Arch Ophthalmol, 1976 Nov, 94(11), 1981 - 4 Quantitation of bacterial infection and antibiotic effect in the cornea; Kupferman A et al.; We report an experimental model that allows objective quantitation of bacterial keratitis . The model permits direct measurement of the number of viable organisms in the cornea after varying periods of in vivo growth . The size of the inoculum used to produce the corneal infection is critical, and the experimental organism must be standardized for its growth characteristics in the cornea . The end point is an objective one, productive of numerical data that can be subjected to statistical analysis . The findings are highly reproducible and the system is sufficiently sensitive to indicate the ability of a topically administered antibiotic to reduce the number of viable organisms in the cornea of an outbred rabbit population. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S249 - 61 Amikacin, an aminoglycoside with marked activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates; Price KE et al.; A total of 319 clinical isolates known to be resistant to one or more aminoglycoside antibiotics were tested for their susceptibility to 10 aminoglycosides . The percentages of isolates found by an agar dilution method to be susceptible were: amikacin, 83.7%; tobramycin, 41.4%; butirosin A, 33.2%; dideoxykanamycin B, 32.6%; gentamicin C, 27.3%; lividomycin A, 17.6%; neomycin B, 10.7%; paromomycin, 10.3%; kanamycin A, 10.0%; and ribostamycin, 7.2% . The effectiveness of the antibiotics was related to their degree of resistance to bacterial enzymes; e.g., of the nine enzymes known to inactivate antibiotics containing 2-deoxystreptamine, amikacin was affected by one enzyme, tobramycin by five, and gentamicin and kanamycin by six . Examination of cell-free extracts from the 52 strains resistant to amikacin revealed that only four contained the amikacin-inactivating enzyme aminoglycoside-6'-acetyltransferase, a finding indicating that this mechanism of resistance is rare . Other experiments suggest that most amikacin-resistant strains, which are almost invariably resistant to all aminoglycosides, lack the ability to accumulate effectively either amikacin or presumably the other antibiotics intracellularly. Am J Ophthalmol, 1976 Nov, 82(5), 775 - 80 The stability of ten antibiotics in artificial tear solutions; Osborn E et al.; We determined the relative potencies of penicillin G, carbenicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, vancomycin, and bacitracin after their addition to three commercially available 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose artificial tear solutions in plastic squeeze bottles . We found no significant loss of antibiotic activity at room temperature over a period of seven days for all antibiotics except penicillin G, cephalothin, and cephaloridine . Three of the antibiotics were insoluble in one or more of the artificial tear solutions. Br Med J, 1976 Oct 30, 2(6043), 1061 - 4 Clinical judgement and antibiotic use in general practice; Howie JG; Illustrated booklets that contained standard physical but variable social and psychological information relating to 16 patients with sore throats were posted to 1000 general practitioners . The doctors were asked whether they would prescribed antibiotics in each of the cases presented . Replies were received from 634 doctors and it was found that the variations in social and psychological history provided had significantly affected the doctor's responses. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Oct 15, 101(20), 1145 - 53 The effect of storage at 4 degrees C on antibiotic residues in kidney and meat tissues of dairy cows; Nouws JF et al.; A method is described for the quantitative assay of antibiotic residues in the body of slaughtered farm animals by means of 3 types of agar media and 3 test organisms . With the help of programmed calculation procedures, data from large-scale tests for antibiotic residues could be analyzed accurately and rapidly . The concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin, cloxacillin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, neomycin, kanamycin, and oxytetracycline in the kidney, and also of tylosin in meat from the diaphragm muscle of cattle treated parenterally with these antibiotics were measured periodically in samples kept at 4 degrees C for up to 7 days after slaughter . The concentrations of penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxycillin and the cephalosporins in the kidney decreased rapidly upon storage whereas the levels of the other antibiotics remained essentially unchanged . Antibiotic stability in the meat was considerably greater than in the kidney upon storage for 4 days, and neomycin meat tissue levels were not reduced during storage for up to 144 hours . Results are discussed in relation to the conduct of the official qualitative Sarcina lutea Kidney Test and the most desirable procedure for preparing meat samples for assay. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Oct, 29(10), 1035 - 42 Polyene antibiotics . VII . Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for cyclic hemiketals in the polyene antibiotics amphotericin B, nystatin A1, tetrin A, tetrin B, lucensomycin, and pimaricin1,2; Pandey RC et al.; Carbon magnetic resonance establishes conclusively that six polyene macrolide antibiotics containing keto groups (the heptaene amphotericin B, the tetraene-diene nystatin A1, and the tetraenes tetrin A, tetrin B, pimaricin, and lucensomycin) exist in the hemiketal form in solution . Their spectra all contain a hemiketal carbon's absorption near 97 ppm but lack a keto carbon's absorption near 210 ppm . The non-polyenic macrolide erythromycin, on the other hand, exists in the keto form. Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 927 - 32 {Penetration of antibiotics into experimental foci of inflammation under the influence of proteolytic enzymes}; Geitman IIa et al.; The effect of trypsin or chemotrypsin on the levels of benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, kanamycin or tetracycline in the peritoneal inflammation fluid, as well as the effect of trypsin on penetration of these antibiotics into the granulemas of 2 types was studied . It was found that intramuscular administration of the enzymes to animals in a dose of 10 mg/kg resulted in increased levels of penicillins and kanamycin in the inflammation peritoneal fluid . An analogous effect of trypsin was observed with respect to experimental granulemas . The levels of tetracycline in restricted inflammatory foci increased only after intraperitoneal administration of trypsin to rats . Increased penetration of benzylpenicillin into the peritoneal fluid and connective tissue granulema under the effect of the enzymes was observed . The effect of trypsin on penetration of benzylpenicillin into granulema according to Selie did not differ from the effect of the enzyme on penetration of semisynthetic penicillins and kanamycin into it. Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 904 - 10 {Dependence of the toxicity of the antineoplastic antibiotics rubomycin and carminomycin, on the age and sex of white mice and rats}; Gol'dberg LE et al.; Karminomycin was more toxic with respect to 2-6 week mice than to adult animals when administered both intravenously or orally . 5-6 week rats were more stable than adult animals to the effect of karminomycin administered intravenously or orally . Significant species sensitivity to karminomycin was noted . When administered intravenously karminomycin administered intravenously was 2 times more toxic as compared to the oral use in the experiments with adult mice and 23 times more toxic in the experiments with adult rats . LD10 and LD50 of rubomycin administerean in adult animals . LD50 of karminomycin and rubomycin administered intravenously to adult female mice was somewhat lower than that for adult male mice. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1976 Oct, 33(10), 1010 - 3 Compatibility of antineoplastic, antibiotic and corticosteroid drugs in intravenous admixtures; McRae MP et al.; Through the use of absorption spectroscopy and visual observations, the compatibility of selected oncologic, antibiotic and corticosteroid drugs in intravenous admixtures was determined . The six drugs used in this study were methotrexate sodium, prednisolone sodium phosphate, sodium cephalothin, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine and vincristine sulfate . These were cross-matched in pairs, using 5% dextrose injection as the vehicle . By obtaining the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of each of the drugs alone in the 5% dextrose injection, reference of standard spectra were obtained which could be used as a comparison for the spectra of the drugs in admixture . This comparison permitted detection of any alterations in the spectrum which would suggest chemical (nonvisual) incompatibility . Of the 13 combinations examined, four pairs appeared to be chemically incompatible . These were: 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate sodium; 5-fluorouracil and cytarabine; prednisolone sodium phosphate and methotrexate sodium; and methotrexate sodium and cytarabine. Am Surg, 1976 Oct, 42(10), 785 - 8 Effect of antibiotics on the in vitro neutrophil chemotactic response; Majeski JA et al.; Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte chemotaxis was examined in vitro in the presence of the following antibiotics: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, methicillin, sulfadiazine, cephalothin, oxacillin, nafcillin and clindamycin . Results indicate that high concentrations (1 mg/ml) of tetracycline, nafcillin, erythromycin and sulfadiazine inhibited the chemotactic response of neutrophils . Tetracycline produced an inhibition at concentrations as low as 1mug/ml . A stimulation of the neutrophil chemotactic response was observed in the presence of chloramphenicol in all concentrations . The results are discussed with particular emphasis on the implications to host immunity. Cancer, 1976 Oct, 38(4), 1556 - 9 Effect of oral prophylactic broad spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotics on the gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients and methotrexate in small cell bronchogenic carcinoma patients; Cohen MH et al.; Patients with small cell bronchogenic carcinoma, in a study utilizing laminar-air-flow-protected environments, oral prophylactic broad spectrum non-absorbable antibiotics (PNAA), and intensive combination chemotherapy, were examined to determine the effects of PNAA on serum biochemical values and on gastrointestinal absorption of both nutrients and methotrexate . With use of PNAA the following abnormalities were observed; serum carotene and folate decreased, D-xylose absorption was impaired, fat globules and muscle fibers were demonstrable in the stool, and the mean weight loss in 6 weeks was 10.2% as compared with 4.3% in patients not treated with antibiotics . Methotrexate absorption decreased from a mean of 69% prior to antibiotic use to 44% on PNAA . Thus, PNAA causes malabsorption of both nutrients and drugs . It appears unwise to treat patients on PNAA with oral antineoplastic drugs . Nutritional status must also be closely monitored and supplemental nutrition, either intravenously or with elemental diets, must be considered. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1976 Oct, 55(10), 786 - 94 {Animal experiments concerning the neurotoxicity of aminoglycosid antibiotics . Electron microscopic findings regarding dose--depending mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig (author's transl)}; Theopold HM; In 34 guinea pigs (plus 8 healthy animals for control) Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikacin show a characteristic pattern of mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig after a 10-day-administration of 4/40 mg/kg body weight Gentamicin, 4/50 mg/kg Tobramycin, respectively 15/75/150 mg/kg Amikacin . Amikacin causes the most pronounced physiological damage observed by the early loss of Preyer reflex and general toxic signs--these observations correspond with the morphological findings . By the evaluation of morphological findings we are convinced that there is indication for a direct neurotoxic effect on mitochondria in the cochlea nucleus regarding the dose and time of administration. Antibiotiki, 1976 Oct, 21(10), 887 - 92 {Carbohydrate and pyruvic acid degradation pathways in Fusidium coccineum strains with varying levels of antibiotic synthesis}; Gol'dshtein VL et al.; A number of enzymes and reactions of glycolysis, pentose-phosphate cycle and degradation of pyruvic acid in strains of F . coccineum with various levels of antibiotic production was studied comparatively . The experiments showed that highly productive strains were characterized by higher activity of the NADP-deficient enzymes of the pentoze-phosphate cycle as compared to the low active strains . The activity levels of glycolytic enzymes, such as fructose-diphosphate-aldolase and 3-phosphoglycerolaldehydehydrogenase did not practically differ . Significant differences were found in the reactions of puryvic acid degradation: the activity of cytoplasmic pyruvatedecarboxylase in the mutant with high antibiotic production level was lower than that in the low productive strain, while oxidation of the pyruvate of the mitochondrial fraction was on the contrary more intensive than in the highly productive strain . Therefore, metabilism in the strains studied was characterized by ever-increasing biochemical changes with an increase in their antibiotic productivity . Lowering of the growth rate of the mutants as their capacity for antibiotic supersynthesis increased and subsequently the anabolic processes became more intensive was accompanied by increasing derepression of the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and in particular NADR-deficient dehydrogenase of the pentose cycle and pyruvatedehydrogenase, significant for fusidin biosynthesis and providing production of the antibiotic of steroid nature by cofactor NADP-H and acetyl-KoA, the primary precursor. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1976 Sep 20, 283(5), 551 - 3 {Analysis of biospecific complexes by electrophoresis: antibiotics specific to bacterial ribosomes}; Goffic FL et al.; Electrophoresis is a widespread method in biochemistry . Apparently it has never been used in the study of interactions found in enzyme-substrates or drug-receptor complexes . The aim of this Note is to describe some possibilities given by this simple technique especially in the case of interactions found between some antibiotics and the bacterial ribosome . Chloramphenicol, pristinamycin are located in 50 S subunit whereas dihydrostreptomycin is found in 30 S particle (fig) . Such results have been previously obtained by other methods . The distribution of the gentamicin and kanamycin components is quite different . This suggests that the mechanism of action of these molecules may be different from that of streptomycin group antibiotics. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 869 - 72 {Factors of multiple resistance to antibiotics in nodule bacteria}; Pariiskaia AN et al.; Multiple resistance to antibiotics (penicillin, levomycetin, neomycin, tetracycline) was found in 15% of collection strains of nodule bacteria and in strains isolated from natural environment. Arch Dis Child, 1976 Sep, 51(9), 686 - 90 Intrathecal antibiotic therapy for neonatal meningitis; Yeung CY; Twenty infants with neonatal meningitis were treated with systemic and lumbar intrathecal antibiotics upon initial diagnosis . Failure to sterilize the CSF in 2-3 days was associated with evidence of ventriculitis in these infants who were then treated with intraventricular antibiotics . 4 infants died, but only 2 of them may be regarded as treatment failure . It is suggested that many deaths from neonatal meningitis may be preventable by early detection and treatment of ventriculitis with intraventricular antibiotics. Mikrobiologiia, 1976 Sep-Oct, 45(5), 922 - 5 {Lysogeny of the Streptomyces hygroscopicus culture reducing the antibiotic turimycin and some characteristics of its temperate phage}; Rautenshtein IaI et al.; The culture of Streptomyces hygroscopicus JA 6599 producing antibiotic turimycin was found to be lysogenic . Four variants produced from this culture by the inducing with acridine orange did not synthesize the antibiotic but were also lysogenic . Temperate phages isolated from the parent culture and from its four variants were identical by their main biological properties . Therefore, production of turimycin is not controlled by the isolated temperate phage. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1976 Sep, 117(9), 23 - 6 {Lumbar retroperitoneal novocaine block, antibiotics and enzyme inhibitors in acute pancreatitis}; Makova NS et al.; The possibility of infusing medical drugs in fascial sheaths of the pancreas was grounded anatomically . The blockade was used in 119 patients with acute pancreatitis . The authors recommend this blockade in complex with other therapeutic measures. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Sep, 29(9), 954 - 7 Incidence of antiprotozoal and antivermal antibiotics in fungi, V Class Fungi Imperfecti Collected in the Vietnamese Democratic Republic; Krizkova L et al.; From soil samples collected in the jungles of Ninh Binh Province of the Vietnamese Democratic Republic, 97 isolates belonging to 54 species of Fungi imperfecti were obtained and screened for the production of antibiotics . The isolates were identified as belonging to the orders Melanconiales, Moniliales, Sphaeropsidales and Mycelia sterilia . In the species studied a very high incidence of antiprotozoal activities were observed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Sep, 29(9), 928 - 36 Semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics . 8 Structure-activity relationships of alpha-sulfocephalosporins; Nomura H et al.; Synthesis and in vitro activity of a number of cephalosporins having alpha-sulfoacyl- or other acyl groups, e.g., alpha-carboxyacyl- and alpha-sulfoaminoacyl- at the 7-position and bearing a variety of heterocyclic thioether or pyridinium moieties at the 3-position are described. J Chromatogr, 1976 Sep 1, 124(1), 37 - 42 Identification of antibiotic residues in milk by thin-layer chromatography; Bossuyt R et al.; A scheme has been devised that makes it possible to separate and identify, by means of thin-layer chromatography, the 14 different antibiotic resudues in milk which are, besides penicillin, the most widely used in mastitis control: cloxacillin, dihydrostreptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, neomycin, novobiocin, bacitracin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, ampicillin, streptomycin and oxacillin . The limits of detectability of the antibiotics studied vary between 0.1 and 3 mug/ml, with the exception of neomycin the minimum detectable concentration of which is 15 mug/ml. Gen Pharmacol, 1976 Sep, 7(4), 227 - 32 Contractile function and 45Ca movements in vascular smooth muscle of nonhuman primates: effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics; Goodman FR et al.; 1 . The effects of 7mM neomycin, 10 mM kanamycin and 5 mM gentamicin on vascular smooth muscle contractile responses and 45Ca movements were examined in arterial preparations isolated from nonhuman primates (squirrel monkeys, capuchin monkeys and baboons) . 2 . Present findings demonstrate that these antibiotics inhibit contractile responses and alter 45Ca movements in monkey blood vessels, and suggest that the manner in which these agents affect vascular smooth muscle from nonhuman primates does not differ qualitatively from their effects in canine and rabbit vascular preparations. CRC Crit Rev Clin Radiol Nucl Med, 1976 Sep, 8(2), 255 - 77 Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis; Stanley RJ et al.; This review defines the entity pseudomembranous colitis and briefly outlines the supposed etiologic causes of pseudomembranous colitis including antibiotics . The incidence, mortality rate, and natural history of antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis is contrasted with other forms and causes of pseudomembranous colitis . The clinical spectrum of antibiotic-related pseudomembranous colitis, ranging from a nonbloody, watery diarrheal state to a life-threatening condition mimicking an acute surgical abdomen, is reviewed . The classic proctoscopic and pathologic findings, as well as common problems encountered in interpretation, are discussed . A complete review of the spectrum of radiographic findings is presented from the nonspecific to the quite characteristic radiographic findings, including both plain film and contrast studies of the colon . These findings are contrasted with the X-ray features of other inflammatory and ischemic colitides and a differential diagnosis is discussed . A section dealing with the treatment of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis will be included . This section will review the various modes of therapy that have been employed . Finally, a brief section will speculate on the possible etiologic role that antibiotics play in pseudomembranous colitis, including the alteration of the bacterial flora and possible effect on bile salt metabolism. Surgery, 1976 Sep, 80(3), 405 - 10 The protective role of intraperitoneal antibiotic irrigation in contaminated penetrating wounds of the cecum; Rakower SR et al.; Neomycin (500 mg.), polymyxin (500,000 U.), and bacitracin (50,000 U.) in one liter of saline, used as an abdominal irrigation solution, protects dogs against intraperitoneal infection and wound infections and markedly curtails adhesion formation after peritoneal contamination with cecal contents . Dogs treated with topical antibiotics after cecal puncture and local contamination were almost identical to control dogs without contamination . Equal volumes of saline irrigation offered no therapeutic advantage despite the theoretical benefit of diluting the bacterial and chemical challenge . Reported results are statistically significant (rho less than or equal to 0.05). Biochemistry, 1976 Aug 24, 15(17), 3760 - 9 Pyrrolo{1,4}benzodiazepine antibiotics . Biosynthesis of the antitumor antibiotic 11-demethyltomaymycin and its biologically inactive metabolite oxotomaymycin by Streptomyces achromogenes; Hurley LH et al.; 11-Demethyltomaymycin, an antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces achromogenes, and its biologically inactive metabolite oxotomaymycin are biosynthesized from L-tyrosine, DL-tryptophan, and L-methionine . The anthranilate part of 11-demethyltomaymycin is derived from tryptophan probably via the kynurenine pathway . The predominant loss of tritium from DL-{5-3H}tryptophan, during its conversion to 11-demethyltomaymycin and oxotomaymycin is interpreted to mean by NIH shift rules, that the main pathway to the 5-methoxy-4-hydroxy anthranilate moiety is through hydroxylation at C-8 prior to hydroxylation at C-7 . The methoxy carbon is derived from the S-methyl group of methionine by transfer of an intact methyl group . The ethylideneproline moiety of 11-demethyltomaymycin is biosynthesized from tyrosine, without a 1-carbon unit from methionine . The results of biosynthetic feeding experiments with L-{1-14C, 3- or 5-3H}tyrosine are consistent with a "meta" or extradiol cleavage of 6,7-dihydroxycyclodopa as has also been demonstrated previously for anthramycin and lincomycin A . An experiment in which L-{1-14C, Ala-2,3-3H}tyrosine was fed showed that both the beta hydrogens of this amino acids are retained in 11-demethyltomaymycin . It has been demonstrated in cultures and washed cell preparations that 11-demethyltomaymycin is enzymatically converted to oxotomaymycin by an intracellular constitutive enzyme . Conversion of oxotomaymycin to 11-demethyltomaymycin by these same preparations could not be demonstrated . The enzymatic activity associated with the conversion of 11-demethyltomaymycin to oxotomaymycin is not limited to the 11-demethyltomaymycin to oxotomaymycin is not limited to the 11-demethyltomaymycin production phase, since trophophase cells and even cells from 11-demethyltomaymycin nonproducing cultures of S . achromogenes were equally active in converting 11-demethyltomaymycin to oxotomaymycin. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Aug 15, 101(16), 900 - 4 {Antimycotic antibiotics (author's transl)}; van Miert AS et al.; A number of antibiotics having an antimycotic action are reviewed . The physicochemical and pharmacotoxicological properties, antifungal range, mechanisms of action, dosage and preparations of griseofulvin, amphotericin-B, natamycin, nystatin and pecilocin are discussed. Biokhimiia, 1976 Aug, 41(8), 1387 - 90 {The change of template activity of dog kidney chromtin by polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro}; Kravchenko LS et al.; Effect of amphotericin B and nistatin on template activity of nuclear membrane-bound (DNPm) and free (DNPo) dog kidney chromatin after intravenous injections of antibiotics and after the incubation of isolated kidney cell nuclei with the antibiotics is studied . It is found that injections of amphotericin B and nistatin resulted in the increase of DNPo template activity in RNA polymerase system, the stimulating effect of nistatin being higher than that of amphotericin B . Injections of nistatine stimulated also template activity of DNPm, while amphotericin B produced no effect on DNPm . When studing the effect of polyene antibiotics on template activity of DNPo and DNPm in vitro, it is found that the intensity of RNA synthesis after incubation of isolated nuclei with antibiotics is considerably increased, and stimulating effect of nistatin is higher than of amphotericin B . Both antibiotics produced no effect on template activity of DNP in vitro . Thus, comparative analysis of changes in template activity of dog kidney chromatin under the effect of polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro has revealed the similarity of these drugs and draws to the conclusion that nistatin and amphotericin B produce a direct effect on template activity of chromatin. Arch Fr Pediatr, 1976 Aug-Sep, 33(7), 693 - 703 {Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in children}; Gavend M et al.; Antibiotics plasma levels and pharmacokinetics are sometime different in adults and newborns . A study of absorption, plasma levels, half lives, protein binding and extravascular diffusion of antibiotic groups give a survey of the kinetic differences according to the ages. Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 719 - 21 {Rate of tetracycline dissolution from tablets and capsules and the biological availability of the antibiotic}; Okhotnikova VF et al.; Relation between the rate of tetracycline dissolution from tablets and capsules and the biological acceptibility of the antibiotic in the host was studied . The antibiotic dissolution rate from the pharmaceutical forms was determined in a modernized apparatus "Rotary basket" in water, the speed of the basket rotation was 200 r.p.m . In addition the tetracycline blood levels in patients treated with the drug in the above pharmaceutical forms were estimated . It was found that the rate of the antibiotic dissolution characterized the antibiotic biological acceptibility . A test for the dissolution rate was developed . It may be used for estimation of production batches of tetracycline tablets. Antibiotiki, 1976 Aug, 21(8), 709 - 14 {Study of the relationship of growth and morphological differentiation to antibiotic formation in heliomycin-producing cultures}; Kozhevina LS et al.; Relation between the growth of the heliomycin-producing organisms, biosynthesis of the antibiotic and morphological differentiation of the mycelium was studied . The curves of the culture growth were of diauxic nature . The synthesis of heliomycin was parallel to the organism active growth (trophophase) . The antibiotic was synthesized in the germinating spores and localized in the areas of active growth and surface structures . The indicator properties of heliomycin were also evident in the organism mycelium . The antibiotic was registered in the young hyphae mainly in an oxidated form timed to the membrane structures . With the culture development heliomycin accumulated in the mycelium in reduced form together with lipids in the form of granules (vacuole structures) . Condensation of heliomycin in the vacuoles (granules) started during the 2nd lag-phase, and may be associated with both heliomycin storing and inclusion of detoxication mechanisms . It was shown that heliomycin was consumed in the culture under conditions of starvation . In this case the antibiotic granules disappeared . The connection between the synthesis of heliomycin and the organism active growth, localization of the antibiotic in the areas of active growth, consumption of the antibiotic under conditions of starvation indicate that heliomycin is important for the organism and participates in the processes of growth and metabolism. J Otolaryngol, 1976 Aug, 5(4), 298 - 302 {Long-term antibiotic therapy in chronic purulent otitis media}; Poliquin J et al.; A new therapeutic approach is proposed for chronic purulent otitis media . This clinical condition is often a recurring phenomenon in spite of all forms of treatment . Ten cases are reviewed and the results encourage the authors to pursue this form of treatment consisting of a longterm antibiotherapy of Ampicilline and Cloxacilline in a further study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1976 Aug, 72(2), 319 - 22 Postpneumonectomy empyema in pulmonary carcinoma patients . Treatment with antibiotic irrigation and closed-chest drainage; Karkola P et al.; Seven patients with postpneumonectomy empyema who had had pulmonary carcinoma were treated with intrapleural antibiotic irrigation and closed-chest drainage . Two tubes were used to irrigate and drain the cavity . Although most patients had a bronchopleural or esophagopleural fistula, the treatment was successful in every case . Three of the 7 patients died of far-advanced carcinoma 1 to 2 years postoperatively, but none died of sequela of the empyema . In 3 patients with bronchopleural fistula, empyema recurred during the first postoperative year . However, it responded well to repeated irrigation and drainage . This simple, time-saving, and easily repeatable regimen proved to be both effective and also very comfortable for the patient . It has none of the disadvantages of open thoracic drainage or mutilating thoracoplasty. J Urol, 1976 Aug, 116(2), 203 - 5 Prophylactic antibiotics in transurethral prostatectomy; Gonzalez R et al.; In a prospective randomized study involving 90 uninfected patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy it was found that routine postoperative use of prophylactic cephalosporins had no beneficial effect on the incidence of fever, hospital stay or major complications . Patients receiving cephalosporins had a significantly lower incidence of postoperative bacteriuria immediately after catheter removal and 1 month postoperatively. Br J Surg, 1976 Aug, 63(8), 627 - 30 Antibiotics in biliary surgery; Gunn AA; Infection is the major cause of morbidity following biliary surgery and it has been shown that the patients with infected bile can be detected preoperatively . This paper presents the results of a controlled trial comparing patients expected to have infected bile who received surgical treatment with and without antibiotic therapy . The results showed a reduction in the incidence and severity of complications in the treated group. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Aug-Sep, 127B(2), 167 - 75 {Independence of plasmids harboured in the "Escherichia coli" of patients in hospital without antibiotics (author's transl)}; Avril JL et al.; A study has been carried out of the faeces of nine patients in the same surgical ward . Viable counts and detection of drug resistance were effected by a replica plating method . Bacteria harbouring the drug resistance pattern (ST) were found in seven faeces . Among them, five R plasmids (ST) were transferred to Escherichia coli K12 and have been differentiated by incompatibility studies . As they didn't belong to the same incompatibility group it was concluded that they were not the same incompatibility group it was concluded that they were not the same plasmid acquired in the hospital . One of these R plasmids (ST) was unclassifiable into a known incompatibility group . So, a new incompatibility group, group 12, is proposed. J Urol, 1976 Aug, 116(2), 172 - 3 The absorption of antibiotics from the bladder; Chamberlain G et al.; The movement across the bladder epithelium of polymyxin B, bacitracin and neomycin is investigated in the human during postoperative irrigation . No appreciable amounts of these antibiotics enter the systemic circulation by this route. Arch Dermatol, 1976 Aug, 112(8), 1101 - 7 Cross-sensitivity of common aminoglycoside antibiotics; Chung CW et al.; Guinea pigs were sensitized to neomycin (A, B, or C), paromomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and dihydrostreptomycin via intradermal or foot-pad injection with an adjuvant containing killed Mycobacterium butyricum or M tuberculosis H37Ra (Ra) . These antibiotics produced greater cross-sensitization with an increase in the number of immunizations and chemical structural similarities . After repeated intradermal injections (adjuvant Ra) of neomycin, guinea pigs showed cross-sensitization to paromomycin, kanamycin, and streptomycin . A single intradermal injection of one of these antibiotics produced stronger reactions to the most closely related antibiotics, with no meaningful sensitization to the least-related allergens . Streptomycin-sensitized guinea pigs seldom showed a meaningful cross-sensitization to dihydrostreptomycin or the other antibiotics (except neomycin C); however, guinea pigs sensitized to dihydrostreptomycin or the other antibiotics often showed strong cross-sensitization to streptomycin. Biochemistry, 1976 Jul 27, 15(15), 3331 - 41 RNA synthesis in Streptomyces antibioticus: in vitro effects of actinomycin and transcriptional inhibitors from 48-h cells; Jones GH; Two forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase have been partially purified (about 100-fold relative to the crude extract) from 48-h old cells of Streptomyces antibioticus . The two forms show different Mg2+ optima for the incorporation of {3H}UMP into RNA . Substances inhibiting transcription have been isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation from one of the fractions produced during the polymerase purification . Actinomycin can be shown to inhibit RNA synthesis catalyzed by the S . antibioticus polymerases to a similar extent regardless of the template used . When S . antibioticus DNA is the template, actinomycin inhibits transcription by S . antibioticus polymerase to a degree that is significantly less than the observed actinomycin inhibition of synthesis catalyzed by Escherichia coli polymerase or by either S . antibioticus or E . coli polymerase with calf thymus DNA as the template . Using an assay previously developed, it was shown that the association constant for the binding of actinomycin to S . antibioticus DNA was increased by the presence of RNA polymerase in the binding mixture, while the association constant for the binding to calf thymus DNA was decreased by RNA polymerase . RNA synthesis in crude, cell-free extracts of 12-h old S . antibioticus cells (not producing actinomycin) is less refractory to actinomycin inhibition than synthesis catalyzed by extracts of 48-h old (actinomycin producing) cells, and both extracts catalyze appreciable RNA synthesis at actinomycin concentrations that completely inhibit RNA synthesis catalyzed by E . coli extracts. Arch Orthop Unfallchir, 1976 Jul 23, 85(2), 139 - 49 {Release of antibiotics from bone cement and penetration to infected cortical bone (author's transl)}; Wannske M et al.; Addition of antibiotics to bone cement is used more and more in orthopedics and traumatology . Indications are discussed: 1 . infection prophylaxis in replacement arthroplasty, 2 . therapy and recidive prophylaxis in infected arthroplasty, 3 . therapy of chronic osteomyelitis . Our own experiments show release of antibiotics from bone cement Palacos and penetration into cortical bone after experimental osteomyelitis . Carbenicillin and Cephalotin show high level of concentration for 2 weeks, after 3 weeks there is no concentration evident . Lincomycin and Gentamycin in the first days show high tissue levels, after decrease and increase again after second week . Gentamycin was examined during 10 months showing high levels after this time. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1976 Jul, 5(1), 1 - 3 The effect of memory blocking antibiotics and their analogs on acetylcholinesterase; Springer AD et al.; The ability of antibiotics to inhibit acetylcholinesterase was measured in homogenates of goldfish brain . Puromycin aminonucleoside was the most potent inhibitor followed by puromycin, cycloheximide and acetoxycycloheximide . Puromycin effectively impaired retention of active-avoidance learning in goldfish when injected either immediately before or after training, while puromycin aminonucleoside did not regardless of injection time . These results suggest that the known amnestic effects of puromycin, cycloheximide and acetoxycycloheximide are not a consequence of interference with acetylcholinesterase. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1976 Jul, 82(7), 864 - 6 {Influence of antibiotics of the penicillin series on the fetal and newborn development of rats}; Korzhova VV et al.; Penicillin injected to rats in high doses at various periods of pregnancy produced no negative effect on the devloping fetus and neonate . At the same time bicillin-3 produced resorption of the embryonic cells and had a negative effect on the heart development. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jul, 21(7), 647 - 50 {Comparative characteristics of the serotonin and histamine content in the blood of surgical patients before and after antibiotic administration against a background of droperidol, promedol and atropine premedication}; Marshak AM et al.; The effect of intramuscular administration of ceporin and megacillin in single doses of 500 mg and 1000000 Units respectively on serotonin and histamine blood levels in 34 patients against the background of premedication with droperidol, promedol or atropine was studied . The observations showed that after megacillin injection the serotonin blood levels decreased . Ceporin had no effect on serotonin and histamine blood levels. Anesth Analg, 1976 Jul-Aug, 55(4), 500 - 7 Neuromuscular blocking effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on fast- and slow-contracting muscles of the cat; Adams HR et al.; The neuromuscular-blocking effects of neomycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin were examined in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of pentobarbital-anesthetized cats . These antibiotics were more effective in reducing indirectly stimulated contractions of the gastrocnemius muscle than of the ipsilateral soleus muscle in adult cats . Respiratory-depressant effects of these antibiotics were more closely associated temporally with effects on soleus than on gastrocnemius twitch . Neomycin was a more potent neuromuscular blocking agent in kittens greater than 7 weeks old than in kittens less than 6 weeks old . Calcium ions were more effective in antagonizing the effects of neomycin on gastrocnemius than on soleus twitch; however, neostigmine was more effective in antagonizing the effects of neomycin on soleus than on gastrocnemius twitch . These data indicate a difference in responsiveness of fast- and slow-twitch muscles (fast greater than slow) to the neuromuscular-blocking effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and suggest that this may be related to a difference in the predominance of pre- and postjunctional inhibitory actions of these agents in the 2 muscle types. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Jul 1, 125(5), 581 - 5 The value of prophylactic antibiotics after vaginal hysterectomy; Boyd ME et al.; Prophylactic antibiotics were given postoperatively to a consecutive series of 74 patients who underwent vaginal hysterectomy . Antibiotics were administered in the immediate postoperative period . There was a highly significant decrease in febrile morbidity in the treated group compared to 190 control subjects having similar surgery but treated with antibiotics only on the appearance of fever and/or other signs of infection . There was a failure to relate the increased febrile morbidity in the control group to patient's age, menopausal state, type of catheterization, or to the type of operative procedure . The increased morbidity in the control group related only to the failure to use prophylactic antibiotics . The antibiotic-treated portion (58 per cent) of the control group had a longer period of hospitalization. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 95(1), 96 - 106 Identification of the antibiotic determined by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2); Wright LF et al.; The antibiotic whose biosynthesis is determined by the SCP1 plasmid of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been characterized as the recently described methylenomycin A (2-methylene-cyclopentan-3-one-4,5-epoxy-4,5-dimethyl-1-carboxylic acid). J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jul, 29(7), 729 - 34 A new semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminylerythronolide A oxime; LeMahieu RA et al.; A new antibiotic, 3-O-oleandrosyl-5-O-desosaminylerythronolide A oxime (3) was produced from erythronolide A oxime (1) by the oleandomycin-producing culture, Streptomyces antibioticus ATCC 11891 . The structure of 3 was determined by degradative studies and confirmed by X-ray analysis . Compound 3 was found to be less active, but more stable to acid, then erythromycin A oxime. Can J Surg, 1976 Jul, 19(4), 349 - 52 Prophylactic antibiotic therapy and heart valve replacement; Austin TW et al.; Patients undergoing cardiac bypass for heart valve replacement maintained adequate blood concentrations of cloxacillin throughout the duration of bypass, provided their initial blood concentration was in the therapeutic range . Blood levels related to the time between the last preoperative dose of antibiotic and operation . Maximal values were achieved if an intraoperative bolus of drug was given. Med J Aust, 1976 Jun 19, 1(25), 954 - 6 Prolonged antibiotic peritoneal lavage in the management of gross generalized peritonitis; Atkins RC et al.; Since there is a high mortality and morbidity with conventional therapy in generalized peritonitis, a treatment regime of prolonged continuous peritoneal lavage (two to 10 days) with the lavage solution containing kanamycin (40 mug/ml) and cephalothin (100 mug/ml) was undertaken in 14 cases of gross, well established, diffuse peritonitis . Antibiotics were also given systemically . In 11 cases, in which the causative lesion was definitively repaired, no intraperitoneal complications developed and convalescence was rapid . Three patients, in whom causative lesion was not definitively repaired at operation, subsequently died . Prolonged antibiotic peritoneal lavage appears to be beneficial for patients with gross and diffuse peritoneal soiling, after the causative lesion has been repaired. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jun 15, 66(1), 11 - 23 On the transport of tripeptide antibiotics in bacteria; Diddens H et al.; The two tripeptide antibiotics L-2-amino-4-methylphosphinobutyryl-alanyl-alanyl-alanine (L-phosphinothricyl-alanyl-alanine) and L-(N5-phosphono)methionine-S-sulfoximinyl-alanyl-alanine, both inhibitors of the glutamine synthetase, are transported into the cell of Escherichia coli K 12 via the oligopeptide transport system . The uptake by this system is proved first of all by cross-resistance with tri-L-ornithine using oligopeptide-transport-deficient mutants, and secondly by antagonism tests demonstrating competitive reversal of the action of the antibiotic by several peptides which have been shown to be transported via the oligopeptide transport system, e.g . tri-L-alanine, tetra-L-alanine, tri-L-lysine, tri-L-serine, tri-glycine, glycyl-glycyl-L-alanine and the synthetic tripeptide L-azadenyl-aminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine . On the other hand, there is no effect on the action of the antibiotic in antagonism tests with compounds which use different transport systems, such as L-alanyl-alanine, L-lysyl-lysine, glutathione and the synthetic amino acid azaadenylaminohexanoic acid, i.e . 2-amino-6-(7-amino-3H-v-triazolo-{4,5-d}-pyrimidin-3-yl)hexanoic acid . Another inhibitor of the glutamine synthetase, L-methionine-S-dioxide (methioninesulfone) could be converted into a tripeptide form by linkage to L-alanyl-alanine analogously to the tripeptide antibiotics described above . Whereas the free L-methionine-S-dioxide seems to be transported via the methionine transport system, the tripeptide form is transported via the oligopeptide transport system . Thus, this glutamine synthetase inhibitor can be taken up by the cell via two different transport mechanisms . Our results indicate that this could provide a synergistic effect . The syntheses of the new tripeptides L-azaadenylaminohexanoyl-alanyl-alanine and L-methionine-S-dioxidyl-alanyl-alanine were performed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide couplings of the unusual N-protected L-alpha-amino acids azaadenylaminohexanoic acid and L-methionine-S-dioxide to L-alanyl-alanine-tert-butyl ester followed by common deprotection steps . Tri-L-ornithine was synthesized without carboxyl protection via two successive couplings of hydroxybenzotriazol esters of Nalpha-butoxycarbonyl-Ndelta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-ornithine. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jun 4, 436(1), 68 - 76 Effect of the lipid composition of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri and phosphatidylcholine vesicles upon the action of polyene antibiotics; Archer DB; (1) The effects of filipin and amphotericin methyl ester upon the K+ efflux from Mycoplasma mycoides subsp . capri and egg lecithin sonicated vesicles were investigated . Both the nature of the sterol and the composition of the membranes affected the sensitivity to each polyene antibiotic . (2) M . mycoides subsp . capri containing ergosterol was much more sensitive to amphotericin methyl ester than cells containing cholesterol . Cholesterol-containing cells were about twice as sensitive to filipin as the ergosterol-containing cells . These results were confirmed with phosphatidylcholine vesicles . (3) At 2 degrees C the filipin sensitivity of M . mycoides subsp . capri was independent of the membrane cholesterol content and the sensitivity towards amphotericin methyl ester decreased when the membrane cholesterol content was increased, in contrast to the results at 20 degrees C . (4) At 2 degrees C, sterol-free egg lecithin vesicles became very sensitive to both filipin and amphotericin methyl ester and the presence of cholesterol in the vesicles did not increase the sensitivity further . At high concentrations of cholesterol (greater than 30 mol%), the polyene antibiotic sensitivity, particularly towards amphotericin methyl ester, was greatly reduced. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1976 Jun, 9(1-2), 19 - 30 Determination of mycelial steroids with the aid of polyene antibiotics . II . Quantitative determination of the mycelial steroids of Mucor hiemalis; Yang SS et al.; UV absorption spectrum of polyene antibiotics was dramatically altered in the presence of steroids . The introduction of a steroid to an aqueous solution of polyene antibiotics resulted in a change in the ratio of absorbance of peak 3 (with shorter wavelength) to peak 1 (with longer wavelength), E3/E1 . Interactions between 28 steroids and 4 polyene antibiotics were studied and the results revealed that the structures of steroids essential for the optimal interaction with polyene antibiotics were C-17 side chain, substitution C-3 hydroxyl group, intact steroid nucleus and aromatic A-ring . The ratio of E3/E1 was used for the determination of steroids in mycelium of Mucor hiemalis and the result was in good agreement with that obtained from gas chromatograph . The (-) strain had a greater change in the ratio of absorbance, E3/E1, than that of the (+) strain . The ratio of absorbance, E3/E1, decreased in the following order: the (-) strain, the (-) strain with the addition of the filtrate of (+) strains, the mated strains, the (+) with the addition of the filtrate of (-) strain and the (+) strain. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1976 Jun, 56(6), 1275 - 7 Increased immunogenicity of TA3-Ha cells treated with the antitumor antibiotic macromomycin (B); Coronetti E et al.; Suspension cultures of TA3-Ha mouse mammary tumor cells were treated in vitro with a single dose of macromomycin(B) (MCR) at 1 mug/ml for 24 hours . This dose, which is cytostatic but not lethal, increased the immunogenicity of the cells . Adoptive transfer of spleen cells sensitized to MCR/TA3-Ha cells evoked an immune response against MCR-treated TA3-Ha cells but not against normal TA3-Ha cells . The therapeutic effect of MCR treatment (in this case) was, to a very small extent, due to the cytostatic action and more profoundly to the increased immunogenicity of the cells so treated. Ann Rheum Dis, 1976 Jun, 35(3), 198 - 205 Review of septic arthritis throughout the antibiotic era; Newman JH; 134 patients with septic arthritis who have been treated at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre during a 30-year period have been reviewed . There has been little change in the overall incidence during the last 20 years, but recently the disease has become more common among the elderly and patients tend to be less ill on presentation . The problems and necessity of rapidly establishing a diagnosis are stressed . Overall, 70% attained a good result though infection in infants' hips and all joints in the elderly carried a poor prognosis . Once a good result was achieved the joint did not deteriorate with the passage of time. J Pediatr Surg, 1976 Jun, 11(3), 405 - 9 Ruptured appendicitis in children: continuing controversy over antibiotic combinations; Othersen HB Jr et al.; A prospective study has been made of 36 children with ruptured appendicitis . Alternate patients were managed with a standard protocol of therapy differing only in the antibiotics used . One group received a combination of penicillin/streptomycin/sulfadiazine while the other children were treated with cephalothin (Keflin) and cephalexin (Keflex) . No major infections complications occurred in the P/S/S study group but there were four in the C/C patients . No serious adverse reactions due to the antibiotics occurred in either group. Biochem J, 1976 Jun 1, 155(3), 623 - 9 Mode of interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase--transpeptidase from Streptomyces R39; Fuad N et al.; The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R39 is inhibited by beta-lactam antibiotics according to the same general scheme of reaction as the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase of Streptomyces R61 . However, the values for the kinetic constants involved in the reaction are very different for the two enzymes and provide an explanation for the observation that the R39 enzyme is more sensitive to beta-lactam antibiotics than the R61 enzyme . Further, particular beta-lactams influence the kinetic constants to different extents depending on the source of the enzyme, so that a physical basis for the spectrum of antibiotic activity against particular enzyme systems is provided. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 514 - 9 {Study of the composition of the exhaust gases from the manufacture of feed antibiotics and of fungal and bacterial entomopathogenic preparations}; Vedeneev KP et al.; The main composition of exhaust gases in production of various preparation, such as bacitracin, chlortetracycline, hygromycin, entobacterin, dendrobacillin, boverin and kormogrisin was determined by the method of group chemical analysis and gas chromatography . The exhaust gases contaned fatty acids c2--c6, aldehydes and ketones c2--c6, alcohols c2-c5, amines (diethylamine, triethylamine, etc) and some phenols . The level of the substances was insignificant . However, they were toxic for living beings . The exhaust gases had disagreeable odour. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 491 - 4 {Isolation and physicochemical characteristics of antibiotics from the LIA-0773 and LIA-0780 s trains}; Mitrofanova VG et al.; Individual components of the antibiotics from strains LIA-0773 and LIA-0708 were isolated with the method of counter-current distribution . Physico-chemical and biological properties of these substances were studied . It was shown that the substances differed from each other and chondamycin, and antifungal antibiotic by the values of their chromatographic mobility, physico-chemical and biological properties. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jun, 21(6), 487 - 91 {Actinomyces pneumonicus var . altamicus var . nov., a producer of new altamycin antibiotics}; Barashkova NP et al.; Actinomycete LIA-0788 was isolated from a soil sample . By its morphological and cultural features the actinomycete was close to Actinomyces pneumonicus and differed from it in the antibiotic properties . This provided classification of actinomycete LIA-0788 as Act . pneumonicus var . altamicus var nov . The culture produced altamycins A and B, new antibiotics . Their physico-chemical characteristics is presented. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Jun, 94(2), 389 - 94 Isolation and characterization of mutants of Escherichia coli K12 resistant to the new aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin; Hull R et al.; Spontaneous mutants of Escherichia coli K12 that are resistant to the new aminoglycoside antibiotic, amikacin, were isolated . These mutants have simultaneously acquired cross-resistance to kanamycin, gentamicin and neomycin but not to streptomycin or spectinomycin . Sensitivity of the mutant strains to the non-aminoglycoside antibiotics, ampicillin, tetracycline and polymyxin, was unaffected . The mutation responsible for amikacin resistance was mapped by PI transduction and found to be tightly linked to strA, distal with respect to spcA and aroE. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Jun 1, 65(2), 333 - 9 Dissociation kinetics of complexes between the antibiotic rifamycin and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli; Stender W et al.; Phosphocellulose chromatography was employed to measure the binding of 3-(2-{14C}acetamidoethyl)-thiorifamycin(abbreviated{14C}AcNHEtS-Rif) to RNA polymerase core enzyme . The technique yielded a correct value for the stoichiometry of interaction . The same method was successfully applied to an investigation of the dissociation kinetics of the {14C}AcNHEtS-Rif - core-polymerase complex . We observed biphasic dissociation kinetics not in agreement with the existence of one single first-order dissociation step . Assuming two independent dissociation reactions, rate constants have been evaluated differing roughly by 10-fold (1.7 X 10(-3) s-1 and 1.5 X 10(-4) s-1 at 25 degrees C) . The ratio of the amplitudes of the biphasic dissociation kinetics changed with temperature . The kinetic data are interpreted as indirect evidence for the existence of two enzyme species differing in their dynamic properties with respect to the binding of the antibiotic rifamycin . Our data furthermore lend support to the assumption that the two enzyme forms are in equilibrium . The observed sigmoidal dependence of the dissociation rate on temperature could indicate a conformational transition of RNA core polymerase with a transition midpoint at around 20 degrees C . The dye, rose bengal, was found to be as effective as AcNHEtS-Rif itself as a competing agent . The dissociation kinetics of the {14C}-AcNHEtS-Rif - core-polymerase complex in the presence of an excess of the dye rose bengal were found to be very similar to those measured in the presence of AcNHEtS-Rif . This could mean that rose bengal and AcNHEtS-Rif compete for the same site at RNA core polymerase . The dissociation of the ternary complex {14C}AcNHEtS-Rif - core-polymerase - poly{d(A-T)} was followed by gel filtration . Up to the extent of dissociation measured, the reaction appeared to follow first-order kinetics . The dissociation rate constant was calculated to be 1.7 X 10(-4) s-1 . Experiments to determine the effect of the antibiotic streptolydigin on the dissociation kinetics of the {14C}AcNHEtS-Rif - core-polymerase complex have not led to conclusive results. Mutat Res, 1976 Jun, 35(3), 423 - 8 Indirect selection for auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the antibiotic netropsin; Young JD et al.; The small basic oligopeptide antibiotic, netropsin, can be successfully employed as an effective counterselecting agent in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The use of the drug results in approximately a 35-fold enrichment of auxotrophic mutants in a mutagenized culture of yeast . The experimental procedure is quite simple and less time consuming than other presently used methods for indirect mutant selection in yeast. J Pharm Sci, 1976 Jun, 65(6), 905 - 7 Relationship between acute toxicity in mice and polymorphic forms of polyene antibiotics; Ghielmetti G et al.; Marked differences in LD50 values were found between various batches of polyene antibiotics (mepartricin and nystatin) after intraperitoneal administration in suspension to mice . Such differences do not seem attributable to the particle size but to different molecular spatial arrangements of the products, which modify their solubility and biological availability . In the samples obtained by chemical treatments of some batches of the polyene substances, it has been possible to change the toxicity drastically and then to bring it back to its original value. Br J Surg, 1976 Jun, 63(6), 499 - 501 The treatment of acute abscesses by incision, curettage and primary suture under antibiotic cover; Jones NA et al.; One hundred and fifty consecutive acute abscesses have been treated by incision, curettage and primary suture under antibiotic cover . The antibiotic used in this series was lincomycin 600 mg i.m . with premedication and clindamycin 150 mg 6-hourly for 4 days postoperatively (children and infants received smaller doses) . Similar results for the rate of healing were achieved in all groups of abscesses . A case is made for the use of the technique of incision, currettage and primary suture with antibiotic covere for acute abscesses as an alternative to conventional methods of treatment. Urol Clin North Am, 1976 Jun, 3(2), 353 - 62 Antibiotic managment in renal failure; Winter RE; This is a brief compilation of the work of many investigators . It includes facts about toxicity and recommendations about antibiotic management in patients with renal failure . As new data are accrued, changes in these recommendations will be necessary. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Jun, 29(6), 626 - 31 Structural investigation of the antibiotic ristomycin A . Synthesis of ristobiose and ristotriose; Sztaricskai F et al.; Proof is given by synthesis confirming the structure of ristobiose as 2-O-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-D-glucose (IV) and ristotriose as O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 leads to 6)-O-{alpha-D-mannopyranosyl (1 leads to 2)}-D-glucose (X) which are obtained from ristomycin A upon mild acid hydrolysis . Both oligosaccharides, IV and X, have been detected for the first time as the components of an antibiotic. Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab, 1976 May 26-29, 12, 549 - 56 Viability and histopathology of eleven fresh, antibiotic-treated allografts removed three weeks to three years after implantation; Al-Janabi N et al.; Changes in metabolic activity of removed heart valve allografts have been measured . The fresh heart valves were sterilized and stored in antibiotic solution before implantation in patients . Viability was determined before insertion and after removal from patients by two methods: 1) tissue culture, and 2) autoradiography, using tritiated thymidine . The length of storage in the Hank's antibiotic or nutrient-antibiotic medium before insertion did not seem to influence the final metabolic activity nor the structural integrity of the allografts when they were removed . Results from the present study show that the most severe degenerative changes occur in valves stored in Hank's solution and then implanted in the mitral position . The viability percentage declined progressively during the time that a valve treated in this manner was functioning in a patient. Can J Biochem, 1976 May, 54(5), 446 - 52 Studies related to antitumor antibiotics . Part VIII . Cleavage of DNA by streptonigrin analogues and the relationship to antineoplastic activity; Lown JW et al.; A group of substituted 5,8-quinolinequinones which exhibit antineoplastic activity and which are structurally related to the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin induce single strand cleavage of PM2 covalently-closed circular-DNA (ccc-DNA) when reductively activated . The cleavage which is detected by an ethidium fluorescence assay is specifically enhanced by cuprous and ferrous ion and is selectively inhibited by superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and by free radical scavengers . Independent generation of the superoxide ion by xanthine-xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.3.2) also cleaves PM2 DNA and therefore a chemical mechanism for the scission process induced by the streptonigrin analogues is formulated . A correlation between rate of PM2 ccc-DNA cleavage and inhibition of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 is observed. J Med Chem, 1976 May, 19(5), 651 - 4 Cellular pharmocodynamics of several anthrocycline antibiotics; Bachur NR et al.; Alterations in the C-9 side chain of the anthracycline antibiotics, adriamycin and daunorubicin, have a profound effect on antibiotic uptake and accumulation by cultured L1210 cells . The degree of inhibition of DNA and RNA biosynthesis in the L1210 cells is directly related to the cellular uptake and accumulation of the drug analogues . Polar drug metabolites, daunorubicinol and adriamycinol, retain inhibitory activity against nucleic acid metabolism but have a decreased membrane binding and permeability . Cellular uptake and accumulation of the C-9 analogues are inversely related to drug polarity . We propose that the polarity of the anthracycline analogues contributes heavily to the differences in therapeutic index and in vivo activity through fundamental effects on membrane permeability, metabolism, and macromolecular binding. Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 407 - 11 {Characteristics of a new aromatic heptaenic antibiotic, flavumycin A}; Kruglikova LF et al.; The study of the products of alkaline and acid hydrolysis showed that flavumycin A included mycosamine, an aminosugar and n-aminoacetophen, an aromatic fragment . The main functional groups of the antibiotics aglicone were determined. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 May, 29(5), 536 - 48 Modifications of a macrolide antibiotic midecamycin (SF-837) . I . Synthesis and structure of 9,3''-diacetylmidecamycin; Omoto S et al.; 9,3''-Diacetylmidecamycin (12) was synthesized from 4''-depropionyl-9,2',4''-triacetylmidecamycin (8) by heating the latter with propionic anhydride in pyridine followed by removal of 2'-acetyl group, with or without 18-enolpropionyl group . Direct acetylation of midecamycin (1) led to the formation of the 3'',4''-positional isomer (6) . The structure of 12 was determined by mass, NMR and chemical degradation . The location of 3''-acetyl group was shown by the stereospecific 3 leads to 1 acetyl migration catalyzed by a base of 3-O-acetyl-4-O-propionyl-L-mycarose (13), and comparison of NMR and mass fragmentation with the 3,4-positional isomer (15) . The latter's structure was independently supported by the nuclear Overhauser effect between methyl and propionyl group at C-3 . The intramolecular 4 leads to 3 acyl shift that was taken place in the forced acylation of the mycarose moiety was found to be affected by the anomeric configuration, nature of aglycones and reaction temperature . Reverse 3 leads to 4 acyl migration occurred in acidic hydrolysis. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 May, 29(5), 483 - 7 A new broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic, G-52, produced by Micromonospora zionensis; Marquez JA et al.; G-52 is a new broad spectrum aminoglycoside produced by a species of the genus Micromonospora, Micromonospora zionensis . It has been differentiated from other known related antibiotics by a variety of chemical and biological methods . Its in vitro and in vivo spectrum of activity appears to be quite similar to that of verdamicin and gentamicin but is differentiated from them by its increased activity against 6'-N-acetylating strains. Cardiovasc Res, 1976 May, 10(3), 389 - 93 Tissue culture, protein and collagen synthesis in antibiotic sterilized canine heart valves; McGregor CG et al.; Viability of canine heart valve leaflet fibroblasts was assessed after varying periods of sterilization and storage in antibiotic-nutrient solution . Tissue culture and assessment of protein and collagen synthesis showed that tissue obtained under optimal conditions rarely retains viability beyond 3 weeks in antibiotic-nutrient solution and is severely impaired after 2 weeks . This casts serious doubts on viability in current clinical homograft valve practice. Antibiotiki, 1976 May, 21(5), 429 - 34 {Changes in ultrastructure of Escherichia coli under the effect of certain antibiotics}; Zhukov VG et al.; Ultrastructure of the cells of Coli bacteria after their contact with cephaloridin, ampicillin, gentamicin or kanamycin was studied by means of electron microscopy . Differences in the changes of the submicroscopic structure of the cells under the effect of the antibiotics, the inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis were shown . Differences in the ultrastructural changes under the effect of the same antibiotic on grampositive and gramnegative organisms are discussed. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1976 May, 142(5), 725 - 8 Effects of preventive antibiotics on neutrophil phagocytosis as measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test; Szauer JS et al.; White blood cell counts and nitroblue tetrazolium dye tests were performed in three groups of dogs before and after the injection of Escherichia coli using colistimethate sodium and cephalothin sodium in the second and third groups, respectively, prior to the induction of sepsis . The response was a diminished white blood count and increased nitroblue tetrazolium dye test percentage in all groups . When antibiotic administration was performed prior to the induction of sepsis, the increase in the nitroblue tetrazolium reduction dye test was much more evident despite the overwhelming dose of bacteria given, suggesting that antibiotics given preoperatively will prevent the toxic effects of bacteria on the neutrophil and will enhance the phagocytic activity of the neutrophil. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1976 May, 33(5), 443 - 8 Residues in antibiotic preparations, ii: effect of pH on the nature and level of particulate matter in sodium cephalothin intravenous solutions; Rebagay T et al.; The effect of pH on the extent and nature of particulate contamination in sodium cephalothin intravenous solutions was studied . The extent of particulate contamination was determined by microscopic and automatic electronic counting procedures, and the physical nature of the particles was determined using scanning electron microscopy . At low pH values (i.e., 4.9--5.9), an amorphous residue was predominant, while at higher pH values (6.9--7.8), the gelatinous nature of the residue disappeared and small crystalline particulates of varying sizes were predominant . The level of particulate contamination (particles over 10 mum in size) decreased with an increase in pH to a minimum level between pH 7 and 8 . Advice is given to practitioners regarding the preparation of sodium cephalothin solutions. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1976 May, 33(5), 433 - 43 Residues in antibiotic preparations, i: scanning electron microscopic studies of surface topography; Rebagay T et al.; The surface characteristics of residues obtained from several commercial antibiotic products were studied using scanning electron microscopy . The photomicrographs showed the presence of particulates possessing crystalline or amorphous properties with particle sizes ranging from 1 mum to several mum . Small, well-defined, granular crystalline particulates seemed to predominate in residues of products which were processed under optimum pH conditions . Coalescing or aggregating of small crystalline particles (1-10mum) to form larger masses was interpreted as a sign of instability of the antibiotic . Most of the penicillin and semisynthetic penicillins produced residues that were characterized as amorphous, flaky, bulky and of no distinct shape . Such structures were attributed to the drying of gelatinous particulates . The possible sources and causes of the occurrence of these particulates are discussed . It appears that in many of the products the particulates are product-related rather than process-related, and subtle degradation may be involved . Advice is given to practitioners regarding the preparation, storage and administration of these products. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1976 May, 59(3), 720 - 1 Comparison of antibiotic-amended potato dextrose agar and acidified potato dextrose agar as growth substrates for fungi; Mislivec PB et al.; Fifteen fungal species, all isolated from food, were compared for their growth abilities on potato dextrose agar acidified to pH 3.5, and on nonacidified potato dextrose agar amended with 40 ppm chlortetracycline hydrochloride . Comparisons were made at 16, 21, 26, 32, and 37 degrees C . Of the 15 species, only Penicillium expansum exhibited better growth on the acidified medium than on the nonacidified antibiotic medium, while 9 species grew better on the nonacidified antibiotic medium . Five species grew equally well on either medium. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Apr 16, 433(1), 182 - 99 Structural and membrane modifying porperties of suzukacillin, a peptide antibiotic related to alamethicin . Part B . Pore formation in black lipid films; Boheim G et al.; Suzukacillin, a polypeptide consisting of presumably 23 amino acids and 1 phenylalaninol, is produced by a Trichoderma viride strain No . 1037 and it can be isolated from the culture medium . It shows membrane-modifying properties similar to those of alamethicin . Discrete condustance fluctuations indicate the formation of oligomer pores of varying diameter . On the basis of voltage jump relaxation experiments evidence is given that the dimer is the nucleation state from which pore formation starts and the oligomer disappears . According to the voltage-current characteristics, voltage-dependent and voltage-independent conductances are observed . A slow process is involved, which can be interpreted as a change in the equilibrium distribution between different conformations of the suzukacillin monomer at the membrane interphase . This change results from its interaction with the lipid matrix . Differences in experimental observations between suzukacillin and alamethicin are attributed to the relatively larger alpha-helix and higher number of aliphatic side chains of the suzukacillin monomer and to a more intense interaction with the lipid membrane . This leads to a higher probability of forming dimers from monomers and to the occurrence of "inactivation". Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Apr 16, 433(1), 164 - 81 Structural and membrane modifying properties of suzukacillin, a peptide antibiotic related to alamethicin . Part A . Sequence and conformation; Jung G et al.; The primary structure and conformation of the polypeptide antibiotic suzukacillin A are investigated . Suzukacillin A is isolated from the Trichoderma viride strain 1037 and exhibits membrane modifying and lysing properties similar to those of alamethicin . A combined gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of the trifluoroacetylated peptide methyl esters of partial hydrolysates revealed a tentative sequence of 23 residues including 10 2-methylalanines and one phenylalaninol, which shows many fragments known from alamethicin: Ac-Aib-Pro-Val-Aib-Val-Ala-Aib-Ala-Aib-Aib-Gln-Aib-Leu-Aib-Gly-Leu-Aib-Pro-Val-Aib-Aib-Glu(Pheol)-Gln-OH . All chiral amino acids and phenylalainol have L-configuration . Ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism in various solvents and in particular 13C nuclear magnetic resonance have been used for a comparative study of suzukacillin with alamethicin . Suzukacillin has a partially alpha-helical structure and the helix content increases largely from polar to lipophilic solvents . Suzukacillin aggregates more strongly than alamethicin in aqueous medis due to a longer alpha-helical part and higher number of aliphatic residues . A part of the alpha-helix is exceptionally stabilized due to 2-methylalanine residues shielding the peptide bonds from interactions with polar solvents . In lipophilic solvents and lecithin vesicles particularly large temperature induced reductions of the high alpha-helix content are found for alamethicin . Suzukacillin shows similar temperature coefficients in lipophilic media, however, in contrast to alamethicin a more linear change in intensity of the Cotton effects is observed. Eur J Biochem, 1976 Apr 15, 64(1), 69 - 75 The binding of tritiated elongation-factors 1 and 2 to ribosomes from Krebs II mouse ascites-tumore cells . The influence of various antibiotics and toxins; Nolan RD et al.; The effect of a number of different antibiotics and toxins on the capacity of Krebs II mouse ascites ribosomes to bind 3H-labelled elongation factors (EF-1 and EF-2) has been examined . It was found that abrin and ricin inhibit the binding of EF-2, while diphtheria toxin, sparsomycin, streptovitacin A, and cycloheximide had essentially no effect on its binding . Of the other compounds examined, sparsomycin was unique in its capacity, under some circumstances, to significantly affect the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-1 to ribosomes . Fusidic acid appears to nonspecifically enhance the binding of both EF-1 and EF-2. Fortschr Med, 1976 Apr 8, 94(10), 545 - 9 {Antibiotic therapy for infectious enteritis in childhood}; Braun OH; A brief review of the actual knowledge on the infantile enteritis caused by infectious agents is given . The antibiotic therapy of bacterial enteritis is still acute, but the range of indications is limited . This kind of therapy aims at the curative effect, but not at the sanitation of the stools, for which no reliable method exists . Any kind of infantile enteritis needs dietetic treatment. Br J Surg, 1976 Apr, 63(4), 299 - 304 Colitis and diarrhoea: a problem with antibiotic therapy; Beavis JP et al.; During a 19-month study the incidence of diarrhoea and colitis was estimated in 1158 orthopaedic inpatients admitted to the Guy's group of hospitals . The highest incidence of diarrhoea followed the use of lincomycin (22.2 per cent), ampicillin with cloxacillin (17.2 per cent), clindamycin (15.3 per cent) and combined therapy with cloxacillin and tetracycline (12.5 per cent) . There were 3 documented cases of colitis; 2 followed lincomycin and 1 clindamycin . The incidence and relationship of antibiotic-related diarrhoea and colitis to possible aetiological factors are discussed . In orthopaedic inpatients, in whom lincomycin and clindamycin are often the antibiotics of choice, their continued use appears to be fully justified by the low incidence of colitis . However, if a patient receiving treatment with either of these antibiotics does develop diarrhoea, the antibiotic should be discontinued immediately, to reduce the risk of subsequent colitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1976 Apr, 142(4), 519 - 20 Regional antibiotic infusion of the heart; Waterman NG et al.; Regional arterial infusion of the heart and lung with an antibiotic did not increase the drug in the aortic serum to concentrations that would be clinically significant when compared with concentrations which can be attained by the intravenous method in a near normal functioning heart. J Oral Surg, 1976 Apr, 34(4), 349 - 51 Antibiotic therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery; Zallen RD et al.; Too frequently, antibiotics are used unnecessarily for routine dental procedures . Good surgical techniques, immaculate postoperative oral hygiene, and close follow-up are sufficient in many situations . In infectious processes, culture and snesitivity testing should be used to determine the cause of infection before surgical or antibiotic therapy is given . A conservative approach should provide adequate care and minimize the gross overuse of antibiotics. J Immunogenet, 1976 Apr, 3(2), 135 - 7 Effect of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the cytotoxic reaction between HL-A antigens and corresponding sera; Majsky A et al.; Effects of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the interaction between the HL-A antigens and the corresponding lymphocytotoxic sera vary from case to case . Streptomycin, oleandomycin, cephaloridine and kanamycin completely inhibit the cytotoxic reaction when added in the first or second stage of the test . Cytembena weakens the reaction while chlortetracyclin exhibits various effects . The rest of the drugs under investigation proved ineffective. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Apr, 29(4), 424 - 7 The structure of the calcium complex of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore antibiotic; Chaney MO et al.; The crystal and molecular structures of the calcium complex of A23187 has been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Sabouraudia, 1976 Mar, 14(1), 99 - 103 Antibiotic sensitivity of the yeast and mycelial phases of Histoplasma capsulatum; Cheung SC et al.; Cycloheximide and chloramphenicol in combination have a greater effect on yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum than on the mycelial phase of this fungus . In contrast, clotrimazole was found to be more effective against mycelia . Miconazole produced a pronounced effect against both phases wheras tolnaftate was only slightly active . Sulfadiazine and griseofulvin were completely inactive against both phases . The differential sensitivities of the 2 phases of H . capsulatum to various antibiotics can be useful in studying the transition of the dimorphic fungus from 1 phase to the other. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 309 - 15 Inhibition of the initial dipeptide synthesis of globin chains by the antibiotic enomycin in the reticulocyte lysate; Mizuno S et al.; During inhibition of protein synthesis by the antibiotic enomycin at less than 5nm in the reticulocyte lysate system, polyribosomes disaggregated and the 80S ribosomes accumulated . At these concentrations little inhibition of chain elongation and release from the ribosomes was demonstrated . Enomycin caused an increase in the amount of 80S initiation complex as well as the 40S ribosomal subunit-Met-tRNA complex . The former complex could react with puromycin under the inhibiting conditions . Val-tRNA binding to the 80S ribosomes was not decreased by the antibiotic . However pactamycin-induced accumulation of the initial dipeptide (fMet-Val) was inhibited when the system was preincubated with enomycin and and fMet-tRnaf . Thus the preferential inhibition of the initial phase of protein synthesis by enomycin is made evident by its inhibition of the initial dipeptide synthesis. Am J Ophthalmol, 1976 Mar, 81(3), 307 - 12 Corneal distribution of subconjunctival antibiotics; Oakley DE et al.; Radioactive carbon-labeled penicillin G, chloramphenicol, or gentamicin were injected subconjunctivally into rabbit eyes . The distribution of antibiotics throughout the cornea was determined in relation to the injection site; aqueous humor levels were also measured . For chloramphenicol, the highest drug concentrations in the cornea were adjacent to the injection site; levels decreased as the distance from the injection site increased . For penicillin G and gentamicin, highest corneal levels were adjacent to the injection site . Levels were lowest in the central cornea but increased in the peripheral cornea, 180 degrees opposite the injection site . For all antibiotics, therapeutic levels were reached throughout the cornea irrespective of the injection site . Corneal values for all drugs were consistently higher than aqueous humor values . These results suggest that in the treatment of corneal ulcers the choice of subconjunctival injection site is not important. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1976 Mar-Apr, 12(2), 294 - 6 {Pigment and antibiotic substance contained in the spores of Actinomyces streptomycini B-6}; Aslanian RR et al.; The antibiotic activity and fractional composition of the supernatant of the homogenate of Actinomyces streptomycini B-6 spores were investigated . The homogenate supernatant was of yellow colour and showed antibiotic activity when used as the test-organism of the culture St . aureus 209 . The antibiotic activity was associated not with the homogenate pigment but with the colourless substance referring to streptomycins which was contained in spores. S TA NU, 1976 Mar-Apr, 6(2), 77 - 80 {The resistance to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics in bacteria (author's transl)}; Tonini L et al.; Many people today, in agricolture, zootechny and animal feeding, operate with antibiotics and chemotherapeutics . Not all perhaps, know the inconveniences that the large and uncontrolled use of these substances may cause first of all the emergency of bacteria strains resistant to these drugs . We have devoted our attention particularly to the modalities of establishment of the phenomenon: to its incidence and variability in nature, to its transferability and, at least, to its biochemical aspects. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 262 - 6 {Toxicity and antitumor activity of the antibiotic rubomycin and dipin in combination with diuretics (diacarb)}; Stepanova ES; Rubomycin or dipin in combination with diacarb had higher toxicity and antitumor activity as compared to administration of the cytostatic agents alone to mice with transplanted lymphosarcoma, strain L10-1 . The chemotherapeutic indices of the combinations did not differ or were somewhat lower as compared to the same indices of the cytostatic agents used alone. Poult Sci, 1976 Mar, 55(2), 660 - 5 Effect of dietary antibiotics on chickens infected with Eimeria tenella; Ohe O et al.; Two experiments were performed to study the effect of dietary antibiotics on percent daily weight change, mortality and gross cecal pathology in chickens during the critical phase of Eimeria tenella infection . In the first experiment, chickens were continuously fed ration containing thiopeptin, 2 mg/kg.; bacitracin, 20 mg./kg.; penicillin, 12 mg./kg.; or chlortetracycline, 22 mg./kg . One day after antibiotic fed was given, each bird received an oral inoculation of 30,000 sporulated oocyts . In the second experiment, chickens were consecutively fed ration containing amprolium plus ethopabate, 125 plus 8 mg./kg., and a combination of the coccidiostat and one of 4 antibiotics; thiopeptin, bacitracin, penicillin, or chloretracycline . One day after medicated feed was given, birds were each given an oral inoculation of 30,000 amprolium plus ethopabate-resistant E . tenella oocysts . The experiments were terminated 7 days after coccidia exposure . In both experiments, E . tenella infection resulted in depression in all birds of infected groups . Average percent weight change of infected birds was significantly lower than that of uninfected unmedicated control between 4 and 5 days after infection . Significantly greater number of birds died of cecal coccidiosis in group fed dietary bacitracin than that of other infected groups . Dietary antibiotics did not reduce gross cecal lesions. J Dermatol Surg, 1976 Mar, 2(1), 69 - 71 Topical antibiotics; Rasmussen JE; The efficacy and safety of topical antibiotics is reviewed in the following paper . Complications and side effects are also discussed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Mar, 29(3), 242 - 7 Antiviral antibiotic S15-1 . Taxonomy of the producing strain and study of conditions for production of the antibiotic; Kawamura T et al.; Strain S15-1 which produces antiviral antibiotic S15-1 belonging to the streptothricin group of antibiotics was isolated from a soil sample . Cell analysis, colony morphology, the absence of sporangia-like vesicles, the formation of spores in chains of the Rectus Flexibilis type, and the ability to produce melanoid pigment, indicate that this strain belongs to the genus Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici . A comparison of the characteristics of strain S15-1 with related Streptomyces show that it should be identified as Streptomyces purpeofuscus Yamaguchi and Saburi . The investigation of cultural conditions show that soluble starch and meat extract are the most suitable carbon and organic nitrogen sources for the production of antibiotic S15-1 . Strain S15-1 grew poorly on media with no organic nitrogen sources, and did not produce the antibiotic . Antiviral antibiotic S15-1 is accumulated at the highest level after 3 or 4 days growth of the producing organism. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 195 - 200 {Study of the growth patterns of Act . antibioticus and the biosynthesis of oleandomycin}; Surikova EI et al.; The study of some regularities of the oleandomycin-producing organism growth during the first stage of cultivation showed that an increase in the ammount of starch in the medium from 2 to 10 per cent promoted the growth and its specific rate . When the organism was cultivated on media with 2--6 per cent of starch, addition of ammonium sulfate in a concentration of 0.25--0.5 per cent was favourable for its growth . When the amount of starch was 8--10 per cent, ammonium sulfate in a concentration of 0.25--1.5 per cent had almost no effect on the growth and its specific rate . It was found that an increase in the amount of starch in the medium without ammonium sulfate promoted the mycelium growth and oleandomycin biosynthesis by 20 per cent, the time of cultivation being prolongated . Ammonium sulfate significantly stimulated the mycelium growth and decreased biosynthesis of oleandomycin . Additional introduction of starch solution in a concentration of 1 or 2 per cent during the first hours of the culture growth (24 hours) on the medium with 2 per cent of starch stimulated the growth, its specific rate and biosynthesis of oleandomycin by 20--30 per cent and the cultivation time increased . Simulataneous addition of starch and ammonium sulfate to the culture during the first hours of the growth (24 hours) decreased the biosynthesis of oleandomycin . The maximum respiration rate of the culture in flasks was registered in 24 hours, then it was followed by a decrease . Addition of starch and ammonium sulfate during the cultivation process, i.e . in 24, 48 and 72 hours increased every time the rate of the organism respiration. J Maxillofac Surg, 1976 Mar, 4(1), 65 - 6 Sterilization of infected bone by lyophilization and rehydration with antibiotic solutions; Egyedi P et al.; In vitro experiments were carried out with artificially infected rib-fragments in order to find out, whether freeze-drying and subsequent sterilization with ethylene oxide and antibiotic solutions will eliminate bacteria inside the bone . Results: Ethylene oxide will kill bacterial surface contaminants, but not bacteria inside the bone; rehydration with appropriate antibiotic solutions will eliminate bacteria inside the graft . Some clinical implications are mentioned. Cutis, 1976 Mar, 17(3), 593 - 6 Antibiotic resistant acne; Leyden JJ; Our approach to a patient who fails to respond to antibiotics is as follows: First, take a careful history . Look for use of cosmetics and topical corticosteroids, anticonvulsive agents and systemic corticosteroids . Inquire about marked increases in emotional or psychological stresses accompanied by noticeable seborrhea . Probe the patient about habits of leaning on or squeezing acne areas, and most importantly, inquire how often and in what manner the patient washes . In the physical examination, look for evidence of sinus tract formation--extending, tunneling lesions with openings to the surface . Use Wood's light examination for the density of follicular fluorescence to rule out failure to properly absorb an antibiotic; fluoresce the oral mucosa to rule out failure to comply when the antibiotic is a tetracycline . Culture the surface aerobic flora on routine media with and without the antibiotic in question to settle any question of malabsorption . A systematic approach to these possibilities will usually uncover the factor or factors responsible for therapeutic failure . Clinical improvement promptly follows, once proper measures are initiated to neutralize the aggravating forces. Antibiotiki, 1976 Mar, 21(3), 258 - 61 {Parameters of the toxic action of antibiotic derivatives of aureolic acid in acute and subchronic experiments}; Solov'ev VN et al.; The parameters of the lethal effect of aureolic acid derivatives, such as mithramycin, variamycin and olivomycin were studied on mice, rats and rabbits . As for the most of the administration routes the first two drugs were characterized by irregular distribution of resistance to thier lethal effect, which was mathematically expressed by polymodality of the dose-response curve . The above drugs were characterized by cumulative properties . The toxicity parameters depended on the animal species and administration route. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Feb 19, 426(1), 17 - 30 Interaction of the polyene antibiotics with lipid bilayer vesicles containing cholesterol; Gent MP et al.; The interaction of the polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B, nystatin and filipin with cholesterol-containing single bilayer lipid vesicles has been characterized using gel permeation chromatography and proton magnetic resonance . All three antibiotics bind to vesicles at low concentrations without causing a large amount of vesicle destruction . The strength of binding as determined by gel permeation studies is greater for filipin and amphotericin than for nystatin . Nystatin and amphotericin B at these low concentrations induce a rapid loss of internal vesicle contents consistents consistent with pore formation . Filipin induces no leakage beyond that expected from partial vesicle destruction or general detergent action . At antibiotic levels above 1:1 antibiotic: cholesterol ratios the NMR results show all three antibiotics to cause extensive vesicle destruction . The onset of this behavior, which appears to be independent of the total antibiotic concentraion, indicates a well defined antibiotic : cholesterol interaction stoichiometry . Despite the fact that cholesterol is required for antibiotic activity, the NMR spectra prior to vesicle destruction show no changes indicative of an antibiotic-induced reversal of cholesterol restriction of phosphatidylcholine mobility . The contrast with polyene antibiotic behavior in more extended bilayers is discussed. Mol Cell Biochem, 1976 Feb 16, 10(2), 97 - 122 Antibiotics and compounds affecting tanslation by eukaryotic ribosomes . Specific enhancement of aminoacyl-tRNA binding by methylaxnthines; Carrasco L et al.; The mode and site of action of inhibitors of translation (initiation, elongation and termination of protein synthesis) in eukaryotic systems is reviewed . The isolation and characterization of a factor is described that binds Ac-Phe-tRNA to form a complex made up of binding factors, Ac-Phe-tRNA, and ribosome . The binding of Ac-Phe-tRNA probably occurs at the ribosomal site involved in the binding of the initiator substrate Met-tRNAF . The effect of inhibitors of the intitiation phase of protein synthesis on the nonenzymic Ac-Phe-tRNA binding to ribosomes is investigated . The two sites translocation model for translation in eukaryotic cells is presented and the effects of inhibitors on the various steps of protein synthesis are determined empirically . The site of action of inhibitors of peptide bond formation at the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center is elucidated . The action of inhibitors of translocation is sutdied in model cell-free systems from human cells . In addition, a number of methylxanthines are shown to enhance the elongation phase in polypeptide synthesis by stimulating the enzymic binding of aminoacyl-tRNA . The effect of caffeine, theophylline and its derivatives are shown to be fairly specific and dependent on the ribosome concentration . Aminophylline is shown to have a similar effect but also enhances aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity at low Mg++ concentrations, probably displacing the optimal concentration of Mg++ in the reaction . This second effect of aminophylline appears to be due to the ethylenediamine moiety of aminophylline since it is also observed in the presence of different polyamines but not in the presence of caffeine or theophylline. Arch Surg, 1976 Feb, 111(2), 143 - 5 Nosocomial infections in surgical patients . Observations on effects of prophylactic antibiotics; Finland M et al.; In a "spot survey" to determine prevalence of nosocomial infections in the Surgical Services of Boston City Hospital in January 1972, the use of antibiotics prophylactically did not significantly affect the occurrence of infections either in patients who had undergone surgery or in those who had not at the time of the survey . Among both groups, whether they had acquired infections or not, the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis did not affect the duration of hospitalization up to the time of the survey . In another study (August through October 1971) of the incidence of infections among patients admitted to the Orthopedic Service of the same hospital, the incidence of infections was the same in patients who received antibiotics prophylactically and in those who did not receive any during their period of hospitalization. Minerva Med, 1976 Feb 11, 67(7), 433 - 42 {Pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics}; Rizzetto M et al.; Six cases of pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics are presented . The endoscopic, radiological and clinical picture and the aetiopathogenesis of this unusual disease are discussed . Lincomycin was incriminated in one case only . In the remainder, various antibiotics of different chemical structure were responsible . Carcinoma of the colon was a common feature and it is suggested that a full examination of the large intestine should be made whenever this syndrome appears . While radiological suspicion may be forthcoming, pseudomembranous colitis is diagnosed only by endoscopy and biopsy. Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 178 - 82 {Experimental study of the action of the antitumor antibiotic reumycin on the macroorganism}; Egorenko GG et al.; The side effect of reumycin, an antitumor antibiotic was studied experimentally . The average lethal dose for mice and rats on intravenous administration of the drug was 45.5 and 42.2 mg/kg respectively . When reumycin was administered to rats and dogs for prolong periods of time, an increase in the levels of total protein, urea nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus in the blood was observed, while the levels of hemoglobin and thrombocyte counts decreased, the process of the blood coagulation being slower . The changes in the ECG were similar to those observed in the myocardium dystrophy . The morphological changes in the organs were characterized by perivascular edema, swelling of the vessel walls and edema of the interstitial tissues. Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 155 - 9 {Antibiotic penetration through the blood-brain barrier in rats and the effect on this process of proteolytic enzymes}; Butylina LV et al.; Penetration of penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and gentamycin through the hemato-encephalic barrier in rats and effect of proteolytic enzymes on the above process were studied comparatively . The levels of penetration to the brain were highest for ampicillin, then followed penicillin, tetracycline, oxacillin, streptomycin and gentamycin . Preliminary intramuscular administration of trypsin and chimotrypsin (10 mg/kg) to the animals had no effect on permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier for the antibiotics tested, except penicillin . Higher levels of the antibiotics in the brain tissue may be explained by higher antibiotic blood levels under the effect of proteolytic enzymes. Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 112 - 5 {Study of certain carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in an active oxytetracycline producer strain and in an inactive mutant in relation to antibiotic biosynthesis}; Bryzgalova TE et al.; The activity of the glycolysis enzymes, i.e . aldolase and pyruvate decarboxylase and the enzymes of the pentose cycle, i.e . transketolase were investigated in the process of cultivation of an active strain and inactive mutant of Act . rimosus under conditions favourable for oxytetracycline biosynthesis on starch medium and under unfavourable conditions on glucose medium . It was shown that the aldolase and transketolase activity in the inactive mutant was higher on the starch medium as compared to the active strain, while the activity of pyruvate dekarboxylase was lower . The above difference between the both strains was preserved on the glucose medium and the activity of aldolase and transketolase in both strains increased, while the activity of pyruvate dekarboxylase remained at the same level. J Protozool, 1976 Feb, 23(1), 150 - 4 Efficacy of antibiotics A204 sodium A28695A, and A204np against Coccidia of rabbits; Fitzgerald PR; Three polycyclic, polyether, monocarboxylic acid antibiotics produced by and extracted from a strain of Streptomyces albus and designated A204 sodium, A28695A, or A204-np, were specifically tested for activity against hepatic and incidentally against intestinal coccidia of rabbits . All were effective in preventing infections and acceptable to young rabbits when prepared in pelleted feed . Weight gain, however, was not as good as inoculated, medicated rabbits as in noninoculated, nonmedicated controls . No gross pathologic changes were detected except in the livers of inoculated, nonmedicated controls which were severely infected on greatly enlarged . Livers of medicated rabbits were uninfected and normal in appearance and size. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 Feb, 79(2), 277 - 82 Wound-induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in potato tuber tissue . Development of enzyme activity and effects of antibiotics; Hyodo H; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase {EC 4.3.1.5.} activity increased rapidly after a 3-hr lag period in potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L . cv . May Queen) disks incubated in a suitable medium in the dark at 25 degrees . The activity reached a maxinum after incubation for about 40 hr . The effects of actinomycin D, 6-methylpurine, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, and mitomycin C on the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were investigated during incubation of the disks . Actinomycin D, 6-methylpurine, and cycloheximide all inhibited the formation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, though cycloheximide was the most effective at low concentrations . Application of actinomycin D for the initial lag period (3 hr) caused strong inhibition; however, if it was supplied later it did not inhibit but actually increased phenylalanine ammonialyase formation . In contrast, cycloheximide was effective over most of the incubation period . Chloramphenicol and mitomycin C did not inhibit phenylalanine phenylalanine ammonialyase induction, but markedly stimulated it . Light was not an essential factor for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase induction in the wounded tissue. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 3(2), 110 - 2 Cholesterol requirement of mycoplasmas as determined by microtiter test using polyene antibiotics; Grabowski MW et al.; A microtiter metabolic inhibition test was used to determine the effect of filipin and lucensomycin on the growth of representative species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma . The cholesterol-requiring species tested were found to be very susceptible to the two antibiotics, whereas the cholesterol nonrequiring species were not.The utilization of this method for differentiation between the Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species is suggested and its advantages are discussed. J Infect Dis, 1976 Feb, 133(2), 175 - 84 Uptake of antibiotics by human erythrocytes; Kornguth ML et al.; Human erythrocytes have been used as a model system for the study of uptake and release of antibiotics . Penicillin G, dicloxacillin, tetracycline, and minocycline were all taken up by the cells, but each showed a characteristic ratio of distribution between the extracellular and intracellular compartments . Comparison of the penicillin analogues indicated that dicloxacillin, the more lipid-soluble compound, reached higher intracellular concentrations than did penicillin G . Use of human plasma as the incubation medium markedly decreased antibiotic uptake and enhanced antibiotic egress from preloaded cells . These effects were related to the binding of drugs to serum proteins . In vivo studies in which penicillin G was injected intravenously by bolus and was then given by constant infusion showed that intraerythrocytic concentrations of drug after 2 hr approached or exceeded those in plasma . These results can be explained, in part, by the fact that the slower rate of efflux of penicillin G from the cells than of clearance from plasma serves to maintain the high initial levels of drug for a longer period. J Immunogenet, 1976 Feb, 3(1), 29 - 33 Inactivation of HL-A antigens in vitro by action of antibiotics; Majsky A et al.; The effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL-A antigens in vitro is of variable character . All antibiotics under examination suppressed the absorption capacity of HL-A antigens after 2 hr of lymphocyte treatment at 37 degrees C . Ceporin and Kanamytrex inhibited even the cytotoxic reactivity of Hl-A antigens after 15-30 min of lymphocyte treatment . Chloramphenicol, aureomycin, streptomycin and oleandomycin, on the contrary, increased the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HL-A antigens after 15-30 min, after 1 hr they were ineffective for HL-A antigens, and after two or more hours they produced polyreactivity . Penicillin and erythromycin produced polyreactivity after only 15-30 min . The results show that for the follow-up of the drug effect on HL-A antigens the absorption test rather than the cytotoxicity test is of importance . The suppressed absorption capacity of HL-A antigens caused by the action of antibiotics proves their inactivation effect on the lymphocytes . The possibility of an analogous effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL-A antigens, even after administration to patients, is discussed. Antibiotiki, 1976 Feb, 21(2), 118 - 22 {Comparison of the efficacy of 3 methods of testing for the sterility of eye ointments with antibiotics}; Braginskaia PS et al.; Efficiency of 3 methods for testing sterility of antibiotic ophthalmic ointments was compared . During storage of antibiotic ophthalmic ointments infected with bacteria some "self-sterilization" takes place mainly due to death of the antibiotic sensitive bacteria . The results of determination of the ointment non-sterility depends on the level of their bacterial loading, sensitivity of the cultures to the antibiotic and time of the culture contact with the antibiotic in the ointment before its testing . The method of the ointment solution in isopropylmiristate filtration through a membrane filter followed by washing of the filter from the antibiotic and its placing into a thioglycol medium proved to be most effective for determination of bacterial admixtures in antibiotic ointments. Can J Biochem, 1976 Feb, 54(2), 110 - 9 Studies related to antitumor antibiotics . Part V . Reactions of mitomycin C with DNA examined by ethidium fluorescence assay; Lown JW et al.; The cytotoxic action of the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C occurs primarily at the level of DNA . Using highly sensitive fluorescence assays which depend on the enhancement of ethidium fluorescence only when it intercalates duplex regions of DNA, three aspects of mitomycin C action on DNA have been studied: (a) cross-linking events, (b) alkylation without necessarily cross-linking, and (c) strand breakage . Cross-linking of DNA is determined by the return of fluorescence after a heat denaturation step at alkaline pH's . Under these conditions denatured DNA gives no fluorescence . The cross-linking was independently confirmed by S1-endonuclease (EC 3.1.4.-) digestion . At relatively high concentrations of mitomycin the suppression of ethidium fluorescence enhancement was shown not to be due to depurination but rather to alkylation, as a result of losses in potential intercalation sites . A linear relationship exists between binding ratio for mitomycin and loss of fluorescence . The proportional decrease in fluorescence with pH strongly suggests that the alkylation is due to the aziridine moiety of the antibiotic under these conditions . A parallel increase in the rate and overall efficiency of covalent cross-linking of DNA with lower pH suggests that the cross-linking event, to which the primary cytotoxic action has been linked, occurs sequentially with alkylation by aziridine and then by carb