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| Farmaco {Sci}, 1980 May, 35(5), 405 - 12 {Thiocarbamic and carbamic esters of benzenedithiols with antimycotic activity}; Montanari L et al.; o-, m- and p-phenylen esters of some dithio and thiol carbamic acids N-monosubstituted were prepared and tested for in vitro antifungal activity . The substances studied {Tables I leads to III; substances (I leads to XXI) were all new and were prepared by the reaction of benzenethiols with suitable isothiocyanates or isocyanates . The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the four following strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . The results show that the diesters of N-monosubstituted carbamic acids of benzen-1,2-dithhiol (Table I) have marked antimycotic activity, of the same order or greater than that of clotrimazol . Among the thiocarbamic and carbamic diesters of benzen-1,3- and 1,4-dithiol, the most active are the N-benzyl- and N-beta-phenyethyldithiocarbamic derivatives. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 May-Jun, 49(3), 466 - 72 {Substrate inhibition and Candida tropicalis growth limitation by phenol in continuous chemostat and pH-stat cultures}; Bril'kov AV et al.; The aim of this work was to investigate phenol decomposition by Candida tropicalis 29-10 adapted to phenol as a sole source of carbon and energy, and to elucidate the nature of resistance of continuous cultures decomposing phenol in processes with two types of control, viz . in chemostat and in pH-stat . The results suggest the resistance of the pH-stat regime of microbial cultivation during substrate inhibition . A region of instability in the chemostat cultivation has been determined when the yeast growth was inhibited with phenol. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 May-Jun, 49(3), 445 - 51 {Adaptation of Candida tropicalis yeasts to increasing hydroquinone concentrations}; Karasevich IuN et al.; The optimal concentration of hydroquinone in the Rieder medium for Candida tropicalis is 0.2 to 0.25% . This yeast is capable of growing in a medium containing up to 0.7-0.9% of hydroquinone . C . tropicalis cultures capable of growing in the Rieder medium containing 2.5% of hydroquinone have been obtained by the method of experimental adaptation . Comparative studies of yeast cultures adapted to 0.5 and 1.5% of hydroquinone have shown that the lag period in the batch culture decreases noticeably as the result of adaptation . The coloured products of hydroquinone transformation are not accumulated any more in the cultural broth and the cells . The generation time of the yeast is the same during cultivation on 0.2 and 0.5% hydroquinone but differs if the content of hydroquinone in the medium is 1% . No increase in the economic coefficient has been found during cultivation of the yeast cultures adapted to 1.5% hydroquinone in media containing 0.2 and 0.5% of hydroquinone, although the activity of phenol monooxygenase increased . The latter peculiarity of the adapted cultures was most pronounced during cultivation in media containing 0.5 to 1% of hydroquinone . No changes have been detected in the regulation mechanisms for biosynthesis of phenol monooxygenase or in the resistance of the enzyme to the substrate and the products of its spontaneous oxidation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 May, 17(5), 871 - 5 In vitro activities of miconazole, miconazole nitrate, and ketoconazole alone and combined with rifampin against Candida spp . and Torulopsis glabrata recovered from cancer patients; Moody MR et al.; A total of 440 fresh clinical isolates of yeasts from cancer patients were tested by an agar dilution technique against miconazole, miconazole nitrate, and ketoconazole individually and combined with 5 micrograms of rifampin per ml . Most strains of Candida albicans were susceptible to 0.5 microgram or less of the imidazoles per ml . Candida tropicalis required 2 to 4 micrograms of miconazole and its nitrate base per ml for inhibition and was resistant to ketoconazole . The 100% minimal inhibitory concentration of the imidazoles for Candida krusei was 1 microgram/ml . Susceptibility to 4 micrograms of miconazole and miconazole nitrate per ml occurred in 73 and 87% of Torulopsis glabrata strains, respectively, and none was susceptible to ketoconazole . Miconazole was most effective against the Candida spp., whereas its nitrate base was most active against T . glabrata . Synergy was observed when rifampin was combined with miconazole and miconazole nitrate but was not observed when rifampin was combined with ketoconazole . Synergy occurred most frequently when rifampin was combined with miconazole nitrate. Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Apr, 73(4), 518 - 21 The prevalence of yeasts in clinical specimens from cancer patients; Kiehn TE et al.; Yeasts recovered from cancer patients during a 15-month period were speciated, and the prevalence of these isolates in various types of clinical specimens was determined . Five species, including Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, and Torulopsis glabrata, accounted for 97.1% of the isolates . Eighteen different species were recovered . Respiratory and urine specimens yielded 75% of the organisms . C . albicans, C . tropicalis, and C . parapsilosis were recovered in about equal frequency from blood cultures . Certain species usually were recovered from one type of specimen: Candida quilliermondii from urine, Trichosporon cutaneum and Candida pseudotropicalis from respiratory sites, and Cryptococcus neoformans from spinal fluid . Pityrosporum orbiculare was isolated only from ear and urine cultures . Most of the yeasts (95.4%) were identified within 48 hours after isolation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 484 - 7 Combined effect of amphotericin B and rifampin on Candida species; Edwards JE Jr et al.; Synergism with the combination of rifampin and amphotericin B in vitro has been demonstrated with a limited number of Candida strains . To extend these studies (particularly at clinically achievable levels of rifampin), we evaluated the in vitro combined activity of serial twofold dilutions of amphotericin B (0.1 to 6.0 microgram/ml) against 11 concentrations of rifampin (0.2 to 200 microgram/ml) for 40 strains of Candida: 20 Candida albicans, 7 Candida parapsilosis, 8 Candida tropicalis, 2 Candida stellatoidea, 2 Candida guilliermondii, and 1 Candida krusei by using a modified checkerboard microtitration technique . An additive or synergistic effect was seen for 45% of strains with 6.25 microgram of rifampin per ml added to amphotericin B . Whereas the minimal inhibitory concentration to amphotericin B alone was 0.4 microgram/ml or less for 50% of the strains, the percentage increased to 90 with the addition of 6.25 microgram of rifampin per ml . A similar effect was seen with killing: 25% of the strains were killed by 0.4 microgram or less of amphotericin B alone per ml, and 75% of the strains were killed with the addition of 6.25 microgram of rifampin per ml . In vivo studies are needed for confirmation of the usefulness of combined amphotericin B and rifampin therapy. Arch Neurol, 1980 Mar, 37(3), 175 - 6 Meningitis caused by Candida tropicalis; Chadwick DW et al.; Meningeal infection with Candida remains rare . We report its occurrence in a healthy man following mastoid exploration for chronic suppurative middle ear disease . The infective agent proved to be C tropicalis, which has only been isolated from CSF in two previous cases of Candida meningitis. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1980 Feb, 2(2), 111 - 6 Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated candidiasis; Grossman ME et al.; Recognition of the characteristic cutaneous lesions of disseminated candidiasis may allow earlier diagnosis and treatment of this often fatal fungal infection . The skin lesion developed in patients with hematologic malignancies and compromised host defenses, at a time when they were febrile, clinically deteriorating, and failing to respond to multiple antibiotics . This report discusses two patients with acute myelogenous leukemia with cutaneous manifestations of disseminated candidiasis due to Candida tropicalis . Single or multiple erythematous or purpuric 0.5- to 1-cm papulonodules with pale centers were seen on the trunk and proximal extremities . In most reported cases of disseminated candidiasis with skin lesions, the diagnosis can be confirmed by histologic evaluation of a skin biopsy before appropriate cultures identify the organism. Reprod Nutr Dev, 1980, 20(5A), 1401 - 14 {Digestion of alkane yeast carbohydrates by the preruminant calf}; Besle JM et al.; Four 15-day old preruminant calves were fitted with two single cannulae, one in the lower ileum and the other in the upper colon . They were fed (on dry-matter basis) a milk substitute containing 35 p . 100 of dried, defatted, micronized alkane yeast (Candida tropicalis) . Yeast carbohydrate digestion was studied in the ileum, colon and feces of two calves at 48, 72 and 102 days of age (three periods), using 1 p . 100 of chromic oxide in the diet as a marker . During each period, samples were collected every 2 hours and then pooled to obtain a sample from each part of the digestive tract . The carbohydrates were separated into 40 degrees C water-soluble (neutral and non-neutral) and water-insoluble fractions (fig . 1), and the composition of each was determined by hydrolysis and ion-exchange chromatography . The alkane yeast contained almost 22 p . 100 (in DM) of carbohydrate (table 1), mainly composed of 7.5 p . 100 of non-soluble mannans and 10.1 p . 100 of glucans, both from the hull, and 0.3 p . 100 of soluble galactans . The total carbohydrate content (table 2) was high in the ileum (23 to 28 p . 100 of DM) and low in the feces (3 to 8 p . 100 of DM) . At the end of the small intestine, the soluble fraction contained some mannans and galactans partly bonded with non-carbohydrate compounds, but mainly neutral glucans (fig . 2) . The apparent digestibilities (table 3, fig . 3) varied between animals and increased with age (total yeast carbohydrates: calf: 0.53 to 0.75; calf 2: 0.62 to 0.85) . Mannans were better digested than glucans (calf 2: 0.95 and 0.57, respectively, at 102 days); the galactans were completely digested. Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 3, S 334 - 8 Detection of candida antigenemia in human invasive candidiasis by a new solid phase radioimmunoassay; Stevens P et al.; There is a continuing need to develop reliable non-invasive methods to aid in the early diagnosis of disseminatyed candidiasis . We report the development of a solid phase "sandwich" radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of soluble cytoplasmic protein antigens (SPA) of Candida albicans in patients with systemic candidiasis . SPA were prepared by ultrasonic disruption of blastospores of C . albicans . Anti-SPA IgG was covalently linked to a solid phase of polyacrylamide-like microspheres . Standard amounts of patient sample or SPA in pooled normal human serum were reacted with the conjugated microspheres, washed and reacted with anti-SPA IgG-125I . The amount of antigen was directly correlated with the amount of bound 125I-IgG anti-SPA . In a retrospective analysis, circulating SPA in the range of 0.5-1.6 microgram/ml was detected in the serum of 12 of 19 patients (63%) with documented systemic candidiasis . There was no detectable SPA in the serum of 20 hospitalized patients with bacteremia, two patients with aspergillosis, one with cryptococcosis, and three with invasive Candida tropicalis . We observed no crossreaction of the RIA with mannan from C . albicans, coccidioidin or culture filtrate antigen of Aspergillus fumigatus . There was significant inhibition of the RIA by serum samples from two patients with chronic candidiasis suggestive of anti-SPA antibody excess . The solid phase RIA to detect circulating SPA can provide a useful noninvasive method for the diagnosis of systemic C . albicans infection. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1980, 174(3), 325 - 34 {Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods applied to the immunochemistry of Candida}; Guinet R et al.; Cytoplasmic soluble extracts of yeasts were compared by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods . Comparative studies of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis permitted to confirm the antigenic complexity of fungi and the existence of important cross-reacting antigens between this two yeast, to demonstrate the specificity of the Candida tropicalis cell-wall antiserum and the presence of soluble cell-wall constituents in cytoplasmic yeast extracts . Crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis with and without absorption of antibodies in situ demonstrated four specific antigens unique to Candida albicans group A cytoplasmic extract not shared with the group B . The other procedures used were not sufficient for identification, since the resulting patterns were confusingly complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Dec, 16(6), 792 - 7 Miconazole therapy for treatment of fungal infections in cancer patients; Jordan WM et al.; The effectiveness of miconazole was evaluated in 37 documented fungal infections, 32 of which were major infections . All patients were receiving therapy for advanced malignancy, with 28 patients having acute leukemia . The overall cure rate was 41% and it was also 41% for major fungal infections . Nine of 22 patients with Candida albicans infections were cured, and 3 of 11 patients with Candida tropicalis infections were cured . A total of 183 patients who received miconazole for presumed or documented fungal infection were evaluated for toxicity . Nausea and vomiting and central nervous system toxicity were the most common side effects, occurring in 25 and 16% of the patients, respectively . Overall, the drug was tolerated well, with only four patients requiring the drug to be permanently discontinued because of toxicity. Antibiotiki, 1979 Dec, 24(12), 914 - 20 {Effect of the products of the vital activity of yeast-like fungi on levorin synthesis}; Iakovleva EP et al.; The effect on levorin synthesis of the cells and fermentation broth filtrates of Candida tropicalis after their cultivation in the fermentation medium was studied . It was found that the yeast-like fungi belonging to Candida excreted during their development some products capable of stimulating the synthesis of levorin by 40--60 per cent . When the actinomycete producing levorin was grown on the medium containing 80 per cent of the filtrate the level of levorin synthesis was the same as that observed with mixed cultivation of the actinomycete and C . tropicalis . The study on the conditions providing accumulation of the stimulating substances showed the following: production of the stimulating substances started during the first hours of the yeast growth and reached its maximum by the 48th hour, these substances being consumed by the actinomycete during the fermentation process . Aeration is required for production of the stimulating substances but its high levels are not necessary. J Infect Dis, 1979 Dec, 140(6), 952 - 8 Identification of species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis by gas-liquid chromatography; Gangopadhyay PK et al.; Gas-liquid chromatography was used to identify species of Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis by fatty-acid analysis of the whole-cell hydrolysate . Candida albicans characteristically revealed 2-OH C14:0 and C19:0 (chain length:number of double bonds); these were absent in other organisms . Candida curvata was characterized by a ratio of C16:1 to C16:0 of greater than 1.0 . Candida guilliermondii contained C10:0, and Candida tropicalis had no C12:0, these features were used for their identification . Cryptococcus was characterized by the absence of C16:1 . Torulopsis was characterized by a C16:1 to C16:0 ratio of greater than 10 accompanied by the presence of one unidentified fatty acid . These data suggested that certain Candida, Cryptococcus, and Torulopsis (the clinically important yeast-like organisms) may be identified by gas-liquid chromatography. Arch Neurol, 1979 Nov, 36(11), 719 - 20 Candida pachymeningitis with multiple cranial nerve pareses; Gorell JM et al.; A 66-year-old woman complained of right-sided headache and was found to have progressive dysfunction of cranial nerves V and VIII through XII on the right side . At autopsy, there was a granulomatous pachymengitis involving the floor of the right middle and posterior cranial fossae due to Candida tropicalis infection . Inflammatory tissue compressed the clinically affected cranial nerves. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Nov-Dec, 130B(4), 433 - 42 {Specific soluble cell-wall antigens of "Candida tropicalis" demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (author's transl)}; Guinet R et al.; In the present study, soluble cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans and C . tropicalis were prepared and showed respectively 67 and 47 precipitates in crossed immunoelectrophoresis performed with a commerical goat anti-C . albicans immunserum . Purified cell walls of C . tropicalis have been prepared, and corresponding antiserum was got in rabbits . Although important cross-reacting antigens exist between soluble cytoplasmic extracts of C . albicans and C . tropicalis, the C . tropicalis cell wall antiserum precipitated antigens in crossed immunoelectrophoresis only in C . tropicalis soluble cytoplasmic extracts . The present study: - confirms that C . albicans shared 70% of the antigens with C . tropicalis; - demonstrates that soluble cytoplasmic antigens prepared by homogenization of yeasts contain cell wall constituents; - allows us to prepare a specific immune serum for C . tropicalis. Ann Intern Med, 1979 Oct, 91(4), 539 - 43 Candida tropicalis: a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients; Wingard JR et al.; Of 89 consecutive patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies or undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, 60 were colonized with Candida albicans and 25 with C . tropicalis . However, of the 18 disseminated infections caused by Candida species, 15 infections in 14 patients were caused by C . tropicalis and only three infections in three patients by C . albicans . The setting in which the infection occurred, skin lesions, polyarthralgias, or polymyalgias, and the unexplained deterioration of renal function were features suggestive of the diagnosis . Defervescence occurred in 10 of the 14 treated patients with C . tropicalis infections in 1 to 6 d (mean, 2.5 d) after initiation of therapy, even though all continued to be granulocytopenic . Resolution occurred in eight of the 15 C . tropicalis infections . In one case outcome was indeterminate, four patients died due to the infection, and two died from other causes but with the infection unresolved. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Sep-Oct, 48(5), 793 - 7 {Activity and substrate specificity of the alcohol dehydrogenases of n-alkane oxidizing yeasts}; Sapozhnikova GP et al.; The activity and substrate specificity of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) in the fractions of cytosol and membrane particles were compared in the yeasts Torulopsis candida, Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis grown in media with glucose and hexadecane . In all studied yeast cultures growing in the medium with hexadecane, NAD-dependent ADH specifically dehydrogenating only medium and higher alcohols are induced in the membrane structures of the cells . Soluble ADH are found in the cytosol of the cultures grown either on glucose or on hexadecane . These ADH oxidize all alcohols with the carbon chain length from C2 to C16 . As was found by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, the number of ADH molecular forms in the cytosol fraction of the cultures depends on the carbon growth substrate being used and the peculiarities of yeast culture. Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Sep, 34(9), 808 - 16 {Preparation and antifungal activity of carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of thiophenols}; Pavanetto F et al.; A series of N-substituted carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of thiophenols {substances (I leads to XLII)} was prepared and tested for in vitro antifungal activity . The substances were obtained by condensation of thiophenols with suitable isocyanates and isothiocyanates . The antifungal activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . The results obtained, given in the Table I, show that the carbamic and thiocarbamic esters of the thiophenols examined have marked antifungal activity . The results give some information on structure-activity relationships and also show that in general the derivatives of dithiocarbamic acid are more active than the bioisosteric derivatives of thiocarbamic acid . Of the compounds examined the most active were esters of N-benzyl and N-allyldithiocarbamic acid. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Sep-Oct, 48(5), 803 - 8 {Electrophoretic characteristics of the protein of yeast lipid granules}; Davidova EG et al.; The proteins from the membranes of lipid granules, the plasmalemma and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum isolated from Candida tropicalis cells were analyzed using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel . The electrophoretic spectra of the proteins from these membranes were quite different . It has been proved experimentally that lipid granules from yeast cells growing on n-alkanes and containing large amounts of n-alkanes are not derivatives of the pinocytozing plasmalemma . The membranes of lipid granules are presumed to be formed in the cell de novo upon accumulation of substances of the lipid nature. Z Naturforsch {C}, 1979 Sep-Oct, 34(9-10), 709 - 14 Purification and properties of a catechol methyltransferase of the yeast Candida tropicalis; Veser J et al.; In an effort to investigate catechol methyltransferase activity in sources other than mammalian tissues and cells, a high level of enzyme activity was found in the yeast fungus Candida tropicalis CBS 94 . Partial purification of the enzyme (approx . 550 fold with a recovery of 7%) could be achieved by using ion-exchange and gel filtration techniques . The molecular weight was estimated at 32,000 +/- 2,000 by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 . In isoelectric focusing experiments on Sephadex G-75 the enzyme exhibited a pI-value of 5.0 +/- 0.1 . In contrast to catechol methyltransferase from various mammalian tissues the enzyme activity was prepared from the pH 5-sediment . The substrate specifity is comparable to other catechol methyltransferases. Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Aug, 72(2), 194 - 8 Assay for yeast susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in a frozen microtiter system; Ellis NS et al.; A microtiter plate method for determining susceptibility of yeasts to 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B, which uses color indicators to detect end points, is presented . The microtiter plates can be made in advance and stored frozen for at least eight weeks . Forty-two isolates of Candida albicans, 12 of Candida tropicalis, and nine of Torulopsis glabrata were tested . Results showed good correlation with turbidity tube dilution susceptibility testing methods . The microtiter method is stable, easy to use, accurate, and reproducible . Studies with four strains of Cryptococcus neoformans showed that the organism could not be tested by this method because growth was slow and there was insufficient acid production. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jul 5, 554(2), 309 - 22 Plasma membrane from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane . II . Biochemical properties and substrate-induced alterations; Schneider H et al.; Isolated plasma membranes from the yeast Candida tropicalis grown on two different carbon sources (glucose or hexadecane), had similar contents of protein (60% of total dry weight), lipid (21-24%) and carbohydrates (16-21%) . Sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis of the membrane proteins revealed 17 and 19 protein bands, respectively, for glucose and hexadecane grown cells . There were marked differences in RF values and relative peak heights between the two gels . Sterols and free fatty acids were the major components of the plasma membrane lipids . Phospholipid content was less than 2% of total plasma membrane lipids . Membrane microviscosity, as determined by fluorescence polarization, was very high (16.6 P) . Fatty acid determination of membrane lipids by gas chromatography showed a significant increase of C16 fatty acids in plasma membranes of cells grown on hexadecane . Reduced-oxidized difference spectra demonstrated the presence of a b-type cytochrome in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C . tropicalis plasma membranes . Its concentration in C . tropicalis plasma membranes was three-fold greater in cells grown on hexadecane than in glucose grown cells. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1979 Jul-Aug, 15(4), 522 - 7 {Effect of salt supplements on lipid growth and synthesis by yeast cultivated on peat oxidates}; Andreevskaia VD et al.; The accumulation of biomass and lipids and their fatty acid composition were investigated during cultivation of the yeast Candida tropicalis and Lipomyces lipoferus on peat oxidates supplemented with inorganic compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium . The absence of additional sources of the above elements from the nutrient substrate inhibited the culture growth . In order to optimize cultivation of lipid synthesizing yeast on peat oxidates, the above compounds should be added in certain concentrations. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 9(6), 677 - 80 Isolation and characterization of a polyene-resistant variant of Candida tropicalis; Merz WG et al.; An atypical variant of Candida tropicalis was recovered from multiple specimens from a patient who had been a recipient of a bone marrow transplant . This yeast variant showed atypical morphology on corn meal agar distinguishable from typical isolates of C . tropicalis by the production of clusters of blastospores . Isolates of the variant produced acid, but no gas, from maltose and sucrose in fermentation tests . Isolates from blood, pleural fluid, respiratory secretions, and stool specimens were susceptible to amphotericin B and nystatin in an agar dilution system . However, eight isolates of the variant C . tropicalis recovered over a period of 4 weeks from the patient's urine after amphotericin B therapy were found to be resistant to amphotericin B and nystatin . The isolate recovered after 7 days of therapy had minimal inhibitory concentrations of 100 micrograms of amphotericin B and 20 micrograms of nystatin per ml, whereas the seven isolates recovered subsequently had minimal inhibitory concentrations of greater than 500 micrograms of amphotericin B and 50 micrograms of nystatin per ml . The resistant isolates concomitantly lost the capacity to utilize amino acids that susceptible isolates could utilize . Ultraviolet absorption spectra of nonsaponifiable fractions of whole cells showed that resistant isolates lacked ergosterol, which susceptible isolates contained. Infect Immun, 1979 Jun, 24(3), 932 - 8 Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of pathogenic yeasts by human monocytes and neutrophils; Schuit KE; The kinetics of phagocytosis and killing of four fungal forms with varying virulence by two types of phagocytic cells was examined . Human monocytes ingested Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida tropicalis, and the blastospores of Candida albicans more rapidly than did human neutrophils . There was no difference in the rate of phagocytosis of C . albicans pseudohyphae by these two cell types . Intracellular killing of each of the four fungal forms was consistently and significantly more rapid by monocytes than by neutrophils . Neutrophils were unable to destroy ingested C . albicans pseudohyphae . These experiments suggest that the monocyte plays an important role in host defenses against fungal diseases and that the relative virulence of the pathogenic yeasts in human disease may be related to the ability of these organisms to survival after being ingested by circulating phagocytes. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 May-Jun, 48(3), 447 - 50 {Preliminary and postradiation effect of long-wave ultraviolet rays on cells of different species of Candida irradiated with short-wave ultraviolet rays}; Fraikin GIa et al.; Certain characteristics of photoprotection induced by near-UV were studied in Candida guilliermondii . Candida tropicalis was also capable of photoprotection from the lethal effect of far-UV . The spectrum of action of photoprotection was recorded . The photoprotective effect was not found in Candida utilis . The postradiation effect of near-UV was studied . The lethal action of far-UV was intensified in C . guilliermondii and C . tropicalis incapable of photoreactivation in contrast to C . utilis capable of photoreactivation. J Med Microbiol, 1979 May, 12(2), 187 - 93 Germ-tube formation by oral strains of Candida tropicalis; Martin MV; Candida species isolated from the mouths of healthy children and of patients with denture stomatitis included strains of Candida tropicalis that formed germ tubes when incubated in serum . Twenty-six germ-tube-forming strains of C . albicans and of C . tropicalis were subcultured weekly for 9 wk on blood agar and on Sabouraud's agar and the ability of each subculture to form germ tubes was measured . All the strains of C . albicans formed almost as many germ tubes after nine weekly subcultures as they did when first isolated . By contrast, although all 26 strains of C . tropicalis formed germ tubes when first isolated, all had lost the ability to do so after six serial weekly subcultures . Germ-tube formation should not be the sole criterion for the identification of oral C . albicans strains. Vet Rec, 1979 Feb 17, 104(7), 138 - 40 The role of Pityrosporum pachydermatis in otitis externa of dogs: evaluation of a treatment with miconazole; Gedek B et al.; The bacterial and mycotic flora were assessed in 158 ears of dogs with otitis externa and in 101 ears of healthy control dogs . Pityrosporum pachydermatis occurred in 57 per cent of ears with otitis externa and in 17 per cent of clinically healthy ears . Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the predominant bacteria in otitic ears, micrococci and Bacillus spp were the most frequent isolates from clinically healthy ears . P pachydermatis, Ps aeruginosa and Candida tropicalis occurred in monoculture in a significant number of mainly chronic cases of otitis externa . A combination preparation, containing miconazole, polymyzin B and prednisolone, was highly effective in controlling the clinical signs of otitis externa and eliminating flora from the affected ears . The data presented suggest that yeasts, and especially P pachydermatis, may be significant pathogens in otitis externa and that antimycotic treatment is an essential part of the treatment of otitis externa in dogs. Arch Dermatol, 1979 Feb, 115(2), 214 - 5 Necrotic skin lesions associated with disseminated candidiasis; File TM Jr et al.; A 69-year-old woman with Felty's syndrome developed necrotic skin lesions associated with disseminated Candida tropicalis infection . These lesions differed from the previously described erythematous macronodules of disseminated candidiasis, although histologically there was a dermal infiltrate of yeast and pseudohyphae . Clinically, they resembled ecthyma gangrenosum associated with Pseudomonas septicemia . We believe candidiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of large necrotic skin lesions in the compromised host. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 25(2), 201 - 6 Hydroxylase regulation in Candida tropicalis grown on alkanes; Gilewicz M et al.; Candida tropicalis synthesizes a hydroxylase (3 to 5 nmol of product formed per minute per milligram of protein) and a cytochrome P-450 (0.10 to 0.13 nmol per milligram of protein) during growth on n-tetradecane . A three- to four-fold increase in the level of NADPH cytochrome c reductase is also observed in those cells as compared to the level of cells grown on glycerol . The most efficient inducers of the hydroxylase and of cytochrome P-450 are straight-chain alkanes having at least 10 carbon atoms . Alkenes and higher alcohols are also good inducers . There is little or no growth on ramified hydrocarbons such as pristane and on long-chain aldehydes and fatty acids . The partial inhibition of growth on decane is probably due to the denaturation of the microsomal electron carrier systems by the fatty acid formed by hydroxylation of the decane in the yeast. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(2), 163 - 70 Growth of Candida tropicalis 2838 cells on straw hydrolyzates; Volfova O et al.; Improved strain of Candida tropicalis 2838 grows on nonseparated straw hydrolyzates with no addition of vitamins and trace elements at a specific growth rate mu = 0.34 and 44% yield coefficient (referred to reducing substances) . The reducing substances in hydrolyzates contain predominantly monosaccharides (xylose, glucose, arabinose, mannose) . Cells grown in this way are rich in proteins (62%) and essential amino acids (lysine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine and valine) . The product obtained under industrial conditions by fermentation of the nonseparated hydrolyzates contains 8--9% of proteins and it is a suitable supplement of fodder mixtures for monogastric domestic animals . Nutrition tests on rats and pigs indicated that this product can substitute the hay-flour, and, partially, blood-flour barley, and that the strain used is nonpathogenic. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1979, 24(2), 157 - 62 Selection of a yeast strain with optimal utilization of straw hydrolyzates; Volfova O et al.; The dry nonseparated straw hydrolyzates prepared by mild acid hydrolysis of milled straw contains 25--30% of reducing substances, mostly saccharides with prevalence of xylose . A strain utilizing the neutralized nonseparated hydrolyzates without any growth substances added was obtained by selection and long-term adaptation of an array of yeast strains . The strain, identified as Candida tropicalis 2838, exhibited high cell-growth rate and considerable yield of protein-rich biomass. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1979, 33(5), 631 - 42 {Immunochemical method for study and identification of unicellular organisms (yeasts and bacteria) incorporated into food products as a protein source}; Wal JM et al.; The expected increase and diversification of single cell proteins production already requires the development of convenient methods for the identification of producing strains from the processed S.C.P., i.e . killed and dried cells . A simple immunological method based on double immunodiffusion analysis is proposed, that enables the identification of Toprinal L (Candida tropicalis), Toprina G (Candida lipolytica) and Pruteen (Pseudomonas methylotropha), all S.C.P . having received an approval from different european countries . Sensitivity and specificity are high enough to enable the identification of these products mixed to feeds in concentrations as low as 5 p . cent (1 p . cent with Pruteen). Mycopathologia, 1978 Dec 18, 65(1-3), 155 - 66 Role of opportunistic fungi in ocular infections in Nigeria; Gugnani HC et al.; The importance of opportunistic fungal pathogens in causing ocular infections is emphasized . A study was conducted over a period of 4 years (1974--1977) to investigate the role of opportunistic fungi in causing mycotic keratitis and to elucidate certain aspects of epidemiology of this disease in Nigeria . Fifty-nine cases of corneal ulcers of suspected mycotic etiology were investigated . Fungal etiology was confirmed in 42 of these cases . The predominant etiological agent was Fusarium solani in 14 cases (33.33%) followed by Penicillium citrinum in 8 cases (19.04%) and Aspergillus fumigatus in 5 cases (11.90%) . The yeasts were responsible for only 3 cases (7.14%) i.e . one each caused by Candida albicans, C . parapsilosis and C . guilliermondii . Among the remaining 12 cases, one was caused by F . moniliforme, 3 by A . flavus, 2 each by A . niger, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium sp., and one each by Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium sp . The clinical features of the cases are briefly described . The incidence of mycotic keratitis in relation to sex, age, occupation, trauma and other factors has been analysed . Corneal trauma appeared to be an important predisposing factor as 27 (67.28%) of the patients gave a history of injuries to the eye . Notably, a large number of patients were farmers and trauma was most often from palm tree leaf, thorn, kernel or other plant objects . Topical application of corticosteroids or broad spectrum antibiotics did not seem to play an important role in the etiology of keratomycosis . Cases were recorded throughout the year although the number of cases was higher in the months of March--May, and November--December than that during the rest of the year . The isolates of the causative agents were studied in detail for their morphological and cultural characters . The isolates of F . solani grew well at 37 degrees C and survived at 40 degrees C for more than 3 weeks . In vitro drug sensitivity tests indicated good antifungal activity of pimaricin and econazole for F . solani, clotrimazole and econazole for Aspergillus fumigatus . A . flavus and Penicillium citrinum, and 5-fluorocytosine for Candida spp . Investigations on the incidence of fungi in normal healthy eyes of 450 persons comprising 204 adults and 246 children yielded 204 isolates belonging to 21 genera of fungi . Cladosporium was most frequent (12.88%) followed by Penicillium (10.22%) and Aspergillus (6.66%) . Another important fungus was Fusarium represented by 10 isolates, viz . 4 of F . solani, 2 of F . moniliforme, 1 of F . exysporum, and 3 of Fusarium sp . The yeasts were represented by two isolates each of Candida tropicalis, C . pseudotropicalis, C . krusei, Trichosporon sp and Cryptococcus albidus, and one of Candida guilliermondii . Successive culturing of fungi from normal eyes in a small group indicated that fungi occur in the outer eye generally as transients . The epidemiology of mycotic keratitis has been discussed in relation to the present findings and in comparison with observations of other investigators. J Med Microbiol, 1978 Nov, 11(4), 463 - 70 Effects of intestinal micro-organisms on fluid and electrolyte transport in the jejunum of the rat; Thelen P et al.; Culture filtrates of micro-organisms isolated from the upper intestinal secretions of malnourished children and grown in pure culture were shown to impair the intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes in live rats . Decreased net movement out of the intestinal lumen, or actual secretion of water, sodium or potassium into the intestinal lumen, was found with culture filtrates of single isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli 055, Escherichia coli B7A, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis . These organisms have been found to contaminate upper intestinal secretions in malnourished children and it is suggested that the effects observed in these experiments might be relevant to the production of the diarrhoea that is a dominant clinical feature of childhood malnutrition. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Oct 4, 512(3), 495 - 507 Plasma membranes from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane . I . Isolation, identification and purification; Schneider H et al.; Plasma membranes from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane were isolated using a method based on the difference in surface charge of mitochondria and plasma membranes . After mechanical disruption of the cells, a fraction consisting of mitochondrial and plasma membrane vesicles was obtained by differential centrifugation . Subsequently the mitochondria were separated from the plasma membrane vesicles by aggregation of the mitochondria at a pH corresponding to their isoelectric point . Additional purification of the isolated plasma membrane vesicles was achieved by osmolysis . Surface charge densities of mitochondria and plasma membranes were determined and showed substrate-dependent differences . The isolated plasma membranes were morphologically characterized by electron microscopy and, as a marker enzyme, the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase was determine . By checking for three mitochondrial marker enzymes the plasma membrane fractions were estimated to be 94% pure with regard to mitochondrial contamination. Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1978 Sep-Oct, 5(5), 589 - 601 Influence of the conditions of growth on the chemical composition and activity of the enzymes of the cell envelope of the yeast Candida tropicalis IBFM-303; Rylkin SS et al.; The article is devoted to a study of the changes in the activity and chemical composition of the enzymes of the cell envelope of the yeast Candida tropicalis IBFM-303 during growth on n-alkanes and glucose, as well as the transport of n-alkanes through the cell membrane and the redistribution of the cell contents in the process of budding on the indicated carbon sources. Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 799 - 804 {Comparative study of the dynamics of carbohydrate metabolism in the growth of Candida tropicalis yeasts on n-octadecane and glucose}; Davidova EG et al.; The dynamics of carbon metabolism was studied in Candida tropicalis growing on 14C-labeled n-octadecane and glucose by means of the technique of radioactive indicators . The kinetics of incorporation of 14C into the main groups of organic substances in the cell (proteins, nucleic acids+polysaccharides, lipids, free amino acids, organic acids, free carbohydrates+nucleotides) revealed differences in the rate of their synthesis and accumulation . The general features and the major differences in the pathways of carbon metabolism depended on the nature of a carbon substrate . If the yeast used n-octadecane as a source of carbon, the rate of synthesis of the lipid fraction was higher, and the ratio between its components changed as well as the rates of their synthesis. Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 790 - 8 {Effect of yeast growth limitation on the respiratory chain, the economic coefficient and the critical oxygen concentration for respiration}; Matiashova RN et al.; The effect of the yeast growth limitation by oxygen on the economical coefficient (EC), the operation of the cyanide resistant electron transport pathway (CrETP), and the critical for respiration oxygen concentration concentration ({O2}cr) was studied . The operation of CrETP was found to differ among various yeasts growing on glucose: it could function during both the exponential phase and limitation of growth (Torulopsis candida), or only in the conditions of growth limitation (Candida tropicalis, C . mycoderma, C . lipolytica), sometimes for a very long period (Endomyces geotrichum); in certain cases (C . utilis), it cannot be detected at all . If the main respiratory chain is inhibited by cyanide (i . e . if only CrETP operates), the value of {O2}cr sharply increases; such an increase can be also found in the absence of cyanide but in the conditions of active operation of CrETP . Apparently, the value of {O2}cr is higher for cyanide resistant oxydase of the studied organisms than for cytochrome oxydase . A decrease in EC observed upon the limitation of yeast growth by oxygen (Lozinov et al., 1974) correlates with the appearance or intensification of CrETP . Therefore, the decrease of EC can be attributed to the operation of non-phosphorylating CrETP which occurs in all the studied yeasts (with an exception of C . utilis) when their growth is limited by oxygen. J Infect Dis, 1978 Aug, 138(2), 245 - 8 Comparison of the in vitro antifungal activities of miconazole and a new imidazole, R41,400; Dixon D et al.; R41,400 is a recently synthesized, water-soluble imidazole . Its antifungal properties were compared in vitro with those of miconazole using an agar dilution procedure and 175 isolates of human fungal pathogens . The filamentous forms of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis were inhibited by less than or equal to 2 microgram of either drug/ml; Coccidioides immitis was inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 microgram of R41,400/ml . Among the yeasts tested, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida parapsilosis were the most susceptibel to the two drugs, whereas Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis were the least susceptible; 0.5 microgram of either drug/ml was inhibitory for 90%-100% of tested isolates of C . neoformans but for only less than or equal to 20% of isolates of C . albicans, C . tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata . Both drugs were inhibitory for most isolates of Trichophyton and Microsporum species at concentrations of less than or equal to 4 microgram/ml; Epidermophyton floccosum was uniquely susceptible to both drugs. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1978 Jul 7, 103(27), 1112 - 6 {Antimycotic sensitivity of yeast from clinical specimens (author's transl)}; Baier R et al.; The sensitivity against 5 antimycotics was examined with 353 yeast strains of 13 species from clinical material . The tests were carried out by means of the disc diffusion test on Bacto yeast morphology agar under standardized conditions . 33 (6.3%) of the isolates were resistant against 5-fluorocytosine, 11 (2.1%) strains showed no sensitivity against the imidazolyl antimycotics clotrimazole or miconazole . The resistant strains belonged to the species Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis . All of the isolates were sensitive to the polyene antimycotics nystatin and pimaricin (natamycin). Am J Med Sci, 1978 Jul-Aug, 276(1), 77 - 92 Development of amphotericin B-resistant Candida tropicalis in a patient with defective leukocyte function; Drutz DJ et al.; Emergence, during therapy, of fungi resistant to amphotericin B is purportedly rare, as fungi with altered cell membrane ergosterol content are considered too fragile to survive normal host defenses . Progressive amphotericin B resistance arose in a strain of Candida tropicalis isolated repeatedly from the urine of a patient with pyelonephritis . The most resistant isolate (R-2) lacked cell membrane ergosterol, the usual attachment site for amphotericin B, and was not inhibited by greater than 500 micrograms/ml of the drug . R-2 infected and killed embryonated eggs, but was unable to produce progressive renal infection in steroid-treated mice because of a reduced capacity to produce pseudomycelia . Persistent infection of the patient by this altered fungus was attributed to defective leukocyte candidacidal activity, especially marked in autologous serum, and to defective Candida-related cell-mediated immunity . A literature review suggests that amphotericin B resistance may not be as rare as many authorities have indicated . It is apparent that few laboratories routinely monitor fungi for amphotericin B susceptibility . In patients with defective antimicrobial defenses, amphotericin B-resistant fungi may survive, produce progressive infection, and require alternative chemotherapy for eradication. Farmaco {Sci}, 1978 Jul, 33(7), 551 - 8 {S-Acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides having antifungal activity . II}; Mazza M et al.; Some S-acyl derivatives of N-alkylthiosalicylamides {Table I: substances (I leads to XXXI)} were prepared and tested for antifungal activity . The substances, most of which had not been previously reported, were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable acylating agents . The antifungal activity of the compounds was tested in vitro against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . For some compounds the was tested activity against the above strains fungicidal, Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Many of the compounds proved to have high antifungal activity comparable with that of Clotrimazol . The results extended knowledge on the structure-antifungal activity relationships of this class of compounds . The compounds with the highest antifungal activity were: 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-heptylbenzamide (XXVIII); 2-acetylmercapto-5-Cl-N,n-propylbenzamide (XIV); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-octylbenzamide (XXXI); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-pentylbenzamide (XXV); 2-acetylmercapto-N,n-hexylbenzamide (XXVII). Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 1978 Jun, 4(1), 28 - 31 Candida infection in human; Huq F et al.; Sputum, vaginal smear, skin and nail scraping, and oral scraping from 269 suspected cases of fungus infection were examined by microscopy and culture for fungus . One hundred similar specimens from healthy individuals were examined as controls . Statistically significant (p less than 0.001) difference was observed (67.3% versus 7%) in the rate of isolation of fungus in the two groups . Three strains of Candida species were found among the isolates . In sputum, oral scraping and vaginal discharge, C . albicans, and in skin and nail scraping Candida stellatoidia were the prevalent strains . Candida tropicalis was isolated in fair proportion from the skin and nail scraping. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 May-Jun, 14(3), 373 - 6 {Examination of the action of effectors after storing glutamine synthetase from the fodder yeast Candida tropicalis at room temperature}; Auerman TL et al.; The pattern of action of effectors (AMP, IMP, CMP, anthranilic acid, tryptophane, alanine, glutamine, glycine, histidine) and glutamine synthetase (GS) extracted from the fodder yeast Candida tropicalis and stored at room temperature for 1.5-2 hrs was examined . As regards the action of effectors on GS after its exposure at room temperature, they can be subdivided into four groups: 1) the effector loses completely its inhibitory effect (glutamine, CMP, anthranilic acid in the synthetase reaction); 2) the inhibitory effect on the enzyme increases (AMP, IMP, anthranilic acid in the transferase reaction); 3) at low concentrations of the effector the peak of activation appears (tryptophane, GMP, alanine, glycine); 4) at low concentrations of the enzyme two peaks of activation appear (histidine) . Similar results were obtained with the purified preparation of GS. J Oral Rehabil, 1978 Apr, 5(2), 167 - 72 The in vitro fungicidal properties of Visco-gel, alone and combined with nystatin and amphotericin B; Thomas CJ et al.; The in vitro effect of the tissue conditioner Visco-gel, with or without the inclusion of nystatin and amphotericin B, upon Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis, has been studied . Visco-gel alone was completely inert and would therefore not be used without nystatin in the treatment of a denture stomatitis where a yeast infection was present . Amphotericin B became completely ineffective when mixed with Visco-gel, but in control tests remained very active. Antibiotiki, 1978 Mar, 23(3), 199 - 203 {Dissociation of a Candida tropicalis culture and its capacity to stimulate levorin synthesis when cultured together with Actinomyces levoris}; Iakovleva EP et al.; Dissociation of the yeast-like fungi C . tropicalis used for mixed cultivation with the levorin-producing organism was studied . It was shown that colonies of 2 types were grown on wart-agar . They differed in the morphology and capacity for stimulation of the antiobiotic synthesis in mixed fermentation with 2 organisms . The colonies of the S-form increased the antibiotic production by 50--60 per cent, while the R-forms increased the antibiotic production only by 25--30 per cent . The strains of C . tropicalis differed in the ratio of the S- and R-forms in both the initial cultures and the cultures stored for prolonged periods of time . Addition of KH2PO4 to the agarized in the amount of 0.5 per cent promoted preservation of the S-forms in the population . Repeated subsequent transfers of the S-variants (10 generations) on wart-agar did not decrease the stimulating effect of C . tropicalis on the actinomycete . An increase in the amount of the inoculum of the yeast-like fungi promoted a decrease in the time of their preliminary cultivation. Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Mar-Apr, 47(2), 217 - 9 {Thermostability of glutamine synthetase in Candida tropicalis feed yeasts in Mg-, Mn- and Co-activated systems}; Kretovich VL et al.; The thermostability of glutamine synthetase of Candida tropicalis was studied in systems activated by Mg, Mn and Co . The enzyme was found to be very thermolabile . Its thermostability depended on the nature of a bivalent cation used in the reaction mixture . Metals stabilized the enzyme since preincubation with metal cations increased the thermostability of glutamine synthetase . Purification of the enzyme preparation increased the stabilizing action of bivalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+). J Bacteriol, 1978 Feb, 133(2), 952 - 8 Chemical and structural alterations at the cell surface of Candida tropicalis, induced by hydrocarbon substrate; Kappeli O et al.; The surface-localized polysaccharide of alkane-grown cells of Candida tropicalis was identified as mannan containing approximately 4% covalently linked fatty acids . Glucose-grown cells lacked the mannan-fatty acid complex . The surface structure of alkane-grown cells showed a radial arrangement of the wall polymers, with protruding parts . The cell surface of glucose-grown cells was smooth, with a coherent outer limit . The mannan was localized by using concanavalin A . Masking of the mannan with concanavalin A reduced the binding affinity of the surface for alkane, indicating the involvement of the surface-localized mannan-fatty acid complex in the binding of alkanes. Eur J Biochem, 1978 Feb, 83(2), 609 - 13 Fatty acid beta-oxidation system in microbodies of n-alkane-grown Candida tropicalis; Kawamoto S et al.; Localization of fatty acid beta-oxidation system in microbodies of Candida tropicalis cells growing on n-alkanes was studied . Microbodies isolated from the yeast cells showed palmitate-dependent activities of NAD reduction, acetyl-CoA formation and oxygen consumption . When sodium azide, an inhibitor of catalase, was added to the system, palmitate-dependent formation of hydrogen peroxide was observed . Stoichiometric study revealed that two moles of NAD were reduced per one mole of oxygen consumed in the absence of sodium azide and the presence of the inhibitor doubled the oxygen consumption by microbodies without an appreciable change in NAD reduction . These results indicate that the yeast microbodies contain beta-oxidation system of fatty acid, and that catalase located in the organelles participates in the degradation of hydrogen peroxide to be formed at the step of dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA. J Rheumatol, 1978 Fall, 5(3), 267 - 71 Candida tropicalis arthritis - assessment of amphotericin B therapy; Farrell JB et al.; A 28 year old male heroin addict developed Candida tropicalis infection of the knee joint in association with candidemia . Assessment of amphotericin B therapy was facilitated by the determination of serum and synovial fluid amphotericin B concentrations using a radiometric bio-assay method . The results indicate that adequate synovial fluid drug levels were achieved with intravenous systemic therapy. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 Jan-Feb, 14(1), 50 - 3 {Realization of the maximum specific growth rate of yeasts on optically heterogeneous media}; Shkidchenko AN; The method of controlling the rate of the nutrient medium flow was developed with respect to the level of heat release during yeast cultivation on the optically heterogeneous nutrient medium . This method of cultivation allowed attainment of the maximum specific rate of growth of Candida tropicalis which was estimated to be 0.45 hr-1 in the experiments. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1978, 25(3), 209 - 12 Diploid formation of Candida tropicalis via protoplast fusion; Vallin C et al.; Haploid auxotrophic mutants were produced from Candida tropicalis, and protoplast usion was induced by polyethylene glycol . The resulting nutritional complementation was due to heterokaryon formation and, at a much lower frequenty, to spontaneous diploidization . During cultivation, heterokaryotic clones regularly gave rise to heterozygous diploids from which, in turn, haploids could be isolated . The technique of protoplast fusion gives an opportunity for genetic analysis of this and similarly asexual fungal species. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1978, 18(3), 203 - 7 Virus-like particles in yeast: isolation and infectivity; Nesterova GF et al.; Virus-like particles containing electron dense cores are seen in thin sections of intact and degenerated cells of a thermosensitive (ts) strain of Candida tropicalis . A particulate fraction not present in wild-type cells has been isolated from the ts cells disrupted by pressure . The particles are 80-120 nm in diameter . Empty particles with a central cavity are observed . The method of infecting mating pairs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by partially purified particles is described. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 Jan-Feb, 14(1), 18 - 24 {Purification and properties of the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Candida tropicalis feed yeasts}; Tret'iakova VA et al.; From the cell-free extract of fodder yeast Candida tropicalis NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase was isolated and partially purified (75-fold) by means of fractional precipitation by ammonium sulphate and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose . The preparation was investigated with the aid of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Kinetic characteristics of the enzyme in the cell-free extract and partially purified preparation were derived. Arch Microbiol, 1977 Nov 18, 115(2), 143 - 9 Recombination after protoplast fusion in the yeast Candida tropicalis; Fournier P et al.; Candida tropicalis protoplasts obtained by snail enzyme treatment were induced to fuse by the use of polyethylene-glycol . Heterokaryons formed by two auxotrophic strains were selected by complementation on minimal medium . These heterokaryons were unstable and readily dissociated into their nuclear components . Under appropriate conditions, the parental nuclei of an heterokaryon fused . The homokaryon so obtained was unstable and segregated into various types of auxotrophic and prototrophic recombinants. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1977 Nov-Dec, 13(6), 881 - 92 {Pattern of growth and metabolism of thermotolerant microorganisms on media containing carbohydrates and hydrocarbons}; Kvasnikov EI et al.; Experiments were carried out to examine the growth and metabolism of thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis K-41 and bacteria Micrococcus freudenreichii that do not have a single temperature point but instead have an optimal temperature plateau at which the growth rate and biosynthetic activity remain unaltered or change insignificantly . Upon transition from the carbohydrate to the hydrocarbon pattern of nutrition these microorganisms show significant changes in metabolic processes: optimal concentration of biotin in the medium decreases significantly; the synthesis of riboflavin, nicotinic and pantothenic acids increases in yeast; the synthesis of nicotinic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 increases in bacteria . During microbial cultivation on hydrocarbons the content of cell lipids grows; yeast accumulate actively phospholipids and free fatty acids; bacteria build up intensively waxes and phospholipids . With the near-maximal growth rate the total synthesis of lipids decreases on carbohydrates and increases drastically on hydrocarbons, primarily at the expense of the above fractions. Mikrobiologiia, 1977 Nov-Dec, 46(6), 1044 - 9 {Isolation and characteristics of the lipid granules of Candida tropicalis yeasts}; Davidova EG et al.; Preparative isolation of lipid granules from the protoplasts of Candida tropicalis was conducted by a technique of flotation in a stepwise density gradient . Parameters were selected for decomposing the protoplasts under hypotonic and isotonic conditions which made it possible to preserve the lipid granules being isolated intact, as well as parameters of a density gradient and centrifugation . The specific content of lipids, proteins and low molecular weight compounds was assayed using labeled compounds in the lipid granules which were isolated from yeast cells cultivated on various carbon substrates (1-6(-14C)-glucose and 1(-14C-octadecane) . The lipid composition of the spherosomes was determined . If the yeast was grown on glucose, lipids localized in the lipid granules were represented mainly by triglycerides whose carbon constituted 69 per cent of the total lipid carbon . If it was cultivated on n-octadecane, these lipids were represented by hydrocarbons (51 per cent) and triglycerides (22 per cent) . The structures isolated possessed a small lipase activity . The specific lipase activity of the lipid granules was lower by 16 per cent than that of the cell protoplast. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 34(4), 342 - 6 Production of uricase by Candida tropicalis using n-alkane as a substrate; Tanaka A et al.; Production of uricase (urate oxidase, EC 1.7.3.3) by n-alkane-utilizing Candida tropicalis pK233 was studied . Although the yeast showed very low enzyme productivity under growing conditions on glucose or an n-alkane mixture (C10 to C13) (less than 2 U/g of dry cells), enzyme formation was enhanced markedly in an induction medium consisting of potassium phosphate buffer, MgSO4, uric acid, and an n-alkane mixture (47 U/g of dry cells) or glucose (21 U/g of dry cells) . Of the carbon sources tested, the n-alkane mixture was the most suitable for enzyme production . Appropriate aeration also stimulated uricase formation . In addition to uric acid, xanthine, guanine, adenine, and hypoxanthine were also effective for inducing uricase . Under optimum conditions, the maximum yield of the enzyme was 91 U/g of dry cells . Uricase thus induced was localized in the microbodies of the yeast.
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