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| Antibiotiki, 1975 Apr, 20(4), 319 - 23 {Clinical and experimental parallels in studying the effect of chymotrypsin on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics}; Geitman IIa et al.; The effect of intramuscular chimotripsin on the levels of methicillin and tetracycline administered respectively intramuscularly and orally was studied in patients with chronic pneumonia and in experimental rats . It was found that the dose of chimotripsin providing higher methicillin blood levels was many times lower than the enzyme doses providing analogous indices for the blood serum and organs of the rats . When the patients were treated with tetracycline and chimotripsin, increased blood levels of the antibiotic were observed . Administration of chimotripsin to the rats had no effect on tetracycline pharmacokinetics in the animals. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1975 Apr, 11(3), 216 - 25 Ethanol-antibiotic interactions at hepatic level; Grassi GG et al.; The authors study the influence of acute and chronic ethanol intoxication on the blood levels of rifampicin and isoniazid as well of aminoglycoside antibiotics in rats . While the acute ethanol intoxication has no influence on blood levels of tested antibiotics, in the chronic inotoxication lower levels of rifampicin and higher levels of isoniazid are observed . A study was performed also to determine the influence of an acute and chronic treatment with alcohol and the avoe quoted antibiotics on the BSP elimination rate . In the acute as well as in the chronic experiments, a constant significant delay in the elimination of BSP was observed in animals treated with rafampicin either alone or associated with alcohol . Isoniazid modified the dye elimination in comparison to controls only in chronic experiments . Ethanol did not seem to have any influence on this behavior . The implications and the possible significance of these findings are discussed. Med Care, 1975 Apr, 13(4), 341 - 5 Antibiotic use and abuse among physicians in private practice in Shiraz, Iran; Amidi S et al.; From 120 practicing physicians in Shiraz, Iran, 40 were selected to identify their attitude toward the use of antibiotics . A young, healthy man who complained of mild fever and cold symptoms was referred to them and 37 of them prescribed inappropriate doses of antibiotics . It is assumed that the behavior of the physicians is based on pressure by the patient to receive more medicine, particularly antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Apr, 28(4), 260 - 5 Antibiotic A-16316-C, a new water-soluble basic antibiotic; Tamura A et al.; A new water-soluble basic antibiotic named antibiotic A-16316-C was isolated together with antibiotic A-396-I and hygromycin B from a streptomyces strain identified as Streptoverticullium eurocidicus . The properties of the antibiotic A-16316-C were similar to those of destomycin B . But it was found that the antibiotic A-16316-C was not identical with destomycin B on the basis of NMR analysis . On acidic degradation antibiotic A-16136-C gave N, N'-dimethyl-2-deoxystreptamine, destomic acid and D-mannose . The gross structure for antibiotic A-16136-C was deduced from chemical reactions and spectral data. J Med Chem, 1975 Apr, 18(4), 403 - 8 Chemistry of cephalosporin antibiotics . 30 . 3-methoxy- and 3-halo-3-cephems; Chauvette RR et al.; The exo-methylene group in esters of 7-acylamido- and 7-amino-3-methylenecephams was ozonized to give 3-hydroxy-3-cephems . Conditions are described to effect a selective N-acylation of a 3-hydroxy-3-cephem nucleus ester . Vilsmeier reagents converted 7-acylamido-3-hydroxy compounds to 3-halo-3-cephem derivatives . Diazomethane converted the 3-hydroxy compounds to 3-methoxy-3-cephem derivatives . Removal of the ester-protecting group at the C4-carboxyl afforded a select group of cephalosporins with direct halo and methoxy substitution at C3 . A number of these compounds are potent antibiotics. Health Lab Sci, 1975 Apr, 12(2), 76 - 81 A new improved medium for antibiotic susceptibility testing of N . gonorrhoeae; Shtibel R; In order to assess the effectiveness of the agar plate dilution method for susceptibility testing of N . gonorrhoeae, different media were used . A total of 2,210 N . gonorrhoeae strains were tested on eight different media . The best results were obtained with G.C . base medium (Difco) enriched with 0.1% Isovitalex and 1.5% lysed horse blood and by using a bacterial inoculum with the opacity of No . 1 McFarland nephelometric standard . This medium yielded constant results and 98.6% of the N . gonorrhoeae strains grew well on the control plates. Pediatrics, 1975 Apr, 55(4), 552 - 6 The misuse of antibiotics for treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children; Soyka LF et al.; Antibiotic therapy has been shown to be of no value in the treatment of the URI--either in shortening the course of the acute illness or in preventing the development of secondary bacterial infections . Patient expense, as well as the threat of adverse reactions, should prohibit the present practice by some of routinely prescribing tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin . Indiscriminate antibiotic therapy cannot substitute for proper diagnostic evaluation of the patient who may have either a bacterial or, far more likely, a viral illness. Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Apr, 45(4), 421 - 4 Prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section; Rothbard MJ et al.; Using a random selection procedure, 100 patients were evaluated in order to determine the value of prophylactic antibiotics in cesarean section . All patients were evaluated for febrile morbidity, and specific infection sites were recorded . Significant differences were found between the treated and control groups and between cesarean sections performed prior to the onset of labor and after the onset of labor. JAMA, 1975 Mar 17, 231(11), 1157 - 8 Pseudomembranous colitis . Association with antibiotics and therapy with cholestyramine; Burbige EJ et al.; Two patients with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis associated with lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate and clindamycin phosphate therapy were treated with cholestyramine resin, with prompt remission of symptoms. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1975 Mar 3, 280(9), 1185 - 8 {Resistance to association of antibiotics (polymyxin and penicillin) in relation to cell concentration of two bacterial species in the same inoculum . Complementary inoculum effect}; Kauffmann J; Dense suspensions of Sa . typhi (Polys Penr) and of St . aureus (Polyr Pens) proliferate on gelose medium added with the two antibiotics only if the inoculum is mixed . The growth is probably due to the partial neutralization of the antibiotics following the formation of complexes between these antibiotics and some constituents of the two strains. Ann Sclavo, 1975 Mar-Apr, 17(2), 167 - 72 {Concentrations of some antibiotics in the nasal fossa and in maxillary sinus}; De Rosa F et al.; An inquiry of the concentrations of two antibiotics (Tobramycin and Cefazolin) in the mucoses of nasal fovea and of maxillaris sinus was performed after in intramuscolar injection of the two drugs . It results that therapeutically efficacious concentrations were obtained. Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 Mar, 25(3), 368 - 74 DNA complexing antibiotics: daunomycin, adriamycin and their derivatives; Marco A et al.; 9-Acetyl-4-methoxy-7,8,9,11-tetrahydroxy-6,7,9,11-tetrahydroxy-o-(3'-amino-2',3',6'-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxohexopyranoside) (daunomycin, daunorubicin, NSC-82 131, Daunoblasin), 14-hydroxy-daunorubicin (adriamycin, doxorubicin, NSC-123 127, Adriblastin), dihydrodaunomycin, their aglycones and other related compounds represent the group of S . peucetius derived antibiotics . The biosynthetic glycosides as well as some semisynthetic analogues or derivatives form strong complexes with double stranded DNA, which can be understood in terms of the known intercalation model . A clear relationship is found between the complex forming ability and the biological activity of the different compounds . The structure and configuration of the sugar moiety appear of primary importance for the stabilization of the complex and, therefore, for action . A class of side chain derivatives, namely adriamycin 14-0-esters, looks promising . Different tissue distribution of such derivatives may result in new useful anticancer drugs. Antibiotiki, 1975 Mar, 20(3), 195 - 8 {New tetraene antibiotic, abkhazomycin}; Barashkova NP et al.; The cultures of Act . L10-0740 and L10-0772 were isolated from a soil sample . By their morphological and cultural features they were close to Act . badiocolor and differed from the latter by their antibiotic properties . Because of this they were classified as a new variant of Act . badiocolor var . abhasus var . nov . The cultures produced a new tetraen antibiotic, named abkhazomycin . Its physico-chemical properties are presented. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1975 Mar 1, 105(9), 272 - 7 {Antibiotic combination therapy and chemotherapeutic prophylaxis}; Noseda G; Despite the large number of available chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics, monotherapy is not always possible . The practical indications for antibiotic combinations are discussed and the controversial topic of chemotherapeutic prophylaxis in different clinical situations is raised. Invest Ophthalmol, 1975 Mar, 14(3), 246 - 50 Effects of antibiotics on the in vitro rabbit corneal endothelium; Coles WH; The effects of ten antibiotics and two preservatives on the rabbit corneal endothelium were studied by in vitro perfusion . Dose-related effects on corneal thickness were seen with certain antibiotics . No correlation was found between structure, origin, or bacterial sensitivity of the antibiotics and their effect on corneal transplants . Five distinct morphological changes were observed: two were transient and only one was specific . Although clinical dose correlation was not intended, further investigation is needed on erythromycin, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin. Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Mar, 45(3), 305 - 10 Suction drainage as an alternative to prophylactic antibiotics for hysterectomy; Swartz WH et al.; A technic is described for suction drainage of the retroperitoneal space . Its use is evaluated in 150 private patients undergoing vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy and compared with 150 private control patients . This technic resulted in an average of 40 cc of fluid (range, 10-200 cc) being suctioned from the retroperitoneal space . With this technic febrile morbidity decreased from 26 to 11% for abdominal hysterectomies and from 32 to 8% for vaginal hysterectomies . Information is offered to explain the physiology of posthysterectomy infections, the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics, and the paradox of a febrile morbidity higher for vaginal than for abdominal hysterectomies . The risks in using prophylactic antibiotics routinely are stated, and suction drainage is suggested as a preferable alternative. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1975 Mar, 11(2), 112 - 25 {Aminoglycoside antibiotics from clinical viewpoint}; Luthy R; Indications, side effects, dosage and several pharmacokinetic properties of gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomicin, kanamycin, amikacin, and streptomycin are delt with in the first part . Hereafter, some aspects are briefly mentioned concerning combinations of antibiotics with aminoglycosides, as well as indications for the evaluation and analysis of the aminoglycoside concentration in the serum. Antibiotiki, 1975 Mar, 20(3), 271 - 5 {Theoretically probable assessment of the effectiveness of individualized combined antibiotic therapy of patients with suppurative inflammatory processes}; Finn GR et al.; Efficiency of individual combined antibiotic therapy of patients was estimated in comparison to the use of single antibiotics of their fixed combinations without any special control group . Since the essence of the study was practically in successive appliance of the 2 methods of therapy to the same group of the patients, it was possible to carry out theoretically probable estimation of the final result as a summation effect of both methods and to define the probable result of the 2 nd method . The study of the results of the treatment of the patients with purulent-inflammatory processes showed significant advantages of the individual combined antibiotic therapy. Antibiotiki, 1975 Mar, 20(3), 225 - 7 {Physicochemical properties of some antibiotics}; Kigel' TB et al.; Some physico-chemical properties of 3 antibiotics, i.e . kanamycin, neomycin and monomycin dried in the evaporating-drying apparatus IDA-ITE-6 constructed at the Institute of Technical Thermophysics of the UkSSR Academy of Sciences were studied . The properties of their 6 and 18 percent solutions and sorption properties of the antibiotic powders were described . It was found that the properties of the 3 antibiotics were close. Am J Med Technol, 1975 Mar, 41(3), 99 - 105 Determining antibiotic levels in the blood; Edberg SC et al.; Methods for the rapid determination of antibiotic blood levels require particular organisms or special conditions or long incubation . A method was developed for the rapid determination of antibiotic blood levels which requires no special equipment and is rapid . Special stains are not required . Utilizing bacteria from standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity plates, a suspension is prepared and a pour plate made . Organisms which are sensitive to the questioned antibiotic and resistant to other antibiotics the patient is receiving are chosen . Muller-Hinton is the best general agar . Wells are cut, and antibiotic standards, antibiotic controls, and the patient's serum introduced . Within three to four hours, zone sizes can be read and the antibiotic blood level calculated . The materials and technical facility required should not preclude any laboratory from successfully performing the method. Clin Allergy, 1975 Mar, 5(1), 99 - 107 Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--the macrolide antibiotic Spiramycin; Davies RJ et al.; One year after starting work in the pharmaceutical industry a 35-year-old non-atopic maintenance engineer developed attacks of sneezing, coughing and breathlessness . These occurred at home during the evening and early morning, never at work during the day . His employment involved contact with a wide variety of chemical agents including the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin . Inhalation challenge tests carried out in hospital with gradually increasing quantities of spiramycin reproduced his symptoms and led to the development of late asthmatic reactions, during which the FEV1 fell by 25% and the FEV1/FVC ratio by 15% . No change occurred in the single breath CO transfer factor nor were crepitations heard over the lung fields which remained normal on chest X-ray . The patient showed positive immediate skin prick tests to spiramycin and developed blood eosinophilia during the late asthma attacks . Inhalation of sodium cromoglycate either before, or before and hourly after the provocation challenge for 6 hr, failed to prevent the late asthma, although its onset was further delayed . On leaving the pharmaceutical industry the patient's symptoms improved but did not finally clear until his wife, who had worked in a clerical capacity in the same factory also ceased her employment. Z Naturforsch {C}, 1975 Mar-Apr, 30(2), 131 - 40 Ribose conformations in the common purine(beta)ribosides, in some antibiotic nucleosides, and in some isopropylidene derivatives: a comparison; Westhof E et al.; With the use of PMR the ribose conformations have been studies in the temperature range -60 to +40 degrees C in ND3 solutions of adenosine (A), guanosine (G), inosine (I), xanthsine (X), purineriboside (PR), 2-aminopurineriboside (2amPR), N6-isopentenyladenosine (N6ipA), 8-bromoadenosine (iA), and isopropylideneguanosine (iG) . The aanlysis is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam . The compounds studied can be classified into two groups: 1 . A, I, G, X, PR, 2amPR, N6ipA, and T show a small temperature dependence of thnd F have a stronger temperature dependence and {S} approximately 0.8 . Within these two groups the similarities observed are greater than observed in the solid state . Some thermodynamic conclusions about the S in equilibrium N and the syn in equilibrium anti equilibria are presented . The results support the previously proposed correlation of the S state of the ribose with the syn conformation of the base and of the N state of the ribose with the anti conformation of the base . Furthermore, it is derived that the gg rotamer is correlated with the S state of the ribose and therefore stabilizes the syn conformation of the base. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1975 Mar 1, 105(9), 282 - 7 {Side effects of antibiotics}; Hoigne R; The clinically severe and newer forms of antibiotic side effects are reviewed . The study covers the following antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and polymyxins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, macrolides and lincomycin, rifamycins and sulfonamides . Special reference is made to (1) hematologic side effects, and (2) general evaluation of drug reactions . The relationship between reaction time and clinical symptoms is of particular practical significance. Minerva Chir, 1975 Feb 28, 30(4), 191 - 3 {Use of a new oral antibiotic in surgery}; Spinelli I et al.; Results with pivampicillin, a new ampicillin with complete gastric absorption and capable of producing high tissue levels, in the prevention and treatment of postoperative infection in 31 cases are presented . The antibiotic was effective in 29 cases, 4 of which had a prior history of antibiotic intractability . Side-effects consisted of slight gastric disturbances, with suspension of treatment in 1 case only . No clinically significant changes in the laboratory data were noted. S Afr Med J, 1975 Feb 15, 49(7), 233 - 8 Antibiotic peritoneal lavage in severe peritonitis . A preliminary assessment; Hunt JA et al.; A method of intra- and postoperative antibiotic peritoneal lavage, using 0.015% gentamicin in dialysis solution, has been assessed for the treatment of life-threatening peritonitis . It is believed to be the first time that the use of gentamicin for this purpose has been recorded, and the first time that antibiotic peritoneal lavage has been used for the treatment of a series of patients with peritonitis of gynaecological or obstetrical origin . At Baragwanath Hosital, gynaecological patients with life-threatening purulent peritonitis arising from septic abortions, tubal sepsis (ruptured pyosalpinx) or postoperative causes, were studied . Thirty-eight such patients undergoing standard operative treatment had a mortality of 47.4%, which is in accordance with world figures for serious peritonitis . In 38 patients, after the addition of antibiotic peritoneal lavage, mortality was halved to 2397%, with minimal morbidity . The procedure used has been fully described, and is recommended for wider trial in patients with life-threatening peritonitis or peritoneal soiling. Can J Biochem, 1975 Feb, 53(2), 149 - 54 The effect of a new antibiotic, cryptosporiopsin, on RNA synthesis in L-cells; Dessureault J et al.; The effect of cryptosporiopsin on RNA synthesis in L-cells was studied as part of an investigation on the mechanism of action and potential toxicity of the antibiotic in mammalian cells . RNA synthesis in vitro was tested in intact isolated L-cell nuclei, in conjunction with selective inhibitors of nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA synthetic activities; It was found that only the nucleoplasmic activity (polymerase II), was inhibited by cryptosporiopsin and that the drug showed no effect on the activity of the nucleolar enzyme (polymerase I) . RNA synthesis in vivo was tested using double labelling with I114-C}guanine and {3-H}-uridine in an attempt at discriminating between G+C nucleolar trna and high A+U nucleoplasmic RNA synthesis . Results revealed that the uptake of these precursors into both types of RNA was inhibited by cryptosporiopsin in intact cells . Measurements of the nucleotide pools in these cells indicated that the antibiotic affects uptak and phosphorylation of nucleosides and nucleotides, especially the production of ATP; These results suggest that the uptake inhibition observed in vivo could be due, at least in part, to energy and/or precursor shortage. Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 150 - 4 {Effect of antibiotic therapy on the experimental production of antiviral antibodies}; Karaev ZO et al.; Because of the practical value of the study of peculiar properties of antinfluenza immunity under conditions of the use of tetracycline, streptomycin and penicillin, the experiments were performed on albino mice and rats . The studies showed that the antibiotics inhibited the intensity of production of specific antibodies, i.e . antihemagglutinines and virus neutralizing antibodies in the process of antiinfluenza immunization of the animals which must be connected with changes in the cells of the immunoreactive system, suppression of the activity of the metabolic processes. Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 145 - 50 {Effect of the antibiotic sibiromycin on the bioelectrical activity of the heart and the serum transaminase activity in dogs}; Shepelevtseva NG; Experiments with dogs showed that daily intravenous administrations of sibiromycin in doses of 1.5 or 1 gamma/kg resulted in significant changes in the ECG: delayed heart rythm, narrowed R peak amplitude, lower P peak or its absence, presence of coronary T peak and location of S-T segment above the isoline, which corresponded to the increase in the transminase activity of the blood serum . When sibiromycin was used in a dose of 0.75 gamma/kg 30 times a day and in a dose of 1.5 gamma/kg 2 times a weak for 13 times T, P R peaks on the ECG changed . The cardiotoxic effect of sibiromycin depended on the dose . When used in a single dose of 5 gamma/kg, in a dose of 0.37 gamma/kg 30 times a day or in a dose of 2 or 1.5 gamma/kg once a weak for 7 times, sibiromycin had no toxic effect on the heart. Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 141 - 4 {Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agent of glanders}; Kovalev GK et al.; Sensitivity of the glanders causative agent to 20 antibiotics representing different groups is described . The results of the in vitro studies showed that most of the antibiotics were not active against the glanders causative agent, except for polymyxin M, levomycetin and their combination . Some relative activity was observed with neomycin . The "indicators" method used by the authors for determination of the M . mallei sensitivity to the antibiotics allowed the shortening of the time of the test by 8 to 10 hours. J Chromatogr, 1975 Jan 29, 104(1), 151 - 60 Quantitative thin-layer spectrodensitometric determination of the components of polyene macrolide antibiotice complexes; Martin JF et al.; A direct spectrodensitometric method for quantitating the components of polyene macrolide complexes after separation by thin-layer chromatography is described . Resolution of the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes was good up to 2.5 and 10 mu-g/spot, respectively . The peak areas were linear with the amount spotted up to the same levels . Maximum peak areas for the components of the candidin and candihexin complexes were obtained using light wavelengths of 360 and 340 nm, respectively . Spotting errors rather than instrumental parameters were responsible for the variance of repeated determinations . Minimal relative standard deviation values were found at intermediate concentration levels in the linear range. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jan 24, 380(1), 76 - 80 Inhibition of cholesterol esterification by polyene antibiotics in blood plasma; Klimov AN et al.; The inhibition of the lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase reaction in human plasma by the polyene antibiotics, levorine and amphotericin B, has been demonstrated by in vitro experiments . It is suggested that the inhibition of the esterification reaction is the result of interaction between polyenes and non-esterified cholesterol. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jan 20, 378(2), 195 - 204 Mode of action of antitumour antibiotics . spectrophotometric studies on the interaction of chromomycin A3 with DNA and chromatin of normal and neoplastic tissue; Nayak R et al.; The binding of chromomycin A3, an antitumour antibiotic, to various DNA and chromatin isolated from mouse and rat liver, mouse fibrosarcoma and Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells was studied spectrophotometrically at 29 degrees C in 10-2 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, containing small amounts of MgCl2 (4.5-10-5--25-10-5 M) . An isobestic point at 415 nm was observed when chromomycin A3 was gradually titrated with DNA/chromatin and its spectrum shifted towards higher wavelength . The rates and extent of these spectral changes were found to be dependent on the concentration of Mg2+ . The change in absorbance at 440 nm was used to calculate apparent binding constant (Kap M-1) and sites per nucleotide (n) from Scatchard plots for various DNA and chromatins . As expected, values of n for chromatin (0.06-0.10) were found to be lower than found for corresponding DNA (0.10-0.15) . Apparently no such correlation exists between binding constants (Kap M-1)-10-4) of DNA (6.4--11.2) and of chromatin (3.1--8.3), but Kap M-1 of chromatin isolated from mouse fibrosarcoma and Yoshida ascites sarcoma are 1.5--3 times higher than that found for mouse and rat liver chromatin . These differences may be taken to indicate structural difference in nucleoprotein complexes caused by neoplasia . The relevance of this finding to tumour suppressive action of chromomycin A3 is discussed.
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