Obstet Gynecol, 1979 May, 53(5), 537 - 44 Prophylactic antibiotics in gynecologic surgery; Grossman JH 3rd et al.; A 2-year prospective double-blind study of prophylactic antibiotics in 317 patients undergoing elective total abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy was conducted . Patients randomly received placebo, penicillin, or cefazolin 30 minutes prior to surgery and at 6-hour intervals thereafter for 48 hours . Rigid criteria for postoperative morbidity were established . Vaginal hysterectomy patients given either penicillin or cefazolin prophylaxis had fewer postoperative infections (P less than 0.01) compared to those given placebo . A similar trend was noted among women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy; however, this trend was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05) . Despite continuous surveillance, no change in nosocomial flora or antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates was noted . Adverse drug effects and antibiotic-resistant secondary infections were encountered with similar frequency in all treatment groups. Acta Otolaryngol, 1979 May-Jun, 87(5-6), 517 - 27 Vestibular effects of antibiotics introduced in the inner ear . Behavioral and electrophysiological studies in the frog; Gallais A et al.; The aim of this study was to find a rapid and suitable method for testing the toxicity of drugs upon the vestibular end organs . The experiments were performed in the frog and the action of two antibiotics, streptomycin sulphate and penicillin G, was studied by carefully observing the equilibrium behaviour of the animals and recording the spontaneous activity of the nerve of the horizontal semicircular canal . The results obtained show that: 1) injection of streptomycin sulphate (20 microgram) directly into the labyrinthic cavity elicited disorders of the equilibrium and reduced the spontaneous activity of the horizontal canal nerve; 2) these disorders were reversible or not depending on the animal; 3) there is a good correlation between behavioral observations and electrophysiological data (i.e . the activity of the ampullary nerve was low in frogs whose behaviour was impaired at the time of sacrifice; the activity did not differ from controls when the normal behaviour was completely restored); 4) injection of penicillin G or 0.7% NaCl into the labyrinthic cavity had no effect on the equilibrium of the frogs or on the activity of the ampullary nerve; 5) intramuscular or intralymphatic injections of streptomycin sulphate produced a neuromuscular block but did not alter the activity of the ampullary nerve . In conclusion, the question of ototoxicity is discussed. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd, 1979 May, 89(5), 458 - 66 {Efficiency of systemic prophylatic antibiotics in the surgical removal of lower widsom teeth}; Osborn JF et al.; The efficiency of prophylactically given systemic antibiotics was examined in a double-blind study on 142 patients on an ambulatory basis . It was found that the application of antibiotics do not significantly lower the rate of postoperative infections after the surgical removal of lower third molars. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 May, 32(5), 446 - 52 Structural investigation of the antibiotic ristomycin A . The amino acid constituents; Sztaricskai F et al.; Hydrolysis of the O-methylated aglycone of ristomycin A by a mixture of KOH and NaBH4 yielded a mixture of aromatic amino acids which, after N-acetylation and O-methylation, were separated by chromatography on silica gel . Compounds III approximately VII were isolated and identified by pmr and mass spectroscopy . Compounds V approximately VII were also oxidatively degraded to the corresponding benzoate esters . Componds III and IV are derived from ristomycinic acid (I) and V from actinoidinic acid (II), both of which had been obtained in earlier acid hydrolyses of the antibiotic . Compounds VI and VII had not been detected previously nor glycine which was also found to be a product of base hydrolysis . It is postulated that the new products arise from bisdechlorovancomycinic acid (X) . It is concluded that aglycoristomycin A comprises I, II and X which also constitute the aglycone of ristocetin A. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 May, 37(5), 859 - 61 Enrichment of cadmium-mediated antibiotic-resistant bacteria in a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) litter microcosm; Lighthart B; A set of Douglas-fir needle litter microcosms was amended with cadmium, acid, a combination of both, or neither . After 2 weeks of incubation, bacterial colony counts were made of litter homogenates inoculated onto agar media containing an antibiotic (streptomycin, chloromycetin, ampicillin, or gentamicin), cadmium, both, or neither . In all microcosms bacterial abundance was similar but the quality was very dissimiliar . Cadmium-treated microcosms had populations enriched for cadmium and gentamicin resistance and streptomycin and chloramphenicol sensitivity . Acid amendment had no consistent effect on the microcosm populations except that which could be attributed to the cadmium treatment amendment alone. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 386 - 91 The mode of action of a new antitumor antibiotic, sporamycin; Okamoto M et al.; Sporamycin, an antitumor antibiotic, primarily inhibited DNA synthesis, while RNA and protein synthesis were not significantly affected in HeLa S3 cells . The antibiotic also caused strand scission of cellular DNA . However, the effects were not observed when the cells were incubated at 0 degrees C before washing and subsequently incubated at 37 degrees C . The Tm of calf thymus DNA decreased when incubated with sporamycin in vitro . Sporamycin did not affect DNA synthesis in vitro catalyzed by partially purified DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma derived from EHRLICH ascites cells. Sex Transm Dis, 1979 Apr-Jun, 6(2), 50 - 7 Susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo; Johannisson G et al.; The susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis to antibiotics was studied in vitro and in patients with nongonococcal urethritis . The minimal inhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, erythromycin, pivampicillin, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline, which were the most effective drugs, were 10, 0.5, 0.25, 0.1, and 0.5 microgram/ml, respectively . The clinical observations suggested that of the antibiotics studied, doxycycline, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were effective for treatment of chlamydial infection and nongonococcal urethritis . Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole seemed less efficient for treatment of patients with nongonococcal urethritis whose cultures were chlamydia-negative . Pivampicillin, although it was active in vitro against C . trachomatis, did not produce a satisfactory clinical response . Untreated patients had symptoms of urethritis and chlamydial infection for three weeks . Incubation periods of a week or less were recorded for about half of the patients who had nongonococcal urethritis, both those whose cultures were chlamydia-positive and those whose cultures were chlamydia-negative . However, a few patients in both groups reported incubation periods of four weeks or more. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 295 - 304 Olivanic acids, a family of beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitory properties produced by Streptomyces species . II . Isolation and characterisation of the olivanic acids MM 4550, MM 13902 and MM 17880 from Streptomyces olivaceus; Hood JD et al.; The olivanic acids MM 4550, MM 13902 and MM 17880 are members of a new family of beta-lactam antibiotics . An isolation and purification process utilising ion-par extraction and ion-exchange chromatography is described and the metabolites are characterised by physico-chemical and biological properties. Ann Surg, 1979 Apr, 189(4), 395 - 403 Antibiotic penetration into normal and inflamed tissues as reflected by peripheral lymph; Roberts TL 3rd et al.; The concentration of antibiotic in peripheral lymph reflects the tissue levels . Following microsurgical cannulation of the right lymphatic duct in 28 healthy rabbits, either penicillin-G, nafcillin, erythromycin, or cefazolin was given intramuscularly, and lymph and serum samples obtained at frequent intervals . Penicillin or nafcillin was administered to 14 additional rabbits with cellulitis of the right upper extremity . A serum sample drawn between one and two hours after an intramuscular injection, in general, reflects the peak lymph antibiotic concentration and hence the peak tissue concentration of the drug . After two hours the lymph level remains equal to or greater than the simultaneous serum level . The presence of inflammation did not alter the peak antibiotic levels . However, nafcillin required longer for equilibration in the inflamed state than in the uninflamed state, whereas penicillin-G equilibrated more rapidly in the presence of inflammation. Antibiotiki, 1979 Apr, 24(4), 287 - 91 {Effect of tetracycline group antibiotics on the barrier properties of the small intestine epithelium}; Melikiants AG et al.; The effect of 5 tetracyclines on the barrier and transport properties of the small intestine epithelium was studied . The barrier properties were estimated by a change in the ionic selectivity and conductivity of the epithelium, as well as by enterocyte linkage . The current of the short circuit served the characteristics of the Na transport system state . Dimethylchlortetracycline, methacycline and oxytetracycline in concentrations of 10(-7) g/ml decreased the epithelium conductivity and increased the cell linkage . Tetracycline and methacycline in concentrations of 10(-9) g/ml had an analogous effect . The effect was observed 10--20 minutes after the start of incubation with the substance . No effect on the current of the short circuit was observed within the concentrations of 10(-4) to 10(-9) g/ml . It is suggested that the decreased conductivity and increased linkage are due to adsorption of the tetracycline molecules in the region of close cell contacts. Arch Intern Med, 1979 Apr, 139(4), 413 - 5 Intravenous antibiotic therapy at home; Kind AC et al.; Many patients who are hospitalized for intensive intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy of serious infections are not disabled . Following a short period of treatment in the hospital and after their medical problem has stabilized, these patients can safety receive IV antibiotics at home . Patients who had osteomyelitis or infective endocarditis were selected for this study . Utilizing an IV nurse team, patients were instructed in the administration of the antibiotic . They returned to the hospital every 48 hours to have their IV catheter changed and to receive a new supply of antibiotic . There was a substantial monetary saving with each treatment course (at least $1,600 per patient), and, in addition, the patients were much more comfortable at home and some returned to work or to school. Surgery, 1979 Apr, 85(4), 377 - 81 Eosinophilic occlusive pulmonic panarteritis associated with long-term antibiotic therapy; Majeski JA et al.; The administration of antibiotics through central catheters for short periods of time frequently is encountered clinically . This report is an in vivo experimental study of long-term bolus administration of antibiotics through a central catheter inserted in the external jugular vein . Approximately 30 calves, which weighed between 180 and 225 kg, had silicone-rubber catheters inserted for protracted periods of time . Various concentrations of either penicillin, cephalothin, or streptomycin were given intravenously in bolus doses . Minimal doses given for long periods of time or large doses given over short periods of time did not produce any pulmonary vascular lesions . Large doses of antibiotics administered for long experimental periods routinely produced a pulmonary vascular lesion in the medium-size and small-size pulmonary arterioles . The vasculitis consists of a diffuse eosinophilic infiltrate located perivascularly and throughout the intima and media . Associated with the vasculitis was a diffuse hyperplasia of the intima and media which frequently stenosed the vascular lumen . These studies suggest an association between large bolus dosages of antibiotics given over a prlonged period via a central catheter and a constrictive pulmonary arteriolar eosinophilic panvasculitis. Laryngoscope, 1979 Apr, 89(4), 601 - 8 Effect of prophylactic antibiotics in radical head and neck surgery; Goode RL et al.; One hundred major head and neck operations performed on 77 patients were evaluated regarding the effectiveness of an aminoglycoside and cephalosporin antibiotic combination given prophylactically to prevent postoperative infection . The postoperative infection incidence was 6%, significantly lower than that reported in similar series where no antibiotics were used . The addition of the aminoglycoside did not appear to provide any additional protection compared with the use of cephalosporin alone. J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Apr, 82(2), 301 - 7 Ecological effects of antibiotic production by dermatophyte fungi; Youssef N et al.; Antibiotic production by dermatophyte fungi has been demonstrated in vivo in the lesions of patients with dermatomycoses . Patients infected with antibiotic-producing strains more frequently carried cocci resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics than did patients infected with non-producer strains . The total bacterial load was less in lesions caused by producer fungi . In vitro studies demonstrated the selection of penicillin-resistant S . aureus from mixed populations of resistant and sensitive cells. Cancer Res, 1979 Apr, 39(4), 1239 - 44 Acute ultrastructural effects of the antitumor antibiotic carminomycin on nucleoli of rat tissues; Merski JA et al.; Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with carminomycin i.v . in doses ranging from 1 to 40 mg/kg . Within 1 hr after the administration of carminomycin, 20 mg/kg, nucleoli of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells were segregated, while nucleoli of liver parenchyma cells were unaffected . Three and one-half hr after drug administration, cardiac muscle nucleoli reverted to normal ultrastructure . However, some skeletal muscle cell nucleoli were still segregated . Following treatment with carminomycin, 10 mg/kg, no significant ultrastructural changes were observed . These results demonstrate that at sufficiently high doses carminomycin induces ultrastructural lesions in nucleoli of both cardiac and muscle cells . The dose of carminomycin required to produce nucleolar segregation in cardiac and skeletal muscle is 6 times greater than the dose of Adriamycin (3.5 mg/kg) required to induce equivalent alterations. Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Apr, 97(4), 717 - 20 Radioactive and bioassay of intraocular antibiotics: double-assay technique to compare penicillin G, cefamandole, and gentamicin in ocular tissues in vivo; Young P et al.; We examined the correlation between radioactive assay and trephine-discbioassay of penicillin G sodium, cefamandole nafate, and gentamicin sulfate in ocular tissues of pigmented rabbits after subconjuctival administration of antibiotic . We devised a technique whereby a single sample of tissue could be assayed by both methods . This was achieved by performing the bioassay first, then measuring the resudual radioactivity in the agar and specimens . The results of both methods were generally within 13% . An exception was gentamicin in iris and choroidretina, for which the bioassay result was strikingly less than the radioassay value . No such discrepancy was evident when similar studies were carried out with gentamicin in albino rabbits . This suggests that the phenomenon is due to tight binding of gentamicin by melanin-containing tissues . The trephine-disc bioassay provides an accurate measure of diffusible bioactive antibiotic in ocular tissues. Antibiotiki, 1979 Apr, 24(4), 300 - 3 {Joint therapy of experimental tumors with diazan in combination with antibiotics}; Volkova LM et al.; Antitumor efficiency of combined therapy of experimental tumors with diazan and antibiotics was studied . The experiments were performed with leukosis La and P-388 and Walker carcinosarcoma . The kinetic regularities of the tumor process were used in planning regimens of the combined therapy . It was found that the combined use of diazan with antitumor antibiotics of the anthracyclin series increased the therapy efficacy . Therapeutic synergism of the drugs was noted which was evident from a significant increase in the average life rate and recovery of a part of the animals. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Mar 8, 551(2), 229 - 37 How do ionic channel properties depend on the structure of polyene antibiotic molecules? Kasumov KM, Borisova MP, Ermishkin LN, Potseluyev VM, Silberstein AY, Vainshtein VA. A study has been made of the properties of ionic channels formed in phospholipid-cholesterol bilayers by polyene antibiotics of various molecular structures . Properties of channels created by natural antibiotics with different structures of the lactone ring (amphotericin B-nystatin-mycoheptin) as well as by some derivatives of amphotericin B modified with respect to the amino and carboxyl groups are compared . Neutralization of one or both charges of the amphotericin B molecule (both by chemical modification and by pH shift) increases the probability of the channel to be in a nonconducting state . An increase of cholesterol concentration in the membrane produces an opposite effect . It is assumed that the electrostatic interaction of the amino group of an antibiotic molecule with the carboxyl group of an adjacent one stabilized the channel . Conductance and selectivity of an open channel are not influenced by changes in the charged groups . These properties strongly depend on the structure of the polar chain of the lactone ring . For example, the appearance of one more carbonyl group in the mycoheptin molecule results in a sharply decreasing anion permeability of channels . An antibiotic concentration which is necessary to observe single channels depends on the polyene chain structure: this is about 10(-7) M for tetraene nystatin and 2.10(-8) M for heptaene amphotericin B an mycoheptin. Anesth Analg, 1979 Mar-Apr, 58(2), 107 - 15 Mutual potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of antibiotics and relaxants; Burkett L et al.; The interaction of d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, or succinylcholine with neomycin, streptomycin, or polymyxin B was investigated using a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation . All neuromuscular blocking agents (relaxants) mutually potentiated the neuromuscular blocking action of one another; combinations of ineffective concentrations of relaxants and antibiotics caused an 82 to 98% neuromuscular block . This extensive potentiation of the neuromuscular effects of relaxants by antibiotics can be attributed to the fact that antibiotics not only have a curare-like stabilizing effect on the postjunctional membrane, but also decrease presynaptic acetylcholine release . Neostigmine (0.25 microgram/ml) only partially antagonized the neuromuscular block caused by the various drug combinations . In contrast, 4 microgram/ml of 4-aminopyridine returned the twitch tension, depressed by combined administration of relaxants and antibiotics, to or above control values except in the case of neuromuscular block caused by the combinations of succinylcholine and polymyxin B. Poult Sci, 1979 Mar, 58(2), 308 - 13 Enhancement of the anticoccidial activity of polyether antibiotics in chickens by tiamulin; Meingassner JG et al.; The anticoccidial activities of monensin and lasalocid have been studied separately and in combination with tiamulin, a new pleuromutilin derivative . Combinations of constant tiamulin concentration (.0125%) in drinking water with various levels of polyether anticoccidials (6.3 to 125 ppm) in feed and conversely of constant levels of anticoccidials with various concentrations of tiamulin were used . The prophylactic efficacy of these combined treatments in battery raised broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella was evaluated . Assessment of the parameters mortality, weight gain, dropping scores, lesion scores, and oocyst output showed that simultaneous application of tiamulin significantly improved the anticoccidial activity of the polyethers . As tiamulin alone is without anticoccidial activity, this phenomenon was considered to result from an interaction between tiamulin and the polyethers leading to a slower metabolic degradation of the latter . Thus tissue levels adequate for maximum anticoccidial activity would be attained with lower polyether dose levels . Experiments using isolated perfused rat liver showed that elimination of monensin was reduced by 60% in the presence of tiamulin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1979 Mar-Apr, 87(2), 222 - 8 Suggestions for monitoring patients during treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics; Lerner SA et al.; Guidelines are suggested for the surveillance and prevention of ototoxicity in adults, based on experience and a compilation of opinions from otolaryngologists and infectious disease specialists . The influence of dosage and renal function on serum levels and their relevance to ototoxicity are discussed . Indications for testing of inner ear function are considered. Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 1979 Mar, 37(1), 42 - 7 {Prophylactic antibiotics in neurosurgery}; Brandt RA et al.; The post-operative infection-rate in neurosurgical patients who received prophylactic antibiotics was compared to the infection-rate of patients who received no antibiotics . None of the 73 studied patients had pre-operative infection . Infections occured in 26,4% of the patients in the first group and in none of the second group (p less than 0,2); 27,5% of the patients with intracranial lesions and 9% of the patients with spinal lesions in the frist group had post-operative infections, and none in the second group (p less than 0,05 and 0.05 less than p less than 0.1) . 67% of all the patients had severe neurological lesions; 27% of these had post-operative infections; only 4% of the patients with mild lesions had infections (p less than 0.05) . Post-operative infections were severe and fatal in most of these cases . Prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotics were of no value in preventing post-operative infections in these neurosurgical patients and those who received no antibiotics had a significantly lower rate of infections. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Mar, 32(3), 187 - 92 A new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic complex, sporaricin . III . The structures of sporaricins A and B; Deushi T et al.; The structures of sporaricins A and B have been determined to be 2-amino-1-O-(2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-beta-L-lyxo-heptopyranosyl)-2,3,5-trideoxy-5-(N-glycyl-N-methyl-amino)-4-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol and 2-amino-1-O-(2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-beta-L-lyxo-heptopyranosyl)-2,3,5-trideoxy-4-O-methyl-5-methylamino-D-chiro-inositol, respectively. Cancer Treat Rep, 1979 Mar, 63(3), 473 - 6 Therapy for mouse tumors and human tumor xenografts with the antitumor antibiotic AT-125; Houchens DP et al.; The antimetabolite antibiotic L-(alphaS,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125) showed significant antitumor activity against L1210 and P388 mouse leukemias and the M5076 mouse ovarian tumor . Depending on the schedule of administration, increases in lifespan of greater than 100% were observed . Activity was observed after ip, oral, or sc inoculation of AT-125 in mice inoculated with L1210 by the ip route . Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma were not affected by AT-125 . The compound was used to treat human tumor xenografts in athymic (nude) mice . The MX-1 mammary tumor regressed when treated with either 8 or 16 mg/kg/day for 10 days, while a dose of 32 mg/kg was toxic . On an every-4-days x 3 schedule there was a marked slowing of MX-1 tumor growth at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg . The LX-1 lung tumor xenograft growth was slowed significantly by a dose of 32 mg/kg . Growth of colon tumors, CX-1, CX-2, and CX-3, was not affected by AT-125. Ophthalmic Surg, 1979 Mar, 10(3), 76 - 83 Visual prognosis in bacterial endophthalmitis treated with intravitreal antibiotics; Vastine DW et al.; Eleven of 16 cases of human culture-proved endophthalmitis have been successfully treated with the intravitreal administration of 400 micrograms of gentamicin sulfate and 360 micrograms of dexamethasone with concomitant use of systemic antibiotics and prednisone . Seven of the 16 eyes (44%) had final visual acuity of 20/400 or better . Four additional eyes had residual useful vision after treatment . The visual prognosis in these cases is directly related to the exotoxin and proteolytic enzyme activity of the organisms . Delay of more than 36 hours between onset of symptoms and intravitreal treatment adversely affects the visual outcome . If a highly virulent organism has been isolated or if treatment has been delayed, vitrectomy to treat acute endophthalmitis is indicated . The comparatively high rate of recovery in this series is probably related to the high dose of intravitreal gentamicin utilized and the concomitant intraocular use of dexamethasone. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1979 Mar, 1(1), 51 - 4 Therapy of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis; Tedesco FJ et al.; Seven patients treated with oral cholestyramine for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis are reported . Response was variable with only one patient having a totally satisfactory clinical outcome . Five of seven patients had continued systemic signs with fever and leukocytosis throughout the course of cholestyramine . Two observations were relatively consistent . First, six of the seven patient had a decrease in the number of daily stools during therapy . Second, all patients showed persistence of the cytopathic toxin in stools obtained after three to seven days of cholestyramine therapy . Six patients who were subsequently treated with oral vancomycin had a prompt clinical improvement and clearance of the cytopathic toxin in the stool. Antibiotiki, 1979 Mar, 24(3), 179 - 81 {New amino acid from the antibiotic, ristomycin A}; Katrukha GS et al.; A new amino acid E was isolated from a mixture of the products of the reductive hydrolysis of ristomycin A 57% HJ in the presence of red phosphorus . Its characterization was performed . The new amino acid was formed as a result of reductive dehydration of the respective beta-oxyamino acid present in the native antibiotic and being completely destroyed during general acid or alkaline hydrolysis. Laryngoscope, 1979 Mar, 89(3), 482 - 9 Therapy of iatrogenic subglottic stenosis: a steroid/antibiotic regimen; Croft CB et al.; The authors have evaluated the efficacy of a medical regimen, consisting of systemic antibiotics and steroids, in the management of acute iatrogenic subglottic stenosis . The study consisted of the infliction of a standardized subglottic injury to three groups of five dogs: Group I animals were placed on prednisone 1 mg/kg/24 hours and potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin 50 mg/kg/24 hours from the day of the trauma . Group II were placed on a similar regimen from the eighth day after subglottic trauma . Group III received no medical therapy at all . Therapy was continued in treated Groups I and II for five weeks . At the end of the study the dogs were sacrificed and the final degree of subglottic stenosis evaluated, at which time the laryngotracheal complexes were submitted for pathological evaluation . A significant difference was found between the degree of stenosis attained in the three groups . The study suggests that the introduction of a steroid/antibiotic regimen has a beneficial effect in developing subglottic stenosis and that the timing of such therapy is of importance. Cancer Treat Rep, 1979 Mar, 63(3), 363 - 8 Comparative randomized study of protected environment plus oral antibiotics versus oral antibiotics alone in neutropenic patients; Lohner D et al.; A series of 24 patients with severe neutropenia, most of whom had acute myeloblastic leukemia, were treated in an isolation unit with oral nonabsorbable antibiotics and were compared to 21 similar patients receiving oral antibiotics alone . The frequency of bacterial infections was lower in the patients receiving both isolation and oral antibiotics compared to the patients who received only oral antibiotics . The responses to chemotherapy in terms of remission rates were identical for the two groups. J Pharm Sci, 1979 Mar, 68(3), 308 - 11 Physicochemical properties of amphoteric beta-lactam antibiotics . II: Solubility and dissolution behavior of aminocephalosporins as a function of pH; Tsuji A et al.; The solubility of aminocephalosporins in aqueous solution at 37 degrees and an ionic strength of 0.5 exhibited U-shaped curves against pH . At their isoelectric pH, cephradine monohydrate was the most soluble, followed by cephalexin monohydrate and cephaloglycin dihydrate, with intrinsic solubilities of 26.0, 17.2, and 14.8 mg/ml, respectively . The dissolution rate constants from the rotating disk were also determined as a function of the pH of the dissolution medium and interpreted reasonably by the simultaneous dissociation equilibrium reaction and the diffusion kinetics model . Energies for the solubility and dissolution were determined for these three aminocephalosporins. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Feb 27, 561(2), 403 - 9 Inhibition of translation in bacterial and eukaryotic systems by the antibiotic anthelmycin (hikizimycin); Gonzalez A et al.; Anthelmycin inhibits protein synthesis on both pro- and eukaryotic ribosomes by preventing the peptide bond-forming reaction . The drug is structurally similar to certain other 4-aminohexosyl cytosine antibiotics including blasticidin S, gougerotin, amicetin and bamicetin although unlike these compounds anthelmycin lacks an aminoacyl moiety . It is proposed that anthelmycin inhibits the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre by associating with a site that overlaps the (related) ribosomal receptor site(s) for the other four inhibitors. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1979 Feb, 25(2), 199 - 203 Assessment of antibiotic efficacy in acute bacterial meningitis; Beam TR Jr et al.; Currently, antibiotic efficacy in acute bacterial meningitis is evaluated in several stages . First, animals are used to assess antibiotic penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the absence and presence of an inflammatory stimulus . Second, concentrations of drug are correlated to in vitro killing studies . Third, clinical evaluations compare the new drugs to currently available antimicrobic--but drug failures nevertheless occur, e.g . the experiences with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides . We propose that brain tissue levels of antibiotics are an additional parameter to be monitored . Drugs that penetrate the brain substance should yield higher ventricular concentrations than drugs that penetrate the choroid plexus alone . A protective benefit may also be afforded to brain tissue per se . Experience with chloramphenicol, which penetrates the blood-brain barrier, supports these concepts; so also, do the failures with cephalosporins and aminoglycosides which, despite high CSF concentrations of these agents, afford evidence that currently monitored parameters are inadequate predictors of therapeutic efficacy. J Chromatogr, 1979 Feb 1, 169, 329 - 36 Analytical studies of maridomycin . I . High-performance liquid chromatography of marido-mycins and some other macrolide antibiotics; Kondo K; Maridomycins and their acyl derivatives (9-propionyl, 2'-propionyl and 9,2'-dipropionyl maridomycins) were separated quantitatively into six components by high-performance liquid chromatography using a Corasil I column (200 cm X 2 mm I.D.) with a mixed sovent (upper layer of n-hexane, diisopropyl ether, ethanol and water) as the eluent . A linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the capacity factors (k') and the logarithm of the alkyl carbon numbers in the acyl group at position 4'' . This relationship led to the discovery of a new component of maridomycin (3-propionyl-4''-n-butyryl analogue) in a crude sample . A similar relationship was found on chromatographic separation of some other macrolide antibiotics such as leucomycin, carbomycin A and B groups, under similar conditions. In Vitro, 1979 Feb, 15(2), 114 - 9 Effects of some antibiotics on the growth of human diploid skin fibroblasts in cell culture; Goetz IE et al.; During serial subcultures 50 micrograms per ml gentamicin and penicillin (100 U per ml)-streptomycin (100 micrograms per ml) depressed cell growth signficantly 2 weeks after the addition of the antibiotics; gentamicin, but not penicillin-streptomycin, stimulated cell growth before it became inhibitory . Removal of the antibiotics resulted in the cell yield returning to normal . The results show that these antibiotics can be harmful to cells even at concentrations thought to be safe. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Feb, 32(2), 108 - 14 New antibiotics from Actinoplanes strains . Structure of A 17002 C; Martinelli E et al.; A 17002 C is a new metabolite produced by Actinoplanes strains, structurally related to the virginiamycin factor M . On the basis of physico-chemical data, MS, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, structure I is assigned to A 17002 C. Antibiotiki, 1979 Feb, 24(2), 83 - 6 {Role of antibiotics in the ecology of actinomycetes}; Gauze GF et al.; The organisms producing ristomycin, rifamycin, lincomycin, tobramycin, rubomycin carminomycin, olivomycin, bleomycin and actinomycin D were practically not sensitive to their own antibiotics in the concentrations close to those produced during the biosynthetic process . At the same time other actinomycetous species close to the above organisms were suppressed to a significant extent by their antibiotics in the same concentrations . The experimental data indicated that the antibiotics had a protective effect on the organisms producing them and played a significant role in ecology of the actinomycetes. Antibiotiki, 1979 Feb, 24(2), 120 - 6 {Pathomorphological picture of the liver in mice administered antitumor antibiotics intraperitoneally and its comparative assessment}; Semenov NV; A single administration of carminomycin, ribomycin or olivomycin in LD50 or treatment of the experimental animals with these antibiotics for 10 days in the therapeutic doses equal to 10 per cent of the LD50 induced distrophic and necrobiotic changes in the liver . The use of bruneomycin in the equivalent doses induced sclerotic process in addition to the above doses resulted in a decrease in the colour intensity of DNA, RNA and protein as compared to the control, the content of glycogen and a marked increase in the amount of lipids in the hepatocyte cytoplasm . The most pronounced shifts were observed with the use of carminomycin, rubomycin and especially bruneomycin in single doses . With the use of olivomycin in a single dose the shifts were less pronounced . It should be noted that with the use of carminomycin and rubomycin the damages were of the same character by their intensity . The changes in the liver on the use of carminomycin, rubomycin and olivomycin in single doses or during the treatment course were reversible, while on the use of bruneomycin they preserved to the end of the experiment. J Med Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 12(1), 143 - 6 The effects of the polyene antibiotic mepartricin on polymorphonuclear leucocyte function: an in-vitro study; Sacchi FT et al.; Mepartricin, a polyene antibiotic with candidacidal and trichomonicidal activity, was found to be without toxic effects for human polymorphonuclear leucocytes; the drug seems to be unable to enter the human cells . Some synergism between the antifungal activities of mepartricin and of human leucocytes is seen if Candida cells are pre-incubated with sub-lethal concentrations of the drug. J Chem Inf Comput Sci, 1979 Feb, 19(1), 8 - 11 Sources of chemical information used in antibiotic certification; Andrew ML et al.; Because of a legislative mandate requiring the predistribution testing and certification of each batch of antibiotics produced for human use in the U.S.A., the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis (NCAA) must utilize a wide variety of techniques for establishing its official methods . Methods adapted from material submitted by the manufacturers in Forms 5 and 6, as well as from other sources, such as literature searches, the NCAA reprint collection, and cross reference file are described. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1979 Feb 1, 104(3), 119 - 23 {Stability of a number of antibiotics, coccidiostats and growth-stimulating substances during manufacture and storage of (medicated) feed pellets (author's transl)}; Beumer H; The effect of processing and storage on the stability of a number of antibiotics, coccidiostats and growth-stimulating substances, viz . lasalocid, monensin-Na, avoparcin, olaquindox, carbadox, sulfadimidine-Na and lincomycin in (medicated) feeds was studied . Mixtures containing the additives were conditioned by steam at a temperature of 80 degrees C, and pelleted . After each stage in processing and following storage of the pellets for a month, the concentrations of antibiotics, etc., were determined and compared with the concentrations as calculated in the original feed mixtures . The results suggested that none of these substances were very susceptible to the conditions of processing applied . All samples of stored pellets were found to contain at least 90 per cent of the concentrations present in the original feed mixtures, the combined negative effects of processing and storage hardly being beyond the margin of accuracy of the analyses. Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Feb, 53(2), 151 - 6 Prophylactic cesarean section antibiotics: maternal and neonatal morbidity before or after cord clamping; Gordon HR et al.; In an ongoing prospective study at 2 hospitals, 114 cesarean section patients were studied to determine whether giving ampicillin after umbilical cord clamping is as effective as perioperative ampicillin in reducing maternal postoperative morbidity . The same patients have also been studied to determine the effect of prophylactic cesarean section ampicillin on the newborn . Results have shown that prophylactic ampicillin initiated after cord clamping is as effective in reducing maternal morbidity as ampicillin initiated prior to the surgery . There is also no evidence from our study that the transplacental passage of prophylactic ampicillin increases immediate or delayed neonatal infections. Antibiotiki, 1979 Feb, 24(2), 114 - 20 {Compaction of 2-chain DNA as a method of procedure in determining its binding constant with antibiotics}; Salianov VI et al.; The binding of antibiotics and dyes with a compact form of DNA produced in water-salt solutions containing polyethylenglycol (PEG) presents a possibility of studying antibiotic interaction with DNA molecules contained in biological objects, such as viruses and chromosomes, since the compact form of DNA reflects some DNA properties in vivo . Possibly the use of the compact and not the "open" or linear form of DNA in chemical reactions will provide data on the efficiency of the compound "action" under conditions close to intracellular ones . The results well be useful in screening substances with "optimal" pharmacological effect . The paper presents a method for determination of the constant of antibiotic or dye binding with DNA and two-chain synthetic polynucleotides in water-salt solutions containing PEG . The method is based on "elimination" of the DNA molecules in the form of compact particles bound in a complex with an antibiotic or a dye . Comparison of the data with the results of estimation of the constants of antibiotic binding with DNA by the routine methods showed close conformity of the binding constants determined by different methods . It was found that the value of the binding constant of the antibiotics studied slightly depended on the structural state of DNA . The value was practically the same for the linear and the compact forms of DNA. J Bacteriol, 1979 Feb, 137(2), 1022 - 3 Differential inhibition of bacterial growth and hemolysin production by lincosamide antibiotics; Shibl AM et al.; Lincomycin and clindamycin, at concentrations below those which partially inhibited bacterial growth, completely suppressed the production of streptolysin S . Chloramphenicol and erythromycin had no effect on hemolysin production. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Feb, 32(2), 156 - 60 Interaction of aminoglycosides and other antibiotics with actin; Someya A et al.; Skeletal muscle actin was found by centrifugation, turbidity, and viscosity measurements to form polymers upon addition of aminoglycosides, viomycin, polymyxin B, and tetracycline . A linear relationship was observed between the amount of actin polymerization and the number of primary amino groups on the aminoglycoside antibiotics except kanamycin . Of the antibiotics studied, neomycin was most efficient in actin polymerization . Polymerization of actin was not significantly induced by kasugamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, benzylpenicillin, angustmycin A, formycin, actinomycin D, and mitomycin C . Aminoglycosides and viomycin were demonstrated to inhibit the acto-HMM Mg(2+)-ATPase reaction but did not significantly affect HMM Mg(2+)-ATPase activity . It was found by equilibrium dialysis that {(3)H}dihydrostreptomycin bound to actin. Minerva Med, 1979 Jan 31, 70(5), 385 - 90 {Value of allergic intradermal reactions to antibiotics in preparation for surgery (in patients with a history of drug allergy)}; Belisario A et al.; An allergological examination technique for application in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to antibiotics is described with reference to a personal series of 250 subjects admitted to the Bologna University obstetric and gynaecological pathology department for small pelvis surgery . The method of investigation is described and the results obtained are reviewed . It is felt that the investigation is of value in preoperative screening insofar as it eliminates or reduces the risk of allergic shock, and enables more precisely directed antibiotic management to be employed. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jan 11, 545(1), 15 - 23 The effect of antibiotics on the photocycle and protoncycle of purple membrane suspensions; Avi-Dor Y et al.; The interrelation was studied between the phototransient absorbing maximally at 412 nm (M412) and light-induced proton release under steady-state conditions in aqueous suspensions of 'purple membrane' derived from Halobacterium halobium . The decay of M412 was slowed down by the simultaneous application of the ionophoric antibiotics valinomycin and beauvericin . The former had only slight activity alone and the latter was effective only in conjunction with valinomycin . The steady-state concentration of M412 which was formed on illumination was a direct function of the concentration of valinomycin . Maximum stabilization of M412 was obtained when the valinomycin was approximately equimolar with the bacteriorhodopsin . Addition of salts to the medium increased the number of protons released per molecule of M412 without affecting the level of M412 which was produced by continuous illumination . The effectiveness of the salts in this respect depended on the nature of the cation . Ca2+ and their antagonists La3+ and ruthenium red were found to have especially high affinity for the system . The extent of light-induced acidification could not be enhanced by increasing the pH of the medium from 6.5 to 7.8 . The possible mechanism of action of the ionophores and of the cations on the photocycle and on the proton cycle is discussed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jan, 32(1), 1 - 12 Thienamycin, a new beta-lactam antibiotic . I . Discovery, taxonomy, isolation and physical properties; Kahan JS et al.; A new beta-lactam antibiotic, named thienamycin, was discovered in culture broths of Streptomyces MA4297 . The producing organism, subsequently determined to be a hitherto unrecognized species, is designated Streptomyces cattleya (NRRL 8057) . The antibiotic was isolated by adsorption on Dowex 50, passage through Dowex 1, further chromatography on Dowex 50 and Bio-Gel P2, and final purification and desalting on XAD-2 . Thienamycin is zwitterionic, has the elemental composition C11H16N2O4S (M.W . = 272.18) and possesses a distinctive UV absorption (lambda max = 297 nm, epsilon = 7,900) . Its beta-lactam is unusually sensitive to hydrolysis above pH8 and to reaction with nucleophiles such as hydroxylamine, cysteine and, to a lesser degree, the primary amine of the antibiotic itself . The latter reaction results in accelerated inactivation at high antibiotic concentrations. Crit Care Med, 1979 Jan, 7(1), 1 - 4 Nephrotoxic antibiotics in patients with renal failures: guidelines for debilitated patients; Carlon GC et al.; Fifty-seven cancer patients, who had had an 8--15% loss of body weight in the previous 6 months, were studied to establish the reliabity in wasted individuals of presently available nomograms correlating serum creatinine with creatinine clearance . Other predictors of renal function, such as osmolar clearance, free water clearance, and excreted fraction of filtered sodium, were also considered . In all patients, and especially in those with a measured creatinine clearance 10--50 ml/min, the use of standard nomograms based on serum creatinine resulted in gross overestimation of renal function . None of the other tests of renal function proved reliable for clinical purposes . It is concluded that in wasted patients administration of nephrotoxic drugs that are renally excreted should be adjusted to measured creatine clearance . Using other common predictors of renal function may result in overdosage. Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(10), 1547 - 9 Penetration of antibiotic into interstitial tissue fluid following parenteral administration of lysine cephalexin; Cadorniga R et al.; Serum and interstitial fluid levels of antibiotic have been measured at various times following i.m . administration of equivalent doses of lysine cephalexin and sodium ampicillin, in a cross-over design, to dogs fitted with s.c . implanted silastic "tissue cages" and the results subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis . Serum concentrations of cephalexin were consistently higher than those of ampicillin and elimination half-lives were calculated as 1.73 h and 0.87 h, respectively . The rate of appearance of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid (Ka 1.741 h-1 was faster than that for ampicillin (Ka 0.946 h-1) and the maximum concentration obtained also proved to be higher . The half-life of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid (6.79 h) was almost four times longer than that in serum whereas that of ampicillin (2.03 h) was only a little more than twice as long . As a consequence a greater concentration and retention in interstitial fluid was obtained with cephalexin at all times tested . Since the interstitial fluid levels of cephalexin were still relatively high 8-12 h after the administration of a single dose repeated administration of lysine cephalexin 2 or 3 times daily is expected to result in a beneficial accumulation of cephalexin in the interstitial fluid. Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(2), 169 - 71 {Studies on the competition of several antibiotics for binding sites to serum protein (author's transl)}; Malerczyk V et al.; Protein binding of benzylpenicillin, acidocillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, tetracycline and clindamycin was determined in vitro by equilibrium dialysis with and without combination . Concentrations of labelled drugs were measured by scintigraphy, of non-labelled drugs by agar diffusion technique using a test strain resistant against the second antibiotic of the combination . Percentage of protein binding of the different penicillins decreased somewhat in higher concentrations, whereas with tetracycline there was found a significant increase of protein binding in higher concentrations . There was no inhibition of protein binding when combining two penicillins or tetracycline with clindamycin at lower concentrations . If very high concentrations of oxacillin of flucloxacillin were used in combination with benzylpenicillin protein binding of benzylpenicillin was reduced by about 20%. Environ Mutagen, 1979, 1(4), 353 - 60 Prevention of the mutagenic activation of an antischistosomal isothiocyanate in primates by an antibiotic; Batzinger RP et al.; Administration of 4 nitro-4' isothiocyano-diphenylamine (CGP 4540, amoscanate) to two nonhuman primates, Macaca mulatta and Cebus apella, resulted in the appearance of mutagenic material in the urines of these animals . Mutagenic metabolites of this drug could also be detected in the urines when the drug was administered to primates infected with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum . As observed previously in mice, the mutagenic activation of amoscanate can be prevented in primates by coadministration of a single oral dose of erythromycin with no concomitant reduction in antischistosomal activity . The protective effect of erythromycin was confirmed in several crossover experiments . This dissociation of mutagenic from chemotherapeutic effects provides an opportunity to reduce serious potential long-term risks of this antischistosomal drug. Infection, 1979, 7 Suppl 6, 580 - 3 {Hypersensitivity to antibiotics: Frequency, risks, cross-allergies (author's transl)}; Kersten W et al.; The present paper gives a systematic review of the clinical manifestations of allergic reactions and the underlying immunological mechanisms . Attention is drawn to the relatively high proportion of cases of anaphylactic shock and serum disease related to the total number of cases of allergic reaction, and to the diagnostic techniques available for detection of sensitization towards antibiotics . Structural allergenicity is mentioned, using penicillin allergy as an example . The frequency of allergy to several antibiotics and the frequency of cross-reaction between penicillins and cephalosporins reported in the literature are discussed critically. Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1979, 225(2), 149 - 59 {Quantitative determination of protein, albumin, and antibiotics in nasal secretions of healthy probands (author's transl)}; Giebel W et al.; This study on the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in nasal secretions was carried out with two orally applicable penicillin derivatives which show different resorption patterns . Each of the antibiotics (Ampicillin and Bacampicillin) was given in equimolar doses to 20 healthy young volunteers, with normal mucosa, in a double blind cross over fashion . Nasal secretions were collected 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h after the application of a single dose to the overnight fasted persons . In 10 of them blood was taken at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 h after the administration . For the sampling of the nasal secretions cotton wool was weighed together with an airtight vial containing 300 microliter of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . The dry cotton wool stayed in the nasal cavity for 20 min, was then put into the PBS and weighed again . The difference determines the amount of secretions collected . After 30 min the soaked cotton wool was pressed out into a vial with a sterile syringe . One hundred microliters of this solution was taken to determine the antibiotic concentration by a micromodification of the agar diffusion technique . In the remaining fluid total protein and albumin were quantitatively determined . The amount of nasal secretions which have been collected are, on average, independent of the time (Fig . 1) . With rising secretion the protein content decreases (Fig . 5) as is the case with the albumin concentration . Regarding all persons, the protein content and albumin (Fig . 4) remain constant during the experiment from 8 a.m . to 4 p.m . The differences between the values shown in the figures are not significant . Comparing the mean concentration for the antibiotic at different times after the application, it is obvious that the agents show different curves (Fig . 6) . With ampicillin the maximum of 0.13 microgram/ml is reached at 2 h after the administration whereas with becampicillin the maximum of 0.84 microgram/ml is reached after 1 h . The concentrations in the nasal secretions are clearly dependent of the serum values . In the serum the maximum of the mean values plotted against the time of 2.7 microgram/ml is to be found at 2 h, if ampicillin is given, whereas the maximum of 9.3 microgram/ml is reached at 1 h after bacampicillin administration . In both cases in serum and nasal secretions the mean concentration maximum is about three times higher after bacampicillin as compared with ampicillin . As a reference for the concentration of the antibiotic the total protein content of the sample is more suitable as compared with sample volume and albumin because of its easy and exact determination . The results show that the nasal secretions can be used as a model to evaluate the pharmacokinetics in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract if an adequate number of test persons is used. Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1979, 225(2), 141 - 8 {Quantitative determination of protein, albumin, and antibiotics in the nasal secretions of patients with acute sinusitis (author's transl)}; Giebel W et al.; Forty outpatients with sinusitis were treated with equimolar doses of Ampicillin (556 mg) of Bacampicillin (800 mg) three times daily in a doubleblind fashion . To control the efficiency of the therapy the number of leukocytes, sedimentation rate, subjective and objective symptomes were evaluated before the first dose and on the 2nd and 10th day . On the 1st day nasal secretions were collected at the time the first dose was given and 1, 2, and 3 h later . In these samples the concentrations of the antibiotic, of protein and albumin were determined . The amount of nasal secretions collected as well as the protein and albumin content remains fairly constant during the experiment . The concentration of Bacampicillin in nasal secretions reaches its maximum of 0.92 microgram/ml 1 h after the application whereas with Ampicillin it is 0.59 microgram/ml after 2 h . These values correspond to the concentrations which were found in normal test persons . The clinical result of the therapy is slightly better with Bacampicillin only if patients with severe sinusitis were taken into account . In the patients with moderate or slight symptoms no difference was found . Two of the patients which were treated with Ampicillin had to stop the therapy because of severe diarrhoe . When using Bacampicillin no patients had diarrhoe . This study shows that Bacampicillin (as an inactive ester of Ampicillin) is resorbed quicker and gives higher concentrations in the nasal secretions . Thus, the therapeutic effect is better in severe cases as compared to Ampicillin . Moreover, the side effects are less. Ann Nutr Aliment, 1979, 33(3), 325 - 41 {Evolution of the concept of residues in the products of animals raised with the use of antibiotics}; Wal JM; The concept of residues of antibiotics used as feed additives or veterinary drugs in food producing animals is analysed, and implications on human public health are discussed . The examples of Tylosin and Penicillin are developed to illustrate the both notions of "high risk residue" and "toxicodisponibility" of residues . The "high risk residue" may be an active metabolite different by its chemical structure and by its pharmacological properties from the original drug administered . Slight modifications of the molecule, as the rupture of the beta lactam ring of the Penicillin, occuring in vivo, lead to a metabolite, e.g . penicilloyl group, that has lost all antibiotic activity but possesses allergenic potential . Toxicity of the residue, compared with that of the original drug, can then be modified or increased . On the other hand, such an active metabolite having a definite chemical structure, even if different from the original compound, can be present in the organism, either free or bound to serum or tissues proteins . Moreover, it is shown here, that in the case of a covalent binding of the drug or its metabolite (e.g . penicilloyl group) to serum albumin, the residues are mostly masked inside the tertiary structure of the albumin molecule, and are not accessible to antibodies . These different forms have then an effect upon the biodisponibility, the "toxicodisponibility", of the residues for the human consumer of animal products where they are present . These forms are only accessible with more and more specific and sensitive analytical methods which relates also the qualitative and quantitative notions of residue to the technological degree used for investigation, determination and identification . As to cooking techniques, they can lead to a thermodegradation of the residue or, on the opposite, to an unmasking of the residue present as a protein conjugate, e.g . penicilloyl-protein conjugate in milk. Handchirurgie, 1979, 11(1), 37 - 8 {Local-antibiotic treatment with gentamycin-PMMA-minichains in surgery of hand infections}; Asche G et al.; In bone and soft tissue infections surgical treatment is often indicated . Gentamycin-containing plastic beads permit an additional, highly effective local antibiotic therapy . Beads of smaller caliber have been developed for the use in hand surgery. Vet Med Nauki, 1979, 16(3), 88 - 94 {Nutritive antibiotics and biostimulant preparations in the rations of swine for fattening}; Lalov N et al.; Two experiments were carried out with sows for fattening having a body weight of 20 to 100 kg . The following nutritive antibiotics were tested -- bacipharmin -- 10% (PRB), zinkbacitracin -- 10% (UFRJ), vitamycin 3 (USSR), nitrovin (Peizun, USA) and mekadox -- 5% (USA) . It was established that the stimulating effect of these antibiotics was manifested during the first fattening period -- up to 60 kg body weight, when the average daily increment of the experimental groups treated with bacipharmin, zink bacitracin and nictrovin in the I experiment was 7--15% higher and in the II experiment in which zink bacitracin, vitamycin 3, nitrovin and mekadox were added -- 8--14% higher as compared to the control groups . During the second period of fattening (60--100kg) no effect of the same nutritive antibiotics was observed, with the exception of the vitamycin treated group . In both experiments an economy of combined fodder per 1 kg body weight was realized in the experimental groups . Application of nutritive antibiotics and biostimulators during the second period is economically unexpedient . The antibiotics tested have no negative effect on carcass slaughter characteristics and on the chemical composition of meat . No residual substances of the nutritive antibiotics tested were detected on the second day following slaughter in the meat group treated with mekadox, since no sows of this group were slaughtered. Arch Geschwulstforsch, 1979, 49(5), 386 - 90 {Antineoplastic activity of the anthracycline antibiotic violamycin BI in mice and rats using experimental metastases models (author's transl)}; Arnold W et al.; The report describes the antineoplastic activity of violamycin BI on three rodent tumour systems . The test systems are two syngeneic mouse tumours: a benzo(a)pyrene induced sarcoma and a spontaneously originated mammary carcinoma of the inbred strain XVII/Berlin . Both tumours grow in ascitic form and were weekly passaged by i.p . administrations . A third system is a dimethylhydrazine induced rectum carcinoma of the Wistar rat . This rat tumour represents a slowly growing system transplanted by s.c . administrations of tumour fragments . The principle of the screening consists of the evaluation of metastatic parameters, e.g . weight, number and growth rate of metastases, experimentally induced by i.v . administrations of tumour cell suspensions . Under the given experimental conditions violamycin BI represents an antineoplastic antibiotikum with a good effectivity which is superior to the effectivity of the reference antibiotic daunorubicin. Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1979, 224(1-2), 137 - 42 Auditory function in guinea pigs treated with netilmicin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics; Arpini A et al.; The following aminoglycoside antibiotics netilmicin, sisomicin, gentamicin, and kanamycin were submitted to a comparative study of their ototoxicity using both reflexological (Preyer's pinnareflex) and electrophysiological (near and far field) methods . The daily s.c . administration of sisomicin, gentamicin, and kanamycin for 21 days provoked a dose-related impairment of the cochlear function, detected with all the employed techniques . On the other hand, a very low ototoxic effect of netilmicin was demonstrated with electrophysiological but not with the reflexological evaluation . The reliability of the methods used in these experiments is also compared. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1979, 19(2), 89 - 96 {Effect of polyene antibiotics and their perhydrovderivatives on intact cells and protoplasts of yeast Candida guilliermondii}; Haupt I et al.; Perhydroderivatives of polyene antibiotics have a much lower activity against eukaryotic cells than the polyene antibiotics itself . Bacterial cells are normally resistant against most polyene antibiotics and their perhydroderivatives . In earlier experiments with wall less L-form cells of Escherichia coli we have shown that the bacterial cell wall may be responsible for the resistance of the intact bacterial cells against polyene antibiotics and their perhydroderivatives by masking internal target sites . In the present paper we studied the effect of polyene antibiotics and their perhydroderivatives on intact cells and protoplasts of Candida guilliermondii . Our experiments have shown that most of the perhydroderivatives studied had a lower activity against intact cells as well as protoplasts than the corresponding polyene antibiotics . This means that in the case of eukaryotic cells the cell wall as a penetration barrier cannot mainly be responsible for the low activity of perhydroderivatives . The results are compared with those obtained previously with intact cells and protoplast type L-form cells of E . coli. Acta Otolaryngol, 1979, 88(1-2), 41 - 6 Effects of local application of ototoxic antibiotics on cochlear potentials in guinea pigs; Konishi T; The effects of neomycin, kanamycin and dihydrostreptomycin on the cochlear microphonic, the action potential of the auditory nerve and the endocochlear potential were studied in guinea pigs in which these drugs were locally administered by perfusion . These drugs suppressed the cochlear responses markedly when applied to the endolymph but were less effective when applied to the perilymph . The mechanisms of action of antibiotics on the hair cells of the organ of Corti are discussed. Nucleic Acids Res, 1979, 6(5), 1881 - 94 The effect of antibiotics on the T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed template dependent polymerization of oligodeoxythymidylates; Kalisch BW et al.; The poly(dA) dependent T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed polymerization of oligodeoxythymidylates is dependent upon duplex stability . The antibiotics ethidium bromide, netropsin and Hoechst 33258 stabilize the duplex poly(dA) . P(dT)n (n = 6-10) to thermal denaturation . Ethidium bromide to DNA ratio of 1.25 and netropsin or Hoechst 33258 to DNA ratio of 0.1 the Tm of d(pT) 10 . poly (dA) was increased by 10 degrees and 25 degrees C respectively . The T4 polynucleotide ligase activity was not inhibited under these conditions and temperature optimum of joining of d(pT) 10 . poly(dA) was increased 5 degrees to 10 degrees by the binding of the antibiotics . Duplexes containing shorter oligodeoxythymidylates required lower concentrations of the antibiotics netropsin or Hoechst 33258 to show no inhibition of T4 polynucleotide ligase . The temperature optima of joining the duplexes d(pT)6 . POLY(DA) and d(pT) 8 . poly(dA) were increased by 5 degrees C upon binding of the antibiotics . Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the T4 polynucleotide ligase catalyzed joining of the oligodeoxythymidylates showed that the presence of antibiotics affected the product distribution of the polymerized oligomers. Nucleic Acids Res, 1979, 6(5), 1869 - 79 Antibiotic induced electrophoretic mobility shifts of DNA restriction fragments; Loucks E et al.; Several antibiotics, netropsin, distamycin A, actinomycin D, Hoechst 33258 and olivomycin, which demonstrate base specificity in their DNA binding properties have been found to alter the electrophoretic mobility of DNA restriction fragments in native polyacrylamide gels . The antibiotics mostly reduced the migration of larger DNA fragments, but netropsin and Hoechst 33258 were observed to increase the migration rate of several DNA fragments of intermediate size . DNA fragments of similar molecular weight which comigrate as a single gel band can at times be separated as the result of differential mobility shifts promoted by antibiotic DNA complex formations. Biofizika, 1979 Jan-Feb, 24(1), 181 - 8 {Reaction of fluorescent labeled analogs of the antibiotic distamycin A with synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides}; Krylov AS et al.; Interaction of DNA with the analogs of the antibiotic distamycin A having different numbers of pyrrolcarboxamide units and labeled with dansyl was studied . The intensity of fluorescence of these analogs increases markedly when they bind to DNA . It is shown that the introduction of dansyl into the analog molecules does not change their binding characteristics . The binding isotherms of the analogs to synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides were obtained . Analysis of the experimental data leads to the following conclusions: 1 . The free energy of binding of the analogs to poly(dA1 . poly(dT) depends linearly on the number of pyrrolcarboxamide units in the molecule of the analog whereas attachment of each pyrrolcarboxamide unit produces change of 2 kcal/mole in the free energy . 2 . Attachment of a pyrrolcarboxamide unit to GC pair results in the free energy change of 0.95 kcal/mole . 3 . Adenine and thymine are close but not equivalent by the energy of binding to the analogs of distamycin A . 4 . The binding of analogs to poly(dA . poly(dT) is a cooperative process, presumably dependent on the conformational changes induced by the binding of analogs to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res, 1979 Jan, 6(1), 289 - 304 Quantitative estimation of the contribution of pyrrolcarboxamide groups of the antibiotic distamycin A into specificity of its binding to DNA AT pairs; Krylov AS et al.; Interaction of DNA with the analogs of the antibiotic distamycin A having different numbers of pyrrolcarboxamide groups and labeled with dansyl was studied . The binding isoterms of the analogs to synthetic polydeoxyribonucleotides were obtained . Analysis of the experimental data leads to the following conclusions: (1) the free energy of binding of the analogs to poly(dA).poly(dT) depends linearly on the number of amide groups in the molecule of the analog whereas attachment of each pyrrolcarboxamide group produces changes of 2 kcal/mole in the free energy; (2) attachment of a pyrrolcarboxamide unit to the GC pair results in the free energy change of 0.95 kcal/mole; (3) the binding of analogs to poly(dA).poly(dT) is a cooperative process, presumbly, dependent on conformational changes induced by the binding of analogs to DNA. Andrologia, 1979 Jan, 11(1), 71 - 6 The effect of a combination of prostatic massage and antibiotic plus anticongestive drugs on human semen quality and fertility; Homonnai ZT et al.; PIP: 123 patients suffering from chronic prostatitis and infertility were studied to assess the effect of prostatic massage, with and without anti-inflammatory or anticongestive drugs, on fertility and semen quality . Seme samples were obtained by masturbation after 3 days of sexual abstinence . Parameters measured included volume, pH, calcium concentration, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology . The latter 3 factors were summarized as a sperm quality score (SQS), with scores varying from 40 (bad) to 0 (perfect) . In all of the patients participating, some degree of prostatic pathology was discerned . During massage treatments, 44/89 (49%) of the drug-treated (DM) and 14/32 (44%) of the nontreated (M) patients excreted prostatic secretion . Improvement in prostate status, as judged by the treating physician, occurred in 34/92 (37%) of the DM and 15/37 (41%) of the M group . No significant improvement in sperm quality was found following prostatic massage with (90 patients) or without (33) antibiotic plus anticongestive therapy . Calcium and fructose concentrations in seminal plasma were measured as indexes of prostatic and vesicular function, respectively; no apparent change in the relative contribution on the prostate and seminal vesicle of the ejaculate was apparent . The pregnancy rate was not increased with therapy; therefore, prostatic massage seems of no therapeutic value in infertility treatment . Circ Shock, 1979, 6(4), 391 - 404 Cardiovascular manifestations of acute antibiotic toxicity during E coli endotoxin shock in anesthetized dogs; Adams HR et al.; Surgically instrumented, pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were used to examine the acute cardiovascular activities of gentamicin, tobramycin, sodium penicillin-G, and sodium cephalothin during a control state and during experimental circulatory shock induced by E coli endotoxin . Intravenous administration of 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg gentamicin or tobramycin resulted in a transient (5--20-minute) state of cardiovascular depression, as reflected by dose-related decreases of systemic blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt max, left ventricular contractile force, and dF/dt max; heart rate was affected little . Endotoxin produced a persistent state of circulatory depression characterized by hypotension, decreased cardiac output, arterial acidemia, and reduced indices of cardiac function . During endotoxin shock, the cardiovascular effects of gentamicin and tobramycin were relatively more pronounced (sometimes more than doubled) than effects observed during the control state . Equally large doses of penicillin or cephalothin, however, had no discernible circulatory effects in either control dogs or dogs subjected to endotoxin shock . Present data indicate that the cardiovascular toxicities of the aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin were augmented during experimental circulatory shock, and suggest the need for specific hemodynamic surveillance when intravenous administration of cardioactive antibiotics is required in patients with pre-existing circulatory dysfunction. Vet Med Nauki, 1979, 16(3), 80 - 7 {Changes in the drug resistance of coliform bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry under the influence of antibiotics at different dosages}; Kandov P; Changes in drug-sensitivity of hen intestinal flora following various chloramphenicol, kanamycin and gentamycin dose applications to the fodder rations were studied under experimental conditions . Selection of resistant strains was observed following chloramphenicol application of "nutrient", prophylaxis and medicative doses as well as selection of strains resistant to 6 antibiotics following chloramphenical, kanamycin and gentamycin application in medicative doses . It was proven that some of these strains are carriers of conjugative plasmides possessing markers of tetracycline-, chrloamphenical-, kanamycin-, spectinomycin-, ampicylin- and gentamycin-resistance. J Int Med Res, 1979, 7(6), 546 - 50 Recurrence of otitis media after antibiotic therapy: comparison of cephradine and amoxycillin; McLinn SE; The long-term effectiveness of cephradine and amoxycillin in the treatment of otitis media was evaluated in one hundred children ranging in age from 4 months to 14 years . The immediate clinical response was comparable in both treatment groups, but the recurrence rate during a 12-month follow-up period was considerably lower in the patients treated with cephradine . The incidence of side-effects was similar in the two groups. Prog Clin Biol Res, 1979, 29, 353 - 65 Application of LAL for detection of endotoxin in antibiotic preparations; Harrison SJ et al.; The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test has been investigated as an alternative method to the USP pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin contamination in these antibiotic preparations: clindamycin phosphate, lincomycin hydrochloride, neomycin sulfate, and spectinomycin hydrochloride . The antibiotic preparations were tested at the maximum concentrations that would not inhibit gelation of LAL . The USP pyrogen test was also performed for comparison . The LAL and the USP pyrogen tests correlated extremely well when an acceptance criterion based on the minimum pyrogenic dose (MPD) of endotoxin per human dose of drug was used for the LAL test . Use of this MPD provides a practical and feasible acceptance creiterion for the LAL test and assures that the LAL sensitivity approximates or surpasses that of the USP pyrogen test. Nord Vet Med, 1979 Jan, 31(1), 25 - 34 {Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistant E . coli strains in faeces from young pigs and calves in Denmark}; Sorensen M; A comparative study of investigations from 1970 (before the prohibition against therapeutically used antibiotics as food additives for growth promotion) and from 1978 respectively proves that the prevalence of young pigs and calves with resistant E . coli has increased significantly from 61% to 92% and from 69% to 86% (tables I and II) . Figures 1 and 2 show the prevalence of young pigs and calves with antibiotic resistant E . coli with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin and furazolidone . This shows that the prevalence of young pigs with resistance determinants towards sulfonamides, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol has increased significantly from 1970 to 1978 . The same facts apply to the calves . However, the increase in tetracycline resistance is not significant . Neomycin resistant E . coli for both young pigs and calves were only found in 1978 . Figure 3 shows the distribution of the number of resistance determinants per young pig and calf with resistant E . coli . The figure shows the significant tendency that the pigs and calves investigated contain resistant E . coli with more resistance determinants in 1978 than in 1970 . The distribution of R-factors among resistant E . coli seems to be reduced at first sight but a closer examination establishes that this only goes for R-factor mediated sulfonamide resistance (the experimental conditions may account for this) . R-factor mediated streptomycin resistance has increased while R-factor mediated tetracycline resistance was at the same level . On the basis of literature the causes and risks of an increased distribution of antibiotic resistant E . coli are discussed. Microsc Acta Suppl, 1979, (3), 179 - 84 {On-line measurement of antibiotic concentrations (author's transl)}; Grimm J et al.; A laboratory computer implementation of an inhibition zone antibiotic assay is described . It utilizes square plates with 49 or 64 wells containing standards and unknowns . Inhibition zone sizes are measured and, using parabolic regression, the unknown antibiotic concentrations are computed. Biokhimiia, 1979 Jan, 44(1), 160 - 5 {Activities of enzymes from canine kidney plasma membranes under effects of polyene antibiotics in vivo and in vitro}; Glubokovskaia OI et al.; The effects of amphotericin B drug containing sodium deoxycholate (DOC) and those of DOC and nistatin on the activities of Na+, K+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase of canine kidney plasma membranes were studied . It was found that the activities of Na+, K+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were markedly inhibited only after intravenous injection of amphotericin B, whereas the other agents tested caused no changes in the enzyme activities . Similar results were obtained in vitro . In the presence of amphotericin B the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase was noticeably inhibited already at the antibiotic concentration of 0,1 mkg per mg of membrane protein . It was found that the injection of amphotericin B, DOC and nistatin did not qualitatively or quantitatively affect the phospholipid composition of the plasma membranes . This is indicative of the lack of correlation between the enzyme activities and changes in the phospholipid composition of the plasma membranes under effects of amphotericin B . The pyrimidine derivative--amygluracyl--markedly removes the inhibiting effect of amphotericin B on the enzyme activity of plasma membranes. Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl, 1979, 67(7), 689 - 95 {Changes in microhardness of hard dental tissues of rabbits after internal medication of antibiotics (author's transl)}; Pilz W et al.; Comparative Vickers hardness measurements on hard dental tissues mineralized under normal conditions and under the influence of antibiotic substances showed substance-and dose-dependent variations in quality of superficial enamel and dentine . They were found to correlate with other physicochemical properties (acid solubility) and must be considered as belonging to what is generally referred to as structural anomalies . - Consequently, the administration of antibiotics to babies and young children should be reexamined because of possible late effects. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh), 1979, 59(85), 67 - 9 Cross-sensitivity within the neomycin group of antibiotics; Forstrom L et al.; Neomycin sensitive patients were tested for hypersensitivity to kanamycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, spectinomycin and to the new, not yet registered sisomycin and netilmicin . Cross-sensitivity occured in a considerable part of the patients, except for spectinomycin, the structure of which is basically different from that of the other aminoglycosides tested . The common occurence of cross-sensitivity between neomycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics shows that it is possible to predict cross-sensitivity between a new drug and an old sensitizing one before clinical reactions from the new drug have occured . Such an investigation should be performed before adopting new antibiotics. Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl, 1979, 67(3), 265 - 72 {On the acid solubility of the dental enamel of rabbits after internal administration of various antibiotic substances (author's transl)}; Pilz W et al.; Sections of etched enamel and dentinal surfaces were examined to compare the acid solubility of normal hard tissue and determine the effects of various antibiotic substances . Considerable differences were observed, of which the correlation with cariogenesis and with the progression of caries are being discussed in detail . The results of this study show that treatment with antibiotics may lead to reductions in quality in infants, young children, and nursing mothers. Curr Med Res Opin, 1979, 5(10), 766 - 71 Evaluation of a topical steroid antibiotic combination (halcinonide-neomycin-amphotericin) in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis and inflammatory dermatoses; Theodoridis A et al.; Halcinonide-neomycin-amphotericin (HNA) cream was evaluated in the treatment of cutaneous candidiasis and inflammatory dermatoses . The anti-candidal properties of HNA were assessed in a parallel comparison with iodochlorhydroxyquin-hydrocortisone (I-HC) as the control drug . The overall therapeutic response with HNA was excellent in 38 (95%) of 40 patients as compared to 17 (43%) of 40 treated with I-HC . In 50 patients treated for psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, or neurodermatitis, HNA was evaluated in a paired comparison with hydrocortisone (HC) . The overall therapeutic response with HNA was excellent in 36 (72%) patients as compared to 18 (36%) with HC . There were no adverse reactions with HNA or the control drugs. Microbios, 1979, 25(99), 19 - 23 Two methods of large-scale extraction of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides; Arias JM et al.; Two methods for the isolation of an antibiotic produced by Myxococcus coralloides have been developed: the chloroform extraction method and the charcoal adsorption method . The recovery of antibiotic in each case was 25% and 30%, respectively, by the two methods . Although the two methods yield a relative low recovery, the charcoal adsorption method seems more attractive and promising due to its simplicity and economic advantages. Chemotherapy, 1979, 25(4), 222 - 6 Schizontocidal activity of antibiotics against blood-induced Plasmodium gallinaceum infection; Kazim M et al.; Comparative studies on the blood schizontocidal activity of antibiotics against Plasmodium gallinaceum infection of chicks have shown that doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline possess high antimalarial activity as judged by suppression of parasitaemia and extension of survival period . Of these, demeclocycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline were effective only at high dose level . Chloramphenicol, erythromycin and gentamicin were relatively inactive . Treatment in 5- to 6-day-old established infection of chicks has shown that doxycycline and minocycline are relatively more effective than oxytetracycline and tetracycline in controlling acute infection. Ann Intern Med, 1979 Jan, 90(1), 4 - 9 Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemia: correlation with nose cultures and antibiotic use; Aisner J et al.; Aspergillosis in cancer patients is a problem . Because not all patients can undergo invasive procedures, we sought other methods for diagnosis . We reviewed the data from all patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia treated at our center during a 3-year period . Of 125 patients, 18 had invasive aspergillosis (cases) . Eleven patients had nose cultures growing Aspergillus flavus or A . fumigatus; 10 of these 11 had aspergillosis, whereas only eight of 114 without such nose cultures had invasive disease (P less than 0.000001) . Thus, A . flavus on nose culture appears "predictive" for aspergillosis . Absence of such a culture does not preclude infection . Of 125 patients, 61 had sterile nose culture(s) and 14 of the 18 cases had such a sterile nose culture . Only four of the 64 patients without sterile nose cultures developed aspergillosis (P less than 0.008), suggesting a relation between sterile nose culture and aspergillosis . Carbenicillin was used for a longer period among cases and patients with predictive nose cultures than among patients without aspergillosis . These data may help identify patients at risk of aspergillosis and help determine antifungal therapy when invasive procedures are contraindicated. Acta Otolaryngol, 1979, 88(1-2), 88 - 96 Comparative study of the influence of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the activity of the horizontal semicircular canal in the frog; Gallais A; This work is an electrophysiological study made in the frog . The technique allows one to test and to compare the actions of a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics, directly introduced into the labyrinthic cavity, on the spontaneous activity of a vestibular receptor--the horizontal semicircular canal . The effects of aminoglycoside solutions have been compared with those of physiological solutions (NaCl 7 g/l, Ringer) and of penicillin (not ototoxic) . The results obtained show: (1) After the introduction of a physiological solution the activity disappears only very briefly (electrical artefact, probably); after a few minutes the activity returns to its initial value . A similar phenomenon is obtained with penicillin . (2) When used at a dose of 10 microgram, all the aminoglycosides studied generally induced an important and lasting decrease in semicircular canal activity . (3) These aminoglycosides have been classified according to their vestibular local toxicity . Their descending order of influence is as follows: streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin (BBK 8), neomycin, sisomycin, gentamicin and lividomycin, tobramycin, kanendomycin . (4) A parallel can be drawn between local vestibular toxicity and clinical ototoxicity . The role and importance of the hemolabyrinthic barrier are noted and the notion of ototoxicity is discussed. Antibiotiki, 1979 Jan, 24(1), 7 - 11 {Separation of the biosynthesis products of a mutant strain of Actinomyces chrysomallus var . carotenoides and the identification of actinomycin antibiotics}; Sverdlova AN et al.; An orange antibiotically active substance isolated from the mycelium of a mutant strain of Actinomyces chrysomallus var . carotenoides was identified as a mixture of actinomycins according to its light absorption spectra, circular dichroism spectra, IR spectra and chromatographic comparison with the standard samples . A scheme for successive extraction of the biologically active substances from the mycelium resulting in isolation of a fraction enriched with antibiotic substances and a fraction enriched with pigments is presented . A method for separation and purification of 3 groups of biologically active substances from the mycelium enriched extract was developed. Am J Med, 1979 Jan, 66(1), 74 - 81 Protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic program for malignant lymphoma . Randomized trial during chemotherapy to induce remission; Bodey GP et al.; Fifty-eight patients with malignant lymphoma were randomly allocated to receive three courses of chemotherapy to induce remission with CHOP-Bleo on the protected environment-prophylactic antibiotic (PEPA) program (30 patients) or as controls (28 patients) . The complete remission rate for all patients was 74 per cent, for patients with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma 78 per cent and for patients with nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma 65 per cent . There were no significant differences in response rates and duration of responses between those on the PEPA program and control patients . The frequency of infection was significantly lower among the patients on the PEPA program, and dosage escalation of the chemotherapeutic agents was accomplished more often among these patients . Dosage escalation did not increase the complete remission rate, but it did reduce the relapse rate and signficantly reduced the fatality rate . The duration of remission and survival was significantly longer for those patients who received dosage escalation. Ann Anesthesiol Fr, 1979, 20(6-7), 587 - 94 {Undesirable effects of antibiotics}; Bouyard P; A restatement of the principal mechanisms involved in the production of unwanted side-effects to antibiotics: immediate or delayed hypersensitivity immunological reactions; tissue toxicity (renal and liver parenchyma), damage to the bone marrow and the neurosensory system; interference with metabolism and drug interactions; the development of resistant strains and the risk of secondary infection . Principal unwanted effects associated with the preparation employed, with the organ involved and with the overall physiopathological state . Certain specific side-effects occur with some antibiotic combinations and following drug interactions. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung, 1979, 54(1), 81 - 7 Ganglionic blocking effect of some antibiotics on isolated rat sympathetic ganglion; Blazso G et al.; It was shown on the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rat that some antiobiotics exerted a blocking effect nearly as potent as that exhibited by hexamethonium or d-turbocurarine . The ganglionic blockade thus induced proved to be non-specific and due to the local anaesthetic effect of the tested drugs. Chemotherapy, 1979, 25(6), 329 - 35 Diffusion of beta-lactam antibiotics and fosfomycin to interstitial tissue fluid in rabbits; Vicente MV et al.; The ability of seven antibiotics (carbenicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, cephaloridine, cefoxitin and fosfomycin) to enter interstitial tissue fluid was evaluated . Using rabbits with implanted subcutaneous chambers, antibiotics were given intramuscularly as a single dose of 15 mg/kg, and antibiotic levels in serum and interstitial fluid of the chambers were determined at variously scheduled times after injection . The results indicated that antibiotic concentrations in the two compartments did not run parallel . The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that, in general, antibiotic diffusion from blood to interstitial fluid increased with the concentration gradient and the serum half-life, and there was an inverse relationship to pKa, protein binding and molecular weight of the antibiotic. Ann Anesthesiol Fr, 1979, 20(1), 25 - 30 {Neuromuscular inhibition of new aminoglycoside antibiotics}; Orts A et al.; The curarizing effect of three new aminoglucosidic antibiotics (amikacine, dibekacine and sisomicine) is compared to that the streptomycin . The experiment was carried out on mice . In the first group of experiments, the curare-like action of increasing doses of the antibiotics is studied on a diaphragm-phrenic nerve preparation . In the second group, the dosage of each antibiotic necessary to induce apnea is sought . The results show that all the antibiotics have a curarizing activity, variable according to the product, and which increases with the doses used . The relationship between the therapeutic doses and the curarizing doses had a greater margin of security with the three antibiotics than with streptomycin. Lymphology, 1978 Dec, 11(4), 186 - 92 Interstitial handling of aminoglycoside antibiotics and radiographic contrast media in the kidney; Cramer BM et al.; Lymphatics of the mammalian kidney originate in the loose connective tissue around large blood vessels . This paravasal tissue drains the interstitum . The intarenal lymphatic system consists of interlobular, arcuate, and interlobar vessels according to the architecture of the arterial system . The interlobar vessels drain into the hilar lymph vessels . Capsular lymphatics are connected with the interlobular lymphatics inconsistantly . The renal medulla is drained by the venous vasa recta exclusively--there are no lymphaties in the medulla . Lymphatic fluid is mainly formed along the small renal veins as vascular transudate . After i.v . bolus injection concentrations of aminoglycosidic antibiotics in renal lymph reflect plasma values closely . Radiographic contrast media in renal lymph also showed a close correlation with plasma values with some indication of tubular secretion. J Neurosurg, 1978 Dec, 49(6), 924 - 8 Extensive cerebral nocardiosis cured with antibiotic therapy alone . Case report; Kirmani N et al.; A 34-year-old renal transplant recipient developed multiple soft tissue and extensive cerebral nocardiosis . The number and locations of the cerebral abscesses and probable areas of cerebritis precluded surgical drainage procedures . Gradual resolution of all the cerebral lesions occurred over a period of 6 months with antibiotic therapy alone . A review of the literature revealed only one previous case of a patient with pulmonary nocardiosis who had a probable secondary brain abscess and who survived without surgical drainage . Thus, if surgical drainage is not possible, antibiotic therapy alone may offer a hope of survival in what otherwise has been considered a uniformly fatal disease. Immun Infekt, 1978 Dec, 6(6), 229 - 32 {The formulation of semi-defined culture media to overcome antibiotic antagonism (author's transl)}; Bridson EY; Semi-defined susceptibility media are a compromise between undefined and totally defined media . Antibiotic antagonism can still occur in semi-defined media . The undefined nutrients antagonizing sulphonamide/trimethroprim and the defined additives antagonizing other antibiotics . Methods used to overcome these problems are discussed. Antibiotiki, 1978 Dec, 23(12), 1079 - 83 {Role of sterol structure in complex formation with polyene antibiotics}; Feigin AM et al.; The capacity of sterols of different structure being components of artificial bilayer lipid membranes for formation of complexes with polyenic antibiotics, such as amphotericin B, nistatin and levorin was studied . It was shown that sterols delat 5,7-dienic systemin ring B, ergosterol and cholesta-5,7,22-trien 3 beta-ol had the highest affinity to all the 3 antibiotics, while sterols with one double bond in ring B, i . e . cholesterol and brassicasterol had less affinity and sterol without any double bonds in the molecule i.e . 5alpha cholestan 3beta-ol had the least affinity . It was supposed that delta 5,7-sterols had the highest affinity to polyens because of the fact that atoms C-5, C-6; C-7 and C-8 in ring B were practically situated in one plane in contrast to sterols with completely saturated ring B situated in the "conformation chair" . Because of this interaction between delta 5,7-sterol ring B and the same flat polyenic site of the antibiotic molecule is sterically most firm since maximum contact is possible between two planes . It was noted that affinity of sterol to the polyenic antibiotics was higher if there were a double bond at 22-23 and methyl group at C-24 in the sterol side chain. Antibiotiki, 1978 Dec, 23(12), 1059 - 61 {Antibiotic activity of cultures of the species of the genus Actinomadura}; Maksimova TS et al.; Sixty five cultures of Actinomadura were isolated from samples of different soils . The study of their antibiotic activity on liquid nutrient media showed that 49 of them were active against gram-postive bacteria . The antibiotics isolated fromsome cultures of Am . carminata, Am . rubra, Am . coerulea and Am . luteofluorescens had antitumor effect in experiments on animals. Helv Chir Acta, 1978 Dec, 45(4-5), 497 - 504 {Preventive antibiotic therapy in orthopedic surgery}; Vasey H; Prophylactic antibiotics are useful if the right substance hits the right place at the right moment . Wound contamination and infection rates are generally low in clean orthopaedic wounds . Systematic treatment is therefore not justified for all patients . The high risk must nevertheless be protected . The indications for antibiotherapy, systemic or local, of eight Swiss clinics are discussed . 86% patients left these clinics without having received any systemic antibiotics at all. Helv Chir Acta, 1978 Dec, 45(4-5), 487 - 95 {Preventive antibiotic therapy in neurosurgery}; Berney J; The swiss neurosurgeons were asked to give their own politics on prophylactic antibiotics . The results of this enquiry are given . Post-operative infections in the Neurosurgical Clinic of Geneva in a four-year period were at a satisfactorily low rate and demonstrated the importance of many factors of risk . Guide lines for a reasonable prophylaxis in three groups of operations are given, with a precise schedule for each group . It is suggested that ones own surgical technique be severely criticized before considering prophylactic antibiotics. J Pharm Sci, 1978 Dec, 67(12), 1701 - 4 GI absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics I: kinetic assessment of competing absorption and degradation in GI tract; Tsuji A et al.; An equation was derived for the simultaneous assessment of rate constatns for absorption and nonenzymatic degradation of unstable drugs in in situ absorption experiments . The equation was substantiated by using a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics in the recirculation technique through the rat small intestine . Plots of the apparent first-order rate constant for the disappearance of the drug from the gut lumen versus the reciprocal of the volume of recirculating solution yielded a straight line with a slope equal to the intrinsic absorption rate constant and with an intercept equal to the nonenzymatic degradation rate constant in the GI lumen . The kinetic method for evaluation of the absorption rate constant also was developed for a more complex situation in the GI lumen involving absorption, nonenzymatic degradation, and enzymatic metabolism . The proposed method was confirmed with carbenicillin indanyl, which was metabolized rapidly to carbenicillin by the action of nonspecific esterase in the intestine . In the absence of information of Michaelis--Menten kinetic parameters, the present method is advantageous for evaluation of the intrinsic absorption rate of all unstable drugs. Torace, 1978 Dec, 21(1-4), 77 - 92 {Lung blood perfusion changes following tubercular processes cured by antibiotic drug therapy}; Carratu' L et al.; This is a studym ade by pulmonary perfusional scintigraphy and angiopneumography on 60 patients suffering from tuberculosis of the lung; they were cured by chemoantibiotic treatment . They were recent tubercular diseases with limited extension (nodular infiltrations, former phthisiogenic lobitises, nodular and miliarich disseminations), so their outcomes were extremely modest or not worthy on radiologic plane . The results acquired with these methods firmly showed a larger ematoperfusive injury as to the affected area. J Cell Physiol, 1978 Dec, 97(3 Pt 1), 345 - 51 Polyene macrolide antibiotic cytotoxicity and membrane permeability alterations . I . Comparative effects of four classes of polyene macrolides on mammalian cells; Fisher PB et al.; The relationship between polyene macrolide-induced early membrane damage and cytotoxicity in B1 (hamster), B82 (mouse), and RAG (mouse) cells has been investigated . Filipin (FIL) induced the greatest immediate damage, as monitored by 51Cr release, followed by mediocidin (MED), amphotericin B-deoxycholate (Fungizone) (FZ) and pimaricin (PIM) . For long term effect, PIM was the least toxic followed by MED, FZ, and FIL as indicated by 24-hour survival, 72-hour viability, and growth rate of cells . In evaluating polyene macrolide-induced permeability alterations and cytotoxicity two types of interactions with mammalian cells were found: (1) cell toxicity at polyene macrolide levels not eliciting immediate membrane permeability changes; and (2) immediate membrane damage without long range toxicity. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl, 1978 Dec, 55(6), 533 - 9 Assessment of early and delayed responses in vitamin B12 absorption during antibiotic therapy in tropical malabsorption; Tomkins AM et al.; 1 . Vitamin B12 absorption was measured in 18 patients with tropical malabsorption . 2 . Absorption was particularly impaired in patients with severe mucosal lesions . 3 . Sequential measurements with 57Co- and 58Co-labelled vitamin B12 were made before and 48 h after the start of tetracycline therapy . A rapid improvement (on average 22% increase in absorption) occurred in four of six patients with marked mucosal lesions . Further improvement occurred in four of five patients measured after 4 weeks' tetracycline, including the two who failed to improve initially . 4 . These rapid changes in vitamin B12 absorption after antibiotics occur too early to be due to mucosal recovery and suggest that bacterial metabolism is an important factor in the malabsorption in these patients. J Am Dent Assoc, 1978 Dec, 97(6), 994 - 5 Multiple antibiotic allergies; Harris RJ et al.; A case of an 18-year-old woman with postoperative infectious complications and multiple antibiotic allergies is discussed . The case poses several problems: the selection of an appropriate antibiotic to combat the infection, the persistence of the infection, and the treatment of multiple allergic responses to each of the antibiotic agents chosen. In Vitro, 1978 Dec, 14(12), 961 - 5 Properties of morphologically variant haploid frog cells formed by combined treatment with Mengo virus and the polyene antibiotic mediocidin; Fisher PB et al.; Comparisons have been made of cell surface glycoproteins, concanavalin A agglutinability, and cloning efficiencies in liquid media of ICR 2A (haploid frog cells), ICR 2A M (three cloned populations of haploid frog cells resistant to 5 microgram per ml of the polyene antibiotic mediocidin), and ICR 2A M/MV cells (five cloned populations of morphologically variant haploid frog cells produced by exposure of the parental cells to the combined effects of mediocidin and an RNA mammalian virus, Mengo virus) . Independently isolated ICR 2A M/MV clones exhibited altered cell surface glycoproteins, increased concanavalin A agglutinability, and enhanced cloning efficiency in liquid media when compared with ICR 2A parental cells . In contrast, ICR 2A M cells had properties similar to ICR 2A cells, with the exception of the former's increased resistance to mediocidin . The differences in properties between ICR 2A M/MV and ICR 2A cells suggest that alterations resembling transformation have occurred in ICR 2A M/MV cells as a consequence of combined treatment with mediocidin and Mengo virus. Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Dec, 62(12), 2063 - 70 Experimental and clinical studies on the formation of antibodies to neocarzinostatin, a new protein antibiotic; Sakamoto S et al.; The injection of clinical doses of neocarzinostatin (NCS) in guinea pigs did not result in antibody formation as judged by immunoelectrosyneresis, micro-Ouchterlony agar diffusion, fluorescence polarization, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction . This confirmed previous work on passive hemagglutination and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in a heterocytotropic system in guinea pigs . Forty-eight serum samples from 28 patients who were previously treated with NCS alone (8--161 mg) for a period of 8-85 days did not show any sign of antibody formation as revealed by immunoelectrosyneresis, micro-Ouchterlony agar diffusion, and fluorescence polarization techniques . In a homocytotropic system, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction was carried out with sera of sensitized guinea pigs and test guinea pigs which revealed that no IgE and IgA antibody to NCS was present in the sensitized sera . Those patients with bladder cancer who did not respond to NCS therapy or exhibit any side effects even after 21 mg were found to have proteolytic activity in their sera which degraded NCS very rapidly as revealed by the fluorescence polarization technique. Br J Exp Pathol, 1978 Dec, 59(6), 615 - 23 The pathology of untreated and antibiotic-treated experimental tularaemia in monkeys; Baskerville A et al.; Grivet monkeys were infected intranasally with the virulent Schu-S4 strain of F . tularensis . One group of animals remained untreated and two other groups received a 7-day course of kanamycin therapy starting on either the third or fourth day after infection . Untreated monkeys developed pyrexia and mucopurulent oculonasal discharge and died 5--7 days after infection . All had pyogranulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, respiratory tract and lymph nodes . Electron microscopy of liver and spleen showed phagocytosis of F . tularensis organisms by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes, but many bacteria survived phagocytosis and were released on destruction of the cells . Kanamycin therapy enabled most monkeys to survive the disease, but it did not prevent the development of persistent lesions in all animals . Caseous nodules were larger and more widespread in the organs of monkeys in which treatment was delayed until the fourth day of infection. Biochem J, 1978 Dec 1, 175(3), 801 - 5 The exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G . Interaction with beta-lactam antibiotics; Frere JM et al.; Kinetically, the three-step model proposed for the interaction between beta-lactam antibiotics and the exocellular DD-carboxypeptidases-transpeptidases of Streptomyces R61 and Actinomadura R39 {Frere, Ghuysen & Iwatsubo (1975) Eur . J . Biochem . 57, 343--357; Fuad, Frere, Ghuysen, Duez & Iwatsubo (1976) Biochem . J . 155, 623--629} applies to the interaction between the much less penicillin-sensitive exocellular DD-carboxypeptidase-endopeptidase of Streptomyces albus G and at least phenoxymethylpenicillin, cephalothin and cephalosporin C . The penicillin resistance of the albus G enzyme is mainly due to the low efficiency with which the first reversible complex formed with the antibiotic (complex EI) undergoes transformation into a second more stable complex EI* . Analysis of the ternary interaction between enzyme, NalphaNepsilon-diacetyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine (Ac2-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala) and cephalosporin C indicates a non-competitive mechanism. Cancer Res, 1978 Dec, 38(12), 4650 - 3 Differential control of synergistic effect with polyene macrolide antibiotics upon Chinese hamster cells in vitro; Hidaka K et al.; An amphotericin B-resistant cell (AMBR-1), which was isolated from aneuploid Chinese hamster cells (V79), was found to show much higher resistance than the parent V79 cells to other polyene antibiotics, such as pentamycin and filipin . To obtain the 50 to 60% inhibition of the control protein synthesis activity by a synergistic combination of fusidic acid and amphotericin B, 50 microgram fusidic acid per ml were combined with 10 microgram amphotericin B in V79 cells, whereas in AMBR cells 50 microgram fusidic acid per ml were combined with 100 microgram polyene antibiotic per ml . Bleomycin (10 microgram/ml), which alone did not affect cellular DNA synthesis, inhibited DNA synthesis of V79 cells by more than 90% of the control activity when combined with only 1 microgram pentamycin per ml, whereas a similar extent of inhibition in AMBR cells was observed by combination with more than 5 microgram pentamycin per ml. J Pharm Sci, 1978 Dec, 67(12), 1705 - 11 GI absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics II: deviation from pH--partition hypothesis in penicillin absorption through in situ and in vitro lipoidal barriers; Tsuji A et al.; The absorption of propicillin from the rat stomach and small intestine in situ was examined as a function of recirculating solution pH . The in vitro interphase transport from an aqueous buffer of various pH values to the octanol phase was also studied for several penicillins by the use of a two-phase rolling cell . The rate--pH profiles obtai