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| J Infect Dis, 1975 May, 131 Suppl, S45 - 50 Nosocomial infection caused by gentamicin-resistant, streptomycin-sensitive Klebsiella; Noriega ER et al.; Resistance to gentamicin increased abruptly among nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella and Enterobacter at the New York Veterans Administration Hospital in 1973 and 1974 . A prospective clinical survey revealed a greater incidence of true infection caused by Klebsiella than by Enterobacter . The initial site of implantation was usually the urinary tract . Multiple serotypes were involved, and one of these was found in rectal swabs of patients treated with antibiotics . Gentamicin resistance declined rapidly after the use of this antibiotic was restricted and increased several months after restrictions were removed . Gentamicin-resistant strains of Klebsiella were uniformly sensitive to amikacin; 75% were sensitive to polymyxin B and 70% to streptomycin . Antibiotic sensitivity among gram-negative pathogens might be preserved by a program in which the use of highly effective agents is periodically rotated. Med J Aust, 1975 May 10, 1(4 Suppl), Spec suppl 40 - 4 Bacterial flora of the ear, nose and throat in aboriginal infants from brisbane and cherbourg; Stuart J et al.; A total of 1,044 nose and throat swabs and 54 ear swabs were collected from 219 Aboriginal babies in Brisbane and at Cherbourg over a two-and-a-half year period . The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be similar for both localities (approximately 20% in nasal swabs and 12% in throat swabs) . Enterobacteria were found much more commonly at Cherbourg (43% in nasal swabs, 60% in throat swabs) . Fifty-four ear swabs produced a wide variety of organisms with proteus species most common . Changes in the nose and throat flora over the period of examination are noted. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 May 5, 392(1), 184 - 95 Mode of action of the cloacin DF13-immunity protein; Oudega B et al.; 1 . Cells of Enterobacter cloacae harbouring the bacteriocinogenic factor Clo DF13 produce an immunity protein which inbhbits the in vitro activity of cloacin DF13 . The amino acid composition of purified immunity protein was determined . 2 . Experiments about the protection of ribosomes against cloacin DF13 in the presence of the immunity protein show that one molecule of immunity protein neutralized the activity of one molecule cloacin . 3 . Direct and specific interaction of cloacin DF13 with the immunity protein has been demonstrated by the analysis of mixtures of both proteins on polyacrylamide gels and by changes in the fluorescence response of cloacin DF13-bound 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate in the presence of immunity protein. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 May 5, 392(1), 175 - 83 Stereoselective reduction of cobalt(III) complexes by bacteria; Thorpe C et al.; A strain of Enterobacter cloacae, isolated from soil, reduces racemic abdtriglycinatocobalt(III), triglycinatocobalt(III), stereoselectively under anaerobic conditions; Washed suspensions oc cells, grown anaerobically in the absence of triglycinatocobalt(III) initially reduce the L-enantiomer stereospecifically under argon yielding a labile Co(II) chelate . An approximately 5-fold increase in the rate of reduction of the complex occurs using cells disrupted by 2-phenylethanol; decomposition now proceeds with a slight preference for the D-enantiomermreduction of triglycinatocobalt(III) under argon by cell-free extracts, prepared by sonication, exhibits similar stereoselectivities to cells disrupted by 2-phenylethanolmhowever, extracts contain a factor capable of reducing D-triglycinatocobalt(III) with high stereoselectivity under molecular hydrogenmthe behaviour of Enterobacter cloacae is compared with that of Aerobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia anaerogenes and Serratia marcescensmstereoselective effects are also observed in the bacterial reduction of other cobalt(III) complexes. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 May, 1(5), 440 - 3 Use of bile-esculin agar for rapid differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae; Lindell SS et al.; Bile-esculin agar has been used for several years for the presumptive identification of group D streptococci . All members of the Enterobacteriaceae family will also grow on this medium, but only certain ones can hydrolyze esculin to 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, which reacts with iron to produce a characteristic blackening of the medium . One thousand and six cultures from clinical specimens representing 20 genera were isolated and identified . Heavy inocula from fresh pure culture isolates on heart infusion agar were placed on bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C . The slants were examined at 4 h and again at 18 h for esculin hydrolysis . Shigella, Salmonella, Arizona, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Providencia stuartii all produced negative results . Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Serratia rubidaea produced a positive reaction in 4 h . The other remaining eight genera exhibited varying results . The use of this medium in conjunction with triple sugar iron-lysine iron agar has been of great value in differentiating the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group from other Enterobacteriaceae. Br J Surg, 1975 May, 62(5), 375 - 8 Wound infections due to Bacteroides fragilis following intestinal surgery; Leigh DA; Ninety-six wound infections due to Bacteroides fragilis occurring after intestinal surgery are described . Most infections followed appendicectomy or colectomy for diverticulitis . B . fragilis was isolated in pure growth from 47 per cent of infections, and in mixed culture the other common bacteria were Klebsiella spp., Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp . Fifty-three per cent of the infections responded rapidly to either non-specific measures or antibiotic therapy, but 47 per cent of patients developed complications, usually abscess formation . The successful isolation of bacteroides from clinical material requires special precautions . The specimen for bacteriological examination must be sent to the laboratory in a transport medium which maintains an anaerobic environment and the culture techniques must include a selective agar for the isolation of anaerobic bacteria . The role of antibiotic therapy in preventing postoperative wound infection after intestinal surgery is discussed . Bacteroides has an unusualy pattern of antibiotic susceptibility and it is essential that an effective antibiotic such as lincomycin is included in the treatment of infection originating from the intestinal tract. Can J Microbiol, 1975 May, 21(5), 592 - 605 Further properties of P-2 R-factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their relationship to other plasmid groups; Shahrabadi MS et al.; R-factors of the P-2(prototype R-factor R931) incompatibility group of plasmidsdetected in Pseudomonas are compatible with group P,C,W, and NR-factors which areplasmids that can be transferred to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recipients . Members of the P-2 group (R130,R931) have significant homology by DNA-DNA hybridization . R-factors of the P-group (RP1, RP9) and F-group (R1) exhibited homology with P-2 R-factors but to a lesser extent than R130 with R931 . Members of the I, C, and W groups showed no significant homology with P-2 R-factors . Minicircular DNA of strain 931(R931) was not homologous with R931 DNA . The host range of R931 and R130 is limited mainly to certain Pseudomonas species including P . aeruginosa, P . fluorescens, P . putida, and P . stutzeri . These R-factors could not be transferredat detectable frequencies to any member of the Enterobacteriaceae examined . R-factor-specified pili were strongly suggested by the detection of pili by electron microscopyin R-+ but not R- non-piliated mutants of P . aeruginosa strain PA01 . The combinedproperties of R-factors 931 and similar R-factors reported before and in this study strongly support our previous contention that this group of R-factors form a significant new group of plasmids . A classification scheme previously proposed for plasmids occurring in Pseudomonas has been modified and four groups have been specified. Minerva Med, 1975 Apr 28, 66(32), 1519 - 30 {Clinical and epidemiological repercussions of bacterial resistance}; Fortunio G et al.; Following the observation of a high percentage of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the mechanisms of the establishment and transmission of such resistances on an extra-chromosomal basis (R factors) are examined in detail . After noting that the increased incidence and spread of bacterial strains resistant to chemotherapeutic substances and antibiotics is caused by the widespread use of antibiotics in the zootechnical field, the use of antimicrobic substances for food conservation, the increasing use of broad spectrum antibiotics and the rapid selection of resistant Gram-negative strains in hospitals, the clinical and epidemiological effects of antibiotic resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae are considered . The situation in Italy is looked at in particular where multiresistance to antibiotics promoted by R factors, already widespread in northern Italy, is being presently extended to southern Italy . It is hoped that physicians will realise the immediate and future epidemiological effects of the indiscriminate employment of broad spectrum antibiotics as this inevitably leads to the establishment of multiple resistance factors in Gram-negative bacterial populations. J Biol Chem, 1975 Apr 25, 250(8), 3185 - 92 Pyruvate-uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine transferase . Purification to homogeneity and feedback inhibition; Zemell RI et al.; Phosphoenolpyruvate:uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxyglucose-3-enolpyruvyltranferase catalyzes the transfer of enolpyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate to uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine with the liberation of inorganic orthophosphate . It was purified to homogeneity from Enterobacter cloacae with the use of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap, a feedback inihibitor, as a ligand covalenty bound to Sepharose 4B . The evidence suggests that the enzyme is a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 41,000 . The enzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan . The cytoplasmic end product of this pathway is UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-L-Ala-D-Glu-meso-Dap-D-Ala-D-Ala (see article) . UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide and its precursor, UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide, were found to be effective inhibitiors of the enzyme . The kinetic data suggest a binding site for these inhibitors distinct from the active site . This is consistent with the proposed role for UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide and pentapeptide as negative modulators of the enzyme. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1975 Apr 15, 166(8), 778 - 80 Herd studies on coliform mastitis; Jasper DE et al.; Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were responsible for 63, 10, and 11 percent, respectively, of 158 coliform organisms recovered from mastitis cases in 8 California herds . The severity and nature of the coliform mastitis problem were found to vary greatly among herds but were characteristic for each of 4 herds studied in detail. Nouv Presse Med, 1975 Apr 5, 4(14), 1023 - 6 {Postoperative intraabdominal suppurations due to Ristella . Clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic characteristics}; Prandi D et al.; From 1972 to 1974, 8 intraabdominal postoperative suppurations due to Bacteroides have been observed at Hospital Beaujon . Three characteristic features of such infections have been analysed: the high frequency of associated jaundice; the difficulty of isolation of the Bacteroides; their specific sensitivity to some antibiotics . In 5 patients, jaundice related to the bacterial infection has been observed; jaundice was of the cholestatic type; it was mainly due to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia; in approximately 50 p.cent of the cases, serum alkalin phosphatases activity and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity were moderately elevated; the presence of jaundice did not seem to have any influence on the prognosis . The frequent association to Bacteroids of enterobacteria makes isolation of the Bacteroides difficult . The necessity of some precautions in the handling (storage at 4 degrees C or immediate inoculation in anaerobic conditions) is emphasized . Bacteroides are always resistant to penicillin and to the other broad spectrum antibiotics usually effective enterobacteria . They are sensitive to tetracyclins (5/8), lincomycin (2/4), clindamycin (2/3), rifampicin (8/8), pristinamycin (7/7), carbenicillin (3/3), erythromycin (8/8) and chloramphenicol (8/8). Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Apr, 126(3), 267 - 74 {Nutrition and taxonomy of "Enterobacteriaceae" and related bacteria . I . Technical procedure for auxanograms (author's transl)}; Veron M; Study of nutritional capacities of 186 strains of Enterobacteriaceae or related bacteria has been undertaken for a taxonomic purpose . In this paper, the auxanographic method is described and discussed . Unlike other techniques in which the medium is supplemented by each substrate, at fixed concentration, the method described here consists in achieving diffusion of the 146 substrates tested as sole source of carbon and energy, in a medium without other energetic substrate . The results of these tests will be described in a further paper. J Clin Pharmacol, 1975 Apr, 15(4 Pt 1), 246 - 51 In vitro antibacterial activity of amikacin, a new aminoglycoside, against clinical bacterial isolates from children; Marks MI; Four hundred and fifty-eight clinical bacterial isolates from a children's hospital were examined for antibiotic susceptibility to amikacin (BB-KS) in comparison with a number of other antibiotics by the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods . The wide spectrum of activity of amikacin against Gram-negative bacteria was confirmed; it included E . coli, Proteus species, Enterobacter species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Staphylococci were highly sensitive, but other Gram-positive bacteria tested were resistant . A disk zone diameter of 10 mm effectively separated resistant form sensitive bacteria in a standard disk diffusion test. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 21(4), 496 - 500 Changes in cutaneous flora after wet occlusion; Bibel DJ et al.; Aerobic flora from wet-occluded forearms of six volunteers was sampled the day before treatment, on the 3rd day when dressings were removed, and daily, when possible, for 8 days thereafter . Erythema was not present . All bacterial colonies appearing on appropriate dilution plates were identified with the aid of a replica-plating technique . Flora of each individual increased to over 10-4 colony-forming units/cm2 as a result of wet-occlusion, but counts rapidly fell by about 10-2 units once dressings were removed . Although similar types of bacteria were found on all subjects, the composition of each individual's flora during the recovery response appeared to be unique . Enterobacteriaceae were found on half the subjects with Enterobacter aerogenes being the most successful colonizer . Besides the expected presence of Baird-Parker Staphylococcus subgroup II, high numbers of subgroup IV and some colonies of subgroup III were also observed . Almost all cutaneous diphtheroids were lipophilic and lipolytic. J Virol, 1975 Apr, 15(4), 679 - 85 Occurrence of the bacteriophage lambda receptor in some enterobacteriaceae; Schwartz M et al.; In Escherichia coli K-12, the receptor for phage lambda is an outer membrane protein which inactivates the phage in vitro . Lambda receptor activity was found in extracts from all wild strains of E . coli tested, although most of them fail to support growth of the phage . In some cases this failure is due to a masking of the receptor in vivo, the bacteria being unable to adsorb the phage or to react with antireceptor antibodies . In other cases, adsorption does occur, and the nature of the block in phage growth was not investigated . Most Mal+ strains of Shigella have lambda receptor, whereas most Mal- strains do not have it . Synthesis of the lambda receptor in Shigella is thus presumably controlled by the positive regulator gene of the maltose regulon as is the case in E . coli K-12 . Phage lambda adsorbs on many Mal+ strains of Shigella and even yields plaques on some of them, although at a low frequency . No lambda receptor activity could be found in extracts of several strains of Salmonella and Levinea. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 1(4), 359 - 62 Evaluation of the pathotec Rapid I-D system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Smith PB et al.; The PathoTec Rapid I-D System for identifying Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated with 471 cultures . In 4,910 individual test comparisons, 95.5% of the results agreed, with results of only two test strips, those for esculin hydrolysis and urease production, agreeing with conventional tests in less than 94% of the trials . The PathoTec system exhibited 94.3% accuracy in identifying these cultures in a double-blind study with conventional media and procedures as the alternate system . Two newly developed test strips, for 0-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and ornithine decarboxylase, were found to be highly reliable. Jpn J Antibiot, 1975 Apr, 28(2), 137 - 42 {Multiple drug resistance of Enterobacter-Serratia group isolated from clinical materials (author's transl)}; Oguri T et al.; We determined the drug susceptibility of Serratia-Enterobacter group isolated from clinical materials between October 1973 and May 1974 by disk method and agar plate dilution method, and compared the drug susceptibility and multiple resistance among pigment-producing Serratia, pigment non-producing Serratia and Enterobacter . We used following drugs for susceptibility tests; ampicillin, carbenicillin, sulbenicillin, cephaloridine, streptomycin, kanamycin, dibekacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, colistin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin and erythromycin . Above one half of strains of Serratia and Enterobacter was isolated from sputa and pharyngeal swabs . Almost all strains of Serratia and Enterobacter wer resistant to ampicillin, cephaloridine and erythromycin, but sensitive to gentamicin and dibekacin . Resistant strains were more found in Serratia than in Enterobacter . Pigment non-producing strains of Serratia were more sesistant to chemotherapeutics than pigment producing strains . There were many multiple resistant strains in Serratia and Enterobacter, especially in pigment non-producing strains of Serratia, and the strains isolated from urine were resistant to more drugs compared with the strains from other materials. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1975 Apr, 46(4 Sec 2), 483 - 93 The effects of cosmic particle radiation on pocket mice aboard Apollo XVII: II . Characteristics and tolerances of the pocket mouse and incidence of disease; Linberg RG et al.; Pocket mice are facultative homoiotherms with the ability to drop their metabolic rate dramatically while at rest or in response to environmental stresses . Under these conditions, they characteristically enter a state of prolonged torpor . These animals require no drinking water and they can live in darkness for many months without apparent ill effect . They tolerate a wide range of ambient temperature, ralative humidity, and oxygen pressure and have survied without food for a mean of 14 d at an ambient temperature of 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) . Studies carried out on the pocket mouse colony used for the Apollo XVII flight revealed, in the animals tested, no serological evidence of viral disease, no pathogenic enterobacteria or respiratory Mycoplasma on culture, a 25% incidence of sarcosporidiosis, and a 2% incidence of chronic meningitis or meningoencephalitis . The conclusion reached is that the pocket mouse is a highly adaptive animal and very well suited for space flight. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Apr, (4), 34 - 8 {Enteral immunization with attenuated representatives of the family Enterobacteriaceae . Report 3 . Comparison of the immunogenicity of the Sm-d-mutants of E . coli and the killed vaccine}; Kokh KH et al.; The authors present the results of a comparative study of the immunogenicity of the living (Sm-d) and killed E . coli vaccine which, in determination by such methods as the Vidal test, passive hemagglutination test, bactericidal activity, establishment of passive and active defence, proved to be the same in both vaccines . However, with the aid of Rauss and Ketyi's method, modified by the authors (determination of nonsuceptibility in enteral infection of the animals with intestine sterilized with streptomycin) it was possible to reveal the capacity of the living vaccine to depress the growth and the activity (reproducible and statistically controlled) of E . coli administered into the organism of the immunized animal for the purpose of infection . They were discharged with the feces for a definite period in 90% of control animals and mice immunized with the killed vaccine; this occured in less than 10% of the animals immunized with the living vaccine. J Mol Evol, 1975 Mar 24, 4(4), 347 - 58 The phylogenetic status of Pasteurella pestis; Zablen L et al.; Yersinia pestis has been characterized in terms of fingerprints of digests (pancreatic and/or T1 ribonuclease) of its 16S and 5S ribosomal RNAs . These show clearly that Y . pestis is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae and suggest that within the Family it is most closely related to Serratia and/or Proteus. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1975 Mar 24, 280(12), 1493 - 6 {Bacteriostatic and bacteriacidal activity of hydroxy-9 ellipticine in vitro}; Michel G et al.; 9-Hydroxy-ellipticine shows a clear effect against bacterial development . This effect depends essentially upon the bacterial species . Two groups can be differentiated: Group I with resisting species composed by negative Gram Bacilli (Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas); Group II with sensitive species formed by Coccus, positive Gram Bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Anaerobes. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 1(3), 298 - 301 Antibody response of patients with malignancies to bacteremia with gram-negative bacteria; Surgalla MJ et al.; Antibody response, determined by means of the indirect bacterial hemagglutination tests, was studied in 58 consecutive patients with various malignancies whose blood culture yielded growth of Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas and from whom serum specimens were obtained . Of these patients 59% had a significant antibody response . The invading microorganisms were Escherichia coli in 33 and Klebsiella in 19 subjects, an antibody response being documented with essentially equal frequency (60 and 57% of the subjects, respectively) . Two patients had positive blood cultures for both E . coli and Klebsiella, one of whom had a significant response to one isolate only . A specific antibody resonse was documented in 67% of the subjects from whom blood for antibody titration was obtained at least 5 days after the blood culture, but from only 21% of patients whose serum was procured during the first 5 days after the blood culture . Similarly, such an antibody response was identified in 73% of subjects with two consecutive serum specimens, but in only 28% of the patients with a single serum specimen for antibody titration . Documentation of the immune response may be of diagnostic aid in differentiating between infection and contamination even in patients with underlying malignancy and under potentially immunosuppressive therapy. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 87(1), 129 - 40 Transmissible substrate-utilizing ability in enterobacteria; Smith HW et al.; Three of 152 strains of Escherichia coli transmitted their ability to utilize sucrose (Sac+) to other strains by conjugation . The transfer factor of one of them and of a Sac+ Salmonella thompson strain was thermosensitive . The raffinose-utilizing ability of 27 of 163 E . coli strains was also transmissible . Transmissible raffinose-utilizing ability was a feature of porcine enterpathogenic strains possessing the K88 antigen . The determinants controlling raffinose utilization (Raf) and K88 antigen production were commonly transmitted together from these strains; so also was the determinant controlling enterotoxin production, but to a lesser extent . It was not possible to transfer lactose-utilizing ability from 320 strains of E . coli, salicin-utilizing ability from 12 strains of E . coli or dulcitol-utilizing ability from 99 strains of E . coli and 88 strains of salmonellae . Sucrose- and raffinose-utilizing ability were transmitted separately to several Salmonella sp., including Salm . typhi, to Shigella flexneri and Sh . sonnei and to a variety of strains of E . coli . A strain of Salm . typhimurium in which Sac had been established and a strain of E . coli in which Raf had been established survived less well in the alimentary tract of chickens than their Sac minus or Raf minus parent strains. J Infect Dis, 1975 Mar, 131(3), 261 - 6 The diffusion and concentration of trimethoprim in human vaginal fluid; Stamey TA et al.; Colonization of the vaginal introitus with Enterobacteriaceae was cleared dramatically in women receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for recurrent urinary tract infections . Vaginal fluid was collected from seven women; five of the seven had two vaginal fluid collections each while on full-dose therapy (total, 10 samples), and five had two or more collections each while on prophylactic, low-dose therapy (total, 14 samples) . Bactericidal concentrations of trimethoprim were found in all samples of vaginal fluid, often exceeding the serum level by severalfold . Sulfamethoxazole was either undetectable or present only in fractional concentrations. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1975 Mar, 14(3), 280 - 3 Chronic polymicrobial bacteremia; Grajwer LA et al.; A 13-year-old girl had chronic polymicrobial bacteremia with Enterobacter hafnia and Enterobacter agglomerans in the absence of any demonstrable underlying illness, use of immunosuppressive drugs, or discovery of portal of entry of the bacteria . She was treated successfully with a prolonged course of carbenicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics which were tolerated well . The only side effect of the therapy was a transient episode of vestibular dysfunction which was reversible following cessation of gentamicin . The principles of management of polymicrobial bacteremia are presented. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1975 Mar, 5(4), 365 - 86 Microbial development of drug resistance: mechanisms and clinical significance; Lawrence RM et al.; Bacteria have demonstrated a disconcerting ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents nearly as quickly as new compounds become available . During the past two decades the molecular bases of several types of resistance have been elucidated . Mechanisms of resistance include the transference of genetic material either through conjugation (involving direct contact between microorganisms), or indirectly through transduction (involving bacteriophages) . In addition to this "infectious" drug resistance, genetic mutations which permit the utilization of new metabolic pathways, and the production of enzymes which can inactivate the antimicrobic have been described . One particularly complex problem has been the ability of many Enterobacteriaceae to develop resistance to multiple antimicrobials simultaneously . The possible effect of such an occurrence is illustrated by the recent epidemic of multiply resistant Salmonella typhi in Mexico . Because the typhoid bacilli shared an identical resistance pattern to an epidemic Shigella dysenteriae type 1 the in vivo interspecies transmission of resistance has been postulated . Understanding the various mechanisms of resistance development should allow more rational use of antimicrobial agents. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Mar-Apr, 44(2), 245 - 7 {Relation of acetoin and valine in Enterobacteriaceae cultures on media with glucose and glycerin}; Kazanskaia TB et al.; The ratio between acetoin and valine produced by the cultures of the family Enterobacteriaceae changes upon the addition of glucose and glycerol or their mixture to a defined medium . The experiments were carried out with 12 strains of Aerobacter aerogenes and 2 strains of Aerobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens . The highest yield of acetoin was found on the medium with glucose (12.5--13.0 g/litre); the maximum accumulation of valine was registered on the medium with glucose and glycerol (1.8--4.8 g/litre) . The presence of glycerol in the medium decreased the production of acetoin by 27--85 percent compared to that on the glucose-mineral medium. J Infect Dis, 1975 Mar, 131(3), 267 - 72 Nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated infusion products . IV . Growth of microbial pathogens in fluids for intravenous infusions; Maki DG et al.; Septicemia caused by contaminated infusion fluid is a newly appreciated hazard of intravenous infusion therapy . Microorganisms of the tribe Klebsielleae (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia) have predominated in these infections . Members of this tribe found to possess a selecive ability over common non-Klebsielleae microbial pathogens to proliferate rapidly in commerical parential fluids contaning clucose at room temperautre . Fifty-one Klebsielleae strains, washed twice before inoculation of approximately 1 organism/ml, attained a mean normalized 24 hr concentration of 1.11 x 10-5 organisms/ml in 5% dextrose in water at 25 C . In contrast, 48 of 49 non-Klebsielleae bacterial strains (clinical isolates of Staphylococcus, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Herelea, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) slowly died (mean 24-hr concentration, 0.2 organism/ml) . Five Candida albicans strains frew only very slowly (31.3 organisms/ml) . Even with concentrations exceeding 10-6 organisms/ml, microbial presence was never visibly detectable . The significant increases in cases of nosocomial spticmia caused by Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia in recent years might be attribuatble in part to fluid-related spesis accompanying the expanding use of parenteral therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Feb 27, 379(2), 496 - 503 Analysis of bacterial biotin-proteins; Fall RR et al.; The biotin-protein populations in several bacterial strains were analyzed by solubilization of {3H}biotin-labeled cells with sodium dodecylsulfate followed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing the detergent . A variety of patterns of biotin-labeled polypeptide chains was seen, ranging from a single biotin-protein in Escherichia coli, corresponding to the biotin carboxyl carrier protein component of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, to multiple species in Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas citronellolis, Bacillus cereus, Propionibacterium shermanii, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Mycobacterium phlei, which probably represent subunits of multiple biotin-dependent enzymes present in these organisms . In the case of Pseudomonas citronellolis two major biotin-containing polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 65 000 and 25 000 were shown to correspond to the biotin carboxyl carrier components of pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, respectively . Thus in the case of Pseudomonas citronellolis two different biotin-dependent enzymes in the same cell do not share common biotin carboxyl carrier subunits. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 29(2), 275 - 86 Effects of mercuric chloride on growth and morphology of selected strains of mercury-resistant bacteria; Vaituzis Z et al.; A survey of the comparative cytological effects of growth in the presence of mercury by a group of mercury-resistant bacterial cultures and a characterization of the process of bacterial adaptation to Hg2+ ion was accomplished . Mercury resistance was found to be dependent upon the ability to volatilize mercury from the medium and upon the amount of mercury accumulated by the cells . The results indicate that most cultures which adapt to growth in the presence of HgCl2 exhibit extensive morphological abnormalities . Significant effects are delay in the onset of growth and cell division and numerous structural irregularities associated with cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane synthesis and function . A detailed analysis of the adaptation process and the resulting effects on morphology was performed on an Enterobacter sp . During the period preceding active multiplication, a selection for mercury-resistant mutants occurred . It was also demonstrated that growth commenced only at a specific threshold concentration of HG2+. Infect Immun, 1975 Feb, 11(2), 371 - 9 Characterization of endotoxin from Fusobacterium necrophorun; Garcia MM et al.; Endotoxic lipopolysachharide (LPS) was obtained from phenol-water extraction of cell walls prepared from mass-cultivated Fusobacterium necrophorum . The LPS was relatively free of nucleic acids and low in protein, and constituted about 4% of the cell walls . Upon acid hydrolysis, some of the components detected were hexosamines (7.0%), neutral and reducing sugars (50.5%), heptose (6.4%), 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (0.8%), lipid A (21.0%), and phosphorus (1.7%) . Under electron microscopy the LPS appeared mainly as ribbon-like trilaminar structures, and upon chemical treatment it displayed a behavior resembling that reported in certain enterobacterial LPS . The LPS was lethal to mice, 11-day-old chicken embryos, and rabbits . Endotoxicity in mice was enhanced at least 1,380-fold by the addition of 12.5 mug of actinomycin D . Induced tolerance to lethal effect of the endotoxin and rapidly acquired resistance to infection by F . necrophrum viable cells were also demonstrated in mice . The endotoxin produced both localized and generalized Shwartzman reactions as well as biphasic pyrogenic responses in rabbits . These results firmly establish the presence of a classical endotoxin in F . necrophorum, thus providing strong support to our recent suggestion that cell wall-associated components may contribute significantly to the pathogenicity of F . necrophorum. Jpn J Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 19(1), 35 - 44 Arginine gene cluster of Serratia marcescens; Matsumoto H et al.; Biochemical and genetic studies on the arginine-requiring auxotrophs derived from a Serratia marcescens strain were carried out . The arg mutants were classified into seven biochemical groups based on their growth response to five precursors of arginine biosynthesis and enzyme deficiency . Reciprocal transduction tests among these arg mutants divided them into three linkage groups, and the fine mapping in each of the groups by two- or three-point crosses revealed the following arrangement of loci . (1) arg44-thy11-lys1; (2) met1-glt2-argE-(arg19-arg51)-arg120-argG-argH; (3) arg33-pyr4 . Five of the seven biochemically distinct arg mutants belonged to the second linkage group, and they constituted an agr-gene cluster . A characteristic feature of the arg-gene cluster of S . marcescens is that it involves argG, which was previously reported only in the Proteus group of Enterobacteriaceae. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Feb, 83(1), 25 - 30 Escherichia coli serogroups in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants; Orskov F et al.; 1) Eighty-seven breast-fed and 95 bottle-fed infants were examined for differences in Escherichia coli serogroup pattern . 2) The serogroup composition was less complex in breast-fed infants . Fewer serogroups were found in the individual breast-fed child . However, with few exceptions, the same O groups were found in the two groups of infants . The prevalent O groups were among those also found most frequently in faeces from adults . 06 strains were more common in the breast-fed group, while 07 and 016 were not at all found in that group . 3) A special search for E . coli strains with Kl antigen showed that this antigen predominated in the bottle-fed infants . 4) Klebsiella and other Enterobacteriaceae were more frequently found among bottle-fed infants . 5) It is concluded that the intestinal milieu exerts a selective pressure which may result in a selection of different serotypes in two different intestinal milieus such as those examined. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Feb, (2), 51 - 3 {Polyamines in species of microorganisms of the intestinal group}; Zakrevskii VI; A study was made of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermin) in various representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family--E . coli, Sh, sonnei, Sh . flexneri and S . typhi abdominalis . All the strains under study contained putrescine and spermidine, and many Shigella and Salmonella strains had spermin in addition . There were significant differences in the quantitative content of polyamines in the individual species . By the ratio of nitrogen of polyamine to phosphorus of nucleic acid it is possible to assess the correlation in the content of polyamines and nucleic acids in the bacterial cells. Antibiotiki, 1975 Feb, 20(2), 126 - 8 {Recipient capacity of B . alcalescens strains in the conjugation transfer of R-factors to them for E . coli strains}; Man'kovskii AV et al.; Unlike many enterobacteria the strains of B . alkalescens isolated from patients with the intestine dysfunction and healthy persons preserved sensitivity to the antibiotics used in the medical practice . This served as a basis for the study of the recipient competence for reception of R-factors from E . coli by 6 strains of the alkali producer . The strains of E . coli with the derepressive R-factors J 5-3 R1, J 5-3 R64 and CSH-2 R1-19 were introduced into the conjugation mixture as the donors . Only I strain of E . coli, i.e . J 5-3 R1 with multiple antibiotic resistance proved to be a competent donor . A possibility of transfering on1 I determinant of resistance (to neomycin) to 3 out of 6 strains of B . alkalescens at a low rate of10-7 and 10-9 was shown . The R+ conjugants appeared to be immune to further reception of R-factors of both the competent and the incompetent donors . The low recipient capacity of the strains of B . alkalescens must, to some extent promote circulation mainly of antibiotic sensitive strains of the microbes under natural conditions. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Feb, (2), 12 - 9 {Allergenic fractions of Enterobacteriaceae . VI . Gel-chromatographic profile of intracellular protein antigens, forming the allergen-active substrate of enterobacteria}; Maianskii AN et al.; Allergeno-active protein substrate of enterobacteria (E . coli and R . rettgeri strains) was divided into 7 fractions with a different molecular weight with the aid of many-stage gel-filtration through Sephadex (G-50, G-75, G-100, G-150, G-200) . A study was made of their biochemical composition, antigenic and protein spectrum, allergenic properties in the reactions of hypersensitivity of delayed type in vivo (skin tests) and in vitro (inhibition of macrophage migration) . The principal part of allergenic activity was determined by components with a molecular weight of 30-150 and over 800 thousand . The majority of the antigens had a molecular weight of 30-150 thousand . A physico-chemical heterogeneity of immunologically affiliated components was noted . The allergenic substrate of the bacterial cell included a complex of molecular-nonhomogenous "strong" and "weak" protein allergens. J Infect Dis, 1975 Feb, 131(2), 177 - 81 Role of urease in pyelonephritis resulting from urinary tract infection with Proteus; Musher DM et al.; The role of urease in induction of pyelonephritis was studied by treatment of proteus-infected rats with acetohydroxamic acid, a potent inhibitor of urease . Infection was produced by introduction of Proteus mirabilis into the bladder along with a zinc disk . Controls were treated identically but received no acetohydroxamic acid . The number of bacteria per milliliter of urine was the same in both groups . The number of bacteria in the kidneys and the extent of renal damage was much greater in controls . Common enterobacteraceal antigen was not detected in the renal parenchyma of rats treated with acetohydroxamic acid . Treatment with acetohydroxamic acid thus prevented invasion of and damage to kidney tissue without reduction of urinary infection . Thus new evidence was found that the invasive properties of Proteus in the urinary tract are dependent on alkalinization of urine by urease and the resulting damage to the renal epithelium. S Afr Med J, 1975 Jan 25, 49(4), 123 - 4 Differentiation of Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia organisms; Finlayson MH et al.; Differentiation of 625 stains of bacteria which fulfilled the requirements laid down for the definition of the tribe Klebsielleae was carried out using 6 biochemical tests . Five hundred and forty-six strains were identified as members of the genus Klebsiella, 46 of the genus Enterobacter and 33 of the genus Serratia. Lancet, 1975 Jan 11, 1(7898), 59 - 62 Bacterial colonisation of jejunal mucosa in acute tropical sprue; Tomkins AM et al.; Fifteen of sixteen Caucasians with acute tropical sprue were founc to have numerous aerobic bacteria closely associated with the mucosal layer of the proximal jejunum . Four species of Enterobacteria were grown in eleven patients, and concentrations were higher in the mucosal patients than in the jejunal fluid . Only one of eight control cases with similar tropical exposure but without mucosal morphological abnormalities had any similar bacteria in the mucosal biopsy . In no case were Bacteroides isolated . Since clinical and biochemical improvement only occurred on treatment with tetracycline when enterobacteria were eliminated from the mucosa, it is suggested that these organisms may be responsible for persisting jejunal abnormalities in tropical sprue. Nouv Presse Med, 1975 Jan 4, 4(1), 13 - 6 {Gram negative bacillus septicemias . Results of treatment of 31 gram negative bacillus septicemias using intravenous nalidixic acid}; Goulon M et al.; Enterobacteria multiresistant to usual antibiotics, often remain sensitive to nalidixic acid, sometimes as a result of synergy with polymixins . Use of the intravenous route makes it possible to obtain more than adequate serum levels . Pharmacological study has indicated appropriate doses in terms of renal function . Intravenous nalidixic acid has been used in the treatment of 31 cases of Gram negative septicaemia, with success in 22 . These results are all the more significant given that the patients were all seriously ill, cultures having grown multiresistant organisms and that nalidixic acid was used only after other antibiotics had failed. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo), 1975, 42, 297 - 300 {A bacteriological study of otitis in dogs (author's transl)}; Moreno G et al.; Bacteriological examination of 100 cases of otitis in dogs revealed pure cultures of different microorganisms as follows: Staphylococcus aureus from 25 animals; Escherichia coli from 10; Proteus mirabilis from 20; Enterobacter sp . from 18 and Klepsiella sp . from 7 . Mixed cultures of Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klepsiella sp . were found in 3 animals; Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter sp . in 5; Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis in 4 . Enterobacter sp . and Klepsiella sp . in 2 and Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli in 6 . Theses results indicated that Staphylococcus aureus appeared as the most frequent microorganism (36%) followed by Proteus mirabilis (23%) and Klepsiella sp . (16%) . Drug resistance studies showed that all tested strains were resistant to the antibiotics and to the nalidixic acid in levels higher than 20microgram/ml except gentamycin which showed for Pseudomonas aeruginosa a resistance level for 10microgram/ml. Chemotherapy, 1975, 21(3-4), 231 - 5 Electron microscopic appearance of silver sulfadiazine-treated Enterobacter cloacae; Coward JE et al.; Upon exposure of Enterobacter cloacae silver sulfadiazine, a number of ultrastructural changes involving the cell envelope take place . Foremost among these is a modification of the cell wall from an undulating structure to one which is smooth and has become enlarged . Strains of E . cloacae resistant to silver sulfadiazine do not exhibit these changes. Bull Pan Am Health Organ, 1975, 9(1), 1 - 9 The role of feeding and nutrition in the pathogeny and prevention of diarrheic processes; Behar M; Diarrheic processes pose a grave health threat in much of Latin America, especially for small children . One reason for this is the close connection between diarrhea and lack of proper nutrition . The present article seeks to explore this connection by examining two of its main components: the protection against diarrhea resulting from breast-feeding and the increased vulnerability to diarrhea created by malnutrition . Breast-feeding helps prevent enteric infections in several ways . For one thing, the mother's colostrum and milk contain antibodies against some enterobacterial antigens . For another, the so-called "bifid factor" in human milk helps discourage growth of pathogenic enterobacteria in the intestinal lumen . Furthermore, children living in unhealthy surroundings become heavily exposed to common bacteria when breast-feeding stops, a circumstance deemed largely responsible for "weaning diarrhea." Proper nutrition in general is also important, since diarrhea tends to be more common and severe among malnourished children . Several processes that could contribute to this problem have been suggested . These include morphological alterations of the intestinal mucosa in malnourished children, poor intestinal absorption of fats and other nutrients, irritation caused by increased concentrations of free bile acids, and changes in the composition of the intestinal flora . Though not all these processes are well understood, it is clear that malnutrition favors development of diarrhea, while diarrhea in its turn precipitates and aggravates malnutrition . The sad plight of millions of children in the Americas is the result of this combined interaction . Many of those who experience it die, and the survivors fail to achieve their full potential growth and development . The control of diarrheic infections alone would greatly improve these children's nutritional status . Likewise breast-feeding in the early months of life, duly supplemented later and followed by a sound diet after weaning, would considerably reduce the danger and damage caused by diarrheic infections. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 86(1), 93 - 102 A maximal predictive classification of Klebsielleae and of the yeasts; Barnet JA et al.; The concepts of the numerical method of maximal predictive classification are illustrated with classifications of 13 species of enterobacteria and of 434 species of yeast . The method seeks to classify into a specified number of classes (k) such that more correct statements can be made about the constituent members than with any other classification . The best choice of k relates to the separation of the classes as measured by the average number of correct statements made for an individual assigned to a class to which it does not belong . The maximal predictive classifications are compared with previous classifications of the two groups, which seem to be poor predictively (in terms of the characters considered in this study) . The results suggest that taxonomists may be more concerned with maximizing class separation rather than with prediction, but many more groups of organisms would need similar study before this view could be held with confidence. Ann Biol Clin (Paris), 1975, 33(4), 309 - 17 {Study of the transferable factors of antibiotic resistance in the enterobacteria isolated at the Regional Hospital Center of Nantes}; Espaze EP et al.; Characteristics of transferable resistance of 72 entero-bacteriaceae resistant to one more antibiotic, isolated from February to September 1972, showed that this was common . Multi-resistant strains permit one to obtain transfer of various characteristics either alone or together in 76 per cent of cases, whereas strains with less than three characteristics, transferred in only 9 per cent of cases . The transfers were uncommon in the case of Proteus compared with other enterobacteriaceae and, in particular, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Scand J Infect Dis, 1975, 7(4), 249 - 51 Selective culturing of Yersinia enterocolitica at a low temperature; Eiss J; Stool specimens from patients with suspected Yersinia enterocolitica (Y . ent.) infection were cultured at +4 degrees C in a nutrient broth for 5 days and at the same time the same stool specimens were cultured by the routine method of the laboratory . The routine method gave 34 Y . ent . isolations . Selective culturing at +4 degrees C succeeded in isolation of the same 34 Y . ent . strains but also 15 further strains or a 44% increase in yield . Serial dilutions in broth of 34 strains of Y . ent., 7 strains of Y . pseudotuberculosis and 14 strains of other gram-negative enterobacteria were cultured at +4 degrees C . Colony counts were performed from each dilution after 2 and 5 days . Human pathogenic strains of Y . ent . (serotype 3, 8, 9) increased markedly at +4 degrees C in contrast to the other gram-negative enterobacteria. Chemotherapy, 1975, 21(6), 330 - 41 Potent combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics using the beta-lactamase inhibition principle; Greenwood D et al.; Several penicillins known to be stable to enterobacterial beta-lactamases were tested in combination with beta-lactamase-sensitive penicillins and cephalosporins in a turbidimetric system . Nafcillin was found to be the best beta-lactamase inhibitor amongst agents presently available commercially, but the related, new semi-synthetic penicillin BRL 1437 (2-isopropoxy-1-naphthylpenicillin) was consistently found to be superior . Using 103 ampicillin-resistant coliform bacilli and antibiotic levels achievable in urine, cephalothin or cephaloridine alone achieved long-term suppression of growth (greater than 20 h) of 16 and 13% of strains, respectively, while the additional presence of BRL 1437 suppressed growth for longer than 20 h of 81% of the remaining strains . Even where 'success' was not achieved according to these stringent criteria, regrowth was significantly delayed by the presence of BRL 1437 . Suppression of growth for longer than 20 h by BRL 1437 plus cephalothin was achieved with all of the 46 Escherichia coli strains tested . Antibiotic combinations were also studied in an in vitro model which stimulates the hydrokinetic features of the urinary bladder . Suppression of the growth of two highly resistant E . coli strains was achieved in this system, for therapeutically acceptable periods of time, with combinations of cephalothin or cephaloridine with BRL 1437, but not nafcillin. Scand J Infect Dis, 1975, 7(3), 179 - 84 Bacteremia in a general hospital . A prospective study of 102 consecutive cases; Jepsen OB et al.; A prospective clinical-bacteriological study of 102 consecutive cases of confirmed bacteremia at a Copenhagen City general hospital was carried out during 5 months of 1973 with special concern given to focus of infection and acquisition of microorganisms . Valid positive cultures were obtained from 7.2 patients per 1000 admissions . 50 of the 102 bacteremias were by all probability acquired in the hospital, mainly due to transurethral manipulations or intravenous lines . Pneumonia and hepatobiliary infections accounted for most of the non-hospital acquired bacteremias . 26/102 patients died in relation to the bacteremia . Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus caused more than half of the infections . Bacteremia caused by proteus, klebsiella, enterobacter species of staphylococci was in most cases nosocomial and carried the highest mortality, i.e . 40%, verus 15% when other organisms were responsible . It is concluded that nosocomial bacteremia is a frequent and life-endangering complication which is often preceded by certain diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, not invariably linked to severe underlying diseases . Consequently, attempts to reduce bacteremic episodes should include surveillance of ecological factors and certain hospital procedures. Chemotherapy, 1975, 21(2), 73 - 81 Comparative in vitro acitvity of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol on common aerobic and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli(Salmonella and Shigella excluded); Beers DV et al.; The antibacterial activity of thiamphenicol was compared to that of chloramphenicol against 313 strains of gram-negative bacilli isolated from various clinical specimens . These two antiboitics were equally active against the 106 isolates of Haemophilus MIC equals 0.1 minus 1.56 mu g/ml) and against 40 strains of Bacteroides fragilis (almost all strains being inhibited by 12.5 mug/ml of the two drugs) . In contrast, when compared with chloramphenicol, 2-16 times as much of thiamphenicol was required to inhibit Enterobacteriacae, making prediction of the susceptibility of these strains to thiamphenicol on the basis of chloramphenicol testing alone likely to be hazardous . Disc diffusion test using 30-mug discs and 12 mm as cut-off point was a reliable technique to determine susceptibility of bacteria either to chloramphenicol or thiamphenicol . When thiamphenicol discs of greater potency (50 mug) were employed, many strains exhibited wide zones of inhibition although most of them were resistant by the agar dilution method (MIC is greater than 12.5 mug/ml) . This practice is not advisable for testing organisms isolated outside of the urinary tract. Chemotherapy, 1975, 21(1), 41 - 4 R factor in Enterobacter cloacae resistant to silver sulfadiazine; Carr HS et al.; A strain of Enterobacter cloacae resistant to silver sulfadiazine was recovered from a unit in which this antimicrobial agent was in use . This strain was found to harbor an R factor responsible for resistance to carbenicillin, kanamycin and ampicillin . These antibiotic resistances were transferable to Escherichia coli by mating . Resistance to silver sulfadiazine was not, however, transmissible. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1975 Jan, 123(1), 38 - 40 {Antibiotics in newborns and young infants}; Simon C; Localized and generalized infections in newborns nowadays are mostly due to gram negative bacteria (E . coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas pyocyanea, Serratia marcescens et al.) . Unspecific treatment causes an increasing rate of resistance, as shown by an account of our own experiences . Tobramycin, Gentamycin, and Cefazolin appear to be particularly promising antibiotics to avoid the development of resistance though their pharmacokinetics in the newborn have to be considered carefully . Based on the determination of serum levels of Tobramycin and Amoxycillin in newborns general recommendations for the dosage of these new antibiotics are given. Infect Immun, 1975 Jan, 11(1), 69 - 72 Control of salmonellosis pacifarin biosynthesis by iron; Wawszkiewicz EJ et al.; Enterobacter cloacae strain SS4-56 produced salmonellosis pacifarins when grown in an iron-depleted synthetic medium to which 3.16 X 10-7 g-atom of iron had been added per liter, but did not do so when grown in iron-depleted medium supplemented with 3.16 X 10-4 g-atom of iron per liter . The addition of 3.16 X 10-4 g-atom of ferric iron per liter to a pacifarin-containing culture supernatant fluid had no significant effect upon the ability of the active pacifarins present, when administered per os, to protect mice from an otherwise fatal infection produced by a sequential injection of avirulent and virulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Contrib Nephrol, 1975, 4, 12 - 21 A ten-year survey of bacteriuria in the Osaka university hospital; Orita Y et al.; 10 consecutive years of observation of the laboratory data of quantitative urinary bacterial culture in the Central Clinical Laboratory of Osaka University Hospital was made . The marked rise of Pseudomonas and other Enterobacteriaceae was clearly demonstrated . The difference in bacterial species in bacteriuria between inpatients and outpatients strongly suggests that the origin of infection was quite different . The disappearance of Staph . aureus as a causative agent was also demonstrated. Nutr Metab, 1975, 18(3), 127 - 36 {Effects of formula diet with varying carbohydrate proportion on gut microflora in man}; Zollner N et al.; The effects of conventional food and of formula diet on gut microflora were tested in six healthy persons . In comparison with conventional food, the total gut microflora concentrations slightly increased during formula diet with oligosaccharides . During the periods of formula diet rich in sucrose of maltose, total flora concentrations declined . These changes of total gut microflora were especially caused by the increase and decrease of the enterococci and enterobacteria, the bacteroides showing rather small changes . The concentrations of lactobacteria, sporeforming bacilli and yeasts decreased rapidly with formula diet and did not increase again until normal food was supplied. Chemotherapy, 1975, 21(1), 45 - 51 Comparison of the in vitro activities of BB-K8 and three other aminoglycosides against 215 strains of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae with variable sensitivity to kanamycin and gentamicin; Yourassowsky E et al.; 215 gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical materials were tested in vitro against BB-K8 by means of disc diffusion and agar dilution tests; the strains included 40 isolates resistant to gentamicin . Approximately 90% of the strains were inhibited by 3.12 mug/ml or less BB-K8 . This antibiotic exhibited a comparable activity, although somewhat inferior, to that of gentamicin, against organisms sensitive to gentamicin . It was considrably more active than gentamicin, and comparable to tobramycin, against the isolates of Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia spp . resistant to gentamicin, but less active than tobramycin against 11 strains of Pseudomonas resistant to gentamicin. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975, 230(4), 492 - 507 {Significance of the antibacterial agent assay of urine for bacteriological diagnosis and control of chemotherapy of urinary tract infections (author's transl)}; Ansorg R et al.; The disc agar-diffusion-test using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 as test organism is a simple and rapid method for routine testing of antibacterial agents in urine specimens . The test records urine levels which are expected under medium dosage, and in many cases even lower concentrations of renal excreted antibiotics . Out of 5655 analysed urine samples 22% contain antibacterial substances . In urine specimens over which information was volunteered that either no chemotherapy had been administered or that more than a three day's interval free of therapy existed, inhibitory substances are found in 8% and 27% respectively . Urine specimens which are supposedly collected from patients under current chemotherapy do not show therapeutic relevant antibiotic levels in 26% . Between urine specimens with and without antibacterial activity there is no significant difference in the incidence of viable counts of 10-4-10-5/ml and 10-5/ml . From urine samples with antibacterial content increases in the numbers of multiple resistant strains of E . coli, Proteus spp., Pseudom . aerug . and Enterobacter spp . together with high numbers of Candida spp . are observed. Immunol Commun, 1975, 4(1), 39 - 49 Immunologic mimicry between mouse tissue and enterobacterial common antigen; Gorzynski EA et al.; Organs of Swiss white albino and C57BL/6Ha mice were assessed for an antigen (CRA) which cross-reacts with common enterobacterial antigen (CA) . To this end, supernatant fluids (HKS) and ethanol-soluble fractions (ES) of heated homogenates of spleens, kidneys, and livers were examined for their capacities to react with CA hemagglutinins and to engender humoral and cellular events in the rabbit . The immunogenicity of CRA in the rabbit can not be predicted on the basis of CA hemagglutinin neutralization studies alone; although CRA was identified in the liver extracts of both mouse strains, according to this parameter, only the liver fraction of Swiss white albino mice elicited significant numbers of rosette-forming cells (RFC) in the spleens of rabbits . Also, kidney fractions, which primed the rabbits for booster with CA, were less effective in stimulating RFC in the spleens failed to inhibit CA hemagglutination and did not prime rabbits for a CA hemagglutinin response, these same preparations clearly evoked RFC in rabbit spleens . Thus, the antigenicity and immunogenicity of CRA in target organs of mice reflect the mouse strain, extraction procedure, and testing method employed. Infection, 1975, 3(3), 161 - 4 Cephacetrile, a new cephalosporin: in vitro, pharmacological and clinical evaluation; Bals MG et al.; Cephacetrile, a parenteral cephalosporin, was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity, clinical pharmacology and effectiveness in the treatment of severe infections . The antibacterial activity against 187 isolates was determined by an agar-dilution technique . The MICs were 0.06 to 0.5 mug/ml for Group A Streptococcus, D . pneumoniae, and Staph . aureus, 4-6 mug/ml for E . coli and Klebsiella-Enterobacter 8-32 mug/ml for Pr . mirabilis and more than 500 mug/ml for Ps . aeruginosa . A few strains of Klebsiella and E . coli had MICs of more than 125 mcg/ml . Serum levels after 0.5 and 1 g of i.m . cephacetrile were respectively 14.6 and 18.6 mug/ml after 1 hr, and 1.5 and 2.5 mug/ml after 6 hr . Serum levels after i.v . infusion of 0.5 and 1 g were respectively 16 and 25 mug/ml after 1 hr., and 1 and 2 mug/ml after 6 hr . Urine levels after 0.5 and 1 g i.m . cephacetrile were respectively 500 and 650 mug/ml in the 0-3 hr period, and 250 and 300 mug/ml in the 3-6 hr period . Renal clearance was 166 +/- 5 ml/min/1.73 m2; renal excretion was about 20% of the dose 6 hr after i.m . injection . Cephacetrile was well tolerated when administered i.m . with lidocaine . Mild phlebitis occurred sometimes after i.v . infusions . The clinical response, evaluated in 36 patients with severe systemic, respiratory and urinary infections, was good in all but two cases. Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(4), 69 - 75 {Bacteriological and physicochemical studies of the meat from poultry with acute Marek's disease}; Kostakev A et al.; Studied were bacteriologically a total of 114 birds affected with acute Marek's disease (40 broilers, 44 growing layers, and 30 adult layers) as well as 100 healthy control birds of the same three categories . A chemical analysis was performed of the red and white meat of 20 of the diseased pullets and 20 of the diseased adult layers as well as of 34 of the affected broilers . The investigation included the same numbers of the control birds . Extractions of the sampled meat were studied in terms of catalase number, pH value, and peroxydase activity . It was found that enterobacteria in the viscera of the diseased birds were three to nine times more frequently encountered than in the same organs of the controls . In two cases Salmonella bacteria were also isolated from the affected chickens . In three cases there were enterobacteria in the red musculature of these birds . The meat of the diseased birds had higher water content, higher catalase number and pH value, with lower contents of proteins, fats, and mineral matter . The only exception was the red meat of these birds which had higher content of crude protein as compared with the red meat of the normal birds.
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