMP and, thus, of complementing the disrupted allele . The phenotype of these disruption mutants is pet, showing that complementation occurs only under fermentative conditions . Even on glucose, growth of the disruption mutants is slow . Adenylate kinase activity is found both in mitochondria and cytoplasm of wild type yeast . The disruption completely destroys the activity in mitochondria, whereas in the cytoplasmic fraction about 10% is retained . An antibody raised against yeast mitochondrial adenylate kinase recognizes cross-reacting material both in mitochondria and cytoplasm of the wild type, but fails to do so in each of the respective mutant fractions . The data indicate that yeast adenylate kinase (long version, AKY2) simultaneously occurs and is active in mitochondria and cytoplasm of the wild type . Nevertheless, it lacks a cleavable pre-sequence for import into mitochondria . A second, minor isozyme, encoded by a separate gene, is present exclusively in the cytoplasm.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1988 Dec, 33(12), 891 - 5
{Controlled search for the producers of ionophore antibiotics among Streptomycetes}; Drobysheva TN et al.; A procedure was developed for directed screening of cultures producing ionophore antibiotics among streptomycetes . The procedure is based on measuring the membrane potential generated in the presence of the Men+/nH+ = -expchanger-protonophore couple . It provided isolation of cultures producing ionophore antibiotics at the fermentation broth stage . It was possible to use the procedure in screening both electrogenic and nonelectrogenic ionophores and to rapidly differentiate them . 5 cultures producing ionophore antibiotics were detected with this procedure; 3 of them carry out nonelectrogenic transport of the cations . The cation transport in the other two cultures was electrogenic . Cation selectivity of the antibiotics produced by the cultures was determined with the procedure . An antibiotic identical to indanomycin was isolated from the culture fluid of Streptomyces chromogenes.

J Dairy Sci, 1988 Dec, 71(12), 3310 - 22
Evaluation of calcium lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal as a source of rumen protected protein for dairy cattle; Windschitl PM et al.; Four Holstein cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulae were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to measure ruminal protein degradation and small intestinal digestion of diets containing untreated soybean meal or soybean meal treated with heat and either water, xylose, or calcium lignosulfonate . Diets consisting of 40% corn silage, 10% alfalfa cubes, and 50% grain mix, and averaging 16.8% crude protein (DM basis) were fed four times daily . Approximately 50% of the total dietary protein was supplied by the respective soybean meal source . Ruminal protein degradation was 70.6, 69.6, 55.8, and 53.7% for diets containing untreated soybean meal, water-soybean meal, xylose-soybean meal, and calcium lignosulfonate-soybean meal, respectively . Duodenal non-NH3 N flow (g/d) and absorption of non-NH3 N (g/d) in the small intestine were generally not affected by treatment . Duodenal bacterial N flow (g/d) was lower with xylose-soybean meal and lignosulfonate-soybean meal than with untreated soybean meal . Treatment of soybean meal with xylose or calcium lignosulfonate was successful in decreasing ruminal protein degradation . However, it may be necessary to include a source of readily fermentable N in diets that contain protected proteins in order to supply adequate NH3 N for microbial protein synthesis.

J Dairy Sci, 1988 Dec, 71(12), 3267 - 73
Sodium-dependent L-lactate uptake by bovine intestinal brush border membrane vesicles; Wolffram S et al.; In ruminants, intestinal digesta can contain considerable amounts of lactic acid derived from ingestion of lactic acid-containing feed and from production of lactic acid during ruminal digestion of readily fermentable carbohydrates . The aim of the present study was to investigate L-lactate transport across the bovine intestinal brush border membrane . The experiments were performed using isolated brush border membrane vesicles from the midjejunum of heifers . The results demonstrate the existence of Na+-stimulated L-lactate uptake by the brush border membrane vesicles . Acetate, propionate, and butyrate strongly inhibited Na+-dependent L-lactate transport . Acetate caused a 58% inhibition, whereas propionate and butyrate completely inhibited Na+-dependent uptake . Kinetic evaluation of L-lactate uptake in the presence or absence of extravesicular butyrate suggests a competitive inhibition by butyrate . Among the phenolic acids tested in this study only trans-cinnamic acid caused a significant reduction of L-lactate uptake, whereas cumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid only slightly reduced L-lactate transport . Thus, the L-lactate transporter appears to have some affinity for transcinnamic acid.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Dec, 41(12), 1780 - 4
Aranorosin, a novel antibiotic from Pseudoarachniotus roseus . I . Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, chemical and biological properties; Roy K et al.; A novel antibiotic, aranorosin, was isolated from the fermentation broth of a new fungal isolate identified as Pseudoarachniotus roseus . The antibiotic showed a wide spectrum of activity.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Dec, 41(12), 1774 - 9
L-657,398, a novel antifungal agent: fermentation, isolation, structural elucidation and biological properties; Schwartz RE et al.; L-657,398 is a broad spectrum antifungal agent isolated from solid fermentation or from the mycelium of the liquid fermentation of Aspergillus ochraceus . Structurally, the compound is a novel pyrollidine related to anisomycin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Dec, 41(12), 1769 - 73
Atpenins, new antifungal antibiotics produced by Penicillium sp . Production, isolation, physico-chemical and biological properties; Omura S et al.; Penicillium sp . FO-125, a soil isolate, was found to produce a new antifungal antibiotic complex named atpenin . Three components A4, A5 and B were isolated from the fermentation broth of the producing strain by solvent extraction, silica gel column chromatography and HPLC . The molecular formula of atpenins A4, A5 and B were determined to be C15H22NO5Cl, C15H21NO5Cl2 and C15H23NO5, respectively, on the basis of high resolution electron impact mass spectrometry and elemental analysis . They are active against filamentous fungi, especially, Trichophyton sp.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Dec, 41(12), 1763 - 8
A new antifungal antibiotic, cystargin: fermentation, isolation, and characterization; Uramoto M et al.; A new sulfur-containing peptide antifungal antibiotic, cystargin, was isolated from the fermentation broth of a new species of genus Kitasatosporia, designated as Kitasatosporia cystarginea . On acid hydrolysis, cystargin (C60H77N19O17S6) gave equimolar glycine, proline, aspartic acid and arginine . By performic acid oxidation, cysteic acid was detected after hydrolysis . It showed a growth inhibitory activity against various phytopathogenic fungi and inhibition of beta-1,3-glucan synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1988 Dec, 106(12), 732 - 4
{Ways to prevent the calcification of heart valve bioprostheses}; Barbarash LS et al.; The influence of the method of preservation and application of medicinal preparation xydiphone on the process of calcification of xenograft bioprostheses in a classic model of subcutaneous implantation of bioprosthesis cusps in rats has been studied . It is estimated that fermentative processing does not influence the intensity of calcification, while the immobilization of heparin to tissue decreases the amount of calcium in implants 4.5 times . Combination of heparin immobilization with peroral administration of xydiphone results in summing up of the effects, decreasing the amount of calcium in experimental set of cusps up to the level of nonimplanted ones.

J Pediatr, 1988 Dec, 113(6), 979 - 84
Breath hydrogen response to milk containing lactose in colicky and noncolicky infants; Moore DJ et al.; In 122 healthy newborn infants, we studied the relationship between breath hydrogen (H2) production after feedings containing lactose (human milk or commercial formula) in colicky and noncolicky infants at 6 weeks and 3 months . Eighty-three infants (68%) developed colic (mild, moderate, or severe) by 2.6 +/- 1.8 weeks of age (mean +/- SD) . Zero time (baseline) breath H2 values were significantly higher in colicky compared with noncolicky infants at both 6 weeks (40.6 +/- 41.4 vs 14.8 +/- 32.9 ppm) and 3 months (27.7 +/- 38.1 vs 8.5 +/- 18.2 ppm) . There were significantly more positive breath H2 tests in colicky compared with noncolicky infants at 6 weeks (78% vs 36%) and 3 months (89% vs 45%) . Failure to produce H2 throughout the breath H2 test was significantly more frequent in noncolicky compared with colicky infants at 6 weeks (50% vs 18%) and 3 months (43% vs 4%) . These findings remained significant even when infants with mild colic (at 6 weeks and 3 months) were included in the noncolicky group . We conclude that colicky infants produce more breath H2 in the fasting state and in response to feedings containing lactose than noncolicky infants produce . This may represent increased lactose malabsorption, differences in colonic bacterial fermentation conditions, or differences in the handling of colonic gas produced.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1988 Dec, 38(4), 852 - 64
Development of an infant food product based on fermented milk, cereals and soybean; Morales de Leon J et al.; The objective of this work was to develop an infant food product based on yogurt, cereals and soybean . The experimental conditions to obtain the yogurt using milk and lyophylized microorganisms, were: incubation period, 5 hours, a temperature of 41 +/- 1 degree C and innoculum concentration, 3% . Two protein mixtures were prepared: 1) corn-yogurt, with a protein supply relation of 65/35%, and 2) wheat-soy-yogurt with a protein supply relation of 20/60/20%, respectively . The mixtures were fermented during 24 hours at 37 degrees C and spray-dried thereafter . Artificial flavors, sugar and maltodextrins were added to the final product, in order to develop and instant puree . The protein content of the product was 11%, with a net protein utilization (NPU) of 80% in relation to casein . Banana was the most acceptable flavor . This type of product represents an alternative to preserve milk in developing countries, obtaining a suitable baby food product.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1988 Dec, 54(12), 3147 - 55
Nucleotide sequences of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera genes for extracellular beta-glucosidases as expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Machida M et al.; We isolated two genes for extracellular beta-glucosidase, BGL1 and BGL2, from the genomic library of the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera . Gene products (BGLI and BGLII) were purified from the culture fluids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with BGL1 and BGL2, respectively . Molecular weights of BGLI and BGLII were estimated to be 220,000 and 200,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate . The two beta-glucosidases showed the same enzymatic characteristics, such as thermo-denaturation kinetics and dependencies on pH and temperature, but quite different substrate specificities: BGLI hydrolyzed cellobiose efficiently, but BGLII did not . This result is consistent with the observation that the S . cerevisiae transformant carrying BGL1 fermented cellobiose to ethanol but the transformant carrying BGL2 did not . Southern blot analysis revealed that the two beta-glucosidase genes were derived from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and that the nucleotide sequences of the two genes are closely related . The complete nucleotide sequences of the two genes were determined . BGL1 and BGL2 encode 876- and 880-amino-acid proteins which were shown to be highly similar to each other . The putative precursors begin with hydrophobic segments that presumably act as signal sequences for secretion . Amino acid analysis of the purified proteins confirmed that BGL1 and BGL2 encode BGLI and BGLII, respectively.

J Immunol, 1988 Dec 1, 141(11), 4053 - 60
Cloning and high level expression of a chimeric antibody with specificity for human carcinoembryonic antigen; Beidler CB et al.; A mouse/human chimeric antibody has been constructed by using variable light and variable heavy regions from a murine hybridoma specific for human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (CEM231.6.7) . These V regions were combined with kappa and gamma-1 constant region genes cloned from human lymphocytes . The chimeric constructs were sequentially electroporated into murine non-Ig-producing myeloma (P3.653) and hybridoma (SP2/0) cell . Significant differences were seen in expression levels between the two cell types . High levels of expression (24 to 32 micrograms/ml/10(6) cells) were seen with several of the anti-CEA SP2/0 transfectomas but not with the P3.653 cells . The SP2/0 transfectoma lines were adapted to serum-free, chemically defined media and grown in large scale fermentation cultures where they continued to secrete high levels of antibody . The chimeric antibodies remain reactive against human CEA with affinity constants comparable to that of the parental hybridoma antibody . High level expression will make practical the production of chimeric antibodies for in vivo therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

J Gen Microbiol, 1988 Dec, 134 ( Pt 12), 3205 - 11
Role of phospholipid head groups in ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Mishra P et al.; Pre-incubation of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with 2 M-ethanol led to decreased rates of L-alanine uptake, H+ efflux and fermentation rate . However, these responses were modified in yeast cells with altered phospholipid composition . Using L-alanine transport and H+ efflux as indices of ethanol tolerance, it was observed that cells enriched with phosphatidylserine had greater tolerance to ethanol . This resulted from altered charge of membrane phospholipids rather than changes in membrane fluidity . It is suggested that the anion:zwitterion ratio of phospholipids may be one of the important determinants of ethanol tolerance in S . cerevisiae.

Antibiot Khimioter, 1988 Dec, 33(12), 895 - 900
{Various principles of detecting the producers of beta-lactamase inhibitors among soil Actinomycetes}; Kuznetsova OS et al.; Principles of detecting organisms producing beta-lactamase inhibitors among soil actinomycetes were developed . For detecting such cultures it was recommended to use the Gauze agarized medium No . 1 supplemented with beta-lactam antibiotics . Benzylpenicillin proved to be the most efficient . Various liquid fermentation media for detecting the inhibitory activity of soil actinomycetes were compared . Two media were the most favourable i.e . the glucose-yeast medium No . 18/3 and the soybean-glucose medium with Na2SO4 and CoCl2 No . 20/3 . The use of test cultures with relatively low resistance to benzylpenicillin was shown expedient in screening cultures producing beta-lactamase inhibitors . Test cultures with high resistance should be used in more detailed characterization of the selected cultures.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1988 Dec, 159(6), 1509 - 11
Is analysis of vaginal secretions for volatile organic acids to detect bacterial vaginosis of any diagnostic value?
Thomason JL, Gelbart SM, James JA, Edwards JM, Hamilton PR.
A study was undertaken to determine which fermentation products in vaginal secretions serve as the best markers for bacterial vaginosis . Three categories of markers had been previously identified, but due to cost considerations it was necessary to accurately determine if analysis for all three were necessary . With the use of vaginal secretions from well-defined patient populations, we applied gas-liquid chromatography to test for both volatile and nonvolatile acid fermentation products . It was found that only the detection of nonvolatile acids was necessary, because no additional patients with bacterial vaginosis were identified by subsequent analysis of volatile acids . Routine analysis of volatile acids to identify patients with bacterial vaginosis is labor intensive and costly and had no clinical diagnostic value.

J Dairy Sci, 1988 Dec, 71(12), 3334 - 44
Effects of whole cottonseed, niacin, and niacinamide on in vitro rumen fermentation and on lactating Holstein cows; Horner JL et al.; In Experiment 1, effects of whole cottonseed (0, 5, 15, or 30% of the total ration DM) on in vitro ruminal fermentation showed increased ruminal pH and ammonia concentration but lowered microbial protein . Acetic acid concentration was greatest with diets of 15 and 30% whole cottonseed, but propionate and total VFA concentrations were reduced by increasing whole cottonseed from 0 to 30% . In Experiment 2, neither niacin nor niacinamide (0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm) altered substantially fermenter pH or ammonia concentration . Both niacin and niacinamide increased synthesis of microbial protein . Acetate and propionate concentrations were not altered by treatment . Total VFA concentration tended to be lower as concentration of niacin and niacinamide increased . In Experiment 3, 28 Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of supplemental niacin on feed intake, milk yield, and composition . Cows were fed individually complete mixed diets ad libitum containing either: 1) 0; 2) .015; 3) .03; or 4) .06% niacin . There was a trend for lower milk fat test with niacin supplementation . Milk protein percentage was higher without niacin than with niacin at .015 or .03% in the diet, but daily milk and protein yields were higher with .06% versus .015% of niacin . Supplemental niacin did not affect casein nitrogen, lactose or minerals percentage, or concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin.

Arch Latinoam Nutr, 1988 Dec, 38(4), 965 - 78
{The dietary fiber fraction in raw and processed foods}; Nova Derivi SC et al.; The purpose of the present study was to estimate dietary fiber components in raw vegetables and processed by different methods . Samples of 8 raw, 15 boiled, 5 fermented, 5 fried and 2 canned vegetables were analyzed . Results indicated the sample vegetables after being boiled, canned, fermented and fried, presented alterations in the dietary fiber insoluble and soluble components, e.i., by interaction or solubility tending to an increase or decrease of its components . Results obtained in the dietary fiber components of processed vegetables, in the sample analyzed, presented variations among them with the different processing techniques.

Mol Cell Biol, 1988 Dec, 8(12), 5513 - 20
The chromatin structure at the promoter of a glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reflects its functional state; Pavlovic B et al.; The chromatin structure of TDH3, one of three genes encoding glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was analyzed by nuclease digestion . A large hypersensitive region was found at the TDH3 promoter extending from the RNA initiation site at position -40 to position -560 . This hypersensitive domain is nucleosome free and includes all putative cis-acting regulatory DNA elements . It is equally present in cells grown on fermentable as well as nonfermentable carbon sources . In a mutant which lacks the trans-activating protein GCR1 and which as a consequence expresses TDH3 at less than 5% of the wild-type level, the chromatin structure is different . Hypersensitivity between -40 and -370 is lost, due to the deposition of nucleosomes on a stretch that is nucleosome free in wild-type cells . Hypersensitivity is retained, however, further upstream (from -370 to -560) . A similarly altered chromatin structure, as in a ger1 mutant, is found in wild-type cells when they approach stationary phase . This is the first evidence for a growth-dependent regulation of the TDH3 promoter.

Arch Tierernahr, 1988 Dec, 38(12), 1071 - 87
{The significance of fiber for swine nutrition with special reference to HCl-treated straw meal}; Bergner H; The term crude fibre according to the Weend analysis method is insufficient for the nutrition of pigs as it does not comprise pentosanes . During the cooking process they are hydrolysed with diluted acid and do not remain in the crude fibre fraction . As stomach HCl can also hydrolyse pentosane (probably in shorter chains), they are well utilized by the microorganisms in the digestive tract (production of volatile fatty acids) . Cereal bran and straw meal contain a particularly high quota of pentosanes in their fibre . The fibre fraction of the plant materials fulfills several functions in the digestive tract: absorption of water at the hydroxyl groups of cellulose and hemicellulose (higher absorption capacity of the digesta and improved passage rate); formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) by the intestinal bacteria due to the fermentation of pentosanes and cellulose (positive influence of VFA on the mucosa of the intestinal walls); absorption of protein decomposition products (including amines) in the cavities of native plant scaffold substances and absorption of aromatic toxic substances (tyramine, phenol, cresol, tryptamine, indole, skatole, histamine etc.) in the lignin by means of VAN DER WAALS forces and further transport of the toxic substances until they are excreted in faeces . HCl treated straw meal is either a mixture of HCl and straw meal at a ratio of 20 kg half concentrated HCl (17% HCl) and 100 kg straw meal with or without heat treatment (steaming for ca . 30 min) . The unsteamed product is called HCl straw meal, the steamed product partly hydrolysed straw meal (PHS) . 5-10% HCl--straw meal was successfully used in the rearing of piglets after weaning . In addition to the above-mentioned significance of the scaffold substances for the digestive tract, the HCl improved the pH status in the stomach and the upper region of the small intestine . PHS neutralized with CaCO3 (up to pH 6-7) is suitable for breeding sows, boars, young sows and fattening pigs . PSM contains 25% reducing substances (reducing sugars) in the DM and serves the intestinal bacteria in the production of VFA . In the feeding of breeding sows in the phase of gestation 20-30% of the DM intake could be covered by PSM . The number of viable and rearable piglets was significantly higher than after conventional feeding . HCl--SM and PSM also provide advantages with regard to hygiene . They are not congested by fungi and can well be stored without neutralization.

J Nutr, 1988 Dec, 118(12), 1482 - 6
Availability of cereal fructans and inulin in the rat intestinal tract; Nilsson U et al.; The fate of cereal fructans and inulin in the gastrointestinal tract was investigated by using a rat model . Male Wistar rats received diets containing 5.0% of a preparation of cereal fructans or 4.7 or 9.4% inulin . Each diet was tested with or without Nebacitin, an antibiotic drug given to suppress the intestinal microflora . The availability of fructans in the upper gastrointestinal tract was calculated from the recovery in feces in Nebacitin-treated rats . Animals receiving cereal fructans developed diarrhea, which made it impossible to measure the bioavailability of this substrate . With inulin, the extent of digestion and absorption appeared to be 18-26% . This might, at least to some degree, be explained by hydrolysis by gastric juice in the stomach . Thus, in an in vitro assay, mild acid hydrolysis (0.05 M HCl, 37 degrees C, 120 min) converted about 8% of inulin to free fructose . The apparent digestibility of the fructans was calculated from its recovery in feces from untreated rats . Only minute amounts of fructans could be detected, hence, cereal fructans as well as inulin reaching the hindgut appeared to be almost completely fermentable.

J Immunol Methods, 1988 Nov 10, 114(1-2), 115 - 9
Indicator cell lines for the detection of hidden mycoplasma contamination, using an adenosine phosphorylase screening test; Spierenburg GT et al.; Mycoplasmas are a major cause of cell culture contamination and are especially troublesome during HAT selection . The enzyme adenosine phosphorylase (adoP) is present in all common mycoplasma species but is considered to have a low activity in mammalian cells . However, using an adoP screening test, we have observed that some cell cultures do possess an intrinsic adoP activity leading to false positive results . Moreover, as a false negative result, we encountered a variant of Mycoplasma orale (identified after cultivation on agar and immunostaining) which was not detectable with the adoP screening in cell culture supernatants and only at low levels in cell lysates . To increase the low signal/noise adoP ratio found there, we used an indicator cell line with low intrinsic activity . Indicator cells were inoculated with the test supernatant and the adoP activity of these infected cells were measured after lysis . The procedure diminished the effect of biological variation in intrinsic enzyme activity between the several cell lines tested . Furthermore, in another mycoplasma infected cell line (with M . fermentans), this infection was only reliably detected using these indicator cells . With this procedure we obtained rapid results which were concordant with those obtained using the time consuming cultivation on agar.

J Clin Microbiol, 1988 Nov, 26(11), 2439 - 40
Evidence for a feline reservoir for dysgonic fermenter 2 keratitis; Paton BG et al.; A 78-year-old female developed microbial keratitis from which corneal scrapings grew dysgonic fermenter 2 . The infection initially responded poorly to a combination of topical antibiotics and corticosteroids but healed with intensive antibiotic therapy . There was no systemic predisposition to infection, and only feline exposure had occurred . Close association with a cat probably contaminated the eye.

J Anim Sci, 1988 Nov, 66(11), 2937 - 47
Influence of methionine derivatives on effluent flow of methionine from continuous culture of ruminal bacteria; Windschitl PM et al.; Two separate studies were conducted using a continuous culture fermenter system to determine effects of supplementing D,L-methionine and various methionine derivatives on degradation of methionine by ruminal bacteria . A basal diet containing 20% alfalfa hay, 20% corn silage and 60% grain mix (DM basis) was provided at a rate of 75 g DM/d per fermenter and served as an unsupplemented control in both experiments . In Exp . 1, methionine sources included D,L-methionine, D,L-methionine hydantoic acid, D,L-methionine hydantoin, N-acetyl-D,L-methionine, methylthio-isobutyric acid, methylthio-propionic acid and D,L-methionine sulfoxide . These sources were added directly to fermenters twice daily and supplied an equivalent of 98 mg/d D,L-methionine (.13% of diet DM) and 21 mg/d S . Effluent methionine flow from fermenters was higher (P less than .05) with diets supplemented with D,L-methionine hydantoic acid (245 mg/d), D,L-methionine hydantoin (245 mg/d) and N-acetyl-D,L-methionine (270 mg/d) than with control (211 mg/d) or D,L-methionine (211 mg/d) treatments, indicating a lower ruminal bacterial degradation of these methionine derivatives . There were no major effects on bacterial fermentation due to methionine supplementation or source . In Exp . 2, methionine sources included D,L-methionine, methionine hydroxy analog and N-hydroxymethyl-D,L-methionine; these were mixed with the basal diet to provide an equivalent of 250 mg/d D,L-methionine (.33% of diet DM) . Sodium sulfate was added to the control diet to attain equal S (54 mg/d) levels across treatments . Flow of methionine was not affected (P greater than .05) by methionine supplementation, indicating extensive degradation of all three methionine sources by ruminal bacteria.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1988 Nov, 54(11), 2619 - 24
Sensitivity of ruminal microorganisms to pentachlorophenol; Yokoyama MT et al.; Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is used extensively as a biocidal agent, and there is considerable concern about the adverse effects of this compound in biological ecosystems . The effects of PCP on the growth and fermentative activity of cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms and the sensitivity of 14 ruminal bacterial species to PCP in pure culture were examined in this study . Increasing concentrations of PCP (9.4 to 375.4 microM) depressed growth and propionate concentrations in cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms . Wide differences in the sensitivities of ruminal bacterial strains to various concentrations of PCP were observed . Cellulolytic strains were highly sensitive to PCP, while amylolytic, sugar-utilizing, and intermediate acid-utilizing strains were more resistant . Growth of major succinate-producing strains was depressed by PCP . Strains which depend on substrate level phosphorylation appeared to be more resistant . The data suggest that the adverse effects of PCP on ruminal microorganisms may be the result of its role as both an uncoupler of electron transport and a protonophore.

Gut, 1988 Nov, 29(11), 1539 - 43
Short chain fatty acid distributions of enema samples from a sigmoidoscopy population: an association of high acetate and low butyrate ratios with adenomatous polyps and colon cancer; Weaver GA et al.; We investigated the distribution of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in enema samples taken from subjects before sigmoidoscopy as an indicator of possible microbial community differences between subjects subsequently diagnosed as normal or having colonic disorders . The major SCFA in all groups were acetic, propionic, and butyric acids . A significantly higher ratio of acetate to total SCFA and lower ratio of butyrate to total SCFA was found for polyp-colon cancer subjects than for normal subjects . There were no significant differences in the ratios of acetate, propionate, or butyrate between the diverticulosis or inflammatory bowel groups and the normal group . There were no significant sex differences nor were there correlations with the ratios of acetate, propionate or butyrate and age, subject weight, or dry weights of samples . Significant differences in concentrations of individual acids were found between normal and certain diagnostic groups . The difference in proportions of individual SCFA between groups suggest differences in fermentation patterns of the colonic microflora.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Nov, 41(11), 1525 - 32
Novel antifungal antibiotics octacosamicins A and B . I . Taxonomy, fermentation and isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities; Dobashi K et al.; Two antifungal antibiotics octacosamicins A and B were isolated from the culture broth of a strain of actinomycetes, which was identified as a strain of Amycolatopsis . These antibiotics were isolated by resin adsorption and purified by column chromatography and preparative HPLC . Both antibiotics were found to be new substances from their physico-chemical properties . They showed broad antifungal spectra.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1988 Nov 1, 266(2), 592 - 606
An in vivo 1H and 31P NMR investigation of the effect of nitrate on hypoxic metabolism in maize roots; Fan TW et al.; The effect of nitrate on the short-term hypoxic response and recovery of flooded mature maize roots has been investigated in vivo by 1H and 31P NMR and in vitro by 1H NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . Employing 1H NMR in addition to 31P NMR extended the number of identifiable compounds in vivo from 4 to 15, while in vitro two-dimensional NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry aided rigorous in vivo 1H NMR resonance assignments and quantitation of 24 compounds . In the absence of nitrate, the concentrations of key metabolites including alanine, ethanol, gamma-aminobutyrate, lactate, succinate, and sucrose changed during 8 h of hypoxia in a manner consistent with reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and diversion to glycolytic fermentation . The pH drop in the cytoplasm during hypoxia was rapid, about 0.2 unit, and diminished quickly upon recovery . Rapid recovery of ethanol, succinate, and sucrose levels was also observed, which indicates a return to normal aerobic metabolism . Although the hypoxic response itself, including pH, was not greatly affected by the presence of nitrate, nitrate reduced the amount of fermentation end products produced, helped maintain a higher free NTP concentration during hypoxia, and increased the rate of overall recovery from hypoxia . These findings suggest the presence of a nitrate-induced maintenance-level respiration in hypoxic maize roots, which helps explain the protection imparted by nitrate to flooded hypoxic maize plants.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1988 Nov, 269(3), 331 - 40
Survey of Mycoplasma infections in cell cultures and a comparison of detection methods; Bolske G; A total of 1424 cell cultures was assayed for mycoplasmas by microbiological culture and fluorescent DNA staining . Of these cultures, 412 (29%) were infected with mycoplasmas . The most frequently occurring mycoplasma species were Mycoplasma orale (34%), M . hyorhinis (26%), M . arginini (21%), M . fermentans (13%) and Acholeplasma laidlawii (5%) . A few isolates each of M . hominis, M . pulmonis and M . bovis were also detected . When detection methods were compared, microbiological culture produced false-negative results for 0.7% (3 of 412) of the infected cell cultures . DNA staining performed directly on the cells was falsely negative in 2.4% (5/207) of the mycoplasma-infected cultures that were compared, DNA staining performed on indicator cells was falsely negative in 3.1% (7/226) . False positives appeared in direct DNA-staining in 1.8% (7/386) of the mycoplasma-free cultures and with DNA staining on indicator cells in 0.5% (3/620) . For 11% of the cell cultures, the reading of the DNA staining was ambiguous . With DNA staining on indicator cells, 10% of the test results were ambiguous, but by further passage and staining on new indicator cells it was possible to get a definite diagnosis.

EMBO J, 1988 Nov, 7(11), 3375 - 83
Yeast mutants temperature-sensitive for growth after random mutagenesis of the chromosomal RAS2 gene and deletion of the RAS1 gene; Fasano O et al.; Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with a disrupted RAS1 gene and with an intact RAS2 gene (ras1- RAS2 strains) grew well on both fermentable and nonfermentable carbon sources . By constructing isogenic mutants having a disrupted RAS1 locus and a randomly mutagenized chromosomal RAS2 gene, we obtained yeast strains with specific growth defects . The strain TS1 was unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources and galactose at 37 degrees C, while it could grow on glucose at the same temperature . The mutated RAS2 gene in TS1 cells encoded a protein with the glycines at positions 82 and 84 replaced by serine and arginine respectively . Both mutations were necessary for temperature sensitivity . We also isolated a mutant yeast that was unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources both at 30 and 37 degrees C, while growing on glucose at both temperatures . This phenotype was caused by a single chromosomal mutation, leading to the replacement of aspartic acid 40 of the RAS2 protein by asparagine . A ras1- yeast strain with a chromosomal RAS2 gene harbouring the three mutations together did not grow at any temperature using non-fermentable carbon sources, but it was able to grow on glucose at 30 degrees C, and not at 37 degrees C . The mutated proteins were much less effective than the wild-type RAS2 protein in the stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but were efficiently expressed in vivo . The possible roles of residues 40, 82 and 84 of the RAS2 protein in the regulation of adenylate cyclase are discussed.

Electrophoresis, 1988 Nov, 9(11), 774 - 80
Two-dimensional gel analysis of yeast proteins: application to the study of changes in the levels of major polypeptides of Saccharomyces cerevisiae depending on the fermentable or nonfermentable nature of the carbon source; Bataille N et al.; Taking advantage of the recent identification of polypeptides of the carbon metabolism machinery on the yeast protein map {1}, we applied two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to a study of changes in protein composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae depending on the fermentable or nonfermentable nature of the carbon source . The levels of the 250 most abundant polypeptides were compared . Thirty-three were found to display markedly increased levels during growth on nonfermentable carbon sources . These 33 polypeptides include 11 mitochondrial polypeptides and polypeptides corresponding to alcohol dehydrogenase II, acetyl-CoA synthetase, phosphoenol pyruvate kinase and hexokinase PI . Sixteen other polypeptides, in contrast, reached their higher levels during growth on fermentable carbon sources . Among these were identified the monomeric subunits of 6 glycolytic enzymes . Collectively the 33 polypeptides of the first class comprised over 30% of the total soluble proteins of cells grown on nonfermentable carbon source and 3% during growth on fermentable carbon source . The protein fraction of the 16 polypeptides of the second class corresponded to 10% and 38%, respectively . Together these results show that two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, when coupled with the identification of polypeptides of the carbon metabolism apparatus, provides a valuable tool for approaching questions concerning carbon metabolism in S . cerevisiae.

J Clin Microbiol, 1988 Nov, 26(11), 2402 - 9
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotype O8:KX105 and O8:K"2829" strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea; Broes A et al.; Twelve pathogenic and seven nonpathogenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains which were previously identified as belonging to serogroup O8:KX105 (A . Broes, J . M . Fairbrother, S . Lariviere, M . Jacques, and W . M . Johnson, Infect . Immun . 56:241-246, 1988) were further examined for their phenotypic and genotypic properties . Only the 12 pathogenic strains were confirmed to possess the capsular antigen KX105 . The seven nonpathogenic strains did not possess this antigen and thus were incorrectly assigned to have capsular antigen KX105 . All seven nonpathogenic strains apparently possessed a previously unrecognized capsular antigen which has been designated K"2829" . Studies with antisera prepared against F1 (type 1) fimbriae from three E . coli strains suggested that at least three antigenic subtypes of F1 fimbriae were represented among the O8:KX105 strains examined . By using serotyping, biotyping, and outer membrane protein profile analyses, the O8:KX105 strains were divided into at least two distinct clusters, whereas the O8:K"2829" strains were grouped into a single unique cluster . Most of the strains of the same cluster were further differentiated by testing for antibiotic resistance and colicin production and resistance and by analysis of plasmid content . With the exception of one strain which lost its enterotoxicity during storage, all of the O8:KX105 strains hybridized with the gene probes for the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (STb) enterotoxins . For each O8:KX105 strain, a single plasmid ranging in size from 61 to 77 megadaltons carried the LT and STb genes.All of the enterotoxigenic O8: KX105 strains fermented sorbose, whereas the nonenterotoxigenic strain did not . All of the O8:K "2829" strains hybridized with the STb probe only . For each O8:K "2829" strain, the STb genes were located on a single plasmid of 61 or 22 megadaltons . None of the strains demonstrated homology with the genes encoding the F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), and F41 fimbrial antigens and STaP and STaH.

Am J Physiol, 1988 Nov, 255(5 Pt 2), R774 - 9
Organ-specific control of glycolysis in anoxic turtles; Kelly DA et al.; Control of glycolysis during anoxia was investigated in five organs (heart, brain, liver, and red and white skeletal muscles) of the freshwater turtle, Pseudemys scripta, after 1 or 5 h of submergence in N2-bubbled water . Lactate was produced as the metabolic end product, with distinct organ differences in the amount (net lactate accumulation was 2.4-fold higher in brain than white muscle) and rate (lactate production in liver dropped 16-fold after the 1st h) of lactate accumulation . ATP and total adenylate contents of all organs were reduced (by 15-32%) after 1 h of submergence, but energy charge was maintained; after 5 h, adenylate contents had fully recovered . Changes in the levels of hexose and triose phosphate intermediates of glycolysis indicated an activation of glycolysis within the 1st h of anoxia exposure in brain, heart, and skeletal muscles . By 5 h, however, these were reversed, and a glycolytic rate depression was indicated, consistent with the overall metabolic rate depression accompanying long-term anaerobiosis in the turtle . Crossover analysis indicated glycolytic control at the pyruvate kinase reaction in all organs during both glycolytic activation and metabolic depression; regulatory control at the phosphofructokinase locus was primarily important only during glycolytic activation in heart and red muscle . The same analysis indicated a very rapid glycolytic inhibition in liver occurring within the 1st h of anoxia exposure; this allows glycogenolysis to be directed toward glucose export yielding the fermentative fuel used by other organs during anoxia.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1988 Nov, 41(11), 1592 - 601
FR-900520 and FR-900523, novel immunosuppressants isolated from a Streptomyces . II . Fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical and biological characteristics; Hatanaka H et al.; FR-900520 and FR-900523, novel neutral macrolide immunosuppressants, were isolated from the cultured broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp . yakushimaensis No . 7238 . Their molecular formulae were determined as C43H69NO12 and C42H67NO12, respectively . The compounds suppressed immune response in vitro . IC50 values of FR-900520 and FR-900523 for mouse mixed lymphocyte reaction were 0.55 nM and 1.6 nM, respectively . FR-900520, the major component, clearly prolonged skin allograft survival in rats.

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