Candida albicans

Arch Dermatol, 1976 Mar, 112(3), 350 - 2
Clinical evaluation of clotrimazole . A broad-spectrum antifungal agent; Spiekermann PH et al.; The efficacy and safety of the broad-spectrum, topically applied antifungal agent clotrimazole were evaluated in two double-blind, multicentric trials . Ten investigators reported on a total of 1,361 cases in which a 1% solution or a 1% cream formulation was compared with its respective vehicle . Clotrimazole was therapeutically effective, as confirmed by mycological cure (negative microscopy and culture) and clinical improvement, in tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, pityriasis versicolor, and cutaneous candidasis . Furthermore, species identification established the efficacy of clotrimazole against Trichophyton rubrum, T mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare), and Candida albicans . Safety was demonstrated by the low incidence of possibly drug-related adverse experiences, namely, 19 (2.7%) of 699 patients who were treated with clotrimazole, of whom four (0.6%) discontinued treatment.

Can J Microbiol, 1976 Mar, 22(3), 334 - 7
{Study of various factors affecting the colonization of the digestive tract in white mice by Candida albicans}; Auger P et al.; This paper deals with the quantitative localization of Candida albicans in different parts of white micr gastrointestinal tract after oral inoculation of the yeast . Animals are previously treated with ampicillin, cortisone, or estradiol . Female pregnant and normal adult mice are also used . Our results show that the number of yeasts increases respectively in small intestine, stomach, caecum, and sigmoid . As compared with normal adult mice, C . albicans is more abundant in mice treated wtih ampicillin or cortisone whereas the yeast growth is lower in pregnant animals or in mice receiving estradiol . Moreover, male animals ordinarily show higher values than those found in female mice.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1976 Mar, 55(71), 65 - 72
{Clinical and immunological study of 2 cases of systemic candidiasis}; Prandi G et al.; Two cases of chronic systemic candidiasis of the infancy are presented and their immunity in vivo and in vitro is studied . The clinical course, the negative intradermal tests to Candida extract and the absence of lymphoblastic transformation to the same antigen, suggest an immunological deficit of the cell mediated immunity . The positive response to intradermal test of bacterial antigens, the clinical recovery from infections different from Candida albicans and the positivity of the patch test to DNCB suggest the possibility of a selective immunological reponse (macrophage inability of precessing Candida albicans) . The authors give a pathogenic hypothesis of the two different clinical cases (granuloma and erythematous-scaly sesions), based on the different capacity in producing MIF.

Infect Immun, 1976 Mar, 13(3), 830 - 5
Germination of Candida albicans induced by proline; Dabrowa N et al.; Blastospores of Candida albicans germinated in proline-biotin-buffer medium incubated at 37 C . Certain other amino acids in the glatamate, asparate, and pyruvate families also fostered germinaton but generally to a lesser extent than did proline . L-Cysteine, D-proline, and certain structural analogues of L-proline inhibited proline-stimualted germination . The concentration of phosphate and glucose was crucial to amino acid-stimulated germination of C . albicans . Clinical isolates and stock cultures varied in their response to the germ tube-inducing activity of proline or other amino acids . The proline-buffer medium cannot be used in a diagnostic test for production of germ tubes by isolates of yeasts.

Klin Wochenschr, 1976 Feb 15, 54(4), 177 - 83
Defects in granulocyte function in various chromosome abnormalities (Down's-, Edwards'-, Cri-du-chat syndrome); Seger R et al.; In five infants with autosomal aberrations and diminished resistance to infection (in spite of intact humoral and cellular immune mechanisms) several granulocyte functions (chemotaxis, phagocytosis, intracellular killing and metabolism of killing) were measured . A serum-dependent or a cell-dependent disturbance of phagocytosis of Candida albicans was found in two infants with cat-cry syndrome and one with trisomy 18 . In one of these children there was an additional serum dependent defect of the killing of Candida albicans and of Staphylococcus aureus, serum levels of opsonins (IgG, IgM, CH50 and C3) being within normal range . An infant with trisomy 21 showed, in addition to a cellular defect of chemotaxis, a reduced cellular ability of the killing of Staphylococcus aureus and of Escherichia coli in autologous and AB-pool-serum . Phagocytosis of these bacteria remained normal.

J Clin Microbiol, 1976 Feb, 3(2), 175 - 9
Comparative evaluation of the Candida agglutinin test, precipitin test, and germ tube dispersion test in the diagnosis of candidiasis; Oblack D et al.; Normal sera and sera from burned patients were examined for Candida agglutinin titers, precipitin titers, and the ability to disperse germ tubes of Candida albicans in an attempt to determine whether germ tube dispersion is correlated with Candida infection as animal models have indicated . Other investigators have reported that immunoglobulin G antibody to Candida interferes with a serum clumping factor resulting in germ tube dispersion . Germ tube dispersion in sera from burned patients with varying degrees of Candida infection is significantly greater than that found in uninfected controls . In addition, the germ tube dispersion test indicated the presence of Candida infection in several patients who had clinical evidence of infection but no detectable agglutinins or precipitins.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Feb, 84(1), 37 - 44
The effect of phenylbutazone and chloramphenicol on phagocytosis of radiolabelled Candida albicans by human monocytes cultured in vitro; Odegaard A et al.; The effect of phenylbutazone and chloramphenicol on the function of blood monocytes cultured in vitro was studied . Both drugs had an inhibitory effect on the engulfment stage of phagocytosis . While a moderate effect only of chloramphenicol on digestion of engulfed yeast particles was found, phenylbutazone caused a marked reduction of the digestion of engulfed particles . Concomitant with this reduction of digestive ability, the lysosomes showed no morphological alterations as observed in control cultures without drug addition, indicating a lack of fusion between the engulged particles and lysosomes in the presence of phenylbutazone.

J Clin Invest, 1976 Jan, 57(1), 156 - 60
Skin test and blastogenic responses to Sporotrichun schenckii; Steele RW et al.; In vivo skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were evaluated in a young adult population as methods for detecting cellular immunity to Sporotrichum schenckii . Similar procedures for Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis were also investigated . 5 of 143 subjects had positive skin tests and 14 had positive blastogenic responses to S . schenckii . These 14 subjects also exhibited unusually high responses to C . albicans in vitro and 11 of the 14 were female . Data demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.89 when comparing the blastogenic assays for S . schenckii and C . albicans, suggesting cross antigenicity . Intact cellular immune mechanisms in combination with exposure to C . albicans may protect the host from systemic infection with S . schenckii . Although a limited number of subjects were studied, as a group, females had more vigorous cellular immune responses to C . albicans than males . The rare occurence of sporothrix infection in females as compared to males may be the result of antigenic stimulation from commonly observed vaginal colonization with C . albicans . The present data indirectly support this hypothesis.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Jan, 133(1), 50 - 6
Delayed hypersensitivity to fungal antigens in mice . I . Use of the intradermal skin and footpad swelling tests as assays of active and passive sensitization; Rifkind D et al.; Mice were sensitized to Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans antigens and tested for sensitivity by the intradermal and footpad swelling methods . In mice actively sensitized with killed antigen, antigen-specific intradermal and footpad induration responses occurred 24 and 48 hr after sensitization . Antigen-specific intradermal and footpad responses were transferred to normal mice with spleen cells from immune animals . Such responses were also transferred with normal spleen cells that had been incubated in vitro with immune RNA preparations . Histologic studies of intradermal reactions showed a mixed response of neutrophilic and mononuclear leukocytes, with slight vascular involvement compatible with delayed hypersensitivity . No intradermal or footpad responses were observed 4, 24, or 48 hr after injection in recipients of serum from actively sensitized mice . Histologic examination of skin sites in these mice revealed only a polymorphonuclear response . It is concluded that these intradermal and footpad responses are the result of delayed hypersensitivity and can be used as assays for this type of immunity in mice.

J Invest Dermatol, 1976 Jan, 66(1), 29 - 33
Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents; Ray TL et al.; Epicutaneous application of viable Candida albicans or Candida stellatoidea under an occlusive dressing resulted in subcorneal microabscesses in newborn rats and mice . Neither heat-killed C . albicans nor occlusion alone resulted in epidermal micropustules . These results were dependent upon the number of organisms applied and the duration of application . Four additional species of Candida tested did not produce epidermal micropustules . The microscopic pathology of the abscesses revealed penetration of the epidermis by Candida pseudohyphae; the tips of the hyphal processes were seen within the pustules when sections were stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method . The resident flora of the newborn mouse or rat was not substantially altered by occlusion with or without C . albicans during the interval tested . The animal model of cutaneous candidiasis with permit greater manipulation and control in investigations of cutaneous candidiasis and the factors influencing neutrophil accumulation in the epidermis.

Zb Vojnomed Akad, 1976, (18), 70 - 3
{Stomatologic preparation of patients with malignancies of the maxillofacial region for radiation therapy}; Skokljev A et al.; A series of 3456 patients with malignant tumours of the maxillofacial region have been treated at the Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery of the Military Medical Academy, Stomatological Clinic of the M.M.A . and Radiological Institute of Medical Faculty in Belgrade . The most frequent localization was lips and mucosa of the oral cavity, 77,9% . The irradiation therapy was applied in 42,3% of the patients and combined surgery and irradiation therapy in 28,6% Postirradiation changes of the oral cavity mucosa were found in 25% of the patients, teeth changes in 50% and Candida albicans was found in 56% of the patients . In order to prevent irradiation and postirradiation complications, all the patients with malignant tumours foressen for irradiation therapy should undergo a detailed stomatological examination and sanation of the oral cavity and teeth . The authors advocate team work in establishing the diagnosis and treating in which an important place should have stomatologist.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg, 1976, 131(8), 692 - 6
{Lipolytic activity in some Candida strains (author's transl)}; Pospisil L et al.; The authors carried out an examination on the production of lipase in 300 Candida strains . The lipolytic activity was present in the majority of strains . In the 60 of the strains a more precise measurement of lipase production was performed qualitatively in a solid medium according to SIERRA (1957) and quantitatively in a liquid medium by titration with 0.1 N KOH . Furthermore, the correlation was determined between the production of lipase and the Candida growth . It was found that the qualitative proof of lipase in a solid medium according to SIERRA (1957) is a good informative method for determining lipolytic activity in Candidae . A much more sensitive method, however, is the quantitative method in a liquid medium; by this method the authors were successful in determining lipolytic activity even in some cases where the qualitative test was negative . On the whole, Candidae are lipolytically highly active . The mean values of lipase production in the Candida albicans cultures is 622 units in 1 ml of liquid medium; in other strains it is 798 units in 1 ml . There is a direct relation between the density of the culture and the amount of lipase produced.

Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1976, 213(1), 287 - 331
{Inflammatory and systemic reactions of the mouth mucosa}; Hornstein OP; The field of oral medicine is fundamental to the practice of general medicine as well as dentistry, oral surgery, and other special fields of medicine concerned with diseases of organs beneath the oral cavity . Disorders of the oral mucosa may reflect many dermal and internal diseases, and may focus the physician's diagnostic attention to systemic pathological conditions which otherwise could be misdiagnosed . As to their morphological appearance, however, the oral mucosa shows other forms of reactivity than the skin . When the dermal and oral manifestations of many skin diseases are compared the influence of distinct local factors on the intraoral clinical picture becomes evident . This comparative view, as well as the dermatologist's practical experience that many dermatoses either spread to, or even are restricted to the oral mucosa, may explain why most dermatologists are very interested in oral diagnosis . In this report, the interdisciplinary view and some aspects of clinical stomatology are stressed which are of actual interest in oral diagnosis and therapy . The following topics are dealt with: Diseases with aphthous lesions, Allergic reactions to drugs, Pemphigus and pemphigoid disorders, Oral infections by Candida albicans, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Lingual anomalies of different types, Leukoplakias.

Ann Sclavo, 1976 Jan-Feb, 18(1), 67 - 74
{Hemagglutinating activity of Candida albicans culture extracts}; Marconi P et al.; 3M KC1 extracts of Candida albicans cultures display a haemoagglutinating activity on human and sheep red blood cells . The haemoagglutinins, may be lectins in nature, behave like antigens being fully inhibited by anti-Candida immune serum . The latter lyses human red blood cells sensitized with 3M KC1 Candida albicans extracts . Human and animal red blood cells react against Candida albicans hypertonic salt solution extracts, in double diffusion agar tests, and give one or more precipitation lines . The interpretation of the results is discussed.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1976, 42(1-2), 33 - 48
An alternate respiratory pathway in Candida albicans; Kot EJ et al.; Usual concentrations of antimycin A, rotenone and EDTA, individually or in combination, reduced aerobic growth rate and cell yield of Candida albicans to about half its normal level and to about the levels of previously-described acetate-negative, cytochrome-complete and aa3-deficient variants which were little affected by the inhibitors . Anaerobic conditions (not affected by antimycin A) reduced growth rate and cell yield of all cultures-including that of a nonrespiring aa3, b-deficient mutant-to low, equal levels . Antimycin A but not rotenone prevented growth of the normal strain on ethanol medium . Cyanide and antimycin A blocked most of the respiration of the normal strain and cytochrome-complete variant, but did not affect that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant . Rotenone and EDTA did not affect respiration of any of the cultures . SHAM blocked cyanide-and antimycin A-insensitive respiration and prolonged the lag phases of the three respiring cultures, especially in the presence of antimycin A, but alone increased oxygen-uptake rate of the cytochrome-complete cultures while curtailing that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant . Resting cells, especially wild-type, grown in medium containing antimycin A exhibited lowered oxygen-uptake rate, which was increased upon the addition of cyanide or antimycin A . Antimycin A stimulated, but cyanide inhibited, respiration of cytochrome-complete cultures grown in the presence of rotenone but did not affect that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant . SHAM inhibited respiration of all antimycin A- or rotenone-grown cultures . The high rate of respiration of C . albicans in the presence of inhibitors for three sites of electron transport in the conventional oxidative pathway, the inhibition of this respiration by SHAM and its loss by the absence of cytochrome b, indicate an alternate oxidative pathway in this organism which crosses the conventional one at cytochrome b.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1976, 21(1), 54 - 7
Biological activity of hydroxyanthraquinones and their glucosides toward microorganisms; Cudlin J et al.; Five mono- and dihydroxyanthraquinones as well as 12 of their glucosides (both free and acetylated) were tested with six different microbial species using the plate-diffusion method . None of the tested substances was active against Escherichia coli, 15 of the 17 substances displayed an activity toward Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Streptomyces aureofaciens . Relationships between the substance type and biological activity are discussed.

Clin Allergy, 1976 Jan, 6(1), 41 - 9
Antibodies mediating type I skin test reactions to polysaccharide and protein antigens of Candida albicans; Longbottom JL et al.; Immediate, type I, prick test reactions in man to purified fractions of Candida albicans group A were mediated by different classes of antibody . The allergens were the cell-wall polysaccharide, mannan, and 'purified' cytoplasmic protein fraction, free of mannan, prepared by passage through Sepharose-concanavalin-A . Passive transfer tests in the monkey gave immediate reactions, (1) to the purified, cytoplasmic, protein mediated by heat-labile long-term sensitizing antibody, and (2) to the polysaccharide, mannan, mediated by heat-stable short-term sensitizing antibody.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1976 Jan-Jun, 69(1-6), 132 - 8
{Candida albicans and intestinal involvement}; Carlone NA et al.; In the present study we compared different media for diagnosis of Candida albicans in the faeces to know the importance of the nonascosporic yeasts in alvine disorder . The first property was to find which field, among those known in literature, was more suitable in laboratory practice, for identification of the fungi . Among the cultural tested fields, the best results were obtained by Pagano Levin Base, adding 2-3-5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Neomicina . The most frequently found yeast in the patient's faeces with alvine disorders resulted C . albicans . Therefore, patients having correlation C . albicans-alvine disorders were submitted to a treatment with Nystatin . Most cases verified the regularization of the alvine disorder and the same time the disappearance of the yeast.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1976, 52(1-4), 291 - 6
An immunological investigation of a family with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; Rothschild H et al.; Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in two siblings of consanguineous parents suggested an autosomal recessive transmission of the disease . We evaluated the two affected persons and 21 members of their kindred for an inherited immunological defect . Six members of the kindred, including both patients, had negative skin-delayed hypersensitivity to Candida . The lymphocytes of both patients and three asymptomatic relatives had diminished in vitro blastogenic response when cultured with Candida albicans . Because the defect occurred in clinically unaffected relatives, we concluded that the lack of blastogenic response to C . albicans was not the only determinant for or may be unrelated to the clinical manifestations of the disease.

J Immunol Methods, 1976, 13(3-4), 227 - 33
A chromium release assay for phagocytic killing of Candida albicans; Yamamura M et al.; Intracellular killing of Candida albicans was measured by a chromium release technique . Appropriate conditons were equal numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and 51Chromium labelled C . albicans (10 6/ml), fresh plasma at a final concentration of 2.5%, incubated at 37degreesC for 60 min . Using normal PMNs, 35-71% of releasable chromium was liberated into the supernatant under these conditions . This assay is easy to perform, requires a small amount of blood and offers and objective measurement of intracellular killing of C . albicans.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1976, (9), 62 - 6
In-vitro effects of Candida albicans of amphotericin B combined with other antibiotics . Preliminary observations; Ansehn S et al.; The effect of amphotericin B combined with rifampicin or doxycycline on growth, oxygen consumption and ATP levels in cultures of Candida albicans, was studied . Alone, neither rifampicin nor doxycycline--even at high concentrations--affected the growth of the test organism . However, when combined with a concentration of amphotericin B which alone did not affect the growth of C . albicans, a pronounced fungistatic effect was obtained with therapeutically attainable concentrations of the drugs.

Biokhimiia, 1976, 41(7), 1169 - 75
{Effect of polyene antibiotics on protein synthesis by free and membrane-bound ribosomes of Candida albicans}; Lishnevskaia EB et al.; Polyene antibiotics (levorin, nistatin, amphotericin B) inhibit protein synthesis at concentrations decreasing 14C-amino acid incorporation into Candida albicans protoplasts by 30--60%, the depression of membrane permeability beginning earlier than protein synthesis inhibition . Fractionation of protoplast lysates revealed that protein synthesis by free ribosomes was inhibited by antibiotics stronger than in case of membrane-bound ribosomes . It is supposed that different response of two ribosome classes for polyenes-induced damages is due to different sensitivity of free and membrane-bound ribosomes to the decrease of intracellular K+ concentration.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1976 Jan, 168(1), 137 - 40
{The treatment of candida-albicans-endophthalmitis (author's transl)}; Martenet AC et al.; A widespread septicaemia with candida albicans, which occurs most commonly after excessive therapy with antibiotics and steroids or after immunsuppressive therapy, may produce an endogenous endophthalmitis . We observed 7 such cases treated with 5-fluorocytosine (Ancotil, Roche) . The treatment was successful in 5 cases . There were no serious side-effects observed from this drug.

Ann Sclavo, 1976 Jan-Feb, 18(1), 61 - 6
{Use of potassium chloride hypertonic saline solution (3M KC1) for extraction of soluble antigens from Candida albicans}; Marconi P et al.; Soluble antigens have been obtained from Candida albicans cultures of different age treated with hypertonic salt solution (3M KC1) . The antigens reached against anti-Candida immune sera in double diffusion agar test, also after adsorption of immune serum on Candida cells . Electron microscopic pictures revealed a marked reduction of the outer layers of 3M KC1 extracted cells.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1976, 278, 80 - 7
Distribution and function of T- and B-cell subpopulations in sarcoidosis; Fernandez B et al.; Some in vitro functions of purified T and B cells from PPD- and Candida albicans-negative sarcoidosis patients were analyzed . It appears that in those patients there is: 1) A decrease in the absolute number of T lymphocytes and an increase in the number of B cells; 2) a rather normal response of T lymphocytes to PHA and Con A; 3) a rather normal capacity of T and B cells to produce MIF in vitro; and 4) an ability of T cells from sarcoid patients (but not B cells) to produce LMF . These results suggest that the frequent deficit in cell-mediated immunity observed in sarcoidosis seems to correlate with a quantitative deficit in T cells . The cause of this T-cell deficit is unknown.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1976 Jan-Feb, 4(1), 51 - 66
Evaluation of total IgE in diverse allergosis . Comparative study with other techniques . Part II; Subira ML et al.; A total of 181 allergic patients were studied and classified according to the causal antigen, 92 patients were sensitized to the mixed grass pollen, 55 to house dust, 28 to Candida albicans, 31 patients with egg allergy and 25 with milk allergy . All of them presented strong positivity to anamnesis, intracutaneous tests and exposition tests . In all of them the serum total IgE was determined using the radioimmunoassay (RIST) and the antigen specific IgG, following Boyden's passive hemagglutination technique . In 31 patients with pollinosis, 55 with house dust allergy and 25 with sensitization to Candida albicans, the determination of the antigen specific IgG was also carried out following the quantitative precipitation method . The results showed a greater reliability on the hemagglutination as opposed to the determination of total IgE with grass pollen . The hemagglutination was positive in 90.20% and the total IgE was increased in 59.78% of the cases . In patients with house dust allergy the total IgE was elevated in 69.08% of the cases and the hemagglutination was increased in 60.71% of the cases . In those cases of sensitivity to Candida albicans, the total IgE presented higher values in 63.84% of the cases, while the hemagglutination was increased in 21.43% of the cases . In egg allergy,, the IgE was increased in 56.83% of the cases and the hemagglutination in 87.09% of all of the 31 cases studied . In the cases of milk allergy the IgE presented increases in 32% of the cases and the hemagglutination gave higher titers in 56% of all of the 25 cases studied . The results make evident that the hemagglutination should be included in the rutinary diagnosis of allergic diseases as well as the determination of total IgE or antigen specific IgE.

Avian Dis, 1976 Jan-Mar, 20(1), 216 - 8
Chicken dermatitis and loss of feathers from Candida albicans; Kuttin ES et al.; An epidemic of dermatitis affecting the skin of the back and thighs of chickens in Israel is described . The causal organism was shown to be Candida albicans.

Br J Dermatol, 1976 Jan, 94(1), 55 - 61
Specific cell-mediated immunity in the laboratory diagnosis of dermatophytic infections; Walters BA et al.; The leukocyte adherence inhibition test was used to detect cell-mediated immunity against antigens of the infecting fungi in patients with dermatophytosis . The species-specific diagnosis thus obtained was in all cases consistent with the eventual results of mycological examination . Most of the patients also produced a specific circulating blocking factor, the detection of which may be a useful guide to the success of treatment . Immunological reactivity against Candida albicans was also observed.

Clin Allergy, 1976 Jan, 6(1), 27 - 39
Histological and immunological studies on eosinophilic granuloma of soft tissue, so-called Kimura's disease; Takenaka T et al.; Increase of serum IgE with frequent localization of IgE in the germinal centres, mast cell hyperplasia in lymph nodes and changes of specific granules in the infiltrated eosinophils, such as roughness of the matrix and appearance of tubular structures together with fusing and disappearance of the core, were demonstrated in eosinophilic granuloma of the soft tissue, so-called Kimura's disease, in association with increase of anti-Candida IgE antibody . It is suggested that this disease may be due to atopic allergy to Candida albicans.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Dec 8, 57(1), 1 - 7
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis as a routine mycoserological procedure; Mackenzie DW et al.; Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) has been compared in a diangostic laboratory with agar gel double diffusion (DD) as a routine procedure for detection of antibodies to pathogenic and allergenic fungi and actinomycetes . It was shown to be of particular value in detecting antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus . Thus 72 of 106 sera in which precipitins were detected were positive by CIE alone . Some sera were positive only by CIE to antigens prepared from Histoplasma capsulatum, Allescheria boydii, Candida albicans and C . parapsilosis.

Tropenmed Parasitol, 1975 Dec, 26(4), 395 - 8
{Intravaginal infection of the rat with Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans . An experimental model for chemotherapy (author's transl)}; Meingassner JG et al.; Ovariectomised and oestrogen premedicated rats were infected intravaginally, with first C . albicans and then with T . vaginalis . Under these conditions infections with T . vaginalis could be established with more reliability than when using axenically-cultivated T . vaginalis alone . This mode of infection is easily reproduced, and it allows the performance of chemotherapeutic tests on small groups of laboratory animals . Such tests were carried out with Metronidazole, Tinidazole and Nifuratel.

Chest, 1975 Dec, 68(6), 753 - 8
Incidence of serum precipitins against organic-dust antigens in different populations by counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Phanuphak P et al.; The incidence of serum antidust and antifungal precipitins was determined by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in 317 atopic and nonatopic subjects of three geographic areas (north central, southern, and western United States) . The selected lyophilized crude antigens employed were from house dust, Micropolyspora faeni, Candida albicans, Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Puccinia coronata, Cantharellus cibarius, and Amborsia trifida . Antidust precipitins were detected with high frequency in atopic and nonatopic subjects of each geographic area (48 to 71 percent of different population subgroups) . Precipitin reactions were generally intense and often multiple, in keeping with the marked heterogeneity of the crude dust antigen employed . Antidust precipitins were also present in serum fractions precipitated with ammonium sulfate and in IgG-rich fractions obtained by gel filtration (Sephadex G-200) and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography . Precipitins against crude somatic fungal and actinomycetic antigens were detected with considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, considerably less frequency in all populations surveyed, and antiragweed precipitins were not detected . Our results suggest that prolonged environmental exposure to diverse, ubiquitous organic dusts results in a "normal" serum precipitating-antibody response . They also extend our previous finding of a high precipitin response against organic dusts in residents of the Gulf south area compared to other geographic areas.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1975 Dec, 11(4), 786 - 93
{Identification of Candida albicans from various materials}; Grimaldi G et al.; We examined 300 stipes of leavens coming from various material . Among these we identified 264 brances belonging to Candida king, utilizing the test for pseudomicelio production . Combininb with this test that of clamidospore production, the auxonogramma, culture media, we arrived to the classification of the species: C . Albicans 71%, C . Tropicalis 15.8%; C . Pseudotropicalis 0.6%; C . Krusei 0.3% C . Parapsilosis 0.3% . An analysis of the experiments utilized for the classification of the kind, proved that the test of germination is the most simple, rapid and safe method of ascrive the branches belonging to Candida kind to Albicans species.

Arch Surg, 1975 Dec, 110(12), 1479 - 81
Microbiol growth in lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition; Melly MA et al.; Parenteral nutrition via central venous catheterization is associated with serious risks, especially that of sepsis . Lipid emulsion (Intralipid{Sweden}), which may be administered peripherally, was evaluated for its potential to support microbial growth . Washed cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and three species of Gram-negative rods were all capable of multiplying in the emulsion at room temperature . Variations in inoculum size did not affect the growth rate . Studies comparing the emulsion to amino acid-glucose solutions (total parenteral nutrition {TPN})confirmed other reports that TPN inhibits the growth of certain bacteria but merely retards fungal multiplication . When human serum was added to the lipid emulsion in an attempt to simulate in vivo conditions at the catheter tip, Escherichia coli was inhibited while the growth of S aureus and C albicians was unaltered.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Nov 21, 56(3), 149 - 52
Clinical trial with clotrimazole cream (Bay b 5097) in dermatophytosis and onychomycosis; Mahgoub ES; Locally applied clotrimazole (Canesten) proved to be effective in the treatment of dermatophytosis . It was also effective but to a lesser degree in cases of onychomycosis mostly due to Candida albicans . The drug was well tolerated.

Klin Wochenschr, 1975 Nov 15, 53(22), 1057 - 60
Impairment of granulocyte function in juvenile diabetes; Niethammer D et al.; Granulocyte function of 10 diabetic children has been investigated . At the time of testing the diabetes was in poor control . Five children were retested one week later after adjustment of diet and insulin dose . In contrast to some reports we did not find a phagocytic defect in the ingestion of particles, but the capacity of intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus was impaired . Chemotaxis was also reduced whereas the NBT-index and intracellular killing of Candida albicans were normal . Better control of the diabetes led to an improvement of bactericidal killing capacity.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 21(11), 1681 - 7
Variation in the lethal response in mice to yeast-like and pseudohyphal forms of Candida albicans; Mardon DN et al.; The lethal response in mice to yeast-like cells of Candida albicans grown for 3, 6, or 9 h in a defined minimal culture medium was more severe than that observed with corresponding pseudohyphal preparations . This differential effect could be only partially correlated with the greater number of viable units in respective yeast-like cultures . No significant differences between yeast-like and pseudohyphal syspensions were detected when turbidity-mass ratios were examined . The injection of physiological saline suspensions containing increasing quantities of yeast-like cells resulted in proportional decreases in mouse survival times . Conversely, when comparable experiments were conducted with pseudohyphal preparations no significant decreases in survival times occurred . The data indicate that these differences in the lethal response cannot be explained solely on the basis of a variation in the number of viable units or cell mass in corresponding yeast-like and pseudohyphal preparations . Factors contributing to this phenomenon may therefore include altered susceptibilities to host defense mechanisms in the early stages of the infectious process as a result of differences between these yeast-like and pseudohyphal inocula.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1975 Nov, 82(11), 922 - 6
Vaginal candidiasis and the role of the digestive tract as a source of infection; Hilton AL et al.; Of 300 female patients seen in a Venereal Diseases clinic, 84 (28-0 per cent) were found to be harbouring Candida albicans or C . parapsilosis in the genital tract and 33 per cent of these patients had clinical signs of vulvovaginitis . Of the 84 patients, 71-4 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano-rectal tract; of the remaining 216 patients, 25-9 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano-rectal tract . There was no evidence to suggest that the incidence of yeasts in the mouth, ano-rectal or genital tracts changed with age or use of oral contraception.

Br Heart J, 1975 Nov, 37(11), 1191 - 4
Candida endocarditis treated with a combination of antifungal chemotherapy and aortic valve replacement; Stone DL; A case of Candida albicans endocarditis is described in which treatment with 5-fluorocytosine was started after aortic valve replacement, but relapse followed discontinuance of treatment . At a second operation the aortic valve was replaced under 5-fluorocytosine cover and treatment was continued with both 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin-B . No resistance to 5-fluorocytosine developed, and the candida infection was eradicated . The patient is well 22 months after his operation.

Int J Dermatol, 1975 Nov, 14(9), 661 - 3
Chronic paronychia in which hair was a foreign body; Stone OJ; A patient who worked as a baker and a part-time barber had chronic paronychia . Biopsy revealed the presence of hair in the dermis of the nail fold . This is only the second case of chronic paronychia to be reported in which the dermis contained nonmicrobial exogenous material . Based on experimental work it has been previously suggested that the rounding out of the posterior nail fold in most paronychia is due to the body's reaction to the penetration of debris derived from Candida albicans . However, patients recalcitrant to therapy or those exposed to chemicals or particulate material deserve detailed histologic study.

Nurs Res, 1975 Nov-Dec, 24(6), 430 - 3
Candida albicans in women; Daus AD et al.; Ninety-two pregnant and nonpregnant patients were randomly selected from two obstetric-gynecologic clinics for the purpose of investigating factors that affect the incidence and severity of vaginal candidiasis . Six factors were found to be significantly associated with the incidence of Candida albicans: drug addiction, obesity, birth control pills, pregnancy, antibiotic therapy, and diabetes mellitus.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 21(11), 1781 - 7
Three antimicrobial metabolites from Aspergillus caespitosus; Mizuba S et al.; Aspergillus caespitosus NRRL 5769 growing in broth containing small amounts of sitosterol produced substance(s) with greater inhibitory activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 than in broth without sitosterol . Subsequent isolation, purification, and structural elucidation yielded 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-1,2-trans-epoxypropyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (asperline (1), compound I) and two new metabolites . These were 5,6-dihydro-5(S)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans propenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (compound II) and 5,6-dihydro-5(R)-acetoxy-6(S)-(1,2-trans-epoxy-propyl)-H-pyran-2-one (compound III) . These three metabolites showed anti-microbial activity against C . albicans and against specific bacteria, fungi, and a trichomonad.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1975 Nov, 56(5), 393 - 406
Depression of cell-mediated immunity in atopic eczema; McGeady SJ et al.; Prompted by recent observations that the thymus exerts an important regulatory influence over IgE antibody production in lower species, we conducted studies of immune function in 21 patients with atopic eczema to seek evidence for a similar relation in man . Skin tests for delayed hypersensitivity to Candida albicans and streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) revealed a striking degree of anergy that correlated with the severity of the eczema . A correlation was also noted between the extent of the dermatitis and the magnitude of the serum IgE concentration . Other immunologic abnormalities did not appear related to the severity of eczema put pertained to the group as a whole . These included significantly (p = less than 0.0001) lower mean percentages of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte (E) or T cell rosettes and of rosettes with neuraminidase-treated sheep erythrocyte (En) rosettes, and significantly lower in vitro lymphocyte responsiveness of the mitogens concanavalin A (p = 0.0013) and poleweek mitogen (p = 0.0002) and to Candida antigen (p = 0.0017) than in normal subjects . Responses to phytohemagglutinin and tetanus toxoid were also depressed but differences were not statistically significant . An increased percentage (p = 0.0324) of peripheral blood B lymphocytes bearing the complement receptor was noted, but, except for a slight increase in lymphocytes bearing IgD, percentages of lymphocytes bearing other immunoglobulins (including IgE) were not elevated.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Nov, 13(3), 263 - 73
{Study of various aspects of the pathogenesis of Candida albicans infections}; Auger P et al.; Nutritional competition between Candida albicans and 6 bacteria frequently found in the gastro-intestinal tract, together with the influence of the bacterial supernatant on yeast growth were studied . Our results showed that the amount of available carbohydrates in vitro was an important growth factor . Three of the 6 carbohydrates enhanced growth . The hypothesis of an antifungal substance produced by bacteria cannot be excluded though a 10% concentration of bacterial supernatant had no inhibitory effect on fungal growth and germination . In the presence of bacteria, the percentage of germ tube formation was markedly reduced in horse serum after 4 h incubation at 37 degrees C.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1975 Nov, 23(9), 725 - 8
{Effect of minocycline on Candida albicans . "In vitro" study: comparison with tetracycline}; Lavarde V et al.; The action of minocycline has been studied in comparison with tetracycline on 52 strains of "C . albicans" by M.I.C . on Agar medium and by the dellophane transfer . A fungistatic activity was observed above 4 mug/ml, and a fungicidal activity above 1000 mug/ml, whereas tetracycline "in vitro" proved to be ineffective.

Br J Cancer, 1975 Nov, 32(5), 574 - 7
Granulocyte function in myeloblastic leukaemia; Wilkinson PM et al.; A study of granulocyte function in myeloblastic leukaemia is reported . Function was assessed by the ability of peripheral blood granulocytes to ingest and kill Candida albicans in bitro . Depressed cidal activity was observed in 11 patients with smouldering leukaemia and in 19 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia . Cidal activity was lowest in the untreated acute disease; this improved during cytoreduction therapy and was maintained when remission occurred . Leukaemic plasma depressed the function of control granulocytes; the possible role of a plasma "factor" is discussed.

Infect Immun, 1975 Nov, 12(5), 1184 - 8
Cytoplasmic antigens unique to the mycelial or yeast phase of Candida albicans; Syverson RE et al.; Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with absorption in situ was used to distinguish the cytoplasmic antigens unique to the mycelial or yeast phase of Candida albicans from cytoplasmic antigens shared by both phases . The soluble cytoplasmic extracts of each growth phase had at least six distinct antigenic constituents not shared by the other phase . This technique is recommended for the analysis of closely related antigenic complexes.

Br J Dermatol, 1975 Oct, 93(4), 399 - 405
Median rhomboid glossitis . Candidiasis and not a developmental anomaly; Cooke BE; Infection by Candida Albicans was found in all biopsies taken from ten patients presenting with midline lesions of the tongue which clinically presented as median rhomboid glossitis.

Clin Nephrol, 1975 Oct, 4(4), 157 - 9
Management of Candida peritonitis by prolonged peritoneal lavage containing 5-fluorocytosine; Holdsworth SR et al.; A 55 year old woman on chronic maintenance peritoneal dialysis developed Candida albicans peritonitis . This was successfully treated by continous five day peritoneal lavage containing 5-fluorocytosine . By this technique stable serum levels of the drug (58 mug/ml +/- 3.2 SEM) could be maintained . The peritoneal clearance of 5-fluorocytosine was found to be 7.5 ml/min (for peritoneal dialysis flow rate 1.2 1/hr) and the serum half-life 34 hours . The use of this drug in renal failure and its kinetics are reviewed.

Acta Hepatogastroenterol (Stuttg), 1975 Oct, 22(5), 304 - 9
Septic candidasis with intrahepatic cholestasis and immunoglobuline deficiency after renal transplantation; Zazgornik J et al.; Two renal allograft recipients with acquired immunoglobulin deficiency had a disseminated infection with candida albicans . Septic fever, intrahepatic cholestasis and pulmonary mycotic disease were the prominent clinical symptoms . Recurrence of septic fever during the clinical course was associated with increase of intrahepatic cholestasis . On the other hand there was an amelioration of cholestasis when effective antimycotic therapy was instituted . In our patients there was no evidence that intrahepatic cholestasis was drug-related . It was assumed that toxic metabolits of candida albicans were responsible for intrahepatic cholestasis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Oct, 2(4), 345 - 8
Germ tube and chlamydospore formation by Candida albicans on a new medium; Beheshti F et al.; A new medium composed of "cream of rice" infusion, oxgall, Tween 80, and agar is described for the sequential development of germ tubes and chlamydospores by Candida albicans . The procedure used (Dalmau's technique) is an improvement over the fluid substrate procedures previously advocated for germ tube formation . That the same preparation is then used for chlamydospore production is of practical importance for the clinical mycology laboratory.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Oct, 28(10), 727 - 32
Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic . II . Fermentation, isolation and characterization; Sehgal SN et al.; Rapamycin is a new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 5491 . It was isolated from the mycelium by solvent extraction, purified by silica gel column chromatography and crystallized as a colorless solid which melts at 183 approximately to 185 degrees C and has the empirical formula C56H89NO14 . From its characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectrum rapamycin can be classified as a triene . It is highly active against various Candida species, especially Candida albicans . Its activity is compared with that of amphotericin B, candicidin and nystatin.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Oct, 28(10), 721 - 6
Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic . I . Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle; Vezina C et al.; A streptomycete was isolated from an Easter Island soil sample and found to inhibit Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton granulosum . The antibiotic-producing microorganism was characterized and identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus . The antifungal principle was extracted with organic solvent from the mycelium, isolated in crystalline form and named rapamycin . Rapamycin is mainly active against Candida albicans; minimum inhibitory concentration against ten strains ranged from 0.02 to 0.2 mug/ml . Its apparent activity against Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton granulosum is lower because of its instability in culture media on prolonged incubation required by these fungi . No activity was observed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria . Acute toxicity in mice is low.

J Lab Clin Med, 1975 Oct, 86(4), 657 - 66
Inhibition of leukocyte candidacidal activity by serum from patients with disseminated candidiasis; Laforce FM et al.; The effect of normal serum and serum for seven patients with disseminated candidiasis (DC) on candidacidal activity of normal human neutrophils (PMNL) was studied . PMNL incubated in DC serum had depressed candiacidal activity when compared to studies with normal serum . The candidacidal defect was not related to differences in particle uptake since phagocytic indices were similar with either normal or DC serum . DC serum did not affect PMNL bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus . When Candida albicans (CA) was incubated in either normal or DC sera, washed, and added to PMNL in normal serum, pronounced inhibition of candidacidal activity was seen in all studies with CA previously incubated in DC serum . Dilution of DC serum or absorption of DC serum with heat-killed CA reversed the candidacidal defect . Ultrastructural studies of phagocytized CA demonstrated small ("tight") phagolysosomes and a delay in breakdown of an electron-dense coating on CA previously incubated in DC serum when compared to controls . Inhibition of leukocyte candidacidal activity appeared to be related to high titers of IgG antibodies against CA present in DC serum.

J Oral Pathol, 1975 Oct-Nov, 4(4), 180 - 94
Ultrastructural aspects of chronic oral candidosis; Mohamed AM; Human biopsy specimens from white patches on the mucosae of tongue and lips which had previously given positive cultures for Candida albicans were examined . The specimens were processed for electron microscopy by conventional techniques . The fine structure of the superficial layer of the epithelium revealed Candida albicans in extra- and intracellular sites . Penetration into the deeper layers was not observed . The fungus had a thick cell wall surrounded by an outer floccular layer . The cytoplasm of the superficial epithelial cells showed degenerative changes and fragmentation of tonofilaments in the immediate vicinity of the fungus . Microabscesses, formed by pools of neutrophils, were common in the upper spinous layer . In places, fungi and bacteria appear to have been phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages . The cells of the lower spinous and basal layers showed detachment of desmosomes, marked increase in intracellular glycogen, prominent lysosome-like dense bodies and abundant mitochondria of differing shapes . At the epithelia-connective tissue junction, fine filaments and collagen fibrils were intermingled throughout the basal lamina, forming multiple, highly electron-dense layers . A noticeable change in the connective tissue was the accumulation of numerous mast cells containing differently shaped granules filled with scrolls and dense strands of granular material . The terminal blood vessel exhibited leakage and numerous, concentric duplications of the basal lamina.

Jpn J Microbiol, 1975 Oct, 19(5), 355 - 62
Skin reaction and macrophage migration inhibition tests for polysaccharides from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans; Suzuki M et al.; Guinea pigs sensitized with purified galactomannan from Aspergillus fumigatus and mannan from Candida albicans, each containing negligible quantities of nitrogen, were examined for their immunological responses against the corresponding polysaccharides with respect to the delayed-type skin reaction and the macrophage migration inhibition phenomenon . In both cases, the delayed-type skin reaction test and the macrophage migration inhibition test showed positive results . The reactivity was stronger in animals sensitized with polysaccharides in Freund's complete adjuvant than those sensitized with the same polysaccharides in Freund's incomplete adjuvant . Polysaccharides chemically modified by partial acid degradation or by periodate oxidation were found to be completely incapable of eliciting such immune responses . These results are also discussed in relation to the antigenic determinant of the polysaccharides in such immune responses and the precipitin reaction previously observed by us and other investigators.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1975 Oct, 22(1), 121 - 5
B- and T-cell markers on human lymphoblasts after stimulation with mitogen or antigens; Kreeftenberg JG et al.; Receptors for sheep erythrocytes and for the third component of complement were demonstrated on human lymphoblasts after stimulation with various antigens and mitogens . With these markers B- and T-cell stimulation could be differentiated . Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and purified protein derivative (PPD) proved to activate predominantly T cells, whereas foetal calf serum (FCS) was shown to be a B-cell stimulator . Candida albicans and allogeneic cells, on the other hand, stimulated both B and T cells.

J Histochem Cytochem, 1975 Oct, 23(10), 758 - 65
Enzyme cytochemistry of Candida albicans; De Nollin S et al.; The application of a new preparation method for demonstrating the activities of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in Candida albicans is reported . The problem of inadequate penetration of fixatives into yeast cells has been solved by sectioning solidified pellets of the cells in the presence of glutaraldehyde, a procedure that yields a fairly well preserved ultrastructure and sufficient enzyme activities . The subcellular distribution of most specific and nonspecific phosphatases and of peroxidases is at variance with that found in mammalian cells . The activities toward beta-glycerophosphate, p-nitrophenylphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate and glucose 6-phosphate are almost exclusively confined to the central vacuolar apparatus . Oxidative and peroxidative activities are demonstrated only in mitochondria . Specific marker enzymes for endoplasmic reticulum, plasmalemma, Golgi apparatus and peroxisomes in C . albicans are not found . The possible function of the various subcellular organelles in relation to their enzymatic content is discussed.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1975 Oct, 56(4), 273 - 81
Alteration of T cell function in healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation; Rieger CH et al.; The possible late effects of x-irradiation to the infantile thymus were investigated by studying immune functions in 12 healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation and healthy control subjects . No differences were found in serum immunoglobulin values, humoral antibody levels, lymphocyte counts, and lymphocyte reactivity to phytochemagglutinin, vaccinia virus, purified protein derivative (PPD), and allogeneic cells . The irradiation group exhibited cellular hyperresponsiveness to streptoskinase-streptodornase (SK-SD) . In contrast, mean skin and in vitro lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were depressed in the patients with thymic irradiation . A dissociation of these two Candida responses was found in only 1 of 14 healthy control subjects but in 7 of 12 irradiated individuals . While thymic irradiation did not result in impaired immunologic defenses leading to clinical disease, it caused alterations in T cell responses similar to those reported in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1975 Sep, 55(3), 731 - 3
Delayed lethal response to Candida albicans infection in mice bearing the Lewis lung carcinoma; Robinette EH Jr et al.; Lethality of Candida albicans was monitored in (C57BL times DBA/2)F1 mice bearing the transplanted Lewis lung carcinoma and in sham-operated controls inoculated with Hanks' balanced salt solution . The lethal response to C . albicans infection was significantly delayed in animals inoculated with the microorganism 6-16 days after transplantation of the Lewis lung carcinoma . Maximal increases in survival times were observed when C . albicans was inoculated 8-12 days following tumor transplantation . Therefore, a delay in the lethal response to C . albicans in this untreated model murine tumor system could be elicited through implantation of the Lewis lung carcinoma; preliminary studies with some other model murine tumors and with cell-free filtrates indicated that this phenomenon is not restricted to the Lewis lung carcinoma.

Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 1975 Sep, 125(1), 218 - 25
Esophageal moniliasis . A review of common and less frequent characteristics; Lewicki AM et al.; Invasion of the esophagus by Candida albicans probably occurs more frequently than the reported cases suggest . The disease usually occurs following immunosuppression but may occur after antibiotic therapy . It is heralded by the sudden onset of severe pain and dysphagia, and recovery or death from dissemination may occur . Roentgenographically, impaired motility is much more prominent than disordered motility or spasm . Narrowing, a cobblestone epithelium, and later, erosions and ulcerations are seen . Antifungal agents are adequate therapy.

Am J Med Technol, 1975 Sep, 41(9), 327 - 32
Acid phosphatase production as an aid in rapid characterization of Candida species; Sangar VK et al.; Yeast isolates were tested for phosphatase activity, using p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate . Several Candida species displayed characteristic patterns . The enzyme activity was absent in all except one of the 78 isolates of Candida albicans tested . C . tropicalis, C . pseudotropicalis, and C . krusei were the most consistent and active enzyme producers . Enzyme production by these yeasts was not influenced by the amount of growth or a decrease in the pH of the culture media . The characteristic enzyme activity of these three yeasts was demonstrated in the presence of concentrations of inorganic phosphate which inhibited the enzyme activity of other Candida species . The activity of isolates of C . gullermondii, C . parapsilosis, and C . stellatoidea was variable, although none of these were strong enzyme producers . It seems feasible to use phosphatase activity as a simple and rapid additional method for the separation of C . albicans from closely related species of the genus.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1975 Sep, 70(3), 466 - 70
The incidence of pathogenic yeasts among open-heart surgery patients-the value of prophylaxis; Evans EG; The normal levels of commensal yeasts in patients undergoing open-heart surgery are established and the effect of antifungal prophylaxis is assessed . Mouth swabs and feces were taken for culture from patients on admission to hospital and 1,2, and 3 weeks postoperatively . Eighty-seven patients who received normal treatment and 50 patients who were given oral and topical antifungal prophylaxis commencing 12 days before hospitalization were studied . Yeast pathogens, mainly Candida albicans, were isolated from 42 (48.3 per cent) of the normal group on admission . There was a marked increase in the incidence and quantities of yeasts isolated from patients in the immediate postoperative period . The incidence and levels of yeasts in patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis was considerably reduced both on admission and postoperatively . The risk of Candida sepsis in open-heart surgery patients with high levels of commensal yeasts is discussed and the possibility of routine antifungal prophylaxis raised.

Ann Allergy, 1975 Sep, 35(3), 131 - 41
Relationship among skin tests, bronchial challenge and serology in house dust and Candida albicans allergic asthma; Kurimoto Y; One hundred and ninety-six asthmatic patients were examined by inhalation challenge using house dust and candida albicans; an early, dual or late bronchial response was induced where IgE, C3 and C4 were elevated . In some of late responses by candida inhalation there was a decrease or almost no increase in IgE and a fall in C3 and C4 . There was a considerable correlation between skin tests and bronchial responses . An induced bronchial response, early, dual or late, was identified as Type I, While candida-induced late bronchial responses were Type I and Type III . There is some question whether Type I plus Type III mechanism may be involved in the dual bronchial response provoked with candida.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1975 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 289 - 98
{Hypersensitivity to "Candida albicans" and other fungi in patients with chronic urticaria}; Serrano H; Considering the high incidence of chronic urticaria among female patients and the frequent difficulty in identifying the etiologic factor of factors the author decided to investigate the possible role of Candida albicans and other yeasts usually found as contaminants in certain foods and beverages or purposely cultivated for industrial products, as the sensitizing agents leading to the clinical picture of chronic urticaria . One hundred female patients with urticaria which had persisted for more than 6 weeks were selected and investigated, disregarding those with dermographism or cholinergic and cold urticaria . Aside from a careful history and laboratory tests to complement the physical examination that could rule out chronic bacterial infectious foci, intestinal parasitic infestation and thyroid disorders, intradermal skin tests with standard doses of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other common environmental and food allergens were done . The patients' age ranged from 4 to 70 years . The skin tests sites were examined for Type I reactions at 15 and 20 minutes; for Type III reactions at 8 and 12 hours; and for Type IV reactions at 48 and 72 hours . When tested with Candida albicans antigen, 35% had Type I/III reactions and 60% presented Type IV reaction . When Saccharomyces cerevisiae antigen was used for testing, 29% had Type I/III reactions and none presented Type IV . Forty-nine of the sixty patients who presented Type IV reaction to Candida albicans had in the past significant vaginal discharge (or vaginal symptoms: burning, itching) that obliged the patients to consult a gynecologist, but only ten had stained smears and cultures from the vaginal secretions and four were told to have a monilia vaginal infection confirmed by the microbiological tests, although forty of them received Nistatin therapy at the time of the gynecological complaints . At the time the patients were seen by the allergist, complaining about urticaria, only four had symptoms and signs of monilia infection and were confirmed by culture: one presented oral moniliasis following broad-spectrum antibiotic, two had vaginal moniliasis developing right after their menstrual period; one had intestinal and cutaneous manifestations (perineal and crural) developing also after broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy . All the four patients had exacerbation of the urticaria while undergoing the monilia infection . After 1-2 weeks of elimination diet, each patient was challenged with yeasts-containing foods (bread, buns, sausages, beer, wines, grapes, cheese, vinegar, tomato catsup) . Twenty-five patients (71%) of the group who positively reacted with a Type I/III reaction when tested with Candida antigen, showed a positive provocation test (reappearance of urticaria) and twenty patients (69%) of the group who reacted with Saccharomyces had a positive challenge test...

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Sep, 21(9), 1317 - 21
Fungitoxicity of 1,4-naphthoquinones to Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Gershon H et al.; Twenty-one substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones and five 8-quinolinols and copper(II) chelates were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Compounds containing electron-releasing or weak electron-withdrawing groups in the 2 and 3 positions of the 1,4-naphthoquinone ring were the most active against C . albicans at pH 7.0 in the presence of beef serum in the following order: 2-CH3O = 2,3-(CH3O)2 greater than 2-CH3 greater than 2-CH3S greater than 2-NH2 greater than 2,6-(CH3)2 . For T . mentagrophytes under the same conditions the inhibitory 1,4-naphthoquinones contained the substituents 2-CH3O greater than 2,3-(CH3O)2 greater than 2-CH2S greater than 2-CH3 greater than 2-CH3(NaHSO3) greater than 2-NH2 greater than 2-C2H5S, 3-CH3 greater than 2,6-(CH3)2 greater than 2,3-CL2 greater than 5,8-(OH)2.

Hautarzt, 1975 Sep, 26(9), 466 - 70
{The bullous variant of erythema annulare centrifugum Darier in Candida albicans infections}; Kind R; A 15-year old male patient with Down-Syndrome suffering from a unusual vesicular type of erythema annular centrifugum Darier and a concurrent intestinal infection with candida albicans is described . Histology, immunhistological assay, and clinical observation allowed to differentiate Erythema annulare centrifugum from erythema exsudativum multiforme as well as dermatitis herpetiformis . On the basis of immunological findings and the clinical course, a hypersensitivity to candida albicans like a so-called "id-reaction" is assumed to be the main etiological factor in this case.

Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Aug 9, 113(3), 213 - 8
Beclomethasone dipropionate in asthma; Champion P et al.; Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol therapy can replace or diminish systemic corticosteroid therapy in the majority of asthmatics . In a clinical trial of 41 patients with perennial asthma, the 10 who had not required long-term corticosteroid therapy improved symptomatically and in pulmonary function . Of the 31 who had required prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy 12 were able to discontinue oral prednisone therapy, 15 were able to decrease the maintenance dose of prednisone and only 4 were unable to decrease the dose; all maintained satisfactory lung function and some showed improvement . Discontinuation of systemic corticosteroid therapy was accomplished more readily in patients whose daily maintenance dose was less than 15 mg and who had been taking the drug for less than 3 years . Side effects consisted of a "dry throat" in seven patients, two of whom had throat infections with Candida albicans . Recurrence of rhinitis after discontinuation or reduction of systemic corticosteroid therapy was noted in 11 patients.

J Lab Clin Med, 1975 Aug, 86(2), 204 - 12
Transferrin, iron, and dermatophytes . I . Serum dematophyte inhibitory component definitively identified as unsaturated transferrin; King RD et al.; The factor present in normal human serum which inhibits growth of dematophytic fungi is characterized and identified . Serum inhibitory factor (SIF) is nondialyzable, heat stable at 56 degrees C . for 4 hours, and fungistatic . SIF was found to be an inhibitor of the dermatophyte genera Trichophyton, Microsporium, and Epidermophyton as well as the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans . SIF activity directly correlated with a serum's unbound iron-binding capacity (UIBC) in that lower UIBC'S were less inhibitory . Addition of iron to serum neutralized the inhibitory activity and this neutrilization was shown to be specific for iron since zinc, magnesium, managnese, and copper failed to alter serum inhibitory activity . Furthermore, addition of purified iron-free transferrin to a neutralized serum restored the SIF activity in parallel with the UIBC . Removal of transferrin from serum by affinity chromatography was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and iron-binding assays . Transferrin-free serum produced by this procedure was shown to lack inhibitory activity . These data indicate that SIF is unsaturated transferrin and strongly suggests that it inhibits dermatophytes by binding iron which many organisms need for growth.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 89(2), 345 - 52
Enzymic activity of purified plasma membranes from the yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans; Marriott MS; Plasma membranes were isolated from the yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans as described previously (Marriott, 1975) and examined for the presence of several enzymes . Measurement of specific activities showed enrichment of Mg2+-dependent and Ma+/K+-stimulated Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and mannan synthetase, in the plasma membrane fractions from both morphological forms of the organism . However, acid and alkaline phosphatase, NADH oxidase and 5'-nucleotidase showed no such specific location.

Medicine (Baltimore), 1975 Jul, 54(4), 331 - 4
Fungal endocarditis: analysis of 24 cases and review of the literature; Rubinstein E et al.; Fungal endocarditis occurs in heroin addicts, patients who have undergone cardiovascular surgery, and patients who are treated for prolonged periods with intravenous fluids and broad spectrum antibiotics . The organisms associated with endocardial infection differ in each of these groups . Candida parapsilosis is the fungal species most commonly isolated from narcotics addicts, Aspergillus species are most frequently found in patients after cardiovascular surgery, and Candida albicans occurs most frequently in patients who have received prolonged courses of intravenous fluids and antibiotics . Despite the availability of antifungal antibiotics and surgery, over 80% of patients with documented fungal endocarditis die of this infection . Thus, early diagnosis of fungal invasion and prevention of established endocardial infection are essential . Antifungal therapy and/or careful followup should be considered in patients in whom "transient fungemia" is documented by blood culture and serological and untrasonic techniques should be further evaluated as a means of early diagnosis.

Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol, 1975 Jul 4, 195(4), 251 - 62
{Experimental candida keratitis . Histological, immunological and electron microscopical studies (author's transl)}; Mulhauser J et al.; Using histological, immunohistological and electron microscopical methods, it could be demonstrated that the course of experimental Candida albicans keratitis in mice invlves three phases: a traumatically caused alternative phase is followed by a granulocytic exsudative phase and finally by a proliferative phase . The experiments were followed over 41 days . Fungal elements could be detected only during the first 4 days after infection . When topically treated with hydrocortisone, the exsudation of leucocytes was diminished and delayed and the cellular proliferation was reduced considerably in the challenged corneal stroma . A lower number of Candida organisms was found in the cornea when treatment with hydrocortisone was combined with the antifungal drug pimaricin . When treated with pimaricin only however, fungal growth and inflammation were least apparent.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 2(1), 62 - 6
Wound infection by Prototheca wickerhamii, a saprophytic alga pathogenic for man; Lee WS et al.; Biopsy of a wound infection of the palmar fascia in a young diabetic woman revealed characteristic periodic acid-Schiff-positive Prototheca species cells with a rosette configuration and internal septation . Prototheca wickerhamii was cultured repeatedly from the wound drainage and the biopsy tissue . Several diagnostic features distinguishing Prototheca species, saprophytic algae, from yeasts are: the formation of endospores by mitosis; greater variation in cell size (2 to 15 mum); the presence of cytoplasmic granules, particularly in old cultures; and the absence of budding forms and pseudomycelia . The organism was resistant to 5-fluorocytosine and the minimal inhibitory concentration of amphotericin B was 12.5 mug/ml . With the exception of the tetracycline group, all other 16 antibacterial agents tested appeared completely ineffective in vitro . A synergism between amphotericin B and tetracycline was clearly demonstrated by the use of the checkerboard method . Infection by Prototheca species may be more common than presently realized due to the common expedient of identifying yeast-like isolates as "yeast--not Candida albicans."

J Clin Pathol, 1975 Jul, 28(7), 547 - 9
Sensitivity of some human pathogenic yeasts and systemic fungi to myxin; Sekhon AS et al.; Myxin, a relatively new antibacterial and antifungal antibiotic, produced by a species of Sorangium, was used to investigate its effectiveness against some yeasts and dimorphic fungi associated with human diseases . Results indicated that the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of myxin for Candida albicans, C . krusei, C . parapsilosis, C . tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata were 0.39-6.25 mug/ml, and for C . guilliermondii and C . tropicalis 12.5-25 mug/ml . The MFC for Blastomyces dermatitidis and Sporothrix schenckii was 0.195 and 6.25 mug/ml, respectively . The MFC for these two systemic fungi for amphotericin B (fungizone) was 0.39-0.78 and 6.25 mug/ml . It seems that myxin is more effective against B . dermatitidis than amphotericin B . The isolate of Coccidioides immitis was found to be very sensitive to myxin (MFC, 0.78-1.56 mug/ml).

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {A}, 1975 Jul, 83(4), 406 - 14
Experimental renal candidiasis in mice and guinea pigs; Winblad B; As a part of an experimental study of the spread of urogenital infections, male guinea pigs and mice were intravenously injected with a sublethal dose of Candida albicans in a long-time experiment . The kidney was the organ of maximum infection . Spread in the kidney was observed from the cortical and glomerular capillaries, where the injected yeast cells first lodged, but after pseudomycelial transformation penetrated into the Bowman's space and into the lumen of the tubuli . Guinea pigs recovered from the infection . In mice the renal candidiasis progressed and two types of the disease could be distinguished: an acute type with cortical abscesses and a chronic type with partly necrotic tips of the pyramids and adhering fungal masses in the pelves . A similar picture has been observed in man . The pathogenesis of renal candidiasis seems to resemble that of renal tuberculosis.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Jul-Aug, 126B(1), 25 - 39
{Sensitivity and resistance of pathogenic yeasts to 5-fluoropyrimidines . I.--Relation between the phenotypes of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine, the serotype of Candida albicans and the ecology of various species of Candida of human origin (author's transl)}; Drouhet E et al.; The sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorouridine (5-FUri) of 583 strains of C . albicans of human origin shows a relationship between their ecology, their serotype and their sensitivity to 5-FC . The incidence of the primary resistant strains isolated from patients with systemic candidiasis is of 4%, and 88.8% of the resistant strains belong to serotype B . In a closed community of premature infants the only resistant isolate amongst 78 strains recovered during hospitalization also belong to the B serotype and was introduced from outside . African strains of vaginal origin showed a higher incidence (21.6%) of resistance than did the european strains (4.5%) and this resistance was related to the B serotype predominant in the African environment . This raises the problem of the structure of the cell wall in connection with the active sites, the antigenic determinants and the enzymatic equipment.

Neurol Neurochir Pol, 1975 Jul-Aug, 9(4), 441 - 6
{T-rosette test in Wilson's disease}; Czlonkowska A; Twenty-three patients with Wilson's disease were studied . Using the rosette formation test it was found that the count of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of these patients (29,77% +/- 12,58) was lower than in the control group (61,68% +/- 13,14) . Using skin tests for demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity it was noted that in the group of patients the frequency of positive reaction with Candida albicans antigen was lower and these patients showed also less frequently positive reactions after DNCB immunization . The obtained results indicate that in Wilson's disease the functions of T-lymphocytes are distrubed . This may be the cause of previously observed hyperactivity of B-lymphocytes.

Avian Dis, 1975 Jul-Sep, 19(3), 533 - 43
Induced systemic candidiasis in young broiler chickens; Wyatt RD et al.; Systemic candidiasis was induced in broiler chickens 14 days old by intravenous injection of a suspension of viable Candida albicans cells . Injection resulted in decreased body weight, moderate mortality, swollen and reddened livers and kidneys, pancreatitis, and disturbances of the nervous system . Three types of neutral disturbances were observed: 1) extreme opisthotonus with spasmodic tremors; 2) extreme torticollis with cranial rotation of 270 degrees: and 3) extreme torticolis which resulted in the head being drawn in a medial-ventral direction . None to 50% of the inoculated birds exhibited these neural disturbances, depending on the isolant of C . albicans used . Microbiological examination of internal organs and blood revealed that C . albicans localized in the meninges of the brain . There was also a significant isolant-related effect of C . albicans on the growth rate of the inoculated birds . These easily quantitated differential effects of various isolants of C . albicans offer the prospect of correlating biochemical characteristics with virulence and obtaining information about the mechanism of pathogenicity of this microorganism.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Jul, 13(2), 123 - 31
Cell electrophoretic studies on the cellular immune response to Candida albicans in rabbits; Jenssen HL et al.; Rabbits were sensitized intracutaneously with Candida albicans total antigen by a series of booster injections . The electrophoretic migration time of lymph node lymphocytes was related to the time after injection . Two lymphocyte sub-populations could be distinguished . The proportion of each, changed during the course of the immune response . Characteristic changes also took place after in vitro incubation with Candidin . The results have been compared with agglutination titers and are discussed in relation to bursa and thymus-derived cells . The electrophoretic method may be valuable for the diagnosis of candidiasis.

Acta Allergol, 1975 Jul, 30(2-3), 120 - 5
Mast cell sensitizing antibody (MCSAb) response in experimental candidiasis: chromatographic studies; Vardinon N et al.; A single dose of the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans (CA), mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), and inoculated into guinea-pig foot-pads, provoked the productions of homologous mast cell sensitizing antibodies (MCSAb) present in the psiI-globulin fraction only, and of agglutinins localized in the same fraction . Heterologous MCSAb and skin-sensitizing antibodies detectable by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) were constantly absent . These facts are in contradiction to results of previous experiments performed with other antigens; which after similar inoculation elicited production of heterologous MCSAb attaching themselves on rat mast cells (MC) and present in the psi2 fast moving globulin, homologous MCSAb localized in the psiI-globulin and in the psi2 fast moving globulin, and PCA antibodies . The immunogenicity of CA is discussed.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1975 Jul, 40(1), 68 - 75
Nystatin and amphotericin B in the treatment of denture-related candidiasis; Nairn RI; A double-blind trial of nystatin, amphotericin B, and a placebo was carried out in fifty-two cases of denture-related candidiasis and/or angular cheilitis . The drugs effected a significant clinical cure, but recurrence of the signs was common after withdrawal of the drugs . Concurrent bacteriologic examination showed few cures and continued presence of Candida albicans during the trial . A specimen from a red palate was examined histologically.

Infect Immun, 1975 Jul, 12(1), 119 - 27
Factors affecting filamentation in Candida albicans: changes in respiratory activity of Candida albicans during filamentation; Land GA et al.; Glucose metabolism and respiration of Candida albicans were compared under conditions which permitted either maximal filamentous or maximal yeast growth . Changes in metabolism were monitored by comparing the quantities of ethanol produced, CO2 evolved, and oxygen consumed . Filamenting cultures produced more ethanol and less CO2 than yeasts, with oxygen consumption in the former concomitantly slower than that of the latter . Studies involving cofactors and inhibitors associated with electron transport imply that a transfer of electrons away from flavoprotein is required for maintenance of yeast morphology . Conditions consistent with a buildup of reduced flavoprotein, however, favored filament formation . These changes were expressed metabolically as a shift from an aerobic to a fermentative metabolism . The results presented are consistent with hypotheses correlating filament production with changes in carbohydrate metabolism and an interruption of electron transfer within the cell.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Jul, 13(2), 148 - 53
An amino acid liquid synthetic medium for the development of mycelial and yeast forms of Candida Albicans; Lee KL et al.; A chemically defined medium composed of 6 amino acids, biotin, inorganic salts and glucose for the growth of yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees of C respectively was developed based on the aminopeptidase(s) profile of the fungus . This medium has proved successful in maintaining the growth characteristics of both phases during serial transfers . The relative pathogenicity, virulence, invasiveness and immunogenicity of the yeast and mycelial phases are discussed.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Jul, 28(7), 497 - 502
Naphthyridinomycin, a new broad-spectrum antibiotic; Kluepfel D et al.; A new antibiotic, naphthyridinomycin, was isolated in crystalline form from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces lusitanus AY B-1026 . The antibiotic is active against a large number of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and inactive against Candida albicans, Trichophyton granulosum and Microsporum gypseum . The antibiotic is toxic in mice.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1975 Jul-Dec, 68(7-12), 247 - 69
{Cultural, biochemical, cytochemical, pathogenic and morphological aspects (as seen with the scanning microscope) of pathogenic strains of Candida albicans treated with pyrrolnitrin}; Costa AL; The author has analyzed the pyrrolnitrine activity on eighty strains of Candida albicans isolated from hospital patients . On these various strains the M.I.C., the enzymatic activity, the pathogenicity on rabbits, the ability to form clamydospores were determined . Also cytochemical tests, tests on chorioallantoic membrane, absorption tests and morphological analysis at the scanning microscope were performed on these strains . The various findings obtained have shown a strong activity of pyrrolnitrine on the different biological activities of Candida albicans strains used in the present work.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Jul, 13(2), 231 - 8
Resistance of the Candida albicans filamentous cycle to environmental change; Evans EG et al.; The filamentous growth cycle in C . albicans was resistant to changes in environment brought about either by the serial transfer of growing cells to fresh nutrients or by sudden changes of temperature after the first h of growth . In further experiments older culture filtrates, exhausted of their ability to induce mycelial growth, were reactivated by addition of fresh nutrients or water . The data provided evidence against the existence of both a mycelial stimulatory and inhibitory compound in the growth medium . It is concluded that although the environment initially dictates what proportion of blastospores are committed to filamentation it has no further effect on the process.

Br J Haematol, 1975 Jul, 30(3), 279 - 88
Partial myeloperoxidase deficiency in a case of preleukaemia . II . Defects of degranulation and abnormal bactericidal activity of blood neutrophils; Breton-Gorius J et al.; A patient with a refractory anaemia preceding acute myeloblastic leukaemia had an increased susceptibility to infection due to Staphylococcus aureus . 36% of neutrophils lacked myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and, in vitro, these polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) had a defect of bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus . Cytochemical studies of phagocytosis with the electron miscroscope have shown that the degranulation of primary granules (MPO+ or MPO-) was normal after phagocytosis of Escherichia coli which were normally lysed . A defective destruction of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans was observed in some PMN with or without MPO activity, suggesting that MPO deficiency itself was not the only cause of this defect . In PMN which appeared normal, most MPO(+) granules were unable to fuse with the phagocytic vacuole containing intact germs even after 90 min of contact . There was, therefore, in addition to a partial MPO deficiency, a defect in cellular degranulation . This defect, the mechanism of which is unknown, may be in part responsible for the defective bacterial degradation.

J Pharm Sci, 1975 Jun, 64(6), 995 - 7
Antimicrobial evaluation of diastereoisomeric 2-dimethylaminomethyl-6-phenylcyclohexanols and related esters; Dimmock JR et al.; 2-Dimethylaminomethyl-6-phenylcyclohexanone was reduced to give the isomeric 2-dimethylaminomethyl-6-phenylcyclohexanols, which were then converted to a number of novel esters . These derivatives were screened against a wide range of microorganisms . The alcohol possessing an axial hydroxy group had high activity against Candida albicans, in contradistinction to the isomer having an equatorial hydroxy function, which was approximately 30 times less active . The esters from the isomeric alcohols demonstrated a low level of antimicrobial activity with the exception of the 10-undecenoyl ester of 2-dimethylaminomethyl-6-phenylcyclohexanol (possessing the equatorial hydroxy group), which showed significant activity against three pathogenic fungi.

Antibiotiki, 1975 Jun, 20(6), 537 - 42
{Change in the immunoreactivity of white rats immunized with a Candida albicans vaccine during the use of antibiotics}; Karaev ZO et al.; The experiment was carried out with 252 albino rats of Wistar line immunized with Candida albicans vaccine under conditions of treatment with tetracycline, streptomycin and penicillin in doses of 40000-50000 Units/kg body weight . In the first part of the experiment the animals were immunized with a single dose of dead carpuscular vaccine and treated with the antibiotics for 10 days . In the second part of the experiment the animals were immunized 3 times, and 2nd and 3rd immunizations being with live cultures of C . albicans and the antibiotics were used for 20 days . The results of the experimental showed that repeated administrations of the antibiotics to the albino rats during immunization decreased the animal immune reactivity and aggravated the experimental candidosis: the rate of semination with the fungus increased and excretion of the fungus from the organism decreased.

J Bacteriol, 1975 Jun, 122(3), 1391 - 3
Calcification by Candida albicans; Ennever J et al.; Candida albicans was grown in a chamically defined medium in which certain microorganisms are known to calcify . The fungus developed calcium phosphate deposits with the same X-ray diffraction maxima as biological apatite.

J Infect Dis, 1975 Jun, 131(6), 649 - 57
Experimental hematogenous endophthalmitis caused by Candida albicans; Edwards JE Jr et al.; For a rabbit model of hematogenous endophthalmitis caused by Candida, 80 New Zealand white rabbits were given intravenous injections of 10-5 Candida albicans . Two weeks after infection 88 percent of infected rabbits had ocular lesions with clinical appearance identical to that of human lesions . Cultures of the chorioretina and kidneys averaged 10-4.3 and 10-3.9 organisms per g of tissue, respectively, three days after infection and remained positive for 38 days . Ninety-five percent of rabbits with positive cultures of the chorioretina had positive cultures from other organs . The ocular lesions were focal chorioretinitis characterized by a combination of granulomatous and acute suppurative reactions . Hematogenous endophthalmitis caused by Candida in the rabbit is a useful model for study of the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease in humans.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1975 May 30, 87(11), 367 - 71
{Problems of infections following renal transplantation (author's transl)}; Schmidt P et al.; Infections arising as a complication of immunosuppressive therapy were analyzed in more than 40 renal transplant patients . Bacterial infections were observed in 78.0%, viral in 68.3% and mycotic infections in 56.3% of cases seen during a 3-year investigation . Infection was the cause of death in 5 out of 8 cases with fatal complications . Bacterial infections of the lungs were amongst the gravest post-transplant complications . Hepatitis B, herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus were the most common viral infections . Simultaneous bacterial, viral and Candida albicans infections--so-called "triple infections"--with a very poor prognosis were diagnosed in 25% of the investigated cases . The data show that after cadaveric kidney transplantation special emphasis should be laid on careful prophylaxis of infections and diagnostic measures for the early recognition of possible infections arising as a complication of immunosuppressive therapy.

Arch Dermatol, 1975 May, 111(5), 596 - 8
Miconazole therapy for endemic fungal disease; Fulton JE Jr; Miconazole nitrate (2.0%) cream was evaluated in the treatment of endemic dermatophytosis in an overcrowded prison . The active drug was compared in a random double-blind study with its control vehicle in the treatment of 99 inmates who had moderate to severe symptomatic disease . Tinea cruris and tinea pedis caused by Trichophyton rubrum predominated, although Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans were also isolated and identified . Prompt clinical clearing occurred in 75.5% of those treated with miconazole versus 12.0% of those treated with the vehicle alone . Results of mycological examination closely paralleled and confirmed these clinical results.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 May, 25(5), 681 - 708
{Chemotherapeutic effects of nitro compounds . 1 . Nitroanilines}; Winkelmann VE et al.; More than 200 nitro compounds, most of them nitroaniline derivatives substituted with one or more radicals having a basic reaction, were prepared and investigated as to their therapeutic activity against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, viruses and tumors . Several mono-nitrobenzenes with a radical having a basic reaction showed weak in-vitro activity against gram-positive bacteria and against Crocker's sarcoma 180; they also showed systemic activity against nematodes (Aspiculuris tetraptera) and viruses . The majority of therapeutically active compounds with pronounced in-vivo activity against Trichomonas fetus, Entamoeba histolytica, Schistosoma mansoni, cestodes, nematodes (Ancylostoma caninum), viruses (influenza, MHV, SAV and EMC) and various types of carcinoma (Ehrlich's carcinoma, leukemia 1210, Crocker's sarcoma 180) were dinitrobenzene derivatives with one radical having a basic reaction and electropositive groups or unreactive or reactive chlorine atom, and di-nitrobenzene with two equal or two different radicals having a basic reaction . Compound No . 70 revealed a marked in-vitro activity against fungi (Trichophyton; Microsporum, Candida albicans) . Other nitro compounds such as bis-mono- and bis-dinitrobenzene derivatives likewise showed a systemic action against E . histolytica, viruses and, in particular, carcinoma (Crocker's sarcoma 180, Ridgway's osteosarcoma) . Oxygen and sulfur analogue compounds as well as compounds produced by reduction also possessed a distinct activity against E . histolytica and viruses . On the basis of the present results particularly the dinitrobenzenes substituted with two radicals having a basic reaction include a number which have in common that a structure/activity relationship is recognizable in respect of E . histolytica, Schistosoma mansoni and different types of viruses . The activity against viruses in this class of compounds is probably due to an increased interferon production in the host animal . Whether the mechanism of action is the same against E . histolytica or Schistosoma mansoni has not been determined so far . A tumorigenic effect was observed mainly in those di-nitrobenzenes which are classed as alkylating compounds . Because of the small chemotherapeutic index the trials were not continued with the most effective compounds mentioned.

Yale J Biol Med, 1975 May, 48(2), 91 - 5
Cell mediated immunity in healthy women taking oral contraceptives; Dwyer JM et al.; PIP: The cell-mediated immune system function was studied both in vitro and in vivo in 20 healthy women who had been taking combined oral contraceptives for an average of 2.8 years . All patients received intradermal injections of a 1/100 dilution of Candida albicans, a 1/100 dilution of mumps skin test antigen, a 1/10 dilution of tetanus toxoid fluid, and a 1/200 dilution of phytohemagglutinin-P . No statistically significant differences were observed in cell-mediated immune response between oral contraceptive users and nonuser control subjects . It is concluded that combined oral contraceptive preparations do not affect the cell-mediated immune system .

J Clin Pathol, 1975 May, 28(5), 403 - 6
Effects of minocycline and tetracycline on the vaginal yeast flora; Oriel JD et al.; Two groups of women with non-specific genital infection were treated for two weeks with tetracycline 250 mg six-hourly and minocycline 100 mg twice daily respectively . Cultures for yeasts were performed before treatment and at the end of the first and second weeks . Before treatment yeasts, mostly Candida albicans, were recovered from 13% of the women . After one and two weeks' treatment yeasts were isolated from 22 and 29% of women treated with tetracycline, and from 19 and 29% of women treated with minocycline . It is concluded that despite inhibition of the growth of yeasts shown by minocycline in vitro, there is no evidence of any significant difference between the actions of tetracycline and minocycline on the vaginal yeast flora.

J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino), 1975 May-Jun, 16(3), 302 - 7
Intraoesophageal rupture of a thoracic aortic aneurysm; Monro JL et al.; The intraoesophageal rupture of a large thoracic aortic aneurysm is reported in a 49 year old man . He had been hypertensive for some years while the aneurysm increased in size . Although a graft was successfully inserted to repair the leak, infection from the oesophagus with candida albicans, subsequently led to secondary haemorrhage and death 17 days later . A plea is made for the earlier referral of patients with aneurysm prior to rupture, as the operative mortality rises markedly after rupture has occurred and in this case the situation was virtually irreparable.

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1975 May, 35(5), 360 - 5
{The risk of yeast infection, of the newborn during and after delivery (author's transl)}; van Maillot K et al.; The importance of yeast infections in obstetrics was investigated in 200 pregnant women and their newborns . In the maternity patients the vagina was tested shortly before the delivery and the mouth of the neonates was tested 1 day prior to the discharge from the hospital . In 22% of the pregnant women and in 8,4% of the newborns, yeast (predominantly candida albicans) was found in the culture . Infants of mothers with positive cultures for yeast showed yeast more frequently (13,2%) themselves as infants of mothers with negative cultures for yeast (7,2%) . Only 1 infant had clinical trush . Only 1/7 of the women who had positive cultures for yeast at delivery also had positive cultures for yeast 5--8 weeks following delivery although they were not treated . Second to the maternal vagina, the mouth of the mothers and the nursing personnel are the most important sources for yeast infections of the newborn infant . The demand to make the birth canal free of yeast at the end of the pregnancy does not appear to be justified for all obstetric units according to the results of our investigations . The incidence of a clinical yeast infection in the mature and healthy newborn infant was between 0,5 and 0,9% during the past 2 1/2 years at the Obstetric Department of the University of Erlangen, Germany . Prophylactic medication against yeast is important for all high risk neonates such as premature infants, infants with asphyxia and infants under antibiotic treatment.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 May, 29(5), 653 - 7
Qualitative and quantitative assay of trichothecin: a mycotoxin produced by Trichothecium roseum; Sorenson WG et al.; A method for quantitative determination of trichothecin in crude culture filtrates was presented . The method utilized an agar diffusion bioassay against Candida albicans, a colorimetric test involving a halochromatic reaction with sulfuric acid, and subsequent formation of blue color with methanol, and thin-layer chromatography of trichothecin and its dinitrophenylhydrazine derivative . A positive result in all three systems confirmed the presence of trichothecin . Quantitative results were generally in close agreement.

J Infect Dis, 1975 May, 131(5), 516 - 27
Disseminated candidiasis . i . an experimental model in the guinea pig; Hurley DL et al.; A model of experimental disseminated candidiasis was developed in the guinea pig; Candida albicans was injected intraperitoneally or intravenously . The kidney was the most severely affected organ, with maximal colony counts of 26,208 plus or minus 9,152 colony-forming units/g of tissue five days after a sublethal inocluation (one-sixth of the 50% lethal dose) of viable organisms . The heart was the next most severely affected organ, and other organs were affected little . Histologic studies confirmed the data from colony counts and showed a progression of inflammation similar to that seen in human disease . A leukocytosis predominantly of mononuclear cells, and to a lesser degree of granulocytes, occurred and was maximal four days after inoculation . This model will provide the framework for a series of future studies of the various factors important in natural host defense against infection with Candida, as well as the effects of various immunosuppressive agents, particularly corticosteroids, on the development and expression of immunity and protection against infection.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 May, 21(5), 648 - 54
Lethality of Candida strains as influenced by the host; Saltarelli CG et al.; A comparative study of the pathogenicity of Candida albicans morphological mutant strains was made to relate chlamydospore production, germ tube formation, and proteolytic activity to candidiasis in mice . It was observed that the mycelium strains were more lethal than the yeast-like strains and that neither chlamydospore production, germ tube formation, nor nutritional resquirements was related to pathogenicity in mice . Statistical analysis indicated that the culture media of the organisms and the strain and sex of the mice into which the cells were injected were important in the development of pathogenicity.

Infect Immun, 1975 May, 11(5), 1014 - 23
Factors affecting filamentation in Candida albicans: relationship of the uptake and distribution of proline to morphogenesis; Land GA et al.; When glucose was present in high concentration, Candida albicans formed filaments in a phosphate-buffered medium, regardless of the nitrogen source . In lower concentrations of glucose, filamentation occurred only when various members of the glutamate, succinyl, or acetoacetyl-coenzyme A families of amino acids were used as sole nitrogen sources . Yeast morphology could be maintained either by replacing the amino acids in the medium with ammonium chloride or by making the medium high in phosphate or biotin . Studies using {U-14C}proline indicated that proline was catabolized in a manner consistent with the generation of increased cellular reducing potential and that the proline label entered into the Kreb's cycle . A reduction in Kreb's cycle activity was evidenced by an initial increase and then a rapid drop of the total organic acid content of the cells as well as in specific Kreb's cycle intermediates . Filamentation under conditions of low phosphate, high glucose, and increased cellular reduction potential, accompanied by a decrease in Kreb's cycle activity, suggests that morphogenesis in C . albicans is correlated with a Crabtree-like effect, i.e., repression of mitochondrial activity.

Scand J Dent Res, 1975 May, 83(3), 171 - 8
Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on experimental oral candidiasis in monkeys; Budtz-Jorgensen E; Thirteen adult monkeys (Macaca irus) were infected with Candida albicans by inoculating the microorganisms under an acrylic plate covering the palatal mucosa . Six of the monkeys were treated with the steroid triamcinolone acetonide intramuscularly for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after inoculation . The palatal mucosa was studied clinically and histologically at weekly or biweekly intervals for up to 5 months after inoculation . The cellular immune response was studied using the direct leukocyte migration test . In the group of seven non-steriod-treated monkeys an acute atrophic candidiasis developed that healed spontaneously in 2-3 weeks . No tissue invasion by Candida was seen in tissue sections, but the inflammation was pronounced . Migration inhibition was significant up to 5 months after infection . In the group of six steroid-treated monkeys an acute pseudomembranous candidiasis was induced that showed retarded healing, tissue invasion by Candida, and enhanced yeast proliferation . Inflammation was only slight and the peripheral blood leukocytes were not inhibited in their migration by Candida antigen . The study has shown that systemic treatment with the steroid, triamcinolone acetonide, potentiate oral Candida infections, probably by suppressing both non-specific inflammatory responses and cellular immunity.

J Pharm Sci, 1975 May, 64(5), 789 - 92
Two antimicrobial alkaloids from heartwood of Liriodendron tulipifera L; Hufford CD et al.; Alcoholic extracts of the heartwood of Liriodendron tulipifera have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger . The antimicrobial activity was associated only with the alkaloidal fraction . Separation of the active alkaloidal fraction by chromatography led to the isolation and identification of dehydroglaucine and liriodenine as the active components . Several other alkaloidal derivatives were prepared and tested . In addition to the active alkaloids, michelabine was also identified in the tertiary nonphenolic base fraction along with the lignan, lirioresinol-B-dimethyl ether, and two N-acetylnoraporphine alkaloids from the nonbasic fraction.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 May, 160(3), 286 - 91
{Randomised investigations of some Tyrolean swimming pools for the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis and pathogenic fungi (author's transl)}; Kraus H et al.; Trichomonads were not demonstrated either microscopically or by culture in water samples from 15 public open air swimming pools in the Tyrol . On the other hand, a small number of pathogenic fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Tr . verrucosum) were cultured from pool water with a free chlorine content of less than 0.35 mg/l (DPD 1) . Dermatophytes could also be demonstrated by cultures of the coatings on the surfaces of tiles in the showers, and of pool surrounding-and cabin tract floors . (Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis).

Acta Allergol, 1975 Apr, 30(1), 1 - 8
Mast cell sensitizing antibodies in experimental candidiasis; Segal E et al.; Inoculation into foot-pads of guinea-pigs of a living suspension of Candida albicans together with Complete Freund's Adjuvant, provoked a hypersensitive state, characterized by: 1) positive skin tests; 2) direct degranulation of peritoneal mast cells when exposed in vitro to the antigen; and 3) homologous "mast cell sensitizing antibodies" detected by the "indirect mast cell degranulation test" . The mast cell sensitizing antibodies were heat labile, and their activity could not be restored by complement.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1975 Apr, 111(4), 441 - 51
Immunologic studies in patients with recurrent bronchopulmonary infections; Kagan E et al.; In view of the known association of several different immune deficiency disorders with infections of the respiratory tract, a number of immunologic parameters were investigated in 15 patients with recurrent brochopulmonary infections . The patients' neutrophils all demonstrated normal intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus, and responded normally to chemotactic stimuli . Although assays of complement 3c were normal in all patients' sera, defective total hemolytic complement activity was consistently shown in 1 patinets manifested elevated serum immunoglobulin concentrations . Severe alpha1 -antitrypsin deficiency (Pi ZZ phenotype) was discovered in 1 patient . Three patients displayed cutaneous anergy to a battery of skin-test antigens, but lymphocytes from all patients studied responded normally to in vitro phytohemagglutinin stimulation . A "blocking" factor found in the serum of 3 patients suppressed the in bitro transformation of normal Candida-responsive lymphocytes by Candida albicans antigen . "Cold" lymphocytotoxins were detected in the sera of 10 patients, but in only 3 of 19 control sera . Although the significance of these findings is unknown, they may possibly have pathogenetic relevance in a small number of the patients studied.

Br J Vener Dis, 1975 Apr, 51(2), 110 - 5
Antenatal screening for candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhoea; Sparks RA et al.; Gonorrhoea was not found to be a problem in antenatal patients . It was found in only one out of 625 women, thus confirming other British surveys which do not agree with the North American figures . Candidiasis is commoner than trichomoniasis (27.4 and 4.7 per cent . prevalence respectively) and culture of a high vaginal swab is more effective as a means of diagnosis than a cervical cytology smear . The two conditions seldom occur together . The detection rate for Candida increases with gestation, but not with age, parity, or premarital and extramarital conception . The species isolated was predominantly Candida albicans . Trichomonads are detected in culture of a high vaginal swab more often than in a cervical cytology smear . Detection does not increase with age, parity, or gestation, but does increase with premarital and extramarital conception . It is difficult to diagnose clinically the cause of vaginal discharge in a pregnant woman.

Acta Med Scand, 1975 Mar, 197(3), 225 - 8
Antibody titre changes and skin reactivity in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing portocaval shunt operation; Johansen KS et al.; Ten patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing portocaval shunt operation have been followed immunologically during their postoperative course regarding antibody titres to various antigens, viral as well as bacterial . The antibody determinations included rubella, vaccinia and cytomagalo viruses, diptheria toxoid, Candida albicans, streptolysin O, typhoid and paratyphoid O and H and the syphilis reactions: Kahn, Wassermann and Meinicke . Twenty-one blood donors served as controls . Skin test reactions to diptheria, Candida albicans, streptokinase and tuberculin were performed on the same patients . Eight patients submitted to cholecystectomy served as controls for pre-and postoperative skin tests and antibody titres . The liver cirrhosis group before operation had a significantly higher number of elevated antibody titres concomitant with a significantly reduced skin test reactivity to diphtheria toxoid and streptokinase . An increase in the number of elevated antibody titres was seen after portocaval shunt operation . In no case was a higher antibody titre associated with an increase in skin reactivity to the corresponding antigen . A number of significant titre changes to viral antigens were seen in the postoperative course without clinical evidence of the corresponding viral disease . Thes findings indicate that under certain circumstances antibody titre changes should be interpreted with caution.

J Pharm Sci, 1975 Mar, 64(3), 462 - 3
Synthesis and biological properties of alkyl esters of polyene antibiotics; Bruzzese T et al.; Several new alkyl esters of polyene antibiotics were prepared by an improved general procedure, and their toxicity and microbiological activity were tested . Some of these alkyl esters were more active than the nonesterified polyenes against Candida albicans but were less effective than the known methyl esters . Their toxicity was much less than that of the parent compounds.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 87(1), 20 - 36
Factors affecting the changes in amphotericin sensitivity of Candida albicans during growth; Gale EF et al.; The sensitivity of Candida albicans, grown in batch culture at 37 degrees C, to amphotericin methyl ester (AME), judged by the concentration of AME required to induce a standard rate of leakage of K+ from suspensions of organisms, decreased with the time of growth . Organisms in exponential growth were sensitive to 0-I to 0-2 mug AME/ml while organisms in the stationary phase were resistant to 4 to 60 mug AME/ml, depending on the initial concentration of glucose in the medium and the length of time for which incubation had been continued . When the initial concentration of glucose was low (0-I%, w/v), the AME resistance rose during the early stationary phase and then, after 40 h incubation at 37 degrees C, decrease again . Sphaeroplasts were prepared from organisms at different phases of growth and did not show these changes in AME sensitivity, but remained highly sensitive for growth up to 40 h . Sphaeroplasts were prepared by treating suspensions of organisms with mercaptoethanol and then digesting with Streptomyces enzyme preparation . Addition of the material extracted by the digestion to suspensions of exponential-phase organisms or sphaeroplasts increased their AME resistance . Fractionation of the digest showed that the antagonistic material was contained in the neutral lipid fraction . Pure lipids fell into the following order of decreasing antagonism to AME when added together with the antibiotic to suspensions of exponential-phase organisms: sterol esters (ergosterol esters greater than cholesterol esters; unsaturated fatty acid esters greater than saturated fatty acid esters), sterols, triglycerides, unsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids . The amount of antagonistic material released from stationary organisms was not markedly greater than that from exponential-phase organisms and analysis of the lipid content of wall preparations showed that the content of total lipid, neutral lipid and triglyceride of 40 h organisms was not more than 75, 25 and 30%, respectively, greater than that of exponential-phase organisms . The AME resistance of stationary-phase organisms decreased rapidly if suspensions were incubated with glucose or mercaptoethanol . The decrease in the presence of glucose was prevented by metabolic inhibitors, especially SH binding agents . Treatment of organisms with either iodoacetamide or N-ethylmaleimide gave a rapid increase in AME resistance, amounting in some cases to 5- to 15-fold . The effect of iodoacetamide decreased as the organisms passed into the stationary phase and their intrinsic resistance increased . Evidence is presented which suggests that the degree of reduction of SH groups in the cell surface is an important factor in determining AME resistance.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Mar, 13 Pt 1, 74 - 82
A re-evaluation of the effect of cysteine or Candida albicans; Wain WH et al.; The effect of cysteine on Candida albicans has been re-examined . Concentrations between 0-1 and 10-0 mM were tested on 12 isolates in yeast and hyphal form . The growth of both forms was inhibited by 10 mM cysteine . Though the rate of hyphal elongation was decreased there was no suppression of initiation of hyphal formation . All isolates showed a random variation in their general inhibitory response to cysteine . We found no support for the concept of cysteine-mediated from determination in rapidly growing C . albicans in submerged culture . High concentrations of cystiene cause a general inhibition of growth of C . albicans.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Mar, 13 Pt 1, 63 - 73
The action of miconazole of the growth of Candida albicans; Van Den Bossche H et al.; The growth of Candida albicans was studied in control cultures and in the presence of miconazole or clotrimazole . Each drug prolonged the lag phase and reduced the total final population . Although miconazole, at the low concentrations used, was a less potent inhibitor than clotrimazole in the main logarithmic phase, it was more fungicidal . The antifungal activity of miconazole on C . albicans was inversely proportional to the number of cells inoculated in the media . The effects of miconazole on growth depended on the nutrients in the medium and were most pronouncedwhen it was added to cultures of C . albicans in the lag and main logarithmic phase of growth . The growth inhibitory effects of sub-fungicidal doses of micronazole (smaller than or equal to 10-6 M) on C . albicans seemed to be reversible.

Sabouraudia, 1975 Mar, 13 Pt 1, 116 - 20
Candid albicans associated with the gastrointestinal tract of the common pigeon (Columbia livia); Hasenclever HF et al.; Candida albicans was cultured from the upper gastrointestinal tract of 44% and from the lower alimentary tract in 6% of 50 common pigeons (Columba livia) . Thirty per cent of samples of pigeon droppings collected from different locations were positive for the yeast . The colony forming units for positive samples ranged from 2 times 10-2-2-8times 10-6 per g dry feces . The percentage of antigenic Groups A and B for the strains of C . albicans isolated was approximately the same as for strains isolated from human sources.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 21(3), 338 - 42
Optimum conditions for initiation of filamentation in Candida albicans; Evans EG et al.; A medium that initially produced filaments from almost all of its Candida albicans blastospore inoculum contained 1% mycological peptone and 0.2% glucose, final pH 7.4-7.5 . The medium was inoculated to 10-6 cells/ml and incubated at 40 degrees C . Reversion to secondary blastospores began at a mean of 2.4 h after inoculation . The patterns of utilization of growth nutrients during optimal mycelial growth showed no correlation with the events of filamentation.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Feb 28, 55(1), 65 - 9
The effect of parenteral alimentation fluid, undiluted with saline or fresh sera, on the growth of Candida albicans in vitro at 37 degrees C; Lederer T et al.; Parenteral alimentation is often complicated by Candida albicans infection which may be fatal . This study investigated the effect of alimentation fluid (Aminosol) on C . albicans' growth in vitro . It was found that concentrated Aminosol (1400 millisomoles) maintained C . albicans in a viable state but inhibited replication . Dilution of alimentation fluid to physiological concentrations (300 milliosmoles) with either saline or aged pooled normal sera promoted in vitro growth of C . albicans which was equivalent to that obtained in BHI broth and was slightly less than that obtained in Sabouraud's broth . The effects of fresh sera with full complement activity were also investigated . In fresh sera appropriately diluted with physiological saline, some clumping of the yeasts was observed and all formed germ tubes . Growth as defined by budding or the formation of hyphae was inhibited . When Aminosol was diluted to 300 milliosomoles with fresh sera, all yeasts were noted to be in clumps with germ tubes as well as continually growing hyphae . Growth was approximately equal to that seen in Aminosol similarly diluted with saline.

Mycopathologia, 1975 Feb 28, 55(1), 35 - 40
Culture medium alkalinization by dermatophyes . (Influence of time and temperature of incubation); Paveia MH; 95 dermatophyte strains (12 of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 12 of T . tonsurans, 11 of T . rubrum, 12 of T . megninii, 12 of T . violaceum, 2 of T . schoenleinii, 1 of T . soudanense, 12 of M . canis, 8 of Microsporum gypseum, 1 of M . ferrugineum and 12 of Epidermphoyton floccosum) . 1 of Aspergillus niger, 1 of A . ochraceus, 1 of Paecilomyces sp., 1 of Penicillium sp . and 1 of Candida albicans were grown in Sabouraud liquid medium for the study of pH variation over 6 weeks at room temperature and after 4 weeks at 37 degrees C . All the dermatophyte strains alkalinized the medium . The highest pH values after 2-3 weeks' development in room temperature were produced by T . mentagrophytes, M . gypseum and M . canis, and the lowest by T . rubrum and T . violaceum . After the 4th week the alkalinizing activity became more marked for T . mentagrophytes and remained stationary for T . violaceum, In the 5th week the values produced by T . tonsurans were higher than those for M . gypseum, and those for E . floccosum and T . megninii were higher than those of M . canis . A similar behaviour was observed for T . rubrum and T . megninii and for M . canis, M . gypseum and M . ferrugineum . There seems to be a relation between the alkalinizing capacity and the rapidity and amount of the growth . At 37 degrees C both alkalinization and range of variation of the pH values of the medium became more noticeable for the strains of each species.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Feb 21, 100(8), 335 - 42
{Rapidly debilitating disease with generalized lymphadenopathy, skin involvement and interstitial pulmonary infiltration (report of three cases)}; Haferkamp O et al.; Generalized but well-circumscribed lymphadenopathy and rash-like skin changes were observed in three men, aged 58 to 75 years . There was a reticular appearance in the chest X-ray . Dyspnoea, weakness, marked weight loss, changing but marked lymphopenia, markedly increased blood-sedimentation rate, and an always negative Tine test were present in all three . Despite antibiotics, cytostatic drugs and prednisolone the disease quickly ended fatally with high fever, general debilitation and pneumonia . Post-mortem examination revealed diffuse lymphatic hyperplasia with plasma-cell infiltration in the lymph nodes, tonsils and lymphatic tissue of the intestines, and diffuse hyperplasia of the endothelial venules, together with basophilic blast cells, eosimophilic granulocytes and reticulum cells with broad nucleoli . The spleen was normal or enlarged . Spleen, lung tissue and lymphatics, the skin in the area of the small vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands contained lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophilic leucocytes . The spleen, if enlarged, also had focal necroses in its periarteriolar septa . In two cases electrophoresis revealed beta-globulin poorly demarkated from gamma-globulin, doubling and increase . In the third case, IgA was markedly increased with one each monoclonal IgG1 und IgA, and corresponding shift in the chi/lambda relationship in serum . Immunohistologically, lymphocytes were made up of about 20 percent IgG-containing and about 25 percent IgA-containing cells . Lymphopenia, if present, was associated with markedly reduced blast transformation of peripheral lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin . The granulocytes were defective (intracellular killing of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus), while the nitrobluetetrazolium test was normal . There was RBC phagocytosis in the macrophages of bone marrow and in Kupffer cells of all three cases.

Br J Haematol, 1975 Feb, 29(2), 273 - 8
The effect of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory drugs on the phagocytosis of neutrophil leucocytes; Whittaker JA et al.; The phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans by neutrophil leucocytes was inhibited in vitro by phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid and by the cytotoxic drugs vincristine, vinblastine, cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin and busulphan, but not by mustine hydrochloride or procarbazine . In vivo studies in man have shown a significant reduction in phagocytosis after phenylbutazone ingestion, but not following an oral dose of aspirin . Possible explanatory mechanisms of drug action on neutrophil phagocytosis are discussed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 1(2), 206 - 11
Pagano-Levin Candida test medium: evaluation using vaginal samples; Sinski JT et al.; Since 1958 pagano-Levin medium (PLM) has been used as an aid in the identification of Candida albicans . However, no statistical analysis of its effectiveness based on large number of random human specimens has been reported . The present study compared PLM (now called Candida test) with Sabouraud's plus antimicrobials and Littman's ox-gall agar without antimicrobials . Of 500 random vaginal samples 24.8 were true positives, 71.9% were true negatives, 2.2% were false positives, and 1.2% were false negatives on PLM . If only samples identified as C . albicans were considered, 95.4% were true positives and 4.6% were false negatives . PLM did not inhibit C . albicans from the vagina . No one medium was found superior to the others for the purpose of isolating and identifying C . albicans . Of the five strains of C . parapsilosis, the only other Candida species isolated, all the samples grew on PLM but most were inhibited on Sabouraud's medium plus antimicrobials.

Thoraxchir Vask Chir, 1975 Feb, 23(1), 33 - 8
{Late results of replacement of the antrio-ventricular valve}; Huber R et al.; From 1966 to 1969 mitral-valve-allografts have been implanted for mitral valve replacement in 11 and for tricuspid valve replacement in two patients . Three patients died immediately after the operation . Eigth allografts in mitral position and one in tricuspid position functioned well . One case was complicated by candida albicans . There were no thromboembolic complications . Long-term follow up revealed late deterioration of allograft function in every case . Four allografts have been replaced four are still functioning four to six years postoperatively . Because of the poor durability of the results this method of mitral valve replacement is not used any more.

Ann Ophthalmol, 1975 Feb, 7(2), 309 - 11
Penetrating keratoplasty in a patient with 75% third degree burns; Older JJ et al.; A 25-year-old woman was severely burned in a gasoline explosion in her home . One month after her admission to the hospital a mycotic corneal ulcer, caused by Candida albicans, developed and progressed to a descemetocele in spite of medical therapy . A therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was performed and the graft remained clear until the present time (10 months of follow-up) . The one episode of clinical corneal graft rejection occurred at the same time the first evidence of return of immune competence was seen in her skin grafts . The corneal rejection episode was successfully treated by topical corticosteroids.

J Clin Invest, 1975 Feb, 55(2), 338 - 46
The fungicidal mechanisms of human monocytes . I . Evidence for myeloperoxidase-linked and myeloperoxidase-independent candidacidal mechanisms; Lehrer RI; We tested the ability of human peripheral blood monocytes to kill Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis . Evidence that multiple fungicidal mechanisms operate in normla monocytes was found . Normal monocytes ingested and killed viable C . albicans, and could iodinate heat-killed C . albicans . Both functions were defective in monocytes from subjects with myeloperoxidase deficiency or chronic granulomatous disease . Methimazole, isoniazid, and aminotriazole inhibited iodination by normal monocytes without impairing their ability to kill C . albicans, indicating that iodination was not essential to the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-mediated fungicidal system of the monocyte . C . parapsilosis, an organism killed with supranormal efficacy by monocytes from a patient with hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency, was selected to examine the myeloperoxidase-independent fungicidal mechanisms of monocytes . Monocytes were obtained from the blood of normal or leukemic subjects and homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose to yield fractions rich in cytoplasmic granules . These fractions were extracted with 0.01 M citric acid and the soluble components were separated by micropreparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis . Monocytes were found to contain cationic proteins, other than myeloperoxidase, that kill C . parapsilosis in vitro.

Infection, 1975, 3(3), 165 - 8
Experimental and clinical studies of 5-fluorocytosine activity in candida ocular infections, II . The effect of 5-fluorocytosine in treating experimental candida infection in rabbits' eyes; Segal E et al.; Mild and severe experimental ocular infections in rabbits' eyes were induced by inoculation of Candida albicans with or without addition of dexamycin drops . These rabbits were treated with 5-Fluorocytosine, topically, orally and in a combined topical and oral manner . The topical treatment was effective only in mild infections . Severe infections responded to oral and especially to combined oral-tropical treatment.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1975, 41(3), 229 - 38
Growth, respiration and cytology of acetate-negative mutants of Candida albicans; Kot EJ et al.; A number of acriflavine-induced mutants of Candida albicans, characterized by their inability to grow on acetate as a source of energy, were screened for their cytochrome absorption spectra . Three mutants with different spectra, along with their parent, were selected for comparative studies of their growth, respiratory activities and cellular structure . The spectrum of one of the mutants was the same as that of the wild-type, but the growth rate and yield of cells on glucose medium were only about 60% of the wild-type's; those of a second mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 were 50%, and those of a third mutant deficient in cytochromes aa3 and b were less than 5% of those of the wild-type . The cytochrome-complete mutant and the wild-type showed respiratory activity both on glucose and ethanol well above the endogenous, the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant showed only endogenous respiration, and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant no respiration at all . Electron microscopy of the wild-type cells revealed discrete, regular ovoidal, cristate mitochondria spaced near the periphery of the protoplasm; the cytochrome-complete mutant showed an abundance of large, cristate, but morphologically irregular mitochondria; the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant had fewer but still large, cristate, somewhat irregular mitochondria; and the cytochrome aa3, b-deficient mutant only a few simple vesicles without discernible cristae.

Zentralbl Gynakol, 1975, 97(26), 1626 - 31
{Results of preventive mycological examination in pregnant women}; Flach W et al.; From accidential patients fifteen per cent of 2328 pregnant women showed in a cultural method (malt-extract-agar) a vaginal mycosis in the seventh month of pregnancy . In most of the cases it was Candida albicans, but there were also other cases of Candida and Toruplopsis glabrata . The therapy of vaginal mycosis during pregnancy should be done generally, to prevent infections of infants and infections is gynecological and neonatological departments.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Jan, 126(1), 75 - 81
{Fungicidal and phagocytic activity against "Candida albicans" of human neutrophils in serum depleted in C3 and C4 (author's transl)}; Kernbaum S; Cases of systemic infections caused by C . albicans are increasing in number and the kidney appears to be involved more often than any other tissue . The renal medulla is especially susceptible to infection by C . albicans and by bacteria - Previous works has showed that this is essentially due to hyperosmolality and to inactivation of the complement system . Polymorphs are one of the main host defense mechanisms against C . albicans and the authors have studied their power of phagocytosis against Candida and fongicidal activity in serum depleted in C3 and C4 . Both are found to be normal.

Physiol Chem Phys, 1975, 7(4), 369 - 80
Trehalose and glycogen levels during the initial stages of growth of Candida albicans; Arnold WN et al.; Yeast phase cells of Candida albicans were extracted with cold 0.5 M trichloroacetic acid . The only quantitatively significant anthrone-positive material in these extracts was trehalose which was identified chromatographically and enzymatically . Glycogen in the residue was digested with amyloglucosidase to free glucose which was assayed by a glucose oxidase method . Washed cells from a stationary phase culture of C . albicans rapidly decreased their trehalose content during the early phases of growth on a fresh glucose-containing medium . Concurrent increases in total glycogen concentration were of a greater magnitude than could be accounted for by trehalose mobilization . Thus a specific role for trehalose during initial growth is indicated and is compared with other fungal systems . Trehalase activity was measured in situ and showed only minor changes during the time intervals of these experiments in contrast to other reports on S . cerevisiae . A large fraction of the enzyme in C . albicans behaved as external to the protoplasmic membrane . On one type of growth medium C . albicans exhibited (in addition to trehalose) variable amounts of a sugar alcohol in trichloroacetic acid extracts . This has tentatively been identified as arabitol.

Microbios, 1975, 12(49), 111 - 7
Nucleic acid homology studies among Candida albicans, Syringospora albicans and Leucosporidium species; Segal E et al.; Deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) hybridization technique was used to investigate nucleic acid homologies among acid Candida albicans, Syringospora albicans and the Leucosporidium species (L . nivalis, L . capsuligenum, L . frigidum, L . gelidum, L . antarcticum) . The nucleic acid homology between C . albicans, S . albicans and the Leucosporidium species was very low (ranging from about 7-11% for C . albicans and 8-12-5% for S . albicans), indicating the unrelatedness of C . albicans to the basidiomycetous yeast genus Leucosporidium.

Chemotherapy, 1975, 21(3-4), 113 - 30
Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine and mechanisms of resistance; Polak A et al.; Mode of action of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and mechanisms of resistance to the drug are discussed on the basis of experiments performed with Candida albicans ATCC 26790 and with 50 selected clinical isolates of C . albicans belonging to serological type A or B and representing various degrees and models of 5-FC resistance (sensitivity) . Incorporation of 5-fluorouridylic acid into RNA appeared as a prerequisite to antifungal activity, although at a given incorporation rate, growth inhibition varied considerably from one strain to the other . The amino acid pool was unbalanced, and there was evidence for disturbance of protein synthesis . These dysfunctions of RNA probably account for growth inhibition and cell death, whereas up to the present, there was no proof of formation of 5-fluorodeoxyuridylic acid nor of subsequent inhibition of thymidylate synthetase . Incorporation of fluorinated pyrimidine into RNA was lower in normally sensitive type B strains than in normally sensitive ones of type A, whereas the frequency of 5-FC-resistant mutants was the same . The two serological types did not differ in the activity of cytosine permease nor in that of cytosine deaminase . Among 29 clinical isolates with 6-FC resistance (or impaired sensitivity) no instance of cytosine permease deficiency was found . Two isolates (belonging to the serological type A) were deficient in cytosine deaminase, whereas the majority was probably deficient in uridine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase or had a surplus of de novo synthesis of pyrimidines . Relative 5-FC resistance was more common than complete resistance.

Arch Dis Child, 1975 Jan, 50(1), 72 - 75
Phagocytosis and killing ability of Candida albicans by blood leucocytes of healthy term and preterm babies; Xanthou M et al.; The phagocytosis and killing ability of leucocytes of 24 term and 22 preterm babies against Candida albicans were studies during the first 20 days of life because of the increased incidence of monilia infection at this time . The leucocytes of 14 adults aged 20 to 30 years served as controls . The phagocytosis ability of the leucocytes in adults, term, and preterm babies was not significantly different, mean values being respectively 66-7%, 57%, and 56-9% . The killing ability of the leycocytes in term and preterm babies was lower when compared with that of adult leucocytes (P less than 0-001 for term and P less than 0-01 for preterm infants) . The mean value in adults was 27-5%, in term infants 9-7%, and in preterm infants 9-5% . It is suggested that as the addition of adult serum did not improve the candidacidal ability of newborn leucocytes, the killing defect should be sought in the leucocyte itself and not in serum factors.

Respiration, 1975, 32(2), 179 - 84
Aerosol chemotherapy in bronchopulmonary candidiasis; Oehling A et al.; One of the most frequent complications encountered in non-specific respiratory pathology of recent years is overinfection by Candida albicans . An important contributive factor is the recent massive antibiotherapy, above all with tetracyclines, favouring this overinfection . Since at present the treatment of bronchopulmonary processes is difficult owing to the lack of an effective oral or parenteral therapy, a study was carried out of 33 patients treated with nystatin and amphotericin B in aerosol form, with 3-4 sessions of treatment per day, during a minimum of 10 days . At each session either 50,000 U of nystatin or 5 mg of amphotericin B were administered . The results obtained showed that after treatment, C . albicans was no longer present in the sputum of 84% of cases treated . In view of these results it is considered that - at present - the two most suitable substances for the treatment of pulmonary candidiases are nystatin and amphotericin B in aerosol form.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Jan, 86(1), 115 - 32
Isolation and chemical characterization of plasma membranes from the yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans; Marriott MS; It has been possible to induce the yeast-mycelium transformation in Candida albicans by growth of the organism under completely defined conditions in batch culture . Protoplasts have been obtained from the two forms by using a lytic enzyme preparation from Streptomyces violaceus . A plasma membrane fraction was prepared by osmotic lysis of these protoplasts and fractionated by using a combination of differential and discontinuous sucrose density-gradient flotation centrifugation . The purity of this fraction was determined by radioactive dansylation and iodination of plasma membranes of intact protoplasts followed by localization of the radioactivity upon fractionation . This procedure demonstrated less than 4% contamination of the plasma membrane fraction with other cell membranes . Chemical analysis of this fraction revealed that the major components were protein and lipid . Membranes from the yeast form contained (w/w): 50% protein, 45% lipid, 9% carbohydrate and 0.3% nucleic acid . Plasma membranes from the mycelial form contained significantly more carbohydrate and were found to be composed of (w/w): 43% protein, 31% lipid, 25% carbohydrate and 0.5% nucleic acid . Marked differences were also observed between the phospholipid, free and esterified sterols, and total fatty acids of membranes from the two forms of the organism.

J Infect Dis, 1975 Jan, 131(1), 44 - 50
Mouth lesions in iron-deficient anemia: relationship to Candida albicans in saliva and to impairment of lymphocyte transformation; Fletcher J et al.; The atrophic glossitis and angular chilosis in patients with iron-deficient anemia are associated with infection of the mouth by Candida albicans . Saliva from these patients contained more Candida and supported the growth of Candida better than did saliva from a control group . The possibility that growth of Candida may be due to impaired lymphocyte function was investigated by measuring transformation of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin . Transformation was depressed in iron-deficient subjects and returned to normal after correction of their iron status . The lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood was also depressed and corrected by additional iron . Impaired lymphocyte function did not explain the mouth lesions and growth of Candida in saliva since lymphocyte transformation was equally depressed in patients with and without mouth lesions . A local factor, such as an effect of lack of iron on the resident vacterial flora of the mouth, may be important.

Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol, 1975, 193(3), 193 - 5
{Standard candida mycosis in the rabbit eye (author's transl)}; Oggel K et al.; Whole-body X-irradiation administered to rabbits prior to intracorneal inoculation with Candida albicans is required to produce a verifiable mycotic keratitis . Damage to the corneal tissue, which in rabbits is generally resistant to Candida, can thus be avoided . The mycosis usually lasts for a period of 12 to 14 days . Twenty-four animals (48 eyes) were infected . The fungi were recultivated in 21 animals (24 eyes) . All attempts were successful.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 1975, 5(6), 331 - 5
Immature delivery after intrauterine Candida albicans infection; Brandsma MA et al.; The case is presented of a patient who delivered an immature infant after an intrauterine candidial infection in the presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) . 8 other cases of intrauterine Candida infection leading to immature deliveries were gathered from the literature . On the basis of the pathologic findings, the medium of infection is thought to be the amniotic fluid.

Clin Orthop, 1975 Jan-Feb, (106), 143 - 7
Candida arthritis . A case report and review of the literature; Fitzgerald E et al.; Candida albicans arthritis is uncommon . Although occasional instances of meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, and extensive visceral involvement due to Candida species have been reported, only 7 documented cases of arthritis caused by Candida albicans are found in the literature . The present case was an infant with a gastroschisis defect of the abdominal wall, who required multiple surgical procedures, prolonged antibiotic therapy, and parental intravenous hyperalimentation . Following a blood stream infection with Candida albicans, septic arthritis of the left knee developed . Treatment with intravenous Amphotericin-B over a 6-week period was successful in eridicating the infection . The child is completely well 9 months after discharge from the hospital . Factors which may predispose patients to infection by Candida albicans include prolonged antibiotic therapy . corticosteroids, generalized debilitation, malnutrition, parental hyperalimentation, and immunosuppressive therapy . Amphotericin-B therapy may be associated with considerable toxicity including azotemia, hepatic dysfunction, and hematologic abnormalities . The therapeutic regimen of Amphotericin-B is effective but a 6-week course of antifungal therapy may be necessary to eradicate septic arthritis of Candida albicans . Surgical drainage is probably indicated only for recent infections.

J Immunol Methods, 1975 Jan, 6(3), 235 - 47
A comparison of differenct extracts of Candida albicans in agar gel double diffusion techniques; Faux JA et al.; A preliminary comparative study, by 4 independent groups, of certain extracts of Candida albicans, showed variation in their antigenicity . Different agar gel double diffusion tests were used by each group; two groups used micro-methods and two used macro-methods . The number of positive precipitin reactions detected by these methods was shown to vary greatly.

Arch Dermatol Forsch, 1975, 251(3), 181 - 9
Effect of prednisolon on cell metabolism of candida; Paetzold OH et al.; In vitro effects of 2 water-soluble prednisolon-derivatives on 10 Candida albicans and 10 Candida tropicals species were investigated . Tests were performed during resting and proliferation phases . Changes of cell metabolism were measured by O2-consumption by the Warburg technique . With increasing corticosteroid concentrations (10-10000 gammaml) a dose dependent increase of cell respiration was found with and without addition of nutritive substrates . Even high concentrations of corticosteroid did not cause an antimetabolic effect . The tests did not yield different results for the two Candida species examined.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1975 Jan, 79(1), 121 - 5
Keratomycosis in Wisconsin; Chin GN et al.; Candida albicans was the most common fungus responsible for mycotic keratitis in our series from a northern climate, as opposed to southern climates where other fungi were more common . Pimaricin was effective in our patients with Candida infections and in one patient with Aspergillus infection that had been unresponsive to previous amphotericin B.

Brux Med, 1974 Sep, 54(9), 511 - 4
{Mycoses and oral contraception of the biphasic type}; Eimer H; PIP: Vaginal smears were checked microscopically for mycelium of Candida albicans in 71 women taking Ovanon, a normophasic oral contraceptive; in 23 taking Tri-Ervonum, a sequential; in 113 taking combined pills; and in 113 controls . The pill formulations were: Ovanon (7 tablets of .08 mg mestranol, and 15 tablets of .075 mg mestranol with 2.5 mg lynestrenol) and Tri-Ervonum, (16 tablets of .1 mg ethinyl estradiol with .1 mg megestrol acetate and 7 tablets of .1 mg ethinyl estradiol with 1 mg megestrol acetate) . After 6 months or more of use, the incidence of mycelia in vaginal smears was 11.3% among Ovanon users, 17.4% among Tri-Ervonum users, 21.2% among conventional combined pill users, and 6.2% among controls . Thus a biphasic pill might be useful for women with resistant mycotic infection .

Acta Stomatol Belg, 1974, 71(1), 119 - 24
{The effect of oral contraceptives on the mouth mucosa}; Cohen-Bursztein F; PIP: The author reviewed the literature concerning lesions of the oral mucosa associated with oral contraceptives, summarized her own cases, and suggested how to manage such lesions . Reports in the literature include hemorrhagic gingivitis, tumors, Candida albicans infections, plaque resembling erysipelas, and left facial paralysis due to thrombosis of the facial artery . Among her own patients, the author found gingivitis, allergic erythema of the palate, aphtosis, and epulis tumor . The disorders usually regress rapidly (1-5 weeks) after stopping the pill . She recommended that any woman presenting with gingivitis, mucosal hyperplasia, buccal mycosis, or facial neurologic disorders be questioned about oral contraceptives, treated first, and only in case of failure or return of the lesion should the pill be discontinued, in consultation with the gynecologist for another contraceptive method .

Allerg Immunol (Leipz), 1974-75, 20-21(4), 393 - 401
Late asthmatic reactions to inhalation of fractions from extracts of Candida albicans and Asperguillus fumigatus; Kabe J; To investigate the mechanism of late respiratory reactions after exposure to extracts of C.albicans and A.fumigatus, patients with asthma were studied with skin tests, inhalation tests and serologic tests including precipitin tests, using purified polysaccharide fraction (PS) and protein fraction (P) . Thirty five inhalation tests in 30 patients separated reactors with late onset into two groups, 7 patients with precipitins, intermediate dermal and respiratory reactions, and 10 patients with delayed skin reaction and delayed dyspnea . Exposure to PS could elicit immediate and intermediate respiratory reactions but not delayed reactions, which had been observed after exposure to Prut or crude extract, suggesting that the delayed respiratory reactions observed were immunologically different from those caused by Arthustype allergy . Skin test with PS elicited immediate, intermediate, or both reactions, and those with P evoked immediate, intermediate, or delayed reactions or some combinations of these . The same relationship of purified fractions to patterns of skin reactions as well as respiratory reactions existed in guinea pigs immunized with C.albicans . Taking the results to animal experiments into consideration it would appear that some of the late responses after exposure to Prot or crude extract of C.albicans and A.fumigatus were due to allergic mechanism of the delayed type.

Contraception, 1972 May, 5(5), 401 - 11
Studies on development of a vaginal preparation providing both prophylaxis against venereal disease, other genital infections and contraception . 3 . In vitro effect of vaginal contraceptive and selected vaginal preparations of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis; Singh B et al.; PIP: 41 preparations (jellies, creams, foams, etc.) were tested each in several dilutions with physiological saline for effect on inhibition of growth of C . albicans and T . vaginalis . 21 contraceptives and 20 noncontraceptives were employed . In both types of cultures, 1 method used to study growth involved mixing of preparation and organisms and intervals of 1, 5, or 10 minutes before inoculation of the medium, while the other method involved inoculation after the prepartion was added to the medium . These method types are referred to in the study as time exposure and dilution . Evaluation was 48 hours after start of incubation . The contraceptives effective (no growth) at some concentration from 10%-50% against C . albicans by the time-exposure method were the same contraceptives effective by the dilution method . They were Certane vaginal jelly, Lorophyn jelly, Contra foam, Lorophyn suppositories, Koromex A vaginal jelly, and Lanesta gel . Certane vaginal jelly was effective after exposure (interval after mixing and before inoculation) for 1 minute . Among the noncontraceptive preparations 10 were effective by the time-exposure method and an additional 4 were effective by the dilution method . In an associated test C . albicans was uninhibited by exposure up to 10 minutes in a pH of 2.2-10, thus casting out the possibility that the preparations are effective through pH . By the time exposure method all contraceptives were effective against T . vaginalis, most at a 1% concentration . All except 2 noncontraceptives were effective by both methods . The use of some of these preparations, contraceptive and noncontraceptive, might reduce the female's risk of contracting either infection during intercourse .

Br J Vener Dis, 1972 Apr, 48(2), 116 - 20
Epidemiology of urethritis in Ibadan; Osoba AO; PIP: This paper explores the frequency of different etiological agents causing urethritis among cases in the University College Hospital, Ibadan; the prevalence of gonococcal infections among housewives and prostitutes, and the incidence of isolation of T-strain mycoplasmas in the urethra of patients with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and a control group of Nigerian males . 6 groups of patients were studied: 442 men with urethral discharge and/or urethritis; 228 women with heavy vaginal discharge or consorts of male patients with symptoms; 130 symptomless women aged 15-45; 19 local prostitutes; 93 men diagnosed as having NGU; and 65 men aged 15-44 presenting at the outpatient department of the hospital with no genitourinary symptoms or history of urethral discharge in the last 6 months . 69% of the 442 male and 62% of the 228 female cases were aged 25 and above . Among them, 147 of the males and 38 of the females had gonorrhea, 15 males and 44 females had Trichomonas vaginalis, 9 men and 63 women had Candida albicans, and 271 men had NGU . 47.1% of men were infected by casual consorts, 21% by prostitutes, and 20.4% by their wives . 11.4% of females were infected by casual consorts and 63.1% by their husbands . T-strain mycoplasmas were isolated from 18 (19.3%) of the 93 patients with NGU and from 13 (20%) of the 65 controls . Among the 130 symptomless women, 19 had Trichomonas vaginalis, 15 had Candida albicans, 7 had gonorrhea, and 89 had no abnormal findings . Among the 19 prostitutes, 3 each had gonorrhea and trichomonas vaginalis, none had Candida albicans, and there were no abnormal findings in 13 . A likely reason for the prevailing patterns of infection is that self-treatment of symptomatic disease is widely practiced, broad spectrum antibiotics being freely available . All the prostitutes took regular prophylactic treatments .

Mykosen, 1971 Jun 1, 14(6), 303 - 9
{Mycoses in the genital area . I . Yeast mycoses}; Schaller KF; PIP: Yeast infections are of primary importance in genital pathology; the most common, but by no means the sole pathogen, is Candida albicans . The incidence of yeast infections is seasonal in nonpregnant women, while in pregnant women it rises markedly during the third trimester . This is the main source of infection for oral candidosis of the newborn . Incidence is also increased in women treated with oral contraceptives . Yeast infections also occur in men, and seem to be encouraged by the use of antibiotics . Antimycotic drugs of great efficiency have been developed recently, but positive identification of the pathogen is a prerequisite to effective therapy .

Nord Med, 1971 Apr 1, 85(13), 399 - 401
{Influence of oral contraception upon the occurence of Candida albicans in the vagina}; Thulin H; PIP: The role that oral contraceptives play in the development of vaginal Candida albicans is discussed . 100 oral contraceptives users and 87 nonusers were tested for Candida albicans, Trichomonas, and gonococci . These 3 infections were all more frequent in the oral contraceptive users, Candida albicans occurring in 28% of the oral contraceptive users and in 8.1% of the nonusers . Women using preparations consisting of norgestrel and low dosages of estrogen had the same frequency of Candida albicans that was found in nonusers, with all other preparations displaying higher frequencies . Itching occurred in 50% of the women having Candida albicans infections and is the most frequent symptom . It is possible that the oral contraceptive's estrogen component influences the glycogen level of the vagina, which makes favorable conditions for the development of Candida albicans .

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1968 Aug 15, 101(8), 1134 - 5
Comparative study of combined and sequential antiovulatory therapy on vaginal moniliasis; Jackson JL 3rd et al.; PIP: This study investigates the effect of either sequential oral contraception (OC) or combined OC on vaginal moniliasis . The reported incidence of Candida Albicans for gynecologic patients ranges from 8.08% to 61.7%; the incidence can be as high as 66.7% in pregnant patients . The study investigated a total of 257 patients; 59 received a combination regimen, and 198 received the sequential regimen for a minimum of 8 cycles . Vaginal cultures were taken before therapy, every 3 months if positive, and at termination of the study . 22 patients on the combination regimen became culture positive on therapy, as opposed to only 14 patients on the sequential regimen . These results show that the probability of a patient having vaginal moniliasis is less while using a sequential regimen for ovulation inhibition, and are consistent with reports now appearing which suggest a high incidence of moniliasis following combination regimens .

Lancet, 1966 Oct 15, 2(7468), 830 - 1
Candida albicans and the contraceptive pill; Catterall RD; PIP: 14 women with a history of taking a combined oral contraceptive (norethynodrel plus mestranol) were studied and were found to have vaginal candidosis which commenced after an average period of 9 months from start of contraceptive therapy . 4 sexual contacts (men) of those women taking the pill were also discovered to have vaginal candidosis; they had presented with candidal balanoposthitis . 4 other men had clinical manifestations suggestive of balanoposthitis caused by hypersensitivity to the candidosis of their sexual partners . Nystatin was a satisfactory treatment in most cases; however, 2 women had to stop using the pill because of frequent relapses of yeast infections .

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