Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 May, 238(1), 44 - 50 Differential diagnosis of enterobacter agglomerans; Aldova E et al.; On a number of instances, attempts to identify strains related to Ent . agglomerans by some of their characters were exemplified . Correlation with the tables proposed by EWING et al . was employed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 May, (5), 62 - 7 {Diagnostic value of individual tests for classification of Shigella}; Khomenko NA et al.; A total of 1243 strains of enterobacteria were studied by four tests (mobility, lysis with dysentery polyvalent bacteriophage, relation to Christensen's citrate and salicin) for the purpose of determining shigellae genera . A combination of signs characteristic of Shigella genus was observed in 99.1% of laboratory and in 100% of freshly-isolated strains . No such combination was found in any other of the representatives of Enterobacteriaceae family . The tests under study are recommended for the work in practical laboratories to ascertain the reference to Shigella genus of cultures suspected of being Shigellae by the results of growth on combined medium (Olkenisky's, Kligler's, etc.). Biomedicine, 1977 May, 26(3), 169 - 75 Microbiological relevance and clinical potential of ampicillin-cloxacillin synergism; Barrelet L et al.; Recent demonstration "in vitro" that combinations of ampicillin and cloxacillin, using concentrations at which neither were previously effective, will kill certain resistant Gram negative bacteria, has important clinical potential . We therefore studied 50 ampicillin resistant Gram negative rods cultured from septicemic patients for synergism . 7 of 23 E . coli strains with a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 128 microgram/ml were killed by combinations containing 4-32 microgram/ml ampicillin and 16-32 microgram/ml cloxacillin . These same strains were also resistant to cephalothin . Synergism was also noted in 1/4 strains of Enterobacter, 1/3 strains of Serratia, 5/14 strains of Klebsiella and 1/6 strains of Pseudomonas . In separate experiments ampicillin (56 mg/kg) and cloxacillin (14 mg/kg) was administered intravenously over a period of thirty minutes . Peak serum levels measured simultaneously at the end of the infusion were 235 +/- 11 (SEM) microgram/ml for ampicillin and 85 +/- 7 microgram/ml for cloxacillin . Levels of ampicillin/cloxacillin measured one and two hours after the infusion were 117/32 and 43/8 microgram/ml . T 1/2 of ampicillin and cloxacillin were 0.8 and 0.5 h respectively . Since the serum concentrations of both antibiotics measured one hour after the infusion were greater that levels required for "in vitro" synergism, we suggest that combinations of ampicillin and cloxacillin would be of importance in the treatment of Gram negative septicemia, since such therapy would increase the bactericidal effect of the sera without increasing the risk of toxic side effects. J Bacteriol, 1977 May, 130(2), 629 - 34 Lipophilic O-antigens in Rhodospirillum tenue; Weckesser J et al.; Lipopolysaccharides of eight wild-type strains of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum tenue have been analyzed . All of the lipopolysaccharides are highly lipophilic . The compositions of preparations obtained by the phenol-water or by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether procedure are very similar . The polysaccharide moiety, obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide, consists mainly of aldoheptoses: L-glycero-D-mannoheptose is present in all strains, whereas D-glycero-D-mannoheptose is an additional constituent in some strains . Galactosaminuronic acid and two unknown ninhydrin-positive components were detected in the lipopolysaccharides of six strains . Spermidine and putrescine are present in large amounts in a salt-like linkage in the lipopolysaccharides from three strains . 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate forms the linkage between the polysaccharide moiety and lipid A . The lipid A fraction contains all the glucosamine and all the D-arabinose present in the lipopolysaccharide . D-Arabinose is an invariable constituent of the lipid A from the Rhodopseudomonas tenue lipopolysaccharides investigated . The principal fatty acids are beta-hydroxycapric, myristic, and palmitic acids . The isolated R . tenue lipopolysaccharides (O-antigens) react with rabbit antisera prepared against homologous cells . The titers in passive hemagglutination are low, similar to those found with enterobacterial R-lipopolysaccharides . R . tenue O-antigens containing only L-glycero-D-mannoheptose and those containing both the L- and D-epimers of glycero-D-mannoheptose could not be differentiated by serological means. Ciba Found Symp, 1977 Apr 26-28, (46), 115 - 34 Antibodies in human serum and milk induced by enterobacteria and food proteins; Ahlstedt S et al.; Ingestion of Escherichia coli O83 bacteria by adults resulted in a transient irregular colonization leading to a serum antibody response in only four out of 14 cases examined . In all of three pregnant women, however, IgA antibodies against E . coli O83 antigen were released from colostral cells after similar bacterial ingestion although no serum antibody response was noted . The findings indicate a link between the antigenic exposure to the gut and secretory antibodies of the IgA class, presumably locally formed in the mammary gland . Antibodies of the secretory IgA class registered in colostrum may, at least partly, reflect the antigenic exposure of the gut . These antibodies are probably important in protecting against E . coli infections in the neonate, as suggested by the findings of antibodies in human milk against O and K antigens of non-enteropathogenic as well as enteropathogenic serotypes of E . coli . Furthermore, in milk of women from low socio-economic groups in Pakistan, neutralizing antibodies were present against enterotoxins of E . coli bacteria and occasionally against Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins . In addition, secretory IgA antibodies against food proteins were detected in human milk . This suggests that intestinal exposure to such antigens could stimulate a local immune response in the gut resulting in triggered lymphoid cells homing to the mammary gland . These human milk secretory IgA antibodies against bovine milk proteins may help to prevent cow's milk allergy in infants on mixed feeding, since these infants tend to have a lower serum antibody response to cow's milk proteins than infants fed mostly artificially . Furthermore, children suffering from cow's milk protein intolerance and gluten enteropathy may have higher serum levels of antibody to cow's milk protein antigens than normal children, possibly reflecting increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa for various antigens. J Neurosurg, 1977 Apr, 46(4), 494 - 500 Hospital-acquired bacterial meningitis in neurosurgical patients; Buckwold FJ et al.; The authors review 23 cases of hospital-acquired meningitis occurring over a 15 year period in neurosurgical patients . Factors associated with the development of meningitis include recent craniotomy, cerebrospinal fluid leak, the presence of ventricular or lumbar drainage tubes, and skull fracture . Four cases were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis; one of these patients died . In 19 cases, Gram-negative enteric bacteria were the etiologic agents, most commonly members of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group . Eleven of these patients died . The particular antibiotic or group of antibiotics used and the route of administration made no difference in the outcome of Gram-negative bacillary meningitis. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 33(4), 893 - 900 Klebsielleae in drinking water emanating from redwood tanks; Seidler RJ et al.; A survey was made of the bacteriological quality and chlorine content of 33 public and private water systems that utilize redwood storage tanks . Coliforms of the genera Klebsiella and Enterobacter were isolated from 9 of 10 private drinking water systems and from 11 of 23 water systems in state and federal parks . Total coliform counts in the private systems exceeded federal membrane filter guidelines by as much as 10-to 40-fold . Coliform counts were highest in the newer reservoirs . Factors contributing to poor water quality are: lack of automated chlorination equipment or an insufficient supply to maintain a residual, common inlet/outlet plumbing design, and lengthy average retention periods . The latter two factors contribute to improper mixing and stagnation of the water, whereas the former allows microbes to multiply on the water-soluble nutrients that leach from the wood . Wooden reservoirs exert a high chlorine demand, and 0.4 ppm of chlorine residual in the incoming tank water proves inadequate . It is suggested that specific water-soluble nutrients in redwood (and in numerous other types of botanical material) induce a natural nutritional selection for coliforms of the tribe Klebsielleae. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Apr, 237(4), 569 - 73 {Growth of non-sporing anaerobes in an oxygen-free blood culture system (author's transl)}; Werner H et al.; The efficacy of the commercially available Vacutainer blood culture system to support the growth of non-sporing anaerobes was compared with two laboratory-prepared blood culture media (supplemented thioglycollate medium and brain heart infusion) . The media were inoculated with 10, 100 and 1000 organisms of the species tested, and the number of colony-forming units was determined at intervals of 8-10 hrs . Analogous experiments were performed with batches of the media to which 10% vol/vol of human blood had been added . From the results obtained with strains of Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides splanchnicus, Sphaerophorus necrophorus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Propionibacterium acnes it became obvious that growth of non-sporing anaerobes was significantly enhanced in the Vacutainer culture tubes, whereas Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus spp . grew equally well in all the media tested. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Apr, 30(4), 326 - 9 In vitro susceptibility of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae to cefoxitin and BL-S786; Meyer RD; The in vitro antibacterial activity of two agents relatively resistant to beta-lactamases, BL-S786 and cefoxitin, was tested against 123 recent different clinical isolates of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae . BL-S786 showed considerable activity against Escherichia coli and lesser activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with, respectively, 68% and 41% inhibited at 32 microng/ml . Cefoxitin showed more activity in vitro against E . coli, K . pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Providencia stuartii . Cefoxitin appears to be a more promising agent for treating infections caused by cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Pathol, 1977 Apr, 30(4), 381 - 7 Test reproducibility of the API (20E), Enterotube, and Pathotec systems; Holmes B et al.; Thirty-three strains of bacteria (30 Enterobacteriaceae and one strain each of Aeromonas formicans, A . hydrophila, and Plesiomonas shigelloides) were tested three times in each of 27 conventional tests and in the API, Enterotube, and Pathotec systems . The results obtained were analysed for test reproducibility within each kit, correlation of the kit tests with the equivalent conventional media, and the identification of the strains by the kits . Difficulties in evaluation and comparison of identifications are discussed . A practical evaluation of the kits was also made. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 5(4), 458 - 64 Comparative study of three methods of identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Rutherford I et al.; Three separate hospital clinical microbiology laboratories using three different identification systems participated in the identification of Enterobactericeae from a central pool of 'unknown" clinical isolates . With conventional tubed media, API-20E (Anlytab Products Inc.) and R/B tube (Corning Diagnostics) systems, there was a 91.1% agreement in the species designation . No significant differences at the 95% confidence level were found among the systems . Evaluation of individual tests within the systems used revealed lysine decarboxylase of the conventional and citrate of the API-20E system to be significantly different from the same test within the other two systems . The lysine decarboxylase of the conventional system had species relatedness, whereas the differences in citrate of the API-20E system were not related to a particular species . These individual test variations did not affect final organism identification . Reproducibility, evaluated as the system's ability to designate the same identification on two separate occasions, was 92 to 94% for each system . Exact duplication of selected sets of reactions was 60% for conventional, 45% for API-20E, and 61% for R/B . The variations in sets of reactions differed with the system and with the organism involved . The findings suggest equivalency among the three systems in ability to identify common clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and point out the limited usefulness of these systems for biochemical biotyping. J Urol, 1977 Apr, 117(4), 472 - 6 Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary infections . VII . The role of bacterial adherence; Fowler JE Jr et al.; The susceptibility of the vaginal introitus to colonization by enterobacteria appears to be the biologic defect that separates women who experience recurrent urinary infection from those resistant to recurrent infection . Colonization of a mucosal surface is mediated in part by the ability of an organism to adhere to the surface . We describe an in vitro model that measures the capacity of different bacterial species to adhere to human vaginal epithelial cells . Different bacteria are demonstrated to vary in their adhesive properties . Escherichia coli is shown to adhere more readily to vaginal cells from women with recurrent urinary infection than to similar cells from control women resistant to urinary infection (p less than 0.001) . These studies suggest that biologic susceptibility to recurrent urinary infections in women is related to a defect at the cellular level that encourages or favors bacterial adherence. Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1977 Apr-Jun, 22(2), 99 - 107 {Value of some enzyme tests used in practice for identification of enterobacteria}; Negut M et al.; A restricted biochemical scheme for the identification of enterobacteria, consisting of 12 enzymatic tests, of which 7 performed on the multitest TSI and MIU media (H2S, the production of acid and gas from glucose, fermentation of lactose/saccharose, mobility, urease and indol production) and 5 additional tests performed separately : lysindecarboxylase, phenylalanindeaminase, beta galactosidase, increase on citrate media and splitting of sodium malonate is proposed . Of 7782 coprocultures, 275 were selected on TSI and MIU media as belonging to one of the groups of known pathogenic enterobacteria ; 94.87% of these cultures were correctly identified by using the 5 additional tests alone . Of the 14 cultures that could not be listed taxonomically, 10 gave atypical reactions with at least one of these tests . The current use of this restricted scheme and the use of the more extensive sets only in doubtful cases presents a real advantage by reducing the volume of work and materials under satisfactorily accurate conditions for identification. Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Mar 5, 116(5), 517 - 9 Enterobacter agglomerans: the clinically important plant pathogen; Geere IW; During a 5-month period Enterobacter agglomerans, now described as a member of the phytopathogenic genus Erwinia, was isolated from 13 patients in a general hospital; in 1 patient it was isolated from two sites . In six instances the organism was the sole pathogen isolated, in two instances it may have contributed to infection and in the remaining instances it was probably a transient saprophyte . The strains showed some variation in biochemical reactions but were similar in colonial morphology and were consistently sensitive to several antibiotics . Although this organism is prevalent in the general environment and usually relatively benign, it does have a potential for nosocomial infection. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1977 Mar, 125(3), 137 - 41 {Potentially uropathogenic enterobacteria on the periurethral mucosa of urologically normal individuals (author's transl)}; Kollermann MW et al.; Swabs from the periurethra from 160 urologically normal individuals, male and female, of various age groups were examined for potentially uropathogenic enterobacteria . Children from 0--3 years constantly showed (100%) high numbers of different enterobacteria . The frequency of identification and the number of these bacteria diminished abruptly with advancing age . In adult women we found a prevalence of 15% . The periurethral flora with regard to enterobacteria is probably the result of a dynamic equilibrium between contamination and elimination . The important role of contamination is documented by the massive seeding in the 0--3 years age group and the abrupt diminuition after successful bowel training . The mechanism of elimination is unknown . Personal hygiene, the pH of the periurethral mucosa, a special antibacterial substance and the ecological equilibrium of the periurethral flora are discussed as possible factors. Invest Urol, 1977 Mar, 14(5), 344 - 6 Intracellular crystalline deposits by bacteria grown in urine from a stone former; Keefe WE et al.; Several species of bacteria were found to form an intracellular crystalline material when grown in urine obtained from a subject with a history of infrequent renal calculi formation . The following species: Proteus mirabilis, Proteus rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans formed crystals of hydroxyapatite . Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris produced crystals of calcite -II . Several of these bacteria have been isolated from the kidneys of patients with renal caculi indicationg that microorganisms may be involved in the nucleation process during calculogenesis. J Infect Dis, 1977 Mar, 135 Suppl, S74 - 9 Treatment of mixed bacterial infections with clindamycin and gentamicin; Fass RJ; Thirty-eight patients with severe mixed bacterial infections were treated with clindamycin and gentamicin . In vitro, all staphylococci and streptococci (other than enterococci) and 96% of anaerobes were susceptible to clindamycin; all staphylococci and 92% of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to gentamicin . Enterococci were usually resistant to both antibiotics . Significant synergy was only occasionally observed with this combination of antibiotics; there were no instances of antagonism . Among the patients treated with both drugs, there were four patients with pneumonia and empyema, 15 with infections of the skin, soft tissue, and/or bone, and 19 with intraabdominal infection . Nine patients had bacteremia, and 29 had failed to respond or had developed infections during previous antibiotic therapy . The results of treatment with clindamycin and gentamicin were considered to be excellent: 30 patients were cured, four improved, and four failed to respond . Concentrations of clindamycin in serum greatly surpassed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clindamycin-susceptible pathogens; these organisms were eradicated from foci of infection . Concentrations of gentamicin in serum did not consistently surpass MICs for gentamicin-susceptible pathogens; these organisms and enterococci often persisted in foci of infection . In patients with complicated infections that required prolonged courses of treatment, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci occasionally emerged as predominant pathogens . Adverse reactions frequently occurred but were mild and reversible; treatment was discontinued in only two patients who developed rashes. J Bacteriol, 1977 Mar, 129(3), 1448 - 56 Immunochemical comparison of phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase among the Enterobacteriaceae; Reyes GR et al.; The bifunctional enzyme of the tryptophan operon, phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase-indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase (PRAI-InGPS;EC 4.1.1.48), was characterized by an immunochemical study of six representative members of the Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Erwinia carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris . PRAI-InGPS was purified from E . coli, and antisera were prepared in rabbits . These antisera were utilized in quantitative microcomplement fixation allowing for a comparison of the overall antigenic surface structure of the various homologous enzymes . These data showed E . coli PRAI-InGPS and S . marcescens and E . carotovora PRAI-InGPS (taken as a group) to have an index of dissimilarity of approximately 10, whereas the other organisms had values intermediate . In addition, antiserum to E . coli tryptophan synthetase beta2 subunit was used in microcomplement fixation to extend the previous comparison of this subunit (Rocha, Crawford, and Mills, 1972) to E . carotovora and P . vulgaris . Indexes of dissimilarity for E . coli compared to P . vulgaris of E . carotovora were 1.0 and 1.7, respectively . Agar immunodiffusion using PRAI-Ingps antisera showed significant cross-reaction among E . coli, E . aerogenes, S . typhimurium, and P . vulgaris whereas the enzymes from S . marcescens and E . carotovora cross-reacted to a lesser extent, with the latter reaction being quite weak . Comparative enzyme neutralization using E . coli PRAI-InGPS antisera showed significant cross-reactions among the enzymes in that all were neutralized at least 25% . The data taken together indicate that the trpC gene products in the Enterobacteriaceae are a homologous group of proteins, that the genetic divergene of the trpC gene is basically the same as the trpA gene, and that both are less conserved than the trpB gene . Furthermore, the PRAI-InGPS, enzyme active site appears to represent a more evolutionarily conserved region of the protein . These findings indicate that, with respect to PRAI-InGPS, similarity to E . coli among the organisms examined is in the following order: (E . aerogenes, S . typhimurium, P . vulgaris) greater than (S . marcescens, E . carotovora). Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1977 Mar, 13(1), 53 - 66 {About employing platelets to determine enterotoxigenic activity of E . coli and others enterobacteria . Preliminary approach (author's transl)}; Fumarola D; After an introduction concerning to the assays employed in vitro and in vivo to determine enterotoxigenic activity of E . coli the A . suggest a new in vitro model as a preliminary approach based upon the influence of LT enterotoxin of E . coli on platelet aggregation (inhibitory effect) as expression of stimulation of adenylatecyclase activity evoked by this fraction and eventually by other choleralyke fractions released from enterobacteria. Am J Med Sci, 1977 Mar-Apr, 273(2), 203 - 11 Endocarditis due to enteric bacilli other than Salmonellae: case reports and literature review; Carruthers MM; The clinical and pathological findings in two recent patients with non-salmonella enterobacterial endocarditis are described, and those of 42 patients in the literature are summarized . Most of the patients acquired their endocarditis secondary to urinary tract infection and had an acute clinical course characterized by high fever and chills . Thirty-two of these patients died, and all except one had a postmortem examination . The most frequent pathological finding was the occurrence of very large vegetations which caused relatively little destruction of the underlying valve . Prompt diagnosis and antibiotic therapy chosen on the basis of bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic activity against the individual bacterium may improve the prognosis in this disease . Results of tricuspid and pulmonic valvulectomies for bacteriologic failure in pseudomonas and in a few cases of enterobacterial endocarditis appear to warrant a surgical approach in patients with right-sided enterobacterial endocarditis who fail to respond to vigorous medical therapy. Am J Med Sci, 1977 Mar-Apr, 273(2), 141 - 8 A serologic response in human infection with Enterobacteriaceae; Crowder JC et al.; Sera from patients infected with Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Serratia were studied for precipitins to ultrasonic extracts of these organisms in gel-diffusion plates.Sera from 66 per cent of these patients contained precipitins when initially tested . Twenty-four per cent of sera tested in the first week after onset of infection contained precipitins, but this rose to 78 per cent by the third week . Cross-reactions of sera with Pseudomonas antigens were unusual, but were common with other enterobacterial antigen extracts . However, higher titers were usually present to homologous as compared to heterologus antigens . Sera from seven patients contained precipitins to a common enterobacterial antigen . Precipitins to E . coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Serratia were detected in only a small proportion of control sera. J Bacteriol, 1977 Mar, 129(3), 1435 - 9 Conservation of transfer ribonucleic acid and 5S ribonucleic acid cistrons in Enterobacteriaceae; Brenner DJ et al.; The genes for tranfer ribonucleic acid (tDNA) and 5S ribonucleic acid (5SDNA) were isolated from the total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Escherichia coli . The relatedness of tDNA and 5S from E . coli and other species of Enterobacteriaceae was determined by reassociation of the isolated genes labeled with 32PO4 to unlabeled, unfractionated DNA . Double-stranded DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by hydroxyapatite chromatography . Thermal elution profiles were done to determine the amount of unpaired bases present in related DNA sequences . Relative to total DNA, both 5S DNA and tDNA were highly conserved throughout the Enterobacteriaceae, including the genera Yersinia and Proteus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1977 Mar, 74(3), 878 - 82 Specific gonadotropin binding to Pseudomonas maltophilia; Richert ND et al.; Binding of 125I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin to Pseudomonas maltophilia is dependent on time, temperature, and pH and the binding to this procaryotic species is hormone-specific and saturable . The equilibrium dissociation constant is 2.3 X 10(-9) M . There are no cooperative interactions between binding sites (Hill coefficient, 1.05) . The number of sites is estimaated as 240 fmol/100 mug of protein . NaCl and KCl, at concentrations from 1 to 10 mM, have no effect on binding . Divalent cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) and 1 mM EDTA inhibit hormone binding . Binding is destroyed by heat or by treatment with Pronase of alpha-chymotrypsin and is increased by phospholipase C . Binding of the labeled gonadotropin is not observed with other gram-negative organisms--e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas testosteroni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, or Enterobacter cloacae. Eur J Biochem, 1977 Feb 15, 73(1), 107 - 14 Purification and characterization of a complex between cloacin and its immunity protein isolated from Enterobacter cloacae (Clo DF13) . Dissociation and reconstitution of the complex; De Graaf FK et al.; Cell of Enterobacter cloacae (Clo DF13) produce a bacteriocin which is characterized by its very effective killing activity against sensitive bacteria . Purification and characterization of the excreted bacteriocin has revealed that this bacteriocin consists of an equimolar complex of two plasmid-specific gene products: the cloacin and its inhibitor the immunity protein . Dissociation of the complex by treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate induces the endonucleolytic activity of the cloacin but strongly reduces the killing activity . The purified complex possesses no activity in vitro . Both cloacin and immunity protein isolated from the complex were functionally identical to cloacin and immunity protein purified from the bacteriocinogenic cells by other methods . Reconstitution of the complex results in a partial restoration of killing activity. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Feb-Mar, 128(2), 199 - 204 {Pathways of benzoic acid dissimilation in "enterobacteriaceae" (author's transl)}; Moscoso-Vizcarra M et al.; The Enterobacteriaceae can be divided into two groups with respect to the benzoic acids metabolism . In the first group, benzoate and/or p-hydroxybenzoate are dissimilated through the beta-ketoadipate pathway and m-hydroxybenzoate through the gentisate pathway; in the second one, are clustered species which do not dissimilate these aromatic acids . The possible taxonomic significance of this divergence is discussed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 33(2), 392 - 9 Nitrogen-fixing Enterobacter agglomerans isolated from guts of wood-eating termites; Potrikus CJ et al.; Two strains of facultatively anaerobic, N2-fixing bacteria were isolated from guts of Coptotermes formosanus and identified as Enterobacter agglomerans . The deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of isolates was 52.6 and 53.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine . Both isolates and a known strain of E . agglomerans carried out a mixed acid type of glucose fermentation . N2 fixation by E . agglomerans was inhibited by O2; consequently, N2 served as an N source only for cells growing anaerobically in media lacking a major source of combined N . However, peptone, NH4Cl, or KNO3 served as an N source under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions . It was estimated that 2 x 10(2) cells of E . agglomerans were present per termite gut . This value was 100-fold lower than expected, based on N2 fixation, low recoveries of E . agglomerans may be related to the marked decrease in N2 fixation rates observed when intact termites or their extracted guts were manipulated for the isolation of bacteria . It was concluded that the N2-fixing activity of E . agglomerans may be important to the N economy of C . formosanus. J Gen Virol, 1977 Feb, 34(2), 381 - 5 Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae bacteriophage particles catalysing cell wall lipopolysaccharide degradation; Rieger-Hug D et al.; Using pairs of smooth and rough forms of Enterobacteriaceae, six smooth-specific bacteriophages were isolated from sewage and another was obtained from Dr Hedda Milch, Budapest . Upon incubation of the individual extracted (smooth) host cell wall lipopolysaccharides with the homologous purified viruses, liberation of reducing groups (i.e . of about di- to nonasaccharides) was observed in four cases, indicating the action of glycanases - but no liberation of acetic acid, indicating the absence of esterase activity . Under the electron microscope, all phages were seen to exhibit Bradley group B or C morphology and to carry tail spikes. Ann Surg, 1977 Feb, 185(2), 219 - 23 Environmental air and airborne infections; Drake CT et al.; The results of a study on the epidemiology of airborne (aerobic) surgical infections are presented . The first phase of the study was carried out in a surgical suite which contained no environmental or traffic control systems.The second phase of the study took place within a modern "up to date" operating room suite containing multiple air screens as well as an elaborate ventilation system utilizing HEPA type filters which provided the operating room with clinically sterile air . One hundred and fifty-six patients were also studied . All patients underwent major procedures . The ratio of clean, clean-contaminated, and dirty cases was the same in both groups . Preoperatively, a nasal swab, clean voided urine (or vaginal swab) and a rectal swab were obtained on each patient . Daily nasal cultures and cultures of suspected sites of infection were obtained postoperatively . Daily nasal cultures and "glove sweat" cultures were obtained on all personnel attending the patient . Environmental cultures of the operating room, the operating room hallway, recovery room and patients' rooms were also taken . All samples were checked for the presence of staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli, proteus species, enterobacter, klebsiella, and pseudomonas . In all, 15,000 cultures were taken during the study . The rate of infection was essentially the same in both phases of the study . Environmental air only occasionaly served as the source of infecting organisms . The results of the study support the conclusion that the most common source of infecting organisms in surgical infections is thepatient or those around him . The most common time of contamination is during the surgical procedure itself . Surgical infections can best be minimized by meticulous observation of fundamental principles of antisepsis rather than by dependence on elaborate and costly ventilation and air control systems. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 98(2), 387 - 98 The isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAC1; Koval SF et al.; Mutants with defective lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) were isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PACIR (Habs serogroup 3) by selection for resistance to aeruginocin from P . aeruginosa PI6 Carbenicillin-sensitive mutants were isolated from P . aeruginosa PACI but not all had defective LPSs . Rough colonial morphology and resistance to bacteriophage II9X appeared to be independent of LPS composition . The LPSs from five mutants were analysed and compared with that of the parent strain . Separation of partially-degraded polysaccharides from LPS from PACI on Sephadex G75 yielded two different high molecular weight fractions and a phosphorylated low molecular weight fraction (L) . The mutant LPSs lacked most or all of the high molecular weight fractions but retained some low molecular weight material . That from PACI and two of the mutants was separated by elution from Biogel P6 into two fractions . One, L2, was the core polysaccharide while the other, LI, contained short antigenic side-chains attached to the core like the semi-rough (SR) LPSs of the Enterobacteriaceae . The two mutants which gave the LI fraction with Habs 3 and PACI antisera as did the parent strain . The other three mutants were unreactive and their LPSs contained core components only . One appeared to have a complete core while the other two lacked rhamnose and rhammose plus glucose respectively . Thus there may be four types of LPS in PACI: one contains unsubstituted core polysaccharide and yields L2 on acid hydrolysis, another has short antigenic side-chains of the SR type and yields the LI fraction, while the two high molecular weight fractions are derived from core polysaccharides with different side-chains. J Clin Pathol, 1977 Feb, 30(2), 154 - 6 An evaluation of the Modified R/B Enteric Differential System for the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae; Hayek LJ et al.; Two hundred and twenty-two organisms were identified by conventional methods and by the Modified R/B Enteric Differential System . Two hundred and eighteeen (98-2%) of these organisms were correctly identified by the R/B system . The results of individual tests were also compared . The convenience and general ease of handling of the R/B system are discussed. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1977 Feb, 85B(1), 61 - 6 Characterization of Enterobacter agglomerans (Erwinia spp.) from clinical specimens; Ursing J; The biochemical reactions of 18 anaerogenic and 45 aerogenic isolates of Enterobacter agglomerans are described and used for subdivision in the biogroups suggested by Ewing & Fife . The presence of special cultural characteristics (symplasmata and biconvex bodies) was also recorded and was found to be unrelated to formation of gas from glucose . Previous authors have reported such structures in anaerogenic cultures only . The amount of gas produced varied to a great extent between strains and also proved to be dependent on incubation temperature . The results do not support the division of E . agglomerans into one anaerogenic and one aerogenic major subgroup . The value of the gelatin liquefaction test for characterization of the species is emphasized. J Fam Pract, 1977 Feb, 4(2), 201 - 9 Infectious pneumonias: a review; Tecson F et al.; Diplococcus pneumoniae remains the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia . Other frequently isolated bacterial pathogens are Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella organisms, and Staphylococcus aureus . The etiologic agents most commonly implicated in hopsital-acquired pneumonias are gram-negative bacilli including E . coli, proteus organisms, and species of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, pseudomonas, and Serratia . Among older children and young-adults, Myocoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of penumonia . Influenza is the most important cause of viral pneumonia in adults, but there is increasing concern about pulmonary infection due to adenoviruses . In those with a history of travel to endemic areas, the diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due to Histoplasma capsulatrum, Blastomyces dermatitides, or Coccidioides immitis, should be considered . Penumonias due to opportunistic fungi (including species of Candida, Aspergillus, and Phycomycetes) and higher bacteria such as Nocardia asteroides are also on the increase, and these arise mostly in compromised hosts . Treatment of pneumonia almost always must be started before culture results are known and in the overwhelming majority of cases, appropriate regimens can be selected after taking an adquate history, doing a careful physical examination, evaluating expectorated sputum for cells and organisms, and examining the chest x-ray . Although anti-infective agents are the mainstay of treatment for most infectious pneumonias, supportive therapy, including adequate tracheobronchial toilet, drainage of abscesses, oxygen inhalation, maintenance of adequate nutrition, and monitoring for super-infection and anti-infective side effects may be life-saving in certain situations. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Jan 21, 102(3), 87 - 90 {In-vitro sensitivity of Klebsiella-Enterobacter strains against cefazolin (author's transl)}; Krasemann C et al.; Investigation of the resistance of 290 strains of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group (252 Klebsiella and 38 Enterobacter strains) against cefazolin showed that 63% of the Enterobacter strains were resistant and 50% of the Klebsiella strains were sensitive both in the serial dilution test and in the agar diffusion test . A total of 78% were inhibited by 32 mug cefazolin per millilitre . Isolates from the genitourinary tract were significantly more resistant than those from the respiratory tract. Infection, 1977, 5(3), 137 - 9 Medical implications of macrolide resistance and its relationship to the use of tylosin in animal feeds; Knothe H; Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from human patients were tested for susceptibility to erythromycin and certain related antibiotics by the disc method . The incidence of resistance to erythromycin has remained relatively constant at less thatn 20 percent . Only four percent of erythromycin-resistant human clinical isolates were cross-resistant to tylosin . Oral administration to humans of tylosin or erythromycin did not cause an imbalance in the gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae nor did it cause the selection of resistance factors . It is concluded that, from the human medical standpoint, the use of tylosin in animal feeds does not present any threat to human health. Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1977, 31(2), 203 - 9 {Binding relationships of fatty acids in lipid A of lipopolysaccharides from Pasteurella multocida}; Erler W et al.; Each glucosamine disaccharide of lipid A from Pasteurella multocida contains 2 mols myristic acid and 4 mols hydroxymyristic acid . 3-hydroxymyristic acid was identified as fatty acid with amide linkage . Every 2 mols of glucosamine have linked to them 1 mol myristic acid, 3-hydroxymyristic acid, and 3-myristoxymyristic acid . The results so far obtained reflected the structure of lipid A of enterobacteriaceae. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1977 Jan, 128A(1), 41 - 7 {Trimethoprim resistance plasmids: transferability and incompatibility groups (author's transl)}; Acar JF et al.; Over a three year period, 119 strains of enterobacteria isolated from patients have been found resistant to trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfonamides (Su); 11 strains were resistant to TMP only . MIC of TMP were between 32 and 2048 microng/ml . Three groups of strains are described: (1) thymineless variants (2 strains); (2) TMP resistance non-transferable into Escherichia coli K12 (95 strains); (3) TMP resistance transferable into E . coli K12 (33 strains) . TMP marker and Su marker have been transferred independantly from 13 strains; they were cotransferred from 20 strains . The incompatibility group of 31 plasmids has been determined: 10 belong to the fi+ type, group FII; 21 belong to the fi--type, group 6, group 7, group 10, group N and group I1 . Epidemiological implications of such a wide range of incompatibility groups among a small number of plasmids specifying TMP resistance are discussed. Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 140 - 2 {Characteristics of the antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogenic enterobacteria isolated from sick children}; Skupchenko KV et al.; The authors studied 2287 strains of pathogenic enteric bacteria, i.e . Shigella, enteropathogenic Escherichia and Salmonella freshly isolated from children with respect to their sensitivity to the most widely used antibiotics, i.e . levomycetin, tetracycline, streptomycin, monomycin, neomycin, kanamycin and erythromycin . Low sensitivity of these strains to the above antibiotics and their combinations was observed . In the treatment of children of this group it is necessary to take into account multiple antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates of the enteropathogenic bacteria. Am J Med Sci, 1977 Jan-Feb, 273(1), 101 - 4 Enterobacter hafnaie infection: report of two cases and review of the literature; Berger SA et al.; Two of 255 wounded soldiers developed nosocomial infection with Enterobacter hafniae . This species is rarely associated with urinary or gastrointestinal disease, and had not been heretofore reported in the setting of localized or bacteremic wound infection . Difficulties in nomenclature and identification have obviated accurate assessment of the importance of E . hafniae as a pathogen . Nevertheless, in view of the relative sensitivity of this species to antibiotics one should be careful to distinguish E . hafniae from other members of the genus Enterobacter. Dev Biol Stand, 1977, 34, 45 - 55 Tests alternative to the rabbit bioassay for pyrogens; Marcus S et al.; The rabbit bioassay is currently the only legally acceptable method to test for pyrogenic contamination of parenteral preparations and medical devices designed to enter the parenterum . However, research efforts have recently made available alternative procedures to test for pyrogens which may have significant value in quality control . Part of the reluctance to accept tests other than the rabbit test may be due to the low visibility of emerging understanding of a significant theory of testing in which it is contended that the parameters of sensitivity and specificity are inversely related and that accuracy is an ideal . The rabbit pyrogen assay will detect 1 to 10 ng of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin (ET) . The limulus test will detect 0.01 to 0.1 ng/ml of ET; some of the other tests approach the rabbit assay in sensitivity . Since it is current dogma that pyrogen is equivalent to ET, the basis for the use of ET to standardize pyrogen tests is rationalized . The source of ET in practice is bacterial contamination; therefore, numbers of bacteria that contaminate parenteral preparations can be directly related to potential pyrogenicity . Further, viable counts of bacteria in parenteral preparations, prior to sterilization, is a reliable test for pyrogens . Other tests such as nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and actinomycin-D enhancement of lethality of pyrogen for mice deserve consideration in quality control procedures . The limulus test, the most practical of currently available alternative tests for detection of ET and therefore, of pyrogen has application where the rabbit test cannot be used . Therefore, control personnel must learn of the availability, performance and interpretation of the limulus test . Practical considerations must govern the choice of an alternative test when the use of a test other than the rabbit bioassay is indicated. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23(3), 159 - 66 Association of halogenated isoxazolylpenicillins with penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics . Microbiological evaluation on beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; Ravagnan G et al.; The validity of nonsimultaneous association of penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics with halogenated isoxazolylpenicillins was tested in various Enterobacteriaceae strains . With several bacterial strains, expecially if producers of beta-lactamase type IV, exposure of either the bacterial suspensions of the brothsupernatant to the isoxazolylpenicillins appears both in vivo and in vitro to reduce the extent of subsequent hydrolysis of penicillinase-sensitive beta-lactam antibiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 33(1), 97 - 100 Aerobic microbial flora of intertrigenous skin; Aly R et al.; The incidence and density of intertrigenous microflora were determined in subjects using nonmedicated soap . The axilla, groin, toe web, and finger web were examined . The incidence of gram-negative rods was 17% for the axilla, 13% for the groin, 10% for the toe web, and 9% for the finger web . Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter were the predominant organisms, in that order . The highest incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was in the groin (12%) and toe web (11%) . Lipophilic diphtheroids were the most prevalent bacteria in the groin (1.1 X 10(6)/cm2) and toe web (1.2 X 10(6)/cm2) . Nonlipophilic diphtheroids were the predominant flora in the axilla (1.3 X 10(7)/cm . Micrococci had the highest counts in the toe web (7.6 X 10(5)/cm2) . The incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococci was highest in the finger web, but the major flora were those of micrococci. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 343 - 7 Treatment of respiratory infections with fosfomycin; Bacardi R et al.; Results are presented for a series of 29 patients, 14 males and 15 females, with serious respiratory infections, in which fosfomycin proved effective . In all cases the study was completed by bacteriological, clinical, radiological and analytical controls . The average dose was 6 g/day (3 g orally and 3 g intramuscularly) for 1 or 2 weeks . The four isolated were P . aeruginosa, E . coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter and D . pneumoniae . Overall sensitivity percentages were best for fosfomycin, gentamicin and colistin . Of the 29 germs isolated, only one strain of P . aeruginosa became resistant: this represents 3% resistance development . No side effects of intolerance or signs of hepatorenal insufficiency were observed during the treatment . Of the 29 patients treated, 22 were clinically cured, denoting 76% success. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 247 - 58 Bacteriological evaluation of fosfomycin in clinical studies; Rodriguez A et al.; Since fosfomycin has behaved in vitro as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, an attempt has been made to evaluate this behaviour in controlled clinical study carried out at different Spanish hospitals . A total of 959 patients were treated for some of the following infectious clinical processes: gonococcal urethritis, typhoid fever, enterocolitis, acute and chronic urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, chronic otorrhoea, septicaemia, meningitis, peritonitis, surgical and suppurative infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, pharyngoamygdalitis, burns, endometritis, ocular infection, whooping cough and nasal carriers of S . aureus . The results obtained as a function of the microorganism isolated in these clinical processes in percentage of clinical and bacteriological success have been 96% of the S . aureus infections, 95% of the Streptococcus sp . including S . pneumoniae, 90% of the N . gonorrhoeae infections, 94% of the E . coli infections including enteropathogenic E . coli, 90% of the S . marcescens infections, 76% of the Proteus sp . infections, 72% of the Klebsiella-Enterobacter infections, 66% of P . aeruginosa infections and 78% of the S . typhi infections. Scand J Infect Dis, 1977, 9(4), 289 - 92 Surveillance of hospital infections: at the bedside or at the bacteriological laboratory? Hambraeus A, Malmborg AS. A prevalence study concerning wound infections in the surgical service at a university hospital was made during a 7-month period . One ward was visited every week during the wound dressing rounds and samples for bacteriologic culture were taken from clinical infections . The prevalence of infection varied between 0 and 21% (median value 8.2%) for surgical wounds and between 0 and 47% (median value 5.3%) for other wounds . Staphylococcus aureus made up 16% of the bacteria isolated from surgical wounds and the Enterobacteriacae 32.6% . For other wounds Staph . aureus and the Enterobacteriacae made up 22.6% each . A comparison of the number of cultures taken by investigators and that taken by the ward showed that the culturing frequency by the ward staff was so high that surveillance of infection by review of bacteriological culture records only, would give an almost equivalent degree of information concerning infection rates . This system is less time consuming and also has the advantage of giving epidemiological information . The drawback with the system is that little or no patient data are given on the requisitions from the ward . This makes it impossible to know from what kind of infections samples are taken. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23(5), 299 - 308 Absorption and excretion of carbenicillin indanyl sodium in patients with reduced kidney function; Nakano H et al.; On eight volunteers with reduced kidney function, 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was administered orally for the single dose studies and was given orally in a dose of 1 g every 6 h for 7 days for the multiple dose studies . The patients were divided into two groups according to their kidney functions: group I moderately impaired and group II severely impaired . In the single dose studies, the mean peak level was 12.6 microgram/ml for group I and 26.9 microgram/ml for group II . In the multiple dose studies, the drug tended to accumulate in group II, but the level obtained in group II did not exceed more than 300 microgram/ml . In the single dose studies, the mean peak level in the urine was 1,478.5 microgram/ml for group I and 350.0 microgram/ml for group II . In the multiple dose studies, despite the multiple dose regimen, the level obtained from group II patients only transiently exceeded more than that which will effectively inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter . In the single dose studies, the mean cumulative amount excreted in the urine within 24 h was 314.2 mg for group I and 120.1 mg for group II and the difference between both groups was significant (p less than 0.05) . For the multiple dose studies, the amount was 278.0 mg for group I and 127.2 mg for group II, respectively . The total amount excreted in the urine within 24 h and the serum level obtained 6 h after ingestion of 1 g of carbenicillin indanyl sodium was correlated to the creatinine clearance and the rate of PSP excreted in the urine within the first 15 min of the test. Arzneimittelforschung, 1977, 27(6), 1109 - 17 {Bacteriological study on the chemotherapeutic combination sulfametrole-trimethoprim/comparison with co-trimoxazole (author's transl)}; Nabert-Bock G et al.; The synergism of the compounds Nd-(4-methoxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-sulfanilamide (sulfametrole; SOL) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3',4',5'-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim; TMP) contained in the preparation Lidaprim was proved in vitro in the agar dilution test, the disc agar diffusion method as well as a crossover test against various grampositive and gramnegative bacteria . Sulfametrole enhanced the activity of trimethoprim or its activity was intensified by trimethoprim, respectively . The increase in efficiency depends on the primary sensitivity or resistance of the bacteria against trimethoprim and/or the sulfonamide . The combination of trimethoprim + sulfametrole (1 + 20) had the same antibacterial activity as the combination co-trimoxazole = trimethoprim + Nd-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamethoxazole; SMZ) . The bactericidal efficiency was shown against a strain of E . coli . Using the combination experimental development of resistance against various bacteria could not be obtained (10 times repeated contact with subbacteriostatic concentrations) . Chemotherapeutical experiments in the mouse have confirmed the enhancement indicated in vitro of the combination trimethoprim-sulfonamide, irrespective of the sulfonamides chosen . Determinations of the intestinal flora before, during and after oral administration of 2 X 2 tablets SOL-TMP (Lidaprim) over a period of 10 days showed that the absolute number of bacteria in samples of faeces had not been reduced . Enterobacteria and anaerobic lactobacilli (L . bifidus), which could not be identified during the period of administration, reappeared after the end of therapy. Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1977, 52, 17 - 35 {Surveillance of drug resistance in pathogenic enterobacteria in Algeria . I . Study of the resistance of major and minor Salmonella species to antibiotics in 1973-1974}; Mered B et al.; 901 Salmonella strains were examined in our laboratory between October 1973 and August 1974 for their sensitivity to antibiotics . The aim of this study was, on the one hand to detect the possible emergence of drug resistance in strains of Salmonella responsible for typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; on the other hand to follow up, as closely as possible, the occurrence of drug resistance in strains of other Salmonella serotypes isolated in infant and child populations; and, in addition, to awaken practitioners to the problems inherent to the widespread use of antibiotics in these diseases . The 752 typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli strains were found to be drug sensitive with the exception of one Salmonella typhi isolate bearing a R-plasmid coding for resistance to six antibiotics . 91% of the other Salmonella serotypes strains showed resistance to 3 - 7 antibiotics including a number of the latest in use . These data are discussed and a case is made for standardization in the treatment of typhoid fever and review of the use of antibiotics against salmonelloses in infants and young children. Infection, 1977, 5(4), 259 - 60 Experimental evaluation of HR756, a new cephalosporin derivative: pre-clinical study; Heymes R et al.; HR 756 is a new cephalosporin derivative suitable for parenteral use . The compound possesses an unusally broad spectrum of antibacterial activity especially against gram-negative bacteria . Besides Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella, indole-negative Proteae and other species also indol-positive Proteae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter and many Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are inhibited by this compound . HR 756 is stable to most of the beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative organisms . Tests on different infection models also provided evidence of the high efficacy of HR 756 in vivo. Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1977 Jan-Apr, 9(1), 4 - 10 {An avian strain of Escherichia coli with antigens common to the genus Salmonella}; Terzolo HR et al.; On a commercial poultry farm, a large percentage (9%) of clinically healthy fowls had positive reaction to the plate test, with commercial polyvalent pullorum antigens . We could not isolate Salmonella from the positive birds . An strain, of Escherichia coli Balcarce (E . coli B) was isolated from the feces of one of the birds . The isolate was identified biochemically and the antigenic study showed correlation with E . coli 044 and the somatic fraction 1, 2, 8, 14 and 23 of the Salmonella genus . The common antigens were studied by agglutination, absorption and crossed immunodiffusion tests, comparing the isolated strain and the different Salmonella serotypes . Four pullorum polyvalent commercial antigens reacted with sera containing somatic agglutinins 1, and with the E . coli B antiserum . These observations confirm the high antigenic correlation between the genus of the Enterobacteriaceae family . It is indicated that for the diagnosis of avian salmonelosis rather than using a single serological tests, the isolation and identification of the etiological agent is required. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 63 - 74 Fosfomycin, antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo; Goto S; Antibacterial activities of fosfomycin were investigated both in vitro and in vivo for the purpose of comparative evaluation on its fundamental properties with other antimicrobial agents . The MIC was determined with nutrient agar (Difco) inoculated with one loopful of 1,000-fold dilution (about 10(6) cells/ml) of bacterial suspension cultured overnight in nutrient broth . This substance showed antibacterial activity to most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, being strongest to Enterobacteriaceae with a peak of the MIC at 1.56 mug/ml in Salmonella . It was also active against P . aeruginosa with a peak of the MIC at 6.25 mug/ml in its sensitivity distribution . Intravenous and subcutaneous fosfomycin Na salt and oral fosfomycin Ca salt were given to 5-week-old ddN strain male mice challenged with clinical isolates of P . aeruginosa, E . coli and P . mirabilis . Therapeutic effect was observed in all these test organisms . In P . aeruginosa, it was more effective than carbenicillin. Microbios, 1977, 19(75), 55 - 66 Preferential uptake of thymidine by thymineless enterobacteria: its significance in DNA labelling; Pinney RJ; Minimum satisfactory concentrations of thymine and thymidine were determined for the growth of a high thymine-requirng (thy) mutant to Escherichia coli strain J5-3 . Cultures were then grown in the presence of these concentrations of non-radioactive ('cold') pyrimidine together with 5 microCi/ml {methyl-3H)thymine, or {methyl-3H)thymidine (specific activities 5 Ci/m mole), and the uptake of radioactivity into ice cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material determined . By far the most efficient labelling system was obtained if the label was supplied as radioactive thymidine and growth requirements satisfied by thymine alone . The addition of deoxyadenosine to the labelled thymidine/unlabelled thymine system dramatically reduced uptake of label . The addition of radioactive thymine with either thymine or thymidine to ensure satisfactory growth gave poor labelling . Using the {methyl-3H} thymidine/thymine system it was possible to increase the concentration of thymine from 8 to 64 microgram/ml with only a 25% reduction in label uptake after a 2 h period . The same system was also shown to be most efficient for labelling a thy derivative of another K12 strain, a thymine low-requiring (tir) K12 strain, a thy mutant of Klebsiella aerogenes 418 and a tir derivative of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Vet Med Nauki, 1977, 14(10), 90 - 6 {Transfer of multi-drug resistance in vivo by salmonellae and shigella in white mice}; Todorov T et al.; The oral infection accomplished by 0.3 cm3 X 10(10) microbial bodies of Salmonella heidelberg and Shigella sonnei in albino mice the pathogens were found to localize in the intestines . The Salmonellae were detected up to the 10th day, and the Shigellae--up to the 14th day . Both Shigella and Salmonella transferred multi-drug resistance to some enterobacteria--E . coli and Proteus as well as to Salmonella typhimurium when the latter was also present in the intestinal tract; of these some 10--40 per cent acquire the multi-drug resistance of Salmonella heidelberg and Shigella sonnei . This type of resistance was most often transferred en bloc for the six, resp., eight markers . On some occasions segregation was observed with the transference of particular markers only. Infection, 1977, 5(4), 261 - 2 Correlation of minimum inhibitory concentration and beta-lactamase activity; Ullmann U; The beta-lactamase activity of 510 recently isolated Enterobacteriaceae was investigated with a quantitative photometric test . Beta-lactamase could be detected in 55 percent of the Enterobacteriaceae . At the same time minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of beta-lactam antibiotics was determined . There was no correlation between MIC values and lactamase activity . For correct antibacterial therapy the clinician requires information on the lactamase activity of isolated bacteria in addition to the antibiogram . The qualitative test is useful for screening. Genetika, 1977, 13(6), 1079 - 88 {Discovery of a new type of restriction and modification in a group of intestinal bacteria}; Krylov VN et al.; The adsorption of 23 new lambdoid bacteriophages to 547 strains which isolated from natural population of Enterobacteriaceae was studied . The frequency of positive combinations of phage-bacterium with adsorption is not more than 2% . A study of possible causes of limited growth of lambdoid phages in the bacterial strains revealed that neither homoimmune prophage nor prophage P2 are single factors of the growth limitation . It is found that in natural populations a selection of bacterial strains with the least limitation of phage takes place . Three cases of killing bacteria after infection with high multiplicity are found . The reason of the killing effect is manifestation of some functions by infecting phages . A new restriction-modification system is found which differs from restriction-modification system A, B, K, 15, P1, EcoRI, EcoRII . The most of strains, which adsorb phages but do not support their growth, are supposed to possess several mechanisms of restriction . Thus, the search of new restriction system in Escherichia coli is worthwhile. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1977, 43(1), 31 - 5 The use of bile - esculin agar for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae; Edberg SC et al.; Bile-esculin medium has been used for many years for the presumptive identification of group D Streptococcus . The test is based on the ability of a bacterium to grow in the presence of 40% bile and produce esculinase . 2935 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were inoculated onto bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C . Esculin hydrolysis was determined after 24 and 48 hours . At 24 hours of incubation esculin hydrolysis was limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and the species P . vulgaris, P . rettgeri, and C . diversus . Not all strains of these species were positive, however . All other members of the family were negative . At 48 hours of incubation 37% of E . coli gave a positive reaction; all other Enterobacteriaceae which were negative at 24 hours remained negative . Esculin hydrolysis is a valuable test for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Pathol, 1977 Jan, 30(1), 45 - 9 Complementary use of aesculin hydrolysis and inositol fermentation in the characterisation of Klebsielleae; Barr JG et al.; Rates of aesculin hydrolysis and inositol fermentation adequately differentiate Klebsielleae from other Enterobacteriaceae . In combination with tests for motility and growth in potassium cyanide medium, presumptive differentiation between Klebsielleae, and confirmation of Klebsiella pneumoniae, is obtained. Am J Dis Child, 1977 Jan, 131(1), 34 - 7 Oxolinic acid therapy for urinary tract infections in children; Shapera RM et al.; Thirty hospitalized children with Gram-negative bacillary urinary tract infections were treated with oxolinic acid for 14 to 21 dyas . Fifteen of 17 patients with uncomplicated and 11 of 13 with complicated urinary infections had favorable bacteriologic responses . Resistant organisms developed in four treatment failures . Oxolinic acid urine concentrations were well above the minimal inhibitory concentration for most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis, P vulgaris, P morganii, and P rettgeri . Approximately half of these patients experienced mild symptoms possibly related to oxolinic acid therapy; in no instance did they require cessation of therapy . Our experience indicates that if the urine is not sterile by the end of five days of treatment, bacterial resistance to oxolinic acid is likely to have developed, and therapy with another agent should be considered and antibiotic susceptibility tests repeated. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 98(1), 39 - 66 Taxonomy of the genus Serratia; Grimont PA et al.; One hundred and fifty-six strains of Serratia and related bacteria including representatives of Enterobacter liquefaciens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia herbicola and Erwinia nimipressuralis were studied using 223 morphological, physiological, biochemical and carbon source utilization tests . The results were subjected to computer analysis . At the 80% similarity level all strains, except two, grouped into eight phenons representing: (A) Serratia marcescens with the neotype CCM303 (ATCCI3880); (B) S . marinorubra with the monotype NCTC10912 (ATCC27614); (CI) S . liquefaciens with the type ATCCI4460; (C2) S . plymuthica with the monotype CCM640 (ATCC183); (D) Erwinia herbicola with the neotype of Enterobacter agglomerans NCTC9381; (E) Enterobacter cloacae with the neotype NCTCI0005 and Erwinia nimipressuralis; (F) Erwinia carotovora with the type ATCC495, Erwinia atroseptica and Erwinia chrysanthemi; (G) Klebsiella mobilis with the neotype NCTCI0006 . At the 70% similarity level the phenons formed two groups: (A, B, CI, C2) and (D, E, F, G) . The following conclusions were drawn . (I) There are three species of enterobacteria producing prodigiosin: S . marcescens, S . plymuthica and S . marinorubra . (2) There are four species of Serratia, one colourless (S . liquefaciens) . (3) Subphenons (biovars) are described within the four species of Serratia . (4) Non-pigmented wild-type strains of S . marcescens can generally be differentiated from pigmented strains by characters other than pigmentation, because subphenons are homogeneous with respect to pigmentation . This survey raised some problems of nomenclature because old descriptions could be found that could loosely fit the present phenons . Comparison with an authentic culture was considered to be the most objective way of identifying these phenons with earlier named species. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 5(1), 62 - 5 Multiple biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae in single clinical specimens; de Silva MI et al.; The occurence of multiple biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae within single specimens was determined in 59 clinical specimens . Biotyping was performed on five colonies of K . pneumoniae from each specimen, using the API 20E system (Analytab, Inc., New York) for identification of Enterobacteriaceae with strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions . Multiple biotypes of K . pneumoniae were present in 31% (18) of the clinical specimens . Twenty-eight colonies representative of specimens with single and multiple biotypes were tested further for biotype reproducibility . Whereas genus and species identification was 100% reproducible, variation of one or more biochemical tests on serial transfers resulted in biotype reproducibility of only 64% . The greatest variation in biochemical tests occurred with urease (14%), indole production (10%) and citrate utilization (9%) . Multiple biotypes in single specimens appear to be due to both inherent differences among the colonies in the specimen and variability in the system used to determine biochemical reactions . The presence of multiple biotypes limits the usefulness of biochemical typing for epidemiological surveilance of K . pneumoniae. Health Lab Sci, 1977 Jan, 14(1), 5 - 10 Comparison of enteric identification systems; Borchardt KA et al.; An evaluation of methods for identification of Enterobacteriaceae was made employing the new commercial Micro-Media Enteric System (MMES) with that of the Analytab Products Incorporated (API) and the Conventional tube media schema as suggested by the Center for Disease Control (CDS) . The MMES system employed 20 biochemical tests, the API 21, and the CDC procedure 25 . Sixteen of these were identical biochemical tests . Two hundred clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were tested employing procedures recommended by the manufacturers of MMES and API, and methods suggested by CDC . Among the sixteen identical biochemical tests the agreement was 98.0% (Conventional), 98.2% (API), and 97.98% (MMES) . Bacteria misidentified by the API system totaled 5 (2.5%), 12 (6%) for the Conventional, and 13 (6.5%) for the MMES . Five of the bacteria misidentified with the MMES procedure were due to false positive citrate tests . This problem was subsequently eliminated . The results of this study indicated that the new MMES method for identification of Enterobacteriaceae compared favorably with both the API and Conventional procedures . However, significant advantages of the MMES method were evident in initial purchase price, utilization of technology time, and less tedium performing the test. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 127 - 32 Genetic localization of the resistance to fosfomycin; Perea EJ et al.; The possible existence of a transferable resistance to fosfomycin was studied in 50 strains of enterobacteria that were isolated in our hospital and which showed a resistance to fosfomycin of more than 256 mug/ml . E . coli K12 E711 was used as a receptor strain in the conjugation -- the times of conjugation were 20 min and 18 h . We found a transferable resistance in 28% of the strains . In all but one of the cases, only the resistance to fosfomycin was transferred . The recombinant which received the resistance to fosfomycin together with three other resistances was used as the donor for the transduction with the phage P1Kc to the receptor strain which was E . coli UTH 1038 . A study was carried out on the influence of the radiation of the transducing phages with ultraviolet light on the frequency of transduction . The findings demonstrated a linear decrease in the frequency in proportion to the increase in the time of radiation. Chemotherapy, 1977, 23(1), 11 - 8 Response profiles: A method of evaluating the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacteria; Greenwood D; A method is described which may be used to compare the relative activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli . The method offers several important advantages over conventional methods of evaluation of the antibacterial activity of beta-lactam agents: the bacterial inoculum is simply and accurately standardized; the response of the culture is continuously monitored and information is obtained on both the intrinsic activity of the agent and its susceptibility to enterobacterial beta-lactamases . In this way, differences in the antibacterial activity of compounds which appear similar on the basis of more conventional tests may be revealed. Arch Intern Med, 1977 Jan, 137(1), 28 - 38 Clindamycin and gentamicin for aerobic and anaerobic sepsis; Fass RJ et al.; Thirty-eight adult patients with serious pleuropulmonary, soft-tissue, bone, and intra-abdominal infections caused by combinations of aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic bacteria were treated with parenterally given clindamycin phosphate and gentamicin sulfate and surgery when appropriate . Nine had associated bacteremia . In 29, infections failed to respond to other therapeutic regimens, which included penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol . Results with clindamycin and gentamicin were excellent and were attributed primarily to the activity of clindamycin against anaerobes, particularly Bacteroides fragilis . Serum concentrations of clindamycin surpassed by manyfold the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for anaerobes . Serum concentrations of gentamicin did not consistently surpass the MICs for Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, although those organisms were consistently gentamicinsusceptible by disk diffusion susceptibility tests . Persistent colonization with Enterobacteriaceae, P aeruginosa, enterococci, or Candida were common, and occasionally they were significant in prolonging the clinical courses of patients with extensive infections. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(3), 285 - 94 Investigation of the antigenic composition of the cells and the exotoxin of Sh . dysenteriae (Shiga) by agar immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; Belaya YA et al.; Using the method of immunoelectrophoresis in agar, we established the presence of 12 soluble antigens in Sh . dysenteriae (Shiga) . We differentiated among them 3 specific antigens situated in the cathodic region . One of them is the somatic O antigen while the other two are thermolabile surface K antigens of these bacteria . K antigens of Grigoryev-Shiga bacteria differ from the earlier described K antigens of the Newcastle and Boyd Shigellae in their positive electric charge, in greater lability in relation to temperature and chemical effects and evidently also in their chemical character . The remaining protein antigens are common for either the genus of Shigella or for the family of enterobacteria . The exotoxin preparation isolated from the R strain of Sh . dysenteriae (Voile 30) by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid is represented in the immunophoreogram by five precipitation lines . Disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel made possible the investigation of the composition of the exotoxin and isolation of the two fractions responsible for its toxic effect . The method of preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel can evidently be used for obtaining purified Sh . dysenteriae exotoxin preparations. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1977, 25(3), 317 - 21 Alpha-globulin-like antigens in bacteria; Luczkiewicz-Mulczykowa A et al.; Seventy-two strains of bacteria of the families Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae were investigated for antigens resembling Gm (1), Gm (2) and Inv (1) human immunoglobulin group factors . Antigens similar to these factors were encountered in some strains of the genus Bacillus . Staph . epidermidis strains had antigenic structures resembling Gm (1) and Inv (1) factors, and strains of Enterobacteriaceae structures resembling Gm (2) and Inv (1) . Occurrence among various species of bacteria of antigens resembling human gamma-globulin group factors suggests immunization by bacterial infection as one of the causes of presence of anti-Gm and anti-Inv antibodies in human beings. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Dec, 236(4), 487 - 508 Studies on endotoxin of Erwinia herbicola and their biological activity; Dutkiewicz J; The endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) preparations were extracted by the BOIVIN method from 10 strains of Erwinia herbicola isolated from the air of grain mills and from human and animal sources . It was found in assays for biological activity that these preparations had true endotoxic properties: lethality for mice, ability to produce primary inflammatory lesions in rabbit skin and ability to prepare rabbit skin for the local SHWARTZMAN reaction . Endotoxins obtained from five E . herbicola isolates were highly toxic and had mouse LD50 values ranging from 0.23 to 0.50 mg . The reparations derived from the remaining five strains were less potent with LD50 values ranging from 0.96 to 2.83 mg . The endotoxins of E . herbicola caused primary skin lesions (edema and/or erythema) in rabbits in the mean threshold doses (SLD50) of 1.33 to 5.94 mug and had the ability to prepare the rabbit skin for the local SHWARTZMAN reaction in the mean threshold does (SPD50) of 2.97 to 95.0 mug . The endotoxic properties of the E . herbicola preparations were similar to those of simultaneously tested enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides . The results of the mouse toxicity tests were positively correlated with those of the rabbit skin tests . In the additional tests the single preparations of E . herbicola showed two other endotoxic properties: ability to produce hemorrhagic lesions in rabbit skin after mixing with epinephrine and lethal effect on chick embryo . A preliminary chemical analysis of the trichloroacetic extracts of E . herbicola revealed low nitrogen and high carbohydrate contents as well as the presence of the common monosaccharides, reported in literature for endotoxins of various gram-negative bacteria . The significance of the presence of endotoxins in the ubiquitous E . herbicola rods is discussed, particularly with respect to occupational health hazard resulting from inhalation of vegetable dusts containing these organisms. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 219 - 33 Numerical taxonomy of some yellow-pigmented bacteria isolated from plants; Goodfellow M et al.; Phenetic data on over 60 heterotrophic, Gram-negative, yellow chromogenic bacteria from plant material were collected and analysed using numerical taxonomic methods . Marker strains representing 42 taxa were included in the analyses . At similarity levels of 80% or above, eight distinct clusters were obtained, the first four of which included yellow chromogens . Custer I contained isolates from green healthy leaves of Agrostis tenuis, Festuca rubra, Holcus lanata, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis, and clusters 2 and 3 consisted of isolates from Holcus lanata seeds and leaves of P . pratensis respectively . Cluster 4 contained seven subgroups and was equated with the family Enterobacteriaceae . Erwinia herbicola strains from a variety of sources formed a homogeneous subgroup, readily distinguishable from authentic strains of E . amylovora, E . carotovora, other representative erwiniae, and from all other enterobacteria studied . These data emphasize the heterogeneous nature of yellow-pigmented bacteria from plants, and support the inclusion of E . herbicola and other Erwinia species in the Enterobacteriaceae. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1976 Dec, 58(8), 1134 - 7 Urinary infections in total hip arthroplasty . Influences of prophylactic cephalosporins and catheterization; Donovan TL et al.; We studied 359 patients retrospectively and 100 patients prospectively, all on cephalosporin prophylaxis . Urinary infections were eight times more frequent in catheterized patients; most were caused by Pseudomonas and Enterobacter . One patients had acute seeding in the arthroplasty site from a Pseudomonas urinary infection. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Dec, 163(5-6), 556 - 64 {Swimming plastic toy-animals as biotopes of microorganisms and possible source of infant infections (author's transl)}; Ruschke R; Infants are particularly jeopardized as regards oral infection, because they like to put all kinds of things in their mouth . In swimming plastic toy-animals, which are mainly used in bathtubs and from which children might suck water into their mouths, more than 4 million germs/ml (when rinsed with 5 ml tryptone/NaCl solution) were found . In addition thereto, the liquid contained various types of enterobacteriaceae such as Serratia marcescens (up to 150000/ml) as well as P . aeruginosa (up to 80000/ml) . 19 of the toys from seven different households were "commodities" as defined by the German Food Law . If these items are used according to purpose, however, the concentration and dissemination of pathogens or facultative pathogens is unavoidable. Immun Infekt, 1976 Dec, 4(6), 276 - 8 {Evaluation of successful chemotherapie of infections of the urinary system by determination of antibacterial activity in the urine (author's transl)}; Wallenstein FA et al.; 5,589 urin samples from patients with suspected infections of the urinary tract were screened for inhibiting activity against Baz . cereus (ATCC 6051) . In 19% of these urines such inhibitors could be found . In spite of the antibacterial inhibition activity nearly half of the samples had bacteria in high number . By comparison of the various bacterial species in both groups of urin, in those without antibacterial "Problem-Bacteria": Klebsiella-Enterobacter- Proteus- Candida-species is demonstrated . If one compares the urine of the same patient before and under chemotherapie it seems as if antibiotic therapie is often started without proof of significant bacteriuria . In those patients, where there was a significant bacteriuria in the first urine sample only 7 from 20 showed sterile urine under chemotherapie; 10 patients had an other species in the second sample and 3 patients had the same species isolated from urine during therapie . The diagnosis and the consequences especially for therapie in stationary patients with recurrent infections is discussed. J Fam Pract, 1976 Dec, 3(6), 647 - 9 The dipslide in diagnosis of urinary tract infections; Adelman RD; Urinary tract infections (UTI's) are common in medicine . Symptoms may include fever, chills, frequency, and dysuria . Asymptomatic UTI's are also common, with a prevalence of one percent in school girls and ten percent in pregnant women . Pyuria, dysuria, and frequency may be absent in patients with UTI's or present in patients without UTI's . Therefore, a UTI must be bacteriologically diagnosed as greater than 100,000 organisms/ml, usually of a single organism, in a properly obtained urine specimen . The dipslide is a simple, convenient, inexpensive device for the quantitative diagnosis of a UTI . Culture media are layered on both sides of the dipslide, one medium allowing growth of all organisms and the other medium favoring growth of enterobacteriae . After immersion in a clean catch urine specimen, the dipslide is incubated for 24 hours at 37 C . Each urinary organism forms a colony "dot" . The density of colony "dots" can be quantitated easily by comparison with standardized graphs . The dipslide is a highly accurate and sensitive tool that can be used for the diagnosis of UTI's, assessment of antimicrobial effectiveness, follow-up for presence of recurrence or relapse, and screening of high-risk individuals. J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Dec, 77(3), 401 - 8 Klebsiella and Enterobacter organisms isolated from horses; Platt H et al.; An account is given of K . pneumoniae capsule types occurring in horses, with particular reference to strains originating from the genital tract in the mare and the external genitalia of the stallion . A survey of the prevalence of K . pneumoniae and E . aerogenes strains in the preputial flora of healthy stallions is described . The majority of horses were found to be carriers of these organisms . The cultural characteristics of these preputial strains are described and compared with those of K . pneumoniae strains associated with epidemic metritis in mares . The epidemiological significance of certain K . pneumoniae capsule types is discussed. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 4(6), 511 - 4 Simplified scheme for identification of prompt lactose-fermenting members of the Enterobacteriaceae; Hicks MJ et al.; A brief, simplified scheme involving the spot indole test and colonial morphology was evaluated for genus level identification of prompt lactose-fermenting (PLF) members of the Enterobacteriaceae . One hundred and ninety-four consecutive, clinically important PLF gram-negative rods isolated in a clinical microbiology laboratory were identified by this simplified scheme, as well as by standard biochemical tests, and the API 20E (Analytab Products, Inc., Plainview, N.Y.) system . In the simplified scheme a flat, spot indole-positive colony was identified as Escherichia coli . Spot indole-negative organisms forming nucoid colonies were identified as Klebsiella sp . or Enterobacter sp . on the basis of semisolid motility and ornithine decarboxylase tests . Approximately 94% of the study isolates followed reactions typical for E . coli, Klebsiella sp., and Enterobacter sp . as defined by this simplified scheme . When compared with the standard and Analytab Products Inc . identifications, the overall accuracy was 97.4% . The accuracy of identification of E . coli, Klebsiella sp., and Enterobacter sp . was 98.1%, 95.6%, and 87.5%, respectively . This simplified scheme is recommended for identification of selected PLF isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Am J Clin Nutr, 1976 Dec, 29(12), 1397 - 403 Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunal microflora prevalence and relationship to biochemical and histological evaluations in healthy Colombian men; Cain JR et al.; When 23 healthy native Southwestern Colombian men were studied to determine the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in the jejunal microflora in a sample of thoroughly evaluated tropical inhabitants who were normal by physical examination, chest x-ray, and medical history, 14 of the 23 proved to be Enterobacteriaceae-positive, with counts of 10(3) to 10(9) per milliliter of jejunal aspirate . Thirteen had Escherichia coli, and the fourteenth had Klebsiella pneumoniae . Four had a second species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with E . coli: three were K . pneumoniae, and one was Proteus morganii . Laboratory studies routinely done on all subjects disclosed a total of 18 low biochemical values, 17 of which were associated with 12 of the 14 Enterobacteriaceae-positive subjects: six were low in serum cholesterol, four low in serum vitamin B12, four low in D-xylose excretion, and three low in creatinine coefficient; whereas, the Enterobacteriaceae-negative subjects had normal values for all biochemical tests except for serum vitamin B12 in one case . Nitrogen balance means were significantly different for the two groups: 3.39 g for the Enterobacteriaceae-positive subjects and 1.94 g for the Enterobacteriaceae-negative . No relationship was evident when the histology of the jejunal biopsies was compared with the microbiological or laboratory findings . When the 23 subjects were grouped into those (N = 19) with significant microbial recoveries of any type and those (N = 4) without, the data yielded no meaningful relationships. J Bacteriol, 1976 Dec, 128(3), 717 - 21 Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase-deficient mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2; Sasarman A et al.; A new type of heme-deficient mutant of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 was isolated using neomycin . The mutant, designated as strain SASY74, accumulated uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I . Extracts of the mutant converted 5-aminolevulinic acid to uroporphyrin I . Extracts of the mutant SASY74 and of the uroporphyrinogen synthase-deficient mutant SASY32 complemented each other and converted, when incubated together, 5-aminolevulinic acid to protoporphyrin . This finding excludes the possibility that uroporphyrinogen I synthase in strain SASY74 is deficient in its cosynthase-binding ability . Hence, the most probable explanation for the accumulation of uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I by the mutant is the lack of the uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase activity . This mutant is the first isolated in bacteria with such deficiency, and the mutation is analogous, as far as porphyrin synthesis is concerned, to human congenital porphyria . Mapping of the corresponding gene (hemD) by conjugation and P22-mediated transduction suggests the following gene order on the chromosome: ilv....hemC, hemD, cya....metE . The hemC and hemD genes are probably adjacent; this is the first case in which two hem genes of Enterobacteriaceae are contiguous on the chromosomal map. JAMA, 1976 Nov 22, 236(21), 2407 - 9 Nosocomial pseudobacteremia . Positive blood cultures due to contaminated benzalkonium antiseptic; Kaslow RA et al.; Pseudomonas cepacia or Enterobacter species or both were isolated from blood cultures of 79 patients in a community hospital between April 1971 and March 1972 . No common exposures other than venipuncture correlated with positive blood cultures . Pseudomonas cepacia, Enterobacter, and other Gram-negative enteric bacteria were cultured from aqueous benzalkonium chloride used for skin antisepsis prior to ordinary and blood culture venipuncture . Contamination of blood cultures by organisms from the antiseptic most likely accounted for positive cultures in 35 to 38 patients (92%) with P cepacia . The remaining three patients had repeated blood cultures positive for P cepacia and circumstantial clinical evidence of bacteremia; they may have contracted disease through exposure to the contaminated antiseptic . Substitution of an iodine-alcohol antiseptic abruptly reduced the isolation of P cepacia and Enterobacter. Med J Aust, 1976 Nov 20, 2(21), 787 - 91 Pneumonia in a city hospital; Burns MW et al.; Of 222 patients with pneumonia in St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, in 1972, more were affected by bronchopneumonia (53%) than lobar pneumonia (46%) . Two-thirds of the patients were males and 86% were aged 40 years or more . Only 59% had any bacteriological studies performed . It was unusual to isolate pathogens from persons who had received antibiotics before cultures were taken, but of cultures taken from persons not receiving antibiotics, 65% yielded pneumococci . Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas and enterobacteria were uncommon . Haemophilus influenzae appeared to be a co-pathogen in bronchopneumonia more than in lobar pneumonia . The mortality in lobar pneumonia was acceptably low (4%), but was generally high in bronchopneumonia, being 32% when the condition occurred after surgical operations and 35% when this form of pneumonia complicated other normally non-terminal medical diseases . The mortality was 17% in primary bronchopneumonia. Am J Ophthalmol, 1976 Nov, 82(5), 709 - 13 Traumatic endophthalmitis caused by an Erwinia species; Mason GI et al.; A previously healthy 70-year-old white man sustained a plant injury to his left eye while gardening and was admitted here because of an ensuing perforated cornea and endophthalmitis . The lens was opaque and its anterior capsule was ruptured . Culture of fluid obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis yielded a species of the Erwinia herbicolalathyri group (Enterobacter agglomerans) . Thirty-seven days after a course of cefazolin and gentamicin therapy, corneal edema necessitated a planned extracapsular cataract extraction . The aqueous humor and lens again revealed the identical Erwinia species in pure culture . The patient received another course of cefazolin and showed improvement after the lens aspiration. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S391 - 3 Amikacin in the treatment of gram-negative bronchopulmonary infections; Van Der Straeten M et al.; Six patients with acute gram-negative bronchopulmonary infection were treated with amikacin (15 mg/kg per day) administered intramuscularly in two equal doses at 12-hr intervals for 10-13 days . Two patients had underlying nonspecific pulmonary disease, two had advanced bronchocarcinoma, and two had extensive bronchiectasis (due to chronic aspergillosis in one patient) . The pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa in three patients, and Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella ozaenae, and Enterobacter cloacae each in one patient . Five patients recovered completely, with resolution of fever and other acute symptoms and elimination of the causative organism from sputum cultures . A moribund patient with advanced metastatic bronchocarcinoma died two days after the treatment with amikacin had been completed; the last specimen of sputum was still positive for P . aeruginosa . Tests of liver and renal function and blood counts revealed no abnormaltities . Complete audiometric survey showed no hearing loss . Nystagmography revealed reversible, lessened caloric response in some patients . Amikacin was well absorbed from the site of intramuscular injection . Levels of amikacin in serum varied among the subjects and, in some cases, for individual patients on different days. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S421 - 7 Amikacin for treatment of infections in patients with malignant diseases; Bodey GP et al.; Amikacin was evaluated in patients with malignant diseases during 134 episodes of identified infection, most of which were cases of pneumonia and septicemia . The overall rate of response of the identified infections was 63% . The majority of infections were caused by Escherichia coli, the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The response rate for infections caused by these organisms was 80% . Five of eight infections caused by organisms resistant to gentamicin responded to therapy with amikacin . Nephrotoxicity was observed in 13% of patients who had normal renal function initially. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S381 - 3 Preliminary clinical trial with amikacin in chronic recurrent gram-negative bacterial infections refractory to other antimicrobial agents; Damaso D et al.; Eleven patients with 16 infections due to Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonas that were in most cases refractory to treatment with cephalosporins, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, carbenicillin, or ampicillin (administered singly or in combinations) received 1 g of amikacin daily by the intramuscular route (10 patients) or 0.4 g daily (one patient with renal insufficiency) . The average duration of treatment was eight days . At the beginning of treatment, 18 pathogens were sensitive to amikacin at concentrations of 0.25-2 mug/ml . Of the 16 infections, 10 were cured clinically . Thirteen of the 19 pathogens isolated initially were eradicated, and five persisted during treatment but without change in in vitro sensitivity . A strain of Pseudomonas cepacia recovered from a diabetic patient and sensitive initially to 8 mug of amikacin/ml showed an eightfold increase in minimal inhibitory concentration . Superinfection with P . cepacia resistant to amikacin was noted in one case and urinary colonization with Candida albicans in another . No abnormalities of hematopoietic, hepatic, or renal function were observed in laboratory tests. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S343 - 8 Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in patients with impaired renal function; McHenry MC et al.; Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after a single intramuscular injection of 7.5 mg of amikacin/kg to 10 volunteers with impaired renal function (creatinine clearance rate, 2.2-65ml/min per 1.73 m2) and to six volunteers with normal renal function . The mean peak concentrations of amikacin in sera of the two groups did not differ significantly from each other and exceeded by two to five times the reported in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations for the majority of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae strains . There was a significant linear relation between the elimination rate constant of amikacin and the rate of creatinine clearance; there was a significant nonlinear relation between the half-life of amikacin and the serum creatinine concentration . Knowledge of these relations may aid in adjustment of the dosage of amikacin in patients with impaired renal function, especially when such information is used in conjunction with serum assays of amikacin. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Nov, 4(5), 453 - 4 Deoxyribonuclease: detection with a three-hour test; Greenwood JR et al.; A three-hour test has been developed to determine deoxyribonuclease activity of Enterobacteriaceae and staphylococci . The test is inexpensive and easy to perform . The rapid deoxyribonuclease test and the conventional method showed complete agreement with the strains tested. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S394 - 90 Susceptibility of current clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enteric gram-negative bacilli to amikacin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics; Damaso D et al.; The susceptibility of current clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae to amikacin and other aminoglycosides was tested by a standardized disk sensitivity method . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for all 200 isolates tested, and mean MICs were calculated for each of 10 bacterial species . Amikacin proved to be the most effective of six aminoglycosides against nine bacterial species; isolates of Proteus morganii were slightly more sensitive to gentamicin than to amikacin . Whereas 50% of the 200 isolates could be considered resistant to gentamicin (MIC, greater than 16 mug/ml), 94.4% of the 126 enteric gram-negative bacilli and all 74 isolates of P . aeruginosa were sensitive to amikacin . At a concentration of 8 mug/ml, gentamicin inhibited 50% and tobramycin inhibited 67% of the 200 isolates . At 16 mug/ml, amikacin inhibited 96.5% of the 200 isolates; the respective figures for kanamycin, aminosidine, and streptomycin were 28.5%, 26.5%, and 24% . The virtual absence of cross-resistance between amikacin and gentamicin and between amikacin and the other four aminoglycosides was confirmed. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S280 - 5 Suceptibility of aminoglycoside-resistant gram-negative bacilli to amikacin: delineation of individual resistance patterns; Acar JF et al.; Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens submitted for culture in two Paris hospitals during 1974 were studied for susceptibility to six currently used aminoglycosides: kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin, lividomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin . Resistance patterns of strains of various species including those of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Moraxella were determined, and the strains were grouped into eight resistance "phenotypes." In comparative studies of 807 strains belonging to different phenotypes, amikacin was markedly more active than any of the six other antibiotics; at concentrations of less than or equal to 4 mug/ml, it inhibited about 88% of the strains, including those resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin . Some amikacin-resistant strains were found among different species . The mechanism of resistance to amikacin of strains of Serratia and Moraxella group II was related to an N-acetylating enzyme . Amikacin can be expected to be useful as an alternative treatment of infections due to gram-negative bacilli sensitive to aminoglycosides and also, more particularly, for the treatment of patients infected with multiresistant strains. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S271 - 4 In vitro susceptibility of recently isolated gram-negative bacteria to gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, and amikacin; Knothe H; The emergence of bacteria with R-factor-mediated resistance transferable to many strains of Pseudomononas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and some Proteus and Providencia species has been reported in hospitals in the Rhine-Main region of Germany . In a comparative study, 1,250 strains belonging to 12 clinically important bacterial species were tested for susceptibility to gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, and amikacin by the tube dilution methods . Gentamicin, sisomicin, and tobramycin can still be employed effectively for the treatment of serious gram-negative infections . However, some findings related to Enterobacteriaceae and P . aeruginosa and demonstration of transfer by R-plasmids among P . aeruginosa, E . coli, K . pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and S . marcescens point to less favorable developments in the future . nearly all bacterial strains tests, including those resistant to other aminoglycosides, were susceptible in vitro to amikacin . This highly valuable antibiotic should be employed only when specifically indicated, since indiscriminate use would favor selective emergence of resistant bacteria in the future. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S262 - 70 In vitro susceptibility of clinically important bacteria to amikacin: correlation of results of broth dilution and disk sensitivity tests and effect of medium composition; Linzenmeier G et al.; Minimal inhibitory concentrations of amikacin for 296 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria determined in Mueller-Hinton broth by the method recommended by the International Collaborative Study Group confirmed previous observations that amikacin is effective against current clinical isolates sensitive to gentamicin and that strains moderatly sensitive or resistant to gentamicin are often inhibited by clinically achievable concentrations . A simple linear regression analysis was used for comparison of zone sizes obtained with 10-mug disks of amikacin with minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained by the tube dilution technique . For 152 strains, including seven species of Enterobacteriaceae, the correleation coefficient (r) was -0.79 on Oxoid diagnostic senstivity test agar (which yields zone sizes similar to those obtained on Mueller-Hinton medium) and -0.78 on Oxoid isotonic sensitest agar (which contains cations in isotonic concentrations); the figures were -0.74 and -0.66, respectively, for 80 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Zone sizes for enteric gram-negative bacilli were on the average 2-3 mm smaller on isotonic sensitest agar than on diagnostic sensitivity test agar, and about 6 mm smaller for strains of P . aeruginosa and Providencia . Minimal inhibitory concentrations of amikacin can be estimated satisfactorily by extrapolation of results of agar diffusion tests, but the composition of the medium, particularly its calcium and magnesium content, should be defined precisely. Poult Sci, 1976 Nov, 55(6), 2405 - 8 Swab and excised tissue sampling for total and Enterobacteriaceae counts of fresh and surface-frozen broiler skin; Cox NA et al.; Excised broiler skin tissue (12.3 cm 2 area) was (a) blended for various times up to 2 min . or (b) shaken 25, 50, or 75 times with or without sterile glass beads . Blending for 10 sec . or shaking 75 times with glass beads yielded the highest total plate count (TPC) and Enterobacteriaceae count (ENT) . Counts did not significantly differ between these methods when freshly processed, unfrozen broiler skin was sampled . However, blending yielded significantly higher TPC and ENT than the conventional sampling procedure or swabbing a 12.3 cm . 2 area of the intact skin for 30 sec . with a calcium alginate swab . When sampling hard chilled (surface frozen) broiler skin, there was no significant difference between shaking and blending for TPC, but shaking gave a significantly higher ENT with less variation than blending . Blending, however, yielded significantly higher TPC and ENT counts than swabbing. Poult Sci, 1976 Nov, 55(6), 2147 - 54 Effect of dietary oxytetracycline on microorganisms in turkey feces; Baldwin BB et al.; Thirty-six two-day old male turkey poults were divided into three groups and fed three levels of oxytetracycline; 0, 110 or 440 mg . per kg . of ration, respectively, for nine weeks . The poults were given an oral spectinomycin plus vitamin treatment at the hatchery but were not fed before the start of the experiment . Defecated feces from each group were sampled at weekly intervals and analyzed for bacteriological content, especially for members of the Enterobacteriaceae . Total aerobic counts of 3 x 10(8) and total anaerobic counts of 2 x 10(9) were obtained . The majority of the Enterobacteriaceae were Escherichia coli but some Klebsiella sp., the Bethesda-Ballerup group of paracolon bacteria and Arizona sp . were also isolated . Antibiograms of the enteric isolates indicated that an increase in multiple antibiotic resistance occurred when increased amounts of antibiotic were fed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Nov, (11), 39 - 47 {Various debatable questions of epidemiology of intestinal infections . II . Interrrelationship between the intensity of enterobacteria accumulation in food and their pathogenic dose}; Zaritskii AM et al.; Experiments carried out by various methods demonstrated that the intensity of accumulation of various enterobacterial species in food and artificial nutrient medium was different: typhoid bacilli reproduced less intensively, reproduction of E . coli was the most intensive; as to other salmonellae and Sh . sonnei--they occupied an intermediate position . It is supposed that the rate of enterobacterial multiplication was an evolutionally justified sign of the species and was to a definite extent proportional to the pathogenic dose. J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Nov, 4(5), 400 - 4 Clinical evaluation of the minitek differential system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Finklea PJ et al.; Forty-one stock organisms and 581 fresh clinical isolates were used in comparing the Minitek system to conventional tubed media to determine if this system is feasible and accurate for a high-volume clinical microbiology laboratory . In addition to comparison with tubed media, the following parameters were tested: (i) reproducibility of disks, (ii) the effect of variation in inoculum size, (iii) the effect of the age of culture, and (iv) the effect of predispensing disks . A total of 5,947 disks were compared with tube reactions; 95.9% agreed on the initial reading . After repeating questionable tube and disk reactions, this agreement rose to 98.2% . Using the disk reactions and the identification schema currently in use with tubed media, 94.9% of the Minitek final identifications agreed with those of tubed media; 1.5% gave differing identifications and 3.6% were inconclusive . This system is accurate, inexpensive, flexible, and convenient. J Infect Dis, 1976 Nov, 134 SUPPL, S291 - 6 In vitro activity of amikacin and ten other aminoglycoside antibiotics against gentamicin-resistant bacterial strains; Reyonolds AV et al.; Sixty-nine strains of gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli obtained from different geographical sources were tested for susceptibility to 11 aminoglycoside antibiotics . From the results of determinations of minimal inhibitory concentrations, patterns of resistance were established for 45 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and 24 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Overall, 81% of the strains were sensitive to amikacin and 33% of the strains were sensitive to butirosin, the next most active compound . Results indicated that 54% of the P . aeruginosa strains were sensitive to amikacin and 33% were sensitive to tobramycin . From resistance patterns, enzymes responsible for inactivation of the antibiotics were deduced . The most common enzyme was aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase(2''), either alone or combined with either aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-I or aminoglycoside phosphotransferase(3')-II . Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase(2) was identified exclusively in strains of Providencia stuartii . Specific enzymes could not be identified for 30 strains, 21 of which were P . aeruginosa. Med Klin, 1976 Oct 29, 71(44), 1898 - 902 {Lipid A antibody titers and O antibody titers in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and acute enteritis (author's transl)}; Schussler P et al.; In 18 patients with Crohn's disease, 28 patients with ulcerative colitis, 24 patients with acute enteritis and in 68 healthy adults lipid A antibody titers were determined by the passive hemolysis test . In addition O antibody titers to polyvalent Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens were measured by indirect hemagglutination . The patients with Crohn's disease showed a statistically significant elevation of the lipid A antibody titers compared with each of the three other groups investigated . The O antibody titers for the four polyvalent antigens were higher in the patients with Crohn's disease than in the other groups . The results indicate that Enterobacteriaceae are involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease . Thus, long-term treatment with wide spectrum antibiotics seems to be justified . The determination of lipid A antibody titers may be useful in differentiating between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis on diagnosis. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1976 Oct, 127B(3), 317 - 35 {Taxonomic study of enterobacteria belonging or related to the genus Enterobacter (author's transl)}; Gavini F et al.; The classification of 175 strains related to the genus Enterobacter has been carried out by numerical procedure, with usual biochemical and nutritional characters as shown by the utilization of substrates tested as sole sources of carbon and energy . The taxonomic position of the strains is discussed in relation to the species E . cloacae, E . hafniae, E . aerogenes, E . agglomerans and Serratia liquefaciens . By the system of data analysis used (hierarchical agregation method) five principal classes can be defined . The individualization of new classes closely bound to the diverse origins of the strains examined (human, soil, aquatic). Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Oct, 236(1), 36 - 47 {Taxonomic importance of fermentation balances of Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)}; Seiler H et al.; Fermentation balances have been studied on 66 strains from 9 taxa of Enterobacteriaceae . In addition, 6 strains of Aeromonas have been investigated . Among these fermentation balances, 7 types could be distinguished . It was shown, that the taxa of Enterobacteriaceae differed with respect to the balance types involved . This is true especially for VP-positive taxa . For example, Hafnia, the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, Enterobacter cloacae and Erwinia are to some extend characterized by different balance types . The groups of Enterobacteriaceae with plain acid fermentation are apperently more homogenous with respect to fermentation balances . Balances are, however, not suited for classification, because no balance type turned out to be absolutely group specific . The fermentation balances of our strains of Aeromonas are closely related to the acid-type balances of Enterobacteriaceae . A numerical classification of the data showed, that this method is most potent in sorting multivariate data . A basic agreement of both techniques, the subjective and the numerical subdivision, was found . The first one, however, tends to overemphasize differences among the types . A comparison between the quantitative data of fermentation balances and the corresponding diagnostic tests (MR, VP, Gas) gives information on the reliabiity of the latter. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Oct, 236(1), 105 - 12 Multiple drug resistance in Klebsiella-Enterobacter, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa--an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data; Grunt J et al.; This last communication on the results of an one-year computer follow-up of single, double, and multiple antibiotic resistance of so-called problem bacteria in Slovakia presents computerised data on double, and important triple, quadruple and quintuple resistance of Klebsiella-Enterobacter, P . mirabilis and Ps . aeruginosa strains . Bi- and multi-resistant strains absolutely prevail in Klebsiella (more than 60% of many thousands of strains tested), P . mirabilis (90%) and Ps . aeruginosa (95%) . Special strict surveillance should be imposed on these strains, namely on those coming from hospitals, and on their resistance developments concerning those few drugs which are fully (gentamicin and colistin, except for Proteus) or individually effective (streptomycin, carbenicillin, septrin, nalidixic acid) . Mutual co-selectivity of bi-resistance has been identified in Klebsiella-Aerobacter toward gentamycin-colistin . Although this does not take place in Ps . aeruginosa, it is similar to the development in E . coli, and to the one-way co-selection of combined oxacillin-lincomycin resistance in staphylococci in this country . Should this co-selective trend continue, even promoted by the spread of R plasmids, it may happen that the treatment of infections caused especially by these three (or four) species will be seriously jeopardized. J Bacteriol, 1976 Oct, 128(1), 228 - 34 Interaction of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae plasmids in Aeromonas salmonicida; Olsen RH et al.; We observed that Aeromonas salmonicida ARO200 will maintain either or both the Pseudomonas R-factor, pMG1, and Enterobacteriaceae R-factors . This bacterial strain, therefore, provides a unique background wherein the host ranges of Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae plasmods overlap . Co-maintenance of these plasmids resulted in behavior of plasmid aggregates that allowed transfer of R-dterminants beyond the host range of the parent plasmid . We observed that the ARO200 genetic background facilitated the redistribution of B determinants among unrelated and conjugally noninterfertile gram-negative bacteria . Aberrant behavior resulting in the deletion of R-determinants for plasmids singly maintained in ARO200 was also observed . Plasmids studied included RP1, R702, IncP; Rs-a, IncW; R192.7, IncFII; R64-11, IncI; R390, IncN; and R6K, IncX. Jpn J Exp Med, 1976 Oct, 46(5), 269 - 72 Studies on the effect of phytagglutinins on some members of Enterobacteriaceae; Chatterjee PC et al.; Extracts of twenty seeds were tested against twenty six organisms belonging to Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella and Cholera species . Extracts of eleven seeds showed agglutinating activity against twenty four various organism . S . typhi and Kl . aerogenes did not react against a