Bacteria

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1983 Apr-Jun, 11(4-6), 555 - 67
Hepatic macromolecular covalent binding and intestinal disposition of {14C}dinitrotoluenes; Rickert DE et al.; The covalent binding to hepatic RNA, DNA, and protein of a highly genotoxic dinitrotoluene (DNT) isomer (2,6-DNT) was compared with that of a less genotoxic DNT isomer (2,4-DNT) after oral administration to male Fischer-344 rats . Covalent binding to each macromolecular species was proportional to dose (10 or 35 mg/kg) for each isomer, but that due to 2,6-DNT was always 2-5-fold higher than that due to 2,4-DNT . There was no selectivity of either isomer for any macromolecule . The time course of appearance and disappearance of covalently bound material was similar regardless of isomer or dose administered . Little covalently bound material was present until 8 h after the dose . Covalent binding peaked between 12 and 24 h and then slowly declined . The half-lives of covalently bound material were independent of the isomer administered, ranging from 2.9 to 5.0 d for RNA and protein and from 5.1 to 7.9 d for DNA . Both isomers disappeared from the small intestine rapidly, and covalent binding to hepatic macromolecules became significant only after the isomeric dinitrobenzyl alcohol glucuronides had appeared in the small intestine . The concentration of alcohol glucuronides in the intestine declined prior to peak covalent binding in the liver . The data suggest that covalent binding to hepatic macromolecules qualitatively reflects the differences in genotoxicities between the two isomers . The time course of intestinal disposition of the two isomers supports previous reports that suggest that activation of both isomers requires oxidation to the corresponding benzyl alcohol, glucuronidation, excretion in the bile, deconjugation, and further metabolism by intestinal microorganisms, followed by reabsorption.

Ann Acad Med Singapore, 1983 Apr, 12(2), 311 - 25
Tan Sri Runme Shaw lecture . Genetic engineering and its impact on medicine; Baxter JD; Recent developments in recombinant DNA research promise to have a substantial impact on medicine . The technology now allows for DNA pieces to be isolated and ligated to other DNA, such as that from bacteria, and be replicated in foreign hosts . The replicated DNA can then be isolated and used to study its structure, to study gene expression and its regulation, to program microorganisms to synthesize medically, agriculturally or industrally important proteins, to transfer genes back into mammalian cells and to diagnose genetic diseases . The DNA used for cloning can be obtained by copying mRNA, by chemically synthesizing it and by isolating chromosomal DNA; each of these types of DNAs serve special uses . The results of studies with the use of these DNAs have provided an enormous amount of information, in some cases of a quite surprising nature, about the structure and function of genes . This information is already providing substantial insights into the mechanisms of diseases such as cancer and hopefully it will lead to newer therapies as well . The technology had already resulted in the synthesis in microorganisms of a number of useful proteins such as vaccines, insulin and interferon . The use of the DNA to diagnose genetic diseases has been applied as for instance to thalassemia and sickle cell anemia . Finally, the ability to transfer genes back into cells and to have these genes function promises to open a new approach with gene therapy that may be useful for treating not only genetic diseases, but a number of other diseases as well.

J Microsc, 1983 Apr, 130 Pt 1, 79 - 84
A routine flat embedding method for electron microscopy of microorganisms allowing selection and precisely orientated sectioning of single cells by light microscopy; Reymond OL et al.; A simple method is described to embed material in resin, in the form of microscope slides, to observe it with high resolution light microscopy, to select, orient and section it for TEM . This method can be applied to many kinds of material but is particularly useful for the study of rare or tiny plant or animal microorganisms from field or culture . A diamond scriber, translucent hydrosoluble resin release agent, translucent and smooth resin stubs and a longitudinally perforated block-holder for ultramicrotome are the specific tools of this method.

Int J Dermatol, 1983 Apr, 22(3), 165 - 70
Ultrastructural features of malignant syphilis and demonstration of Treponema pallidum; Bahmer FA et al.; This paper reports a case of malignant syphilis (man, 39 years old) in whom ultrastructural investigations of a typical nodule revealed an extremely low amount of bacteria with the characteristics of Treponema pallidum in poorly differentiated cells of the dermal infiltrate with plasma cells, stimulated lymphocytes, and neutrophils as predominating cell types . Most of the microorganisms bore signs of disintegration . Vascular changes and exocytosis were only demonstrable by light microscopy in a second nodule . Together with the high production rate of immunoglobulins and an excessive inflammatory reaction, these findings point to an aberrant biologic reaction pattern of those patients who develop malignant syphilis . Unfortunately, further investigations concerning a possible impairment of cellular immunity as supposed in the literature, had not been possible in the present case.

Scand J Dent Res, 1983 Apr, 91(2), 112 - 7
Adsorption of glucosyltransferase to saliva coated hydroxyapatite . Possible mechanism for sucrose dependent bacterial colonization of teeth; Rolla G et al.; Glucosyltransferase (GTF) adsorbed to hydroxyapatite and to saliva coated hydroxyapatite in vitro . Several proteins which are known to be present in the "pellicle" which forms on hydroxyapatite when this mineral is exposed to whole saliva were shown to stimulate or inhibit GTF . It is suggested that these proteins may interact with GTF and cause binding of the enzyme to saliva coated hydroxyapatite . A model is suggested where GTF adsorbed to tooth surfaces may induce binding of microorganisms to tooth surfaces.

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1983 Apr, 10(4 Pt 2), 1094 - 106
{Study of new antineoplastic antibiotics based on newly discovered action mechanisms}; Tanaka N; In our laboratory, we have studied the mechanism of action of tumor-inhibitory antibiotics, including bleomycin, phleomycin, adriamycin, aclarubicin, neothramycin, macromomycin, auromomycin, chartreusin, pluramycin, neopluramycin, xanthomycin A, angustmycins A and C, blasticidin S and phenomycin . The recent advances are summarized . Screening of microorganism for new antitumor antibiotics based upon our studies on mechanism of action are currently ongoing . We are interested in drug-resistance of tumor cells, and have obtained drug-resistant sublines of murine lymphoblastoma L5178Y cells . We have found that glycoprotein synthesis and alkaline phosphodiesterase (APD) activity of the plasma membrane are higher in adriamycin (ADM)-, aclarubicin (ACR)- and bleomycin (BLM)-resistant cell sublines than in the parental cells . An inhibitor of APD has been isolated from a soil Streptomyces, and identified with 2-crotonyloxymethyl-4,5,6-trihydroxycyclohex-2-enone (COTC) . COTC inhibits growth of the drug-resistant cells more significantly than the parental cells, and exhibits synergistic activity with ACR against ACR-resistant cells . COTC is a SH inhibitor . Although COTC is a multifunctional drug, the inhibition of DNA polymerase alpha and some mitotic process may be related to its lethal action . In the course of our screening, we have found that a strain of Sterptomyces hygroscopicus produces two substances: one inhibits thymidine and uridine uptake of human leukemic K562 cells, and the other stimulates it . The inhibiting substance has been identified with tubercidin, and the stimulating one has been found to be a novel pyrrolo {2,3-d} pyrimidine antibiotic, cadeguomycin . Cadeguomycin shows low acute toxicity in mice, enhances DTH reaction, and inhibits Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma in mice . The antibiotic exhibits synergistic effects with arabinosylcytosine against growth of K562 cells . Saframycin, discovered by Prof . Arai, Chiba University, is effective against Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma, P388 and L1210 leukemia, and B16 melanoma in mice . The target is DNA . Stubomycin, discovered by Dr . Umezawa, Kitasato Institute, is effective against Sarcoma 180, Ehrlich carcinoma, P388 leukemia, IMC carcinoma and Meth-A tumor in mice, and shows low acute toxicity . The target is plasma membrane.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1983 Mar 31, 756(2), 223 - 9
A membrane-bound aminopeptidase isolated from monkey brain and its action on enkephalin; Shimamura M et al.; A membrane-bound aminopeptidase which cleaves the tyrosine-glycine bond of enkephalin was purified about 1600-fold from monkey brain . This aminopeptidase hydrolyzed Leu-enkephalin with a Km value of 35 microM and also hydrolyzed basic, neutral and aromatic amino acid beta-naphthylamides . An apparently homogeneous enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approx . 100 000 . The optimum pH was in the neutral region . From the analysis of the reaction products, only aminopeptidase activity was detected . The enzyme was inactivated by metal chelators, but the activity could be restored by the addition of divalent cations, such as Co2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ . Puromycin, bestatin and amastatin, which are aminopeptidase inhibitors derived from microorganism, showed strong competitive inhibition of the enzyme, the most potent being amastatin, with a Ki value of 0.02 microM.

J Biomed Mater Res, 1983 Mar, 17(2), 261 - 74
Analysis of deposits on high water content contact lenses; Hosaka S et al.; Deposits on soft contact lenses of high water content were investigated morphologically and chemically and compared with those on conventional soft contact lenses of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) . The material of the lenses examined in this investigation was the crosslinked copolymer of methyl methacrylate and N-vinylpyrrolidone with a water content higher than 70% . Morphologically, the deposits on the lenses with high water content were found to have no characteristics distinguishable from those on conventional lenses . By the electron microscopic observation of the cross section of a lens that had become opaque, it was confirmed that the deposit was on the lens surface and that no deposit was within the lens . Some spots on the lenses were recognized as colonies of microorganisms, but the majority of the spots had no involvement by microorganisms . Surface analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) confirmed that the main component of the filmy deposit was protein . Protein was detected in most of the deposits . The amino acid compositions of the proteins were found to be close to that of lysozyme . From the elemental analysis of several spots, silicon, aluminum, iron, and some other elements were detected . The structural analysis of some spots by a laser Raman microprobe (MOLE) revealed the existence of lipids . In several cases, the deposits were found to have grown around a defect of the lens surface . A mechanism for the formation of deposits is suggested.

Antibiotiki, 1983 Mar, 28(3), 171 - 7
{Effect of preservation conditions on the viability and activity of Streptomyces griseus--producer of the antibiotic grizin}; Trenina GA et al.; Strain AURIGenetics- 1552 of Str . griseus producing grisin used as a feed additive was obtained in the course of stepped selection . It is deposited at the Central Collection of Industrial Microorganisms of the USSR and designated as strain S-248 . The strain was stored under varying conditions and their effect on its viability, morphological variation and antibiotic potency was studied . Investigation of the strain variation with respect to the cultural and morphological properties and the antibiotic production revealed definite correlation between the morphological properties of the culture and its capacity for the synthesis of the antibiotic . The medium G-1 containing KNO3 as the only source of nitrogen was found to be advantageous for maintaining the strain potency on storage with the method of subcultures or under a layer of mineral oil . It was shown that the strain can be successfully stored by lyophilization . This method in combination with selection of active variants from populations of lyophilized cells provided not only maintenance of the culture potency at the required level but also its increase.

Mol Biol (Mosk), 1983 Mar-Apr, 17(2), 234 - 48
{Molecular biology of archaebacteria}; Prangishvili DA; In the process of phylogenetic studies, based on the comparative analysis of sequences of 16S (18S) rRNA, C . Woese and collaborators discovered that some microorganisms, which previously had been described as bacteria, form a group named archaebacteria, differing from other bacteria as well as from eukaryotes to the same extent as the latter differ from each other . A review of the work leading to that result, as well as characteristics of archaebacteria with emphasis on their biochemistry and molecular biology, is presented.

Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Mar, 43(3), 289 - 98
The effects of bisulfite on growth and macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli; Robakis NK et al.; Bisulfite reversibly inhibits the growth of a variety of microorganisms and has been used as a preservative in foods and beverages for that reason . We have now measured macromolecule synthesis in Escherichia coli K12 after bisulfite treatment . RNA synthesis, the synthesis of total protein, and of an inducible enzyme, beta-galactosidase, stopped almost immediately upon addition of 2 mM (or higher concentrations) of bisulfite . These functions resumed after a lag whose duration depended on the concentration of bisulfite added . The synthesis of DNA was slowed upon bisulfite addition, but did not stop entirely . The inhibition of RNA synthesis by bisulfite took place in both stringent and relaxed strains of E . coli and was not relieved upon addition of chloramphenicol . Stringent control was therefore not involved in this effect . No effect on protein synthesis was observed in the cell-free system of E . coli (using poly(U) or MS2 RNA as messenger) at bisulfite concentrations up to 10 mM . Protein synthesis inhibition in vivo was apparently not due to a reaction of bisulfite with a component of this system . In additional experiments, RNA polymerase was not impaired by bisulfite, and the growth inhibition effect was shown to proceed in the presence of inhibitors of free radical chain reactions.

Med Hypotheses, 1983 Mar, 10(3), 281 - 9
Pneumocystis carinii is an endogenous liposomally modified mitochondrion; Beautyman W; Pneumocystis carinii was first described over 70 years ago but its taxonomy is still uncertain . Doubts have been expressed as to whether Pneumocystis carinii is an organism at all; but no coherent alternative has been proposed to account for the pathogenesis of pneumocystosis . Consideration of recent observations on Pneumocystis, liposomes, pulmonary surfactant and mitochondria leads to the hypothesis that Pneumocystis carinii is derived from liposomal change in the type II pneumocyte mitochondria that are known to be secreted into the alveoli under a variety of stressful stimuli . This hypothesis is considered to be more consistent with the facts than the hypothesis that Pneumocystis carinii is a protozoon or a fungus or any other kind of exogenous microorganism.

Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir, 1983 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 99 - 104
Perturbation of mucosal immune defence mechanisms by bacterial IgA proteases; Kilian M et al.; The secretory IgA system plays an important role in protecting the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract from attacks by microorganisms and potential allergens . We present evidence of in vivo cleavage of S-IgA1 in nasopharyngeal secretions by IgA1 proteases excreted by certain bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract . A procedure in two stages, which includes separation of secretion constituents by HPLC and subsequent immunochemical analysis of the fractions by two ELISA systems, identified the S-IgA fragments observed in some nasopharyngeal secretions as intact (FC alpha)2 . SC and Fab alpha, respectively . It is conceivable that colonization of areas of the respiratory tract by increased numbers of IgA1 protease-producing bacteria might cause a local impairment of the mucosal immune barrier . It is hypothesized that such bacterium-induced changes may be a primary event in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory respiratory diseases and some forms of atopy.

Arch Ophthalmol, 1983 Mar, 101(3), 396 - 401
Clinical and histologic findings in opportunistic ocular infections . Part of a new syndrome of acquired immunodeficiency; Newman NM et al.; White retinal opacities and ocular inflammation may be two of the early signs of a new syndrome of acquired immunodeficiency . This syndrome primarily affects young homosexual men and is characterized by acquired cellular immunodeficiency in infections with multiple opportunistic microorganisms in addition to Kaposi's sarcoma . The apparently innocent ocular findings may be the first harbingers of this devastating syndrome.

J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Mar, 17(3), 463 - 5
Acridine orange staining and radiometric detection of microorganisms in blood cultures; Burdash NM et al.; To determine whether acridine orange (AO) staining of blood cultures could be used as a substitute for blind subculture when used in conjunction with the BACTEC system (Johnston Laboratories, Inc., Towson, Md.), the two methods were compared on all BACTEC-negative specimens . Since blind subcultures were routinely performed in our laboratory on days 2 and 6 of incubation, AO staining was also performed on these days . Cultures which were BACTEC positive on day 1 of incubation were not included in the study . Of the 2,395 bottles tested after 2 days of incubation, 106 were subculture positive . Of these, 96 (90.6%) were also AO positive and BACTEC positive, 3 (2.8%) were AO positive and BACTEC negative, and 7 (6.6%) were AO negative and BACTEC positive . Of the 3,487 bottles tested on day 6 of incubation, 14 were subculture positive; 7 (50%) of these were AO positive and BACTEC positive, and seven were AO positive and BACTEC negative . Of the total of 10 culture-positive bottles missed by BACTEC, all were positive, and all 10 companion aerobic bottles were BACTEC positive . In both phases of the experiment, there was a total of only four false-positive AO stains . As a result of this investigation, we have substituted AO staining for blind subculturing of BACTEC-negative bottles.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1983 Mar-Apr, 17(2), 76 - 9
{Analysis of the trace contaminants in the atmosphere formed by the life-support environment of the closed system of man-higher plants-lower plants-microorganisms}; Nol'de TV et al.; Trace contaminants in the air of a biological life support system which was continuously complicated were examined . Air samples were taken by cooled traps and analyzed by gas chromatography . Changes in the air of the biological life support system as a function of its structure were compared using Hamming distance and composition similarity measures . Matrices of the measures were obtained and a graph whose structure corresponded to changes in the biological life support system was constructed . During prolonged experiments trace contaminants remained relatively stable and changed when a mineralization component was attached . It is concluded that the composition and variations in the organic components of the atmosphere can be used as an integral indicator of the function of the biological life support system as a whole.

Nature, 1983 Feb 24, 301(5902), 715 - 6
Assessment of chlorination by human neutrophils; Foote CS et al.; On phagocytosing a microorganism, the neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, PMN) consumes oxygen at a sharply elevated rate1 . The oxygen is used to kill the microorganism, presumably being used to produce a potent oxidizing agent or agents . Candidates for these bactericidal agents are singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical and chlorinating agents (that is, species containing 'active' Cl in a formal +1 oxidation state: HOCl, Cl2, N-chloroamides, and so on)1-5 . We now report a semiquantitative assay for PMN-generated active chlorine based on its trapping with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (TMB) . Using this assay, we have found that at least 28% of the oxygen consumed by stimulated normal human PMNs is converted to active chlorinating agents.

Mycopathologia, 1983 Feb 17, 81(2), 99 - 105
Morphology of experimental actinomycotic abscess in mice with Dermatophilus-like microorganisms from porcine tonsil; Momotani E et al.; Experimental infection in mice with Dermatophilus (D.) congolensis-like microorganisms was carried out, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously . This strain had been isolated from porcine tonsil and reported to be different in some morphological and biological points from D . congolensis . Macroscopic examination revealed multiple abscesses in the peritoneal cavities, or subcutaneous abscesses after the intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection respectively . Histopathologic examination revealed the characteristic arrangement of the neutrophils surrounding the bacterial colony and peripheral macrophages in the abscess lesions . The lesions contained many microorganisms which showed wide range of the characteristic morphologic variation such as: mycelial elements, coccoid elements and large coccoid elements with transverse or longitudinal septa . Chlamydospore-like elements were sometimes found in the microcolonies in early lesions . The morphology of the lesions and the microorganisms was compared with those of other bacteria including D . congolensis.

Science, 1983 Feb 11, 219(4585), 703 - 9
Genetic manipulation of antibiotic-producing microorganisms; Vournakis JN et al.; The application of directed selection techniques and genetic engineering methods for manipulation of antibiotic-producing microorganisms is generating a new era in industrial microbiology . Modern methods, based on advances in the knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms involved in the induction and repression of genes involved in antibiotic synthesis, provide a means of increasing antibiotic activity . Hence, recombinant DNA and protoplast fusion methods are used to alter the genetics of antibiotic producers in a semirandom fashion for the development of novel hybrid antibiotics . Directed mutation and selection, protoplast fusion, and both semirandom and specific recombinant DNA methods are examples of alternative procedures for manipulating the biosynthetic pathways of microorganisms for strain improvement and for new hybrid antibiotic synthesis.

J Clin Gastroenterol, 1983 Feb, 5(1), 59 - 65
Necrotizing granulomatous gastritis and gastric perforation of unknown etiology: a first case report; Compton CC et al.; A unique case of granulomatous gastritis of unknown etiology is reported . The patient, a 43-year-old Haitian woman, suffered a gastric perforation from a disease process limited to the stomach . The stomach was markedly enlarged and edematous with transmural, serpiginous granulomatous tracks throughout the gastric wall, but most numerous in the fundic region . Accompanying acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates were scant . No microorganisms, parasites, foreign body particles, or other known granulogenic materials could be identified . Clinical and pathologic features also differed markedly from granulomatous gastritis seen in sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, or isolated granulomatous gastritis as defined by Fahmi et al . Infection by a parasite for which man is not the definitive host seems the most likely etiology.

Plast Reconstr Surg, 1983 Feb, 71(2), 196 - 8
An investigation of bacteremia during rhinoplasty; Slavin SA et al.; The rarity of infection after rhinoplasty is not well understood . Despite the apparent low incidence of this complication, many surgeons administered perioperative antibiotics to prevent infection . We studied whether a bacteremia composed of nasal flora can originate during rhinoplasty . Fifty-two health patients admitted for rhinoplasty were studied . Blood and nasal cultures were drawn immediately before operation and blood cultures 5 and 15 minutes after completion of the nasal osteotomies . With the exception of one instance of likely contamination, none of the blood cultures grew microorganisms . Neither local nor systemic infections occurred in any patient . The negative results of this study suggest an exceedingly low incidence of bacteremia during rhinoplasty . For this reason, the value of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is questionable.

Vet Med (Praha), 1983 Feb, 28(2), 105 - 10
{A method of extraction in the detection of residual inhibiting substances in the tissues of pigs and calves after unavoidable slaughter}; Siklenka P et al.; Differences were studied in detecting residues of inhibitory substances in tissue samples of pigs and calves after emergency slaughter . Samples of liver, heart, kidney and muscle of 30 pigs and 16 calves were examined . Solid samples of organ tissues placed on an agar medium and extracts of the solid samples placed into agar pits were used for detection . Samples were parallelly subjected to the microbiologic diffusion method, using the S . aureus CCM 2022 and B . subtilis CCM 1999 microorganisms . The method of obtaining the extracts from solid samples of the organs was proposed and tested at our own workplace . The presence of inhibitory substances was displayed by the formation of inhibition zones . Results of the positive samples in calves (7 samples) and in pigs (3 samples) point out explicitly to the fact that the extracts of the tissue samples display positively larger inhibition zones in comparison with the solid samples . B . subtilis was demonstrated to be more sensitive than S . aureus, comparing the used microorganisms.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 45(2), 651 - 7
Activation of cycasin to a mutagen for Saccharomyces cerevisiae by rat intestinal flora; Mayer VW et al.; Genetic test systems involving microorganisms and liver enzyme preparations may be insufficient to detect compounds that require breakdown by enzymes provided by the microbial flora of the intestinal tract . A method is described for providing such activation and for simultaneously testing the potential genetic activity of breakdown products in an indicator organism . Parabiotic chambers containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetic test organisms in one chamber were separated by a membrane filter from rat cecal organisms and test chemical contained in the other chamber . The genetic activities of cycasin breakdown products for mutation, gene conversion, and mitotic crossing-over in samples incubated aerobically are reported . Samples containing cycasin alone had a small but clearly increased frequency of genetic damage . Samples containing rat cecal organisms without cycasin showed no increase in genetic activity . Anaerobic incubation resulted in no increase in genetic activity in any of the samples.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1983 Feb, 45(2), 393 - 400
Detection of microbial proteolytic activity by a cultivation plate assay in which different proteins adsorbed to a hydrophobic surface are used as substrates; Wikstrom MB; A screening technique for microbial proteases, the thin-layer enzyme assay cultivation technique, was developed . The inner surface of a polystyrene petri dish was coated with protein and then covered with a culture agar medium . The enzymes, produced during growth of the microorganisms, reach the protein-coated surface by diffusion in the agar . Degradation of the protein was visualized by condensation of water vapor on the surface after removal of the agar medium . The wettability of the enzyme-affected protein-coated polystyrene surface was decreased compared with the unaffected protein surface . Enzyme substrates used were fibrinogen, immunoglobulin G, egg albumin, human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin, mucin, and gelatin . It was possible to use a variety of culture agar media, nonselective as well as selective, in the assay . The technique provides a sensitive, convenient, and inexpensive method for screening various microbial proteases . In addition, the technique can be used for screening proteolytic enzyme activity of specific microbial species in a mixed microbial sample as well as for studies of factors that influence the cultivation conditions for protease production and activity.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1983 Feb, 127(2), S16 - 25
Lung inflammation: role of endogenous chemotactic factors in attracting polymorphonuclear granulocytes; Reynolds HY; The inflammatory reaction in the lungs can be considered a mechanism of host defense that augments local alveolar cellular and humoral defense against microorganisms and particulates which challenge the airways . As part of this reaction, the accumulation of blood inflammatory and phagocytic cells, primarily PMNs, and fluid components from plasma may be under control of chemoattractant factors and vasoactive mediators . From the air-side, chemotactic factors originating from alveolar macrophages or through activation of the complement system seem essential in initiating the influx of PMNs into the alveolar space . The kinetics of synthesis and release of chemotactic factors from alveolar macrophages of animals and humans and the status of their immunochemical analysis is the essence of this report . Coupling phagocytosis (afferent function) with its capacity to secrete several kinds of effector molecules (chemotactic factors, complement components, leukotrienes, and platelet activating factor), the alveolar macrophage is considered to have a pivotal role in overall regulation of the inflammatory reaction.

J Parasitol, 1983 Feb, 69(1), 70 - 3
Shedding of antibody complexes by Strongyloides ratti (Nematoda) larvae; Murrell KD et al.; Antigens on the epicuticular surface of Strongyloides ratti infective third-stage larvae (L3) could be demonstrated by an indirect fluorescent antibody technique under certain conditions . Infective L3 shed anti-antibody complexes at room temperature, but not at 4 C or in the presence of sodium azide or colchicine . Shedding of antibody did not appear to involve epicuticular antigens, and only occurred when anti-rat IgG was complexed to rat anti-larval antibody . However, parasitic L3 removed from rats did not exhibit this shedding reaction, suggesting that an important developmental change in cuticle physiology occurs during the transition from a free-living existence to a parasitic mode . The ability to shed foreign objects from the epicuticle of free-living infective L3 may be a defensive or protective response to soil microorganisms.

Arch Biochem Biophys, 1983 Feb 1, 220(2), 594 - 604
Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen: activator specificity of the ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase of Rhodopseudomonads; Greenberg E et al.; The adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylases from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, Rhodopseudomonas blastica, Rhodopseudomonas globiformis, and Rhodopseudomonas viridis were purified to the extent that their regulatory properties could be studied . With the exception of the R . viridis enzyme, all the enzymes could be activated by pyruvate or its analog, oxamate . The most effective activator for all the enzymes was fructose 6-P . However, the R . globiformis and R . viridis ADP glucose pyrophosphorylases can also be activated by fructose 1,6-P2 . Thus a new activator specificity class was observed for the R . viridis enzyme while the R . acidophila and R . blastica enzymes exhibited the same activator specificity previously observed for Rhodopseudomonas capsulata ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase . The R . globiformis enzyme, activated by fructose 6-P, fructose 1,6-P2, and by pyruvate had a similar activator specificity previously seen for the Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa enzymes . For some enzymes, the presence of activator increased the apparent affinity for the substrates and MgCl2 . The activator also modulated the sensitivity of the R . viridis and R . acidophila enzymes to Pi inhibition and the R . blastica enzyme to AMP inhibition . ADPglucose is the glucosyl donor for glycogen synthesis in these bacteria . Thus, regulation of glycogen synthesis in these microorganisms is probably regulated by the ratio of the activator concentration to inhibitor concentration.

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1983 Feb, 10(2 Pt 2), 311 - 9
{Immunity against cancer--a critical review of recent progress--}; Yamamura Y; Many attempts in cancer immunotherapy have been made on the basis of advanced basic immunology . In regard to non-specific adjuvant immunotherapy, various kinds of microorganisms and mushrooms and their preparations have been used for the treatment of malignant diseases, however, a well-controlled randomized trial is required for the evaluation of clinical effectiveness . Among these immunotherapeutics, the experimental and clinical studies on Nocardia cell wall skeleton were described . Tumor immunotherapy using low molecular compounds, such as derivatives of muramylpeptides, bestatin and others, were also reviewed . Recent studies supported by biotechnology have promoted extensively the application of monoclonal antibodies against tumor cells and monoclonal lymphokines derived from T lymphocytes . Prospective review on these monoclonal preparations was described.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1983 Jan 22, 113(3), 102 - 3
{Fibronectin: an important component of bronchoalveolar defense?}; Villiger B et al.; Fibronectin, an important nonimmune opsonin, was found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) of 29 healthy volunteers using a sensitive radioimmunoassay . The mean FN content was 9.5 micrograms FN/mg albumin . The BAL FN was immunologically and functionally similar to plasma FN and showed opsonic activity which increased uptake of gelatin coated beads by human alveolar macrophages . Therefore, BAL contains a functionally intact FN which may serve as an opsonin for the clearance of particles and microorganisms in the terminal airways.

J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1983, 2(1), 71 - 94
Chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children: investigation of the surface morphology of small bowel mucosa utilizing the scanning electron microscope; Poley JR; Investigations by scanning electron microscopy into changes of surface morphology of small bowel mucosa in children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea are reported . The study population comprised 56 patients, ranging in age from 5 months to 7 years; 65% were between 10 and 28 months old, and 64% of the patients were boys . The major findings were: microorganisms on the mucosal surface; excessive extrusion of cell cytoplasm and of enterocytes (cell shedding); presence of excessive mucus on the mucosal surface; damage to the brush border; and partial villous atrophy . The latter lesion was found in only four patients . All these changes are considered pathologic and, for the most part, are presumed to be due to the presence of antigens, in particular, microorganisms . A depression of disaccharidase activities was encountered in 64% of the patients, but prevalence was without regard to age . Most common was a combined depression of lactase, sucrase, and maltase, as well as an isolated depression of lactase . The possibility has to be considered that enteroadherent microorganisms which are usually not considered pathogenic, and microorganisms such as Mycoplasma, may emerge as intestinal pathogens in susceptible children . It is feasible that genetic traits of the host and environmental factors facilitate adherence and colonization of the small bowel mucosa which, in turn, produces chronic diarrhea . Further studies are needed to confirm the preliminary information contained in this report.

Acta Anat (Basel), 1983, 116(2), 126 - 35
Light and electron microscopy of cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion; Lee CS et al.; Cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion were identified using light and electron microscopy . Cell types identified were neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes . The neutrophils predominated in colostrum and involution secretion, whereas in milk it was the epithelial cell . Macrophages and lymphocytes were present throughout lactation and so too were eosinophils which were always present in lower concentrations . Both neutrophils and macrophages were seen with phagocytic vacuoles containing either lipid, casein or cellular debris . The possible roles played by the phagocytic and lymphoid cells in the protection of the mammary gland of the sow and the gut of the neonate from pathogenic microorganisms is discussed.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1983, 72(1), 87 - 90
Local and systemic immune responses to intestinally presented antigen; Nicklin S et al.; We have investigated the ability of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) to react against standard antigens presented via different routes of administration . When antigens were presented directly to GALT, either by an injection into the Peyer's patches or via a mechanically damaged lamina propria, a rapid and vigorous immune response ensued . This was manifested systemically as an antigen-specific humoral antibody response in the serum and locally as an antigen-specific immunoglobulin A response in the bile . These results indicate that GALT is capable of reacting to foreign materials penetrating the gut wall . Additional experiments demonstrated that the extended feeding of degraded iota carrageenan, a material known to produce non-specific mucosal inflammation, caused GALT to react to antigenic molecules present within the gastro-intestinal tract and enhanced both serum and biliary antibody responses against specific gut commensal microorganisms . The immunological significance of these observations is discussed.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1983, 28(3), 229 - 36
Some insights into the possible development of a biosynthetic pathway and biological function for anthramycin in Streptomyces refuineus; Hurley H et al.; Using anthramycin, a potent antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces refuineus, as an example, we have developed a rational model for the evolution of the capability of this microorganism to produce, tolerate and retain the genetic information needed to make this extremely potent secondary metabolite . The concepts and ideas outlined in this article have also been applied in a more general way to other antibiotics with the hope that this might stimulate research designed to test some of these concepts.

Fed Proc, 1983 Jan, 42(1), 114 - 21
Rumen microbial attachment and degradation of plant cell walls; Akin DE et al.; The plant cell wall of forages is a complex entity of cellulose fibers found in a matrix of hemicellulose and pectins . Different microbial types including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi associate with plant cell walls during incubation with rumen fluid . Bacteria, the major degraders of the forage cell wall, often firmly attach to the forage cell wall before digestion . Encapsulated cocci and irregularly shaped or pleomorphic bacteria are the predominant types of bacteria that adhere to and degrade cell walls . Although certain bacterial types adhere to particular forages, no consistent association was found between digestibility and the type of adhering bacteria . Bacteria adhere to the more rigid forage cell walls and adhere, or are close to, the more easily degraded cell walls . Tissues delignified with potassium permanganate or treated with sodium hydroxide (to improve forage digestibility) show a loss of electron denseness . These tissues separate into individual cells, which at times appear as microfibrils in the cell walls . Research is needed on forages of higher fiber content to mitigate the barriers that limit the attack on forage cell walls by rumen microorganisms.

Anal Biochem, 1983 Jan, 128(1), 21 - 5
Photochemical action spectra of CO-liganded terminal oxidases using a liquid dye laser; Lloyd D et al.; A method of obtaining photochemical action spectra for the relief of CO inhibition of respiration is described . Continuous readout from a membrane-covered oxygen electrode of dissolved oxygen in a stirred suspension of microorganisms under CO-oxygen gas mixtures in an open reactor enables measurement of increased respiration on illumination . Advantages presented by the use of a liquid dye laser include high intensity of emission and narrow spectral bandwidth; just two dyes (rhodamine 6G and rhodamine 110) are required to match the alpha-absorption maxima of the CO complexes of all known bacterial and mitochondrial terminal oxidases.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Jan-Feb, 52(1), 140 - 4
{Use of a method of concentrating microorganisms in an electric field in the search for life in Mars}; Imshenetskii AA et al.; The paper describes a technique of concentrating microorganisms from filtrates obtained from mixtures of the Martian ground analogs and desert soil using electroretention on polarizable carriers (sterilized cotton wool or gauze) . The degree of retention can reach 99.9% at a field intensity of 50 V/cm and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min . A high concentration of microorganisms in a suspension can be reached when the current is switched off and a small volume of the fresh nutrient medium is passed through the suspension.

Histochemistry, 1983, 77(1), 117 - 21
A new fluid switching flow sorter; Duhnen J et al.; Conventional cell sorters produce potentially hazardous microdroplets containing dyes and radiolabeled compounds commonly used to identify and trace subpopulations of cells . Many of these substances are potential toxins, mutagens, or carcinogens constituting a risk to personal associated with the sorting device . The separation of living cells for continued study of cell growth from an "in air" sample stream includes the risk of contamination with microorganisms altering the following cultures . To avoid those risks, we have constructed a new capsular flow cytometer sorter which consists of a small chamber completely encasing the sorting mechanism . Data acquisition, analysis, and processing are accomplished by using a microcomputer-based pulse height analyser.

Jpn J Clin Oncol, 1983, 13 Suppl 1, 95 - 102
Techniques and clinical effect of aseptic procedures on patients with acute leukemia in laminar airflow rooms; Takeo H et al.; The techniques of aseptic procedures in the laminar airflow room (LAF) were evaluated in 110 adult patients undergoing antileukemic chemotherapy for remission induction . The patients were divided into three groups according to the regimens: Group A, consisting of 20 patients who stayed in the LAF and received the gown technique + sterile food + prophylactic oral and topical antibiotics; Group B, consisting of 12 patients who stayed in the LAF and received sterile food + prophylactic oral antibiotics; and Group C, consisting of 78 patients in open wards, who received prophylactic oral antibiotics alone . Species and numbers of microorganisms on the skin surface were far less in the patients in Group A than in those in Group B . Airborne microorganisms were counted by the air sampling method . No microorganisms could be detected at the time of the patient's rest and of blood collection in either Group A or B . Electrocardiography and X-ray examination caused an increase in the number of colonies to more than one colony in Group B, but Group A had a count of less than 0.5 colony . The colony counts became negative within 5 min after the cessation of each operation . The percentage of febrile days for patients with a peripheral granulocyte count of less than 100/microliter was 29% in Group A, 21% in Group B and 44% in Group C . The incidence of documented infections during the total hospital stay was 25% (5/20), 42% (5/12) and 86% (67/78), respectively . The aseptic procedures in Group B were not as strict as in Group A, but the incidence of infections in Group B was significantly lower than in Group C.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1983, 28(1), 57 - 61
Interaction between microorganisms, chemical composition and environment in salt-affected soils; Douka CE et al.; The soil microbial population, determined over a period of 19 months and the elemental chemical composition measured by X-ray fluorescence techniques were followed in two uncultivated salt-affected areas of Greece, namely Lantza and Klidi . The ecological conditions at Lantza remained stable during the period of study while at Klidi some ecological variations occurred . The present results indicate that in Lantza soil both the microbial population and the elemental chemical composition of the soil remained constant during the period of study while in Klidi alterations in both were observed.

Int J Biochem, 1983, 15(3), 289 - 92
The chitin-degrading enzyme system of a Streptomyces species; Charpentier M et al.; 1 . In the study of natural chitin metabolism by a strain of Streptomyces, we have separated by affinity chromatography the different extracellular chitinolytic enzymes synthetised by the microorganism . 2 . N-acetylglucosaminidase (pHi = 3.6) with activity against the synthetic soluble derivatives from beta-D-N-acetylglucosamine, and against the chitobiose, with respectively pH optimum = 4.4-4.7 and 5.3 (mol . wt = 50,000) . 3 . N-acetylhexosaminidase (pHi = 8.5) with activity against M.U.G . 4 . Chitinase (pHi = 4.25) with solubilizing activity against colloidal chitin, and hydrolyzing activity against 3,4-dinitrophenylchitotetraoside, if the pH is 6 less than pH less than 10 . (mol . wt 56,000) . 5 . Chitinases (pHi = 7.5 and 8.2) with activity against colloidal chitin if the pH is 4.5 less than pH less than 9 . (mol wt = 20,000).

Vox Sang, 1983, 44(1), 3 - 13
Perturbations of granulocyte counts induced by procedural, chemical and physiological events occurring during filtration leukapheresis in rats; Roy AJ et al.; During filtration leukapheresis a factor(s) is produced, released or extracted into rat blood which causes a transient granulocytosis in pheresed animals and in recipients of homologous plasma from these animals . To identify which factors contribute to this granulocytosis, the procedural steps involved in filtration leukapheresis as well as a number of chemical agents which are potentially extracted from of produced by the procedure, were tested for their ability to stimulate granulocytosis . Procedural steps tested included the depth of anesthesia, effect of the anticoagulant and possible interactions of blood cells with the plastic tubing in the system (sham-pheresis) . Chemical agents tested included common mediators of inflammation and proteinases released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), extracts of nylon fibers and Tygon tubing, nylon monomers and solvents used in the manufacture of nylon, oxidized and decomplemented plasma and lysates of PMNs or microorganisms . Our findings demonstrate that several of these agents contribute to the granulocytosis seen during filtration leukapheresis of rats.

Equine Vet J, 1983 Jan, 15(1), 22 - 4
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes of peritoneal fluid; Brownlow MA; Cells in the peritoneal fluid from 179 horses were examined in Giemsa stained preparations using light microscopy . Neutrophils were found in all samples whether transudative or exudative although their proportions varied enormously . They were well preserved in "normal" or sterile effusions and hardly differed morphologically from those seen on a peripheral blood film although hypersegmentation was commonly observed . In purulent effusions a reliable correlation was found between degenerative changes in neutrophils such as karyolysis and karyorrhexsis and the presence of toxin-producing microorganisms . On most occasions these degenerative changes enabled a confident judgement to be made as to whether the likelihood of a bacterial aetiology did or did not exist even in the absence of demonstrable microorganisms.

Cutis, 1983 Jan, 31(1), 87 - 9
Cutaneous Mycobacterium kansasii infection presenting as cellulitis; Rosen T; An immunocompromised renal transplant patient developed a cellulitis-like lesion on the leg . This lesion and subsequent periarticular lesions proved to be due to Mycobacterium kansasii . Although cutaneous infection due to these microorganisms is rare, in selected cases it should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983, 6(1), 81 - 94
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical responses of cattle to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis; Weech GM et al.; The bacteriologic, immunologic, and clinical responses of 3- to 4-month old Holstein-Friesian calves to experimental exposure with Moraxella bovis type 10900 has been investigated . After u.v . radiation and intraconjunctival exposure with 1.9 X 10(7) microorganisms, each eye of 16 calves exhibited signs of blepharospasm, photophobia, and increased lacrimation . Bacteria were recovered from exposed eyes for 2-7 consecutive weeks before maximal clinical response occurred . The severity of the cases varied from eyes that exhibited mild signs to severe clinical cases with profuse lacrimation, conjunctival swelling, corneal opacity, and ulceration . By 70 days after exposure, M . bovis could not be recovered from any conjunctival swabs, and clinical signs were not observed . Four non-exposed control animals did not develop clinical signs nor was M . bovis recovered from conjunctival swabs . Lacrimal secretions collected at the time of and 1 week after maximal clinical response had significantly elevated levels of total protein as compared to those collected 3, 2, and 1 week before, and 2 and 3 weeks after maximal clinical response . A passive hemagglutination test, using tanned formalized sheep erythrocytes sensitized with M . bovis sonicate antigen, detected antibody in lacrimal secretions from 22 of 32 eyes . The appearance of specific antibody in lacrimal secretions correlated with the amelioration of clinical signs and the decline in numbers of M . bovis microorganisms recovered from conjunctival swabs.

Am Fam Physician, 1983 Jan, 27(1), 129 - 34
Endocarditis prophylaxis for patients with periodontal disease; Reinhardt RA et al.; Since periodontal disease provides a portal of entry for oral microorganisms during such common events as toothbrushing and mastication, treatment must resolve the inflammatory response if the teeth are to be maintained safely in patients at risk of infectious endocarditis . Prophylactic antibiotics should be administered during periodontal treatment such as debridement of the periodontal pocket and surgical repair of anatomic defects, as well as during oral hygiene training . If optimal periodontal health is achieved and maintained, the risk of systemic bacteremia is minimal.

Ann Rech Vet, 1983, 14(4), 548 - 55
Minimise calf diarrhoea by good husbandry: treat sick calves by fluid therapy; Greene HJ; Calf morbidity and mortality rates up to three weeks old were 11.3% and 1.2% respectively when good husbandry was practised compared with 36.6% and 5.4% with poor husbandry . The annual mortality rate was 4% in earlier years when management was inadequate . The main features of good husbandry were feeding at least 2.25 litres of colostrum to each calf within the first hour of life to boost its immunity while minimising infection rates by regular thorough cleaning and disinfection of calving boxes and calf pens and providing uncrowded, dry, draught free accommodation . By these means satisfactory control of early calf losses was achieved without concentrating on specific microorganisms . Detailed examinations of sacrificed moribund diarrhoeic calves showed that E . coli, cryptosporidia, rota and corona viruses were associated agents . The serum immunoglobulin level of any individual calf was an unreliable guide to its future viability because 12 out of 488 calves with high levels died whereas 53 with unacceptably low levels remained healthy . Nevertheless when calves were grouped by immunoglobulin status the highest mortality rates occurred among those with low levels . Clinical examination of diarrhoeic calves to determine the degree of dehydration was more reliable than clinical pathologic laboratory tests . Results of a treatment trial indicated that oral glucose-glycine electrolyte solution alone was as beneficial as the electrolyte plus an oral triple sulphonamide and streptomycin . This was not unexpected in view of the widespread antibiotic resistance also demonstrated.

Zentralbl Allg Pathol, 1983, 128(5-6), 391 - 7
{Experimental orchitis in white rats, caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum}; Malewa E et al.; An experimental infection with U . urealyticum was induced in white male rats by intratesticular injection . The microorganism produced dystrophic necrobiotic changes in the spermatopoietic epithelium and a granulomatous inflammatory reaction in the gonads . The process ended with a focal atrophy of the seminal canaliculi . The morphological changes depended upon the reproduction grade and the survival period of the microorganism . The authors consider that these experimental data can be taken into account at the evaluation of the late prognosis of the genital mycoplasmosis in man.

Acta Paediatr Hung, 1983, 24(3), 263 - 7
Elevated risk of osteoarticular complications in children with acute Brucella melitensis infection; Shahar E et al.; Infection with brucella microorganisms is considered uncommon in the paediatric age group . We report nine paediatric patients between the ages of 8 to 17 years with acute Brucella melitensis infection, who presented with spiking fever, night sweats, anorexia and malaise for 5 to 60 days prior to diagnosis . Four patients developed various osteoarticular complications: migratory arthralgia, hydroarthrosis of the knees, arthritis and osteomyelitis . Therapy with tetracyclines alone or in combination with streptomycin resulted in complete recovery in eight children . This combination failed in one patient who developed severe osteoarticular disease successfully responding to rifampicin . Since infection of bone and joints leads to irreversible damage, early recognition and immediate management are crucial for recovery . Rifampicin might be of benefit in children with severe osteoarticular complications when the traditional anti-brucella regimen fails.

Arkh Patol, 1983, 45(11), 58 - 66
{The nature of an inflammatory reaction as dependent on the etiology of infection and some peculiarities of the macroorganism}; Tsinzerling AV; The paper summarizes long-term studies on infectious pathology . On the example of the involvements of respiratory organs, the intestinal tract, and the central nervous system caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi, and Protozoa, differences in the structural changes of the internal organs due to particular properties of the causative agents are analysed . These changes have been shown to be the greatest when the causative agents belong to different types and classes . The influence of host factors, first of all the immune status, on the course of infectious diseases is discussed . Changes occurring in the macro- and microorganism in the course of the infectious disease are considered . Not only local but also systemic defence mechanisms have been shown to be disturbed during infection which facilitates the occurrence of diseases of other etiologies and leads to increased incidence of combined infections.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Jan, 177(1-2), 170 - 81
{Microbial colonization of the walls of a copper pipeline in a central disinfection dosage unit}; Exner M et al.; Part of a copper-pipe taken from an 11 years old central disinfection dosage apparatus was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy . The pipe was covered by a thin paste-like coating . SEM revealed two distinct layers . In direct contact to the copper a layer of extracellular polymeric substance was seen . In direction to the luminary we found a second layer consisting of bacteria which were not embedded in extracellular polymeric substance . Some of the microorganisms of this layer showed holes . Bacteria in direct contact with disinfection solution showed a rough thickened surface indicating the existence of capsule substances.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(2), 135 - 43
Sugar-containing lipids in the classification of representative Actinomadura and Nocardiopsis species; Mordarska H et al.; The major sugar-containing lipids of some Actinomadura and Nocardiopis strains--recognized as an important agent of actinomycetoma -- were analyzed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography . It was demonstrated that Nocardiopsis dassonvillei strains contained two characteristic glycolipids identified as monomannosyl diglyceride and monoacylated glucose . None of them was found in the representatives of Actinomadura madurae and Actinomadura pelletieri strains, which possessed phosphatidylinositol-mannosides as major sugar-containing lipids . The glycolipids of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei seem to be of value in the taxonomy . In connection with this a simple glycolipid patterns of these microorganisms, established by TLC, was presented.

Acta Anat (Basel), 1983, 117(3), 270 - 80
Light and electron microscopy of cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion; Lee CS et al.; Cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion were identified using light and electron microscopy . Cell types identified were neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes . The neutrophils predominated in colostrum and involution secretion, whereas in milk it was the epithelial cell . Macrophages and lymphocytes were present throughout lactation and so too were eosinophils which were always present in lower concentrations . Both neutrophils and macrophages were seen with phagocytic vacuoles containing either lipid, casein or cellular debris . The possible roles played by the phagocytic and lymphoid cells in the protection of the mammary gland of the sow and the gut of the neonate from pathogenic microorganisms is discussed.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1983, 159, 337 - 45
Cyanide insensitive respiration in mammalian cells: an artifact of mycoplasmal contamination; Koch CJ et al.; Oxygen consumption by mammalian cells occurs primarily in the mitochondria although alternate oxidation pathways are also present . The resistance (often high) of these alternate pathways to metabolic inhibitors like CN- determine the residual oxygen consumption in the presence of the inhibitor . In many plant cells and micro-organisms the cyanide insensitive pathway can account for an appreciable fraction of the total oxygen consumption . We were studying oxidation by electron-affinic drugs in nonmitochondrial pathways and were surprised to find some mammalian cell lines having 10% - 90% residual oxygen consumption in the presence of 1 mM CN- . This oxygen consumption was associated with mycoplasmal contaminants (Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma arginini) and disappeared after treatment with appropriate antibiotics . The rate of CN- insensitive oxygen consumption was dependent on the mammalian cell concentration suggesting that the organisms were oxidizing a product of the mammalian cells . In one species (Mycoplasma hyorhinis) lactate may be the oxidative substrate . Mycoplasmas are known to cause a large number of metabolic alterations in their mammalian cell hosts (Stanbridge et al, 1978) sometimes indirectly due to the metabolism of microorganisms themselves, and sometimes directly due to interference with the normal metabolism of the mammalian cells . It is also known that the respiratory pathways of mycoplasmas are vastly different from those of mammalian cells, (Van Demark and Smith, 1964; see Pollack, 1980 for review) and one might expect alterations of the overall respiratory patterns between infected and non-infected mammalian cell-cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Arch Dermatol Res, 1983, 275(3), 190 - 6
Langerhans cells in granulomatous syphilis; Mittag H et al.; In a case of granulomatous syphilis (transitional state between early and late syphilis), several Langerhans cells (LC) were present in the basal and medial part of the epidermis . Evidence of LC activation was given by the presence of many Langerhans granules, vesicles, a large Golgi apparatus and, sometimes, Golgi complexes . In some LC, signs of degeneration were visible . Langerhans granules surrounded by cytoplasmic material were present in the intercellular space of the epidermis . Apposition of lymphocytes to LC in the dermal space supports the role of LC in immunologic mechanisms . This was further confirmed by signs of phagocytosis in LC . The interaction of LC with intra-epidermal microorganisms (as, for instance, the Treponema pallidum) might be important in the development of the epidermotropic infiltration . This mainly consists of lymphocytes, which sometimes form a pseudolymphoma . A correlation between LC and granuloma formation is suggested.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1983, 40, 53 - 7
A survey of genital infections in patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases; Staerfelt F et al.; 747 consecutive patients, 531 men and 216 women, attending the Division of Dermatovenerology, City Health Dept., Oslo, were screened for N . gonorrhoeae (14.5% and 18.5%), C . trachomatis (19.6% and 20.8%), G . vaginalis (0.2% and 6.5%), and C . albicans (1.1% and 21.3%) . The prevalence is given in brackets for men and women, respectively . This study was undertaken in order to determine the relative prevalence of these microorganisms with particular reference to G . vaginalis, to determine the importance of concomitant infections, and the possible effect of contraceptive methods (oral contraceptives and IUD) on the prevalence of these microorganisms.

Arch Toxicol Suppl, 1983, 6, 285 - 91
Conversion of inorganic lead into a highly-toxic organic derivative by marine microorganisms; Berdicevsky I et al.; It has been reported that certain microorganisms isolated from lake sediments may transform inorganic lead compounds to organic derivatives, which are by at least one order of magnitude more toxic than the parent (inorganic) compounds . The purpose of this study was to investigate whether microorganisms isolated from a marine sediment could also produce such metabolites in an in vitro system simulating the marine ecosystem . The experimental setup included: 1) A sterile control system containing added inorganic lead (referred to as Pb2+); 2) a nonsterile control system without added Pb2+; 3) a nonsterile experimental system containing added Pb2+ . The amount of added Pb2+ ranged from 5 to 1,000 ppm . Aliquots were taken at different intervals from the nonsterile systems and the surviving microorganisms were identified and counted . The main results were as follows: 1) The higher lead levels were toxic to all microorganisms . 2) Organic lead was only detected in the nonsterile experimental system, apparently due to microbial action, since none was found in the sterile systems . 3) Several bacteria exhibiting various degrees of tolerance for lead were isolated.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1983, 15(1), 9 - 17
{Obtaining beta-galactosidase using whey}; Pomar FT et al.; The search of a microorganism with the ability to produce the enzyme beta-galactosidase was undertaken according with the requirements of the market, in economical, technological and sanitary terms . The process consisted of recovery and use of the effluent from milk and cheese used to feed pigs, producing at the same time different types of contamination; once investigated and adjusted the technological variables to produce the enzyme, and selected the most convenient microorganism for such purpose the acting upon the extraction, conservation and purification of the product were adjusted . Comparative results of conversion were obtained with different test, at laboratory scale and industrial plants, in similar conditions to those obtained with importation products.

Pol Arch Weter, 1983, 23(4), 113 - 21
{Usefulness of the agar precipitation test for the determination of the antigenic properties of Mycoplasma gallisepticum . I . Double diffusion test in agar gel}; Stepkowski S et al.; The usefulness of the double diffusion test in agar gel for the analysis of sero-antigenic structure of mycoplasms was exemplified with serotype S6 Mycoplasma gallispeticum . Serum of a high precipitation value obtained on rabbits intradermally vaccinated with a suspension of mycoplasms with a complete Freund's adjuvant was used . As antigens in the reactions with a specific antiserum was applied an ultrasonic disintegrate of the same suspension of mycoplasms, and in order to elucidate an eventual-phenomenon of fusion of precipitation bands, unheated, and heated at 60, 70 and 100 degrees C for 30 min samples of disintegrate . Apart from a normal antiserum, in the studies were also used antiserum absorbed with lyophylized disintegrate of mycoplasms heated at 100 degrees C . The double diffusion test in agar gel was performed in 3 sets: 1 . Unabsorbed antiserum and unheated disintegrate, 2 . Unabsorbed antiserum, unheated and heated disintegrate, 3 . Absorbed antiserum, unheated and heated disintegrate . In the first set of the examinations 12 more or less intensive precipitation bands were found, in the second set of the experiment appeared two accessory bands, and the third set of the experiment enabled visualization of the other accessory line . Generally in the 3 sets of the experiment 15 precipitation lines were noted in Mycoplasma gallisepticum S6 . The precipitation bands represented particular antigenic components of the microorganism studied . Among them 7 components was susceptible to 60 degrees C, 4 were susceptible to 70 degrees C, and 4 were not susceptible even to heating at 100 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Microbiol Immunol, 1983, 27(3), 251 - 63
Penetration of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi into cultured mouse fibroblasts (L cells): an electron microscopic observation; Urakami H et al.; The mechanism of penetration of purified Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) into cultured mouse fibroblasts (L cells) was examined by electron microscopy . After 10-40 min of infection, rickettsiae in the process of being phagocytized were often seen on the cell surface . These were restricted to the rickettsiae which seemed to be intact in morphology, while heavy plasmolyzed ones were never phagocytized . Additionally, rickettsiae were taken up individually into a phagosome, and phagocytosis of several rickettsiae together was rarely observed, except in the case of heat-inactivated microorganisms . In the cells, phagosomes whose membranes enclosed rickettsiae either tightly or loosely were seen . Rickettsiae in the loose phagosomes often showed signs of plasmolysis and were rarely released into the cell cytoplasm . Partial disintegration of phagosomal membranes and the escape of rickettsiae from the phagosomes were seen only in tight phagosomes . Large phagosomes containing a clump of several rickettsiae were observed occasionally, in which case the microorganisms were deformed and seemed to be denatured . From the above observations and the frequency of appearance of these different penetration stages in the specimens 10, 20, and 40 min after infection, it was concluded that the rickettsiae enter initially into a tight phagosome by phagocytosis and are then released into the cell cytoplasm by disruption of the phagosomal membrane . No other mechanisms of penetration were found . On the other hand, rickettsiae inactivated by trypsin did not attach to host cells . Inactivation by heat or UV irradiation resulted in reduction of phagocytosis, and rickettsiae treated with rifamycin could penetrate into the host cell cytoplasm to the same extent as in the case of infection with intact rickettsiae.

Rev Esp Oncol, 1983, 30(4), 595 - 601
{Application of the antiblastogram in the selection of new lines of microorganisms producing antineoplastic antibiotics}; Briones-Carrillo D et al.; A modification of the antiblastogram, a technique originally used for predictive anti-cancer drug testing, is employed in this work to select microorganisms producing antineoplastic antibiotics.

Infection, 1983, 11 Suppl 2, S87 - 9
Which number of infecting bacteria is of clinical relevance?
Schaad UB.
The infective dose is the number of microorganisms required to produce infection in man . This value varies according to the mode of transmission, the virulence of the infecting agent and the host defense . The individual infective dose bears important implications with regard to epidemiology, prevention and therapy of the given infection . Theoretical remarks and relevant data from the literature are presented to help in the assessment of this basic problem in bacterial infectious diseases.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1983, 129, 1 - 33
Zinc deficiency in human subjects; Prasad AS; During the past two decades, the essentiality of zinc for man has been established . Deficiency of zinc in man due to nutritional factors and several diseased states has been recognized . High phytate content of cereal proteins decreases availability of zinc; thus the prevalence of zinc deficiency is likely to be high in a population subsisting mainly on cereal proteins . Alcoholism is known to cause hyperzincuria and thus may play a role in producing zinc deficiency in man . Malabsorption, cirrhosis of the liver, chronic renal disease and other chronically debilitating diseases may similarly induce zinc deficiency in human subjects . A severe deficiency of zinc has recently been recognized to occur in patients with sickle cell anemia and a beneficial effect of zinc therapy in such patients has been reported . Growth retardation, male hypogonadism, skin changes, poor appetite, mental lethargy and delayed wound healing are some of the manifestations of chronically zinc-deficient human subjects . Taste abnormalities, correctable with zinc supplementation, have been observed in uremic subjects . Recently, abnormal dark adaptation related to zinc deficiency in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and sickle cell disease has been reported . In severely zinc-deficient patients, dermatological manifestations, diarrhea, alopecia, mental disturbances and intercurrent infections predominate and if untreated the condition becomes fatal . Zinc deficiency is known to affect testicular functions adversely in man and animals . This effect of zinc is at the end organ level and it appears that zinc is essential for spermatogenesis and testosterone steroidogenesis . Zinc is involved in many biochemical functions . Several zinc metalloenzymes have been recognized in the past decade . Zinc is required for each step of cell cycle in microorganisms and is essential for DNA synthesis . Thymidine kinase, RNA polymerase, DNA-polymerase from various sources and RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from viruses have been shown to be zinc-dependent enzymes . Zinc also regulates the activity of RNase; thus the catabolism of RNA appears to be zinc-dependent . The effect of zinc on protein synthesis may be attributable to its vital role in nucleic acid metabolism . The activities of many zinc-dependent enzymes have been shown to be affected adversely in zinc-deficient tissues . Three enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase and thymidine kinase, appear to be most sensitive to zinc restriction in that their activities are affected adversely within three to six days of institution of a zinc-deficient diet to experimental animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1983, 28(5), 439 - 40
Device for safe manipulation of microorganisms with unknown properties; Ricicova A; A simple adaptation of common laboratory pipettes and injection syringes for safe manipulation with samples of cultivation liquid is described.

Adv Immunol, 1983, 34, 141 - 212
Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein; Pepys MB et al.; The acute phase response among plasma proteins is a normal response to tissue injury and is therefore a fundamental aspect of many diverse disease processes . It probably usually has a beneficial net function in limiting damage and promoting repair but in some circumstances it may have pathological consequences . Sustained high levels of acute phase proteins and especially SAA are associated with the development of amyloidosis in some individuals . Increased concentrations of CRP may, by activating the complement system, contribute to inflammation and enhance tissue damage . Failure of the normal or appropriate CRP response may also possibly have deleterious effects . SAA is a polymorphic protein which is normally present only in trace amounts but which, during the acute phase response, becomes one of the major apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein particles . The function of apoSAA is not known but it must have considerable physiological significance apart from its role as the putative precursor of amyloid A protein fibrils . CRP and SAP have been very stably conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and homologous proteins are apparently present even in vertebrates . This strongly suggests that they have important functions although these have not yet been precisely delineated . The main role of CRP may be to provide for enhanced clearance of inappropriate materials from the plasma whether these are of extrinsic origin, such as microorganisms and their products, or the autologous products of cell damage and death . The interaction between aggregated CRP and plasma low-density lipoprotein may play a significant part in the normal function of CRP and may also have a role in lipoprotein metabolism, clearance, and deposition . SAP is a normal tissue protein as well as being a plasma protein . Aggregated SAP selectively binds fibronectin and this may represent an aspect of the normal function of SAP . The deposition of SAP in amyloid is evidently not a normal function but it is not known whether this deposition is involved in the pathogenesis of amyloid or whether it is merely an epiphenomenon . In any case immunohistochemical staining for SAP is useful in the diagnosis of amyloid, in investigation of glomerulonephritis, and in studying disorders of elastic tissue . Regardless of its physiological or pathophysiological functions, the assay of serum CRP is a valuable aid to clinical management in a number of different situations and in different diseases provided results are interpreted in the light of full clinical information.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Scan Electron Microsc, 1983, (Pt 1), 279 - 92
Application of scanning electron microscopy to the study of microorganisms in gastrointestinal pathobiology; Guentzel MN; This review describes the application of SEM to the study of microorganisms in gastrointestinal (GI) pathobiology . SEM has proven to be a highly useful tool with a variety of applications in the biological and medical sciences . Examples in this paper are focused on the use of secondary electron imaging to study selected bacterial (cholera), fungal (candidosis), and protozoan (giardiasis) diseases in the GI tract of murine (mouse and rat) experimental models . The successful application of SEM to studies of microorganisms in GI pathobiology requires strict attention to optimal preparative techniques, to selection of the appropriate method and microenvironment(s) for study, and to awareness of the indigenous microorganisms characteristic of the system studied.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1983, 177(1), 11 - 4
{Rapid method for indirect determination of total microbial count in perishable foods}; Hennlich W et al.; A method is presented for the determination in one hour of aerobic microorganisms (Total Plate Count) in food in the range between 10(4) and 10(7) bacteria per ml resp . g . This method was developed mainly for rapid microbial analysis of perishable foodstuffs . The method operates by polarographic measurement of oxygen consumption in a tight cell, filled with the liquid product to be evaluated . The correlations between microbial counts and oxygen consumption rates are shown for samples of pasteurized milk and semi-liquid egg.

Hum Genet, 1983, 64(3), 207 - 15
Chronic granulomatous disease, a heterogeneous syndrome; Hitzig WH et al.; Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a clinical syndrome, the unifying characteristics of which are a severe predisposition to bacterial and fungal infections, an impaired ability of phagocytic leukocytes to kill certain microorganisms and the failure of these cells to produce microbicidal oxygen metabolites . In CGD the causal biochemical defect and the mechanism of genetic transmission vary from family to family . At least six different molecular defects have been found to underly the X-linked and at least three other the autosomal recessive form of CGD . Diagnosis of carriers is possible in most instances, and prenatal diagnosis by fetoscopic placental vessel puncture has become feasible.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(1), 37 - 70
{Microbial utilization of mixed substrates}; Weide H; Decomposition of substrates by heterotrophic microorganisms is accomplished in natural biotopes such as in soil and in waters, on or in macroorganisms but also in laboratory and industrial biotopes . The interest of man in these processes is manifold . Starting with the division of substrates into three groups of simple substrates, complex and mixed substrates with or without solid particles their qualitative and quantitative occurrence in nature and their significance in biotechnology will be discussed . In the decomposition of these substrates their utilization by pure cultures or mixed populations is to be exactly distinguished . Simple growth curves, di- or polyauxy, sequences of decomposition of simple substrates of a mixed substrate, population changes and successions are only some of the phenomena occurring in this process . The pathways of catabolism are subjected to manifold regulations on the three levels of stoichiometric regulation, the regulation of enzyme activity and the regulation of enzyme synthesis . In natural biotopes there is hardly a constant substrate supply over a longer period . That's why certain mechanisms of regulation are permanently acting . Thus the "normal" physiological state for microorganisms is characterized by permanent transition situations--called "transients" . These reactions are also applied to many biotechnological processes.

Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, 1983, (4), 93 - 105
{Factors affecting the viability and properties of microorganisms in different preservation methods}; Arkad'eva ZA; The review of literature devoted to the influence of the different methods of longterm preservation on the survival, physiological and biochemical properties of microorganisms: at low and ultralow temperatures, freeze-drying, drying, storage under the mineral oil etc . is given . The microorganisms viability depends on their nature, age and density of population, storage and recovery conditions of cells . Some features of the industrial microorganisms storage have been marked . The different hypotheses concerning the mechanism of preservation, injury and reactivation of microorganisms under the action of external factors during their storage are being discussed.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1983, 15(1), 115 - 8
Oral bacterial flora and secretory IgA in small children after repeated courses of antibiotics; Ostergaard PA; 23 small children with recurrent respiratory tract infections, who were found to have low saliva IgA levels but normal serum Ig levels, were divided into two groups: group 1 (12 patients) in whom antibiotics were stopped for a period of 18 months, and group 2 (11 patients) who received antibiotics when necessary for an equal period of time . Parents of group 1 children were instructed to bring their children to our department on signs of respiratory tract infections with fever, whereas group 2 children were treated by their general practitioner . At the termination of the study, contrary to group 2 children, most group 1 children had developed normal saliva IgA levels, carried few potentially pathogenic bacteria in their throats, and had received considerably fewer courses of antibiotics . The question is raised, whether repeated antibiotic therapy in small children favours the colonization of pathogenic bacteria on mucosal surfaces, and, whether proteases, synthesized by these microorganisms may be able to cleave IgA in secretions.

Mikrobiologiia, 1983 Jan-Feb, 52(1), 22 - 6
{Transformation of p-nitrochlorobenzene by Escherichia coli}; Gvozdiak PI et al.; Microorganisms that have not been adapted to p-nitrochlorobenzene (p-NCB) are capable of transforming this compound . Washed cell of Escherichia coli, the resting culture and the homogenate of disintegrated cells transform p-NCB into p-chloroaniline (p-CA) . The growing culture of E . coli (Eh = -210 mV) reduces the nitro group of p-NCB . If E . coli cells are separated from the cultural broth under strictly anaerobic conditions, the redox potential rises abruptly (Eh = -110 mV); the filtrate does not transform p-NCB into p-Ca . The rate at which E . coli reduces the nitro group of p-NCB depends on the redox potential of the medium . It is likely that any microorganism is capable of reducing p-NCB at a low value of the redox potential.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jan, (1), 57 - 9
{Electron microscopic study of microorganisms grown on nutrient media with a nonnutrient raw material base}; Reshilov LN et al.; A comparative electron-microscopic study of Sh . flexneri 8512, Str . Dick Ia and Cor . pseudodiphthericum test strains, grown in experimental culture media prepared from inedible raw materials and in currently used culture media based on fish and meat, has been carried out . The ultrastructure of the test strains grown in culture media prepared from inedible raw materials has been shown to remain unchanged.

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Jan, 29(1), 27 - 32
Detection of Gardnerella vaginalis on vaginal smears by immunofluorescence; Cano RJ et al.; An indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test was developed for the detection of Gardnerella vaginalis . Antisera were prepared in rabbits by using five strains of G . vaginalis . A pool of the antisera was tested for specificity with a variety of isolates known to colonize the human vagina and (or) morphologically resemble G . vaginalis . Six heterologous bacterial isolates reacted with the pooled antiserum at dilutions of 1:10, but none reacted at the working dilution of 1:200 . Vaginal swab specimens were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in order to further evaluate the IFA procedure . The presence of G . vaginalis in the specimens was determined both by culture and by the IFA procedure . Absorbed antisera reacted with all isolates of G . vaginalis tested . In a clinical trial the IFA procedure detected the presence of G . vaginalis in smears from 23 (24.2%) of the patients with nonspecific vaginitis (NSV), from 22 (29.8%) of the asymptomatic individuals tested, and from 3 patients with vaginitis other than NSV . The presence of G . vaginalis in smears as detected by the IFA procedure was confirmed by cultures in all cases using Vaginalis agar supplemented with colistin and nalidixic acid (V-CNA) . It is suggested that the IFA procedure may be of use in conjunction with V-CNA in epidemiological studies of the carriage and transmission of G . vaginalis in human populations . It appears that the IFA procedure, at least in our hands, is a useful test for the rapid detection of G . vaginalis even when this microorganism is not the predominant colonizer of the human vagina.

Int J Biomed Comput, 1983 Jan, 14(1), 17 - 22
Numerical identification of microorganisms using the HP-41C calculator; Schindler Z et al.; A program is described, which implements the algorithm of numerical identification of bacteria based on Bayes' theorem . The hand-held calculator HP-41C enables one to handle identification matrices containing more than 600 elements, which are packed in groups of five into one storage register . A part of the available storage is reserved for alpha-numeric designation of tests and species . Databases for different bacterial groups are stored on magnetic cards . Computation time does not exceed 400 s.

Am J Pathol, 1983 Jan, 110(1), 13 - 29
Kinetics of acute inflammation induced by Escherichia coli in rabbits . II . The effect of hyperimmunization, complement depletion, and depletion of leukocytes; Kopaniak MM et al.; The inflammatory response to Escherichia coli was quantitated in the skin of normal rabbits and the kinetics established as described previously . Hyperemia, measured with radiolabeled microspheres; vascular permeability, estimated with 125 I-albumin; and leukocyte infiltration, quantitated with 51Cr-labeled autologous leukocytes, reached maximal values 3 hours after the injection of bacteria and subsided almost completely by 6 hours . Hemorrhage, measured with homologous 59Fe-erythrocytes, continued to increase between 1 and 6 hours after injection and then reached plateau levels . The lesions were studied up to 8 hours, since in the previous study no changes were observed beyond that time . In the study described in this paper, the host mediation systems were manipulated in various groups of rabbits in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the development of the inflammatory reaction . One group of animals was hyperimmunized with the E coli organisms, another was partially depleted of hemolytic complement with cobra venom factor, and yet another was rendered leukopenic with nitrogen mustard . In hyperimmunized animals hyperemia in the dermal lesions induced by the microorganisms was significantly more intense than in normal rabbits . Vascular permeability increase occurred earlier in hyperimmunized rabbits and at 1 hour was significantly greater than in normals . Decomplemented rabbits had significantly less vascular permeability than normal animals, whereas in leukopenic rabbits no increase in vascular permeability could be elicited . Leukocyte accumulation was increased over the normal animals in the lesions of hyperimmunized rabbits . Hemorrhage was significantly decreased in leukopenic rabbits . Histologic examination of the lesions revealed that whereas in normal animals the infiltrating neutrophils ingested most of the bacteria and formed definite abscesses by 6-8 hours, these abscesses were absent in leukopenic animals, and free-lying bacteria were demonstrable in lesions . Histologically more neutrophils were present in the hyperimmunized than in the normal rabbits, but this difference was striking when normal animals were compared with leukopenic animals, in some of which only very occasional small accumulations of neutrophils were present.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1983, 63(5), 388 - 92
Growth and filament production of Pityrosporum orbiculare and P . ovale on human stratum corneum in vitro; Faergemann J et al.; When Pityrosporum orbiculare and P . ovale were incubated with stratum corneum epithelial cells, suspended in phosphate-buffered saline for 90 min at 37 degrees C, short filaments were produced in 11-17.5% of the yeast cells . A successful culture of P . orbiculare and P . ovale on human stratum corneum in vitro is described . When the stratum corneum pieces were incubated for 5 days in an environment with 7% CO2, a picture resembling that seen microscopically in tinea versicolor was observed . Filaments were produced in 39-48% of P . orbiculare and P . ovale cells; the longest pseudohyphae, 40-60 microns, were produced by P . ovale . This culture method provides the possibility of studying the parasitic mycelium form of P . orbiculare and P . ovale in vitro . The influence of antimycotics, other drugs, and interaction with other microorganisms can be studied.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1983, 32(2), 177 - 83
Cyanuric acid--a s-triazine derivative as a nitrogen source for some soil microorganisms; Myskow W et al.; Cyanuric acid was not toxic for soil microorganisms examined and was even observed to stimulate the growth of Azotobacter in chernozem . Some isolated fungi were capable of cleaving the ring of cyanuric acid . With the use of 15N-labeled cyanuric acid it was found that the nitrogen taken from this compound by Aspergillus minutus and Pseudogymnoascus sp . was incorporated into their proteins . About 70-90% of 15N derived from cyanuric acid was detected in the biomass of the examined fungi . The ability of soil microorganisms to cleave the triazine ring is of importance in the detoxication of soils treated with triazine herbicides.

Cytogenet Cell Genet, 1983, 36(3), 584 - 5
Elimination of mycoplasma contamination from mammalian cell cultures by the bibenzimidazole derivative Hoechst 33258; Hellkuhl B et al.; Cell cultures contaminated with mycoplasma or bacterial L-forms were treated with 8 micrograms/ml of Hoechst 33258 . No microorganisms could be detected by fluorescence microscopy after two rounds of treatment.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1983, 63(2), 160 - 2
Effect of betamethasone valerate on the normal human facial skin flora; Daltrey DC et al.; Eighteen volunteers were randomly divided into two groups and allocated either an active corticosteroid preparation (Betamethasone valerate) or the basal formulation only (placebo) . The cream was applied to the face twice daily for one month . The treated area was sampled by the scrub-wash method immediately before treatment began and after 2 and 4 weeks, and microorganisms were enumerated and identified . Application of either cream produced a very slight increase (less than or equal to 0.5 log cycle) in the skin flora during the first 2 weeks of treatment . There were no significant differences in the changes occurring between volunteers treated with placebo and those on the steroid formulation . The results are discussed in relation to theories of pathogenesis of perioral dermatitis and steroid acne.

Int J Zoonoses, 1982 Dec, 9(2), 126 - 31
Prophylactic effect of tea on pathogenic microorganism infections to humans and animals . (II) . Protozoacidal effect on Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and mice; Ryu E; The trophozoites of Toxoplasma gondii strain (RH) obtained from the peritoneal exudate of infected mice were treated with tea in various concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% for 0.5, 1 and 3 hours, respectively . After treatment, they were intraperitoneally inoculated into the mice to observe the protozoacidal effect of tea . The results obtained are as follows: 1) Oolong tea and green tea had stronger protozoacidal effect than black tea . 2) The lowest and effective concentration of tea tested to kill Toxoplasma was 0.5% . 3) A half hour was not enough for tea in any concentration tested to kill the parasites completely . 4) Phosphate buffer solution and normal saline were unable to destroy the protozoa, but distilled water could destroy them like tea.

J Microsc, 1982 Dec, 128(PT 3), 307 - 12
The preservation of mucus and surface-associated microorganisms using acrolein vapour fixation; Garland CD et al.; Three fixation schedules were devised and compared in terms of their influence on the preservation of mucus and surface-associated microorganisms contained within it . Different mucus-secreting epithelial tissues from normal and spoiled oysters and normal rats were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy . On all tissues, mucus was best preserved in specimens fixed by 10% acrolein vapour for 1 h then immersed in 3% glutaraldehyde--3% formaldehyde fixative containing 0.05% ruthenium red, cacodylate buffer pH 7.4, for at least 3 h . This fixation schedule also greatly increased the preservation of microorganisms in mucus in specimens from spoiled oysters and normal rats . In contrast, the retention of mucus and surface-associated microorganisms was poor in tissues fixed either by 1% OsO4 vapour for 1 h followed by immersion in combined aldehyde fixative, or by direct immersion . The quality of preservation of the mucus layer, epithelium and sub-epithelium was also noted by transmission electron microscopy in tissues prepared by the different fixation schedules . Cellular preservation was satisfactory in directly immersed tissues but poor in vapour fixed specimens.

Infect Immun, 1982 Dec, 38(3), 938 - 47
Regulatory effect of monocytes on T cell proliferative responses to oral microbial antigens; Stashenko P; Mononuclear cell preparations isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation from human peripheral blood were found to vary considerably in the number of monocytes they contained (mean, 20.3%; range, 13 to 33%) . The regulatory role of monocytes in T cell proliferative responses to sonic extracts of a panel of oral microorganisms was therefore investigated . T cells were fractionated by anti-immunoglobulin chromatography and depleted of monocytes by treatment with a monoclonal anti-human Ia-like (DR locus antigen) antibody and complement . Purified populations of monocytes were obtained by extensive adherence procedures . The resultant cell populations were greater than 95% pure, as judged by indirect immunofluorescence on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter . Monocyte-depleted T cells failed to respond by proliferation to the nonoral antigen tetanus toxoid, as well as to any oral microorganism, but retained responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin . Readdition of monocytes in final concentrations of from 5 to 15% resulted in the restoration of maximal T cell proliferation . Monocytes in greater numbers suppressed T cell responses to all sonic extracts tested.

Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1982 Dec, 50(4), 415 - 24
Immunotherapy with a mixture of Mycobacterium leprae and BCG in different forms of leprosy and in Mitsuda-negative contacts; Convit J et al.; A total of 529 weak or non-reactors to M . leprae, including Mitsuda-negative contacts and patients with leprosy, were vaccinated once or repeatedly, as necessary, with a mixture of 6 x 10(8) purified, heat-killed M . leprae and 0.01 mg to 0.2 mg of viable BCG . Clinical, histopathological and immunological criteria were used to evaluate the response of these individuals . Clinical changes, including sharper definition of borders and progressive flattening and regression of lesions, were observed in 57% of the active LL cases and 76% of the active BL cases . Histopathological study revealed infiltration of the lesions by mononuclear cells, appearance of epithelioid differentiation, and fragmentation of the microorganisms . Delayed-type skin tests with soluble antigen from purified M . leprae became positive in significant numbers of each group studied . These results demonstrate the efficacy of combined immunotherapy in low-resistance forms of leprosy and potential utility in the immunoprophylaxis of the disease.

Exp Lung Res, 1982 Dec, 4(1), 47 - 66
Experimental bacterial pneumonia in rabbits: polymorphonuclear leukocyte margination and sequestration in rabbit lungs and quantitation and kinetics of 51Cr-labeled polymorphonuclear leukocytes in E . coli-induced lung lesions; Cybulsky MI et al.; A relationship between the circulating and marginal polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) pools was documented using 51Cr-labeled leukocytes as a marker . 51Cr-leukocytes marginating in the lungs were found to decrease following a first-order exponential decline, while 51Cr radioactivity accumulated in the liver and the spleen . Intravenously administered endotoxin caused a rapid selective disappearance of PMNs from the circulation . The percentage of infused 51Cr cells disappearing was equal to the percentage of disappearance of host cells . The PMNs were found to sequester in the lungs, with peak sequestration of labeled cells occurring 5 min after an endotoxin challenge . Over the next 25 min the 51Cr radioactivity in the lungs declined . Large numbers of PMNs, probably newly derived from the bone marrow, were observed histologically to be sequestered in the lung vasculature 90 min after an endotoxin dose, while the early sequestration of circulating leukocytes could not be assessed histologically . Pulmonary inflammatory lesions were induced selectively with Escherichia coli in the left lower lobes of rabbits, leaving the right lower lobes as intrinsic controls . PMN-accumulation into the lesions was quantitated using 51Cr-labeled blood leukocytes . With the aid of 125I-labeled E . coli, a logarithmic dose-response relationship was found between the number of E . coli and of PMNs . Over a 6-hr period circulating PMNs were found to accumulate in a lesion in the left lower lobe, whereas in the control right lower lobe, leukocyte radioactivity declined . These findings were confirmed with the aid of lavages of the right and left lungs . Two peaks of PMN-accumulation were found by studying leukocyte kinetics: a larger peak between 0 and 6 hr and a smaller peak 18-24 hr after instillation of the microorganisms . Histologic studies confirmed the accumulation of leukocytes, and by 3 weeks showed a complete resolution of the lesions.

Infect Immun, 1982 Dec, 38(3), 914 - 20
Adoptive transfer of immunity to Nocardia asteroides in nude mice; Deem RL et al.; Nude mice on a BALB/c background were adoptively transferred with unprimed spleen cells, Nocardia-primed spleen cells, or Nocardia-primed splenic T lymphocytes from syngeneic, heterozygous (nu/+) littermates . Two days later, these recipient mice and unmanipulated (control) nude mice were infected intravenously with a 50% lethal dose of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 from an early stationary-phase culture . Antibody titers, spleen weights, percent mortality, and organ clearance of the microorganisms were measured at 3 h to 28 days after infection . Adoptively transferred nude mice had larger spleens and greater titers of anti-nocardial antibody 7 to 28 days after infection as compared with control nude mice . Adoptive transfer with either primed spleen cells or primed splenic T lymphocytes enhanced both the survival of recipient nude mice and their ability to eliminate N . asteroides from the liver and spleen . These data indicate that adoptive immunity to infection with N . asteroides can be transferred with either specifically primed spleen cells or splenic T lymphocytes . Thus, it appears that cell-mediated immunity and T lymphocytes are of uppermost importance in host resistance to nocardial infection.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1982 Dec, 94(12), 104 - 7
{Electron microscopic study of parchment}; Rebrikova NL et al.; A study was made of ultrastructure of parchments dating back as far as the XI-XIX centuries (of different degree of preservation) comparatively to parchment manufactured today . It was shown that parchment consists of densely packed bundles of collagenous fibrils with characteristic periods and subperiods . Fibrils are bound with amorphous interfibrillar (apparently protein) material also containing ruteniophilic compounds . In visually changed parchment samples, there were two types of alterations: formation of cracks between the bundles of fibrils and disintegration of fibrils as a result of vital activity of microorganisms . Formation of the cracks appears to favour the penetration of microorganisms into the thickness of parchment thereby contributing to its destruction.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Dec, 16(6), 1052 - 6
Concentrated gram stain smears prepared with a cytospin centrifuge; Shanholtzer CJ et al.; A Cytospin slide centrifuge was used to concentrate 0.05- to 0.5-ml samples of cerebrospinal and other body fluids for Gram stain . Trials with cerebrospinal fluid containing known numbers of microorganisms indicated that the Cytospin increased the sensitivity of cerebrospinal fluid Gram stains by up to 2 logs compared with unconcentrated and conventional centrifuge smears . Cytospin-concentrated smears were prospectively compared with unconcentrated Gram-stained smears and bacteriological culture results for 80 clinical body fluid specimens . Bacteria were seen in unconcentrated smears of 9 of the 16 (56%) fluids which were infected, whereas Cytospin smears of 12 of the 16 (75%) showed bacteria . Cytospin smears revealed more bacteria and demonstrated better leukocyte morphology than did unconcentrated or conventionally centrifuged samples of small volumes of infected body fluids, allowing early diagnosis of infection.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1982 Nov 15, 181(10), 1037 - 42
Role of macrophages in the expression of immune responses; Kende M; Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system have a crucial role as affector and effector cells in the body's defense against foreign cells and microorganisms . Macrophages function as the first line of defense via phagocytosis or opsonic phagocytosis as early as the promonocytic stage of their development . Macrophages act as affector cells via antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and they participate in the activation of T and B lymphocytes through the secretion of lymphostimulatory substances (monokines) . In the cycle of reciprocal interactions, macrophages are themselves being activated via the secretory products of the lymphocytes--the lymphokines . Activated macrophages are endowed with effector functions exerted by their tumoricidal, microbicidal, and suppressor activities . Undoubtedly, additional research will enhance the importance and application of this unique cell type with multiple functions.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1982 Nov, 130(11), 849 - 51
{Severe course of a hemolytic-uremic syndrome}; Leichter H et al.; After an upper respiratory tract infection an eight months old infant developed a severe hemolytic uremic syndrome with anemia, thrombocytopenia and anuria . Remarkable was a lesion of the erythrocytes by neuraminidase producing microorganisms . By early hemodialysis, blood transfusions and accurate fluid therapy the acute stage could be managed . The proceeding course was complicated by hypertension, seizures, coma, abdominal pain attacks and a fibrinous hemorrhagic pericarditis, which made an incomplete pericardectomy necessary . Although it came again to diuresis a severe chronic renal failure with its concluding effects as anemia, acidosis, hypertension and inanition resulted . After a four months period the patient died of biventricular congestive heart failure.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Nov-Dec, 51(6), 905 - 9
{Dynamics of the accumulation and retention of volatile organic substances released by bacteria}; Kovrov BG et al.; The object of this work was to study the production of volatile biologically active compounds by microorganisms and their accumulation in the medium in the course of several days . The inhibiting action of the accumulated volatile metabolites was found to depend on the time within which the culture was incubated and on the sensitivity of the test organism . The activity of the accumulated metabolites was shown to decrease with the time of storage . Several volatile compounds were found among the metabolites.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Nov, 16(5), 962 - 4
Gas-liquid chromatography technique for detection of hippurate hydrolysis and conversion of fumarate to succinate by microorganisms; Kodaka H et al.; A gas-liquid chromatography technique which allows simultaneous detection of hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) hydrolysis and conversion of fumaric acid to succinic acid by microorganisms uses a new medium, hippurate-formate-fumarate broth, and a gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector . This technique gave more reproducible results than other tests used in the study for detecting hippurate hydrolysis and also gave consistent results in detecting succinic acid produced from utilization of fumaric acid.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1982 Nov-Dec, 91(6 Pt 1), 612 - 4
Scanning electron microscopic examination of nonbeating cilia; Dudley JP et al.; When cilia stop beating, their role in moving mucus ceases, but it is uncertain if nonmotile cilia preserve their external architecture and are thus capable of maintaining an additional role of retarding microbial access to the cell . Cilia of chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures were observed until their activity stopped . When examined with scanning electron microscopy, ciliary axonemes did not appear to differ significantly from normally functioning cilia when observed at lower magnifications . Since their density can remain essentially unchanged, nonbeating cilia may still have a role in protecting respiratory membrane from toxic microorganisms.

Crit Care Med, 1982 Nov, 10(11), 736 - 9
Catheter colonization and bacteremia with pulmonary and arterial catheters; Singh S et al.; We prospectively studied the incidence of catheter-related sepsis in 51 critically ill patients who underwent 52 arterial and 37 pulmonary artery catheterizations over a period of 3 months . Daily cultures of blood and catheter insertion site were done and the catheters were cultured semiquantitatively at the time of removal . Catheter colonization defined as growth of 15 or more colonies was observed with 9 (10%) catheters and bacteremia with 4 (4.5%) catheters . The skin cultures were positive in 56% of the colonized catheters compared with 11% of sterile catheters (p less than 0.01) . The mean duration of catheterization of 3.8 days in colonized catheters was not different than 3.3 days in noncolonized catheters . Presence of concurrent infection and use of antibiotic did not change the rate of catheter colonization . Often, microorganisms other than those colonizing the catheter were recovered from blood . Femoral arterial catheterization appeared to be more often associated with colonization than radial catheters . It appears that the arterial and pulmonary artery catheter colonization occurs in about 10% of catheters and predisposes to catheter-related sepsis . Semiquantitative cultures of the catheter may aid in better documentation of catheter-induced sepsis.

Ann Emerg Med, 1982 Nov, 11(11), 626 - 9
Injection of household spray insecticide; Goldberg LH et al.; During a three-week period, two patients who had attempted suicide by injecting themselves with commercially available household spray insecticides were seen in our emergency department . Both presented with cellulitis at and adjacent to the injection sites, and both were admitted for intravenous antibiotics, warm soaks, and elevation . In both patients abscesses subsequently developed in the areas of cellulitis . It is not clear whether the pathologic processes in these two patients were primarily due to inoculation of microorganisms or to the effects of the insecticide per se.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1982 Nov-Dec, 18(6), 778 - 91
{Current problems of animal amino acid and vitamin nutrition}; Val'dman AR et al.; Biochemical functions of certain amino acids and their role in improving fodder protein are described . Different aspects of biological significance of proteins and methods of its increase are discussed . It is indicated that concentrates prepared from green plants and starch- and cellulose-containing materials proteinized under the action of microorganisms can be used as an additional source of fodder protein . It is demonstrated that lysine and tryptophane concentrates can be effectively applied to raise the nutrient properties of fodder protein . The data are presented concerning the relations between protein and vitamin nutrition, as well as vitamin absorption and transport depending on the acceptor and receptor proteins of blood and tissues.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Nov-Dec, 51(6), 1002 - 5
{Determination of the carbamate kinase activity of bacteria}; Khramov VA; The activity of carbamate kinase (EC 2.5.2.2) was determined in bacteria using a simple modified procedure . Carbamoyl phosphate produced under the action of carbamate kinase carbamoylated ammonia in a reaction which was not enzyme-catalyzed yielding urea that was assayed by the colorimetric technique . The activity of carbamate kinase was found by this method in a number of microorganisms . The method can be used to study other enzymes synthesizing carbamoyl phosphate . The advantages of the method over other techniques are discussed.

Rev Infect Dis, 1982 Nov-Dec, 4 Suppl, S546 - 54
Effects of moxalactam on blood coagulation and platelet function; Bang NU et al.; Bleeding complications have occasionally been reported in clinical trials of moxalactam therapy for debilitated and/or malnourished patients . Complications that occur secondary to hypothrombinemia are readily corrected by administration of 5-10 mg of vitamin K . In a few instances, the bleeding complications occurred secondary to suppression of platelet function . The present studies aim at clarifying the mechanisms by which bleeding problems attributable to moxalactam and other beta-lactam antibiotics occur . Moxalactam in vitro did not inhibit blood coagulation or platelet aggregation at concentrations of 700 micrograms of moxalactam/ml . When administered to five normal male volunteers at a dosage of 3 g of moxalactam four times daily for seven days, the antibiotic did not affect the levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X or vitamin K-independent clotting factors V, VIII, and I . Consistently normal levels of the abnormal prothrombin precursor descarboxyprothrombin, as determined by immunochemical and functional assays, showed that moxalactam did not possess warfarin-like properties . Moxalactam induced a significant suppression of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation . It appears that moxalactam inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vivo by perturbing the platelet membrane, thus making ADP receptors unavailable to the agonist . Of 33 additional beta-lactam antibiotics tested, 27 were found to suppress ADP-induced aggregation at high concentrations in vitro . It is concluded that moxalactam, as well as many newer and older broad-spectrum antibiotics, causes bleeding complications in debilitated patients by elimination of vitamin K-producing gut microorganisms . However, the clinical implications of the observed suppression of platelet function by many beta-lactam antibiotics are unclear.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Oct, 22(4), 593 - 7
Interaction of povidone-iodine compounds, phagocytic cells, and microorganisms; Van den Broek PJ et al.; The interaction between povidone-iodine, phagocytic cells, and microorganisms was studied . Three preparations of povidone-iodine were investigated: commercially available povidone-iodine solution Betadine, pure high-molecular-weight povidone-iodine as used in Betadine, and a low-molecular-weight povidone-iodine . Low concentrations of povidone-iodine (approximately 0.005%) have considerable activity in vitro . The concentrations used clinically (0.1 to 20%) are toxic for granulocytes and monocytes . Leukocytes reduce the in vitro microbicidal activity of povidone-iodine . No differences of any importance were found between the three preparations of povidone-iodine.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 44(4), 809 - 13
Rapid enumeration of microorganisms in foods by the direct epifluorescent filter technique; Pettipher GL et al.; Filtration of "stomachered" food suspensions through nylon filters (pore size, 5 microns) removed most of the food debris without affecting the recovery of microorganisms . Two to ten milliliters of these prefiltered suspensions could be filtered in the direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT) . The technique takes less than 30 min to complete and has a lower sensitivity of less than 60,000 microorganisms per g for all products examined . Vegetative bacterial cells, spores, fungal hyphae, and yeasts could be distinguished with the technique . For fresh meat and fish, the DEFT count of prefiltered suspensions agreed well with the plate count of unfiltered suspensions over the range of 10(4) to 10(10)/g (correlation coefficient of 0.91) . For frozen meat and fish and frozen vegetables, the two counting methods had correlation coefficients of 0.87 and 0.66, respectively . The poor correlation for frozen vegetables was due to the inclusion in the DEFT count of nonviable bacteria killed by the blanching process used to inactivate enzymes . Good agreement was obtained between the prefiltered DEFT count and unfiltered plate count for cooked meats, cream doughnut, and whole peppers . Possible reasons for the poor agreement between the DEFT count and plate count for certain products are discussed.

Nurse Pract, 1982 Oct, 7(9), 15 - 9
The basic mechanisms of fever: considerations for therapy; Shaver JF; In response to threat, particularly the invasion of microorganisms, body temperature rises, a condition called fever . This occurs as phagocytic cells in the body are activated to secrete substances which generate a multitude of host defense responses . Evidence is presented that this response is likely adaptive for the individual and fever acts to synergistically support the responses . Implications for practice are that the attenuation of fever by clinical interventions could limit the defense mechanisms for the individual and a more effective therapeutic goal might be to keep body temperature within certain limits . Developing knowledge about the host defense response and fever mechanisms will suggest supportive therapeutic options for testing.

J Forensic Sci, 1982 Oct, 27(4), 792 - 800
Assessment of solvents for the recovery of nitroglycerine from hands using cotton swabs; Twibell JD et al.; Eight solvents were compared for their relative efficiency in removing nitroglycerine from the hands of persons handling explosives . The amount of interfering material also removed from the hands by the cotton swabs and the stability of the nitroglycerine in the solvent used were also investigated . Aqueous solvents yielded the best recoveries, when the extracts were partially purified by thin-layer chromatography before analysis, but the explosive was degraded rapidly by microorganisms that grew in the solutions . Of the aqueous, organic, and polar solvents tested, ethanol was found to offer the most complete, consistent, and stable recovery.

Mutat Res, 1982 Oct, 96(2-3), 213 - 24
The stability of mutator (MR)-induced X-chromosomal recessive visible mutations in Drosophila melanogaster; Eeken JC; In Drosophila, MR (male recombination) second chromosomes are known to act as mutators and recombination inducers in males . The induction of visible mutations by MR is observed at only a limited number of genes, such as singed bristle (sn), raspberry eye colour (ras), yellow body colour (y) and a carmine eye colour (car) . Furthermore, sn mutations induced by MR are highly unstable, changing from a strong to a weak expression or reverting to the wild-type . It has been hypothesized by analogy with IS mutations in microorganisms, that MR-induced mutations also represent mutations of the insertion type . In this investigation the stability of two MR-h12-induced X-linked visible mutations was tested, one singed (snMR) and one raspberry (rasMR) . The reversion frequency of both MR-induced mutations was low in the base population as well as upon outcrossing to C(1)DX, yw f females . The data reported here show that the MR-induced mutations become highly unstable when MR is re-introduced . The change of expression of an MR-induced mutation to a weaker phenotype or to the wild-type occurred at a frequency of 3.3 X 10(-3) (ras) to 20.4 X 10(-3) (sn) . Recessive lethal mutations induced by MR in the X-chromosomes carrying the MR-induced singed or raspberry mutation were isolated and analysed . Among 11 independently MR-induced lethals in the rasMR-carrying X-chromosome, 4 were found to be allelic to a small deficiency that included the raspberry gene . 13 lethals were induced by MR in the snMR-carrying X-chromosome . Of these, 3 were located near the sn locus but none was allelic to a deficiency including the singed gene.

Surgery, 1982 Oct, 92(4), 720 - 7
Association between microorganism growth at the catheter insertion site and colonization of the catheter in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition; Bjornson HS et al.; Catheter-related sepsis is one of the major complications of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy . The relationship between microbial colonization of the skin at the site of catheter insertion and colonization of the central venous catheter was investigated in 74 catheters used to administer TPN therapy in 53 patients . Semiquantitative culture specimens were obtained from the insertion site and intravascular and subcutaneous catheter segments at the time of catheter removal . Bacteria and/or fungi were recovered from 19 catheters and 19 insertion sites; of the 19 colonized catheters, 6 had sterile insertion sites . Organisms isolated from the remaining 13 catheters were isolated concurrently from the insertion site . Catheter-associated bacteremia or fungemia was observed in 10 of the 19 patients with colonized catheters . The association between colonization of catheters and the presence of more than 10(3) bacterial or fungal colony-forming units at the insertion site was significant (P less than 0.005) . These results demonstrated that colonization of catheters by organisms present on the skin at the site of catheter insertion occurred twice as frequently as colonization by the hematogenous route . The results also suggested that colonization of catheters by organisms present at the insertion site occurred only after a threshold number of organisms was reached.

Hum Pathol, 1982 Oct, 13(10), 898 - 904
Pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules in the lower female genital tract: relationship to the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon; Bhagavan BS et al.; Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon, the in vivo formation of eosinophilic radiate structures around microorganisms and biologically inert substances, may simulate actinomycotic sulfur granules and has been recognized in extragenital sites . In the lower female genital tract, the authors have noted these pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules (PAMRAGs) in both the presence and the absence of intrauterine contraceptive devices . To elucidate the nature and morphogenesis of PAMRAGs, the light microscopic morphologic features of PAMRAGs were studied by means of a battery of special stains . The absence of central branching filaments or diptheroid forms in PAMRAGs serves to distinguish them from true actinomycotic sulfur granules . Using the immunoperoxidase technique, the authors examined PAMRAGs for the presence of immunoglobulin, complement, and fibrin . Their studies showed that PAMRAGs contain neutral glycoproteins, lipid, and calcium with no demonstrable microorganisms, immunoglobulin, complement, or fibrin . The authors do not support the assertions of others that Splendore-Hoeppli radiate bodies are immune complexes derived from host serum proteins . They speculate that PAMRAGs of the genital tract are derived from host leukocytes that aggregate in response to the commonly present bacteria, parasites, or inert foreign bodies that initiate the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon and the morphogenesis of PAMRAGs.

Lancet, 1982 Sep 25, 2(8300), 685 - 8
Chronic encephalomyelitis with specific increase in intrathecal mumps antibodies; Vaheri A et al.; Symptoms of severe encephalomyelitis developed in a 31-year-old man in 1967 . He had a high serum antibody titre to mumps virus associated with a polymorphic cell reaction and an increased protein concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . He recovered considerably within a year and was able to resume work . In 1975 his condition deteriorated again; it improved during the following few years, but a further deterioration then occurred . In March, 1981, the complement-fixing antibody titre to mumps virus was 1/32 in the serum and 1/4 in the CSF . In November, 1981, the CSF IgG index was increased and the altered serum/CSF antibody ratio persisted . The specificity of the altered antibody ratio was confirmed by the single radial haemolysis test and an immunoassay specific for mumps virus . Antibodies against the mumps virus envelope glycoprotein, M-protein, and nucleoprotein could be demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and the antibody patterns in serum and CSF were similar . Antibodies against other microorganisms were not detected in the patient's CSF, and mumps antibodies were not found in the CSF specimens of 57 control patients . This case may be an example of a new disease-chronic mumps virus infection in the central nervous system.

J Toxicol Environ Health, 1982 Sep, 10(3), 493 - 518
Comment on the carcinogenic potential of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; Northup S et al.; Analysis of the carcinogen bioassay of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has shown that the designated maximum tolerated dose was exceeded in the low- and high-dose groups of male rats, in the high-dose group of female rats, and in the low- and high-dose groups of female mice . Significant differences in tumor incidence among small populations of laboratory animals within the testing facility further confounded interpretation of the bioassay . Critical data on food consumption, nutritional status, clinical signs, clinical pathology, and intestinal microorganisms are lacking . This review concludes that because of major deficiencies in the available data, the studies cannot be interpreted as showing a carcinogenic effect due to DEHP alone . Epigenetic mechanisms to explain the biologic effects are examined.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Sep-Oct, 133(2), 317 - 24
Thermoresistance of azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 in defined and dialysed soil media: filtrable forms; Gonzalez-Lopez J et al.; Thermoresistance of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 in nitrogen-free (defined) medium and dialysed soil medium was established . These microorganisms showed thermoresistance in the defined medium, but in the dialysed soil medium they were very sensitive to heat . Thermosensitivity in the dialysed soils medium was due to the production of germinal cells (filtrable forms) and not to the presence of any kind of cytoplasmic inclusions such as poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, metachromatic, glycogen or unstaining granules.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Sep, 92(3), 839 - 44
New malonyl-CoA-dependent fatty acid elongation system in Mycobacterium smegmatis; Kikuchi S et al.; Beside de novo fatty acid synthetase, two kinds of fatty acid elongating systems have been found in Mycobacterium smegmatis; they are the malonyl-CoA-dependent, acyl carrier protein (ACP)-requiring system (fatty acid synthetase II, named by K . Bloch's group, 1969) and the acetyl-CoA-dependent ACP-non-requiring one (acetyl-CoA-dependent elongation of fatty acids reported by us, 1977) . Now, a third fatty acid elongating system, malonyl-CoA-dependent and ACP-non-requiring, has been isolated from an extract of this microorganisms, separately from each of the previous two elongating systems . Primer specificity and cofactor requirements, especially of pyridine-nucleotide-coenzyme, of the last elongation system also distinguish it from the two previously known systems . All three systems, however, were found in a soluble fraction of M . smegmatis, therefore the regulatory mechanism for these elongation systems should be investigated hereafter.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Sep, 35(9), 1156 - 9
Studies on the alpha-glucoside hydrolase inhibitor, adiposin . II . Taxonomic studies on the producing microorganism; Namiki S et al.; Streptomyces sp . TM-521 which produced alpha-glucoside hydrolase inhibitors, adiposins, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Hoya City, Tokyo . The strain belonged to the "gray color" series type of the ISP-classified Streptomyces . From the taxonomic studies, the strain TM-521 resembled with Streptomyces calvus in the morphological and physiological properties . This strain was accordingly identified as a strain of Streptomyces calvus.

J Anim Sci, 1982 Sep, 55(3), 673 - 9
Comparison of N,N-dimethyldodecanamine with antibiotics on in vitro cellulose digestion and volatile fatty acid production by ruminal microorganisms; Baldwin KA et al.; Eleven antibiotic compounds used in animal production, were compared with N,N-dimethyldodecanamine for their effects on in vitro cellulose digestibility and VFA production . Dose-response data were analyzed statistically to determine the concentration for each compound which would inhibit cellulose digestion of VFA production by 50%, thereby providing a convenient reference point for evaluation of the amine with respect to the antibiotics . Chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and penicillin inhibited cellulose digestion by 17 to 35% and VFA production by 18 to 26% at concentrations of 2.5 micrograms/ml, while N,N-dimethyldodecanamine and dihydrostreptomycin at concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml inhibited cellulose digestion and VFA production by 5 to 19% . For similar inhibitive effects, bacitracin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole were required in concentrations of 25 micrograms/ml . Tylosin at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml inhibited cellulose digestion and VFA production by about 80 and 50%, respectively, and monensin was effective at 5 micrograms/ml . In general, compounds of lesser importance for growth promotion in ruminants (sulfathiazole, sulfanilamide and kanamycin) had a less inhibitory effect on cellular digestion and VFA production in vitro . N,N-dimethyldodecanamine was more effective than these compounds but repressed cellulolytic activity less than those antibiotics (chlortetracycline, oxytetraxycline and monensin) that are most effective in improving feed efficiency.

Rev Belge Med Dent, 1982 Sep, 37(5), 202 - 5
{Significance of immunologic mechanisms in the etiology and development of parodontopathies}; Adriaens PA; The role of the immunological mechanisms in the development of periodontal disease . THe cellular and humoral immune mechanisms and their possible role in the development of periodontal disease are reviewed . In tissues, exposed to a bacterial challenge, these mechanisms are protective as well as destructive for the host . A specific etiological relationship between periodontal disease and certain oral microorganisms could only be found for a few species . A series of laboratory tests can yield information concerning the immunological incompetence during the evolution of the disease . To allow for a correlation with the immunological and bacterilogical findings, a well-defined clinical classification of the different disease entities is necessary.

Immun Infekt, 1982 Sep, 10(5), 175 - 9
{Are Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis the results of an immunoregulatory disturbance?}; Raedler A et al.; The increasing knowledge regarding the regulation of immunological processes has stimulated different approaches to the analysis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases . The well documented independence of the mucosa-associated immune system favours data obtained analysing immunological reactions within the mucosa . Thus lymphocytes and antibodies isolated from the mucosa are consequently used instead of those obtained from peripheral blood . Despite of an initiation by exogenic agents such as allergenic food constituents for microorganisms there is a growing body of evidence pointing to an immunoregulatory disturbance as underlying pathogenic mechanism for these diseases . This hypothesis is discussed regarding recent observations of a contrasuppressive circuit of regulatory lymphocytes in the murine intestine.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Sep, 43(9), 1573 - 5
Influence of contractility of papillary sphincter muscle on penetrability of the papillary duct in the bovine quarter after machine milking; Lefcourt AM; It has been suggested that machine milking causes the papillary sphincter muscle (teat sphincter muscle) to relax or to stretch and therefore increases the probability of successful penetration of the papillary duct (streak canal) by microorganisms . To determine the potential for contractile tension of the papillary sphincter muscle to influence penetrability of the papillary duct, selected quarters of individual cows were treated to cause the sphincter muscles to contract at 10 minutes after milking . All quarters were then subjected to a penetrability assay . To cause the papillary sphincter muscles to contract, 1 quarter was dipped into ice water and a 2nd quarter was squeezed twice at the papillary tip . Ice water increases base-line contractile tension and squeezing induces 1 or more rhythmic contractions of the teat sphincter muscle . To measure penetrability, Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 microgram in 2.5 microliters of distilled water; type O128; B12) was inserted 3 mm into all quarters . A 3rd teat was then squeezed at its tip . The 4th teat served as a control . This procedure was repeated for 5 days or until individual quarters responded in terms of a precipitous increase in the Wisconsin mastitis test score . Of a total of 345 observations, chi 2 analysis indicated that the proportion of responsive quarters was the same for each of the 4 treatment groups . Overall, it would seem that the contractile state of the teat sphincter muscle after milking does not significantly affect penetrability of the papillary duct, at least in terms of a solute, such as endotoxin . However, in a subset of animals, pretreating teats to increase contractile tension actually enhanced penetrability.

Mutat Res, 1982 Sep, 99(2), 129 - 242
Genetic effects of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and its homologs; Gichner T et al.; Since the discovery of the mutagenic activity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in 1960, this compound has become one of the most widely used chemical mutagens . The present paper gives a survey on the chemistry, metabolism, and mode of interaction of MNNG with DNA and proteins, and of the genotoxic effects of this agent on microorganisms, plants, and animals, including human cells cultured in vitro . Data on the carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of MNNG as well as on the genotoxic effects of homologs of MNNG are also presented.

Rev Infect Dis, 1982 Sep-Oct, 4 Suppl, S392 - 5
Penetration of cefotaxime into bronchial secretions; Bergogne-Berezin E et al.; The penetration into bronchial secretions of cefotaxime, a new, highly active cephalosporin, was studied in 45 patients with respiratory infections . Ten patients received 0.75 g and 25 received 1 g of cefotaxime intramuscularly; 10 patients received a 30-min intravenous infusion of 2 g of cefotaxime . Samples of bronchial secretions were obtained by means of fiber-optic bronchoscopy after a single dose in all patients and after three and seven days of treatment in 30 and 15 patients, respectively . Simultaneous serum samples were collected for determination of the relationship between the levels of drug in bronchial secretions and those in serum . Assays were performed by microbiologic agar diffusion . In 30 cases bacteriologic analysis determined the minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefotaxime for the bacteria isolated from sputum . Mean peaks in bronchial secretions reached 1.5-2.5 microgram/ml (according to the groups) after 3 hr; individual concentrations varied according to the dose, the route of administration, and the duration of the treatment . Ratios between the levels in bronchial secretions and the corresponding levels in serum were approximately 8%-25% after 3 hr, as is usual for other cephalosporins . Cefotaxime reached significant concentrations in bronchial secretions, exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentrations for microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections.

J Gen Physiol, 1982 Sep, 80(3), 377 - 402
Control of intracellular pH . Predominant role of oxidative metabolism, not proton transport, in the eukaryotic microorganism Neurospora; Sanders D et al.; Recessed-tip microelectrodes were used to measure internal pH (pHi) in the fungus Neurospora, and to examine the response of pHi to several kinds of stress: changes of extracellular pH (pHo), inhibition of the principal proton pump in the plasma membrane, and inhibition of respiration . Under control conditions, at pHo = 5.8, pHi in Neurospora is 7.19 +/- 0.04 . Changes of pHo between 3.9 and 9.3 affect pHi linearly but with a slope of only approximately 0.1 unit pHi per unit pHo, stable pHi being reached within 3 min of changed pHo . Despite a postulated high passive permeability of the Neurospora membrane to protons (Slayman, 1970), neither active nor passive H+ transport appears critical to pHi because (alpha) specific inhibition of the proton pump by orthovanadate has little effect on pHi, and (b) cytoplasmic acidification produced by respiratory blockade is unaffected by the size or direction of proton gradient . To convert measured changes in pHi into net proton fluxes, intracellular buffering capacity (beta i) was measured by the weak acid/weak base technique . At pHi = 7.2, beta i was (-) 35 mmol H+ (liter cell water)-1 (pH unit)-1, but beta i increased substantially in both the acid and alkaline directions, which suggests that amino acid side chains are the principal source of buffer.

J Immunol Methods, 1982 Aug 27, 53(1), 69 - 75
The phagocytosis capacity assay: a new radiometric phagocytosis test for clinical use; Suss J et al.; A radiometric technique is described for measuring phagocytosis which does not require separation of extra- and intracellular microorganisms . Following phagocytosis of optimally opsonized yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by mononuclear cells (MNC) or granulocytes, yeast cells remaining extracellular are labeled with {75Se}L-selenomethionine . To measure the phagocytic capacity of the cell population investigated, 1-4 x 10(6) leukocytes are incubated with 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 x 10(6) yeast cells/ml for testing . Depending on the actual number of phagocytes in the cell populations investigated, different optimal yeast cell concentrations may be determined . Provided measurements are carried out at these optima even moderate effects of therapy can be detected . In a preliminary study of 22 patients with Hodgkin's disease it was shown, that the phagocytic activity of the MNC fraction was higher, but the activity of granulocytes lower, than that of the healthy controls . After combined chemotherapy the above mentioned values returned to normal . This simple, exact method is recommended for clinical use.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Aug, 92(2), 373 - 9
Biosynthesis of microvillus membrane-associated glycoproteins of small intestinal epithelial cells in germ-free and conventionalized mice; Umesaki Y et al.; We studied the effect of intestinal microorganisms on the synthesis of membrane-associated glycoproteins in the upper small intestine by intraperitoneally administering L-{3H}fucose, D-{14C}glucosamine, or L-{3H}leucine to germ-free mice and mice exposed to microorganisms for 4 weeks (conventionalized) . The incorporation of the labeled compounds into sucrase-isomaltase complex and maltase was determined by immunoprecipitating Triton X-100-solubilized microvillus membranes with their antibodies . Purified microvillus membranes from germ-free and conventionalized mice differed in the activities of some marker enzymes but not in the number and mobility of the components on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Maximal incorporation of {3H}fucose and {14C}glucosamine into the microvillus membrane and two enzymes was reached 2-3 h post-injection in both groups, however, the amounts incorporated were larger in conventionalized mice . There was little difference in {3H}leucine incorporation into the total glycoproteins of microvillus membranes between the two groups . Our results suggest that the introduction of microorganisms stimulates the synthesis of sugar chains of microvillus membrane-associated glycoproteins . The enhanced in vitro fucosyltransferase activity in conventionalized mice partly supports this suggestion.

Biokhimiia, 1982 Aug, 47(8), 1272 - 7
{Interaction of phospholipids with 3-oxosteroid-delta 1-dehydrogenase in adsorptional model biomembranes . Interaction of the enzyme from Mycobacterium rubrum with liposomes}; Lestrovaia NN et al.; A comparative study of the activity of 3-oxosteroid-delta 1-dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium rubrum 121 in solution and after interaction with liposomes prepared from phospholipids of the same microorganism was carried out . It was demonstrated that at pH 6.6 the enzyme activity in the presence of liposomes is increased . The dependence of this effect on the amount of phospholipids and protein in the system, on the ratio and on the time of their coincubation was established . The activating effect of liposomes is not changed by Mg2+ or EDTA . The crucial role in the enzyme association with the phospholipid matrix belongs to electrostatic bonds which are destroyed upon increase in the ionic strength within the physiological range . The enzyme transition to the free state is accompanied by a fall in the activity . The possible role of these interactions in regulation of enzymatic activity in the cell is discussed.

Infect Immun, 1982 Aug, 37(2), 445 - 51
In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses and titers of humoral antibodies from periodontitis patients to oral spirochete isolates; Mangan DF et al.; Humoral antibodies and in vitro blastogenic responses of patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis and of orally healthy (control) individuals to 11 spirochetes were assayed . Eight isolates of Treponema denticola, two isolates of T . vincentii, and one isolate of T . phagedenis were grown anaerobically, sonicated, and centrifuged to remove cellular debris . The blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured by {3H}-thymidine uptake . Antibody titers (immunoglobulins A, G, and M) to the spirochetes were measured with the micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Dark-field microscopic enumeration of spirochetes was made from subgingival plaque . Spirochetes comprised 20% of the total number of microorganisms seen in plaque from the patients, whereas no spirochetes were seen in plaque from the controls . The blastogenic responses to the spirochetes were not statistically different (P greater than 0.05) between patients and controls . The immunoglobulin G and M antibody titers of the patients were generally lower than the titers of the controls, but the differences were rarely statistically significant . In contrast, the patients possessed significantly higher immunoglobulin A titers to seven spirochetes (T . denticola) . No correlation was found between the percentage of spirochetes in the plaque sample and the blastogenic responses or titers of antibodies from an individual to the 11 spirochetes.

J Clin Invest, 1982 Aug, 70(2), 369 - 78
Destruction of the multicellular parasite Schistosoma mansoni by T lymphocytes; Ellner JJ et al.; The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in host defenses against infectious agents is unknown as these cells have not previously been demonstrated to kill microorganisms directly . We studied the cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects for the multicellular schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni . Unstimulated and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated T cells were cultured with schistosomula at a 5,000:1 effector/target (E:T) ratio for 18 h at 37 degrees C . Unstimulated T cells killed 2.1 +/- 0.6% of schistosomula as judged by dye uptake and did not change their infectivity for mice . In contrast, PHA-stimulated T cells killed 41.3 +/- 3.1% of schistosomula by dye uptake and 56.7 +/- 7.7% of these organisms could not mature to adult worms in vivo . Killing was associated with and dependent on increased binding of PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes to schistosomula . Significant schistosomula killing first was noted after 2 h of exposure to T cells to PHA and peaked at 24; enhanced killing by PHA-stimulated cells was observed at an E:T ratio of 500:1 and was maximal at 5,000:1 . Exposure of T lymphocytes to oxidative mitogens, soluble antigens, and alloantigens also resulted in enhanced killing of schistomula . These studies show that T lymphocytes activated by a variety of stimuli develop the capacity to kill schistosomula of Schistoma mansoni . Direct killing of infectious agents by cytotoxic T cells may contribute to host resistance to infections.

Vet Med (Praha), 1982 Aug, 27(8), 491 - 6
{Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci and Moraxella bovis from infectious keratoconjunctivitis in lambs}; Travnicek M et al.; Out of 189 lambs in the flock, 25 animals suffered from bilateral or unilateral conjunctivitis, or keratoconjunctivitis . By serological examination (RVK), positive levels of antibodies to the group-specific antigen of Chl . psittaci were found in three out of six lambs examined by laboratory methods . Bacteriological examination of eye smears of six lambs showed in four cases the infection by microorganisms of Moraxella bovis . Smears from the conjunctivas of these lambs were after preparation instilled in the yolk sacs of six to seven days old chicken embryos . One strain of Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from the same material as Moraxella bovis.

J Immunol Methods, 1982 Jul 30, 52(2), 233 - 40
A simple rapid method for quantifying microorganisms by their metabolic activity when bound to a specific adsorbent; Mattiasson B et al.; A simple rapid assay for microorganisms is described . An adsorbent capable of binding microbial cells is deposited in a disposable plastic syringe . A sample to be analyzed is drawn into the syringe and the number of attached microorganisms is calculated from their ability to produce metabolites . The smallest number of yeast cells in a given sample was 50,000 . Each analysis takes 2.5 h.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Jul-Aug, 51(4), 606 - 10
{Organotrophic growth and the synthesis of an autoregulatory factor in Pseudomonas carboxydoflava}; Svetlichnyi VA et al.; The organotrophic growth of Pseudomonas carboxydoflava Z-1107 was studied in media limited or non-limited with respect to carbon and nitrogen sources . The organotrophic growth was found to decelerate not only when carbon and nitrogen sources were exhausted but also when their content was high enough . At all of the growth phases, P . carboxydoflava could synthesize butanol-soluble substances capable of inhibiting the respiration and growth of the microorganism (the autoregulator factor d) and release them into the cultural broth . The dynamics of accumulation of the factor d in the cultural broth was determined using an arbitrary criterion (the inhibition of respiration in the control culture) . The authors discuss a possibility to explain the deceleration of P . carboxydoflava organotrophic growth in a medium which is not limited with carbon and nitrogen sources in terms of the accumulation of the factor d in the culture, as well as possible reasons for the absence of a direct correlation between the activity of the factor and the growth rate of the culture.

Res Vet Sci, 1982 Jul, 33(1), 64 - 9
Histopathology of periodontitis ('broken-mouth') in sheep: a further consideration; Cutress TW et al.; Histological observations of serial sections through the anterior teeth and periodontia of mature five-year-old sheep with 'broken-mouth' revealed two important histopathological features which advance the understanding of the disease mechanism . The periodontal pockets may extend not only in a vertical but also in a horizontal direction . The host response associated with microbial plaque at the advancing front and the more established regions showed obvious cellular differences . At the advancing front emigrating neutrophils are very evident, the pocket epithelium very thin, sometimes with microulceration . In the more established regions dense plasma cell infiltrates are common, with low numbers of neutrophils . It was concluded that broken-mouth periodontitis results from an active progression of plaque-forming oral microorganisms (of unknown species) advancing along the root surface between the cementum and periodontal tissues.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1982 Jul, 37(7), 494 - 500
Synthesis and biological activity of some new substituted aminoacyl-carbazole derivatives . Part II; El-Naggar AM et al.; 3-Nitro-9-(N-phthalyl- and N-tosylaminoacyl)carbazoles (II-XI) have been synthesized by the action of 3-nitro-9H-carbazole (I) on N-phthalyl- or N-tosylamino acid in THF-Et3N medium using the DCC method . Treatment of the 3-nitro derivatives (II-XI) with Sn/HCl gave the corresponding 3-amino-9-(N-phthalyl- or N-tosylaminoacyl)carbazoles (XII-XIX) . Hydrazinolysis of the N-phthalylcarbazoles derivatives (III-VII) in ethanol gave the corresponding 3-nitro-9-(aminoacyl) carbazoles (XX-XXIII) . Compounds (II-XI and XXI, XXII) were found to be active against some microorganisms.

J Invest Dermatol, 1982 Jul, 79 Suppl 1, 154s - 159s
Elastases and elastin degradation; Werb Z et al.; The metabolic turnover of mature elastin fibers in adult animals is relatively slow . Although only small amounts of elastin are degraded normally, increased degradation and fragmentation of elastic fibers may play a significant role in disease processes . Elastinolytic enzymes are found in microorganisms, snake venoms, and in a number of mammalian cells and tissues, including pancreas, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and macrophages . Elastinolytic enzymes fall into all 4 classes of proteinases (aspartic, cysteine, serine, and metallo) and show a spectrum of different specificities . All elastases studied to date have catalytic activity against protein and peptide substrates other than elastin . The presence of elastase activity is a virulence factor associated with the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas and other bacteria, dermatophytic fungi, and necrosis by rattlesnake venoms . Only elastinolytic enzymes are capable of inducing experimental pulmonary emphysema . Elastin degradation mediated by living macrophages and trophoblasts is confined to the immediate pericellular environment . Destruction of mature elastin by other mammalian elastases is probably the result of an imbalance in the normal inhibitor-proteinase ratio . The major plasma inhibitors contributing to the regulatory balance are alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha 2-macroglobulin.

Acta Leprol, 1982 Jul-Sep, (88), 23 - 31
Replication of Mycobacterium leprae in hibernating ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus); Galletti G et al.; Subcutaneous injections of 10(6) acid-fast bacteria from human lepromatous tissue to hibernating ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus) is followed by generalized infection of the animals and spontaneous death . The number of mycobacteria is high in the skin of GS during winter and decreases during summer . Animals surviving the first hibernation period invariably die during the second . The number of microorganism in the visceral organs is low at all times . The system of infected hibernating GS is a valuable model for the experimental study of leprosy.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Jul, 44(1), 149 - 52
Microbial models of mammalian metabolism: O-dealkylation of para-alkoxybiphenyls; Smith RV et al.; The potential of selected microorganisms to O-dealkylate alkyl aryl ethers in a manner analogous to mammalian systems has been studied . A total of 45 fungi and actinomycetes were screened for their ability to O-demethylate 4-methoxybiphenyl . Of the 20 organisms found to actively metabolize this substrate, 5 were chosen for additional study . Incubation with a series of five homologous 4-alkoxybiphenyls, 4-methoxy-, 4-ethoxy, 4-(1-propoxy)-, 4-(2-propoxy)-, and 4-(1-butoxy)biphenyl, revealed that all were O-dealkylated by Aspergillus flavus ATCC 24741 . With Triton X-100 as a solubilizing agent, the relative rates and extent of O-dealkylation of the 4-alkoxybiphenyls, were studied with A . flavus . The methoxy and ethoxy dervatives were dealkylated in more than 90% yield after 72 h of incubation, while the higher homologs were cleaved to the extent of only about 10% . An analogous pattern of O-dealkylation has been reported in mammalian systems.

J Pharm Sci, 1982 Jul, 71(7), 833 - 4
Edetate disodium-mediated chloramphenicol resistance in Pseudomonas cepacia; Nielsen PA et al.; The presence of edetate disodium decreased the susceptibility of a particular strain of Pseudomonas cepacia to chloramphenicol . The mechanism of this edetate disodium effect, which may be unique to this strain, remains obscure . Tests showed no enzymatic destruction by the microorganism of the chloramphenicol nor any chemical complexation of the antibiotic by the salt . The possibility does exist that edetate disodium alters the cell envelope or cytoplasmic membrane so as to block the transport of chloramphenicol to its site of action within the cell . This possibility is now under investigation.

Int J Pept Protein Res, 1982 Jul, 20(1), 1 - 7
Synthesis and biological activity of some new 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloyl- and 3,6-diamino-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids and dipeptide derivatives; El-Naggar AM et al.; Synthesis of a series of 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids (II-IX) and some of their corresponding methyl esters (X-XVI) and 3,6-diamino-1:8-naphthaloylamino acid derivatives (XXIX-XXXVI) is described . Coupling of 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids with amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides in dioxane-DMF-Et3N medium using DCC method furnishes the desired 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloyldipeptide methyl esters (XVII-XXVIII) . Most of the synthesized 3,6-dinitro-1:8-naphthaloylamino acids, esters and dipeptide derivatives (compounds III-VI, XI-XV, XVII, XIX-XXI, XXIII and XXV) and 3,6-diamino-1:8-naphthaloylamino acid derivatives (XXIX-XXXV) were found to be active against a number of microorganisms.

Rev Infect Dis, 1982 Jul-Aug, 4(4), 756 - 62
Immune responses in parasitic diseases . Part B: mechanisms; Chandra RK; A number of host defenses provide variable resistance against parasites . From the biological point of view, invading parasites must not eliminate the susceptible host population; therefore, antiparasite immunity plays an essential role in limiting the invasion and proliferation of parasites . Several differences exist between immune responses to parasites and immune responses to other microorganisms . Effector mechanisms include T lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory granuloma formation and encapsulation involving the deposition of fibrous tissue . In some instances, passive immunity can be transferred by serum antibodies . Antibodies may act via complement fixation, granulocyte adhesion, opsonization, inhibition of invasion, or mast cell degranulation . Of the nonspecific factors, macrophage activation, natural killer cells, and serum factors other than antibodies are critical in the battle against parasites . The net result of these immune responses may be antiparasitic, proparasitic, of no consequence to either host or parasite, or harmful to the host.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Jun 11, 297(1088), 447 - 57
New dimensions in microbiology: an introduction; Bull AT et al.; Microbiology--a century on from Koch's pioneering development of monoculture techniques--is steadily changing from traditional studies of pure cultures and their growth on single substrates to those in which new dimensions are being added . These new dimensions include the analysis of mixed substrates, mixed cultures and multiphase systems in which microorganisms grow on or within solid substrates . While it has long been recognized that metabolism of complex substrate mixtures, such as the contents of the rumen, may require a complex community of microorganisms, a new concept is the metabolism of single substrates, whether complex or simple, by stable communities of different organisms, so stable that some have been handled for years as monocultures and named accordingly . Finally, the widespread occurrence of genetic exchange between microorganisms has introduced an entirely new dimension to the older ideas of stable organisms only altering their metabolic potentialities by rare mutational events.

Biometrics, 1982 Jun, 38(2), 371 - 6
Estimation of the efficacy of thermal microbial disinfection; Sundararaj N et al.; A new biometric model is presented for the rate of thermal disinfection of a microbial population . Unlike the usual approach, this model incorporates random errors arising at two stages into exponential kinetics . The first such stage is a result of sampling at the initial time of deposition of the microorganisms . The second stage corresponds to the variation arising from the subsequent experimentation . Maximum likelihood estimation of the 'decimal reduction time' parameter, tau, is described together with a numerical application and simulation study of the efficiency of estimation of tau under the usual model and the new model.

Am J Orthod, 1982 Jun, 81(6), 441 - 6
Corrosion of resin-bonded orthodontic brackets; Gwinnett AJ; The objective was to identify the nature and origin of indelible black and green stains found in enamel after the removal of bonded orthodontic brackets . Several brackets were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis . Irrespective of the type of bracket or resin, morphologic evidence of corrosion activity was found . Brackets were pitted, and in some cases large amounts of metal were missing . Cracks were found in the resin which led to sites of destruction in which structures resembling microorganisms were also found . X-ray analysis showed the presence of chromium, nickel, iron, and chlorine in significant amounts in the bonding, discolored resin . It was concluded that the cracks were favoring crevice corrosion . In the presence of organisms and a lowered pH, together with a chloride environment and an oxygen gradient, conditions conducive to corrosion are established.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Jun, 35(6), 692 - 702
Deoxy derivatives of butirosin A and 5"-amino-5"-deoxybutirosin A, aminoglycoside antibiotics resistant to bacterial 3'-phosphorylative enzymatic inactivation . Synthesis and NMR studies; Woo PW et al.; 3'-Deoxybutirosin A (4), 5"-amino-3', 5"-dideoxybutirosin A (6), and 5"-amino-4', 5"-dideoxybutirosin A (7) were prepared by deoxygenation of the appropriate hydroxyl in suitably protected derivatives of butirosin A, using sequentially trifluoromethylsulfonylation, displacement with benzenethiolate, and hydrogenolysis . The structures of the compounds were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, using 13C NMR and 1H NMR at up to 600 MHz . The compounds are broad-spectrum antibiotics active against resistant microorganisms which inactivate butirosin and related aminoglycosides by 3'-phosphorylation.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1982 May, 176(2-3), 116 - 23
{Microbial colonization of moistered bitumen and high-grade steel plaids revealed by scanning electron micrographs}; Schoenen D et al.; There have been some reports about the increase of colonic counts and microbial growth on the surface of materials in the sphere of tap water . But there have been no hints about the development of the initial colonization with microorganisms from the water to a growth on the surface . The development of a microbial community on high-grade steel or solvent containing bitumen was revealed in a comparative study by scanning electron microscopy . There was hardly any increase in the count of bacteria on high-grade steel during the four weeks exposition . On bitumen there was a dense and multilayered growth with bacteria . Already within one week the number of bacteria on bitumen was much higher than on high-grade steel.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1982 May-Jun, 18(3), 339 - 42
{Effect of the nutrient medium composition on biotin biosynthesis by an Actinomyces species 313-152 culture}; Akishina RI et al.; The effect of the composition of the nutrient medium on the biosynthesis of biotin by the culture Actinomyces species 313-152 was investigated . This microorganism can synthesize biotin on simple and complex media . The biotin synthesis is stimulated by oleic acid and Tween-80 utilized by the culture as a carbon source . The exogenous biotin added at concentrations of 1 x 10(-8) M to 1 x 10(-6) M to the medium containing fodder yeast hydrolyzate and Tween-80 did not inhibit the synthesis by the culture Actinomyces species 313-152.

J Pharm Sci, 1982 May, 71(5), 595 - 6
Decreases in ciliary beat frequency due to intranasal administration of propranolol; van de Donk HJ et al.; Recently the intranasal application of 5% propranolol was proposed in order to prevent the extensive first-pass metabolism of this drug . The ciliary epithelium in the nose affects the removal of dust, allergens, and microorganisms . The decreasing effect of propranolol on the ciliary beat frequency of human adenoid tissue and chicken embryo tracheas was measured with a photoelectric registration device . After nasal application of 5% propranolol, the drop is diluted by the nasal mucus . It was found that even 0.1% propranolol had a deleterious effect on the cilia of chicken and human tissue . Ciliary movement was arrested irreversibly within 20 min.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982 May, 125(5), 607 - 9
Opsonin-independent phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages: augmentation by human plasma fibronectin; Czop JK et al.; A trypsin-sensitive membrane recognition unit that mediates phagocytosis of particulate activators of the human alternative complement pathway is present on human alveolar macrophages . Fragmented human plasma fibronectin selected by affinity chromatography with a monoclonal antifibronectin antibody augments this capacity . These data suggest a nonimmune mechanism for the clearance of some microorganisms from the opsonin-deficient microenvironment of the lung in which the alveolar macrophage is the principal resident phagocyte.

Andrologia, 1982 May-Jun, 14(3), 250 - 5
Sperm immobilization by dental focus microorganisms; Linossier A et al.; Focal infections and their ability to produce alterations in different tissues have been in dispute for long time . The purpose of this work was to observe "in vitro" the effect of an Escherichia coli filtrate obtained from open pulpar necrosis on human sperm motility . It was observed that the E . coli filtrate produced a loss in sperm motility . The immobilizating factor was studied and characterized as a heat-stable, resistant to lyophilization and non-dializable substance, which could via blood stream reach the male reproductive system and affect sperm motility.

Genetika, 1982 May, 18(5), 693 - 702
{Effect of nonviral parasitic agents on the cytogenetic apparatus of animals and man}; Il'inskikh NN; On the basis of literature survey, it is shown that many non-viral microorganisms (Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmata, Bacteria, Protozoa) and some Helminths are able to induce substantial aberrations in the chromosome number and the structure of human and animal cells . The data concerning possible factors of aggressiveness of the agents favouring cytogenetic disturbances are presented . Close association between immunoreactivity and the ability of parasitic agents to induce mutations in the organism conditions is emphasized.

Obstet Gynecol, 1982 May, 59(5), 556 - 9
Evidence for microbial transfer by spermatozoa; Toth A et al.; Ovulatory-phase cervical mucus columns demonstrate that microorganisms migrate in the cervical mucus with moving spermatozoa . Cultures obtained from the distal end of the mucus column after spermatozoal migration was complete yielded the same aerobic and anaerobic microbial isolates that were originally recovered from the seminal fluid . Exogenous aerobic bacteria added to the seminal fluid . Exogenous aerobic bacteria added to the seminal fluid also appeared at the top of the mucus column . After removal of the spermatozoa, no bacteria were observed migrating through the mucus . It is concluded that spermatozoa may provide a vehicle for bacteria present in the seminal fluid prior to ejaculation and for those already present in the cervix or vagina . The significance of this finding is discussed, and one mechanism for the development of salpingo-oophoritis in the female is proposed.

Infect Control, 1982 May-Jun, 3(3), 240 - 4
An efficacy evaluation of a synergized glutaraldehyde-phenate solution in disinfecting respiratory therapy equipment contaminated during patient use; Townsend TR et al.; Reusable, corrugated, expiratory limb ventilator tubing that had been in use for 24 hours, were randomly allocated to one of three groups: no treatment (N = 36); detergent wash (N = 83); or a detergent wash followed by a 10 minute immersion in a 1:16 dilution of synergized glutaraldehyde-phenate solution which was reused for 30 days . (Between 10 and 22 tubes were tested in each five day interval during this 30-day period.) Tubes were quantitatively and qualitatively cultured . There were significant differences in both the percent of contaminated tubes (no treatment = 92%, detergent wash = 72%, glutaraldehyde-phenate = 0 to 20%) and numbers of microorganisms per tube (no treatment = 3.2 x 10(6), detergent wash = 1.3 x 10(4), glutaraldehyde-phenate = 0 to 182) between groups . There was no apparent decrease in glutaraldehyde-phenate's efficacy throughout the 30-day reuse period, and in the final five days of the reuse period it was completely effective.

Pediatr Res, 1982 May, 16(5), 373 - 6
Superoxide generation by human fetal granulocytes; Newburger PE; Phagocytic leukocytes such as granulocytes and macrophages form an essential part of human host defense against infection by invading microorganisms . The present study demonstrates that normal fetal granulocytes undergo normal activation (i.e., the transition from the resting state to the respiratory burst) with a 75 +/- 23 sec lag time and generate superoxide at 6.7 +/- 2.3 nmole 02-/min/10(6) cells, a rate similar to that of adult granulocytes . Fetal granulocytes also resemble adult cells in the response of the superoxide generating system to temperature change and to the chemical inhibitors N-ethyl maleimide and 2-deoxyglucose . They show the same pattern of differential effects of these perturbations on the lag time and on the rate of superoxide generation as that previously described for adult granulocytes . The process of activation, expressed as the lag time, shows no inhibition at a high temperature that diminishes by 64% the rate of superoxide production . The metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose affects only the rate and not the lag time . Both cyanide (in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose) and the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethyl maleimide inhibit the rate equally when added before or after completion of the activation process.

Am J Epidemiol, 1982 May, 115(5), 729 - 35
Sex partners and herpes simplex virus type 2 in the epidemiology of cancer of the cervix; Graham S et al.; The authors examined the interaction of exposure to various numbers of sex partners and evidence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in cervical neoplasia in 181 cases of cervical dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and cancer of the cervix and 130 control patients in Los Angeles County, California hospitals, in 1974-1979 . Studies by the authors and other investigators have found that risk of cancer of the cervix was enhanced with numbers of sex partners, frequency and duration of using the vaginal douche, early age at first pregnancy, and antibodies to HSV-2 as measured by radioimmunoassay . In this study, it was found that for women with only one or no sex partner in their history, risk was elevated if evidence of antibodies to HSV-2 were present . The same was true for women with two or more sex partners . The risk associated with two or more sex partners was not higher than that for women with one sex partner among those positive for HSV-2, and among those negative for HSV-2 . Thus, although this inquiry needs replication on larger numbers of women, whatever the other microorganisms or carcinogens patients were exposed to with multiple sex partners, there was no apparent effect beyond the fact that HSV-2 raises the risk of cancer of the cervix . This may strengthen credence in the hypothesis that HSV-2 is an etiologic factor in cervical cancer.

Int J Pept Protein Res, 1982 Apr, 19(4), 408 - 12
Synthesis of some biologically active substituted thiazole and thiazoline-amino acid derivatives . Part I; El-Naggar AM et al.; Synthesis of a series of N-(2-acetylaminothiazole-5-sulphonyl) amino acids (II-VI) and some of their corresponding methyl esters (VII-XI) is described . Coupling of N-tosyl-or N-phthalylamino acid with 2-amino-2-thiazoline using the DCC method furnishes 2-(N-tosyl- or N-phthalylamino acyl) amino-2-thiazoline (XII-XXI) . Hydrazinolysis of 2-(N-Pht-L-Phe or N-Pht-L-Ala) amino-2-thiazoline in ethanol afforded 2-(L-Phe or L-Ala) amino-2-thiazoline (XXII and XXIII) respectively . Synthesis of the dipeptide 2-(N-Tos-L-Val-L-Leu) amino-2-thiazoline (XXIV) has been achieved employing the azide method . Sixteen thiazole- and thiazoline-amino acid derivatives were found to be active against a number of microorganisms.

J Forensic Sci, 1982 Apr, 27(2), 366 - 71
Studies on putrefactive ethanol production . I: Lack of spontaneous ethanol production in intact human bodies; Clark MA et al.; The possibility of the production of ethanol by bacterial metabolism of blood glucose was investigated by studying a series of 26 hospital autopsies . The patients died from a wide variety of nontraumatic causes and the bodies were transported within 4 h of death to the morgue, where they were refrigerated for 0 to 28 h before samples of vitreous humor were collected for ethanol analysis . In addition, right heart blood was obtained using sterile technique for cultures as well as ethanol and glucose determinations . Ethanol was measured using gas-liquid chromatography, and glucose values were determined with a glucose oxidase method . In 13 cases, one to three species of microorganisms were isolated, but in no case was a blood or vitreous ethanol value greater than 10 mg/dL recorded . Ethanol values were also less than 10 mg/dL in the 13 cases with negative culture results . These data strongly suggest that de-novo production of ethanol by microbial metabolism does not occur in intact bodies which are refrigerated within 4 h of death . The detection of ethanol under such conditions is therefore probably indicative of antemortem consumption.

Eur J Biochem, 1982 Apr, 123(3), 617 - 27
Biosynthesis of polysaccharides in Acetobacter xylinum . Sequential synthesis of a heptasaccharide diphosphate prenol; Couso RO et al.; The sequential synthesis in vitro of a heptasaccharide diphosphate prenol, containing glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose in the ratio 4:1:1:1 is described . The enzyme preparation consisted of EDTA-treated Acetobacter xylinum cells and UDP-glucose, GDP-mannose, UDP-glucuronic acid and TDP-rhamnose were employed as sugar donors . The compounds soluble in chloroform/methanol/water (1:2:0.3) formed from incubations carried out under different conditions in the presence of a variety of combinations of the donors labeled with 14C, 3H or 32P were analysed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration, partial acid hydrolysis, acetolysis, periodate oxidation, etc . The following structure is proposed for the most complex compound characterized: rhamnosyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-glucosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-glucosyl-(1 leads to 4)-beta-glucuronyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-mannosyl-(1 leads to 3)-beta-glucosyl-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-glucosyl diphosphate prenol . The smaller oligosaccharide diphosphate prenols formed as intermediate steps are also characterized in this or in previous work {Garcia, R . C., Recondo, E . and Dankert, M . A . (1974) Eur . J . Biochem . 43, 93-105; Couso, R . O., Ielpi, L., and Dankert, M . A . (1980) Arch . Biochem . Biophys . 204, 434-443} . The role of these compounds in the biosynthesis of a complex exopolysaccharide that this microorganism forms in addition to cellulose is discussed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 15(4), 558 - 61
Controlled evaluation of the volume of blood cultured in detection of bacteremia and fungemia; Tenney JH et al.; To evaluate the role of the volume of blood cultured in the detection of clinically important bacteremia and fungemia in adults, we evaluated the yield and speed of detection of microorganisms from 5,317 paired 2- and 5-ml samples of blood . The same kind of medium (supplemented peptone broth with 0.03% sodium polyanetholsulfonate) and atmosphere of incubation (open venting units) were used for all blood cultures . Only adequately filled (less than or equal to 80% of stated volume) sets (20-ml tube and 50-ml bottle) were compared statistically . Significantly more bacteria (p less than 0.01), Pseudomonas spp . In particular (P less than 0.05), were isolated from the 5-ml samples of blood . We conclude that the volume of blood cultured is a critical factor in the detection of septicemia . Consequently, valid evaluation of other factors influencing the detection of septicemia must be based on comparisons in which equal volumes of blood are cultured.

Gastroenterology, 1982 Apr, 82(4), 737 - 45
Influence of the interdigestive myoelectric complex on enteric flora in the rat; Scott LD et al.; This study was designed to define the role of the interdigestive myoelectric complex in small intestinal bacteriostasis . In rats, six monopolar electrodes were surgically sewn to the small intestine at equal intervals . One week later myoelectric activity was recorded . Under different experimental conditions, segments of duodenum and ileum were cultured quantitatively, both aerobically and anaerobically . Five groups of 6 electrode-equipped animals each were studied after an overnight fast: rats in which (a) the interdigestive myoelectric complex was present, (b) the interdigestive myoelectric complex was disrupted for 6 h using morphine sulfate, (c) the interdigestive myoelectric complex was disrupted for 15 h using morphine sulfate, (d) the interdigestive myoelectric complex was disrupted for 15 h using phenylephrine, and (e) the interdigestive myoelectric complex returned after 15 h of morphine sulfate effect . In control rats and during baseline records before drug administration in the other four groups, the interdigestive myoelectric complex was present . Activity fronts cycled at regular intervals in the proximal small intestine and moved aborally . Activity fronts disappeared following both morphine and phenylephrine, with varying degrees of inhibition of spike activity . Titers of microorganisms increased after 6 h, becoming statistically significant at 15 h; this effect was seen with both drugs . However, titers were similar to controls in groups 5 . These results show that the interdigestive myoelectric complex is an important regulator at bacterial growth in the small intestine.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982 Apr, (4), 104 - 7
{Experimental verification of the possibilities of a method for predicting the continuous cultivation of microorganisms based on data on their periodic growth}; Zaporozhtsev LN; Experiments realizing the processes of the continuous cultivation of S . typhi have confirmed the suitability of using the graphic method for the prognosing of these processes (Luedeking and Piret, 1959) on the basis of the data on their batch cultivation . The method ensures good conformity with the experimental data . It allows one to determine not only microbial concentration by giving the values of the dilution rate, but also the required dilation rate by giving the values of microbial concentration.

Int J Oral Surg, 1982 Apr, 11(2), 135 - 9
The gigantiform salivary calculus; Isacsson G et al.; The size of salivary calculi may range from small particles to large concrements of several centimetres . One case of a gigantiform salivary calculus located in the Wharton duct of a 48-year-old man is presented . After surgical removal of the 3.6 cm long concrement, it was split into 4 parts . The different parts were used for routine histological studies, production of microradiographs of ground sections and for scanning electron microscopy . Decalcified sections disclosed a specimen made of a homogeneous central nucleus and a peripheral lamellation . The same morphological picture was seen on the microradiographs, where the nucleus showed dense mineralization, and the peripheral part alternating rings of high and low mineral content . Microorganisms, mostly thread-like organisms, were found throughout the entire calculus in specially stained sections . Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the histologic and microradiographic findings . The presence of microorganisms also in the nucleus of the calculus seems to be one important aetiological factor favouring the formation of this gigantiform concrement.

Immunobiology, 1982 Apr, 161(3-4), 392 - 400
In vitro induction of intracellular killing of parasitic protozoa by macrophages; Mauel J; Macrophages play an important role in the defence of the host against infection by certain parasitic protozoa . Aspects of the interaction in vitro between macrophages and Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, and Leishmania spp . are reviewed . These three types of parasites are internalized by phagocytosis; the relationship established between the parasites and intracellular organelles vary, however . Whereas T . cruzi appears to escape from the phagocytic vacuole, T . gondii inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion, and Leishmania proliferates within the phagolysosomal environment . Macrophages can be activated in vitro, by incubation with lymphokine-rich media, to kill these parasites . Destruction of these microorganisms requires that an adequate supply of oxygen metabolites be produced . Variations in the levels of endogenous scavengers of such metabolites in both macrophages and parasites may explain differences in the susceptibility of parasites to killing by activated macrophages.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 43(4), 814 - 8
Dye-coupled electrode system for the rapid determination of cell populations in polluted water; Nishikawa S et al.; We determined cell populations in polluted waters by using a fuel cell-type electrode . The electrode was constructed from a platinum anode, a silver peroxide cathode, and a membrane filter for retaining microorganisms . The principle of cell number determination is based on sensing a redox dye reduced by the microorganisms with the electrode . Sample solutions containing microorganisms were membrane filtered, and the resulting filter containing microbial cells was attached to the surface of a platinum anode . The electrode was immersed in phosphate buffer solution (0.05 M, pH 7) containing a redox dye (2,4-dichlorophenol-indophenol), and the current generated was measured . The response time of the electrode system was 10 to 20 min, and the current generated was proportional to cell populations above 10(4) cells/ml.

J Reticuloendothel Soc, 1982 Apr, 31(4), 353 - 60
Oxidation of glutathione by the myeloperoxidase system; Turkall RM et al.; Oxidation of glutathione (GSH) by the myeloperoxidase (MPO) system was studied . The combination of MPO, H2O2, and a halide ion oxidized GSH . This occurred at a H2O2 concentration too low to oxidize GSH by itself . The MPO-mediated oxidation of GSH required the simultaneous presence of MPO, H2O2, and a halide ion . The system had an acid pH optimum of pH 5.5-6.0 . Iodide was more effective than bromide which in turn was more effective than chloride . The oxidative product was shown to be GSSG, since it could be reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase and NADPH . The MPO-mediated oxidation of GSH may be one mechanism by which this system damages microorganisms.

J Cell Physiol, 1982 Apr, 111(1), 49 - 54
Myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of methionine; Tsan MF; The myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of methionine was studied using a purified canine myeloperoxidase preparation . The system required the simultaneous presence of myeloperoxidase, H2O2, and a halide anion . When 0.1 mM H2O2 was used, the system has a Ph optimum of approximately pH 5-5.5 . Bromide and iodide were much more effective than chloride in the myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of methionine . Horseradish peroxidase was unable to oxidize methionine whether chloride or iodide was used . In contrast, lactoperoxidase oxidized methionine in the presence of iodide but not chloride . Based on studies of 1) the effect of various inhibitors and singlet oxygen quenchers, as well as 2) the effect of D2O on the oxidation of methionine, by the myeloperoxidase system, OCI-, or methylene blue, it was shown that the oxidation of methionine by the myeloperoxidase system was not mediated by OCI- or 1O2 . The mechanism of the myeloperoxidase-mediated oxidation of methionine remains unclear . However, it may be one mechanism by which the myeloperoxidase system damage microorganisms.

Vopr Pitan, 1982 Mar-Apr, (2), 56 - 9
{Origin of the pinkish coloration of rye grain}; Kuvaeva IB et al.; The grain requires pink coloration while in the fields during grain ripening in the stage of picking maturity with this coloration being absent in the stage of gold ripeness . Of the microorganisms that form pink, red or orange pigments, Fusarium, Trichothecium roseum and Epicoccum, were detected to reveal high degree of fungal affection, particularly with Fusarium, of freshly harvested pink-colored grain and grain in the stage of gold ripeness during rainy and cool summer . It was demonstrated that upon grain storage the fungi Fusarium rapidly disappear and are detected in far less quantities on mycological analysis . It was shown that sterile grain of rye and wheat contaminated with pure cultures of Fusarium isolated from the grain samples examined shows red pigment seen during the growth of the individual strains of the fungi.

Ital J Neurol Sci, 1982 Mar, 3(1), 49 - 57
Congenital toxoplasmosis: histological and ultrastructural study; Fenzi F et al.; A case of congenital toxoplasmosis is reported in which the patient died at 32 days following seizures, coma and respiratory disturbances . Neuropathological examination showed numerous foci of softening throughout the brain . Histological examination disclosed widespread areas of inflammatory necrosis . Circumscribed areas of granulomatous inflammation were also found . Cysts containing a variable number of microorganisms and toxoplasmas free in the damaged areas were frequently observed . Small calcifications were scattered in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia . Electron microscopy of postmortem brain specimens demonstrated toxoplasmas at various stages of development . The microorganism is enveloped by a two-layered membrane, the pellicle . Replication occurs in a vacuole inside the host cell . Following replication the newly formed parasites, the trophozoites, are released . Several replications without release may also occur with consequent cyst formation . The motile form of the toxoplasma, the tachyzoite, is fusiform with truncated cone shape of the anterior ending which is the presenting surface modified for host cell penetration . The modality of transplacental transmission and the clinical syndromes associated with toxoplasma infection are discussed . EM even of post mortem material contributes to knowledge of the structure of the parasite and of its life cycles.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1982 Mar-Apr, 16(2), 4 - 10
{Space biology in the 3d decade}; Gazenko OG et al.; The paper reviews the major results of experiments on microorganisms, plants and animals flown onboard space vehicles during the past two decades . To explain the experimental findings, it is hypothesized that living beings develop an indirect adaptation to gravity effects which has a bearing only on the phylogenetic process.

Infect Immun, 1982 Mar, 35(3), 1011 - 7
Cytotoxic cells induced after Chlamydia psittaci infection in mice; Lammert JK; The ability of spleen cells from Chlamydia psittaci-infected mice to lyse C . psittaci-infected and uninfected target cell monolayers was studied . The cytotoxicity assay used was a terminal label method in which the number of adherent target cells surviving the interaction with effector cells was determined by measuring the uptake of {3H}uridine by such cells . It was observed that in the first few days postinfection (3 to 5), spleens contained cells that lysed infected and uninfected targets with equal efficiency . Subsequently, infected targets were killed primarily . The activity of effector spleen cells for infected targets continued, although at a reduced level, beyond 21 days postinfection . Intact effector cells were required since a disruption by sonication resulted in a loss of cytotoxicity . The enhanced killing observed with infected targets was also observed when target cells were sensitized with heat- or UV-inactivated C . psittaci . This study suggests that the induction of cytotoxic cells after C . psittaci infection may contribute to the ability of the host to control multiplication of the microorganism.

Poumon Coeur, 1982 Mar-Apr, 38(2), 101 - 10
{Infective pneumopathies of immunosuppression}; Leclerc P et al.; Advances in the therapy of tumors or for the maintenance of grafts have improved survival in a large number of patients, but at the price of repeated complications due to the induced immunodeficiency state . Pulmonary infections are a frequent occurrence, and while some are easily recognized and treated, others must be precisely diagnosed, as only early specific treatment can avoid the often fatal outcome . Various techniques have therefore been developed to obtain specimens for microorganism isolation before having ultimate recourse to a surgical lung biopsy . It is in this field that the most marked progress is currently being made . The different microorganisms responsible for these affections are reviewed, the majority being common to the immunodeficiency state, while others are encountered more frequently as a function of the underlying disorder and of the ecological conditions in each centre.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1982 Mar-Apr, 18(2), 202 - 6
{Factors increasing exoprotease activity in the associative cultures of coryneform bacteria}; Milovanova II et al.; Specific features of the effect of Artrobacter citreus on the biosynthesis of fibrinolytic enzymes of Nocardia sp . 1 were investigated during the combined cultivation of both microorganisms . It was demonstrated that an increase in the synthesis of fibrinolytic proteases in the mixed culture of A . citreus and N . species 1 was determined by the compounds containing in the A . citreus supernatant rather than by the nutrient deficiency.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Mar, 251(3), 380 - 8
Mycobacterial antibodies after tuberculin testing, BCG- vaccination, BCG-immunotherapy and against cross-reacting antigens in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay; Mauch H et al.; A solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) was used to investigate several factors influencing false positive and negative results in serodiagnostic test for tuberculosis, Unheated cytoplasmic fractions of mycobacteria, and other microorganisms were bound to polystyrol and antibody binding of sera from tuberculous, non tuberculous hospitalized patients and healthy adults was tested by the SPRIA-method . The level of antibody concentration in the SPRIA reflects roughly cross-reactivity between the antigens . Similar antibody binding occurred with M . tuberculosis, M . bovis, M . ulcerans and several "atyical" mycobacteria as test antigens, while other mycobacterial species and one of two tested tuberculin preparation (PPD) showed less antibody binding capacity . Significant cross-reactivity of fourty to sixty per cent was found between M . tuberculosis and N . asteroides but no cross-reaction was observed with C . parvum, S . typhi, S . paratyphi, C . Albicans or Aspergillus niger . Heating of mycobacterial cytoplasmic antigen resulted in a decrease of the test specifity . Tuberculin testing and intracutaneous BCG-vaccination in healthy adults had no distinct influence on the antibody response against several mycobacterial test antigens . However, a rapid increase of antibody levels was documented in melanoma patients after BCG-immunotherapy by sacrification with a more concentrated vaccine.

Anthropol Anz, 1982 Mar, 40(1), 19 - 31
{Long-term decomposition of bones . 1 . Mineral phase}; Herrmann B et al.; Based on the alteration of microstructure and gross features caused by long term fate of bony substance a model of decomposition of bone mineral is outlined . Destruction of the corps by microorganisms leads on the whole to an acid milieu . Hence hydroxyapatite is turned into brushite, which is more soluble in acid media . As this mineral is formed in a space consuming way, the expanding brushite-masses support mechanical destruction of bony substance by cracking the lamellary systems . Both mechanical stress by formation of brushite and transformation of hydroxyapatite to this mineral compound are main features for dead bone decomposition.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Mar, 35(3), 335 - 42
Plasmid DNA in the erythromycin producing microorganism, Streptomyces erythreus NRRL 2338; Yi-guang W et al.; Streptomyces erythreus NRRL 2338, the erythromycin producing microorganism, contains extrachromosomal (plasmid) DNA . Four different plasmids, pSE1, pSE2, pSE4 and pSE6 present in the wild-type strain have characteristic mobilities on agarose gel electrophoresis, molecular weight and restriction endonuclease digestion patterns . Treatment of the wild-type strain with ethidium bromide or acridine orange gave two variants, one that could not convert erythronolide B to 3 (alpha)-mycarosylerythronolide B and another than produced 2 approximately 3 times more erythromycin A than the parental strain . Although the plasmid DNA profile of these two variants is different from the wild-type strain, it is not possible to conclude that any of the structural genes for erythromycin biosynthesis are located on the plasmids of S . erythreus NRRL 2338.

Sem Hop, 1982 Feb 4, 58(5), 268 - 74
{Bacteriologic and pharmacodynamic basis for treating bacterial meningitis (author's transl)}; Armengaud M; In managing bacterial meningitis, the essential rule, stated by Chabbert, is to achieved antibiotic concentrations in the CSF which exceed the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) Several factors must be considered, related either to the microorganism itself (virulence, sensitivity, density of the cultured sample, resistance to metabolites, inactivation of the antibiotic by purulent CSF) or to the patient (initial site of infection, immunologic deficiency, csf clearance) . As to the antibiotic liposolubility, free plasma fraction, and route of administration, are the factors which affect it's passage towards the CSF.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1982 Feb, 125(2), 222 - 32
Cultured cell lines for research on pulmonary physiology available through the American type culture collection; Hay RJ et al.; Procedures are described by which cell lines of potential use for studies on pulmonary physiology were developed or otherwise obtained, characterized, and banked for distribution to the scientific community . Seventy-seven cell lines were submitted under this program . Forty-eight of these exhibited adequate doubling potential and were of sufficient interest and purity to permit accessioning and banking for distribution . An additional 12 lung cell lines had been added earlier during development of the Cell Repository . In all, 4 presumptive type II alveolar lines, 2 nonspecified epithelial-like lines, 2 endothelial lies, 1 mesothelial line, and 51 fibroblastlike lines are available . Eighteen species including humans, monkeys, and common laboratory animals are represented . An additional 19 lines were retained as token holdings because they either exhibited insufficient doubling potential or represented duplicate samples of differing passage levels . Ten lines were rejected because of poor viability, presence of contaminant microorganisms, or inappropriate species identification by the donor . The lines will be retained at the ATCC for distribution on request to the scientific community at large . As newly developed strains are identified and made available these may also be added to the existing collection . Appropriate cooperation from the scientific community and support from governmental funding agencies are required and acknowledge.

Gastroenterology, 1982 Feb, 82(2), 268 - 75
Luminal lymphoid cells in the rabbit intestine; Heatley RV et al.; In normal rabbits, lymphocytes have been identified in large numbers on the luminal epithelial aspects of both Peyer's patches and the appendix by scanning and transmission electron microscopy . Luminal cells shared an intimate relationship with intestinal microorganisms . Irrigation of the appendiceal lumen has proved a useful technique for collecting 8.5 x 10(6) (mean) viable lymphocytes (73%) and macrophages (22%) . Functional characteristics (mitogen responsiveness, T-cell numbers and cells with positive cytoplasmic immunoglobulin A fluorescence) were similar to isolated intestinal mucosal cell preparations . In vivo cytokinetic studies indicated that 50% of luminal appendiceal lymphocytes were recently divided (within 5 h) . The passage of lymphoid cells into the the appendix lumen was antigen responsive, as was the size of the appendiceal lymphoid mass . This evidence suggests that migration of lymphoid cells into the lumen of the intestine in healthy animals occurs normally probably from the gut-associated lymphoid tissue--a phenomenon similar to that observed in the bronchial tract . Both mucosal surfaces may, therefore, be important sites of lymphocyte and macrophage traffic.

Gann, 1982 Feb, 73(1), 85 - 90
Macrophage activities in sarcoma 180-bearing mice and EL4-bearing mice; Kurashige S et al.; Four types of macrophage activities were studied in sarcoma 180-bearing ICR mice and EL4-bearing C57BL mice . Sarcoma 180 cells grow very slowly and do not metastasize, while EL4 cells grow very rapidly and metastasize rapidly to the liver . Chemotactic activity of macrophages was significantly reduced from an early stage in both sarcoma 180-bearing ICR mice and EL4-bearing C57BL mice as compared with that in normal mice . Digestive activity, which was determined by following O2- production by chemiluminescence measurements was also reduced from an early stage in tumor-bearing mice, whereas no reduction of engulfment activity of microorganisms was observed until an advanced stage in both sarcoma 180-bearing mice and EL4-bearing mice . In contrast enhancement activity of macrophages in the blastogenic response of spleen lymphocytes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide was retained at the normal level at the early stage of the tumor graft and was reduced in later stages . These results suggest that activities of Ia-negative macrophages were at first depressed generally in tumor-bearing hosts and later the activities of Ia-positive macrophages were depressed by factor(s) which might be produced by tumor cells.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1982 Jan 18, 700(2), 247 - 53
Initial sites of insulin cleavage and stereospecificity of carboxyl proteinases from Aspergillus sojae and Pycnoporus coccineus; Ichishima E et al.; Initial cleavage sites of native insulin at a pH of about 3 and stereospecificity were investigated by fungal carboxyl proteinases (EC 3.4.23.6) from ASpergillus sojae, a species of fungi imperfecti, and Pycnoporus coccineus (formerly designated Trametes sanguinea), a wood deteriorating Basidiomycete, respectively . Fungal carboxyl proteinases were used as a model of vertebrate insulin degradation . A . sojae carboxyl proteinase I primarily hydrolyzed two peptide bonds located on the surface of native insulin monomer, the B16-B17 (Tyr-Leu) and B24-B25 (Phe-Phe) bonds, and secondarily the buried bonds, A15-A16 (Gln-Leu), B15-B16 (Leu-Tyr) and B14-B15 (ala-Leu), at pH 3.2 and 30 degree C . The initial cleavage sites of A . sojae carboxyl proteinases I towards native insulin were not identical with the initial cleavage sites towards the oxidized B chain of insulin . P . coccineus carboxyl proteinase Ia selectively hydrolyzed B14-B15 (Ala-Leu), B16-B17 (Tyr-Leu) and B24-B25 (Phe-Phe) bonds in the native insulin at pH 2.7 . Based on these findings we suggest that the stereospecificity of the fungal carboxyl proteinases is similar to that of cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5), and that the synthesis and degradation of insulin may occur in microorganisms.

Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg, 1982, 53, 129 - 36
{Carpeting and air pollution?}; Meckel L; After some introductory remarks concerning the frequency of the usage of textile floor-coverings from 1970 to 1979, the manufacturing processes and the composition of these coverings are briefly discussed with special regard to components which may pollute indoor air . As the back of the carpeting may be considered to be a source for air pollution, the composition of the most wide-spread coatings is given . Some difficulties in evaluating these data are due to the fact that it is difficult to analyze odours . During the last years the question of contamination of the air in kindergartens, schools and hospitals due to the use of carpets has been discussed . The results of different investigations which consider carpets to be the reason for either a decrease or an increase of the concentration of microorganisms in indoor air, are presented . Important criteria for evaluation are the frequency of use and the quality, intensity and frequency of cleaning . House-dust allergies are also discussed in relation to textile floor-coverings . The conclusion is drawn that a carefully manufactured carpet, when suitably used and well entertained, hardly adds to indoor air pollution.

Mikrobiologiia, 1982, 51(5), 877 - 80
{Limit of duration of anabiosis in microorganisms}; Aksenov SI; The extrapolation of data obtained at high temperatures which are used for sterilization shows that the energy of heat excitation must limit the extreme duration of anabiosis to 10(4)-10(5) years at conventional temperatures for the most resistant forms of microorganisms . The span of time within which these forms survive can be limited due to racemization of amino acids and low thermostability of some of them.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1982, 27(6), 390 - 4
Utilization of L- and DL-cystine by the fungus Microsporum gypseum; Kunert J; Growth of the fungus Microsporum gypseum and utilization of cystine during this growth was studied in a glucose-arginine medium containing either sodium sulphate, and L-cystine or DL-cystine . Replacement of sulphate with L-cystine brought about no significant changes in the growth of the microorganism . Utilization of L-cystine as a source of carbon and nitrogen was rapid and complete and excess sulphur was excreted into the medium in the form of sulphate . Similarly excreted were also minute amounts of sulphite which immediately reacted with the remaining cystine to form S . sulphocysteine . Growth of M . gypseum in a medium with DL-cystine was slow . Although this substance was not utilized as readily as L-cystine, its utilization was still complete and excess sulphur was similarly excreted in the form of sulphate and sulphite . The initial step in the utilization of the D-isomer is probably its extracellular deamination.

Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg, 1982, 36(6), 1021 - 8
{Tumor of the nasal cavity unusual in our region . Apropos of a case of rhinosporidiosis}; Vincent Y et al.; Rhinosporidiosis is an ailment of the mucous membranes provoked by a microorganism described by Seeber in 1900 . It is found in Africa, South America, India, Ceylan, Phillipines and Iran . Rhinosporidium Seeberi provokes the appearance of sessile polyps, friable on the mucous membranes . The nasal mucous membrane is affected in 72% of the cases . The symptoms in otorhinolaryngology are in most cases mucous or mucopurulent rhinorrhea, chronic epistaxis and a progressive nasal obstruction . The etiologic diagnosis is based on clinic, on the examination of rhinorrhea and especially on histopathological examination . In case of lesion at nasopharynx level rhinosporidiosis must be differentiated from inflammatory or parasitic lesions, from embryonic or malignant tumour . Prognosis is generally favourable, the treatment is mainly surgical.

Tissue Cell, 1982, 14(4), 703 - 15
The distribution of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper within the hepatopancreas of a woodlouse; Hopkin SP et al.; The distribution of metals within the hepatopancreas of Oniscus asellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) from two uncontaminated sites, and two sites contaminated with zinc, cadmium and lead, has been studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis . The hepatopancreas contains two types of intracellular granule . The first type, in the S cells, are spherical granules which contain copper, sulphur and calcium . In woodlice from contaminated sites, these 'copper' granules, also contain zinc, cadmium and lead . The second type, in the B cells, are flocculent deposits which contain iron . In woodlice from contaminated sites, these 'iron' granules also contain zinc and lead . Moribund woodlice from contaminated sites have large numbers of 'copper' and 'iron' granules in the hepatopancreas and a fine deposit of zinc and lead on the membranes of the cells . There are numerous microorganisms in close association with the microvillous border of the hepatopancreas of woodlice from all four sites . Within the microorganisms of Oniscus asellus from contaminated sites, there are deposits of material which contain zinc, lead, calcium and phosphorus 'Copper' and 'iron' granules could have evolved as storage sites for essential metals to be utilized when demand from the body exceeds uptake from the food . Woodlice in contaminated sites may be able to 'detoxify' potentially harmful amounts of essential and non-essential metals by storing them in a relatively insoluble form within these granules.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1982, 17(6), 737 - 49
Release of soil bound (nonextractable) residues by various physiological groups of microorganisms; Khan SU et al.; Soil bound 14C-labeled residues were released by four different physiological groups of microorganisms from an organic soil treated with 14C-ring-labeled prometryn {2-(methylthio)-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine} . The extent to which the different microbial populations released bound 14C residues (25-30% of the total bound 14C) from the gamma-irradiated soil after 28 days incubation did not differ considerably . Analysis of the extractable material from the incubated soil showed the presence of small amounts of the parent compound, and its hydroxy and mono-N-dealkylated analogues . Low level of 14CO2 (1.5-3.0% of the total bound 14C) was evolved from the microbial systems indicating ring cleavage of the released material as being a very minor reaction.

Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol, 1982, 9(3), 148 - 53
Detection of Leptotrix vaginalis in obstetric pathology; Loiudice L et al.; The authors report on the presence and classification of Leptotrix vaginalis in the vaginal flora of 150 women and compare cytologic and cultural data . This microorganism was detected in 7 cases through observation of stained smears (Papanicolaou's method) . But the cultural examination in many elective media showed different microbic forms in 5 cases and mycetes in two cases only . The authors conclude that the observation of the vaginal fluor, fresh or in preparations stained according to Papanicolaou's method, is insufficient to identify this germ . The smear should always be supplemented by the cultural examination.

Arch Dermatol Res, 1982, 273(3-4), 205 - 17
Analysis of transepidermal leukocyte chemotaxis in experimental dermatophytosis in guinea pigs; Tagami H et al.; In dermatophytosis, there is exocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) toward the fungus-laden horny layer . To analyze this mechanism, we studied in vitro leukotactic properties of epidermal extracts prepared from lesions of experimental Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in guinea pigs as well as fungus-derived chemotactic factors . Trichophyton mentagrophytes was found to release low-molecular-weight PMN chemotactic factors with its growth, like other microorganisms . Furthermore, it activated complement via the alternative pathway to produce complement-derived chemotactic factors in vitro . The epidermal extracts prepared from weakly inflammatory lesions of an early stage of T . mentagrophytes infection showed mild PMN chemotactic activity, which, as in those from irritated skin, was mostly due to the presence of low-molecular-weight chemotactic factors . After 8 days of infection, when prominent PMN migration took place together with the development of immune reactivity to fungus antigens, the epidermal extracts revealed strong leukotactic activity that showed a triphasic pattern by Sephadex G-75 chromatography similar to that observed in complement-activated serum . Since we could not demonstrate any deposition of immunoglobulins and complement on the fungal elements present in the horny layer, actual complement activation in vivo seems to occur after interaction of serum with soluble fungal components in the epidermis through both classic and alternative pathways . We think that the transepidermal migration of PMNs in dermatophytosis, together with contact sensitivity to fungal antigens, is responsible for induction of increased epidermopoiesis with resultant desquamation to eliminate the fungus-laden horny layer.

Laryngoscope, 1982 Jan, 92(1), 68 - 9
Adherence of microorganisms in infections of the respiratory tract; Dudley JP; Although upper respiratory infections are a cause of significant morbidity, the mechanism by which microorganisms have a toxic effect on these mucosal surfaces is only beginning to be understood . Human and animal research has indicated that microbial adherence to the host cell is one of the initial elements responsible for microbial toxicity to respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelium . The role played by adherence is governed by a variety of host and microbial factors . A clearer understanding of the role of these factors should help to promote methods of interfering with this toxic process and thus limit morbidity produced by these infections.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1982, 176(5-6), 546 - 52
{Elimination of bacteria and viruses by flocculation in treated sewage}; Steinmann J et al.; In laboratory experiments the elimination of bacteria and viruses in treated sewage by different flocculants varied between 47.9 and 99.5% . Ferric and aluminum chloride reduced both groups of microorganisms in a greater extent than polyelectrolytes, among those the cationic polymers were better suitable than nonionic and anionic types . With a combination of an anorganic flocculant and an polyelectrolyte no increased effect was seen according to the elimination of the colony number and the number of viruses.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(5), 309 - 26
Microbial transformation of bile acids . A unified scheme for bile acid degradation, and hydroxylation of bile acids; Hayakawa S; Through the isolation and identification of a wide variety of degradation products formed from bile acids by microorganisms, a unified scheme for the complete degradation of bile acids to carbon dioxide and water has been proposed and discussed . The proposed degradative pathways mainly consist of the following steps: natural C24 3-hydroxy bile acids leads to 3-oxo bile acids leads to delta 4-3-oxo bile acids leads to C16 or C18 perhydroindane derivative (at least in two ways) leads to (4 epsilon)-4-methyl-5-oxo-octanedioic acid (at least in three ways) leads to CO2 and H2O . A microbial hydroxylation method for the preparation of bile acid samples was investigated which could be used as reference standards in the analysis of bile acids in biological materials and also as materials for studying the function of bile acids . The particular fungi, Curcularia lunata NRRL-2380, Helicostylum piriforme ATTC-8992 and Pestalotia foedans ATCC-11817 effected the 1 beta-, 11 beta-, 12 beta-, 15 alpha- or 15 beta-hydroxylation of certain bile acids and gave the following products: 1 beta, 3 alpha-, 3 alpha, 12 beta- and 3 alpha, 15 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acids, 3 alpha, 12 beta, 15 alpha- and 3 alpha, 12 beta, 15 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acids and 12 beta, 15 beta-dihydroxy-3-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acids from lithocholic acid; 1 beta, 3 alpha, 12 alpha- and 3 alpha, 12 alpha, 15 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acids and 3 alpha, 11 beta-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid from deoxycholic acid; 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 beta, 15 alpha-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid; 3 alpha-6 alpha, 12 beta- and 3 alpha, 6 alpha, 15 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acids from hyodeoxycholic acid; 3 alpha, 7 beta, 12 beta trihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid from ursodeoxycholic acid; 3 alpha, 12 beta-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid from 3 alpha-hydroxy-7-oxo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid . Some of these products were new compounds and their structures were determined.

Ann Med Interne (Paris), 1982, 133(3), 178 - 81
{Psittacosis as a cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)}; Regnier B et al.; Diagnosis of acute, primary extensive pneumopathies provoking severe hypoxemia is particularly difficult, became of the non-specific radiological findings, resulting from the oedema and associated alveolar collapse, and the fact that the clinical picture and biological test results are not very characteristic of a particular etiology . Similar findings may be obtained, therefore, in bacterial pneumopathies so-called typical pulmonary affections, certain forms of acute, tuberculosis, and other types of infection of three patients admitted for acute respiratory insufficiency, two died after treatment with a betalactamine, alone or associated with an aminoside, subsequent serology providing evidence of psittacosis . Diagnosis was immediately established in the third patient, the wife of one of the other cases, and she recovered after erythromycin treatment . The lungs of the two patients that died showed suggestive bronchiolitis and peribronchiolar alveolitis, together with obliterative alveolar granulations and fibrosis, probably secondary to the psittacosis, and responsible for the fatal outcome . Psittacosis as a cause of an extensive pneumopathy of probable infectious origin may easily pass unrecognized, typical etiologies being infections due to pneumococcus, Legionella pneumophila . Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viruses . Erythromycin, active against these microorganisms, would therefore appear to be the antibiotic therapy that should be prescribed initially, those with wider spectrums being reserved for cases with atypical radiological findings, or when precise bacteriological data is available.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1982, 14(2), 127 - 30
Oral pivampicillin and amoxycillin in newborn infants; Lonnerholm G et al.; Ampicillin was administered intramuscularly and amoxycillin or pivampicillin orally to 14 fasting newborn infants, 6-13 days old, in a cross-over trial . The dose was 50 mg/kg twice daily . The mean peak plasma level of amoxycillin and pivampicillin was 58% (range 35-96%) and 48% (33-82%) of that noted after i.m . ampicillin, which gave a value of about 44 +/- 5 micrograms/ml (mean +/- SEM) in both groups . The area under the time-concentration curve was 75% (range 60-101%) of that of i.m . ampicillin for amoxycillin and 51% (20-76%) for pivampicillin (p less than 0.05) . Both drugs, especially amoxycillin, should be useful for oral treatment of neonatal infections caused by susceptible microorganisms in infants who are not critically ill.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1982, 80, 47 - 51
Ciliary fluid transport: theory and experiment; Liron N; The essence of the discrete-cilia approach to model cilia action was presented, the basic building block being the concentrated force, or Stokeslet . Properties of single Stokeslets and infinite arrays of Stokeslets were discussed . Applications of the theory to the feeding of microorganisms, fluid transport above a ciliary patch, and fluid flow inside a ciliated tube were discussed . In the first two cases experiments exist, and the theory fits well with experiment . The third suggests a possible mechanism for sperm movement up the oviduct.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1982, 17(3), 277 - 89
Aerobic degradation of diuron by aquatic microorganisms; Ellis PA et al.; Degradation of diuron {3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea} by microorganisms obtained from pond water and sediment was determined under aerobic conditions . Enrichment procedures were used to isolate cultures capable of degrading the herbicide . Several mixed fungal/bacterial and mixed bacterial cultures were isolated that could degrade diuron . The mixed cultures degraded 67-99% of the added diuron forming from six to seven products which were separated via TLC . The major degradation product detected in most culture extracts was 3,4-dichloroanaline . Other identified products formed were 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-urea and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea.

Vopr Onkol, 1982, 28(5), 7 - 12
{What the viral theory of tumor origin has contributed to oncology}; Mazurenko NP; The viral theory of tumor origin has proved to be an important factor of accumulation of fresh evidence and working out new methods and approaches . The paper contains a summary of this evidence and discusses the problem of the indirect co-carcinogenic effect of tumor-inducing agents . Sometimes it is due to their activation of specific oncogenic viruses . In other cases, as the author suggests, it may be caused by the activation of potential oncogenes (protooncogenes) or normal cells . There are viral and non-viral tumors and human tumors are apparently chiefly non-viral . The author suggests that it is an endogenous disease (protooncogenes and their endogenous activators) . The author considers his hypothesis (1962) on the cellular origin of oncogenes and the similarity of their transmission by viruses to microorganism transduction . A similar suggestion was made by P . Vogt and A . D . Altstein ten years later and it has been supported by some findings ever since . The viral theory cannot be regarded as the sole fundamental theory of carcinogenesis.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1982 Jan-Feb, 18(1), 85 - 90
{Transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by microorganisms}; Naumova RP et al.; Transformations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by a number of yeasts and fungi have been studied . The major portion of TNT added to the medium is transformed to reduced metabolites: 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene with the former isomer being in predominance . The scheme of TNT transformation via the nitroreductase stage proposed earlier for bacteria also holds true for yeasts and fungi . The difference between the results cited in this paper and those obtained by other authors can be attributed to the dissimilar biological and chemical stability of TNT reduced metabolites.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Jan, 35(1), 10 - 4
Asparenomycins A, B and C, new carbapenem antibiotics . I . Taxonomic studies on the producing microorganisms; Kawamura Y et al.; Two streptomycete isolates, PA-31088 and PA-39504, were found to produce new carbapenem antibiotics, asparenomycins A, B and C . Strain PA-31088 was identified as a new species of Streptomyces and the name Streptomyces tokunonensis sp . nov . proposed . Strain PA-39504 was identified as Streptomyces argenteolus.

Basic Life Sci, 1982, 19, 59 - 71
Fusion of microbial protoplasts: problems and perspectives; Alfoldi L; Polyethylene glycol-(PEG)-induced fusion of both procaryotic and eucaryotic microorganisms seems to be a good technique for constructing hybrid microorganisms . Though the data published show that the fusion technique can be successfully applied for genetic analysis even in systems having no natural way to do it, further studies are needed to find, for each system, the conditions where it works in predictable ways.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1982, 27(1), 49 - 54
Antitrichomonadal and other biological effects of sugar hydrazones and phenylosazones; Fuska J et al.; When investigating the possible antitrichomodal effect of 41 phenylsazones, nitro- and dinitro-phenylhydrazones a significant inhibitory effect on multiplication of Trichomonas foetus could be detected in 14 derivatives; eight derivatives were ineffective, other derivatives exhibited only a slight effect . The inhibitory effect of most compounds increased after acetylation . Toxicity of seven effective compounds was determined in vivo . Mutagenicity of these compounds was followed with microorganisms and their cytotoxicity with tumor EAC cells . Two of the effective compounds exhibited also a significant mutagenic effect, three of eight compounds had a pronounced cytotoxic effect, three of eight compounds had a pronounced cytotoxic effect in vitro on the EAC cells, in which they inhibited mainly the incorporation of adenine.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Jan, 27(1), 16 - 22
{Methodological approaches to controlling the antibiotic content in disks for determining microorganism antibiotic sensitivity}; Rezvan SP et al.; The content of antibiotics in the discs is the main requirement to their quality . There are 2 methods for determination of the antibiotic content in the discs: (1) a method with preliminary extraction of the antibiotic from the disc followed by determination of its content in the extract biologically and (2) a method using 3 or more standard discs containing different amounts of the antibiotic . A study was performed to show the advantages and limitations of the methods . The conditions for determination of the activity of 22 antibiotics contained in the discs with the method using the standard discs were developed . Comparison of the results obtained with the 2 methods showed that they did not differ significantly . However, it is considered advisable to use for the disc control the method based on direct diffusion of the antibiotic from the disc into agar, since in this case the antibiotic amount in the disc is determined under conditions as much as possible close to the conditions of the disc using for determination of the microbial antibiotic sensitivity.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1982 Jan, 20(1), 19 - 23
Recent studies on antibiotics and small molecular immunomodulators with potential usefulness in treating lung cancer: Part II - Small molecular weight immunomodulators produced by microorganisms; Umezawa H; A screening method to identify microbial products that bind to surfaces of cells involved in immunity has been established . By means of this method, several small molecular weight compounds, bestatin, amastatin, forphenicine, and esterastin, inhibiting enzymes located on the cell surface, aminopeptidase B and leucine aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase A, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase, were discovered . These small molecular weight microbial products showed immunity-modifying activity . Among these, bestatin, which has an extremely low toxicity, was studied in detail . The clinical study indicated that bestatin enhances the cellular immunity in cancer patients . The use of small molecular weight immunomodifiers to annihilate minimal residual tumors in the lung is discussed.

Tissue Cell, 1982, 14(2), 207 - 17
Cytological examination of Leeuwenhoek's first microbial specimens; Ford BJ; Of the nine packets of specimens sent by van Leeuwenhoek to London in the seventeenth century, and which were recently rediscovered in their original condition, three contained dried aquatic microorganisms . The author has reconstituted portions of this material . Several recognizable organisms have been noted, including portions of this material . Several recognizable organisms have been noted, including water-fleas, chlorophyte and cyanophyte algae, desmids, diatoms and rotifers . These provide evidence for the formation of the 'heavenly paper', which was believed at the time to represent charred notepaper dropped from the skies, but which Leeuwenhoek rightly assumed to be dried algal felts . Photomicrographs reveal many cytological details in the material, and this has been correlated with Leeuwenhoek's descriptions, extracted from the original correspondence.

Infection, 1982, 10 Suppl 1, S10 - 8
The relation of basic biology to pathogenic potential in the genus Chlamydia; Moulder JW; Chlamydiae are obligately intracellular procaryotic parasites, and their activities as agents of human disease are determined to a large degree by their intracellular way of life . The inside of a host cell is a hostile environment, and few microorganisms survive and multiply intracellularly . Those that do have evolved adaptations that fit them for life inside other cells . Apart from the viruses, chlamydiae are the infectious agents most highly adapted to intracellular life . Of all the properties of chlamydiae, the ones most likely to determine their pathogenic potential are those that reflect their adaptations to life inside host cells . Wherever possible, these chlamydial activities will be indentified and described.

Arkh Patol, 1982, 44(3), 3 - 13
{Current status of the problem of the pathogenesis of sepsis}; Smol'iannikov AV et al.; The current concepts on the pathogenesis of sepsis are considered mainly from the point of view of host-microorganism interaction . The authors emphasize the conditionality of these concepts in terms of their considerable hypothetic nature and the lack of strictly scientific proofs . In their opinion, the problem may be solved by wider application of the currently available physiological, immunological, bacteriological, morphological, and other methods of investigation . It should be expected that the use of this complex of methods will first of all provide comprehensive information on the interaction of microorganisms with various physiological systems of the host in their exact qualitative and quantitative expressions.

Stomatol DDR, 1982 Jan, 32(1), 53 - 5
{Sulcus fluid flow rate in relation to hormonal influence}; Klinger G; PIP: The sulcus fluid flow rate (SFF) is a link in the chain of defense mechanisms of the periodontium against plaque microorganisms . In gingival inflammation the increase in SFF can be attributed to inflammatory and immunological defense reactions of the vascular connective tissue system . There is a close correlation between increase in inflammation and amount of sulcus fluid . The effects of contraception and pregnancy on SFF was studied in a longitudinal study on 5 healthy patients without gingivitis or plaque . A total of 1392 self-performed measurements were done with reagent strips before, during, and after the taking of contraceptives . 4 of the 5 patients became pregnant and SFF rate was measured every week or every 2nd week during pregnancy . It was found that SFF rate increases moderately during contraceptive intake, and considerably during pregnancy . This can be attributed to the effect of sex hormones on the gingiva . A higher SFF rate promotes plaque formation and gingivitis; therefore, thorough oral hygiene is recommended for pregnant women and women taking contraceptives .

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982, (11), 21 - 5
{Haemophilic bacteria of the nasopharynx of healthy persons}; Bochkov IA et al.; The study of the species composition of hemophilic bacteria inhabiting the nasopharynx of healthy persons has revealed that H . parainfluenzae is the predominant species (82.0 +/- 4.8%) among these bacteria . The isolation of H . influenzae and H . parahaemolyticus has been found to occur considerably more rarely and in lesser numbers (9.0 +/- 1.5% and 3.8 +/- 1.0%, respectively) . These data indicate that H . parainfluenzae should be regarded as the ecological dominant in the nasopharyngeal biocenosis, while H . influenzae and H . parahaemolyticus appear to be transitory microorganisms . Among the studied biochemical properties of hemophilic bacteria, the following properties have proved to be most stable: the reduction of nitrates, the splitting of glucose, sucrose, maltose, galactose, fructose and negative reactions as regards the formation of hydrogen sulfide, oxidase, the splitting of mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, xylose, arabinose.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1982, 32(10a), 1363 - 7
{Significance of vessel-free (so-called bradytrophic) tissue in the microbial colonization of model rheumatoid organs}; Schulz LC; The spontaneous rheumatoid disease in animals is a representative example of all the stages of rheumatism which occur in nature . It is caused exclusively by bacterial, mycoplasmal, or viral infection . The organs involved in rheumatic reactions are characterized by borders between tissue incapable of inflammation, without vessels and nourished by passive perfusion, and highly reactive, well vascularized connective tissue . By this combination microorganisms are deposited on the one hand, and then later the appearance of immune complexes is possible . These settlements are sustained by the initially occurring coagulation and permeability processes of the infection in the "vascular syndrome" . After the inundation of the noxa, the bradytrophic tissue proves to be an inflammatory niche and thus an ideal antigen reservoir which can sustain the rheumatic process, in particular the humoral and the cellular immune mechanism, for the rest of the organism life . The inflammatory and immune mechanisms, probably continually induced by the persisting antigens, may not be left unconsidered during symptomatic treatment throughout the course of rheumatic diseases.

Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 1982, 299, 38 - 42
Food and immunological development; Hanson LA et al.; The infant's host defence is deficient in IgA for mucosal protection and also in IgG2 for protection against encapsulated bacteria . The baby is provided with about one gram a day of milk secretory IgA antibodies against most intestinal microorganisms and also food proteins . These milk antibodies together with a number of other defence factors in the milk protect the baby against gastrointestinal and respiratory infections . Maternal undernutrition does not necessarily diminish the milk IgA concentration or 24 hour output . The infant seems to be low in secretory IgA antibodies for several months as studied in saliva . It is of great importance to protect mucosal membranes especially the intestinal mucosa, so that its nutrient uptake is not disturbed . Infections in infancy especially in the gastrointestinal tract is an important cause of undernutrition . The human milk antibodies against cow's milk and soy protein may decrease the exposure to these food proteins during weaning and possibly decrease the risk of developing allergy . Soy oil can contain soy protein, which may explain some food intolerance reactions.

Swed Dent J, 1982, 6(4), 167 - 76
Pulpal reaction and microorganisms under Clearfil Composite Resin in deep cavities with acid etched dentin; Torstenson B et al.; Experimental buccal cavities were prepared on 31 pairs of contralateral human premolars . Both cavities were acid etched with 40% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds . The layer of etched enamel was removed from one of the cavities (test) in order to create conditions for microbial invasion to the presumed gap between the resin and dentin . Both cavities were filled with Clearfil Composite Resin after the application of Clearfil Bonding Agent . In the control cavity, the outer portion of the filling was removed and replaced with IRM cement in order to prevent microbial invasion . The teeth were extracted after 1 to 11 weeks . The presence of bacteria and pulpal reactions were studied using routine histological techniques . In several cases the inner resin surface analogous to the cavity floor was studied in the SEM . Bacterial growth was present on the dentinal walls as well as in some of the dentinal tubules in 24 of the 31 test cavities . The underlying pulpal areas showed signs of inflammation . Bacterial growth and pulpal inflammation were absent in 17 control cavities in spite of pulpal lesion or near lesion in 5 of the cavities . In 9 control cavities bacteria and pulpal inflammation were present . This suggests bacterial contamination and/or microbial invasion in spite of the IRM filling . The results show that Clearfil Bonding Agent in combination with Clearfil Composite Resin do not bind sufficiently to etched dentin in cavities to prevent the generation of a gap between the filling and dentinal wall . As a result infection can be established . The results also support the authors' earlier findings that neither acid etching of dentin for 15 seconds nor the chemical properties of resin materials have any especially injurious effect on the pulp, even in deep cavities.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(5), 287 - 92
Enzyme induction in Streptomyces hydrogenans . Comparison of the effects of different steroids to increase the activity of 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and of 3 beta, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; Bauer B et al.; After cultivation of Streptomyces hydrogenans in the presence of different steroids the activity of both 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3 beta, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was determined in the cell homogenate of the microorganism . By comparing the efficacy of the steroids to increase enzyme activities, steroids could be divided into 3 groups: a) steroids which stimulated preferentially the activity of 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (e . g., corticosterone), b) steroids which stimulated preferentially 3 beta, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (estradiol-17 beta), and c) those behaving intermediately (e . g., progesterone, 5 alpha -dihydrotestosterone) . Highest 3 beta, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity could be measured 2 h after addition of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone to the culture medium . The activity of 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, however, increased continuously up to 4 h . 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3 beta, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase syntheses seemed to be controlled by steroids in a non-coordinate manner.

Swed Dent J, 1982, 6(3), 93 - 103
Dentin sensitivity, odontoblasts and nerves under desiccated or infected experimental cavities . A clinical, light microscopic and ultrastructural investigation; Lilja J et al.; Cavities were prepared in 35 pairs of young human premolars . One tooth in each pair served as a control . In one Series the test cavity was desiccated with compressed air for one minute . LM and TEM examination of the dentin and the adjacent pulp revealed an extensive aspiration of odontoblasts . Nerve fibers had moved 0.1 to 0.2 mm outward in the tubules . It is suggested that a streching or disruption of the nerve had occurred during desiccation . In a second Series, the test cavity was infected for 1 to 2 weeks . No nerve fibers were seen in the dentinal tubules under the cavities, only cellular remnants and some microorganisms . Despite the absence of nerves the dentin in the bottom of the infected cavities was highly sensitive to stimulation . It was concluded that the nociceptive nerves present in the adjacent inflamed pulp may be terminals, mechanosensitive in nature and that they activated by rapid outward movements of the tubules fluid.

Drug Nutr Interact, 1982, 1(3), 229 - 36
Dietary influence on caecal microbial nitroreduction of a drug: metronidazole; Wise A et al.; Six diets were fed to weanling rats and the in vitro caecal microbial nitroreduction rates of metronidazole were determined . The sensitivity of this metabolic pathway to diet was demonstrated by the observed 20-fold range in reaction rate constant . Methods were devised to investigate the mechanism of this dietary effect . It was concluded that indigestible dietary components affected primarily both the weight of caecal contents and the metabolic activities of the microorganisms per unit weight of caecal contents . It appeared that the actual reaction rate in the caecum might be 35% higher than that determined by the standard assay procedure that involves sample dilution . However, the different soluble materials in the caeca derived from rats fed different diets had no significant secondary regulatory effects on the rate constant.

Ann Biol Clin (Paris), 1982, 40(5), 591 - 5
{Determination of certain physico-chemical parameters in blood culture media}; Boucaud-Maitre Y et al.; Growth of delicate or exacting microorganisms needs the maintenance, in the culture medium, of precise and stable physicochemical conditions . In order to improve knowledge of these medium, and specially of their aerobic or anaerobic state, we measured pH, partial pressures for oxygen and carbon dioxide and glucose concentration of nine commercial blood culture media, in their natural conditions of use . Comparative study of experimental results, and study of successive fabrication lots of two of these media (brain-heart and Schaedler) reveals a great variability of physicochemical parameters, and specially of pO2 and glucose concentration, although initial composition of the media has theoretically not changed . It would be desirable that such parameters be better controlled, so as to encourage regularity of composition of blood culture media and, perhaps, their clinical efficiency.

J Foot Surg, 1982 Fall, 21(3), 229 - 33
Infectious arthritis; Knights EM; Septic arthritis results from invasion of the synovium by microorganisms, and most infectious organisms can cause arthritis . In children, septic arthritis is usually associated with systemic infections such as pneumonia or meningitis; in young adults, gonococcal arthritis is the most common cause; and in the aged, septic arthritis is usually superimposed on chronic joint disease . Underlying rheumatoid arthritis is common, and Dr . Knights stresses the importance of recognizing septic arthritis as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis.

Microbiol Immunol, 1982, 26(4), 321 - 8
Purification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi by Percoll density gradient centrifugation; Tamura A et al.; Purification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi has been achieved by Percoll density gradient centrifugation . The microorganisms purified showed good retention of infectivity and intracellular morphology . Budding rickettsiae in the egressing stage and intracellular rickettsiae in the multiplying process were harvested separately and purified by this technique . In electron microscopic observations, the intracellular rickettsiae obtained were surrounded with double membrane-layers of cell wall and cell membrane, and the budding rickettsiae were enveloped with an additional outermost membrane which may have originated from host cell membrane obtained in the budding process.

J Environ Sci Health B, 1982, 17(6), 675 - 81
Degradation of the insecticide fensulfothion by a mixed culture of soil microorganisms; Miles JR et al.; Fensulfothion was incubated in nutrient media with a mixed culture of soil microorganisms obtained from sandy loam . The half life of fensulfothion in both inoculated samples and sterile controls was about 16 wk . There was some conversion to fensulfothion sulfone (16% at 6 wk) in inoculated samples, but not in the controls . Traces of fensulfothion sulfide were found in both inoculated samples (less than 3%) and controls (less than 2%) . When 1% ethanol was added to the inoculated nutrient mixture the fensulfothion disappeared rapidly (t1/2 congruent to 1 1/2 wk) with 32% conversion at 20 wk to fensulfothion sulfide.

Allerg Immunol (Leipz), 1982, 28(1), 56 - 63
{Phagocytosis measurement in Hodgkin's disease and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma-patients with a new radiometric assay (author's transl)}; Suss J et al.; A new radiometric assay for measurement of phagocytosis of opsonized Saccharomyces cerevisiae by human mononuclear cells and granulocytes is presented . This assay based upon the incorporation of 75Se-L-selenomethionine of the extracellular yeast cells after the ingestion step without a separation procedure for intracellular and extracellular microorganisms . Therefore the assay is objective, not time consuming and convenient for clinical application . After standardization of the method, in a preliminary study phagocytosis was evaluated in 44 individuals: 16 healthy controls, 13 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 15 patients with Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma before treatment . In comparison to normal controls the phagocytosis in the mononuclear cell fraction of cancer patients was increased and in granulocytes decreased . The most extensive phagocytosis activity was shown in the mononuclear cell fraction of patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Dec 18, 678(3), 437 - 41
Red cell lysis induced by microorganisms as a case of superoxide- and hydrogen peroxide-dependent hemolysis mediated by oxyhemoglobin; Falcioni GC et al.; Some bacteria, isolated from the blood of hospitalized patients, have been shown to hemolyze red blood cells through a mechanism which was dependent on the oxygenated state of intracellular hemoglobin, since transformation of hemoglobin into the CO-derivative inhibited the lysis . Hemolysis was also inhibited by superoxide dismutase and catalase, while only catalase prevented the formation of methemoglobin in experiments where isolated oxyhemoglobin was exposed to metabolizing bacteria . Production by bacteria of extracellular superoxide was demonstrated . It is suggested that hemolysis is due to interaction of O-2 and/or H2O2 with intracellular hemoglobin and that some product of such interaction is the lytic agent.

Anal Quant Cytol, 1981 Dec, 3(4), 299 - 304
Prescreening of cervical smears using two-parameter flow cytometry . Cytologic identification of artifacts; Gieseking F et al.; Individual properties of gynecologic specimens can produce artifacts in flow cytometric (FMC) measurements, possibly leading to false interpretations . An identification of such artifacts was undertaken by parallel FCM and microscopic investigations . One hundred fifty unselected cervical smears were measured by FCM using the fluorochromes 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for DNA and sulforhodamine (SR 101) for protein . Microscopic specimens were stained by the Papanicolaou technique, and a detailed cytogram was prepared from each smear . FCM discrimination of fluorochrome-stained superficial and intermediate cells was very difficult . On the other hand, a correlation could be established between the fraction of cells from the deeper epithelial layers in the microscopic cytogram and the mean protein content in the FCM histogram . Furthermore, the role of microorganism could be elucidated . Some microorganisms may produce a reduction of the protein content by cytolytic changes . Other microorganisms adhere to the cell surface, resulting in a misleading increase of the DNA fluorescence . Implications for the problem of false alarms are discussed.

Teratology, 1981 Dec, 24(3), 243 - 52
Placental findings in spontaneous abortions and stillbirths; Ornoy A et al.; Placentae and membranes of 360 spontaneous abortions and stillbirths were studied by light microscopy and compared to 100 induced abortions of 2-5 months gestation . The placental findings were correlated with morphological and chromosomal studies of the fetuses . A high incidence of hydatid degeneration was found in early spontaneous abortions (less than 12 weeks of age), especially in "blighted ova." "Atypical" stromal cells were found in the placental villi of early abortions with trisomy and triploidy . In late spontaneous abortions (13-18 gestational weeks) inflammatory lesions of the placentae were observed in over a third of cases and the incidence of hydatid degeneration was very low . The incidence of inflammatory lesions of the placentae was further raised in cases of early fetal death (18-24 gestational weeks), involving 60% of the placentae of fetuses without malformations . In stillborn infants, over 25 weeks of age, the incidence of inflammatory placental lesions dropped again, and the incidence of vascular lesions was raised to 50% . It seems that inflammatory lesions of the placentae may play an important role in the etiology of midtrimester spontaneous abortions . Isolation of the infectious microorganism and subsequent treatment may therefore reduce the rate of fetal losses in this group.

J Nutr, 1981 Dec, 111(12), 2125 - 32
Intestinal synthesis and absorption of vitamin B-12 in channel catfish; Limsuwan T et al.; A feeding experiment conducted in a controlled environment and using a vitamin B12-deficient, but otherwise nutritionally complete, purified diet revealed that intestinal microorganisms in channel catfish synthesized approximately 1.4 ng of vitamin B12 per gram of bodyweight per day . Removal of cobalt from the diet or supplementation with an antibiotic (succinylsulfathiazole) significantly reduced the rate of intestinal synthesis and liver stores of vitamin B12 . Radiolabeled vitamin B12 in the blood, liver, kidneys, and spleen of fish fed 60Co in the diet indicated that the intestinally synthesized vitamin was absorbed by the fish . The primary route of absorption was directly from the digestive tract into the blood because coprophagy was prevented in the rearing aquariums and the amount of vitamin B12 dissolved in the aquarium water was too low for gill absorption . Dietary supplementation of vitamin B12 was not necessary for normal growth and erythrocyte formation in channel catfish in a 24-week feeding period . A longer period, however, may have caused a vitamin deficiency since liver-stored vitamin B 12 decreased between the 2nd and 24th weeks.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1981 Dec, 47(5), 411 - 21
Trichosporonoides nigrescens sp . nov., a new xerophilic yeast-like fungus; Hocking AD et al.; A new yeast-like fungus isolated from jam on two occasions is described as Trichosporonoides nigrescens . It is a true xerophile, able to grow at water activities at least as low as 0.75 . For this reason, its carbon assimilation pattern was examined using both dilute (standard) and concentrated carbon sources: six to nine compounds not assimilated at the standard concentrations of 0.5% (0.001 to 0.1 mol/kg) were assimilated at 1.5 to 2.0 mol/kg . Cell wall and septal ultrastructure, DNA base ratios, and the nuclear cycle were examined to determine the generic and higher taxonomic affinities of this microorganism . All properties were consistent with its assignment to Trichosporonoides Haskins et Spencer . However, while ultrastructure indicated an affinity with the Basidiomycetes, the mitotic nuclear cycle and the xerophilic nature of this fungus suggested an Ascomycete affinity . The GC content (57%) is consistent with assignment to either . No teleomorphic state was found.

In Vitro, 1981 Dec, 17(12), 1091 - 9
Change and permanence: reflections on the ethical-social contract of science in the public interest; Kass LR; Modern science, dedicated since its 17th century origins to the mastery and possession of nature for the relief of man's estate, is a source of great social change, affecting our opinions, practices, and ways of life . It thus exists necessarily in tension with law and morality, our institutions of stability and order . This tension between change and permanence, between science and law or morals, was institutionalized by the American Founders who sought to encourage, under law, the progress in science and the useful arts, by means of the copyright and patent laws . American science and technology have flourished under the patent law, an ingenious ethical and social contract between scientists and the polity, through which private right and interest and public good generally coincide . Nevertheless, this contract has its limitations . Some of these limitations are vividly seen through the recent Supreme Court decision (in the Chakrabarty case) to permit the patenting of living microorganisms . Analysis of this case shows why the contract between science and the polity embodied in the Patent Laws may not always serve the public good and may also be harmful to science itself . Also, permitting ownership of living species shows how close we have come in our thinking to overstepping the sensible limits of the project for the mastery and possession of nature.

In Vitro, 1981 Dec, 17(12), 1078 - 80
Patenting of hybridomas and genetically engineered microorganisms; Woodruff HB et al.; Many new technologies arrived at through basic research have practical applications . Two recent breakthroughs in microbiology, recombinant DNA techniques and hybridoma techniques, will permit designing cells for specific practical purposes resulting in new products or functions of commercial significance . The unique cell or its usefulness, or both, may satisfy the requirements of a patentable invention, i.e . an inventive act having utility and novelty . Ownership of such patents permits recovery of expenses incurred in the invention process and investment for all concerned in additional research . An integral part of the patenting process is submission of the new cell to an official repository, an outstanding example of which is The American Type Culture Collection.

Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ, 1981 Dec, 28(4), 117 - 23
Isolation and enumeration of mycoplasmas in dental plaques; Uchida A; There has been only a fragmentary knowledge concerning mycoplasmas in the dental plaques and, in particular, no quantitative studies have been made on them . For this reason, isolation and enumeration of the mycoplasmas in the dental plaques have been attempted in this present study . The incidence of mycoplasmas was significantly higher in the dental plaques accumulated on the molars (76.1%, 35/46 specimens) than on the incisors (37.2%, 16/43); on the healthy enamel surface (hereafter called normal plaques; 61.0%, 61/100) than on the superficially decayed enamel surface (hereafter called caries plaques; 14.8%, 4/27) and on the healthy cervical enamel surface but in contact with the inflamed gingival marginal area (hereafter called gingivitis plaque ; 30.3%, 10/33) . The number of organisms (cfu) in the dental plaques (mg) was greater in the normal plaques (range 0-1.57 x 10(6): mean, 6.31 x 10(4)) than in the caries (0-4.62 x 10(2): 2.28 x 10(2)) and in the gingivitis (0-4.14 x 10(4): 6.55 x 10(3)) . There was a significant difference only between the normal and caries plaques . In addition, the number of organisms in the 1-day and 3-day-old dental plaques suggested that the mycoplasmas were not one of the microorganisms which appeared at the early stages of dental plaque formation . M . salivarium (311 strains) and M . orale (13) were isolated from 67 samples of dental plaques, but U . urealyticum was not . Of the 67 samples, 60 (89.5%) and 6 (9.0%) samples were positive for M . salivarium, M . orale and both of these two species, respectively.

In Vitro, 1981 Dec, 17(12), 1036 - 50
Hybridomas: a new dimension in biological analyses; Kennett RH; Since the first report of hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and Milstein in 1975, this technique has spread to nearly all areas of biological, biochemical, and biomedical research . Watching the use of these methods spread from immunologists to cell biologists, developmental biologists, biochemists and to other biological disciplines and observing the nearly logarithmic increase in publications using these reagents has been in itself fascinating and informative . An overview of the development of this technology and its applications is presented including the use of monoclonal antibodies to study cell surface molecules, differentiation antigens, receptors, and histocompatibility antigens . The use of these antibodies to analyze microorganisms and parasitic antigens as well as their use in the genetic analysis of human cell surface antigens and the detection of polymorphic variation in enzymes and other proteins is discussed . Examples of the application of monoclonal reagents to the study of tumor cell biology including the labeling of metastatic tumor cells and the detection of cell surface molecules implicated in the regulation of growth control and cell division are provided.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Nov-Dec, 3(6), 1179 - 85
Radiolabeled microorganisms: comparison of different radioisotopic labels; Kishore R; Radioactively labeled microorganisms are very useful in assessing the in vitro phagocytic capability of human granulocytes and macrophages . Since microorganisms contain amino acids and nucleic acids, they can be radiolabeled by addition of radioactive amino acid and/or nucleic acid components to the culture medium . The isotopes 3H, 14C, 32P, 35S, and 75Se-have been used for bacterial radiolabeling . All of these commonly used isotopes with the exception of 75Se are beta emitters; 75Se is a gamma emitter . The half-lives of these isotopes vary from 14 days for 32P to 5,730 years for 14C . Because of the differences in their physical properties, they pose very different handling problems and require different kinds of safety precautions . In the event of either external or internal contamination, beta emitters deliver a larger localized radiation dose than do gamma emitters . In the case of internal contamination, the radiation dose increases with increases in the half-life of the radioactive isotope . Gamma radiation, on the other hand, is more penetrating than are beta particles and thus a gamma emitter requires appropriate shielding . Both the cost and the special problem of manipulation associated with these radioactive chemicals should be carefully considered before deciding which radioisotope is preferable for the labeling of microorganisms in the laboratory . In spite of the limitations of 75Se as a nonphysiologic element, it offers the simplest methods of handling among the isotopes considered in this review.

Am J Otolaryngol, 1981 Nov, 2(4), 348 - 57
Primary fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses; Stevens MH; There has been an increase in the number of primary and secondary fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses in recent years . Aspergillosis and mucormycosis are the most common fungal infections involving the paranasal sinuses . In the past, fungal infections usually occurred in patients with uncontrolled metabolic diseases or compromised defense mechanisms as an acute, rapidly progressing process, often leading to the patient's demise . Primary fungal infections may also be aggressive in otherwise healthy individuals . Physicians should be aware of these microorganisms in order to establish an early diagnosis by biopsy and to institute prompt surgical debridement and medical therapy.

Microsc Acta, 1981 Nov, 85(2), 121 - 5
{A controlled-temperature microscope stage for extended observations of living materials (author's transl)}; Forget J et al.; We have designed a controlled-temperature stage for the observations of live microorganisms under all magnifications of the compound microscope . The use of water-immersion objectives eliminates the need for a cover-slip and permits interventions such as liquid medium changes, microsurgery or the insertion of microelectrodes . Simple in design and relatively inexpensive this stage has an observation area of 50 X 75 mm.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1981 Nov, 250(4), 521 - 8
Isolation of Legionella pneumophila in Bulgaria; Tomov A et al.; Microorganisms have been isolated from water samples obtained from a small warm mineral lake . The growth, staining, biochemical and antigenic properties of the microorganisms suggest that they belong to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 . This is the first isolation of Legionella in Bulgaria . The necessity of careful search for legionellosis in this country was underlined.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1981 Nov, 64(6), 1414 - 9
Estimation of lactose hydrolysis by freezing point measurements in milk and whey substrates treated with lactases from various microorganisms; Chen SL et al.; beta-Galactosidase concentrates obtained from several microorganisms were used to hydrolyze skim milk, low fat (2%) milk, sweet whey, acid whey, acid whey permeate, and acid whey concentrate . Among acid substrates, the freezing point depression for each 1% lactose hydrolyzed was the greatest with the lactase from Aspergillus niger (0.0501 degrees H); among neutral substrates, the depression was greater in sweet whey (0.0495 degree H) and lesser in low fat milk (0.0445 degrees H) . All data were statistically significant . The average freezing point depression for each 1% lactose hydrolyzed wa s0.0468 degrees H (range 0.0436-0.0501 degrees H) . Oligosaccharides formed in the lactose hydrolysis inconsistent freezing point readings of the cryoscope at the low freezing points measured, and protease contamination in some lactases may affect the precision of freezing point determination . Hydration and volume of non-protein components in commercial enzymes, unstable color complex formed by lactose and methylamine solution, and difficulty in the use of methylamine solution might cause variations in determination of lactose by the analytical procedure . These factors can be eliminated or minimized . This method is the simplest and quickest estimation of lactose hydrolysis, and it offers great accuracy and consistency.

Ann Intern Med, 1981 Nov, 95(5), 555 - 9
Prevention of infection by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus amphotericin B in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia; Dekker AW et al.; Fifty-two patients with nonlymphocytic leukaemia were studied during remission induction treatment in a randomized trial to ascertain the effect of prophylactic oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on infection and fever rate . A decrease in the total number of acquired infections was found (16 infections in the group given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus 31 in the control group, p less than 0.01) . The number of patients without any infection in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group was 13 compared to only three in the control group (p less than 0.01) . Patients in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group needed parenteral antibiotics during 33% of the days they were granulocytopenic compared to 61% of these days for patients in the control group . However, six of nine bacteriologically documented infections in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group were caused by resistant microorganisms compared to two out of 20 in the control group.

Mutat Res, 1981 Nov, 84(1), 49 - 71
Mutagenesis at the ad-3A and ad-3B loci in haploid UV-sensitive strains of Neurospora crassa . V . Comparison of dose--response curves of single- and double-mutant strains with wild-type; Inoue H et al.; The interactions of mutant alleles that individually confer radiation sensitivity in Neurospora crassa are being studied with regard to their effects on radiation-induced inactivation and forward-mutation induction at the ad-3 loci . This paper reports attempts to construct 3 double-mutant strains containing the following pair-wise combinations of repair-deficient mutants: upr-1,uvs-2; uvs-2,uvs-6; and uvs-3,uvs-6 . The double-mutant strain with the 2 excision-repair-deficient mutants upr-1 and uvs-2 shows increased sensitivity to X-ray-induced mutagenesis and inactivation, relative to that shown by either of the parental single-mutant strains . This double mutant is no more sensitive than the parental single-mutant strains to either UV mutagenesis or inactivation . The combination of the uvs-2 and uvs-6 double-mutant strain is considerably more sensitive to both UV and X-ray inactivation than either the uvs-2 or uvs-6 strain, but it shows no greater sensitivity than the parental strains to ad-3 mutation induction by either agent . The combination of the uvs-3 and uvs-6 alleles is inviable . Tetrad analysis and microscopical examination of ascospores shows that ascospores of presumptive genotype uvs-3, uvs-6 do not grow beyond the formation of a few hyphal threads . The lethal and mutagenic effects of UV and X-irradiation in these double-mutant strains are interpreted in terms of the repair systems in Neurospora and other microorganisms.

Biochemistry, 1981 Oct 27, 20(22), 6446 - 57
Structure of ferric pseudobactin, a siderophore from a plant growth promoting Pseudomonas; Teintze M et al.; Both plant growth promoting Pseudomonas B10 and its yellow-green, fluorescent iron transfer agent (siderophore) pseudobactin enhance the growth of the potato and control certain phytopathogenic microorganisms . The structure of the little compound has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods using counter data . The structure consisted of a linear hexapeptide, L-Lys-D-threo-beta-OH-Asp-L-Ala-D-allo-Thr-L-Ala-D-N delta-OH-Orn, in which the N delta-OH nitrogen of the ornithine was cyclized with the C-terminal carboxyl group, and the N epsilon-amino group of the lysine was linked via an amide bond to a fluorescent quinoline derivative . The iron-chelating groups consisted of a hydroxamate group derived from N delta-hydroxyornithine, an alpha-hydroxy acid derived from beta-hydroxyaspartic acid, and an o-dihydroxy aromatic group derived from the quinoline moiety . The combination of metal-chelating ligands and the alternating L- and D-amino acids was unusual . The little compound crystallized as a single coordination isomer with the lambda absolute configuration . The present study is the first structural determination of a fluorescent siderophore . In the crystal structure, ferric pseudobactin formed a dimer, which constituted the asymmetric unit . The asymmetric unit also contained 26 water molecules . The molecules in the dimer were related by a pseudo-2-fold symmetry axis . Red-brown crystals of ferric pseudobactin (C42H57N12O16Fe . 13H2O), obtained from pyridine-acetic acid buffer solution equilibrated with water, conformed to space group I2 with a = 29.006 (23) A, b = 14.511 (13) A, c = 28.791 (21) A, and beta = 96.06 (5) degrees at -135 (2) degrees C . For eight molecules per unit cell, the calculated density was 1.38 g/cm3; the observed density was 1.40 g/cm3 . The structure was refined by least-squares methods with anisotropic thermal parameters for all nonhydrogen atoms to a final R factor of 0.08 (8989 observed reflections).

Radiol Med (Torino), 1981 Oct, 67(10), 709 - 13
{Septic osteo-arthritis in hemodialyzed patients: an incident not to underestimate (author's transl)}; Pavlica P et al.; Three cases of septic osteo-arthritis were seen occuring in patients on dialysis treatment . The sites of involvement included lumbar spine, knee joint, ribs and wrist . The culture of the same microorganisms simultaneously from the arterovenous prothesis, blood and synovial fluid supports the hypothesis that the osteo-arthritis was the result of hematogenous spread of bacteria from the infected focus . Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent severe bone and joint damage.

J Parasitol, 1981 Oct, 67(5), 627 - 46
Fine structure of the foveal glands and foveae dorsales of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say); Sonenshine DE et al.; The ultrastructure of the foveae dorsales and pheromone glands (foveal glands) of both feeding and unfed female Dermacentor variabilis (Say) was studied . Each pore of the fovea contains a pore tube, with cells surrounding a lumen that can be opened or closed . Each pore tube extends below the fovea and expands to form a cone-shaped ampulla, into which a duct of the foveal gland is inserted . Each duct is lined with microvilli, except near its insertion into the ampulla where the lumen is lined with a brush border . In the feeding female, numerous vesicles and lipid droplets accumulate in and around the ducts . However, in the unfed female, the ducts are free of vesicles or droplets . A nerve, the foveal nerve, occurs in the vicinity of the ducts . Neurosecretory vesicles occur in some of the nerve fibers in the feeding tick . Microorganisms, of unknown identity, were found near the ducts of the pheromone gland in feeding females, but not in unfed females . The secretory lobes of the pheromone glands, representing the major part of these organs, contain large cells which appear to comprise one type . In the feeding female, lipid droplets of varying size occur in vesicles or, more frequently, free in the cytoplasms . The may be clustered or scattered throughout large areas of the cell cytoplasm . Accumulations of vesicles and lipid droplets are especially abundant at the ends of the cells, near the junction with the ducts, where they may occur in a single large membrane-bound enclosure . In the unfed female, the lipid droplets occur only within vesicles, distributed more or less uniformly throughout the gland cells.

J Dent Res, 1981 Oct, 60(10), 1793 - 6
Calcifiability comparison among selected microorganisms; Ennever J et al.; Seven ATCC strains of bacteria were examined for apatite formation in a chemically-defined calcification-supporting medium and also in a metastable calcium phosphate solution . One, E . coli, calcified in both . One, S . aureus, calcified in the solution, but not in the medium . The other five did not calcify in either . The results substantiate the belief that calcification is restricted to certain microorganisms . However, they do not rule out the possibility that a noncalcifiable microorganism has the potential to calcify, and the activity is prevented by a cell component . Additionally, the findings emphasize that determining microbiologic calcifiability only in a calcification-supporting culture medium is inadequate . In culture, an efficient calcium pump might preclude calcification by establishing a cytoplasmic calcium level too low for nucleation activation . Calcifiability assays should be done by incubating minimally-metabolizing freeze-dried cells in metastable calcium phosphate solution.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 1981 Oct, 68(4), 295 - 9
Streptomyces albus: a new cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis; Kagen SL et al.; Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immunologic lung disease known to be induced by the inhalation of either organic or inorganic antigens, and it may thus be associated with a variety of occupations and microorganisms . To identify an inciting allergen, environmental, bacteriologic, immunologic, and bronchial challenge studies must be employed . These techniques were used to demonstrate that a bacterium uniformly present in processed dirt, Streptomyces albus, was responsible for a biopsy-proven case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Oct, (10), 64 - 7
{Cultivation of Bordetella pertussis in liquid semisynthetic nutrient media with ion-exchange resins}; Sukhinova EE et al.; The possibility of optimizing the processes of B . pertussis cultivation carried out in liquid semisynthetic culture media with strong-base anion-exchange resins is shown . The use of strong-base ionites enhances the reproducibility of cultivation processes, increases the activity of microbial populations and the concentration of microorganisms . B . pertussis cultures grown in the media with anion-exchange resins are characterized by pronounced biological activity.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Oct, 42(10), 1694 - 8
Canine infectious tracheobronchitis: effects of an intranasal live canine parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine on viral shedding and clinical tracheobronchitis (kennel cough); Kontor EJ et al.; A modified-live intranasal (IN) canine parainfluenza (CPI)-virus Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated in dogs for efficacy against laboratory-induced canine infectious tracheobronchitis . The comparative efficacies of IN and parenteral administrations of the CPI virus fraction were also evaluated . The frequency and duration of clinical tracheobronchitis, blood serum agglutination titer, humoral antibody response, and duration of CPI virus and B bronchiseptica shedding were measured . Group A dogs were vaccinated subcutaneously or IM with an experimental CPI vaccine and challenge exposed with CPI virus . Group B dogs were vaccinated IN with avirulent CPI virus-B bronchiseptica live antigens and challenge exposed with virulent CPI virus and virulent B bronchiseptica . The IN vaccination (group B) significantly reduced (P less than or equal to 0.001) the occurrence of clinical tracheobronchitis by 96% . The combined challenge exposure of virulent CPI and virulent B bronchiseptica produced a synergistic enhancement of the clinical signs of kennel cough . The percentage of days after challenge exposure that virus shedding was detected for controls equaled 70% as compared with 50% and only 1% for parenterally and IN vaccinated dogs, respectively . Isolation of virulent B bronchiseptica microorganisms was reduced 89% in dogs vaccinated IN compared to controls . The geometric mean humoral antibody titers to CPI virus after 2 parenteral vaccinations and 1 IN vaccination were 1:43 and 1:34, respectively.

Hum Pathol, 1981 Oct, 12(10), 930 - 6
Whipple's disease: morphologic and immunofluorescence characterization of bacterial antigens; Bhagavan BS et al.; The bacterial etiology of Whipple's disease is generally accepted . However, the exact identity of the "Whipple bug" has remained elusive . Indeed, the isolation of several types of bacteria from different patients with Whipple's disease has caused some to speculate that Whipple's disease may have polymicrobial etiology . Our light and electron microscopic studies document the presence of bacilliform organisms lying free in the lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa . Intact and partially degraded bacterial organisms were seen in the phagosomes of macrophages . Indirect immunofluorescence studies demonstrated the presence of multiple bacterial antigens in the lamina propria as well as the macrophage granules . This profile of antigens is similar to the profile demonstrated in four other patients in two previous studies . The occurrence of similar profiles of bacterial antigens in the tissues of different patients with Whipple's disease suggests a single microorganism in the etiology of Whipple's disease . Because of the overlapping features of muciphages and Whipple's cells in the rectal biopsy material, the superiority and reliability of proximal small intestinal biopsy in preference to rectal biopsy are re-emphasized.

Biochemistry, 1981 Sep 29, 20(20), 5900 - 7
Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of internal pH during photosynthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus; Kallas T et al.; Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectra were obtained from actively photosynthesizing and darkened suspensions of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus . These spectra show intracellular resonances belonging to inorganic phosphate (Pi), a sugar phosphate (sugar-P), nucleotide di- and triphosphates, and poly-phosphates . The pH-dependent chemical shifts of Pi and sugar-P allowed the estimation of intracellular pH . When irradiated with high-intensity tungsten-halogen light (100 x 10(4) ergs . cm-2 . s-1, measured in the visible range), concentrated cell suspensions in the NMR spectrometer incorporated NaH14CO3 at approximately two-thirds the rate shown by a dilute suspension of cells at saturating light intensity . On the basis of NaH14CO3 incorporation, the effective light intensity obtained under NMR conditions would support growth at approximately one-fourth the maximum rate in dilute suspensions of cells . Irradiated cells maintained a cytoplasmic pH of 7.1--7.3 when exposed to an external pH from 6.4 to 8.3 . At an external pH of 6.7, a darkness to light shift caused a 0.4 pH unit alkalinization of the cytoplasm . Treatment of cell suspensions with the uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), in light or darkness, collapsed the internal pH to the level of the external pH . The results suggest a strong light- or energy-dependent buffering of the cytoplasm over a range of external pH . The study demonstrates that 31P NMR can be used to investigate intracellular events in an actively photosynthesizing microorganism.

Lancet, 1981 Sep 12, 2(8246), 553 - 6
Effect of cimetidine on gastric juice N-nitrosamine concentration; Reed PI et al.; Total extractable N-nitroso compounds, pH, and nitrite levels were measured in, and microorganisms were cultured from, the fasting gastric juice of 140 patients taking the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine and from 267 subjects, including 50 healthy volunteers, not taking cimetidine . Significantly higher mean N-nitrosamine concentrations and pH levels were demonstrated in the cimetidine-treated patients; N-nitrosamine concentration increased with pH . In 30 patients studied, cimetidine treatment significantly increased gastric pH and N-nitrosamine concentrations, while in 23 patients withdrawal of cimetidine treatment resulted in a significant reduction of pH but not of N-nitrosamine concentrations . The gastric juice nitrite level was often raised and nitrate-reducing bacteria cultured were similar to those associated with other causes of hypochlorhydria . These results demonstrate for the first time a relation between gastric juice N-nitrosamine concentration, pH, and cimetidine treatment, and the findings are discussed in relation to gastric cancer induction.

Lancet, 1981 Sep 12, 2(8246), 550 - 2
Gastric juice N-nitrosamines in health and gastroduodenal disease; Reed PI et al.; The concentrations of total extractable N-nitroso compounds, pH, and nitrite levels were measured in fasting gastric juice, which was also cultured for bacteria, from 50 healthy volunteers and 217 patients with common upper gastrointestinal complaints . The concentrations of N-nitroso compounds and pH levels rose significantly with age . Sex and cigarette smoking had no significant effect . There was a positive correlation between pH and N-nitroso concentration, and between pH and an increase in the concentration of nitrites . A significant relation was demonstrated between raised N-nitroso and nitrite levels and growth of nitrate reductase-positive microorganisms . These results demonstrate for the first time in man the interrelations of N-nitrosamine concentration, pH, gastric juice nitrite, and nitrate-reducing bacteria . The findings are considered in relation to the risks of development of gastric cancer in man.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 829 - 40
Some considerations regarding the classification and identification of mycobacteria; Tsukamura M; The principles of classification and identification of microorganisms are stated briefly . Reliable classification and identification are achieved by numerical methods . A simple method of testing the distinctness of taxa (clusters or species) involves three steps: determination of the hypothetical median or mean organism (HMO) for each taxon, estimation of matching coefficients (M values) for individual strains of each taxon to the HMO of the same taxon and to HMOS of other taxa, and definition of the range of a taxon as M +/- 2SD, where M is the mean M value to the HMO . The minimal number of characteristics needed for reliable classification is greater than 40, and none of the characteristics should be related or biased . A species should be defined by more than four strains . After distinct taxa are defined and named as species, new isolates are tested to determine which taxon they belong to . This test is done by a numerical method: comparison of a new isolate with the HMO of various species and testing whether the resulting M values fall within the ranges of any of these species . If an M value of a new isolate falls within the range of taxon X and M values to the HMOS of other species are outside the limits of those species, the isolate is identified as belonging to taxon X . A simple, conventional (nonnumerical) identification system consisting of a small number of tests may be used in clinical laboratories, but one should always keep in mind that identification by such a system often leads to misidentification . Causes of misidentification are false reactions (misjudgment of results), inadequate choice of test characteristics, and use of too small a number of tests.

Rev Infect Dis, 1981 Sep-Oct, 3(5), 1081 - 3
Mixed mycobacterial infections; Weiszfeiler JG et al.; A pathologic event in humans or animals that involves the participation of two or more species of mycobacteria may be designated as a mixed mycobacterial infection . In the majority of cases of such mixed infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is found with one of the atypical mycobacteria . The allergic and immune reactions produced by Mycobacterium simiae, Mycobacterium asiaticum, and Mycobacterium chelonei in guinea pigs was studied . Sensitins that were prepared from cultures of these microorganisms were species specific, producing intensive cutaneous reactions in the animals infected with these organisms . Animals that received atypical mycobacteria and were infected secondarily with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) had a positive reaction to tuberculin H37Rv PPD-S, but the sensitivity of such animals to the atypical strains was not altered . The atypical strains studied have no immunogenic power against tuberculosis, and they reduced the immunizing power of BCG, probably by exerting an immunosuppressive effect.

J Anim Sci, 1981 Sep, 53(3), 803 - 9
Effect of monensin on breakdown of protein by ruminal microorganisms in vitro; Whetstone HD et al.; The effects of monensin on N metabolism by ruminal microorganisms in a semicontinuous culture system were determined . Rumen fluid inoculum was obtained from steers fed a hay-concentrate diet (60:40 ratio on a dry matter basis) containing 33 ppm monensin . Treatments were 0, 1 and 4 mg monensin/kg of incubation mixture, with starch, glucose, cellulose and casein used as the energy and protein sources . Casein degradation decreased linearly (P less than .01) with increasing levels of monensin, as did production of ammonia-N (P less than .05) and microbial N (P less than .01) . Increases were observed in nonammonia, nonmicrobial N (P less than .01), alpha-amino N (P less than .10) an total peptides (P less than .001) . The culture supernatant was fractionated on a Sephadex G-10 column to separate peptides . With the 4 mg/kg treatment, the percentage of the total ninhydrin positive material eluted at an elution volume:void volume ratio of 1.5 or less was greater than the percentage eluted with the 0 or 1 mg/kg treatments (P less than .025) . Acetate production and molar proportion decreased (P less than .001), while propionate production was unchanged . Methane production decreased slightly (P less than .10) . Cellulose degradation was markedly inhibited (P less than .001) by monensin treatment.

Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Sep-Oct, 50(5), 934 - 7
{Method of calculating the specific growth rate of microorganisms by measurements of the substrate or product concentration}; Petrova TA et al.; A procedure and formulae are proposed for calculating the specific rate of microbial growth; these are based on measuring the concentration of either a limiting substrate or a product involved in the growth of a microorganism . Only the concentrations of a substrate (S) or a product (P) are determined periodically in the course of the cultural growth whereas the biomass yield (chi) in the medium is established only after long time intervals . The proposed equations may be used for controlling the specific growth rate in large-scale processes by the concentration of a product (or a substrate) using a computer, as well as in laboratory studies of mu as a function of the conditions for growth of slowly growing microorganisms.

J Periodontol, 1981 Sep, 52(9), 576 - 83
Maintenance phase of periodontal therapy; Shick RA; Microorganisms play a primary role in the etiology of periodontal disease . Inadequate or no treatment permits progressive destruction of the periodontium . Periodontal destruction can be prevented in the presence of some plaque and gingival inflammation provided there are efforts at oral hygiene and frequent prophylaxis . An optimal time interval for prophylaxis and instructions in oral hygiene, after periodontal therapy, appears to be 3 months . Ongoing repetitive instructions in oral hygiene appear to be the only way to achieve and maintain significantly increased levels of oral cleanliness . Two-week intervals between prophylaxis, if feasible, seem to provide superior maintenance for periodontal health after therapy . Similar intervals between prophylaxes in school children--again, if feasible--virtually eliminate gingivitis.

Infect Immun, 1981 Sep, 33(3), 801 - 5
Humoral immunity and reduced periodontal bone loss in Eikenella corrodens-monoassociated rats; Behling UH et al.; Germfree Sprague-Dawley rats monoassociated with Eikenella corrodens exhibited alveolar bone loss . This progressive bone loss occurred over a period of weeks, during which time the hosts developed an immune response toward the infective microorganism . By means of repeated bacterial vaccination resulting in elevated serum antibody titers, reduced bone loss was observed.

Clin Chem, 1981 Sep, 27(9), 1490 - 8
Enzymic analysis for rapid detection of microbial infection in human body fluids: an overview; Yolken RH; One possible means of rapidly detecting microorganisms in patients with suspected infectious diseases is the direct measurement of microbial enzymes in body fluids . This technique is based on the fact that bacterial, fungal, and viral organisms possess enzymes that are not produced by mammalian cells and are thus not found in uninfected human body fluids . Detection of one of these microbial enzymes in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or other body fluids would thus be indicative of microbial infection . Potentially useful enzymes for this purpose include bacterial beta-lactamases, fungal adenine deaminases, and viral thymidine kinases . In addition, glycosidases such as neuraminidases and galactosidases can be used as markers for microbial infection, provided that the enzymic activity can be appropriately identified as being of microbial origin . The direct measurement of microbial enzymes offers great potential for the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases.

J Dent Res, 1981 Sep, 60(9), 1639 - 47
Immunoglobulin class of agglutinins to oral microorganisms in post-irradiation cancer patients; O'Neill PA et al.; Fractionation of serum samples from head and neck cancer patients and their assay for agglutination activity toward oral microorganisms showed that the activity was derived from IgG, 7S IgA, 10S (dimeric) IgA, and IgM, with considerable activity in the 10S IgA region . These findings probably account for the lack of a significant relationship among levels of individual serum immunoglobulins, agglutination titers, and caries activity presented in an earlier study . Conversely, most of the agglutinating activity in fractionated saliva was attributed to 11S IgA, presumably secretory IgA, with some activity from a 19S substance and, in the caries-active patients, from a higher molecular weight factor . These data correspond to positive correlations between saliva IgA levels, agglutination titers, and absence of caries in these patients.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Sep, 34(9), 1171 - 4
Sensitivity and permeability of the anthramycin producing organism Streptomyces refuineus to anthramycin and structurally related antibiotics; Rokem JS et al.; Streptomyces refuineus, the microorganism which produces the DNA reactive antibiotic anthramycin, has shown to possess a quite specific mechanism to survive and grow in the presence of this antibiotic . Stationary phase cells are insensitive to anthramycin since the antibiotic is prevented form entering these cells . However, cells in early log phase are inhibited by concentrations of anthramycin that are later produced by these same cells . Significantly, sibiromycin, a closely related antibiotic, is taken up by cells of S . refuineus independent of the age of the culture . Anthramycin reacts in vitro equally as well as DNA isolated from S . refuineus and other procaryotic and eucaryotic cells . When S . refuineus has reached the production phase the anthramycin is probably biosynthesized outside the cell membrane which also becomes specifically impermeable to anthramycin.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981 Sep, 173(6), 425 - 39
{The virus inactivating efficacy of peracids and peracidous disinfectants (author's transl)}; Sporkenbach J et al.; It has always been an aim to develop chemicals able to kill a broad spectrum of microorganisms . Research in this field led to peracids inactivating vegetative bacterial forms, spores, fungi and viruses . Since liquid peracids are very unstable, powders were developed which dissolved in water, formed peracids . In this paper the inactivating efficacy of peracids derived from powders as well as of pure peracids is presented . It is shown that both inactivate the following viruses: poliomyelitisvirus type 1, coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus type 5 and SV40 . The most resistant viruses were the picornaviruses, especially coxsackievirus B3 . But in all cases, inactivation is in accordance with the guidelines of the Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekampfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) (15) . Furthermore, it is shown that pure peracids are more reactive than peracids formed from powders . But with all peracids there remains residual infectivity, which may be due to inhomogenic virus populations.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1981 Sep-Oct, 15(5), 44 - 6
{Microorganisms distribution in the aerosol of a manned sealed cabin and the effect of artificial air ionization on this process}; Zaloguev SN et al.; In a manned enclosure the distribution of bacterial aerosol with respect to the size of particles is bimodal . Artificial bipolar ionization of the air may decrease the content of relatively large particles of bacterial aerosol, leaving particles with 2.0-0.6/micrometer in diameter in predominance . These properties of the bacterial aerosol structure may be of importance in the prophylaxis of aerogenic infections of cosmonauts.

Science, 1981 Aug 28, 213(4511), 972 - 9
Microbial competition; Fredrickson AG et al.; Populations of microorganisms inhabiting a common environment complete for nutrients and other resources of the environment . In some cases, the populations even excrete into the environment chemicals that are toxic or inhibitory to their competitors . Competition between two populations tends to eliminate one of the populations from their common habitat, especially when competition is focused on a single resource and when the populations do not otherwise interact . However, a number of factors mitigate the severity of competition and thus competitors often coexist.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1981 Aug 15, 140(8), 947 - 52
Amniotic fluid infection as determined by transabdominal amniocentesis in patients with intact membranes in premature labor; Bobitt JR et al.; The rate of microbial infection of amniotic fluid among patients in premature labor with intact membranes and the effect of this condition on perinatal morbidity and mortality are not known . Two study this question, specimens of amniotic fluid were collected by transabdominal amniocentesis from 31 patients in premature labor with intact membranes . Microorganisms were isolated from 25% (8/31) of the specimens; 87% (7/8) of these mothers underwent delivery within 48 hours of amniocentesis, and 75% (6/8) of positive culture were from mothers who were never febrile . Perinatal morbidity was significantly greater among mothers with positive amniotic fluid cultures, as evidenced by earlier gestational age at delivery (31 vs . 36 weeks), lower newborn weight (1,740 vs . 2,613 grams), and longer hospitalization (39 vs . 9 days) . A few simple, commonly available laboratory tests (amniotic fluid Gram stain, lactic dehydrogenase levels, and white blood cell count) appear to be useful in making a rapid diagnosis . The data suggest that the presence of microorganisms in the amniotic fluid of afebrile patients in premature labor with intact membranes represents an infectious process rather than an innocuous condition and raises questions with regard to current obstetric trends in the management of premature labor . The routine evaluation of similar patients by transabdominal amniocentesis is not recommended unless prospective studies can demonstrate a decrease in perinatal morbidity and mortality with this approach.

Infect Immun, 1981 Aug, 33(2), 591 - 601
Phagocytosis of Giardia muris by macrophages in Peyer's patch epithelium in mice; Owen RL et al.; No mechanism for the initiation of immunological clearance of Giardia from the mammalian intestinal tract has been identified . In normal and nude mice experimentally infected with G . muris, we examined antigen-sampling epithelium over Peyer's patch follicles by electron microscopy for evidence of interaction between G . muris and lymphoid cells . Invading G . muris were found in the epithelium near dying or desquamating columnar cells . Macrophages beneath the basal lamina extended pseudopods into the epithelium, trapping invading G . muris and enclosing them in phagolysosomes . In normal mice, which clear G . muris in 4 to 6 weeks, macrophages containing digested G . muris were surrounded by rosettes of lymphoblasts in the epithelium . In nude mice deficient in lymphocytes, there was apparent hyperplasia of macrophages, which filled the follicle domes, resulting in more frequent entrapment of G . muris but no contact between macrophages and lymphoblasts in the epithelium . In nude mice, which require 6 months to control G . muris infection, lymphoblast contact with macrophages containing distinctive microtubular remnants of G . muris was only identified in the follicle dome . This close physical association of lymphoblasts and macrophages containing G . muris remnants suggests that this macrophage activity represents intraepithelial antigen processing as well as a defense against the effects of the uncontrolled entrance of microorganisms and other antigenic particles into Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles.

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