Biochim Biophys Acta, 1977 Jun 16, 467(3), 321 - 6 The effect of temperature on concanavalin A-mediated agglutination of cells with rigid receptors; Jansons VK et al.; The agglutination of a yeast, Candida albicans, by concanavalin A has been described . The agglutination was cell-number dependent . Prolonged incubation (60 min) was needed to reach maximum agglutination at 37 degrees C . The rate but not the extent of agglutination was temperature dependent . The dimeric forms of concanavalin A, obtained either at low pH or after succinylation, agglutinated the yeast cells as well as the tetramer . Temperature changes affected the agglutination of yeast cells by dimers and by tetramers to the same extent. Thorax, 1977 Jun, 32(3), 373 - 6 Candida albicans abscess of lung; Rubin AH et al.; Candida albicans lung abscess is a rare entity . We present a case in a patient who suffered from Hodgkin's disease and was receiving immunosuppressive therapy . The patient responded to treatment with 5-fluorocytosine. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Jun, 238(2), 284 - 7 Serodiagnostic value of extracellular antigens of an actively proteolysing culture of Candida albicans (immunodiffusion-test); Staib F et al.; Cell-free, dialysed and concentrated culture filtrate of a Candida albicans strain, after proteolysis in serum-protein medium (bovine albumine), and after growth in Sabouraud glucose broth (for comparison) were used as antigens for the detection of precipitating antibodies in 558 samples of serum originating from defined groups of patients and healthy persons serving as controls . The differing distribution of antibodies against these two antigens as observed in the various groups of our patients calls for further studies of such antigens on the basis of proteolysis within the serodiagnostics of Candida albicans-mycoses. Immunology, 1977 Jun, 32(6), 955 - 61 The role of Fc and C3b receptors in phagocytosis by inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man; Wilton JM et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the gingival crevice (CREV-PMN) in man have a defective capacity to phagocytose Candida albicans blastospores . Phagocytosis of zymosan particles, which detect C3b receptors, is also impaired but ingestion of latex beads coated with heat-aggregated IgG, which detects Fc receptors, is normal compared to peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN) . If phagocytosis is inhibited by Cytochalasin B, fewer CREV-PMN bind Candida and zymosan but the binding of IgG-coated latex beads remains unchanged . CREV-PMN have IgG (88%), IgM (45%) and C3 (48%) on their cell membrane, whilst less than 5% of PB-PMN have any of these components . Incubation of PB-PMN in fluid from the gingival crevice confers surface IgG and C3 to the cells . Such treatment also inhibits the subsequent binding of IgG coated latex beads . The results suggest that the deficiency of phagocytosis by CREV-PMN is due to decreased binding of particles to the C3b receptor of PMN, whilst the Fc receptor system remains intact. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1977 Jun, 85(3), 169 - 77 Inhibitory effects of plasma from uraemic patients on human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro; Jorstad S et al.; Human mononuclear phagocytes were cultured in plasma from uraemic patients . The presence of uraemic plasma during the engulfment or digestion of 125I-labelled Candida albicans did not inhibit these functions in mononuclear phagocytes cultured for 8 days under normal condition . When normal human macrophages were cultured in the presence of uraemic plasma for 2-4 days, a marked detachment of the cells from the glass coverslips was registered . The phagocytic function of the remaining cells was impaired . Creatinine, urea and methylguanidine in concentrations higher than those usually measured in plasma from uraemic patients did not influence the functional properties of the cells . The inhibitory effect of uraemic plasma on the mononuclear phagocytes is suggested as an explanation for the increased frequency of infections in uraemic patients. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Jun, 23(6), 751 - 4 Eburicol, lichesterol, ergosterol, and obtusifoliol from polyene antibiotic-resistant mutants of Candida albicans; Subden RE et al.; Two classes of polyene-resistant mutants were isolated from survivors of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of a wild-type Candida albicans . An analysis of the major sterols of one class revealed an accumulation of lichesterol and fecosterol while the other class accumulated eburicol, obtusifoliol, and lanosterol with minor quantities of C28 sterols. J Infect Dis, 1977 Jun, 135(6), 918 - 24 Synergistic infection with murine cytomegalovirus and Candida albicans in mice; Hamilton JR et al.; A previous report from this laboratory demonstrated that mice infected intraperitoneally with a 20% lethal inoculation of murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibited markedly enhanced mortality rates (80%-100%) after an intravenous injection of a 0-20% lethal inoculum of Candida albicans . The current study revealed that mice infected with murine CMV alone had high titers of virus in spleen, liver, lung, and kidney from days 3 through 20, whereas those inoculated with C . albicans alone had a self-limited fungal infection involving only the kidney . In the combined murine CMV-C . albicans infection, the titers of murine CMV in tissues were changed very little . In contrast, C . albicans was recovered from multiple organs, and a progressive renal infection developed . This altered pathogenesis of the candida infection in murine CMV-infected mice resembled that produced by a 100% lethal inoculum of C . albicans alone . These results indicate that the murine CMV infection enhanced the susceptibility of mice to infection with C . albicans and suggest that death was due to progressive fungal infection of the kidney. Infect Immun, 1977 Jun, 16(3), 920 - 2 Susceptibility of murine transfer factor to dimerized ribonuclease A; Rifkind D et al.; Dialyzable transfer factor was prepared from the spleens of CF1 mice actively sensitized with killed Coccidioides immitis antigen . The transfer factor was administered to normal mice either intraperitoneally or into the hind footpads . The recipient mice were tested for reactivity to the coccidioides antigen and to Candida albicans antigen by means of the footpad swelling test . The transfer factor conferred antigen-specific reactivity upon normal recipient mice when given by the intraperitoneal and footpad routes . This capacity of the transfer factor was destroyed by in vitro pretreatment with dimerized ribonuclease A, an enzyme active against double-stranded, as well as single-stranded, ribonucleic acid . In contrast, monomeric ribonuclease A, which is active against only single-stranded ribonucleic acid under the conditions used here, was without effect upon the transfer factor . These data provide evidence that murine transfer factor contains ribonucleotides that are essential for immunological activity . In addition, the data are consistent with the hypothesis, advanced by others, that the ribonucleotides may be double-stranded or uniquely looped configurations. Arch Gynakol, 1977 May 29, 222(3), 275 - 8 Antibacterial activity of amniotic fluid against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Brucella abortus; Jankowski RP et al.; Sixty amniotic fluid samples from sixty patients between 14--42 weeks gestation were studied for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans . Both antibacterial and antifungal activity of the amniotic fluid were observed . When antimicrobial activity was correlated with gestational age, it was found to increase with the period of gestation . Maximum antimicrobial activity of the amniotic fluid was found to be present in the samples obtained between 36--42 weeks of gestation . All samples before 20 weeks gestation showed week antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but comparatively strong reaction against Candida albicans and Brucella abortus. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1977 May 27, 89(11), 361 - 6 {Serum siderophilin (transferrin) and ekkrinosiderophilin (lactoferrin) as non-specific microbiostatic agents in human health and disease: clinical implications (author's transl)}; Schade AL; A short historical review of the antimicrobial effects of siderophilin, the iron chelator in human plasma and serum, is followed by a presentation of the rational basis for assigning it a role in the overall defence mechanisms of the host against infectious disease . Details are given of the qualitative and quantitative activities of normal and pathological sera on the growth and nutrition of several pathogenic bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans as governed by the percentage iron saturation of their contained siderophilin . Staphylococcus aureus is differentiated from Staphylococcus albus by its ability to grow in normal serum whose percentage iron saturation affects not only the metabolism of Staphylococcus aureus but also its production of diffusible factors and sensitivity to antibiotics . The protein iron chelator of bodily secretions, ekkrinosiderophilin, found in relatively high concentrations in human milk is likewise evaluated for its antimicrobial properties and their relevance to the health of the newborn. Br Med J, 1977 May 7, 1(6070), 1183 - 5 Diagnosis of invasive candidosis by enzyme immunoassay of serum antigen; Warren RC et al.; Enzyme immunoassay was used to measure Candida albicans-related antigen in sera of rabbits and mice infected with C albicans . A range of heterologous antigens tested gave no cross reactions . Of the three patients who were investigated and gave positive reactions, two were confirmed as having deep candida infections . Enzyme immunoassay is efficient, simple, and sensitive, and may prove valuable in the early diagnosis of invasive candida infections. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1977 May, 66(3), 393 - 5 Disseminated arthritis and osteitis by Candida albicans in a two month old infant receiving parenteral nutrition; Businco L et al.; The case of a two-month -old female infant, who after a severe diarrhoea treated with prolonged intravenous infusion in peripheral veins alternated with total parenteral feeding, developed a Candida albicans septicemia (accompanied by disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome) is reported . The course of her disease was also complicated by multiple foci of osteoarthritis in both knees, in the left hip and in several long-bones . Radiographically the foci of Candida osteitis appeared as fine erosion of the cortex and minute round areas of osteolysis in the spongiosa, surrounded by a rim of perifocal sclerosis . During the acute stage of Candida sepsis a transitory cellular immunodeficiency was present . Treatment of Candida infection by 5-fluorocytosine was followed by complete recovery. Antibiotiki, 1977 May, 22(5), 426 - 8 {Effect of amphotericin B on the enzyme system of Candida albicans}; Mikhailova NG et al.; The mechanism of amphotericin B action was studied with the aid of cytochemical methods providing determination of the activity of the 4 main enzymes characterizing the cell energetics, i . e . succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inside the cell . With an increase in the concentration of amphotericin B in the medium the activity of all the 4 enzymes decreased, the percentage of the inactive cells being regularly increased . Changes in the fermentative activity of C . albicans as dependent on the incubation time with the antibiotic were studied . Only the respiration activity decreased in 2 hours . As a result of a 4-hour exposure to the polyen in the cells of C . albicans the activity of the lactic acid fermentation, respiration through succinate dehydrogenase and activity of the pentose shunt decreased 1.5--2 times . In 24 hours of incubation the activity of the above decreased 80--90 per cent as compared to the activity of the initial culture. J Immunol, 1977 May, 118(5), 1704 - 11 Immunosuppressive activity of human seminal plasma . I . Inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte activation; Lord EM et al.; A high molecular weight fraction prepared from human seminal plasma by gel filtration chromatography suppresses human lymphocyte transformation and DNA synthesis induced by mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM), antigens (Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), and allogenic cells . This same fraction also suppresses the stimulated response of mouse lymphocytes to allogenic cells and to various mitogens, including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent mitogens . The induction, but not the expression, of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is also suppressed . Similar high molecular weight fractions suppress the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells to both a T cell-dependent (SRBC) and a T cell-independent (DNP-F) antigen . The high m.w . fraction exhibited in vitro suppressive activity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml which corresponds to a 1/50 or greater dilution of human seminal plasma . These observations support the concept that a local immune response against sperm in the female reproductive tract is actively suppressed by a component in seminal plasma. J Pediatr, 1977 May, 90(5), 707 - 12 Reconstitution of T-cell function in severe combined immunodeficiency disease following transplantation of early embryonic liver cells; Rieger CH et al.; In a 51/2-month-old male infant with adenosine deaminase-positive severe combined immunodeficiency disease, who had no suitable bone marrow donor, immunologic reconstitution was attempted with lymphoid cells obtained from the liver of a 4- to 5-week-old-male human embryo . A mild graft-versus-host reaction began three weeks later . T-cells, which were absent prior to infusion of hepatic lymphoid cells, rose to a maximum of 554/mm3 at 16 weeks post transplantation . A normal lymphocyte response to pokeweek mitogen was not present until 25 to 30 weeks and to allogeneic cells until 39 weeks . Postive in vitro lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were found repeatedly after 52 weeks . Twenty months following transplantation the patient is free of clinical infection, although he requires regular injections of gamma globulin. Med Klin, 1977 Apr 8, 72(14), 598 - 600 {Diagnosis of candidid colpitis by Microstix -Candida (author's transl)}; Rindt W et al.; The increase in the clinical significance of candida albicans in gynecology, particularly the high incidence (candidiasis) in the pregnant woman, demand an easy, efficient and rapid method for the routine diagnosis of candida albicans . Microstix -Candida, a specially developed dry culture medium in miniature form, has been studied in comparison to the conventional Nickerson's Medium . Good agreement of the data was obtained in 425 patients . The main advantages are the ease of handling and the 24 hour incubation period . The observed difference in data obtained from the phase microscope examinations and the Microstix Candida cultured specimens are discussed in detail. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Apr, 237(4), 559 - 64 The immune adherence phenomenon in experimental candidiasis; Vardinon N et al.; The immune adherence reaction was shown in experimental candidiasis . This phenomenon has not been previously described for candidiasis, to the best of our knowledge . Forty-eight sera of guinea pigs inoculated with a single or several inoculations of live Candida albicans were tested at different time intervals after inoculation for anti C . albicans antibodies detectable by the immune adherence reaction . From the 14th day after inoculation, a positive immune adherence reaction was observed with titer and strength increasing as time passed after inoculation and as the number of inoculations increased . All the sera were tested parallely in agglutination and indirect mast cell degranulation tests . The significance of the data obtained is discussed. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1977 Apr, 30(4), 289 - 96 Papulacandins, a new family of antibiotics with antifungal activity, I . Fermentation, isolation, chemical and biological characterization of papulacandins A, B, C, D and E; Traxler P et al.; Papulacandin, a new antibiotic complex, active against Candida albicans and several other yeasts, was isolated from a strain of Papularia sphaerosperma . The fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activity of the five structurally related papulacandins A, B, C, D and E are reported . Papulacandin B, the main component, was assigned the formula of C47H64O17. Arthritis Rheum, 1977 Apr, 20(3), 772 - 8 Lymphocytes eluted from synovial tissue of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients; Abrahamsen TG et al.; Synovial tissues from 11 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated . The elution of lymphocytes was performed according to a procedure previously described for synovial tissue of adult rheumatoid arthritis patients (1) . The T lymphocytes were pre dominant (mean: 71%) in all cell suspensions studied, whereas the average proportion of B lymphocytes was 4% . In addition, Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were demonstrable (mean: 8%) . Transformation of the lymphocytes was induced by the unspecific mitrogens phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavallin A, whereas antigens such as ppd and candida albicans antigen were usually ineffective. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1977 Apr, 125(4), 220 - 4 {Mould infection causing obstructive bronchitis . Diagnostik and therapeutic approaches (author's transl)}; Osvath P et al.; The authors compared the results of mycologic examinations of asthmatic and control patient's throat . Fungi other than Candida were cultivated from the throat in 15% of asthmatic children and 3% of controls . In secrets from the lower respiratory tract gained by bronchoscopy, laryngoscopy, or through tracheostomy there were moulds in 34% among the asthmatics and in 15% of the other cases . Allergic respiratory tract diseases facilitate the harbouring of moulds in the respiratory tract but do not influence the presence of Candida albicans . Moulds could often be cultivated even in patient not allergic to them . However there are chronic cases caused by immun reaction to the moulds in the patients' respiratory tract . Microscopic detection of budding and branching, myceliform fungi in the secret produced by coughing supports the diagnosis of mould causing chronic asthmoid bronchitis . New peroral broad spectrum antimycotics facilitate the treatment of such cases . The authors succesfully treated some patients with Clotrimazol (Canesten, Bayer) and all cases responded well to 5-Fluorocytosan (Ancotyl, Roche). J Med Chem, 1977 Apr, 20(4), 606 - 9 Antifungal properties of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters and related compounds; Gershon H et al.; Twelve esters (C1-C6) of erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid and related compounds were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at pH 5.7 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum in Sabouraud dextrose agar . At pH 7.0 in the presence of 10% beef serum, no consistent pattern in the fungitoxicity of the erythro- and threo-2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate esters was seen . Increasing the length of the ester function affects fungitoxicity as follows: C2 greater than C1 greater than C3 greater than C4 greater than C5 greater than C6 . The most fungitoxic compound in this study was threo-ethyl 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinate (C . albicans, 14 mug/ml; A . niger, 30 mug/ml; M . mucedo, 9 mug/ml; T . mentagrophytes, 5 mug/ml) . Due to the ease of dehydrohalogenation, the fungitoxicity of 2-bromo-3-fluorosuccinic acid esters may be the result of a mixture composed of the parent compound, the bromo- and fluorofumaric acid esters, and HF and HBr of which part may be formed extracellularly and part within the cell. Infect Immun, 1977 Apr, 16(1), 258 - 62 Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity in mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor; Rifkind D et al.; Dialyzable Lawrence-type transfer factor was prepared from the spleen cells of CF1 mice inoculated with Coccidioides immitis- and Candida albicans-killed vaccines and with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) . These preparations were shown to transfer antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity to naive mice, as measured by the delayed skin test and footpad-swelling methods . Reactivity could be demonstrated when the test antigens were given 24 h after the transfer factor, but not when they were given simultaneously . Coccidioides-specific transfer factor was shown to be sensitive to Pronase and resistant to trypsin and ribonuclease . A preparation of BCG transfer factor was sensitive to snake venom phosphodiesterase. Arch Surg, 1977 Mar, 112(3), 273 - 5 Utility of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis; Berger M et al.; Three case reports show the usefulness of ultrasound examination in patients with right upper quadrant masses despite clinical or roentgenographic evidence of cholecystitis or cholelithiasis . In one patient an hepatic fungal abscess from Candida albicans was distinguished from the gallbladder; in another, the same was possible for a pyogenic abscess in an old surgical incision; and in a third, extension of a gallbladder carcinoma to the liver was distinguished from the gallbladder itself . Thus, the ultrasound examination allowed assessment of the relationship between the clinically palpable mass and ultrasonically defined anatomy, When needed, increased specificity of diagnosis was obtained by ultrasonically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1977 Mar, 37(3), 232 - 4 {Antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid against selected germs (author's transl)}; Jankowski RP et al.; 60 samples of amniotic fluid from 60 patients were obtained between 14 and 42 weeks gestation by dates and tested for their antibacterial activity against staphlococcus aureus strains and brucella abortus and their antimycotic activity against Candida albicans . The antibacterial and antimycotic activity of the amniotic fluid was confirmed . This activity increases steadily from the 15th week and reaches its maximum around term between 36 and 42 weeks . The amniotic samples obtained at 20 weeks gestation showed a weak antibacterial activity especially against staphlococcus aureus of human origin . The above results are important because of the increasing frequency of early and late diagnostic amniocentesis in pregnancy. J Clin Pathol, 1977 Mar, 30(3), 262 - 5 Observations on the use of the double diffusion test in the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis; Jones GR et al.; Precipitins to mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of three Candida species were determined in an unselected series of 289 non-pregnant women . Precipitins were present in 20% of sera of women with vaginal candidiasis, in 23% of women harbouring yeasts in the vagina without clinical signs of infection, and in 21% of women harbouring yeasts in sites other than the vagina . Of the 47 patients who reacted with Candida albicans mannan or cytoplasmic antigens, 98% reacted with mannan antigen but only 13% with cytoplasmic antigen . The inclusion of mannan and cytoplasmic antigens of C . guilliermondii and C . parapsilosis did not increase the specificity or sensitivity of the test in the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis . It is suggested that the double diffusion test is of doubtful value as an adjunct to the diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis. J Gen Microbiol, 1977 Mar, 99(1), 77 - 84 The effect of aeration and metabolic inhibitors on resistance to amphotericin in starved cultures of Candida albicans; Gale EF et al.; The development of resistance to amphotericin methyl ester, measured in terms of the amount of drug required to induce a standard rate of release of K+ from suspensions of washed organisms, has been followed in Candida albicans in starved cultures under controlled conditions of aeration, stirring and temperature . Resistance develops at a rate which increases with the rate of aeration, limited by the onset of damage due to turbulence . Resistance decreases rapidly if gassing with N2 is substituted for aeration, but sensitivity does not reach that of exponentially growing cells . Resumption of aeration is followed by a slow recovery of resistance . The addition of inhibitors of protein synthesis (trichodermin, verrucarin) or uncoupling agents (2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide) at the beginning of starvation results in an increased rate of development of resistance . Adding inhibitors at a later stage, when resistance has developed after 72 h aeration, does not affect the decrease in resistance produced by gassing with N2 but the presence of trichodermin or verrucarin delays the recovery of resistance o Infect Immun, 1977 Mar, 15(3), 910 - 5 Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by rabbit alveolar macrophages; Peterson EM et al.; Normal rabbit alveolar macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans . Early after infection, germ tube formation of phagocytized C . albicans was inhibited in contrast to extracellular (nonphagocytized) C . albicans . Over and 8-h period, plate counts of C . albicans incubated with alveolar macrophages revealed a decrease in colony-forming units in contrast to C . albicans alone . In addition, an assay was developed which specifically measured C . albicans {3H}leucine incorporation in the presence of alveolar macrophages . Using this assay, we observed a 71 to 93% inhibition of macromolecular synthesis in C . albicans when incubated with alveolar macrophages . Autoradiographic studies showed that the inhibition of leucine incorporation was restricted to the ingested Candida. J Pharm Sci, 1977 Mar, 66(3), 431 - 2 Synthetic acetylenic antifungal agents; Simon DZ et al.; Several monoamino bis(propynyloxy)benzenes were prepared by a Mannich reaction and tested for antifungal activity against Trichophyton schoenleini, T . mentagraphytes, T . tonsurans, Candida albicans, and Epidermophyton flocossum . In addition, the bis(propynyloxy)benzene intermediates were tested and comparisons were made with standing drugs . The intermediates were found to be the most active, although two Mannich bases possessed considerable activity. J Histochem Cytochem, 1977 Mar, 25(3), 193 - 9 Cytochemical localization of NADH oxidase in Candida albicans; Borgers M et al.; The application of a recently published technique to localize reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity is described in glutaraldehyde-fixed Candida albicans . The reaction product appears as a finely granular precipitate on the mitochondrial cristae and on the central vacuolar membrane, and, if present, on the vacuolar contents . Fixation should be kept to a minimum and prolonged incubation times up to 2 hr are necessary to show these reactive sites . The reaction appears to be strongly substrate-dependent and not affected by cyanide . Exposure of C . albicans cells to the antimycotic miconazole resulted in a strong increase in reduced nicotinamide, adenine dinucleotide and oxidase activity . The hypothesis is put forward that this enzyme, together with peroxidative and catalatic enzymes, may be implicated in the mechanism by which miconazole exerts its lethal effect on C . albicans. Blood, 1977 Mar, 49(3), 335 - 44 Immunodeficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas; Jones SE et al.; Seventy-one previously untreated patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were studied with several readilyvailable tests of immune function: number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins, and delayed hypersensitivity to six recall antigens . The results were correlated to histology (Rappaport classification), stage (Ann Arbor classification), the presence of symptoms, and survival . As a group, 38 patients with diffuse lymphomas exhibited marked impairment in reactivity to five of six antigens (p less than 0.03 to p less than 0.001) . In addition, lymphopenia and reduced levels of serum IgA were found in association with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma . Among patients with diffuse lymphoma, lymphocyte number and skin test reactivity tended to be greater in those with localized disease or without constitutional symptoms, and survival was superior for patients free of symptoms (p less than 0.01) . As a group, 33 patients with nodular lymphoma had normal numbers of lymphocytes, lower levels of serum IgG and IgA, and significant impairment of reactivity to two antigens (streptokinase-streptodornase and mumps; p less than 0.01); reactivity to three other antigens (Candida albicans, coccidiodin, and tuberculin) was normal . Survival for patients with nodular lymphoma was superior (p less than 0.01) compared to those with diffuse lymphomas . In summary, severe immunodeficiency was found in patients with diffuse lymphoma (particularly diffuse histiocytic lymphoma), and definite but much less severe immunodeficiency was characteristic of patients with nodular lymphoma. Mycopathologia, 1977 Feb 18, 60(2), 99 - 104 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and opportunistic fungal infections; Smith JM; Sera from 35 apparently normal humans, 37 compromised human patients, 30 hedgehogs and 30 sheep, were examined for precipitating antibodies to four opportunistic fungi - Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Rhizopus arrhizus-using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) . Precipitins to A . fumigatus were almost exclusively confined to specimens obtained from the compromised human group (51% of those examined) while Candida precipitating antibodies were detected in the sera of both normal (26%) and compromised (49%) humans and in 10% of the hedgehog specimens . Serum precipitins against the two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare . Because of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears the two phycomycetes included in the investigations were rare . Beause of the complexity of most fungal antigen extracts, it appears essential that sera be tested against a number of different antigen concentrations if CIE is to be used with confidence in fungal serology. Ann Thorac Surg, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 163 - 6 Candida albicans infection of sternum and costal cartilages: combined operative treatment and drug therapy and 5-fluorocytosine; Thomas FE Jr et al.; Two patients with candidal sternal osteomyelitis have been successfully treated by operative debridement and adjuvant drug therapy with 5-fluorocytosine . One patient had developed postoperative candidal wound infection after sternotomy, and the other acquired candidal sternal osteomyelitis following Candida fungemia . The diagnosis, suggested by culture, was confirmed by identification of Candida pseudohyphae in debrided tissue . Histological confirmation of candidal sternal osteomyelitis indicates the need for operative debridement and specific systemic antifungal therapy . The drug 5-fluorocytosine appears to provide effective oral therapy in this situation. Gastroenterology, 1977 Feb, 72(2), 316 - 8 Intravenous miconazole in the treatment of chronic esophageal candidiasis; Rutgeerts L et al.; Intravenous miconazole monotherapy for 3 weeks cured a 67-year-old patient with a 2-year history of esophageal candidiasis . Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from this patient demonstrated impaired phagocytic capacity for Candida albicans. Biokhimiia, 1977 Feb, 42(2), 277 - 82 {Effect of polyenic antibiotics on the activity of alkaline phosphatase from Candida albicans}; Solov'ena NN et al.; Polyenic antibiotics (levorin, amphotericin B, nistatin) inhibit in vivo and in vitro the activity of membrane alkaline phosphatase from sensitive Candida albicans strain, and their inhibitory effect is twice lower on the enzyme from the resistant strain . A correlation is observed between the antibiotic concentration and the inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity . Nistatin is found to be the least efficient inhibitor (among the antibiotics studied) of alkaline phosphatase . The treatment of membranes with polyenic antibiotics does not result in solubilization of membrane proteins nad alkaline phosphatase . The data obtained are considered with respect to the effect of polyenic antibiotics on cell membrane structure. Acta Allergol, 1977 Feb, 32(1), 15 - 26 Inhibition of leukocyte migration by the agarose plate technique . Application to antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum; Budtz-Jorgensen E; Leukocyte migration inhibition by antigen from Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum was studied in man by means of the direct leukocyte migration agarose technique (LMAT) . Antigens were prepared by prolonged ultrasonication and were added to the leukocyte cultures in the original as well as in the concentrated solutions . Significant inhibition of migration with a 10-fold concentrated solution of candida antigen was demonstrated in subjects showing apositive intracutaneous reaction to candida . With the fusobacterial antigen, inhibition of migration or stimulation of migration were demonstrated in subjects with slight peridontal inflammation . A 5-fold increase in the concentration of fusobacterial antigen resulted in increased stimulation of migration or inhibition of migration . Preincubation of the leukocytes with puromycin abolished both inhibition and stimulation of migration by candidal or fusobacterial antigen . The study confirms that it is important to study dose-related effects when applying the LMAT to test cell-mediated immunity . The study is in support of stimulation of migration being an immunologic reaction. J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 235 - 42 Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions . II . In vivo degradation of C . albicans in hepatic macrophages of mice; Meister H et al.; Hepatic granulomas were induced in mice by injection of blastospores, cell walls, and glucan of Candida albicans . Granulomatous reactions in liver tissue initially multiplied but later decreased . A dose-response relationship was apparent with up to 3 mg of inoculum . Shortly after injection of C . albicans spores, fungal elements appeared in liver macrophages and were detectable in granuloma and Kupffer cells for 20 days . Gram-stain, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and immunofluorescence reactions soon vanished, and the organisms could no longer be seen . Glucan of C . albicans, which lacked PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity, proved active in initiation of granulomas . Degradation of phagocytized spores of C . albicans, reductions of cytoplasm, and cell wall deformation and collapse support the premise that loss of PAS and immunofluorescence reactivity was caused by enzymatic breakdown of candida cell wall mannan in macrophages . We conclude that C . albicans can induce granulomatous reactions in mouse liver when the glucan that forms the cell wall matrix in Candida persists in identifiable residues. J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 224 - 34 Role of Candida albicans in granulomatous tissue reactions . I . In vitro degradation of C . albicans and immunospecificity of split products; Meister H et al.; Several mannan-containing fractions were obtained from whole cells, cell walls, and cytoplasm of Candida albicans by means of treatment with hot formamide or precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 . The immunological and chemical characteristics of the fractions were compared with those of C . albicans mannan prepared by standard procedures . Antisera to C . albicans from rabbits immunized with whole cells of the organism were found to be primarily directed against the mannan content . With use of such antisera, mannan was localized in both the inner and outer layers of the cell wall, whereas the middle layer was found in all likelihood to represent the glucan polymer . Stepwise removal of mannan from whole cells or cell walls resulted in increasing loss of periodic acid-Schiff staining, immunofluorescence, and peroxidase reactivity . Thus, it appears that mannan is responsible for the ability of cell walls of C . albicans to be stained by periodic acid-Schiff or labeled with fluorescent antibody . The component of the pathogen most resistant to physical or chemical treatment was the glucan, which lacked all immunological reactivity. J Pediatr, 1977 Feb, 90(2), 180 - 6 Hereditary deficiency of the third component of complement in a child with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias: response to transfusion of whole blood; Osofsky SG et al.; A previously well 34-month-old male presenting with fever, skin rash, and arthralgias was found to lack C3 by immunochemical (undetectable) and hemolytic (1% normal) assays . No infectious agent could be demonstrated . Protein levels of Clq . C4, C5, properdin, and C3b-INA and hemolytic activities of complement components C1 to C9 except C3 were normal or elevated; total hemolytic complement activity was 13% of normal and was reconstituted by purified C3 . Properdin factor B was 702 (normal 175 to 275) mug/ml, and was not cleaver upon addition of zymosan or cobra venom factor . The serum had normal immune adherence activity, but was deficient in ability to opsonize Candida albicans for uptake and Escherichia coli for killing by neurophils, generate neutrophil chemotactic factors and inhibit the growth of E . coli; these activities were restored by purified C3 . A transfusion of 320 ml 1-hour-old normal whole blood on the fifty-second day resulted in transitory elevation of the C3 level to 25 mg/dl with a fall-off (approximately 2 1/2% per hour) to undetectable levels by 69 hours; it was followed by disappearance of the skin rash and arthralgias and return to normal of the previously elevated temperature and CRP levels . C3 levels in family members (seven of 24 half-normal), lack of anti-C3 activity, normal C3b-INA levels and a normal rate of catabolism of transfused C3 indicated that the deficiency was inherited with autosomal codominance and involved decreased synthesis of C3 . Thus, this child is a unique individual with inherited C3 deficiency presenting with absence of repeated infections, whose symptoms of fever, skin rash, and arthralgia were abated by whole blood transfusion. J Maxillofac Surg, 1977 Feb, 5(1), 69 - 75 Follow-up studies in oral leukoplakia; Banoczy J; Follow-up examinations of 670 patients with oral leukoplakia during a 30-year-period showed cancer development in 40 cases, i.e . 6% . Dysplasia was observed in 24% of the histologically examined leukoplakia cases; 13% of the dysplasia cases subsequently showed development of carcinoma . The age distribution revealed the prevalence of leukoplakia in the age-group 51-60 years; that of carcinoma in the age-group of 61-70 years . The sex distribution showed a male-female ratio of 3.2 : 1 in the leukoplakia-group, and a 1.9 : 1 ratio in the carcinoma-group . The tongue and the lips were the site of predilection for malignant transformation and for dysplasia . Among aetiological factors, Candida albicans infection and the simultaneous existence of several aetiological factors seemed to play a role in malignant transformation . Erosive leukoplakia showed the highest risk, developing in 25.9% of the cases into cancer. Can J Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 23(2), 166 - 74 The role of metabolic energy in the lethal action of basic proteins on Candida albicans; Olson VL et al.; Comparative studies were made on the destructive effects of certain basic proteins on a strain of Candida albicans and two of its respiration-impaired mutants . Both by direct plate counts of survivors and by quantitative ultraviolet spectrophotometric analyses of released cellular constituents, the respiration-impaired mutants were less vulnerable to the destructive actions of the basic proteins than were ordinary wild-type cells . The lethal incidence and the ultraviolet absorbing cellular substances released from wild-type cells by the proteins were markedly decreased in the presence of the oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers sodium azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and salicylanide and approximately equal to the effects produced on an oxidative phosphorylation mutant not treated with the uncouplers . The heightened resistance of a culture through mutational or chemical impairment of its respiratory system suggests a role of metabolic energy in the destructive action of various basic proteins on yeast cells. Br J Haematol, 1977 Feb, 35(2), 245 - 50 Neutrophil function in bone marrow transplant recipients; Territo MC et al.; The neutrophil function of seven patients receiving allogeneic bone marrow transplantion was studied . Five of the patients had been transplanted for aplastic anaemia and two for acute leukaemia . Determinations were made of neutrophil phagocytosis, chemotaxis, random migration, and microbicidal activity for Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus . One patient showed a decreased ability to kill C . albicans at a time when she had active pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii . The remainder of the studies showed normal neutrophil functions . No differences were observed in the patients who had graft versus host disease {GvH} from those without GvH . These studies suggest that defects in phagocytic neutrophil function do not contribute significantly to the impaired host defenses in recipients of bone marrow transplantation. Lav Um, 1977 Jan, 29(1), 1 - 14 {Health aspects of antibiotic manufacture with particular emphasis on respiratory and genital disturbances (author's transl)}; Carnevale F et al.; Sixty-seven workers employed in incapsulating and manufacturing antibiotics were studied by the authors by means of questionnaire, environmental survey, clinical examination and hematochemical, immunologic and microbiological determinations . The main features of respiratory and genital disturbances are discussed . Two cases of occupational asthma due to ampicillin were detected . Twenty-four out of forty-five female workers were found to be affected with vaginitis (due to Candida albicans in fourteen): a relationship with the working environment is hypothesized . The digestive tract disturbances are reported and the prevalence of dental discoloration is stressed . Finally the psycho-pathological pattern of the factory workers is outlined. Scand J Infect Dis, 1977, 9(1), 63 - 4 Candida meningoencephalitis treated with 5-fluorocytosine; Nordstrom L et al.; The successful treatment of Candida albicans meningoencephalitis with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is reported . After abdominal surgery with many complications, a 60-year-old man developed severe headache, lumbar pain, mental change . The significance of this was not realized for months . The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis, high protein and low glucose concentration . One CSF culture out of 6 revealed growth of Candida albicans . Serologic tests are also indicated candida infection . After a month of treatment with 5-FC, the severe pain decreased and he improved mentally . After 4 months, the CSF was normal and the 5-FC treatment ended . For the past year, the patient has not shown any signs of relapse. Arch Dis Child, 1977 Jan, 52(1), 56 - 61 Peritoneal dialysis in children . Review of 8 years' experience; Day RE et al.; During the years 1968-75, 59 periods of peritoneal dialysis were performed on 44 children aged from 2 days to 17 years . The commonest complication was peritoneal infection, which affected 68% of those under 2 years and 30% of older children . This was satisfactorily treated in all but one case which was due to Candida albicans . The use of combined intramuscular and intraperitoneal gentamicin therapy is described . 2 patients died as a result of massive intraperitoneal haemorrhage and one had a nonfatal intestinal perforation . In experienced hands peritoneal dialysis is a convenient, effective, and reasonably safe way of treating acute renal failure; it is best performed in centres capable of handling complex metabolic problems and investigating and treating the underlying renal disease. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977, 11(4), 543 - 7 {Sensitivity of various strains of Candida to amphotericin B and nystatin (author's transl)}; Mutlu G et al.; In this article the sensitivity of 42 standard Candida strains to Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been examined . The in vitro experiments showed that the sensitivity of various Candida strains to the above mentioned drugs were different . Also it was observed that Nystatin was more effective against the Candida albicans strains. Exp Pathol (Jena), 1977, 14(6), 321 - 7 Experimental investigations on increased resistance to infections with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus Smith by 4-imino-1,4-diazobicyclo-(3.1.0)-hexane-2-on BM 06.002 (prop . INN imexon) in mice; Ziegler AE et al.; BM 06.002 increases the resistance of mice to experimentally induced chronic infection with Candida albicans . Furthermore, BM 06.002 leads to increased resistance in the case of experimentally induced infection with Staphylococcus aureus Smith, when a subtherapeutic dose of sulfadiazine is applied . In mice immunosuppressively pretreated with hydrocortisone, BM 06.002 effectuates immunorestauration. Scand J Dent Res, 1977 Jan-Feb, 85(2), 135 - 41 Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys; Olsen I et al.; Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II) . To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug . In Series II the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham-treated with sodium chloride . Mean saliva flow was reduced to 58% after 1 week and to 63% after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine . The values with the high dose were 56% and 64%, respectively . After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys . The patches were more extensive and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine . Enlarged lesions were seen with the double dose . In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in the oxyphencyclimine group . Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II . It is likely that saliva offers some protection against yeasts colonizing the fitting size of a denture. J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Jan, 5(1), 91 - 9 Comparative serological and cutaneous reactivity of candidal cytoplasmic proteins and mannan separated by affinity for concanavalin A; Ellsworth JH et al.; Yeast-form Candida albicans cells were disrupted for 1.5 min in a Braun homogenizer and centrifuged at 100,000 X g . The supernatant was concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and then dialyzed . The resulting material (650 mg), containing 81.2% protein and 11.5% carbohydrate, was subjected to affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A) linked to agarose . A protein fraction was eluted from the column with buffer, and a fraction containing mannan was eluted with 0.2 M alpha-methyl mannoside . The candidal soluble proteins had 19 components which were resolvable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The material with affinity for Con A contained mannan and 17% complexed protein . Antigenic differences between the soluble proteins and the mannan-protein complex were shown by lines of intersection in immunodiffusion . The soluble proteins devoid of mannan reacted in immunoelectrophoresis with sera from infected rabbits and patients with chronic candidiasis . These same sera also reacted with a mannan-protein complex eluted from the Con A column with alpha-methyl mannoside . The comparative ability of candidal proteins and cell wall-derived mannan to elicit skin test reactions in guinea pigs sensitized by infection or with formaldehyde-killed yeast was studied . Candidal proteins at a 10-mug dose elicited positive reactions at 6 and 21 days after sensitization . The reactions persisted for 48 h and showed minimal tendency to an arthus response, which was marked when mannan-containing antigens were used . The antigenicity of cell wall-derived mannans and candidal soluble proteins devoid of mannan was compared in immunodiffusion tests of sera from 39 patients with neoplastic disease . Of these patients with documented candidiasis, 13 of 20 reacted to one or more mannan antigens, and 3 of 20 reacted to candidal soluble proteins . In contrast, of those patients who were uninfected or had superficial Candida spp . infections, 5 of 19 reacted to candidal soluble proteins, and 16 of 19 reacted to one or more mannan antigens. Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 21(12), 703 - 25 Cellular elements in the resistance to candida infection in mice . I . Contribution of T lymphocytes and phagocytes at various stages of infection; Miyake T et al.; Live organisms (cfu) of Candida albicans per organ were counted 1 hr and 1 to 20 days after an intravenous inoculation into various groups of mice which had distinct levels of immunologic or non-immunologic defense mechanisms . a) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively in normal mice, but those in the kidney maintained a constant level during the observation period . b) The number of cfu in the liver decreased progressively also in nude mice . In their kidneys, however, cfu increased progressively at a late stage of infection . c) In lethally irradiated AKR of nude mice in which phagocyte functions were severely depressed, the number of cfu increased progressively in both liver and kidney from the initial stage of infection . d) In immunized AKR mice, growth of C . albicans was suppressed at late stages of infection . Such protective immunity could be transferred partly with immune lymphoid cells but not with hyperimmune serum in the experimental system employed . In protection against candida infection, non-immune phagocytosis and T cell-mediated immunity appear to be required at the early and late stages of infection, respectively. Contrib Microbiol Immunol, 1977, 4, 77 - 85 Toxins produced by Candida albicans; Iwata K; From studies on high-and-low molecular-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental-weight candidial toxins, with special reference to the etiopathology of experimental C . albicans infection, it may be concluded that these toxins, particularly the high-molecular-weight ones, play a very important role as parasitic factors in the extablishment of the infection, possibly also affecting its course . This concept of the role of Candidial toxins may be considered also applicable to the establishment of natural candidosis . It is speculated that these toxins might be more or less ubiquitously produced in pathogenic fungi, not only C . albicans but also other species of the genus Candida as well as those of other fungal genera . They may be to some extent related to the etiopathology of their respective fungal infections. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 1977, 4 Suppl 3, 303S - 312S Immunological investigations of Candida albicans in respiratory disease; Edge G et al.; 1 . Tests against rabbit antiserum to Candida albicans showed about 40 protein antigens in cytoplasmic extract compared with two in a commercial test extract, which contained mainly polysaccharide (mannan) antigens . 2 . Positive precipitin tests to the mannan preparation were recorded in 40% of 56 asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids and 37% of 56 rhinitis patients not so treated . The titres were slightly higher in the corticosteroid group . There was no increase in precipitins over 0-9 months in asthmatics treated with beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (BDA) by inhalation, or over 0-12 months in rhinitis patients treated with BDA nasal spray . No positive reactions to the purified protein fraction were recorded . 3 . Radioallergosorbent tests for specific IgE antibody showed a higher incidence of positive results with whole C . albicans yeast cells than with purified cytoplasmic protein . There was a higher incidence of positive results to protein in patients on systemic corticosteroids than in the other patients . No change in incidence occurred in asthmatics on BDA . The number of positive results in 56 rhinitis patients increased on BDA from 28 to 37 for yeast cells, and from 7 to 16 for cytoplasmic protein . This was attributed to C . albicans challenge tests . 4 . Specific IgA antibodies to yeast cells were detected in 48/56 asthmatics on systemic corticosteroids, and there were no significant changes over 0-9 months on BDA . The corresponding figures for rhinitis patients were 25/56, and again there were no significant changes over 0-12 months on BDA. J Rheumatol, 1977 Autumn, 4(3), 317 - 20 Arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans: a case report; Lertratanakul Y et al.; A case of Candida albicans arthritis involving a knee and cuneiform bone is presented . As with other forms of candidiasis, multiple antibiotic treatment and hyperalimentation predisposed to the infection . Fourteen previously published cases are reviewed . The knee is the most common site of infection and there is a high frequency of associated osteomyelitis . Treatment with both amphotericin and 5-fluorocytosine seems to be effective . The case presented was treated successfully with a small dose of amphotericin followed by five and one-half months of 5-fluorocytosine. J Immunol Methods, 1977, 18(1-2), 149 - 56 Cell wall antigens in soluble cytoplasmic extracts of candida albicans as demonstrated by crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A; Syverson RE et al.; Crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with Concanavalin A precipitated four antigens from soluble extracts of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans . Two of these antigens were also present in spheroplast preparations . One of the Concanavalin A precipitated antigens was destroyed by periodate and none were digested by pronase . Sequential treatment with pronase and periodate destroyed two of the remaining three antigens . The Concanavalin A precipitated antigens appear to be glycoproteins, two of which are associated with the cell wall of C . albicans. Scand J Immunol, 1977, 6(6-7), 591 - 4 Participation of C3 in intracellular killing of Candida albicans; Yamamura M et al.; Using new objective methods for measuring, independently, phagcytosis and killing, it was demonstrated that Candida albicans opsonized by C3-deficient serum was ingested by not killed in vitro by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Killing could be induced by adding purified C3 to the C3-deficient serum . It is concluded that C3 participates directely in the intracellular process leading to phagocytic killing of C . albicans. Acta Odontol Scand, 1977, 35(4), 197 - 205 Mycotic growth and soft denture lining materials; Makila E et al.; Mycotic flora was studied from the dentures and denture bearing mucosae of 39 persons who wore soft-lined (Molloplast B) mandibular dentures and heat-cured acrylic resin maxillary dentures . Fungal growth was detected in 85% of the mandibular dentures and in 44% of the maxillary dentures (p less than 0.001) . On the mandibular mucosa fungal growth was revealed in 74% and on the mucosa of the maxilla in 69% . In connection with inflamed mucosae fungal growth was always detected on the mandibular denture and on the mandibular mucosa in 93% as well as on the maxillary denture in 50% and on the maxillary mucosa in 75% . Considering the healthy mandibular mucosa fungus was found in 75% on the mandibular dentures and in 62% on the mucous membranes . In connection with healthy maxillary mucosae the corresponding figures were 42% and 68% . The specimens revealed 7 different yeasts and 2 moulds . The most common fungi were Candida albicans (86%), Torulopsis glabrata (31%), and C . tropicalis (14%) . The uncured Molloplast material caused a definite inhibition of candida growth in vitro, while the cured material indicated no growth inhibition. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1977, 25(2), 273 - 83 Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces olivaceus 142 . II . Isolation, purification and activity spectrum of antibiotic WR 142-FPG; Mordarski M et al.; A method of isolating antibiotic Wr 142-FPG from the fermentation broth and mycelium of mutant FPG of the strain Streptomyces olivaceus 142 has been developed . The method of purification of the active substance and activity spectrum agains microorganisms are described . Some of the basic properties of two preparations are given: a) the preparation designed I, partly purified, containing a peptide moetye and b) the preparation designed II, which is a homogeneous chromatographically preparation with mol . wt . about 510, obtained from preparation I by separation on silica gel . Both preparations are active against the same spectrum of microorganisms and are similarly cytotoxic for normal and neoplastic cells . They differ from each other in specific activity and toxicity . LD50 of preparation I for white mice i.p . is about 240 mg/kg and LD50 of preparation II about 5 mg/kg . Comparison of the activity of the purified preparation of WR 142-FPG with that of known anti-fungal antibiotics showed that Wr 142-FPG inhibits growth of Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts at concentrations 10--100 times lower than amphotericin B, antimycin A, nystatin and primaricin. Clin Exp Immunol, 1977 Jan, 27(1), 152 - 8 A functional comparison of blood and gingival inflammatory polymorphonuclear leucocytes in man; Wilton JM et al.; Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the human gingival crevice (CREV-PMN) have a defective phagocytic capacity when compared with peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PB-PMN) from the same individual . In a study of fourteen clinically healthy subjects, significantly smaller numbers of CREV-PMN phagocytosed fewer Candida albicans blastospores as compared with PB-PMN . The intracellularkilling capacity of the two cell populations was similar . Removal of specific antibody but not complement significantly depressed blastospore uptake by both cell types . It is postulated that the intrinsic defect of the CREV-PMN is acquired in vivo and may be a general property of PMN from inflammatory sites. J Immunol Methods, 1977, 14(1), 19 - 24 Phagocytosis measured as inhibition of uridine uptake by Candida albicans; Yamamura M et al.; Inhibition of 3H-uridine incorporation into Candida albicans can be used as a sensitive index of phagocytic function because: 1) there is a linear correlation between uridine incorporation and yeast number; 2) phagocytic cells do not incorporate significant amounts of uridine in short term cultures; and 3) C . albicans replicating inside phagocytic cells does not take up uridine from culture medium . Appropriate conditions for measuring phagocytic capacity of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's) were 5 x 10(5) C . albicans and 5 x 10(4) PMNs in 0.5 ml of medium containing 2.5% AB serum . This mixture was incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C . Aliquots were then transferred into microtiter wells and incubated for a further 60 min in the presence of 3H-uridine . Under these conditions PMN leucocytes from 25 healthy individuals caused suppression of uridine incorporation ranging from 33 to 75% (50 +/- 12). Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 287 - 94 Humoral immunity in vaginal candidiasis; Mathur S et al.; Serum antibody titers to Candida albicans were estimated in 37 women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and in 148 normal American and Finnish subjects, using the passive-hemagglutination technique . The antibody titers ranged from 0 to 16 in normal individuals and 4 to 256 in vaginal candidiasis patients . Antibodies to C . albicans in the sera of vaginal candidiasis patients were found to be the secretory immunoglobulin A type, as determined by gel filtration and double-diffusion tests . The results were confirmed by the indir-ct fluorescent-antibody technique . Our findings suggest that, in vaginal candidiasis, the antibody response is mainly local, consisting of secretory immunoglobulin A, some of which finds its way into systemic circulation. Arch Ophthalmol, 1977 Jan, 95(1), 89 - 93 Intravitreal amphotericin B treatment of Candida endophthamitis; Stern GA et al.; A 43-year-old heroin addict with Candida albicans endophthalmitis was treated with a single 5-mug intravitreal injection of amphotericin B . The diagnosis was confirmed by smears and cultures of a vitrous aspiration . The patient's accidental death seven weeks after treatment enabled us to obtain histopathologic evidence that the infection had been cured and that the amphotericin B had had no toxic effect on the retina . Intravitral amphotericin B should be considered an important mode of treatment of Candida endophthalmitis. Proc R Soc Med, 1977, 70 Suppl 1, 9 - 12 The effects of miconazole on the ultrastructure of Candida albicans; de Nollin S et al.; Ultrastructural changes in Candida albicans induced by increasing concentrations of miconazole in vitro are described . Fungistatic concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-7) M) induced minimal morphologic changes at the cell periphery . At 10(-6) M cell volume increased and peroxisomes became numerous in the cell interior . The minimal fungicidal dose of 10(-5) M caused severe damage to most of the cell population and a total fungicidal dose of 10(-4) M caused total internal cellular necrosis even when cell walls remained intact . It is suggested that miconazole inhibits the peroxidative enzymes cytochrome c-peroxidase and catalase . Cell necrosis then results from peroxide accumulation. Infect Immun, 1977 Jan, 15(1), 145 - 8 Frentizole, a novel immunosuppressive, and azathioprine: their comparative effects on host resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, and influenza (Ann Arbor) virus; Scheetz ME II et al.; Frentizole, 1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea, a new immunosuppressive agent, and azathioprine were administered subcutaneously at predetermined immunosuppressive dose levels of azathioprine and up to 50 times an immunosuppressive dose level of Frentizole . After 10 days of treatment at these dose levels, the experimental groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or herpes simplex virus, inoculated intraveneously with Candida albicans, or infected by aerosol with Ann Arbor influenza virus . The results of these series of experiments indicate that Frentizole, even at super immunosuppressive doses, does not predispose the hose (mice) to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, herpes simplex virus, or Ann Arbor influenza virus. Arch Sci Med (Torino), 1977 Jan-Mar, 134(1), 95 - 8 {Vaccine therapy of a case of onychomycosis caused by Candida albicans}; Gravina-Sanvitale G et al.; A case of onychomycosis due to Candida Albicans in an otherwise healthy girl is reported . A vaccine was prepared with the same strain as the Candida Albicans isolated from the nail culture, broken down into 12 ampoules containing progressive concentrations . An improvement was achieved up to complete cure and this persists many months later . The results of the therapy are commented on. Proc R Soc Med, 1977, 70 Suppl 1, 40 - 2 Treatment of fungal infections with miconazole; Stille W et al.; The present study reports on 15 patients with confirmed or suspected secondary fungal infection, who were treated with intravenous miconazole and a daily dose of 0.4 to 28 g (mean 9.8 g) . The mycological findings confirmed infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in 6 patients and severe infection with Candida albicans in 4 . Clinically mycological cures were achieved in 4 patients and some improvement was found in 3 others . The excellent patient tolerance of the drug makes it seem a likely treatment not only for patients with mycologically confirmed infection but also for those whose condition exposes them to a high risk of fungal infection. Acta Derm Venereol, 1977, 57(4), 325 - 9 Phenothiazine phototoxicity: an experimental study on chlorpromazine and related tricyclic drugs; Ljunggren B et al.; A large number of phenothiazines and chemically related tricyclic drugs have been studied with respect to their phototoxic potency . Two methods were used, an in vivo technique based on the inflammatory response of the mouse tail after systemic administration of the drug plus UVA irradiation, and an in vitro method based on growth inhibition of Candida albicans . Of 27 commercial tricyclic drugs tested in vivo, the most potent were chlorpromazine and two other chlorinated compounds, prochlorperazine and perphenazine . Tricyclic drugs lacking nitrogen, sulphur, or both in their ring system showed no activity . All compounds phototoxic in the mouse were so in the yeast test as well . Here, however, the thioxanthenes (lacking nitrogen) were also highly active. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977, 237(2-3), 395 - 404 {Pigment Formation by Trichophyton rubrum: Differentiation between T . rubrum and T . mentagrophytes on Serum Albumin Agar (author's transl)}; Staib F et al.; On serum albumin agar (bovine albumin) with initial pH-values of 5.0-6.0, Trichophyton rubrum showed a yellow pigmentation, and on the same medium with an initial pH-value of 7.0, a red pigmentation . Strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes have never shown pigmentation until now, The scarce growth (submerged) of T . rubrum on serum albumin agar is associated with a pigment formation that may be used for diagnostic purposes . It could be read within 3-7 days . Serum albumin agar with the initial pH-value of 5.0 was introduced in 1964 for the detection of the strain-specific proteolytic activity of Candida albicans. Arch Gynakol, 1976 Dec 10, 221(4), 313 - 22 {Experimental candida vaginitis in the mouse (author's transl)}; Spanel-Borowski K et al.; Manifest Candida albicans infection of the vagina of mice was achieved only after oestrogen treatment . Histologically, different phases of vaginal candidiasis could be observed: the mycotic infection began with a massive colonization of Candida albicans in the horny layers of the vaginal epithelium and an early immigration of granulocytes . Abscess-like changes followed when high number of yeast cells were used for infection . One to two weeks after onset the inflammatory changes decreased and fungi were no longer identifiable in epithelial micro-abscesses by the methods employed . In contrast, yeast cells could be detected within the vaginal skin exhibiting weak inflammatory lesions up to the 57th day . Chemotactic studies showed that the fungi considerably stimulated the migration of mouse granulocytes in the presence of serum . Since mannan isolated from the Candida cell wall also possesses strong chemotactic activity, certain components of the fungal cell wall may play a pathogenic role in Candida colpitis. Mycopathologia, 1976 Dec 10, 60(1), 51 - 6 Effects of growth temperature and caffeine on genetic responses of Candida albicans to ethyl methanesulfonate, nitrous acid and ultraviolet radiation; Sarachek A et al.; Ultraviolet radiation is more effective than either ethyl methanesulfonate or nitrous acid in inducing reverse mutation from auxotrophy to prototrophy in C . albicans . The killing effect of each of the mutagens is greater for cells grown at 37 C than at 25 C after treatment; mutation frequencies are unaffected by post-treatment growth temperatures . Though caffeine depresses survival of mutagen treated cells at both 25 C or 37 C, its effect is more pronounced at 37 C . Caffeine has no effect on mutagenesis by nitrous acid or ethyl methanesulfonate; it depresses UV mutagenesis, but only at 37 C and at high UV dosages . These findings indicate that UV mutagenesis in C . albicans is mediated by a caffeine-sensitive, recombinational system for DNA repair analogous to those known to occur in other species of yeasts . The repair system of C . albicans is unique in being susceptible to caffeine only at high temperature and when the number of DNA lesions to be repaired is large . The caffeine-sensitive steps in repair critical to UV mutagenesis are not involved in fixing mutations induced by the chemical mutagens tested. J Pediatr, 1976 Dec, 89(6), 1017 - 9 Successful treatment of Candida meningitis with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in combination; Chesney PJ et al.; The combined use of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine in the treatment of two children with Candida albicans meningitis is described . Therapy consisted of nine to 13 days of iv amphotericin B, combined with, or followed by six to nine weeks of oral 5-FC . Each organism was sensitive to 5-FC before starting therapy . Resistance did not develop during therapy . CSF administration was not necessary and toxic reactions were minimal and transient; neither patient has suffered a recurrence four years and 14 months, respectively, after discontinuance of therapy . The combination of short-term therapy with iv amphotericin B plus long-term oral 5-FC was successful in these two patients. Acta Zool Pathol Antverp, 1976 Dec, (66), 101 - 10 {Cutaneous candidiosis in an European beaver, Castor fiber . Epidimiological aspect and parasitic form of Candida albicans}; Saez H; On the thigh of an Europa Beaver, Castor fiber L., dead after 8 years of captivity, a candidiasis has been found due to Candida albicans . Were reported successively: the frequence of C . albicans in the Europa Beaver and the Canada Beaver, the diagnosis, an epidemiologic aspect and the morphologic parasitic form of that yeast . In the epiderma parasited of the Beaver, C . albicans has developed in a yeast-form in the superficial strates of the skin and in the filamentous-form in the deeper. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 97(2), 211 - 7 Macromolecular syntheses during the cell cycles of yeast and hyphal phases of Candida albicans; Wain WH et al.; Synchronous cultures of yeast and hyphal phases of Candida albicans showed exponential increases in RNA content and stepwise exponential increases in DNA content . The periods of DNA synthesis in the two phases coincided with one another and with the budding peaks of the yeast phase . Hyphae grown in synchronous cultures also showed an exponential increase in length . The hyphal phase was therefore normal . Hyphal nuclear division occurred after hyphal DNA synthesis . Germination was a unique event for a hypha and unlike yeast bud formation, preceded the first period of DNA synthesis . The exponential increase in RNA and DNA in asynchronous cultures of hyphae in serum paralleled the exponential increase in the numbers of cells in asynchronous cultures of yeasts in defined media . Thus there are no factors in serum which inhibit the normal exponential growth of C . albicans. Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Dec, 26(3), 511 - 9 Immune function in sarcoidosis . Studies on delayed hypersensitivity, B and T lymphocytes, serum immunoglobulins and serum complement components; Tannenbaum H et al.; An assessment of immune function was performed in twenty-four patients with recently diagnosed active sarcoidosis . Four patients manifested skin anergy to four antigens . All subjects except one were capable of generating a positive skin response to a croton oil patch test . The incorporation of {3H}thymidine by lymphocytes in vitro in response to the nonspecific mitogens--phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and Con A did not differ between anergic and non-anergic thymidine incorporation in vitro when stimulated by the specific antigens, streptokinase/streptodornase or Candida albicans . Lymphocytes obtained from nine of eleven patients having positive delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions demonstrated MIF production in vitro upon specific antigen challenge . Quantities of circulating B and T lymphocytes did not differ between anergic and absolute numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes, as well as hypercomplementaemia and hypergammaglobulinaemia when compared to the control group. Clin Exp Immunol, 1976 Dec, 26(3), 505 - 10 Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) profile in primary and secondary immunodeficiency disease; Gorski AJ et al.; Lymphocytes from patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency disease were tested for capacity to produce LMIF after mitogen and antigen stimulation as well as for ability to stimulate and respond in unidirectional MLC-LMIF assay . Different patterns of immune abnormality in vitro were detectable when Con A and Candida albicans antigen were used . In addition, significant abnormalities in LMIF responding and stimulatory capacity were demonstrated in patients with Hodgkin's disease . LMIF production after stimulation with different agents allows for a better characterization of cellular defects in immunodeficiency disease. Can J Microbiol, 1976 Dec, 22(12), 1720 - 7 Identification of carbon dioxide as a dermatophyte inhibitory factor produced by Candida albicans; King RD et al.; A factor produced by Candida albicans, which inhibits dermatophyte growth and induces arthrospore formation is characterized and identified . Candida dermatophyte inhibitory factor (CDIF) is volatile and fungistatic . Analysis of volatile materials produced by C . albicans was subsequently identified as carbon dioxide . The involvement of carbon dioxide in the inhibition of dermatophytes was demonstrated by: (1) utilization of commercial carbon dioxide to produce dermatophyte inhibition as well as arthrospore formation, and (2) prevention of dermatophyte inhibition by C . albicans through incoporation of soda lime into the incubation atmosphere . The ability of carbon dioxide to inhibit dermatophyte growth was shared with other gases (methane and helium), but arthrospore formation was observed only with carbon dioxide . The possible significance of carbon dioxide's induction of arthrospores, a form occasionally observed in active dermatophyte lesions, is discussed. J Invest Dermatol, 1976 Dec, 67(6), 700 - 3 Activation of the alternative (properdin) pathway of complement by Candida albicans and related species; Ray TL et al.; Accumulations of neutrophilic granulocytes within the epidermis and beneath the stratum corneum of the skin are a prominent histologic feature of experimental and clinical candidiasis . The mechanism of cell accumulation was studied by standard chemotactic methods . Suspensions of viable or heat-killed Candida sp caused marked chemotaxis of human neutrophils in fresh serum . Culture supernatants of Candida sp were not chemotactic . Chemotaxis was dependent upon fresh serum, and could be abolished by heating the serum to 56 degress C for 30 min, suggesting that interaction of these organisms with a heat-labile serum factor generated a chemoattractant . Incubation of Candida sp with fresh human serum resulted in the conversion of the third component of complement and properdin factor B, as measured by immunoelectrophoresis . Conversion did not occur in serum chelated with EDTA, or heated to 50 degress C for 30 min (to destroy factor B) . Conversion was present in serum chelated with EGTA (to deplete calcium), or genetically deficient in the fourth component of complement . By contrast, the three components of the kinin-forming system (Hageman factor, prekallikrein, high-molecular-weight kininogen) were not activated by Candida sp . We suggest that Candida sp do not release a chemotactic substance but, in the presence of serum, activate the alternative pathway of complement, generating chemotactic factors. Infect Immun, 1976 Dec, 14(6), 1348 - 55 Hepatic clearance of Candida albicans in rats; Sawyer RT et al.; The initial clearance of Candida albicans from the blood stream of rats and from perfusion medium by perfused rat livers was characterized . Normal rats cleared over 90% of large doses of intravenously injected yeast cells in 5 min . All were recovered as viable cells among various reticulendothelial organs after 30 min . The perfused rat liver trapped an average of 85% of the yeast cells in a single pass . No significant killing occurred, even in the presence of 10% whole rat blood . Scanning electron microscopy of cryofractured livers revealed that the cells were trapped in liver sinusoids but outside phagocytic cells. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Dec, 84C(6), 511 - 23 Lymphocyte transformation in vitro in dermatophytosis; Svejgaard E et al.; Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 59 patients with dermatophytosis and from nine young healthy women were studied by the lymphocyte transformation test (LT) using mitogens and bacterial as well as fungal antigens . The latter included Candida albicans (CA) and four dermatophyte species, viz . Trichophyton rubrum (TR), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM), Epidermophyton floccosum (EF) and Microsporum canis (MF) . Most of the patients showed normal transformation in response to mitogens and non-dermatophyte antigens, indicating that they have no functional T-cell deficiency . Dermatophyte antigens act as stimulators in LT . In general, patient lymphocytes responded more strongly to these antigens than lymphocytes from controls . In most patients suffering from TM infections, response to the TM antigen was significantly stronger (p less than 0.05) than that in the other patients, indicating that this antigen preparation shows species specificity . In patients with Trichophyton (TR + TM) infections, response to the corresponding antigens was significantly stronger than that in the other patients, which suggests the existence of genus specificity . Any differences between patients suffering from chronic TR infections and those with acute TR infections were not observed, a finding which is in contrast to those obtained in other studies . However, a few patients with chronic TM infections responded weakly to mitogens and non-dermatophyte antigens . LT in four patients with id-reaction to TM infection was not found to differ from that in the remaining TM patients. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1976 Dec, 84C(6), 501 - 10 Immunological in vitro parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis and in normal individuals; Platz P et al.; The general immunological capacity of 40 patients with multiple sclerosis has been evaluated with lymphocyte transformation test including both mitogens (PHA and PWM) and antigens (PPD, Candida albicans, Staph . aureus and E . coli) . Determination of T and B cells was performed by E-, EAC-rosetting and immunofluorescence for surface immunoglobulins . Compared with the results obtained in 42 normal individuals only minor differences were found. Lancet, 1976 Nov 6, 2(7993), 984 - 7 Immunological abnormalities in patients who had the oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with practolol therapy; Behan PO et al.; Patients with and without adverse reactions on practolol therapy showed altered immune responses . There was cutaneous anergy to Candida albicans and streptokinase/streptodornase antigens and depression of lymphocyte function in vitro . Anticomplementary activity and a wide range of autoantibodies were found in patients who had received practolol. Clin Nephrol, 1976 Nov, 6(5), 492 - 6 Candida peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: successful treatment with low dose amphotericin B therapy; Mandell IN et al.; Two patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis with permanent indwelling peritoneal catheters who developed Candida albicans peritonitis are presented . Both patients were successfully treated with low dose intravenous amphotericin B . Sequential candida precipitin assays were performed and the diagnostic application is discussed. Clin Allergy, 1976 Nov, 6(6), 563 - 71 Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) studies with insolubilized polysaccharides; Baldo BA et al.; Polysaccharide preparations from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans when used with some human sera were found to fix complement and precipitate with specific antibodies present in the sera . Precipitins consisted predominantly of IgG with traces of IgM and IgA . Following insolubilization of the fungal polysaccharide preparations with the N-carboxyanhydride of L-leucine, reactivity with serum precipitins was retained and reaction with IgE antibodies was demonstrated using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) . Results showed that for A . fumigatus and C . albicans at least, polysaccharide-specific IgE antibodies probably occur in sera from some hypersensitive individuals . We suggest that chemical methods of the type described which induce polymerization or cross-linking will be useful for detecting IgE antibodies in the RAST . Such an approach could be used with a variety of polysaccharide preparations which cannot be coupled to polysaccharide solid supports by the usual methods. J Clin Pathol, 1976 Nov, 29(11), 1007 - 10 Indirect immunofluorescence assay for antibody to germ tube of Candida albicans--a new diagnostic test; Ho YM et al.; Indirect immunofluorescent and agglutination assay were used to study the anti-Candida albicans reactivities in the serum of 13 normal subjects and 14 patients infected with C . albicans . A significant increase in anti-C . albicans seroreactivity was observed during infection with this organism but the increase in the anti-germ tube immunofluorescence titre was the more marked . It is evident that the anti-germ tube immunofluorescence assay is more discriminatory for C . albicans infection than the conventional agglutination assay. J Pediatr, 1976 Nov, 89(5), 821 - 6 Beclomethasone dipropionate in long-term treatment of asthma in children; Kerrebijn KF; Beclomethasone dipropionate was found to be effective in reducing symptoms of asthma in children . There was no measurable influence on pulmonary function . An 18-month follow-up did not show untoward side effects on adrenal function, growth, serum electrolytes, and hepatic and renal functions with a dose of 100 mug three times daily . The treatment predisposes to the colonization with Candida albicans in the oropharynx. J Neurol Sci, 1976 Oct, 29(2-4), 411 - 21 Immunological observations on patients with Wilson's disease; Czlonkowska A et al.; In 19 patients with Wilson's disease we found an increased humoral immune response, i.e . a higher level of IgG and IgM, a higher titre of antibodies against Kunin's CA antigen and a depressed cell-mediated immunity i.e . a lower response to DNCB and E . coli in skin tests, lower lymphocyte transformation when stimulated by Con A, PPD, Candida albicans and streptokinase and a lower production of macrophage migration inhibition factor . The changes observed in the group of patients with liver cirrhosis caused by other facotrs than Wilson's disease were similar but less pronounced . We also found that leukocytes of patients with Wilson's disease have an impaired bactericidal activity and that copper ions have an inhibitory effect on some tests for cell-mediated immunity . It seems probable that immunological abnormalities in Wilson's disease are caused by liver cirrhosis but we cannot exclude an inhibitory effect of copper ions upon the immune response and an associated effect upon leukocyte metabolism. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Oct, 96(2), 317 - 22 Induction of the mycelial form of Candida albicans by hydrolysates of peptides from seminal plasma; Chattaway FW et al.; Previous work led to the separation from seminal plasma of a peptide fraction which promoted a high rate of germination of blastospores of Candida albicans . It has now been shown that an acid hydrolysate of this material is also highly active . A minimal amino-acid mixture consisting of aspartic acid, lysine, histidine, threonine, proline and beta-alanine gave 90% germination in 4 h with 17 out of 28 strains examined . Glucose and inorganic phosphate were also required . Phosphate was not required for the activity of the original peptide fraction. J Laryngol Otol, 1976 Oct, 90(10), 945 - 52 Mycotic flora in tonsils and adenoids . A microbiological and histological evaluation; Jokinen K et al.; The tonsils of 147 patients with chronic tonsillitis and the adenoids of 134 children with recurrent respiratory infections were cultured for fungal organisms and studied microscopically . A control group consisted of 68 healthy persons . Positive cultures were obtained in 64% of patients with chronic tonsillitis, in 21% of children treated with adenoidectomy, and in 69% of the control group . Candida albicans, Saccharomyces sp . and Aspergillus were the most common organisms . The histological investigations revealed no evidence of pathogenecity in these organisms . They were found in the tonsillar crypts, and no granulomatous inflammation was seen surrounding them. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1976 Oct, 10(4), 519 - 21 {Antigenic relationships between various strains of Candida albicans}; Aksoycan N et al.; In this short communication the results of cross agglutination and absorption tests among seven standard Candida albicans strains (C . albicans CBS - 562, C . albicans CBS - 1899 (C . truncata), C . albicans CBS - 2695, C . albicans CBS - 5144 (C . intestinals), C., albicans CBS - 5145 (C . biliaria) are given . It showed that these microrganisms have the same antigenic structure. Ann Intern Med, 1976 Oct, 85(4), 471 - 3 Pathogenesis of Osler's nodes; Alpert JS et al.; Four patients in whom endocarditis had been verified at autopsy had the pathogenic organism isolated from aspirates of Osler's nodes . In three cases the responsible organism was identified in Gram stains made from aspirates . The etiologic agent was Staphylococcus aureus in three cases and Candida albicans in one case . Histologic examination of an Osler's node from one of the patients with S . aureus endocarditis showed a microabscess in the papillary dermis together with microemboli in nearby dermal arterioles . Workers previously have interpreted similar histologic findings as consistent with perivasculitis resulting from an immunologic reaction to the pathogenic organism . The present findings support Osler's original contention that the skin lesions that bear his name are "in all of probability caused by minute emboli". Infect Immun, 1976 Oct, 14(4), 982 - 9 Synergistic effect on mortality in mice with murine cytomegalovirus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans infections; Hamilton JR et al.; A synergistic effect on mortality was demonstrated in a combined infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans . Mice infected intraperitoneally with a 0 to 20% lethal dose inoculum of MCMV 3 days prior to the intravenous injection of a 0 to 20% lethal dose inoculum of either the bacteria or fungus demonstrated a striking enhancement of mortality . MCMV-infected mice given Pseudomonas or Staphylococcus exhibited a 90 to 100% mortality within 24 to 48 h, whereas 80% of viral-infected animals injected with Candida died in 5 days . Injection of the bacteria or fungus at various times during the MCMV infection resulted in enhanced mortality on days 0,1,2, and 3 of the viral infection . Greatest synergism was observed on day 3, with a progressive decline in death rates thereafter . Immunization with MCMV abrogated the synergistic effect on mortality in all three combined infections . Immunization with Pseudomonas reduced mortality in the combined MCMV-Pseudomonas infection . These results indicate that mice exhibit a markedly enhanced susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections during the course of the MCMV infection and suggest that the enhancement may be related to viral-induced alterations in host resistance. J Biol Buccale, 1976 Sep, 4(3), 203 - 26 Oral Candida, debilitating disease and atrophic lesions of the tongue; Farman AG et al.; Central papillary atrophy of the tongue (CPA) was significantly more common in diabetics than in non-diabetic control subjects . Candida species were cultured from 46% of diabetics . The only species insolated from diabetics with atrophic glossitis was Candida albicans . Almost one in five of the diabetics gave positive smears for candidal mycelia . The correlation between atrophic lesions and the finding of candidal mycella in smears was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01) but a cause-and-effect relationship was not established . Histological examination of a case of diabetic CPA suggest that this may be predisposed by micro-vascular degeneration. Br J Haematol, 1976 Sep, 34(1), 105 - 17 The cryopreservation of leukaemia cells: morphological and functional changes; Lowenthal RM et al.; Stored autologous haemopoietic cells may be used to repopulate the bone marrow of patients in the advanced stages of different leukaemias who have received cytotoxic drugs . We have used a continuous flow blood cell separator to collect peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) before treatment . We also collected bone marrow cells from patients with CGL and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in complete remission . The collected cells were frozen at I degree C per minute using dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotective agent and stored in liquid nitrogen . For reconstitution of frozen cells we found that the use of dextran II0 inhibited leucoagglutination . The viability and function of the reconstituted leucocytes were assessed by their morphological appearance, their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida albicans organisms, their ability to reduce the dye nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in vitro and to incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA and by the growth of colony forming units (CFUc) in agar culture . With this method of cryopreservation the phagocytic function of mature neutrophils is retained to some extent but their capacity to reduce NBT and their microbicidal activity are completely lost . In contrast CFUc may remain after storage for periods of at least 2 years. J Med Chem, 1976 Sep, 19(9), 1148 - 55 Synthesis and antimyoctic properties of 1-(2-alkyl-2-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazoles; Heeres 4 et al.; The synthesis of 1-(2-alkyl-2-phenylethyl)-1H-imidazoles was accomplished starting from the corresponding phenylacetonitriles . Via alkylation, esterification, and sodium borohydride reduction-in the presence of lithium iodide-beta-phenylalconols were obtained . Mesylation of these alcohols and refluxing with imidazole in dimethylformamide furnished title compounds, which were active in vitro against dermatophytes, yeasts, other fungi, and gram-positive bacteria and in vivo as well as in vitro against Candida albicans. Ann Surg, 1976 Sep, 184(3), 258 - 67 Immunobiology of operable breast cancer: an assessment of biologic risk by immunoparameters; Wanebo HJ et al.; The concept of whether immune function was related to risk of recurrence was examined in patients with operable breast cancer in whom careful clinical and pathologic staging had been performed . Patients were classified according to the risk of recurrence . The "low risk" group included patients with minimal breast cancer, noninfiltrating cancer, or infiltrating cancer less than 1 cm with negative nodes . The "high ridk" group included patients with lesions greater than 1 cm or who had greater than or equal to 4 nodal metastases or who had macrometastases at Level II or III (apex) . In the "intermediate risk" group were patients with infiltrating cancer less than 1 cm or with less than 4 nodal metastases at I only . Immune reactivity was assessed by skin tests, by measurement of absolute lymphocyte count, T and B cells, lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens and a battery of common antigens, serum immunoglobulins and complement levels . There were 134 patients with operable breast cancer and 63 patients with benign breast lesions . The breast cancer patients showed minimal or no impairment of DNCB skin test . Only patients with nodal metastases showed a slight but not significant impairment of DNCB responses (80% were DNCB positive compared to 90% in the controls.) The lymphocyte responses to mitogens were normal in the breast cancer patients, but there was a significant depression of lymphocyte responses to certain recall antigens such as Candida albicans and E coli . The absolute lymphocyte count and the T cell counts were normal, but B cells bearing complement receptors were decreased and B cells bearing sufface immunoglobulins were increased in the breast cancer patients . Analysis of immune function according to the pathologic stage of disease "risk of recurrence" categories showed no correlation with skin tests or lymphocyte levels . A striking and paradoxical finding was the demonstration that patients with "low risk" cancer overall had markedly lower responses to the battery of stimulating mitogens and antigens than found in patients with "high risk" or "intermediate risk" disease . Only the lymphocyte responses to PHA showed a significant linear correlation with increasing pathologic stage or "risk of recurrence." Current evidence from this study suggests that PHA response is markedly influenced by the primary tumor burdenand thus indirectly reflects the risk of recurrence. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1976 Sep-Oct, 4(5), 333 - 44 The cellular immunity in patients sensitized to Candida albicans and its corresponding humoral response; Oehling A et al.; Ten non-sensitized normal blood donors and thirty five patients with a strongly positive intracutaneous test to Candida albicans, positive anamnesis to Candida allergy, or with an actual Candida infection demonstrated by positive cultures of the focus, were studied . In all of them, an evaluation of the humoral and cellular response to Candida antigens, was performed both in vivo and in vitro . The results obtained in the tests performed in the control group were considered as extreme values of a normal response and taken as reference in order to evaluate the patients' response . The results of the test performed on the 35 patients were processed in an IBM S.370/M.125 computer and submitted to a General Taxonomy Program in order to group the patients according to their characteristics and similar behaviour . Two main groups, each one including three minor groups, were obtained and only one individual was not classified . According to this classification it was possible to distinguish two immunological patterns: a) The patients that had a normal or increased percentage of T lymphocytes were capable of responding adequately to Candida albicans antigens . They showed positive immediate and delayed skin tests, increased hemagglutination titres, increased lgE values, and their lymphocytes were capable of undergoing positive blast transformation . Those patients from this group who had a candidaemia at the time of the study, reached the highest hemagglutination values and presented precipitin antibodies as a characteristic . b) The patients that had a decreased percentage of T lymphocytes presented a partial deficiency in their response to Candida albicans antigens . They showed negative delayed skin tests; hemagglutination and precipitation tests both negative, normal lgE values and their lymphocytes did not undergo blast transformation . These findings suggest that a normal percentage of T cells is required in order to obtain a suitable cellular response against Candida albicans, and that an appropriate co-operation between T and B cells is also necessary in order to obtain a good humoral response to Candida antigens. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Sep, 96(1), 117 - 23 The interaction of amphotericin B methyl ester with protoplasts of Candida albicans; Kerridge D et al.; The interaction of amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) with protoplasts of Candida albicans was measured indirectly by following the incorporation of {U-14C}phenylalanine into the acid-insoluble material . The inhibitory effects of AME at the minimum inhibitory concentration were prevented by the addition of 85 mM-KCl and 45 mM-MgCl2, as shown by Liras & Lampen (1974) for Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In C . albicans, pretreatment of the yeast before anti-biotic addition was unnecessary . KCl and MgCl2 did not prevent AME from binding to the protoplast membrane . This interaction was reversed by incubating the protoplasts in the presence of the protecting salts. Arch Dermatol Res, 1976 Aug 27, 256(2), 205 - 12 {Effects of Candida albicans on wound-healing in an animal model (author's transl)}; Dorn M et al.; The effects of Candida albicans on the healing of experimental wounds in rats was investigated . Granulation tissue developing in implated polyvinylchloride chambers was quantified . The amount of granulation tissue in the yeast-contaminated wounds is significantly less in comparison to controls . The inhibitory effect is directly proprotional to the amount of inoculated yeasts and dependes on the presence of living yeast cells . The repair of ulcers is supposedly retarded by yeast contamination, as has been suggested previously by clinical observation. Ann Allergy, 1976 Aug, 37(2), 110 - 3 Hypersensitivity as a cause of dermatologic and vaginal moniliasis resistant to topical therapy; Palacios HJ; The finding of multiple respiratory or skin allergies together with a high rate of improvement by desensitization leads the author to conclude that allergy is a predisposing factor for the chronicity or recurrence of vaginal or dermatologic moniliasis . Desensitization with Candida albicans antigen was the mainstay in the treatment of resistant dermatologic or vaginal moniliasis and the sole form of therapy in cases of nail involvement with deep seated lesions out of the reach of topical agents. Int Surg, 1976 Aug, 61(8), 426 - 9 Candida sepsis successfully treated by parenteral administration of 5-fluorocytosine; Stavorovsky M et al.; Candida sepsis has become one of the most common and dangerous forms of hospital acquired infection . The recommended drug for parenteral treatment of Candida sepsis is amphotericin B, however, its toxic effects preclude its usage in many patients, particularly in the presence of renal failure . A less toxic antifungal agent is 5-fluorocytosine . A patient with Candida albicans sepsis was treated successfully with 5-fluorocytosine by intravenous administration . The fungal infection developed during the course of acute renal failure, repeated surgical intervention, intravenous hyperalimentation, gastrointestinal bleeding and five months of antibiotic therapy . The clinical symptoms receded rapidly and cultures became sterile after one week of intravenous treatment . The predisposing factors, difficulties in prevention and diagnosis of fungal infection are discussed. J Med Chem, 1976 Aug, 19(8), 1072 - 4 Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of substituted 5,6-dihydro-5-nitrouracils; Long RA et al.; Reaction of 5-nitrouracil derivatives with sodium borohydride in methanol-water, followed by neutralization of the product with acid, has produced 5,6-dihydro-5-nitrouracil (5) 5,6-dihydro-6-dihydro-6-methyl-5-nitrouracil (7), 5,6-dihydro-5-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)uracil (10), and 5,6-dihydro-5-nitro-1(beta-D-ribofuranuronic acid ethyl ester)uracil (12) . In assays for antimicrobial activity using strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, significant inhibition of growth was not found. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Aug, 114(2), 325 - 31 Incidence of serum antibodies to several Aspergillus species and to Candida albicans in cystic fibrosis; Galant SP et al.; The incidence of serum IgE antibodies to several species of aspergillus and the incidence of serum precipitins to these species and to Candida albicans were determined in 22 children with cystic fibrosis, 17 children with bronchial asthma, and 18 control subjects . IgE antibodies were found in 50 per cent of the patients with cystic fibrosis and in 29 per cent of the patients with bronchial asthma; none was found in the control subjects . Precipitins to aspergillus species were present in 59 per cent of the patients with cystic fibrosis, 35 per cent of the patients with bronchial asthma, and 11 per cent of the control subjects . Greater differences were noted when the total number of precipitin bands in each group was compared . There was a trend for the more severe cases of cystic fibrosis (based on the Shwachman-Kulczycki score) to have a greater incidence of precipitins and a lower frequency of IgE antibodies to aspergillus than the milder cases . Candida precipitins were found more frequently in patients with cystic fibrosis (45 per cent) than in patients with bronchial asthma (18 per cent); none was found in the control group . The potential role of fungal hypersensitivity in cystic fibrosis and the therapeutic implications are discussed in light of these findings. J Med Chem, 1976 Aug, 19(8), 1069 - 72 Antifungal activity of 4-substituted crotonic acid esters; Gershon H et al.; Twenty-three 4-substituted crotonic acid esters were tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . For the analogues of the methyl ester containing substituents in the 4 position, the following order of fungitoxicity was observed: I greater than Br greater than Cl greater than CH3S greater than CH3O greater than F=H . Of the homologues of the esters of the 4-iodo and 4-bromo compounds which included methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, and n-hexyl, ethyl 4-iodocrotonate was most toxic to the four fungi at pH 7.0 in the presence of 10% beef serum (C . albicans, 18mug/ml, A . niger, 40 mug/ml, M . mucedo, 5 mug/ml, T . mentagrophytes, 4 mug/ml) . It is believed that the mechanism of fungitoxicity is due, in part, to a nucleophilic reaction involving SH-containing compounds . This is based on the correlation of fungitoxicity with the order of leaving groups in the nucleophilic reaction and the protection against the toxicity of the test compounds to the fungi by cysteine and glutathione. J Med Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 9(3), 309 - 16 The infection of rat tongue mucosa in vitro with five species of Candida; Howlett JA; Orthokeratinised mucosa from the dorsal surface of neonatal rat tongue was maintained in culture and then infected with Candida albicans, C . tropicalis C . krusei, C . parapsilosis or C . guilliermondii for up to 45 h . The five species showed varying abilities to invade the tissues, which appeared to reflect their different pathogenicities . C . albicans was the only species able to invade all the tissues present, including the stratum corneum . C . tropicalis and C . krusei were able to invade connective tissue and the deeper nucleated cells of the epithelium but failed to penetrate the keratin layer, while C . parapsilosis and C . guilliermondii showed only slight invasion of the connective tissue . The keratin layer of rat tongue mucosa thus appeared to act as a barrier to invasion of the epithelium by anything but virulent species of candidal fungi . The results suggest that oral mucosa in vitro retains its structural integrity and that the tissues do not act solely as a passive growth medium through which any fungal strain might proliferate . It seems that this in-vitro system is representative of the in-vivo situation and forms a useful experimental model in which to investigate the host-fungal relationship in mucosal candidiasis. J Gen Microbiol, 1976 Aug, 96(2), 335 - 47 Changes in the cell surface of the dimorphic forms of Candida albicans by treatment with hydrolytic enzymes; Chattaway FW et al.; The release of acid phosphatase and polysaccharide-peptide complexes by hydrolytic enzymes from the surface of the blastospore and mycelial forms of Candida albicans has been examined in cells from 4 h and 18 h cultures and the results correlated with the appearance of the treated cells in the electron microscope . Treatment with dithiothreitol was necessary for the degradative action of the enzymes to occur . Material released by all the treatments used had a similar qualitative composition, but the proportions of mannan, glucan, peptide and acid phosphatase varied with different treatments and with the type of cell examined . I,3-beta-Glucanase was required for major changes in the cell wall to be effected, but a significant amount of material was released with a chitinase preparation containing some protease activity . Protoplasts were obtained from all types of cell using Cytophaga lytic enzyme L1 which had I,3-beta-glucanase and protease activity, but the purified I,3-beta-glucanase and protease prepared from Streptomyces violaceus cultures required the presence of a chitinase before protoplasts were released . The bonding association between the major components which comprise the cell wall, and the spatial distribution of these macromolecules, varies appreciably between the two dimorphic forms and with the age of the culture. J Immunol, 1976 Aug, 117(2), 523 - 30 Mechanisms involved in elimination of organisms from experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infections in guinea pigs; Sohnle PG et al.; Experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infections were produced in guinea pigs either by using occlusive dressings over the organisms or by applying them to the shaved skin directly without occlusive dressings . In either model there was clearance of the infecting organisms from the skin by a process involving profuse scaling of the keratinized layer in which they were confined . However, for each type of infection the mechanisms producing this scaling seemed to involve different parts of the host defense system . Infections produced under occlusive dressings were characterized by a rapid accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the epidermis and formation of thick crusts in which organisms were trapped . Sloughing of the crust removed the organisms . In this model, evolution of the lesions and the rate of clearance of the organisms did not depend on prior immunity to Candida . Two possible mechanisms for attraction of PMN into the lesions were direct activation of the alternative complement pathway by the organisms in the lesions and direct chemotactic activity in components of Candida albicans . In contrast, infections produced without occlusive dressings showed only minimal epidermal PMN infiltration, but also underwent profuse scaling of the keratinized layer . This response appeared to depend on cell-mediated immunity . Only animals with previously-acquired delayed hypersensitivity to Candida antigens could undergo this type of scaling, and indeed, this response was transferable to nonimmue animals with peritoneal exudate cells from Candida-immune animals . Clearance of the infecting organisms from this type of infection was significantly faster in immune than in nonimmune animals . It is postulated that a lymphokine released from lymphocytes in the upper epidermis acts on epidermal cells to increase the rate of keratin turnover either by the mitotic rate of the germinal cells or by increasing their rate of keratinization. Mycopathologia, 1976 Jul 16, 58(3), 125 - 9 The carriage of Candida albicans in the mouths of rats treated with tetracycline briefly or for a prolonged period; Russell C et al.; Rats given tetracycline in their drinking water for one week were orally inoculated with Candida albicans in the following week . Colonization of the mouth by the fungus resulted, whether the rats continued to receive tetracycline or not, over a period of 22 weeks . Histological changes indicative of oral candidosis were also found both in rats maintained on tetracycline throughout the experiment and in animals given the drug only initially . It is suggested that exposure to tetracycline as tested in this experiment causes a lasting reduction in the rat's ability to expel C . albicans, or an enhancement of the organism's colonizing propensities. Clin Allergy, 1976 Jul, 6(4), 369 - 72 Intranasal steroid aerosol in perennial rhinitis: comparison with an antihistamine compound; Harding SM et al.; Intranasal betamethasone valerate aerosol, given for 28 days, was compared with an oral antihistamine compound in a couble-blind, double-dummy, cross-over trial involving thirty patients with perennial rhinitis . The steroid aerosol was more effective in reducing symptoms and was preferred by the patients (P less than 0-01) . Nasal blockage index, calculated from oral and nasal peak expiratory flow measurements, did not provide useful or additional information . There were no side effects from the steroid and Candida albicans was not cultured from nasal swabs . It is concluded that beta-methasone valerate aerosol is a suitable short-term alternative for patients whose perennial rhinitis fails to respond to conventional therapy. J Pharm Sci, 1976 Jul, 65(7), 1085 - 7 Synthesis and antibacterial and antifungal activities of alkyl and polyhalophenyl esters of benzo{b}-3-methyl-2-furancarbamic acid; Ghabgharan F et al.; Several alkyl and polyhalophenyl esters of benzo{b}-3-methyl-2-furancarbamic acid were prepared and tested for antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, and Aspergillus niger . The pentachlorophenyl ester was the most active substance and the only compound to show antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Orthop, 1976 Jul-Aug, (118), 133 - 5 Candida arthritis of the knee joint; Marmor L et al.; Candida albicans arthritis is unusual but does occur perhaps more often than recognized . The most common site of infection is the knee joint in the adult and can be related to contamination of the joint at the time of intraarticular injection of corticosteroids. Ann Sclavo, 1976 Jul-Aug, 18(4), 574 - 84 {A simplified micromethod for the measurement of leukocyte candidacidal activity (author's transl)}; Laurenti F et al.; A technicall simple micromethod for the assessment of leukocyte candidacidal activity is described . It is based on the alterations in Giemsa staining characteristics which Candida albicans cells develop when ingested by glass-adhering phagocytes . This method, which requires small quantities of whole blood and produces reliable results, may be of promising clinical usefulness for detecting primary and sec