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| Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jun 12, 585(2), 273 - 81 Isolation procedure and properties of monomer unit from lysozyme digest of peptidoglycan complex excreted into the medium by penicillin-treated Brevibacterium divaricatum mutant; Keglevic D et al.; 1 . The peptidoglycan complex excreted in large amounts into the medium by the biotin-requiring mutant Brevibacterium divaricatum NRRL-2311 incubated in the presence of penicillin for 1 h has been investigated . A convenient isolation procedure with high yield for the pure monomeric unit from lysozyme digest of the accumulated polymer is described . 2 . It is shown that the released peptidoglycan possesses the linear uncross-linked structure made of repeating disaccharide-pentapeptide unit {GlcNAc-MurNac-Ala-D-Glyn(meso-DAP-D-Ala-D-Ala)} which was isolated by stepwise gel filtration and fractionation of the digestion mixture in 10-mg quantities . Evidence that the minor digestion product of accumulated peptidoglycan possesses the glycan-linked dimer structure is given . Under conditions of beta-elimination, the monomeric unit yielded a lactylpentapeptide which was isolated in pure form by gel filtration . 3 . The monomer unit originating from the cultures to which L-{U-14C}glutamic acid was added simultaneously with penicillin incorporated the label exclusively in the peptide chain, whereas that labeled from E11-14C}acetate as the precursor contained radioactivity in both the peptide chain (53%) and N-acetylamino groups (47%) of the glycan portion. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1979 Jun, 12(2), 70 - 80 {A trial on nutritionally forced mating of conventional glutamate-producing bacteria}; Wang HH et al.; By nutritionally forced mating, we tried to find the sex factor in glutamate producing bacteria with some auxtrophic mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Micrococcus glutamicus and Brevibacterium divaricatum . We failed to find true mates in this trial, even when the cells cured by acridine orange were used to mate with non-cured ones . There were some positive growth when two densed cell suspensions were dropped on the minimum medium, but after subcultured on the minimum medium no growth was found . It seem likely that the bacteria used here, at least, require an enforced cell adhesion, unless true mating is not feasible . The evidence that Corynebacterium renale has pili might be an interesting reference, but we could not find pili in the bacteria used here. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jun, 85(6), 1447 - 52 Steroids as substrates for cholesterol: oxygen oxidoreductase, with special reference to 3beta-hydroxy bile acids; Ikawa S et al.; Cholesterol: oxygen oxidoreductase {EC 1.1.3.6} from Brevibacterium sterolicum (ATCC 21387) was found to catalyze the oxidation of steroids such as sterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids having a free C-3beta hydroxyl group . However, the enzyme was inactive towards estradiol and estriol and had a weak activity towards steroids with functional groups adjacent to the 3beta-hydroxyl group on the steroid nucleus . Variation in the length of the side chain of 3beta-hydroxy steroids had no marked effect on the activity . 3beta-Hydroxy bile acids with delta4 or delta5 were oxidized to almost the same extent as cholesterol . In contrast, 3beta-hydroxy bile acids without delta4 or delta5 were oxidized only to the extent of 1.4--2.1% . 3 beta-Hydroxychol-4 or 5-enoic acid was oxidized in the same way as cholesterol . This enzyme is useful as a simple tool for identification of 3 beta-hydroxy groups of bile acids. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 805 - 15 Obligatory biosynthesis of L-tyrosine via the pretyrosine branchlet in coryneform bacteria; Fazel AM et al.; Species of coryneform bacteria (Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium flavum, and B . ammoniagenes) utilize pretyrosine {beta-(1-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl) alanine} as an intermediate in L-tyrosine biosynthesis . Pretyrosine is formed from prephenate via the activity of at least one species of aromatic aminotransferase which is significantly greater with prephenate as substrate than with either phenylpyruvate or 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate . Pretyrosine dehydrogenase, capable of converting pretyrosine to L-tyrosine, has been partially purified from all three species . Each of the three pretyrosine dehydrogenases is catalytically active with either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as cofactors . The Km values for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in C . glutamicum and B . flavum are 55 microM and 14.2 microM, respectively, and corresponding Km values for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are 350 microM and 625 microM, respectively . The molecular weights of pretyrosine dehydrogenase in C . glutamicum and in B . flavum are both about 158,000, compared with 68,000 moleculr weitht in B . ammoniagenes . In all three species the enzyme is not feedback inhibited by L-tyrosine . Results obtained with various auxotropic mutants, which were used to manipulate internal concentrations of L-tyrosine, suggest that pretyrosine dehydrogenase is expressed constitutively . Pretyrosine dehydrogenase is quite sensitive to p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, complete inhibition being achieved at 10 to 25 microM concentrations . This inhibition is readily reversed by thiol reagents such as 2-mercaptoethanol . Coryneform organisms, like species of blue-green bacteria, appear to lack the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate pa thway of L-tyrosine synthesis altogether . The loss of pretyrosine dehydrogenase in extracts prepared from a tyrosine auxotroph affirms the exclusive role of pretyrosine dehydrogenase in L-tyrosine biosynthesis . Other reports in the literature, in which the presence in these organisms of prephenate dehydrogenase is described, appear to be erroneous. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1979 Jun, 21(6), 1019 - 30 Immobilization of microbial cells containing NAD-kinase; Hayashi T et al.; Microbial cells having NAD-kinase activity, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, were immobilized by the radiation-copolymerization method under low temperature with the activity recovery of more than 80% . Compared to the native microbial cells the immobilized cells were more stable against heat and pH change . The immobilized cells were subjected to the 5 hr reaction repeatedly 20 times without any activity loss. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1979 May, 21(5), 887 - 95 Continuous production of NADP by immobilized Brevibacterium ammoniagenes cells; Murata K et al.; Whole cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes IAM 1645 having the polyphosphate NAD-kinase were successfully immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel lattice . The immobilized cells were activated by treatment with organic solvents or detergents . The pH optimum of the immobilized cells for the production of NADP was 7.0, and divalent metal ions were required to maintain the elevated activity of polyphosphate NAD-kinase . Highly pure NADP was continuously produced in high yield by the immobilized cell column . The half-life of this column was about eight days. Arch Microbiol, 1979 Mar 12, 120(3), 289 - 95 DNA-DNA homology studies among strains of Arthrobacter and Brevibacterium; Stackebrandt E et al.; Sixteen named strains of Arthrobacter and two strains of Brevibacterium were investigated by nucleic acid hybridisation . The Arthrobacter strains show homology values ranging between 11 and 55% to the type strain A . globiformis DSM 20124 (ATCC 8010), indicating only a low to moderate relationship . Two strains of A . globiformis, DSM 20124 and DSM 20125, exhibit only poor relationship to one another (30%) . Among all the Arthrobacter strains the homology data range between 10 to 70% demonstrating separate status of almost all species . Only A . polychromogenes DSM 20136 was found to be a subspecies of A . oxydans DSM 20119 . The type strain of A . citreus, DSM 20133 shows a remarkable lack of homology to four other strains of A . citreus, deposited as ATCC 15170, ATCC 17775, ATCC 21040 and ATCC 21348 (11--13%) which themselves can be separated into two groups according to the homology data (24--31%) . Each of the two strains of Brevibacterium share high genetic relatedness with one of these A . citreus groups (71 and 73%, respectively) . According to the DNA-DNA homology data, most of the species of Arthrobacter can actually be ranged taxonomically as species. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Mar, 85(3), 865 - 9 Thermal regulation of fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Kawaguchi A et al.; The fatty acid composition of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was affected by the temperature of growth . As the growth temperature was lowered, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased . The fatty acid synthetase obtained from B . ammoniagense produced oleic acid as well as saturated fatty acids . The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids synthesized by this enzyme in vitro was dependent on the temperature of the enzyme reaction but not on the growth temperature of B . ammoniagenes from which the enzyme was prepared . These results suggest that the changes of composition in cellular fatty acids reflect the temperature dependence of the fatty acid synthetase. Z Immunitatsforsch Immunobiol, 1979 Mar, 155(4), 312 - 8 Stimulation of humoral immunity by peptidoglycan monomer from Brevibacterium divaricatum; Hrsak I et al.; Peptidoglycan monomer (PGM), a water soluble and nontoxic disaccharide pentapeptide unit obtained from Brevibacterium divaricatum, was administered intravenously into mice, and the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes was assayed by means of Jerne's technique for plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen . The PFC response was evidently stimulated . The counts were increased to practically the same extent over a great range of doses of PGM (from 25 to 1600 microgram per animal), and the effect was present in the mice immunised with optimal, as well as in those immunised with suboptimal, doses of antigen . The magnitude of the immunostimulation depend only on the timing of PGM administration: it was maximal if PGM was injected 1 or 2 days after the antigen . In vitro, in a 4-day culture of spleen cells, PGM did not stimulate PFC formation . We conclude that stimulation of the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cell antigens by PGM probably occurs without cell multiplication and probably involves more than simply a contact of immunocompetent cells with PGM. Biol Bull Acad Sci USSR, 1979 Mar-Apr, 6(2), 143 - 9 Differentiation of genera of the coryneform bacteria; Golovlev EL et al.; A scheme of the generic structure of the group of coryneform bacteria, including the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, and Rhodococcus, is suggested . Morphological, chemotaxonomic (presence and stereochemical form of diaminopimelic acid, lipid A, and L-arabinose), and physiological features were used as diagnostic criteria . The position of Microbacterum and Mycococcus and of coryneforms with a nocardial wall but giving a positive Hugh-Leifson anaerobic test, and also of Arthrobacter pascens, which may be identical with Mycoplana sp., remains uncertain. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Mar-Apr, 48(2), 187 - 93 {Enzymes of intermediary metabolism in coryneform bacteria}; Baryshnikova LM et al.; Enzymes of the intermediate metabolism were studied in ten strains of Corynebacterium-like organisms belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia . All of these were found to contain enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, and nine strains among ten had dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate shunt . The activity of enzymes of the citric acid cycle was low: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase was not found in Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium linens and Nocardia minima . Eight strains possessed the activity of the key enzyme of the gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, i.e . gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase . The activity of enzymes of the glyoxylate shunt was found in nine strains, and their level was rather high even during growth on glucose . Therefore, it is possible to study the taxonomic structure of this group of microorganisms by analyzing the composition and the level of enzymes involved in the intermediate metabolism . The competence of the Brevibacterium genus is corroborated by the typical species Brevibact . linens, as well as the reality of saprophytic representatives of the Corynebacterium genus, and a special taxonomic position of the group Brevibact . ammoniagenes--Brevibact . stationis. Biokhimiia, 1979 Mar, 44(3), 432 - 9 {Nucleases from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes differing in their effects on chromatin}; Basnak'ian AG et al.; A method of isolation of three different, partially purified deoxyribonucleases from the cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes is descrirbed . The enzyme preparations were activated by various bivalent metal ions: 50mM MgCl2 (I), 5 mM CaCl2+5 mM MgCl2 (II), 10 mM CaCl2 (III), and had different pH optima -- 8.8 (I), 7.2 (II) and 8.2 (III) . In the isolated nuclei of rat brain the first and third fractions split chromatin at the internucleosomal sites with a formation of nucleosomes -- structural subunits of chromatin . The second fraction exhibited no structural specificity for chromatin . A possible use of the enzymes for the analysis of chromatin structure is discussed. C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1979 Feb 12, 288(6), 655 - 8 {Spectrum of amidase activity in a mutant of Brevibacterium}; Jallageas et al.; Brevibacterium R 312 has a fairly non-specific amidase . Following the loss of this enzyme by mutation, the following enzymatic activities could be demonstrated: hydrolysis of urea, formamide, nicotinamide, L-glutamine, glycinamide and L-alpha-amino amids. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 22 - 7 Meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelate D-dehydrogenase: distribution and the reaction product; Misono H et al.; A high activity of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase was found in extracts of Bacillus sphaericus, Brevibacterium sp., Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Proteus vulgaris among bacteria tested . B . sphaericus IFO 3525, in which the enzyme is most abundant, was chosen to study the enzyme reaction . The enzyme was not induced by the addition of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate to the growth medium . The reaction product was isolated and identified as alpha-amino-epsilon-ketopimelate by a comparison of the properties of its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone with those of an authentic sample in silica gel thin-layer chromatography, absorption, infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and elemental analyses . The alpha-amino-epsilon-ketopimelate formed enzymatically was decarboxylated by H2O2 to yield L-alpha-aminoadipate . This suggests that the amino group with D-configuration in the substrate is oxidatively deaminated; the enzyme is a D-amino acid dehydrogenase . L-alpha-Amino-epsilon-ketopimelate undergoes spontaneous dehydration to the cyclic delta1-piperideine-2,6-dicarboxylate . The enzyme reaction is reversible, and meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate was formed in the reductive amination of L-alpha-epsilon-ketopimelate. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Jan-Feb, 48(1), 10 - 6 {Alternative oxidation pathways in the respiratory chain of Brevibacterium flavum}; Shvinka IuE et al.; A scheme is proposed for the branched respiratory chain in Brevibacterium flavum 22 LD . Three branching sites in the main electron transport pathway are suggested: at the initial stage of NADH2 oxidation (before menaquinone) and at the levels of cytochromes b and c . Up to 40% out of the total oxygen is consumed in the NADH2-dependent alternative oxidative pathway in the presence of 5.10(-3) M cyanide or after the near UV treatment . This bypass differs from the main electron flow with a lower P/O ratio . Exogenous NADH2 catalyses the univalent reduction of oxygen through superoxide production in the bacterial membranes . Alternative oxidation pathways are discussed regarding their regulatory role in the bacterial energy metabolism. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 110(1), 127 - 36 Isoprenoid quinones in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria; Collins MD et al.; Menaquinones were the only isoprenoid quinones found in 85 of the 95 coryneform bacteria examined . Dihydromenaquinones having nine isoprene units were the main components isolated from Corynebacterium bovis, from other glutamic acid-producing strains, and from Arthrobacter globiformis and related species . Dihydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Brevibacterium linens, the remaining Corynebacterium species and strains probably belonging to the genus Rhodococcus . Tetrahydromenaquinones with eight isoprene units were found in Arthrobacter simplex and Arthrobacter tumescens, and with nine isoprene units in Cellulomonas and Oerskovia . Kurthia and Curtobacterium were characterized by menaquinones with seven and nine isoprene units, respectively, and Microbacterium lacticum and Corynebacterium aquaticum had comparable amounts of menaquinones with 10 and 11 isoprene units . Strains received as Brevibacterium leucinophagum, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, Mycobacterium flavum, Mycoplana rubra and Protaminobacter ruber contained uniquinones as their sole isoprenoid quinones . The isoprenoid quinone data correlate well with major trends in coryneform taxonomy and are of value in the classification of coryneform and related bacteria. J Chromatogr, 1978 Dec 1, 166(1), 181 - 7 {Use of gas-liquid chromatography for the study of nitrilases and amidases (author's transl)}; Jallageas JC et al.; A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the determination of nitrilasic and amidasic activities . This method allows to monitor the kinetics of the hydrolysis of volatile nitriles and amides and because of its sensitivity, to determine the Michaelis constants Km of the acetonitrilase and the acetamidase of Brevibacterium R 312 . For these enzymes, a correlation is shown between the kinetics monitored by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1978 Nov, 84(5), 1309 - 14 New assay method for fatty acid synthetase with mass fragmentography; Seyama Y et al.; A new assay method for fatty acid synthetase using mass fragmentography is described . The amounts of fatty acids synthesized in deuterated water are determined by mass fragmentography by monitoring the intensities of m/e 77 and m/e 74 fragment ions using heptadecanoic acid as an internal standard . This method is suitable for any fatty acid synthetase which produces several species of fatty acids and is also applicable to crude enzyme preparations . This procedure is more sensitive and specific than the conventional spectrophotometric method . Fatty acid synthetases from rat liver and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes are analyzed by this method. Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Nov-Dec, 47(6), 1055 - 62 {Chemotaxonomic markers of several coryneform bacteria and the "Rhodochrous" group}; Nesterenko OA et al.; Chemotaxonomic characters (the monosaccharide composition and diaminopimelic acid (DAP) of cell hydrolysates, the type of lipid LCN-A) were studied with bacteria of the "rhodochrous" complex and the Arthrobacter genus isolated from natural substrates as well as with collection strains of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium . If arabinose, galactose and meso-DAP were present in cell hydrolysates of these bacteria, they always contained lipid LCN-A . Bacteria of the "rhodochrous" complex can be differentiated from Corynebacterium sensu stricto by location of lipid LCN-A spots on chromatograms, and from the genera Brevibacterium (B . linens) and Arthrobacter, by the presence of arabinose, meso-DAP and lipid LCN-A in the cells . The representatives of two latter genera do not contain arabinose and lipid LCN-A in their cells. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1978 Sep, 84(3), 647 - 57 Enzymes of the glutamate and aspartate synthetic pathways in a glutamate-producing bacterium, Brevibacterium flavum; Shiio I et al.; Glutamate-auxotrophic mutants lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PC), citrate synthase (CS) or glutamate dehydrogenase (GD), an aspartate auxotroph lacking aspartate aminotransferase (TA), and a glutamate-aspartate double auxotroph lacking both aconitase (AH) and TA were obtained from Brevibacterium flavum No . 2247, a glutamate-producing bacterium . Prototrophic revertants further derived from the CS- and GD-lacking auxotrophs concomitantly recovered the enzyme activities that their parents had lost . These results indicate involvement of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and GD in glutamate biosynthesis, that of PC in the biosynthesis of the TCA cycle intermediates and that of TA in aspartate biosynthesis . The CS-deficient mutants accumulated large amounts of acetate and small amounts of pyruvate, aspartate and alanine, while the GD-deficient strains accumulated large amounts of 2-oxo-glutarate and small amounts of citrate . Synthesis of PC was repressed by either glutamate or aspartate and those of CS and GD were repressed by glutamate, whereas those of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PD), AH, and isocitrate dehydrogenase were not affected significantly by glutamate; that of TA was also not affected by aspartate or by glutamate . The specific activities of PD and AH gave peaks during the cellular cultivation, related to the temporary accumulation of their substrates, pyruvate and citrate, respectively . These and previous results on the regulation of the enzymatic activities provide a definite regulatory mechanism for glutamate and aspartate syntheses. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 Jul-Aug, 14(4), 565 - 72 {Effect of medium components on the metabolism of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes-producer of 5'-inosinic acid}; Lukin NS et al.; The effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosinic acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225-5 was studied . With respect to the yield of 5'-IMP, glucose was found to be the best carbon source and urea--the best nitrogen source . The proper ratio of concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources in the nutrient medium was very important for a high 5'-IMP accumulation . The study of the effect of phosphate and magnesium concentrations on 5'-IMP biosynthesis demonstrated that their high concentrations were needed for intensive 5'-IMP salvage-synthesis from hypoxanthine and that they did not influence the de novo synthesis of hypoxanthine. J Chromatogr, 1978 May 21, 152(2), 467 - 74 Oxidation of 3beta-hydroxyandrostenes by the 3beta-hydroxy-steroid oxidase (cholesterol oxidase) from Brevibacterium sterolicum prior to their analysis by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Smith AG et al.; The 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase from Brevibacterium sterolicum has been applied to the oxidation of a number of 3beta-hydroxyandrostenes, including polar steroids containing up to three other hydroxylic groups . The substrates, products, and derivatives thereof have been examined by gas-liquid chromatography . Retention index increments for these conversions, and for parallel transformations of other steroids, show considerable regularities, and together with mass spectrometric data afford characteristic structural information. Biochemistry, 1978 May 16, 17(10), 1942 - 51 Chemical and enzymatic properties of riboflavin analogues; Walsh C et al.; The chemical and enzymatic properties of 26 analogues of riboflavin are presented . These analogues include both endo- and exocyclically substituted isoalloxazines with redox potentials from -370 to -128 mV . Physical and chemical data such as the electronic absorption spectra, pKas, and redox potentials of the analogues are presented and are discussed with respect to preferred tautomeric and resonance forms . Like riboflavin, most of the analogues are shown to be catalytic oxidants of dihydro-5-deazaflavins . Analogue binding to egg white binding apoprotein has been quantitated and serves to determine the origins of binding site specificity for this protein . Nearly all of the analogues that possess D-ribityl groups are found to be processed to the FAD level by the flavokinase/FAD synthetase system of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes . Most extensively studied are the reactivities of the analogues with the NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase of Beneckea harveyi . Many of the analogues are substrates in this enzymatic redox reaction, and a linear free energy-rate relation (log Vmax vs . E0' of the analogue) is seen that parallels similar relationships in the nonenzymatic oxidation of dihydro-5-deazaflavins . This suggests a common mechanism for the reactions of such diverse flavins as riboflavin, 5-deazariboflavin, and 1-deazariboflavin. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1978 May-Jun, 14(3), 325 - 32 {Study of aeration and temperature effects on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid by the Brevibacterium ammoniagenes mutant}; Kazarinova LA et al.; The biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225--5 was studied under different aeration conditions . Intensive aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) was found to be necessary for an active build-up of 5'-IMP . Reduced aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) caused a decrease in the 5'-IMP yield, a simultaneous increase in the hypoxanthine concentration, a reduction of cell productivity and a decrease in the glucose transformation to 5'-IMP . The temperature of 28 degrees was shown to be optimal for the biosynthesis of 5'-IMP . The total build-up of purine derivatives (5'-IMP and hypoxanthine) decreased, if the first stage (the stage of hypoxanthine accumulation) or the entire fermentation took place at 37 degrees . The temperature rise from 28 to 37 degrees at the second stage of fermentation (the stage of 5'-IMP accumulation) resulted in a temporal increase in the 5'-IMP synthesis followed by its inhibition . The most intensive synthesis of 5'-IMP in the supernatant occurred at 37 degrees and pH 7.0-8.0 . A short-term heating of the culture liquid (3 hrs at 37 degrees after 72 hrs fermentation) increased the yield of 5'-IMP during heating and, to the greatest extent, bu the end of fermentation. Mikrobiologiia, 1978 May-Jun, 47(3), 505 - 9 {Microflora of the low-mineralized waters of the Truskavets deposit}; Kvasnikov EI et al.; Waters of the Truskavetz deposit with a low content of mineral substances were found to contain considerable amounts of microorganisms; upto millions of cells per 1 ml . Sulphate-reducing, dentrifying and iron bacteria were detected in the waters . The following genera were represented and isolated: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Nocardia, Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Hansenula, Torulopsis, Trichosporon . Many of the studied strains assimilated C6--C10 and C12--C22 mixtures, industrial paraffins, naphthenic acids and their salts . The isolated bacterial and yeast strains were much more carbooligotrophic as compared to the museum strains of the same species; many of them were oligotrophic . The cells continued to grow in the course of storage of isolated water samples . The majority of isolated pure cultures grew upon inoculation into sterilized mineral water and caused a decrease in the content of organic substances. Arch Microbiol, 1978 Apr 27, 117(1), 115 - 8 {Peptidoglycan type and cell wall polysaccharide composition of Cellulomonas cartalyticum and some coryneform organisms (author's transl)}; Stackebrandt E et al.; Cellulomonas cartalyticum was found to contain a peptidoglycan type different from that of the other species of Cellulomonas . The diamino acid is lysin instead of ornithine and the interpeptide bridge consists of D-Asp-D-Ser . The same peptidoglycan type occurs in Corynebacterium manihot, Brevibacterium liticum and Arthrobacter luteus . These non cellulolytic organisms are most likely not closely related with Cellulomonas cartalyticum, as indicated by the very different G +C content of their DNA, although they formed a narrow cluster including C . cartalyticum when numeric taxonomical methods were applied. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1978 Apr 18, 166(3), 164 - 6 Aminopeptidase from Brevibacterium linens: activation and inhibition; Foissy H; Activation and inhibition of a purified aminopeptidase from Brevibacterium linens was investigated using L-alpha-leucyl-4-nitroanilide and L-leucyl-L-leucine as substrates . The enzyme was activated by cobalt, provided that the enzyme was preincubated with the metal . Strong inhibitory effects were derived from heavy metals, metal-complexing compounds, reducing agents, the modification of aromatic amino acids, and the presence of hydrophobic substances or certain amino acids in the test mixtures . Supposing that this B . linens aminopeptidase plays a part during surface-ripening of cheeses, possible consequences of specific technological conditions for its activity are discussed. Mol Biol (Mosk), 1978 Mar-Apr, 12(2), 377 - 84 {Physico-chemical study of the nucleic acid of bacteriophage phiB}; Karataev GI et al.; A study of physico-chemical properties of the nucleic acid of phage Brevibacterium flavum was made . It was found that the phage nucleic acid is a double-stranded DNA . The content of GC pairs was determined by the temperature of DNA melting and by the chromatographic method . In both cases it was (52 +/- 2) mole % . It has been shown that endonuclease Eco RI treatment of phiB DNA forms 12 fragments . The molecular weight of phiB DNA has been determined by two independent methods: by measuring the contous length of DNA and by the sum of molecular weights of DNA restricts obtained after hydrolysis by endonuclease Eco RI and was found to be (30 +/- 1) . 10(6) dalton . Electron microscopy investigations detected rod and circular DNA in either monomeric or dimeric forms . The polarity of DNA arrangement in the phiB phage particle was determined by using the partial denaturation maps. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1978 Jan, 20(1), 27 - 41 Determination of redox potential levels critical for cell respiration and suitable for L-leucine production; Akashi K et al.; The effect of oxygen supply on L-leucine fermentation was investigated employing a leucine-producing mutant of Brevibacterium lactofermentum . Since it was not possible to measure oxygen tension below 0.01 atm by a Teflon-coated oxygen electrode, the degree of satisfaction of the cells' oxygen demand (cells' respiration rate/maximum oxygen demand of cells, rab/KrM) and the redox potential of the culture medium (E, mV) were used as indices to oxygen supply in cultures under low oxygen tension . When the oxygen demand of the cells was satisfied (rab/KrM = 1.0) and the E value was between --90 and --110mV, L-leucine formation was 26.5 mg/ml . When the oxygen demand of the cells was not satisfied (rab/KrM = 0.85) and the E value was between --200 and --220 mV, L-leucine accumulation was 29.7 mg/ml . When the oxygen supply was extremely limited (rab/KrM = 0.27) and the E value was --280 mV, L-leucine formation was 12.9 mg/ml . A new method which simultaneously measures the redox potential and dissolved oxygen was applied to the determination of the critical dissolved oxygen level for cell respiration (PL crit), whick was too small to be detected by conventional oxygen electrodes . The value of PL crit of the leucine producer was estimated as 0.0002 atm. Adv Exp Med Biol, 1978, 101, 37 - 43 Stereochemical studies of hydrogen incorporation from nucleotides with fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Seyama Y et al.; The biosynthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA was investigated with an enzyme preparation which was purified 100-fold from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes . Fatty acids synthesized in the presence of D2O and stereospecifically deuterated NADPH and NADH were isolated and analyzed by mass chromatography to examine the localization of deuterium in the molecule . The following results were obtained: 1) HB hydrogen of NADPH was used for beta-ketoacyl reductase . 2) HB hydrogen of NADH was used for enoyl reductase . 3) Hydrogen atoms from water were found on the even-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom) and some were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon . 4) Hydrogen atoms from NADPH were found on odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms (1-hydrogen per carbon) . 5) Hydrogen atoms from NADH were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms, but the number of incorporated hydrogen atoms was less than expected . The exchange of HB hydrogen of NADH with water catalyzed by enoyl reductase was suspected . 6) The exchange of methylene hydrogen atoms of malonyl-CoA with proton of water was suggested by 13C NMR analysis. Mycopathologia, 1977 Nov 30, 62(1), 39 - 45 Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus in a competitive environment; Weckbach LS et al.; Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 was grown in the presence of Rhizopus nigricans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Acetobacter aceti, or Brevibacterium linens and aflatoxin concentration was determined after 3,5,7, and 10 days of incubation at 28C . R . nigricans and S . cerevisiae inhibited growth and aflatoxin production by A . parasiticus . B . linens caused slight inhibition and A . aceti stimulated growth and aflatoxin production by A . parasiticus. Mol Biol (Mosk), 1977 Sep-Oct, 11(5), 1167 - 75 {Construction of partial denaturation charts for DNA with random base distribution}; Bogush VG et al.; By measuring DNA temperature transition profiles the evidence was obtained that DNA of phages Tg9 and OB infecting Bacillus thuringiensis and Brevibacterium flavum respectively have a random base distribution . After alkaline treatment in the presence of 10 per cent formaldehyde at room temperature partially denatured molecules of phage Tg9 and OB DNA's with different degrees of denaturation were obtained . Using electron microscopy the maps of distribution of melted regions along these DNA's were obtained . The location of the main peaks on histograms did not vary with the increase of the degree denaturation and changes of pH values . The map of Tg9 DNA is characterized by four main peaks located at the positions 0.031, 0.075, 0.145 and 0.885 but the map of OB DBA is characterized by seven main peaks located at positions: 0.09, 0.20, 0.34 0.42,0.49, 0.80 and 0.88 from the left end (in relative units) . The increase of denaturation up to a certain value did not change the half-width of the main peaks at the maps of these DNA's . It may be due to the presence in the DNA's some "heat stolle" sequences limiting early melting DNA regions. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Aug 24, 488(2), 280 - 4 The structure of the menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain; Yamada Y et al.; Menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side-chain of Oerskovia turbata and Brevibacterium lipolyticum were cyclized to the chromenyl acetate derivatives, which were then submitted to ozonolysis, followed by reduction with dimethylsulfide . The mass-spectrometric analyses of the ozonolysis products revealed the ion peaks at m/e 464 (M+), 449, 422, 407, 267 and 225 . These results suggest that the two saturated double bonds are located continuously in the second and third units of the chain starting from the quinone ring, and the menaquinones are designated as 2-methyl-3-II,III-tetrahydromultiprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1977 Aug, 74(8), 3180 - 3 Fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes: formation of monounsaturated fatty acids by a multienzyme complex; Kawaguchi A et al.; A multienzyme fatty acid synthetase complex isolated from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes has been purified to a specific activity of 1440 nmol of malonyl-CoA incorporated per min/mg . The enzyme is homogeneous, as judged by gel electrophoresis on agarose gels, and has a molecular weight of 1.2 X 10(6) . Both NADPH and NADH are required for activity . In contrast to other fatty acid synthetase complexes, the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of both long-chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA . The formation of unsaturated fatty acids is oxygen-independent and sharply reduced by 3-decynoyl-N-acetylcysteamine, a known inhibitor of Escherchia coli beta-hydroxydecanoyl thioester dehydrase (EC 4.2.1.60). Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 May 2, 466(3), 422 - 8 The reactivity of human erythrocyte membrane cholesterol with a cholesterol oxidase; Gottlieb MH; Cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6, Brevibacterium sp.), which catalyzes the reaction: cholesterol + O2 leads to delta4-cholestenone + H2O2, has no effect on the cholesterol of intact (human) erythrocytes and of "resealed" ghosts, when it is present only outside these ghosts . The cholesterol of "leaky" ghosts, of "resealed" ghosts with enzyme trapped within, and of "inside-out" vesicles, was completely oxidized . This pattern indicates that the inner ((cytoplasmic) membrane surface must be exposed to the enzyme for the reaction to occur, and that outer surface cholesterol only becomes reactive after the membrane has been degraded by the oxidation of inner surface cholesterol . The enzymatic oxidations followed monotonic first-order kinetics, and hence gave no evidence to support the two states of cholesterol in the membrane that had been postulated earlier from studies on the plasma lipoprotein extraction of cholesterol from the membrane. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1977 Apr, 81(4), 1167 - 73 Stereochemical studies of hydrogen incorporation from nucleotides with fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Seyama Y et al.; The biosynthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA was investigated with an enzyme preparation which was purified 100-fold from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes . Fatty acids synthesized in the presence of D2O and stereospecifically deuterated NADPH and NADH were isolated and analyzed by mass chromatography to examine the localization of deuterium in the molecule . The following results were obtained: 1) HB hydrogen of NADPH was used for beta-ketoacyl reductase . 2) HB hydrogen of NADH was used for enoyl reductase . 3) Hydrogen atoms from water were found on the even-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom) and some were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms . 4) Hydrogen atoms from NADPH was found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms (1 hydrogen per carbon) . 5) Hydrogen atoms from NADH was also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms, but the number of incorporated hydrogen atoms was less than expected . The exchange of HB hydrogen of NADH with water catalyzed by enoyl reductase was suspected . 6) The exchange of methylene hydrogen atoms of malonyl-CoA with protons of water was suggested by 13C NMR analysis. Clin Chim Acta, 1976 Dec, 73(3), 487 - 96 Comparative studies on cholesterol oxidases from different sources; Noma A et al.; 1 . Comparison of the characteristics of cholesterol oxidases from different sources was made by a new polarographic method for measurement of the oxygen-consumption rate . 2 . A pH optimum of 7.0 was observed for cholesterol oxidases isolated from Nocardia and Brevibacterium, pH 5.0 for the enzyme from Schizophyllum and pH 7.5 for the enzyme from Streptomyces . 3 . In the system used in the present study, Ca2+ and Mg2+ had no effect on these enzyme activities . On the other hand, the Schizophyllum enzyme was strongly inhibited by increasing concentrations of Cu2+, whereas the brevibacterium enzyme was slightly activated by them and Nocardia and Streptomyces enzymes were not affected . Hg2+ strongly inhibited the activities of enzymes the Schizophyllum enzyme . 4 . Using serum as substrate, the cholesterol oxidases employed, except for the enzyme from Streptomyces, were not active without detergent in the reaction mixture . Effects of various detergents at various concentrations on the enzyme activities were studied . 5 . Results of studies on the reaction of cholesterol oxidases on free cholesterol in low-and high-density lipoproteins were also compared. J Dent Res, 1976 Nov-Dec, 55(6), 1097 - 102 Identification of the cultivable bacteria in dental plaque from the beagle dog; Wunder JA et al.; Fifteen different genera of microorganisms were isolated from the 27-month-old plaque of two beagle dogs . They were as follows: Pseudomonas, Proteus, Neisseria, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Brevibacterium, Arthrobacter, and Kurthia . The dog plaque was characterized by a low number of streptococci and the presence of several noncarbohydrate-fermenting organisms. C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1976 Sep 20, 283(5), 571 - 3 {Nitrilase activity in several bacteria}; Arnaud A et al.; Eighteen strains of Bacteria from the genus Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus and Brevibacterium were isolated . They have a very general nitrilase activity that acts on all the substrates with nitrile function. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 32(1), 179 - 82 Observations on lysogeny in glutamic acid bacteria; Shapiro JA; Induced lysis occurred in a number of different strains of glutamic acid bacteria . Mixed culture experiments indicated that induced cultures produce phages or bacteriocins . Temperate phages were isolated from two related strains of Brevibacterium divaricatum. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1976 Jul-Aug, 12(4), 518 - 23 {Regulation of growth and lysine-synthesizing activity of the lysine producer, Brevibacterium SP 22 L., by the intensity of stirring of the medium}; Ruklisha MP et al.; The intensity of medium stirring at a constant pO2 influenced the specific rate of Brevibacterium sp . 22 L growth and lysine synthesis . During periodic cultivation the maximum specific rate of the culture growth can be achieved with a more intensive stirring than the maximum lysine synthesizing activity . At different intensities of medium stirring the lysins synthesizing activity was directly related to the activity of tricarboxylic acid cycle dehydrogenases . It is suggested that a decrease in the lysine synthesizing activity of the bacterial culture at a high intensity of medium stirring is connected with an inhibition or repression of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 May, 79(5), 903 - 15 Some enzymatic properties of 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase produced by Streptomyces violascens; Tomioka H et al.; The 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase produced by Streptomyces violascens was purified from the culture broth by procedures including batch-wise treatment on DEAE-cellulose, ammonium sulfate fraction, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose . The highly purified enzyme preparation exhibited no significant absorption maxima in the visible region other than a maximum at 280 nm . Optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were approximately pH 7.5 and 50 degree, respectively . The Michaelis constant (Km) for cholesterol determined under two different experimental conditions were 4.5 and 6.7 X 10(-4) M . The enzymatic activity was remarkably inhibited by various metal salts such as FeC1(3), FeSO4, AgNO3, etc . On the other hand, neither EDTA nor Fe-chelating agents had any inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity, while other metal-binding agents, KCN and NaN3, caused significant inhibition . The enzyme activity was inhibited almost completely by N-bromosuccinimide and iodine but not p-chloromercuribenzoate . The highly purified enzyme did not require any external electron acceptors other than oxygen . In addition, the activity was not influenced by the addition of external electron donors . The enzyme showed a high substrate specificity for 3beta-hydroxysteroids and the relative oxidation rates were 100 for cholesterol, 91 for 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 83 for pregn-5-en3beta-ol-one, 80 for androst-5-en-3beta-ol-17-one, 64 for 5alpha-androstan-3beta-ol-17-one, ect . The oxidation of cholesterol by the enzyme was remarkably inhibited by the addition of 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol, 5alpha-cholestan-3-one, 5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol, 5alpha-cholestane3beta, 5alpha-doil or 5alpha-lanosta-8, 24-den 3beta-ol . These findings indicate the present enzyme belongs to the class of 3beta-hydroxysteroid oxidase but some of its physical and enzymatic properties obviously differ from those of 3beta-hyroxysteroid oxidase of Brevibacterium. Biochemistry, 1976 Mar 9, 15(5), 1043 - 53 Preparation, characterization, and chemical properties of the flavin coenzyme analogues 5-deazariboflavin, 5-deazariboflavin 5'-phosphate, and 5-deazariboflavin 5'-diphosphate, 5'leads to5'-adenosine ester; Spencer R et al.; In order to facilitate interpretation of the deazaisoalloxazine system as a valid mechanistic probe of flavoenzyme catalysis, we have examined some of the fundamental chemical properties of this system . The enzymatic synthesis, on a micromole scale, of the flavin coenzyme analogues 5-deazariboflavin 5'-phosphate (deazaFMN) and 5-deazariboflavin 5'-diphosphate, 5' leads to 5'adenosine ester (deazaFAD) has been achieved . This latter synthesis is accomplished with a partially purified FAD synthetase complex (from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes), containing both phosphorylating and adenylylating activities, allowing direct conversion of the riboflavin analogue to the flavin adenine dinucleotide level . The structure of the reduced deazaflavin resulting from enzymatic and chemical reduction is established as the 1,5-dihydrodeazaflavin by proton magnetic resonance . Similarly, the C-5 position of the deazaflavins is demonstrated to be the locus for hydrogen transfer in deazaflavin redox reactions . Preparation of 1,5-dihydrodeazaflavins by sodium borohydride reduction stabilized them to autoxidation (t 1/2 approximately 40 h, 22 degrees C) although dihydrodeazaflavins are rapidly oxidized by other electron acceptors, including riboflavin, phenazine methosulfate, methylene blue, and dichlorophenolindophenol . Mixtures of oxidized and reduced deazaflavins undergo a rapid two-electron disproportionation (k = 22 M-1 S-1 0 degrees C), and oxidized deazaflavins form transient covalent adducts with nitroalkane anions at pH less than 5 . Generalized methods for the synthesis of isotopically labeled flavin and deazaflavin coenzymes and their purification by adsorptive chromatography are given. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jan 18, 486(1), 205 - 8 Glycolipids of brevibacterium vitarumen; Laneelle MA et al.; Corynomycolic acids have been identified in the lipids of Brevibacterium vitarumen . The analogy between this strain and typical aerobic Corynebacteria is borne out by these complex lipids, corynomycolic acid being linked as 6,6'-dicorynomycoloyl-trehalose (cord-factor structure) and as 6-monocorynomycoloyl-trehalose. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1976 Jan 18, 486(1), 195 - 203 On the chemical structure of menaquinones with the tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid side chain; Yamada Y et al.; New menaquinones have been isolated from Oerskovia turbata and Brevibacterium lipolyticum in the nocardioform and coryneform groups of bacteria, which have been identified to be a series of menaquinones with a tetrahydrogenated isoprenoid chain, designated as menaquinone-9(H4) and menaquinone-8(H4), respectively, by thin layer chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry . The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the quinones have revealed that all the two saturated dolble bonds occur in the internal units of the isoprenoid side chain. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(3), 178 - 84 Amidase activity of some bacteria; Arnaud A et al.; The amidase activity of bacteria possessing a high nitrilase activity was found to display the same spectrum although the bacteria may belong to different taxonomic groups, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Brevibacteriun . The spectrum of amidase activity, although very broad, is more restricted than that of nitrilase activity . Internal amides as well as vinyl-bound amides are not hydrolyzed. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1976 Jan, 79(1), 173 - 83 Altered prephenate dehydratase in phenylalanine-excreting mutants of Brevibacterium flavum; Shiio I et al.; The regulatory properties of three key enzymes in the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthetase (DAHP synthetase) {EC 4.1.2.15}, chorismate mutase {EC 5.4.99.5}, and prephenate dehydratase {prephenate hydro-lyase (decarboxylating), EC 4.2.1.51} were compared in three phenylalanine-excreting mutants and the wild strain of Brevibacterium flavum . Regulation of DAHP synthetase by phenylalanine and tyrosine in these mutants did not change at all, but the specific activities of the mutant cell extracts increased 1.3- to 2.8-fold, as reported previously (1) . Chorismate mutase activities in both the wild and the mutant strains were cumulatively inhibited by phenylalanine and tyrosine and recovered with tryptophan, while the specific activities of the mutants increased 1.3- to 2.8-fold, like those of DAHP synthetase . On the other hand, the specific activities of prephenate dehydratase in the mutant and wild strains were similar, when tyrosine was present . While prephenate dehydratase of the wild strain was inhibited by phenylalanine, tryptophan, and several phenylalanine analogues, the mutant enzymes were not inhibited at all but were activated by these effectors . Tyrosine activated the mutant enzymes much more strongly than the wild-type enzyme: in mutant 221-43, 1 mM tyrosine caused 28-fold activation . Km and the activation constant for tyrosine were slightly altered to a half and 6-fold compared with the wild-type enzyme, respectively, while the activation constants for phenylalanine and tryptophan were 500-fold higher than the respective inhibition constants of the wild-type enzyme . The molecular weight of the mutant enzyme was estimated to be 1.2 x 10(5), a half of that of the wild-type enzyme . The molecular weight of the mutant enzyme was estimated to be 1.2 X 10(5) a half of that of the wild type enzyme, while in the presence of tyrosine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan, it increased to that of the wild-type enzyme . Immediately after the mutant enzyme had been activated by tyrosine and then the tyrosine removed, it still showed about 10-fold higher specific activity than before the activation by tyrosine . However, on standing in ice the activity gradually fell to the initial level before the activation by tyrosine . Ammonium sulfate promoted the decrease of the activity . On the basis of these results, regulatory mechanisms for phenylalanine biosynthesis in vivo as well as mechanisms for the phenylalanine overproduction in the mutants are discussed. Biotechnol Bioeng, 1975 Dec, 17(12), 1749 - 60 Comparison of batch and semicontinuous cultures for production of protein from mesquite wood by Brevibacterium sp . JM98A; Fu TT et al.; The production of protein by a Brevibacterium sp . JM98A using mesquite wood as the substrate was compared in batch and semicontinuous cultures . A 14 liter glass fermentor with automatic pH, temperature, and foam control was used for the study . A pH range of 6.6 to 7.2 was optimum for the growth of JM98A . The batch and semicontinuous cultures were compared on the basis of viable cell counts, protein production, CMC-Ase (beta-1,4-glucanase) activity, and filter paper cellulase (beta-1,4-glucan cellobiohydrolyase) activity . Total hexose, cellulose, and reducing sugar consumption were measured . The semicontinuous process yielded 2.97 times as much protein in 72 hr as the batch cultures . Most of the biomass resulted from the utilization of soluble sugars rather than from the degradation of cellulose during the semicontinuous process. J Bacteriol, 1975 Dec, 124(3), 1106 - 12 Brevibacterium liquefaciens adenylate cyclase and its in vivo stimulation by pyruvate; Lynch TJ et al.; Adenylate cyclase of Brevibacterium liquefaciens depends on pyruvate for activity . Growing in a simple medium containing glucose and DL-alanine, the microorganism excreted pyruvate, which reached 20 mM in the medium at stationary phase . Using {3H}adenosine to label the adenosine 5'-triphosphate pool, we showed that pyruvate in the medium stimulated adenylate cyclase of B . liquefaciens in vivo, in a manner similar to the stimulation observed in vitro . Adenylate cyclase in cells harvested at different phases of growth was equally responsive to exogenous pyruvate, indicating that the allosteric site for pyruvate was present in the enzyme throughout the various phases of cell growth . The specific activity of adenylate cyclase was highest in cells harvested at early log phase; thereafter it declined and was substantially lower at stationary phase . Although adenylate cyclase appears to be activated by pyruvate throughout the life span of the cell, the activity appears not to be critical to cell growth, which was comparable whether the medium contained high or low pyruvate. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 21(11), 1798 - 802 Identification and flagellation of coryneform bacteria from poultry litter; Antheunisse J et al.; Thirth coryneform isolates from poultry litter were identified and checked for motility and flagellation . Twenty-seven formed a yellow pigment and 3 were orange . Twenty-three yellow strains were found to be Arthrobacter citreus, although starch was hydrolyzed by these strains . Four strains, including the three mainly pale yellow isolates, grew on citrate plus an ammonium salt and were classified as A . aurescens . Three orange strains were found to be Brevibacterium linens . Only six strains of A . citreus were motile . These strains displayed flagellated rods after 1 day and flagellated cocci after 5 days incubation . The flagellar shape and arrangement were studied . Non-motile strains never showed flagella after staining. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 30(3), 480 - 2 Fermentative accumulation of guanosine polyphosphates by Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Furuya A et al.; Guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-monophosphate (3.35 mg/ml), guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-diphosphate (MSI) (5.21 mg/ml), and guanosine-3'-diphosphate-5'-triphosphate (MSII) (0.82 mg/ml), in addition to guanosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-diphosphate, and guanosine 5'-triphosphate, were accumulated by microbial conversion of 5'-xanthylic acid with a mutant of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. Mikrobiologiia, 1975 Jul-Aug, 44(4), 587 - 91 {Distribution of pyrimidine blocks in the DNA of Brevibacterium linens, Arthrobacter globiformis, Nocardia corallina and Nocardia rubra}; Eroshina NV et al.; The nucleotide composition and the frequency of pyrimidine blocks were studied in DNA of the following bacteria: Brevibacterium linens (Weignamm, 1910) Breed, 1953; Arthrobacter globiformis (Conn, 1928) Conn et Dimmick, 1947; Nocardia corallina (Bergey et al., 1923) Waksman et Henrici, 1948; Nocardia rubra (Krassilnikov, 1949) Waksman et Henrici, 1948 . These organisms are classed by some microbiologists as mycobacteria (the Mycobacteriaceae family) while other authors regard them as representatives of three families belonging to two orders . About 60 percent of all pyrimidines in DNA of these bacteria are found in the sequences pur-pyr-pur and pur-pyr-pyr-pur, the number of dipyrimidines being higher than the amount of monopyrimidine nucleotides . The content of dipyrimidine nucleotides in DNA of Nocardia corallina and Nocardia rubra is higher (16.8 mole %) than the content of dipyrimidine blocks in DNA of Brevibacterium linens and Arthrobacter globiformis, in which the quantity of dipyrimidines is almost the same (13.9 and 14.4 mole %) . A new characteristic, the selected mean value, is suggested to evaluate differences in the distribution of pyrimidines in DNA. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Mar, 28(3), 222 - 8 Studies of the mode of action of amiclenomycin; Hotta K et al.; Amiclenomycin (AM) was found to be a strong inhibitor of KAPA-DAPA aminotransferase of Brevibacterium divaricatum . This transamination was suggested to follow Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism . Inhibition of this transamination by AM is of a noncompetitive type in a Lineweaver-Burk plot of initial velocity, but not in a Dixon plot . The activity of KAPA-DAPA aminotransferase drops abruptly after preincubation with AM, but its activity is restored by dialysis against 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) . Inhibition by AM is decreased by an increase of KAPA in the reaction mixture, but not by an increase of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) or pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PALP) . These facts indicate that AM exerts its inhibitory action against KAPA-DAPA aminotransferase by binding to the enzyme, probably to the KAPA-DAPA binding site.
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