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| Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1984 Jan-Feb, 20(1), 95 - 100 {Cyanide-resistant oxygen consumption of the lysine-synthesizing bacteria Brevibacterium flavum 22 LD}; Toma MK et al.; The growth of the culture and biosynthesis of lysin were studied in Brevibacterium flavum 22 LD cultivated in a chemostat . During cultivation the flow rate of the medium and the partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the medium were varied . The maximum yield of lysine, calculated in respect to the sucrose consumed, (Yp = g lysine . HCl/g sucrose) was registered when cyanide-resistant oxygen consumption was the least . A change of the cultivation conditions provoked a decrease of Yp value and a simultaneous increase in cyanide-resistant respiration . Possible reasons of the phenomena observed are discussed. J Biol Chem, 1983 Nov 10, 258(21), 12929 - 33 In vivo 15N NMR studies of regulation of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production by Brevibacterium lactofermentum; Haran N et al.; Glutamic acid producer Brevibacterium lactofermentum intact cells were used to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo 15N NMR to follow nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production throughout the growth cycle . The induction of glutamic acid production by different growth conditions was studied . Intracellular and extracellular levels of free metabolites were estimated as function of oxygen supply and biotin concentration . 15N NMR enabled us to distinguish two phases during the fermentation . At the early stage of fermentation, glutamic acid was accumulated intracellularly independent of oxygen supply and no product was excreted . In the late growth phase, the permeability of the cells developed and L-glutamic acid was excreted . The effect of aeration and biotin concentration on cellular contents and excretion was also studied by 15N NMR . Glutamate, N-acetylglutamine, and glutamine were the main nitrogenous pools independent of cell culture conditions . Free ammonia was not accumulated intracellularly although glutamic acid fermentation can be characterized as the process of nitrogen assimilation and the uptake of ammonia is the key step . In conclusion, the application of in vivo 15N NMR spectroscopy unraveled various problems of nitrogen metabolism, in a rapid and nondestructive manner. J Bacteriol, 1983 Sep, 155(3), 1123 - 9 Transport of aromatic amino acids by Brevibacterium linens; Boyaval P et al.; Whole metabolizing Brevibacterium linens cells were used to study the transport of aromatic amino acids . Kinetic results followed the Michaelis-Menten equation with apparent Km values for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan of 24, 3.5, and 1.8 microM . Transport of these amino acids was optimum at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees C for phenylalanine and pH 8.0 and 35 degrees C for tyrosine and tryptophan . Crossed inhibitions were all noncompetitive . The only marked stereospecificity was for the L form of phenylalanine . Transport was almost totally inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone . Iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide were much more inhibitory for tryptophan transport than for transport of the other two aromatic amino acids. Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Sep-Oct, 52(5), 739 - 43 {Coordinated regulation of the enzyme activity of glucose transport and metabolism in Brevibacterium flavum}; Ruklish MP et al.; A coordination was established between the rate of glucose transport and the activity of enzymes involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (CAC) in Brevibacterium flavum cells producing lysine: the rate of glucose transport and the activity of enzymes catalysing glycolysis increased when the activity of CAC enzymes decreased and vice versa . The activity of glycolytic enzymes and the rate of glucose transport in the cells increased also when electron transport through the respiration chain was inhibited and when oxidation and phosphorylation in the respiration chain were uncoupled . The rate of ATP synthesis in the cells is presumed to coordinate the rate of glucose transport and the activity of glycolytic and CAC enzymes in the cells. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1983 Sep-Oct, 19(5), 590 - 8 {Effect of antibiotics on 5'-inosinic acid biosynthesis by a Brevibacterium ammoniagenes mutant}; Balabushevich MI et al.; The effect of streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin and penicillin on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosinic acid (IMP) by the mutant strain Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was studied . It has been found that the efficiency of antibiotic action depends not only in its concentration but on the age of the culture . When the antibiotics were introduced into the culture broth at the beginning of fermentation, they inhibited the culture growth and accumulation of IMP in the cultural medium . Only after 36-72 hours of cultivation the addition of the antibiotics stimulated the biosynthesis . All the antibiotics tested when adding at the definite for each of them period of fermentation and at the definite concentration stimulated the accumulation of IMP . The stimulating effect appears to be connected with an increase in permeability . A considerable increase in the number of anormalous elongated and swollen cells and, as a rule, in the protein content of the cultural supernatant indicates the fact . Streptomycin and kanamycin were the most efficient antibiotics, as they increased the IMP yield from 10.4 to 17.5 g/l. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1983 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 490 - 7 {Effect of technical threonine sources on homoserine biosynthesis by mutant Brevibacteruim flavum 2T}; Shil'nikova II et al.; The effect of threonine technical sources on the homoserine biosynthesis by the threonine auxotroph Brevibacterium flavum 2T when cultivated on sucrose and acetic acid containing media was investigated . Various threonine sources (corn extract and fodder yeast, microbial biomass and soybean meal hydrolyzates) prepared by means of different hydrolyzing agents (acids, enzymes, autolysis) were used . The most effective substrate was protein--vitamin concentrate hydrolyzate, particularly combined with corn extract in the ratio 1: 0,25-0.5 (with respect to the dry weight of the initial material) . The homoserine yield was 16.2 g/l on the sucrose containing medium and 18.4 g/l on the acetic acid containing medium which was in agreement with controls . The medium containing pure threonine was used as a control . With other threonine sources (corn extract, protein-vitamin concentrate autolyzate and enzymolyzate, fodder yeast and soybean meal hydrolyzates), the homoserine production was significantly lower, i.e . 40-70% of the control . The content of amino acids (threonine, isoleucine, methionine) in the initial material and their suitability for the homoserine biosynthesis were found to be correlated . The substrates with a high content of threonine (over 3.5%) and a low content of methionine (below 0.5%) proved most effective . The use of the material in which the ratio threonine: methionine was less than 6.0 caused the homoserine biosynthesis to be partially replaced with that of lysine. Anal Biochem, 1983 Jul 1, 132(1), 160 - 4 Microbial production of L-{15N}glutamic acid and its gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis; Kahana ZE et al.; L-{15N}Glutamic acid was prepared in high yields via a fermentative process . Brevibacterium lactofermentum, growing on a medium containing 97% enriched 15NH4Cl as a sole isotopic precursor, excreted mostly L-{15N}glutamic acid . The L-{15N}glutamic acid was purified and identified . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to demonstrate its usefulness in clinical studies. J Gen Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 129 (Pt 6), 1831 - 8 A phylogenetic analysis of the family Dermatophilaceae; Stackebrandt E et al.; The comparative analysis of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) of Geodermatophilus obscurus DSM 43060 and Dermatophilus congolensis DSM 43037 revealed that these members of the family Dermatophilaceae were only remotely related . While G . obscurus represented an individual and separate line of descent within the phylogenetically defined order Actinomycetales, D . congolensis was closely related to representatives of Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, Cellulomonas, Brevibacterium, Promicromonospora and Microbacterium. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol, 1983 May, 19(5), 681 - 6 Immunotherapy of B-16 melanoma with peptidoglycan monomer; Hrsak I et al.; B-16 melanoma-bearing mice received intravenously or intratumorally one or multiple injections of peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) derived from Brevibacterium divaricatum cell wall . Multiple injections of this non-toxic, water-soluble, low-molecular-weight peptidoglycan reduced the growth rate of tumor nodule on the leg, but did not significantly prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice . One milligram of PGM administered 3 or 7 days after tumor inoculation inhibited formation of pulmonary metastases, induced either by intravenous injection of malignant cells or seeded spontaneously from tumor nodules in the legs before amputation . The inhibition reached about 50% of control values in saline-treated mice . Addition of PGM to in vitro cultures of B-16 melanoma cells did not change their growth rate . The phagocytic activity in the lungs, but not in the spleen and liver, was significantly augmented 3 and 7 days after treatment with PGM . These data indicate that the antimetastatic potency of PGM is probably due to activation of local (pulmonary) macrophages and not due to direct cytotoxic effects on B-16 melanoma cells or to activation of systemic antineoplastic defence. J Gen Microbiol, 1983 May, 129 (Pt 5), 1433 - 71 Identification key for coryneform bacteria derived by numerical taxonomic studies; Seiler H; Six main groups were formed from a complete linkage dendrogram on 557 bacteria tested for 53 physiological features . The organisms were obtained from culture collections and included representatives of the following genera: Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Caseobacter, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, Curtobacterium, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Oerskovia and Rhodococcus . The six groups were individually subjected to a numerical taxonomic analysis based on linkage maps, which resulted in a total of 33 subclusters . An identification key to determine the affiliation of the bacteria to the six main clusters and five group-specific schemes is presented . Reference strains are proposed for the 33 subclusters. Anal Biochem, 1983 May, 131(1), 93 - 8 Microbial fermentative preparation of L-{15N2}lysine and its tracer: application to serum amino acid kinetic studies; Irving CS et al.; The microorganism Brevibacterium flavum 21129 has been used to produce multigram batches of L-{15N2}lysine of high purity and isotopic enrichment by supplementation of the growth medium with (15NH4)2SO4 of 98.0 atom% excess . The doubly 15N-labeled lysine can be detected at dilutions 10 times greater than singly labeled lysine when isotope dilution curves are analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . This enhanced sensitivity permits kinetic measurements of plasma free-lysine isotope content over a 300-fold dilution during 6 h following a single oral bolus of 5 mg/kg body wt . This inexpensive preparation method lends itself to the production of highly useful biochemical compounds for kinetic studies of human nutrition. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1983 May, 223(1), 297 - 308 Purification and properties of a NAD-linked 1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase from propane-grown Pseudomonas fluorescens NRRL B-1244; Hou CT et al.; NAD-dependent 1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.4) activity was detected in cell-free crude extracts of various propane-grown bacteria . The enzyme activity was much lower in 1-propanol-grown cells than in propane-grown cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens NRRL B-1244, indicating that the enzyme may be inducible by metabolites of propane subterminal oxidation . 1,2-Propanediol dehydrogenase was purified from propane-grown Ps . fluorescens NRRL B-1244 . The purified enzyme fraction shows a single-protein band upon acrylamide gel electrophoresis and has a molecular weight of 760,000 . It consists of 10 subunits of identical molecular weight (77,600) . It oxidizes diols that possess either two adjacent hydroxy groups, or a hydroxy group with an adjacent carbonyl group . Primary and secondary alcohols are not oxidized . The pH and temperature optima for 1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase are 8.5 and 20-25 degrees C, respectively . The activation energy calculated is 5.76 kcal/mol . 1,2-Propanediol dehydrogenase does not catalyze the reduction of acetol or acetoin in the presence of NADH (reverse reaction) . The Km values at 25 degrees C, pH 7.0, buffer solution for 1,2-propan1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase are 8.5 and 20-25 degrees C, respectively . The activation energy calculated is 5.76 kcal/mol . 1,2-Propanediol dehydrogenase does not catalyze the reduction of acetol or acetoin in the presence of NADH (reverse reaction) . The Km values at 25 degrees C, pH 7.0, buffer solution for 1,2-propan1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase are 8.5 and 20-25 degrees C, respectively . The activation energy calculated is 5.76 kcal/mol . 1,2-Propanediol dehydrogenase does not catalyze the reduction of acetol or acetoin in the presence of NADH (reverse reaction) . The Km values at 25 degrees C, pH 7.0, buffer solution for 1,2-propanediol and NAD are 2 X 10(-2) and 9 X 10(-5) M, respectively . The 1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by strong thiol reagents, but not by metal-chelating agents . The amino acid composition of the purified enzyme was determined . Antisera prepared against purified 1,2-propanediol dehydrogenase from propane-grown Ps . fluorescens NRRL B-1244 formed homologous precipitin bands with isofunctional enzymes derived from propane-grown Arthrobacter sp . NRRL B-11315, Nocardia paraffinica ATCC 21198, and Mycobacterium sp . P2y, but not from propane-grown Pseudomonas multivorans ATCC 17616 and Brevibacterium sp . ATCC 14649, or 1-propanol-grown Ps . fluorescens NRRL B-1244 . Isofunctional enzymes derived from methane-grown methylotrophs also showed different immunological and catalytic properties. FEBS Lett, 1983 Jan 24, 151(2), 303 - 6 A high yield method for the preparative synthesis of coenzyme A by combination of chemical and enzymic reactions; Shimizu S et al.; Dried cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes are a good enzyme source for the preparative synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid, L-cysteine and ATP . A problem with this synthesis is that the CoA synthesis is repressed by negative feedback inhibition by CoA to pantothenate kinase, the first step enzyme for the biosynthesis of CoA, which catalyses phosphorylation of pantothenic acid or pantetheine . As the inhibition operates only at this step, a further increased yield is possible if the enzymic phosphorylation step is replaced with chemical synthesis . Yields from phosphorylated substrates are more than 10-times higher than those from pantothenic acid or pantetheine (33 g/l from phosphopantothenic acid with a molar yield of 86%; 115 g/l from phosphopantetheine with a molar yield of 100%). Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1983, 15(2), 84 - 6 Immunotherapy of Lewis lung carcinoma with hydrosoluble peptidoglycan monomer (PGM); Sava G et al.; The water-soluble peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) isolated from the culture fluid of Brevibacterium divaricatum, which has immunostimulating activity, has been examined for its antitumor effects in C57BL mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma . The formation of spontaneous lung metastases from SC tumor implants is significantly inhibited . The growth of SC primary tumors, including advanced ones, is also significantly inhibited, though to a less pronounced extent than the growth of metastases . The effects on metastases are evident with all treatment schedules used, whereas those on SC primary tumors are treatment schedule-dependent . The treatment with PGM was found to be therapeutically useful when combined with surgical removal of IM implants; in conditions where a single post-operative treatment was ineffective, combined post-operative and immediately pre-operative administration of PGM significantly increased (by 40%) the survival time of treated animals over that of controls undergoing surgery only. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1982 Nov 19, 708(3), 305 - 12 Structure of bacterial fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Morishima N et al.; Hydrodynamic measurements and a cross-linking study with dimethyl suberimidate have shown that the native fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes is a hexameric protein having a molecular weight of 1.56 . 10(6) . The subunits of the enzyme are identical in size (Mr 2.6 . 10(5) . The negatively stained fatty acid synthetase had an electron microscopic image of ellipsoidal structure with major and minor axes approximately equal to 270 A and 180 A, respectively . The electron microscopic image is similar to that of the yeast enzyme, which is quite distinct from the B . ammoniagenes enzyme with respect to the subunit composition . The inactivated enzyme prepared by dialysis against a lower ionic strength solution was partially reactivated by raising the ionic strength . Ellipsoidal images similar to those of the native enzyme were found in the electron micrograph of the reactivated enzyme . Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the reactivated enzyme sample showed that the active component had almost the same sedimentation coefficient as the native hexamer . These results indicate that the enzyme is active only in its hexameric state. Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Nov-Dec, 51(6), 926 - 31 {Sensitivity of the oxygen absorption process in Brevibacterium flavum to pH changes in the medium and the action of an oxidation and phosphorylation uncoupler}; Shvinka IuE et al.; The rate of oxygen uptake (QO2) was shown to increase in the chemostat culture of a Brevibacterium flavum 22 LD auxotrophic strain at D = 0.13 h-1 after addition of chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone . The index of respiration control reached 1.6 . The QO2 temporarily increased or decreased, respectively, when the quasi steady-state of the culture was disturbed by an acid or alkaline pulse . The quantity of oxygen required for compensating changes in the pH of the medium was expressed as O/H+ and O/OH-ratios which were equal to 3.35 X 10(-2) and 6.25 X 10(-2), respectively . The effect of respiration control was not manifested in the prototrophic B . flavum strain in the conditions of carbon and energy limitation . However, at a carbon substrate excess, the QO2 of the strain increased when the medium was acidified for a short period of time or chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone was added to it. Genetika, 1982 Sep, 18(9), 1397 - 401 {Incorporation of adenine derivatives into the cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ganA mutants producers of inosinic acid}; Nudler AA et al.; The ganA mutants (growth ability with nucleotides), overproducers of inosinic acid, were isolated with the aid of specially developed techniques aimed at obtaining mutants with the increased ability of assimilating adenine derivatives . The selection techniques used, as well as certain properties of ganA mutants distinguishing them from their parent strains auxotropic for adenine, led to suggesting that ganA mutation affects cell permeability for exogenous adenine derivatives . The present paper reports on a comparative study of two ganA mutants and their parent strains regarding their ability to grow on a minimal medium supplemented with various concentrations of adenine, adenosine on adenylic acid . The mutants grew better than the initial strains at concentrations of adenine or adenosine ranging from 0.005 to 0.05 mM and at a concentration of adenylic acid equal to 0.5 mM or higher . The enhanced ability of ganA mutants of assimilate exogenous adenine sources was found to correlate with an increased rate of 14C-adenine and 3H-adenosine uptake by cells . The results indicate that the ganA mutation leads to an increased permeability of adenine-dependent Brevibacterium ammoniagenes cells for adenine derivatives and suggest a participation of this gene in the formation of the cell envelope. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Aug, 128 (Pt 8), 1697 - 708 Nucleic acid hybridization studies on Microbacterium, Curtobacterium, Agromyces and related taxa; Dopfer H et al.; Thirty strains of Agromyces, Arthrobacter, Curtobacterium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Microbacterium, exhibiting the rare peptidoglycan of group B, were subjected to extensive nucleic acid hybridization studies . The DNA homology values indicate that Corynebacterium insidiosum DSM 20157 is genetically identical with Corynebacterium michiganense DSM 20134 . Corynebacterium sepedonicum NCPPB 378 and Corynebacterium nebraskense DSM 20400 are closely related to Corynebacterium michiganense DSM 20134 . Corynebacterium betae DSM 20141, Corynebacterium oortii ATCC 25283 and Corynebacterium poinsettiae ATCC 9682 are genetically identical with Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens DSM 20129 . In addition, Curtobacterium citreum ATCC 15828, Curtobacterium luteum ATCC 15830 and Curtobacterium pusillum ATCC 19096 share a high degree of relatedness to Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens DSM 20129 . All other described species are more distantly related to each other . DNa-rRNA cistron similarity studies reveal that all corynebacterium with a peptidoglycan group B are members of one homogeneous cluster for which the rank of a genus is suggested. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1982 May-Jun, 18(3), 310 - 5 {Effect of the carbon source and aeration conditions on homoserine lysine biosynthesis in the threonine-dependent mutant Brevibacterium flavum 2T}; Zaitseva ZM et al.; The effect of two carbon sources (sucrose and acetate), aeration conditions and threonine concentration on the homoserine and lysine biosynthesis by the threonine-dependent mutant Brevibacterium flavum 2T was examined . It was demonstrated that acetate provided the predominant synthesis of homoserine to a far greater extent than sucrose (with the weight/weight ratio of homoserine : lysine being 2.5-5.0 and 0.8-1,2, respectively) . The maximal level of homoserine and lysine was 18-21 and 3-7 g/l on the acetate containing medium and 18-22 and 12-16 g/l on the sucrose containing medium, respectively . On sucrose the total amount of amino acids and the total yield of products as related to the consumed substrate were greater than on acetate . Using the sucrose medium, the effect of aeration conditions and threonine concentration on the biosynthesis of both compounds was investigated . With an aeration increase from 1.3 to 4.6 g O2/l.hr the optimal concentration of threonine in the medium grow . The biosynthesis of homoserine was less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of excessive threonine than that of lysine . With an increase of the threonine concentration in the medium from 0.25 to 3.0 g/l the ratio homoserine : lysine grew from 1.03 to 5.20 (with the sulphite number being 4.6 g O2/l.hr) . This effect was independent of the aeration conditions. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Apr, 91(4), 1163 - 71 Methionine biosynthesis in Brevibacterium flavum: properties and essential role of O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase; Ozaki H et al.; Out of 27 strains of methionine auxotrophs of Brevibacterium flavum, 14 strains did not grow on homoserine but grew on O-acetylhomoserine, and all were found to lack homoserine O-acetyltransferase {EC 2.3.1.31} alone . Another 3 strains did not grow on O-acetylhomoserine but grew on homocysteine, and the two strains tested were found to lack O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase (AHS) alone, without any changes in the activities of cystathionine gamma-synthase {EC4.2.99.9} and beta-cystathionase {EC 4.4.1.8} . Prototrophic revertants of the AHS-lacking mutants showed concomitant reversion of AHS activity . None of the methionine auxotrophs grew on cystathionine . From these results it was concluded that the methionine biosynthetic pathway of this bacterium involves formation of O-acetylhomoserine from homoserine by the action of homoserine O-acetyltransferase, and direct formation of homocysteine from O-acetylhomoserine by the AHS reaction . AHS synthesis was strongly repressed by methionine . AHS was purified to 70% purity . The purified preparation was activated by pyridoxal phosphate after treatment with hydroxylamine . The enzyme showed a molecular weight of 360,000, an optimum pH of 8.7 for activity, and specifically reacted with O-acetyl-L-homoserine and showed with O-acetyl-L-serine one hundredth as much activity as that with O-acetylo -homoserine, but did not show activity with O-succinyl-L-homoserine, homoserine, or serine . The Km values for O-acetylhomoserine and H2S were 2.0 mM and 0.08 mM, respectively . The enzyme was inhibited 50, 23 . and 29% by 10 mM L-methionine, l-homoserine, and O-acetyl-L-serine, respectively, but it was not inhibited by cystathionine or S-adenosyl-L-methionine. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Apr, 35(4), 441 - 9 A preferential isolation procedure for asporogenous Gram-positive bacteria; Wakisaka Y et al.; A preferential isolation procedure was devised for asporogenous (Asp), Gram-positive (Gp), aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria which included the genera Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium, Mycobacterium, and Micrococcus (Asp-Gp bacteria) . An antibiotics-mixture agar which contained 5 to 10 micrograms per ml of colistin, 10 to 20 micrograms per ml of nalidixic acid and 30 micrograms per ml of cycloheximide was used in the isolation . Using this technique 47 Asp-Gp bacteria representing 26 subgroups of coryneform bacteria and Micrococcus were isolated from 3 soil samples . The method was far more efficient than the standard dilution-plate technique . This preferential method is available to isolate Asp-Gp bacteria from a sample containing about 500-fold more of other Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1982 Mar-Apr, 18(2), 237 - 44 {Study of nucleotide biosynthesis by cultured Brevibacterium ammoniagenes using P31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy}; Bazdyreva NM et al.; Using P31 nuclear magnetic resonance, transformations of phosphorous compounds by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 in the course of fermentation aimed at the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were investigated . It was found that the NAD synthesis by the cells treated with surface active substances was markedly influenced by the presence of a small (initial) ATP quantity and was unaffected by an addition of the synthetic polyphosphate (n-40) . It was demonstrated that the cells which were not treated with surface active substances contained orthophosphate, carbohydrate monophosphates, and minor quantities of nucleoside triphosphates, polyphosphates, mono- and dinucleotides . After treatment with surface active substances the cells lost these compounds . It is suggested that polyphosphates of the cell and adenosine monophosphate synthesized during its autolysis may enhance the recovery of the ATP level required to trigger glycolysis which serves as the major producer of ATP in the absence of oxidative phosphorylation. Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Mar-Apr, 51(2), 194 - 8 {Carbon isotope fractionation by aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms}; Ivlev AA et al.; The isotope effects of carbon were studied in auxotrophic mutants of the following aerobic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium, Bacillus subtilis, Brevibacterium and Micrococcus glutamicus . Intramolecular isotope heterogeneity was found in position of the total carbon differed from that of the carbon of the carboxyl in the amino acid . In the lysine released by Corynebacterium grown on acetate, the carboxyl carbon is enriched with 13C by 8%o comparing with the total carbon of the amino acid; in the lysine liberated by Brevibacterium flavum, the carboxylic carbon is enriched with 13C by 3.5%o . These and other peculiarities of the intramolecular distribution of carbon isotopes in amino acids should be attributed to diverse pathways of their biosynthesis in different organisms. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Jan, 91(1), 11 - 8 Propionyl-Coa induced synthesis of even-chain-length fatty acids by fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Arai K et al.; The product distribution of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes fatty acid synthetase has been investigated using propionyl-CoA instead of acetyl-CoA as the primer . The synthetase produces not only an odd-numbered fatty acid (heptadecanoic acid) but also even-numbered fatty acids (stearic and oleic acids) in the presence of propionyl-CoA . The amounts of heptadecanoic, stearic and oleic acids increased with increasing concentration of propionyl-CoA . However, the formation of heptadecenoic acid (C17:1) was not observed under any conditions tested . The failure of C17:1 synthesis suggested that the enzyme component catalyzing the beta, gamma-dehydration, which is responsible for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, has a high degree of chain length specificity . Under standard assay conditions, stearic acid predominated and heptadecanoic and oleic acids were found in lesser amounts . Mass spectrometric analyses of fatty acids synthesized either from {2H}propionyl-CoA or in 2H2O revealed that propionyl-CoA is utilized as the priming substrate for the synthesis of heptadecanoic acid and that an acetyl residues, which is formed by the decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA, served as the priming substrate for the syntheses of stearic and oleic acids . No evidence was obtained for the direct decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA in this reaction . It is concluded that the decarboxylation of the malonyl moiety bound to the synthetase occurs efficiently only in the course of fatty acid synthesis . A hypothetical scheme is presented to explain the propionyl-CoA-dependent decarboxylation of the malonyl moiety. Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Jan-Feb, 51(1), 17 - 20 {Functional characteristics of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in bacteria producing lysine}; Ruklish MP et al.; Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, or PEP-c (EC 4.1.1.31), was shown to be the only enzyme catalyzing anaplerotic synthesis of oxalacetic acid in Brevibacterium flavum synthesizing lysine . Acetyl-CoA is required for the operation of PEP-c in the strains . Changes in the activity of PEP-c did not entirely correlate with those of the citric acid cycle enzymes . Hence, PEP-c is involved not only in the citric acid cycle, but also in other functions of the cell . A correlation has been found between changes in the activity of PEP-c, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and lysine production in B . flavum. Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Jan-Feb, 51(1), 125 - 9 {Differentiation of the genera of coryneform bacteria synthesizing amino acids and nucleotides}; Baryshnikova LM et al.; The morphological, cultural, physio-biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties as well as the content of GC in DNA were studied in coryneform bacterial strains producing amino acids and nucleotides . It has been shown that Brevibacterium ammoniagenes VKM 672, B . flavum 317A, B . stationis CCM 317 and Corynebacterium VSTI 301 should be assigned to the genus Corynebacterium . The taxonomic significance of chemotaxonomic and physio-biochemical properties is discussed on the basis of the results obtained and the data reported in literature . Apparently, coryneform bacterial genera having such chemotaxonomic properties as meso-DAPA, arabinose galactose and mycolic acids are related, and their physio-biochemical characteristics reflect the evolutionary development of coryneform bacterial groups in the course of which they have adapted to various ecological niches. Eur J Biochem, 1982 Jan, 121(2), 365 - 70 Incorporation of deoxyribonucleosides into DNA of coryneform bacteria and the relevance of deoxyribonucleoside kinases; Auling G et al.; In order to obtain basic knowledge of the salvage pathways for DNA synthesis, the ability of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 and Micrococcus luteus ATCC 15932 for incorporation of nucleobases and nucleosides was investigated . Only adenine and uracil are incorporated by B . ammoniagenes, whereas M . luteus additionally can utilize deoxyadenosine and, less efficiently, thymidine . In M . luteus, the demonstration of deoxyadenosine kinase and thymidine kinase explains the incorporation data . Uptake of thymidine is of short duration because of rapid breakdown of exogenously supplied thymidine to thymine . At a 540-fold excess pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides inhibit 14C incorporation from thymidine nearly totally and purine deoxyribonucleosides cut by half the uptake rate, probably by interfering with transport of thymidine . However, as no cessation of thymidine incorporation occurs at these concentrations of purine deoxyribonucleosides, incorporation is finally enhanced . During the initial period of this reduced uptake considerable protection of thymidine from breakdown to thymine is provided by deoxyguanosine, but not by deoxyadenosine . At a 108-fold excess there is actually no inhibition of thymidine uptake by deoxyguanosine and only an insignificant impairment by deoxyadenosine resulting in an ultimate enhancement of 14C incorporation up to 20% of the exogenously supplied thymidine . As there is no salvage pathway for thymidine in B . ammoniagenes due to the absence of thymidine kinase, labelling with adenine and hydrolyzing of the 'contaminated' RNA fraction with 1 M KOH is recommended for measurements of overall DNA synthesis in this strain. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1981 Dec, 47(5), 449 - 53 Brevibacterium sp . from poultry; Mohan K; Two isolates of methanethiol producing coryneform bacteria sharing morphological and physiological similarities with Brevibacterium are described . They were isolated from bumble-foot-like manifestations of poultry but proved to be non-pathogenic for experimental animals. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Dec, 90(6), 1697 - 704 Steric course of deuterium incorporation from {2-2H2}malonyl-CoA into fatty acids by fatty acid synthetases; Saito K et al.; The steric course of the enoyl reduction catalyzed by fatty acid synthetase was investigated with the enzymes from bakers' yeast, rat liver and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes . The non-enzymic hydrogen-deuterium exchange of the methylene group of malonyl-CoA was studied by NMR spectroscopy . The half-life period of the methylene protons was 4.8 min at 37 degrees C and 12.2 min at 23 degrees C at p2H 7.5 . Deuterium-labeled fatty acids were synthesized by incubating the synthetases with {2-2H2}malonyl-CoA for 8 min . The deuterium-labeled fatty acids thus produced were extracted and subjected to the action of acyl-CoA oxidase, which had been previously shown to catalyze the anti elimination of the pro-2R and pro-3R hydrogens of acyl-CoA . The resulting products, 2,3-dehydroacyl-CoAs, were methylated and converted to 3-chlorofatty acid methyl esters by addition of hydrogen chloride . The deuterium contents of saturated fatty acids and 3-chlorofatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . The oleic acid produced by the enzyme from B . ammoniagenes was oxidized to nonanoic acid and azelaic acid . The resulting nonanoic acid was also subjected to the action of acyl-CoA oxidase . The deuterium contents of nonanoic acid and trans-2-nonenoic acid were analyzed . The results suggested that fatty acid synthetase from yeast and rat liver incorporated hydrogen from water via a 2-Si attack and the enzyme from B . ammoniagenes incorporated hydrogen via a 2-Re attack during enoyl reduction . The partial racemization of the C-2 position was observed and the magnitude of this racemization was correlated with the deuterium content of synthesized fatty acids . This phenomenon may be attributed to the non-stereospecific hydrogen exchange of the C-2 position of the elongating acyl residue catalyzed by fatty acid synthetases. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1981 Nov-Dec, 17(6), 832 - 6 {Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide synthesis by microorganisms}; Kutseva LS et al.; The ability of five bacterial strains, i.e., Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 14067, Brevibacterium 22, Corynebacterium ATCC 21084, Micrococcus glutamicus ATCC 13032, to utilize exogenous precursors (nicotinamide and adenine or ATP) was investigated during NAD synthesis under fermentation conditions and during incubation of acetone-dried cells . It was found that dry cells of Brevibacterium three strains were most active . However, under fermentation conditions Br . flavum ATCC 14067 and Brevibacterium 22 accumulated NAD in the amounts 3J4 times lower than the well-known producer Br . ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 . One of the possible factors responsible for the low yield of NAD by Brevibacterium 22 under fermentation conditions can be the reduced ribose synthesis. Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Sep-Oct, 50(5), 763 - 8 {Energy dependence of glucose transport in Brevibacterium flavum cells}; Marauska DF et al.; Glucose transport by Brevibacterium flavum is accomplished against the concentration gradient without group translocation . The membrane electrochemical potential is presumed to serve as an energy donor in the process of glucose transport . Phosphorylation of glucose in the cells involves ATP and D-glucose-6-phosphotransferase . Glucose preservation in the cell is also an energy-dependent process. Biokhimiia, 1981 Jul, 46(7), 1307 - 14 {Specific effect of endonucleases from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes on DNA}; Basnak'ian AG et al.; The previously described deoxyribonucleases from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes have been characterized . It was shown that they are endonucleases with molecular weights of 60 000 (I), 10 000 (II) and 20 000 (III) . The rate of endonuclease I effect on native DNA exceeded that on the denatured DNA 2-fold . The mechanism of its action is of a single hit type . The enzyme hydrolyzes two chains of DNA simultaneously in two symmetrical sites and splits the bond 5'-P to form fragments with terminal 5'-OH and 3'-P . Endonuclease I was characterized as deoxyribonucleate-3'-oligonucleotide hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.6). J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 May, 89(5), 1493 - 500 Feedback inhibition by methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, and desensitization of homoserine O-acetyltransferase in Brevibacterium flavum; Shiio I et al.; Homoserine O-acetyltransferase {EC 2.3.1.31} partially purified from Brevibacterium flavum was found to be specifically inhibited by the metabolic end products methionine and S-adenosylmethionine only when the enzymatic reaction was performed in the presence of cysteine or dithiothreitol, or after the preincubation of the enzyme with either of the sulfhydryl compounds . p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate desensitized the enzyme to inhibition . Concentrations of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine giving 50% inhibition were 4.8 and 0.26 mM, respectively, and 0.5 mM S-adenosylmethionine showed almost complete inhibition . No synergistic action by the two inhibitors was found . Optimum pHs were 7.5 and 8.5 for the inhibition by methionine and S-adenosylmethionine, respectively . The inhibitions by the former and the latter were of mixed type and non-competitive respectively, with respect to both substrates, homoserine and acetyl-CoA . Plots of the reaction rate against concentration of the inhibitors were sigmoidal, indicating the presence of co-operativity . N-Formylmethionine, alpha-methylmethionine, trifluoromethionine, selenomethionine, ethionine or S-adenosylhomocysteine inhibited the enzyme to almost the same extent as methionine or S-adenosylmethionine . The enzyme irreversibly lost sensitivity to inhibition during extraction or storage . Sensitivity was retained by the addition of cysteine, dithiothreitol, homoserine (substate), or glycerol. J Biol Chem, 1981 Jan 25, 256(2), 586 - 8 Transmembrane movement of cholesterol in small unilamellar vesicles detected by cholesterol oxidase; Backer JM et al.; Greater than 90% of the cholesterol in small unilamellar vesicles composed of egg lecithin and cholesterol (molar ratio 1:0.7) was oxidized by a cholesterol oxidase from Brevibacterium sp., with a single time constant and a half-time of 1 min at 37 degrees C . The enzyme preparation used was at least 95% pure and possessed no detectable phospholipase C activity . Since cholesterol is present in both halves of the bilayer, it was concluded that transmembrane movement of cholesterol in these vesicles occurs with a half-time of 1 min or less at 37 degrees C. J Invest Dermatol, 1981 Jan, 76(1), 21 - 3 Interactions between dermatophyte fungi and staphylococci or Brevibacterium in vitro; Ryall C et al.; Interactions between dermatophyte fungi and staphylococci or brevibacteria on a new skin-based culture medium are described . Penicillin production by the fungus selects penicillin resistant S . aureus or B . epidermidis . Fungi are inhibited by brevibacteria but not by the staphylococci . "Keratolysis" by fungi may contribute to the growth nutrients of staphylococci. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Nov-Dec, 49(6), 952 - 60 {Development cycles of coryneform and Nocardia-like bacteria}; Nesterenko OA et al.; The growth cycles and the types of cell separation were studied in a microchamber with the collection strains of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATTC 6871, B . helvolum ATCC 19239, B . linens CCM 47 and ATCC 9174, B . maris VKM B-464 and B . stationis ATCC 14403, as well as with the strains of the genus Rhodococcus isolated from soils, viz . R . maris sp . nov . IMB 283 and R . luteus sp . nov . IMB 385 . According to the increasing complexity of cellular morphological transformation in the life cycle, the organisms may be arranged in a series: R . maris -- B . ammoniagenes -- B . stationis -- B . linens -- B . helvolum -- R . luteus . The first three organisms are characterized by the snapping type of separation of short rod-like daughter cells . The cells of B . linens separate by both the snapping and bending types . The coccoid cells of B . helvolum ATCC 19239 produce many buds which are transformed into rod-like cells in the course of growth . In the log phase of growth, both true and false branching of the cells is observed; the latter is the result of a peculiar growth of the ends in the separated cells of B . helvolum . The cells of R . luteus form a rudimentary, rapidly fragmenting mycelium whose rod-like elements divide then by binary fission; the daughter cells separate the bending and snapping types. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Nov-Dec, 49(6), 880 - 7 {Ratio of coryneform bacteria to the organic substance concentration}; Baryshnikova LM et al.; The effect of various organic substances and their concentrations on growth was studied with 10 strains of coryneform bacteria belonging to different taxonomic groups . The dynamics of the cultural growth depended on the nature of a substrate, glucose or acetate . Arthrobacter globiformis 281, A . variabilis 289, Nocardia erythropolis 236, N . globerula 502, N . minima 311 and N . rhodochrous 435 had a higher growth rate on acetate than on glucose . A . pascens 284, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 334, Corynebacterium aquaticum 459 and C . michiganense 302 grew in a medium with glucose but not in a medium with acetate . The dependence of the maximal specific growth rate on the initial concentration of a carbon source was characterized, for all of the cultures, by high threshold concentrations of substrates (0.05--0.02 g per litre) and high Ks values (0.1--1.5 g per litre) which varied depending on the culture and the substrate . The dependence mu max = f(Cs) varied among different cultures and obeyed the Mono's equation only for B . ammoniagenes 334, C . aquaticum 459 and C . michiganense 302 . The results presented here are in agreement with the assumption that some coryneforms isolated from oligotrophic habitats may occupy the ecological niche of the dissipation microflora. J Bacteriol, 1980 Sep, 143(3), 1165 - 70 Enzymes involved in 3,5-diaminohexanoate degradation by Brevibacterium sp; Barker HA et al.; Cell-free extracts of Brevibacterium sp . L5 grown on DL-erythro-3,5-diaminohexanoate were found to contain a 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate cleavage enzyme that converts 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate and acetyl-coenzyme A (CokA) to 3-aminobutyryl-CoA and acetoacetate and a deaminase that coverts L-3-aminobutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA . The cleavage enzyme has been purified extensively, and some of its properties have been determined for comparison with the 3-keto-6-acetamido-hexanoate cleavage enzyme of Pseudomonas sp . B4 . The deaminase has been partially purified and characterized . Both the cleavage enzyme and the deaminase are induced by growth on 3,5-diaminohexanoate . The presence of these and other accessory enzymes in Brevibacterium sp . extracts accounts for the results of earlier tracer experiments which showed that C-1 and C-2 of 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate are converted mainly to acetoacetate and acetate, whereas C-3 to C-6 are converted mainly to 3-hydroxybutyrate or its coenzyme A thiolester . The enzymes observed in extracts of Brevibacterium sp . can account for the conversion of 3,5-diaminohexanoate to acetyl-CoA. Arch Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 127(2), 105 - 14 Parameters of unbalanced growth and reversible inhibition of deoxyribnucleic acid synthesis in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 induced by depletion of Mn2+ . Inhibitor studies on the reversibility of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis; Auling G et al.; Unbalanced growth induced by depletion of manganese ions was a prerequisite for production of ribonucleotides in a high salt mineral medium with the wildtype strain Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872 . The concentration of manganese strictly controlled the overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, whereas ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein and cell wall synthesis remained essentially unimpaired in the manganese-lacking cells . The reversibility of inhibition of overall DNA synthesis was shown by enhanced incorporation (up to threefold compared to the cultures supplied with sufficient manganese) of {8-14C} adenine into alkali-stable, trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material after subsequent addition of 10 microM MnCl2 to 15 h-old depleted cultures . The results of inhibitor studies on the restoration of overall DNA synthesis due to subsequent addition of manganese ions to depleted cultures suggest that ribonucleotide reduction is the primary target of the manganese starvation during nucleotide fermentation with Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Aug, 88(2), 303 - 6 Substrate control of termination of fatty acid biosynthesis by fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes; Kawaguchi A et al.; The pattern of fatty acids produced by the fatty acid synthetase complex of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes under several conditions was examined . The fatty acid synthetase obtained from B . ammoniagenes produced oleic acid as well as saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) . The relative proportions of palmitic to stearic acids varied over a wide range . Such alterations were dependent on the malonyl-CoA concentration and the ratio of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA concentrations . At malonyl-CoA concentrations higher than 100 microM, stearic acid accounted for more than 90% of the saturated fatty acids and the pattern of fatty acid synthesized was independent on the ratio of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA . At malonyl-CoA concentrations lower than 100 microM, raising the acetyl-CoA/malonyl-CoA ratio increased the percentage of palmitic acid . However, the proportion of oleic acid produced remained almost constant under all conditions tested. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Jul, 88(1), 167 - 76 Purification and properties of dissociable chorismate mutase from Brevibacterium flavum; Sugimoto S et al.; Component B of chorismate mutase of Brevibacterium flavum, the first enzyme specific for phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, was purified to near homogeneity . The molecular weights of component B and its subunit were estimated to be 25,000 and 13,500, respectively . Component A (previously purified) or B alone did not show any chorismate mutase activity but together they showed activity . The enzyme activity was not proportional to the amount of the enzyme . The optimum pH of the reaction was 8.0 . Double-reciprocal plots of the reaction rate against chorismate concentration curved upwards . S0.5 and Hill coefficient values were estimated to be 5.5 mM and 3.1, respectively . The chorismate mutase component A and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthetase activities of component A were labile and were stabilized by tryptophan, dithiothreitol or cobalt ions . Phenylalanine and tyrosine inhibited the enzyme activity partially and competitively . The simultaneous presence of phenylalanine and tyrosine caused cumulative inhibition at saturated concentrations . The concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine plus tyrosine (each) giving 50% inhibition under the standard conditions were 0.0041, 0.095, and 0.0023 mM, respectively . Tryptophan activated the enzyme about 6-fold . The concentration giving the half-maximum activation was 0.0023 mM . Furthermore, tryptophan overcame the inhibition caused by phenylalanine and tyrosine . The tryptophan activation affected only S0.5, not the maximum velocity or the Hill coefficient . beta-2-Thienylalanine, m-fluorophenylalanine, alpha-methylphenylalanine, and phenylalanine hydroxamate inhibted the enzyme in the same way as phenylalaine, while tyrosine hydroxamate and alpha-methyltyrosine inhibited it in the same way as tyrosine . 4-Methyltryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, 6-fluorotryptophan, tryptophan hydroxamate, and alpha-methyltryptophan activated the enzyme in the same way as tryptophan. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1980 Jul, 88(1), 1 - 7 Stereochemical course of enoyl reduction catalyzed by fatty acid synthetase . Stereochemistry of hydrogen incorporation from reduced pyridine nucleotide; Kawaguchi A et al.; The stereochemical course of the enoyl reduction catalyzed by fatty acid synthetase was investigated using the enzymes from rat liver and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes . Deuterium-labeled fatty acids were synthesized by incubating the synthetases with either 4R-{4-2H1}- or 4S-{4-2H1}NADPH . The deuterium-labeled fatty acids thus produced were subjected to the action of a stereospecific enzyme, acyl-CoA oxidase . The deuterium-labeled fatty acids and 2,3-dehydroacyl thioesters, the products of acyl-CoA oxidase, were methylated and analyed for deuterium content by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . These experiments provided information to determine the configuration at the C-3 position of fatty acids formed by fatty acid synthetases . The results suggested that the stereochemistry of hydrogen (as hydride) incorporation from reduced pyridine nucleotides during enoyl reduction was different between rat liver and B . ammoniagenes synthetases: the enoyl reduction of rat liver enzyme involved the re-attack of hydride and that of B . ammoniagenes enzyme involved the si-attack of hydride. Mikrobiologiia, 1980 May-Jun, 49(3), 507 - 11 {Interaction in the phage-bacterium system}; Khlebopros TR et al.; The growth rate of the phage for Brevibacterium was studied as a function of the population of the host bacterium and its growth rate . The interaction was not additive when the phage-bacterium system was modeled in chemostat and in periodic regime . This fact was taken into account to describe more precisely and completely the qualitative characteristics of such a system as compared to models of the predator-victim type. J Gen Microbiol, 1980 May, 118(Pt 1), 29 - 37 Fatty acid, isoprenoid quinone and polar lipid composition in the classification of Curtobacterium and related taxa; Collins MD et al.; Strains representing the taxa Curtobacterium, Brevibacterium saperdae, B . testaceum, Corynebacterium betae, Cor . nebraskense and Cor . oortii were degraded by acid methanolysis and the non-hydroxylated fatty acid esters released were examined by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography . The major fatty acids in all strains were 12-methyltetradecanoic (anteiso C15) and 14-methylhexadecanoic (anteiso C17) acids which occurred together with other anteiso, iso and straight-chain acids . Polar lipids of the test strains were examined by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography . All organisms possessed very characteristic polar lipid patterns consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and a number of uncharacterized glycolipids . The menaquinone components of the test strains facilitated their division into two groups containing, respectively, nine isoprene units (viz . Curtobacterium citreum, Curt . luteum, Corynebacterium betae, Cor . flaccumfaciens, Cor . oortii, Cor . poinsettiae and Cor . nebraskense) and eleven and twelve isoprene units (viz . Brevibacterium saperdae, B . testaceum) . The results of the present study indicate that the genus Curtobacterium as presently recognized is a heterogeneous taxon containing two distinct centres of variation. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1980 Mar-Apr, 16(2), 178 - 84 {Adenine effect on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosinic acid by the mutant Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225-5}; Lukin NS et al.; The effect of a temperature rise from 28 to 37 degrees C on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid (IMP) by the mutant Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225-5 was studied . The inhibitory effect of increased temperature on the IMP biosynthesis was dependent on the adenine concentration . The study of IMP synthesis on the media with different adenine concentrations showed that adenine controlled not only the synthesis of purines de novo but also, to a larger extent, so-called salvage IMP synthesis from hypoxanthine . The effect of increased temperature was identical to that of excessive adenine . Temperature rise as well as increase in adenine concentration intensified metabolic processes (increased the level of glucose consumption and the rate of nucleic acid synthesis) and restored in part cell permeability . This was indicated by the release of protein and ribose-5-phosphate into the culture fluid, and by the change in cell morphology . An optimal adenine concentration may be altered either way in response to the changes in other fermentation conditions, i.e . inoculum amount, aeration, and addition of histidine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980 Mar, 77(3), 1270 - 3 Arogenate (pretyrosine) is an obligatory intermediate of L-tyrosine biosynthesis: confirmation in a microbial mutant; Fazel AM et al.; Wild-type Brevibacterium flavum has been shown to possess arogenate dehydrogenase activity and to lack prephenate dehydrogenase, thereby providing presumptive evidence that arogenate (previously named "pretyrosine") is an obligatory intermediate of L-tyrosine biosynthesis . A similar enzymological pattern has been discerned in extracts made from wild-type cultures of various species of cyanobacteria . Application of rigorous molecular genetic criteria in confirmation of the exclusive role of arogenate in L-tyrosine synthesis was made possible by the isolation of an auxotrophic mutant exhibiting a nutritional requirement for L-tyrosine . The mutant was found to lack activity for arogenate dehydrogenase and to accumulate substantial amounts of arogenate behind the mutant block during starvation for L-tyrosine. J Biol Chem, 1980 Jan 25, 255(2), 331 - 4 Mechanism of the adenylate cyclase reaction . Stereochemistry of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme from Brevibacterium liquefaciens; Gerlt JA et al.; Adenylate cyclase from Brevibacterium liquefaciens (ATCC 14929) catalyzes the formation of the RP-diastereomer of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate from the SP-diastereomer of adenosine-5'-(1-thiotriphosphate) . The reaction catalyzed by this adenylate cyclase proceeds with inversion of configuration at phosphorus, indicating that the cyclization reaction is direct and does not involve formation of an adenylated enzyme intermediate. J Bacteriol, 1979 Nov, 140(2), 580 - 7 Aromatic aminotransferases in coryneform bacteria; Fazel AM et al.; Species of coryneform bacteria (Corynebacterium glutamicum, Brevibacterium flavum, and B . ammoniagenes) are capable of transaminating all three of the aromatic pathway intermediates; prephenate, phenylpyruvate, and 4-hydroxy-phenylpyruvate . Two molecular species of aromatic aminotransferase (denoted aminotransferase I and aminotransferase II) were partially purified from C . glutamicum and B . flavum, whereas a single aromatic aminotransferase was isolated from B . ammoniagenes . In both C . glutamicum and B . flavum, aromatic aminotransferase I and aromatic aminotransferase II have molecular weights of about 155,000 and 260,000 respectively . The two aromatic aminotransferases from C . glutamicum and B . flavum, although exhibiting a similar spectrum of overlapping specificities, differ substantially in substrate preference . Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate is tightly associated with these aminotransferases, since little loss of activity was detected when partially purified enzyme preparations were assayed in the absence of exogenous pyridoxal-5'-phosphate . The aminotransferases are quite sensitive to inhibition by phenylhydrazine . This has practical application when assay of prephenate dehydratase is desired in the presence of aromatic aminotransferase activity since potentially trivial interference can be negated by selective phenylhydrazine inhibition of aromatic aminotransferase activity . At 0.1 mM concentrations of phenylhydrazine, 90% inhibitions of aminotransferase activities were achieved in partially purified preparations of B . flavum and C . glutamicum. Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Nov-Dec, 48(6), 965 - 8 {Carboxylation enzymes of coryneform bacteria}; Baryshnikova LM et al.; The enzymes of carbon dioxide heterotrophic fixation were studied in six strains of coryneform bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia . All of the strains were found to contain PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31), NADP or NAD dependent malic enzymes (EC 1.1.1.38--40) . Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) was found only in three strains of coryneforms: Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium aquaticum and Nocardia erythropolis . PEP carboxykinase (EC 4.1.1.32) was detected in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes and Nocardia erythropolis . PEP carboxytransphosphorylase (EC 4.1.1.38) was found only in Brevibacterium ammoniagenes . These data suggest that carboxylation of C3-acids is one of the essential pathways in some coryneforms supplying the citric acid cycle with the products of glycolysis . The composition and the level of carboxylation enzymes reflect the ecological characteristics of the organisms rather than their taxonomical relations. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 38(4), 565 - 9 Distribution of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase in bacteria; Murooka Y et al.; The distribution of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase in 30 strains of various bacteria was studied . Monoamine oxidase was determined by using an ammonia-selective electrode; analyses were sensitive and easy to perform . The enzyme was found in some strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia, and Proteus . Among strains of other families of bacteria tested, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3901, Micrococcus luteus IFO 12708, and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes IAM 1641 had monoamine oxidase activity . In all of these bacteria except B . ammoniagenes, monoamine oxidase was induced by tyramine and was highly specific for tyramine, octopamine, dopamine, and norepinephrine . The enzyme in two strains oxidized histamine or benzylamine . Correlations between the distributions of membrane-bound monoamine oxidase and arylsulfatase synthesized in the presence of tyramine were discussed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Jul, 38(1), 159 - 61 Purification of an Endogenous polynucleotide phosphorylase from Brevibacterium JM98A; Yang HH et al.; Polynucleotide phosphorylase was purified form Brevibacterium JM98A (ATCC 29895) . Homopolynucleotides were arsenolysed in the order polyadenylate greater than polycytidylic acid greater than polyuridylic acid greater than polyguanylate . The products were ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 86(1), 17 - 25 Two components of chorismate mutase in Brevibacterium flavum; Shiio I et al.; Chorismate mutase of Brevibacterium flavum, a common enzyme in phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, was separted into two different component, A and B, with molecular weights of 250,000 and 25,000, respectively, by ammonium sulfate fractionation or gel-filtration . Both components were essential for the enzymatic activity . In the presence of the reaction substrate, chorismate, the two components associated reversibly to give an active enzyme complex with a molecular weight of 320,000 . Binding sites of the feedback inhibitors, phenylalanine and tyrosine, on the enzyme were localized on component A as determined by hybridization experiments with the wild-type and mutant components . Tyrosine repressed the synthesis of component B much more strongly than that of component A, while phenylalanine did not show any significant repressive effect on either component . The wild-type strain No . 2247 had four times more component A than component B . Elution patterns in gel, DEAE-cellulose or hydroxyapatite column chromatography as well as the disc-gel electrophoretic pattern of chorismate mutase component A and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthetase activities completely overlapped, suggesting the presence of a bifunctional protein having the two activities . In accord with this suggestion, chorismate mutase as well as DAHP synthetase was insensitive to feedback inhibition by phenylalanine and tyrosine in all the 3-fluorophenylalanine-resistant mutants tested that excreted both phenylalanine and tyrosine . All the phenylalanine and tyrosine double auxotrophs defective in chorismate mutase lacked component B but not A.
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