Biochemistry, 1985 Nov 19, 24(24), 6938 - 45 Characterization of phosphorylated histidine-containing protein (HPr) of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system; Waygood EB et al.; The histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr) of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system, when phosphorylated, contains a 1-phosphohistidinyl (1-P-histidinyl) residue (His-15) . The properties of this 1-P-histidinyl residue were investigated by using phospho-HPr (P-HPr), P-HPr-1, and P-HPr-2 . HPr-1 and HPr-2 are deamidated forms of HPr produced by boiling . In addition, HPr-1 produced during frozen storage was investigated . Both pH and temperature dependencies of the rate of hydrolysis of the phosphoryl group of the 1-P-histidinyl residue were investigated . The results show that the 1-P-histidinyl residue in HPr and HPr-1 has significantly different properties from free 1-P-histidine and that these differences are attributable to the active-site residues Glu-66 and Arg-17 and the pK of the imidazole group of the 1-P-histidinyl residue in P-HPr . The 1-P-histidinyl residue in P-HPr and P-HPr-1 shows a greater lability at physiological pH than the free amino acid . A proposal for the active site of P-HPr is made on the basis of these results and the recently obtained tertiary structure . In contrast, the hydrolysis properties of the 1-P-histidinyl residue in P-HPr-2 were similar to those obtained for either free 1-P-histidine or denatured P-HPr . The loss of activity that is associated with boiling HPr was shown to be due to HPr-2 formation as HPr-1 was found to be fully active. Clin Chim Acta, 1985 Nov 15, 152(3), 297 - 306 Serum unconjugated bile acids: qualitative and quantitative profiles in ileal resection and bacterial overgrowth; Setchell KD et al.; Qualitative and quantitative profiles of unconjugated bile acids in the serum obtained over a 24-h period from three patients with ileal resections and one with a bacterial overgrowth are described . Unconjugated serum bile acids were determined using the high sensitivity and resolution of capillary column gas liquid chromatography after their rapid extraction and isolation using reverse phase octadecylsilane bonded silica cartridges and the lipophilic gel Lipidex 1000 . Unconjugated serum bile acid concentrations were elevated throughout the day in both ileum resected patients and in conditions involving bacterial overgrowth when compared to healthy subjects . Total conjugated cholic acid concentrations were expectedly low in both intestinal disorders and were without the postprandial increases generally observed in healthy subjects . Qualitative gas chromatographic profiles of serum unconjugated bile acids in bacterial overgrowth distinctly revealed a predominance of deoxycholic acid and other secondary bile acids in all samples, while, in conditions of an impaired enterohepatic circulation, deoxycholic acid was absent or present in only trace amounts . The potential significance of measuring serum unconjugated bile acids in intestinal disorders is discussed. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Nov, 50(5), 1132 - 6 Effect of bacterial density and substrate concentration on yield coefficients; Seto M et al.; Measurements were made of the yield coefficient during the aerobic metabolism of glucose by a heterogeneous bacterial mixture . Expressed in terms of carbon, the coefficient was approximately 0.48 . The value did not vary with initial bacterial densities ranging from 0.4 pg to 40 micrograms of cell carbon per ml and with glucose concentrations ranging from 43 pg to 100 micrograms of carbon per ml . Under all these circumstances, about 44% of the glucose carbon was converted to CO2, and 7.4% was excreted as organic products . The significance of uncharacterized organic substrates contaminating the medium to the coefficients calculated for low glucose concentrations is discussed. Z Kardiol, 1985 Nov, 74(11), 673 - 5 {Aortic ring abscess following bacterial endocarditis of the aortic valve and aortic valve replacement}; Ruffmann K et al.; Valve replacement was performed in a 30-year-old male patient with acute aortic insufficiency due to bacterial endocarditis . During a routine examination three months later, an aortic ring abscess was found by echocardiography . In the following night, the patient was readmitted with acute anterior myocardial infarction . Coronary angiography showed a compression of the left coronary artery by the large ring abscess of the aortic valve . 48 hours after surgical revision of the aortic valve prosthesis and the ring abscess, the patient died due to pump failure. Ann Clin Lab Sci, 1985 Nov-Dec, 15(6), 509 - 14 pH changes caused by bacterial growth in contaminated platelet concentrates; Myhre BA et al.; While platelet concentrates are stored at room temperature, lactic and other acids are produced and the pH decreases as the buffering capacity of the plasma is exhausted . Platelet viability will be compromised if the pH decreases to pH 6.0 and below . Similarly, a pH decrease can be produced also by bacterial contamination if the organisms produce acid as an end product . Thus the determination of pH could serve as a sensitive indicator of bacterial contamination . This hypothesis was tested by us by inoculating known organisms into platelet concentrations . It was found that the pH may decrease, may remain unchanged, or, in a few cases, even increase . Visual signs of contamination could be observed but not consistently enough to be entirely dependable . Therefore, this method does not appear to detect bacterial contamination reliably in platelet concentrates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1985 Nov, 90(5), 788 - 9 Staged surgical treatment of early bacterial endocarditis after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot and discrete subaortic stenosis: report of a case; Smolinsky A et al.; An unconventional method of managing infection of the interventricular Teflon patch in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot is reported . The patch was initially replaced by a new patch . After reinfection, however, removal of the patch and pulmonary banding eradicated the infection, and at a later stage the defect was re-repaired successfully. Microbiol Sci, 1985 Nov, 2(11), 321 - 2, 325-6 Bacterial adhesion in oligotrophic habitats; Marshall KC; Oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacteria can act as primary colonizers of surfaces in low nutrient habitats . Adhesion in copiotrophs provides an opportunity to change from a starvation-survival existence in the aqueous phase to an active growth mode at the solid surface . Healthy daughter cells are released from the surface to colonize other surfaces or to resume starvation-survival in the aqueous phase . Non-adhesive copiotrophs scavenge nutrients at surfaces, a fact seldom recognized in studies on the partitioning of bacteria between particulates and the aqueous phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1985 Nov, 82(21), 7384 - 8 IgM RNA switch from membrane to secretory form is prevented by adding antireceptor antibody to bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine primary B-cell cultures; Chen-Bettecken U et al.; Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces proliferation of resting primary murine B lymphocytes and their differentiation into Ig-secreting cells . This is accompanied by an increase in the rate of Ig gene transcription and the accumulation of mu heavy chain secretory mRNA . Specific antiantigen receptor antibody (anti-mu) induces resting B cells to proliferation but not differentiation . Upon addition of both LPS and anti-mu to cultures, resting B cells again proliferate but do not differentiate . RNA transfer blots of the Ig mRNA 2 days after induction with LPS/anti-mu show a specific deficiency of the 2.4-kilobase (kb) mu secretory mRNA, whereas the levels of the 2.7-kb mu membrane and 1.2-kb kappa light chain mRNAs are as high as in cells treated with LPS alone . Between days 3 and 4 after treatment with both reagents, reductions of mu membrane and, to a smaller extent, kappa mRNA become apparent . As measured by nuclear run-on transcription experiments at day 2, the transcription rates of Ig mu and the Ig kappa transcription units are equal in both induction experiments . Only at later stages do the LPS/anti-mu-treated cells transcribe Ig genes at a lower rate . Thus, the anti-mu treatment, drastically reducing the mu secretory mRNA production at early stages, represents a negative regulation occurring primarily at the posttranscriptional level. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 1985 Nov, 86(11), 1480 - 91 {A new strategy for malignancies by direct hemoperfusion using bacterial endotoxin bounded fiber}; Tani T; Endotoxin derived from E.coli was chemically bounded to polystryen fiber (LPS immobilized fiber) . Anti-cancer activities of LPS immobilized fiber (LPS-F) were evaluated by a single direct hemoperfusion (DHP) on the VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits . Examination I: Cancer-bearing rabbits were prepared by intradermal injection of 4 X 10(5) of VX2 tumor cells into the back . Five out of 11 (Group 1) were treated with DHP at 4-5th day, and 6 out of 10 (Group 2) at 7-9th day . Examination II: Seventeen out of 19 tumor-bearing rabbits were injected of 9.38 X 10(7) viable BCG intravenously . Next day they were implanted 1 X 10(6) of VX2 tumor into the thigh muscle . Twelve out of 17 were treated with DHP at 14 days after BCG infection (treated group) . Other five of 17 belonged to the control group and two were not treated . Tumor growth were significantly suppressed in both groups (p less than 0.05) . Survival rate was 2/5 (40%) in and 1/5 (20%) in group 2 and 0% in non-treated group . In examination II, survival rate were 8/12 (treated), 2/5 (BCG infected) and 0/2 (non-treated) respectively . In histological study, bleeding and tumor cell necrosis were found in tumor at 6 hr after DHP . DHP using LPS-F had tumoricidal activities on the VX2 tumor of rabbits . In BCG infected rabbits, this treatment could cause tumor necrosis and produce multiple humoral factors with tumoricidal activities. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 1985 Nov, 86(11), 1470 - 9 {Antitumor effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor in mice}; Moriya N; Using C3H/He mice, the antitumor effect and mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied . The antitumor effect of rabbit serum containing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was also studied . LPS and TNF, which were administered into mice with tumors, induced hemorrhagic necrosis . LPS and TNF significantly inhibited the tumor growth, as compared with findings in the controls . In the initial stage after LPS administration, dilatation of tumor vessels and thrombus formation in tumor vessels were observed in the histologic study . Tumor blood flow was measured by the hydrogen clearance technique . Tumor blood flow was very small, and was remarkably decreased at 2 hours after LPS administration . These results suggest that hemorrhagic necrosis after LPS administration was due to the decrease of the tumor blood flow . In the study in vitro, YAC-1 cells were damaged but K562 cells were not damaged by rabbit serum containing TNF . In order to find the effect of LPS or TNF on cellular immunity, the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was studied . LPS and TNF prevented the decrease of DTH in the tumor bearing mice on day 25. J Virol, 1985 Nov, 56(2), 534 - 40 Use of a bacterial expression vector to identify the gene encoding a major core protein of vaccinia virus; Weir JP et al.; The DNA sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene contains an open reading frame that corresponds to the 28,000-dalton (28K) polypeptide made by in vitro translation of hybrid-selected mRNA . To further characterize the protein product of this late gene, we cloned a segment of DNA containing part of the open reading frame into a bacterial expression vector . The fusion protein produced from this vector, containing 151 amino acids of the predicted vaccinia virus protein, was used to immunize rabbits . The resulting antiserum specifically bound to a major 25K structural protein that is localized in the core of vaccinia virions, as well as to a 28K protein found in infected cells . Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the 25K core protein is originally made as a 28K precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1985 Nov, 82(22), 7748 - 52 Bacterial expression of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus p24 gag protein and its use as a diagnostic reagent; Dowbenko DJ et al.; A retrovirus {lymphoadenopathy-associated virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type III, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related virus} suspected of causing AIDS has been isolated recently . The detection of exposure to this retrovirus in donors of various blood products is important to prevent transmission of the disease from these donors to recipients . In the majority of cases, the detection of antibodies directed against either the viral core protein, a Mr approximately equal to 24,000 protein termed p24 gag, or the viral envelope antigen is proof of previous viral infection . Thus, we have expressed the p24 gag antigen in Escherichia coli in order to produce a diagnostic reagent for the detection of virus exposure . The bacterially synthesized antigen reacts with human and rabbit antisera directed against the native p24 gag protein in both electrophoretic transfer blot assay and ELISA . In addition, the use of bacterially produced antigens for ELISAs gave results that were comparable to those obtained by using antigens isolated from the virus. Coll Relat Res, 1985 Nov, 5(5), 393 - 404 The carboxyl fragment released by bacterial collagenase from human type I procollagen: antibodies to the propeptide determinants; Goldberg BD et al.; A protocol is offered for the isolation of the carboxyterminal propeptides of human type I procollagen and the development of an antibody specific for these propeptides . Type I procollagen was harvested from the media of cultured human fibroblasts . Digestion with bacterial collagenase released a carboxyterminal fragment that was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography . The fragment contained telopeptides joined to propeptides and could be cleaved by a carboxyl procollagen peptidase . Rabbit antibodies raised to the collagenase-generated fragment were sequentially adsorbed on affinity columns of the reference antigen and human type I collagen . The antibody obtained was shown by sensitive radioimmunoassays to recognize conformational carboxyl propeptide determinants and not to react with triple helical and telopeptide determinants of human type I collagen . Indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase staining of cultured fibroblasts localized the antigen in the cytoplasm, at the cell surface, and in the extracellular matrix . A radioimmunoassay with the same antibody has reported altered concentrations of the antigen in the sera of patients with diseases affecting collagen metabolism (Taubman, et al., 1976; Savolainen et al., 1984; Carey et al., 1985). Biokhimiia, 1985 Nov, 50(11), 1825 - 35 {Effect of bacterial toxins on the GTPase activity of transducin from bovine rod outer segments}; Rybin VO et al.; The effects of choleragen- and pertussis toxin (PT)-induced ADP-ribosylation on the GTP-binding protein transducin (TD) from retinal rod outer segments (ROS) have been studied . It has been shown that both toxins cause inhibition of the TD GTPase activity . PT inhibited the GTPase by 30-40% in "native" ROS and by 70-80% in homogeneous TD . Choleragen, in contrast with PT, had no effect on the GTPase activity of homogeneous TD, but was as effective as PT in membrane preparations . The effects of both toxins on the GTPase activity of TD were found to be dependent on the chemical structure of the guanyl nucleotide present in the vehicle . The data obtained suggest that PT and choleragen differ in their specificity for the TD-guanyl nucleotide complex . The former can interact with free TD as well as with the TD-GDP complex, while the latter affects only the TD-GTP complex. J Exp Med, 1985 Nov 1, 162(5), 1444 - 59 Lack of binding of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to mouse lung macrophages and restoration of binding by gamma interferon; Akagawa KS et al.; Although peritoneal resident macrophages (PRM) or peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to kill tumor cells in vitro, lung macrophages (LM) obtained by mincing lung tissues or by harvesting bronchial lavage were not activated by LPS under any experimental conditions, i.e., different LPS concentrations, incubation times and cytotoxicity assay methods . The unresponsiveness of LM to LPS was seen in all of the mouse strains tested . Treatment of LM with indomethacin did not affect the unresponsiveness, although it greatly augmented the cytotoxicity of PRM stimulated with LPS . LM treated in vitro with crude lymphokines (LK) did not show cytotoxicity, but became sensitive to LPS and cytotoxic for tumor cells . LM treated first with crude LK and then with LPS were cytotoxic, but LM treated first with LPS and then with crude LK were not . The ability of crude LK to render LM responsive to LPS was neutralized by rabbit anti-mouse gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) antiserum but not by anti-mouse IFN-(alpha + beta) antiserum . LM treated with recombinant murine IFN-gamma became responsive to LPS and showed cytotoxicity . LM were resistant to direct toxicity of LPS under conditions in which significant populations of PRM and PEM died . However, LM became sensitive to direct toxicity of LPS by treatment with crude LK or recombinant murine IFN-gamma . Fluorescence microscopy showed that almost all PRM and PEM were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-LPS, while less than 5% of the LM were stained . Instead, approximately 60% of the LM treated with the crude LK or recombinant IFN-gamma for 20 h were stained with FITC-LPS . Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis confirmed this result . The staining of IFN-gamma treated LM with FITC-LPS was inhibited by polymyxin B or unlabeled LPS . These results suggest that the defective responsiveness of LM to LPS is due to the lack or very low expression of LPS-binding sites on the cell surface and that in vitro treatment with IFN-gamma brings about the expression of them and renders LM responsive to LPS. J Mol Biol, 1985 Oct 5, 185(3), 625 - 37 Bacterial DNA topoisomerase I can relax positively supercoiled DNA containing a single-stranded loop; Kirkegaard K et al.; Using heteroduplex molecules formed from a pair of plasmids, one of which contains a small deletion relative to the other, it is shown that bacterial topoisomerase I can relax a positively supercoiled DNA if a short single-stranded loop is placed in the DNA . This result supports the postulate that the specificity of bacterial DNA topoisomerase I for negatively supercoiled DNA in its relaxation reaction derives from the requirement of a short single-stranded DNA segment in the active enzyme-substrate complex . Nucleolytic and chemical probing of complexes between bacterial DNA topoisomerase I and heteroduplex DNA molecules containing single-stranded loops ranging from 13 to 27 nucleotides in length suggests that the enzyme binds specifically to the region containing a single-stranded loop; the site of DNA cleavage by the topoisomerase appears to lie within the single-stranded loop, with the enzyme interacting with nucleotides on both sides of the point of cleavage. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 1985 Oct, 45(6), 525 - 9 Chemical analyses for early differential diagnosis between bacterial and viral meningitis; Landaas S et al.; The present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefit of measuring different chemical parameters in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), at the time of admittance to hospital, for rapid differentiation between bacterial and viral meningitis . In addition to the leucocyte count, the CSF concentration of total protein, glucose (together with blood glucose), lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase was determined . The results revealed that the CSF lactate and the CSF:blood glucose ratio were the two best parameters for this purpose . When the information from these analyses was combined a complete separation between the two kinds of meningitis could be obtained. Arch Dis Child, 1985 Oct, 60(10), 963 - 6 Hyponatraemia associated with pneumonia or bacterial meningitis; Shann F et al.; Serum sodium concentrations were measured in 93 children with pneumonia or bacterial meningitis on their admission to hospital . Hyponatraemia (sodium value 134 mmol/l or less) was present in 33 (45%) of the 73 children with pneumonia, and in 10 (50%) of the 20 children with bacterial meningitis . Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone is common in children with pneumonia, as well as in children with meningitis . The maintenance fluid requirement in these children is usually about 50 ml/kg/per day, and children with hyponatraemia caused by water overload need even lower fluid intakes . In developing countries, most children with pneumonia and meningitis should be managed without intravenous fluid treatment. Pediatrics, 1985 Oct, 76(4), 551 - 6 Clinical predictors of acute bacterial diarrhea in young children; DeWitt TG et al.; This prospective study assessed the value of presenting history, physical examination, and screening laboratory tests in predicting whether diarrhea in a young child is associated with a stool culture positive for a bacterial pathogen . Acutely ill children less than 4 years old were studied in a hospital outpatient setting . Two hundred patients were seen in a 9 1/2-month period, which encompassed the seasons of summer, fall, and winter . One hundred ninety-five patients had cultures completed and twenty-nine (15%) had a bacterial pathogen isolated . The best predictive variable for a stool culture positive for a bacterial pathogen was the presence of polymorphonuclear cells in the stool, with a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 88%, and positive and negative predictive values of 59% and 97%, respectively . A cluster of three historical variables--abrupt onset of diarrhea, greater than four stools per day, and no vomiting before the onset of diarrhea--was identified that delineated a subpopulation of patients with an increased probability of having a stool culture positive for a bacterial pathogen (27% v 4% if any of the three variables was absent) . It is suggested that these findings can be combined in a stepwise manner using the historical cluster as an initial screening, followed by examination for stool polymorphonuclear cells in the high probability subgroup, to identify those patients with a very high probability of having a bacterial pathogen isolated in their stool. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Oct, 50(4), 831 - 6 Identification of transformation products arising from bacterial oxidation of codeine by Streptomyces griseus; Kunz DA et al.; 14-Hydroxycodeine and norcodeine were rigorously identified as products arising from codeine oxidation by Streptomyces griseus ATCC 10137 . Both products were routinely detected in extracted culture filtrates after growth of cells in the presence of codeine for 1 week . Under these conditions, about 4 mol% of the codeine starting material was consumed, with norcodeine and 14-hydroxycodeine representing the only identifiable transformation products (molar ratio, 4:1, respectively) . Extraction of a series of culture filtrates and purification of the pooled metabolites by thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatography led to the isolation of both biological products, the structures of which were verified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . The identities of both biological products were further confirmed by comparison of their spectral properties with those of authentic standards . This is the first report providing structural evidence for the biological formation of 14-hydroxycodeine from codeine and of codeine oxidation by S . griseus. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Oct, 95(2), 403 - 7 Bacterial counts on fabrics: a comparative study of three methods; Hoborn J et al.; One contact plate and two homogenization methods have been compared for efficiency in assessing the bacterial contamination of fabrics with high or low, natural or artificial contamination . The contact plate method resulted in considerably lower counts than any of the homogenization methods, which closely resembled one another . One of these, utilizing a Stomacher 400, was found to be more practical, and is therefore recommended for counting bacteria on fabrics. Mutat Res, 1985 Oct, 152(1), 5 - 14 Benzo{a}pyrene diol-epoxides: different mutagenic efficiency in human and bacterial cells; Stevens CW et al.; Monolayer cultures of diploid human fibroblasts and suspensions of S . typhimurium TA100 cells were treated with {3H}-labelled enantiomeric forms of benzo{a}pyrene anti and syn 7,8-dihydrodiol 9,10-epoxides . In both cell types, all of the enantiomers induced the formation of mutant 6-thioguanine (human) or 8-azaguanine-(bacterial)resistant cells . Diol-epoxide-modified nucleosides from human and from bacterial DNA hydrolysates were characterized by HPLC and showed essentially the same adduct species for human and bacterial cells treated with the same enantiomers . There were substantial differences, however, in the efficiency with which structurally-different adduct species were converted to mutant genotypes . In human cells, the mutagenic efficiency (mutation frequency/unit modified DNA) of the respective adduct species (+ anti much greater than -anti = +/- syn) at the hprt locus was exactly the opposite of that seen at a similar gene locus (gpt) in TA100 (-anti = +/- syn greater than + anti) . The results suggest that the structural configuration of adducts in genomic DNA is important in determining whether a mutant genotype will result, and likewise, that there are differences in specificity between the human and bacterial systems which process these adduct lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 1985 Oct, 43(10), 816 - 7 Maxillary nerve involvement in bacterial endocarditis; Barrett AP et al.; A case of right maxillary nerve paresthesia during an active phase of bacterial endocarditis probably due to embolic occlusion of the nerve's vascular supply is reported . The authors suggest that infective endocarditis be considered as a rare but potential cause of unexplained trigeminal nerve branch lesions, and that such lesions be sought in cases of established endocarditis. J Immunol, 1985 Oct, 135(4), 2541 - 5 Functional recognition of bacterial mitogens by B lymphoma cells: reactivity of WEHI 279.1 to lipopolysaccharide and selection of nonreactive variants; Kleine B et al.; To analyze functional mitogen recognition by reactive B lymphocytes, we studied the effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the growth of the WEHI 279.1 B lymphoma line (W279) . We found that LPS inhibits, in a dose-dependent manner, the growth of W279 cells in culture and that it reduces the frequency of cells growing as clones under limiting dilution conditions . Furthermore, we show that differential reactivity of "wild-type" cells to increasing LPS concentrations reflects the heterogeneity in the lymphoma cell population and the frequencies of "resistant" variants to each mitogenic concentration . This allowed us to derive variant tumor cell lines and clones, no longer LPS sensitive, either from mass cultures or, in a single-step selection, under limiting dilution conditions in the presence of low and high concentrations of LPS . Although mitogen reactivity is progressively lost upon prolonged culture, resistance to LPS was found to be a stable trait in selected variants, suggesting that it results from loss of functional mitogen recognition by the reactive cells . The specificity of mitogen reactivity or resistance was shown by the fact that some of the variant clones are still reactive to T helper cell-derived factors and others are not . Thus reactivity to LPS and to T cell factors can be separated, suggesting that the cell lines described here provide new tools for the biochemical analysis of B cell activation. Tsitologiia, 1985 Oct, 27(10), 1183 - 8 {Insertion of the bacterial gene for dihydrofolate reductase into colony-forming cells of mouse bone marrow}; Titomirov AV et al.; Introduction of the plasmid containing the methotrexate-resistant (Mtx-r) bacterial gene of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) under the control of the early promoter of SV 40 into the donor bone cells of the mouse with subsequent transplantation of the cells into lethally irradiated mice results in the increase in the life span of mice under conditions of methotrexate selection . It is due to the stable transformation of the bone marrow colony-forming cells with the plasmic DNA and the synthesis of the bacterial Mtx-r DHFR in the spleen and bone marrow of the recipient mouse. J Anim Sci, 1985 Oct, 61(4), 985 - 94 Effects of sodium bicarbonate on nitrogen balance, bacterial protein synthesis and sites of nutrient digestion in sheep; Mees DC et al.; Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on nitrogen (N) balance, ruminal N metabolism and site and extent of nutrient digestion in sheep fed 75% concentrate diets . A 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed in both trials with experimental diets balanced for 10.5 or 12.0% crude protein and containing 0 or 3.5% NaHCO3 . In experiment 1, 12 lambs were allotted to four diets for two periods in a randomized complete-block design . Dry matter (DM) digestibility was increased (P less than .10) by NaHCO3 supplementation, but organic matter (OM) digestibility was unaffected by treatment . Apparent N digestibility was not affected by NaHCO3 addition but was increased (P less than .0001) at the higher level of protein . Ruminal pH (4 h postfeeding) was increased (P less than .01) by NaHCO3 supplementation . Sodium bicarbonate had no effect on molar proportions of acetate or propionate, but increased molar proportion of butyrate (P less than .10) in ruminal fluid . Mean N retention (g/d) was increased (P less than .05) at the higher protein level, but was not affected by NaHCO3 . In experiment 2, four ruminal- and duodenal-cannulated wethers were utilized in a 4 X 4 Latin square design . Sodium bicarbonate addition increased ruminal pH (P less than .05) 2 h postfeeding but did not affect ruminal ammonia (NH3) levels, total VFA concentration or ruminal fluid dilution rates . Molar proportion of acetate was increased (P less than .01) by NaHCO3 at the lower protein level . Ruminal particulate dilution rates were increased (P less than .05) by NaHCO3 addition . Ruminal, postruminal and apparent total tract digestibilities of OM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were unaffected by NaHCO3 supplementation . Sodium bicarbonate decreased (P less than .05) ruminal starch digestion at the lower protein level but increased (P less than .05) it at the higher protein level . Bacterial N flow (g/d) at the duodenum and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis were increased (P less than .10) by NaHCO3 additions. J Virol, 1985 Oct, 56(1), 19 - 30 Virus-induced modification of the host cell is required for expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene controlled by a late herpes simplex virus promoter (VP5); Costa RH et al.; The requirements for expression of genes under the control of early (alkaline exonuclease) and late (VP5) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene promoters were examined in a transient expression assay, using the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as an expression marker . Both promoters were induced, resulting in the production of high levels of the enzyme upon low-multiplicity infection by HSV-1 . S1 nuclease analysis of hybrids between RNA isolated from infected cells containing HSV-1 promoter constructs and marker gene DNA demonstrated normal transcriptional initiation of the marker gene directed by the viral promoters . Viral DNA sequences no more than 125 bases 5' of the putative transcriptional cap site were sufficient for maximum activity of the late promoter . In contrast to expression controlled by the early gene, the late promoter was not active at a measurable level in uninfected cells until DNA sequences between 75 and 125 bases 5' of the transcriptional cap site were deleted . Cotransfection of cells with the expression marker controlled by HSV promoters and a cosmid containing HSV alpha (immediate-early) genes indicated that full expression of both early and late promoters requires the same virus-induced host cell modifications . Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis results in an increased rate of transient expression of marker genes under control of either early or late promoters in contrast to the situation in normal virus infection . These data provide evidence that the normal course of expression of late HSV genes involves negative modulation of potentially active promoters in the infected cell. J Virol, 1985 Oct, 56(1), 153 - 60 Baculovirus-mediated expression of bacterial genes in dipteran and mammalian cells; Carbonell LF et al.; A recombinant baculovirus containing the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under the control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat promoter and the E . coli beta-galactosidase gene under the control of the very late baculoviral polyhedrin promoter was used to determine if Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, a baculovirus of Lepidoptera, can enter and express viral DNA in dipteran (Drosophila sp.) and mammalian (Mus sp.) cells that are considered refractory to baculovirus replication . Following infection, CAT gene expression was observed in both dipteran and mammalian cells, but expression in the mammalian cell line was less than 0.05% of that observed in either dipteran or lepidopteran cells . Although the level of CAT gene expression was similar in permissive lepidopteran and nonpermissive dipteran cells, expression of beta-galactosidase activity from the late polyhedrin promoter in dipteran or mammalian cells was less than 0.3% of the levels observed in lepidopteran cells . These results indicate that foreign gene expression in nonpermissive cells is promoter dependent and that late viral gene expression is restricted in these cells . The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat allows substantial CAT gene expression in both a D . melanogaster cell line and Aedes aegypti midgut cells . Baculovirus DNA undergoes a limited number of replications in Drosophila cells . The results are relevant to baculovirus host range, the safety of baculoviruses as pesticides, and the development of baculovirus pesticides with expanded host ranges. Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 190 - 8 Evaluation of Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines in specific-pathogen-free piglets with bacterial cell surface antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Novotny P et al.; The progenies of specific-pathogen-free sows which had been immunized with Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines of various origin before parturition were challenged intranasally with B . bronchiseptica within 5 days of birth . Sera of piglets were taken weekly and investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against a mixture of B . bronchiseptica cell surface antigens containing curled fibers and fimbriae, lipopolysaccharide, and a mixture of proteins mostly derived from the outer membrane . The serological response to this antigenic mixture was paradoxical; the highest titers were obtained with the least effective vaccines . Antibodies which did relate to protection were oriented against the outer-membrane-derived proteins, one of which, of 68,000 molecular weight, appeared to be particularly important for two reasons . First, its concentration within the antigenic mixture was dependent upon cultural conditions; of all the proteins present in virulent strains, it was the first to disappear upon modulation . Second, it was absent from a strain which was unable to induce atrophic rhinitis in specific-pathogen-free piglets . Although all vaccines tested had some beneficial effect on the various clinical manifestations of the disease, only two vaccines were effective (P less than 0.001) in the prevention of nasal pathological changes . These two vaccines also stimulated the highest titers against the 68,000-molecular-weight protein . A mouse protection test utilizing a lethal intraperitoneal challenge failed to monitor the efficacy of vaccines for protection against atrophic rhinitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1985 Oct, 82(20), 6927 - 31 Insertion of the bacterial gpt gene into the germ line of mice by retroviral infection; Jahner D et al.; Mouse substrains genetically transmitting the exogenous Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) at a single locus have been derived previously by infection of preimplantation embryos . Here we explore the potential of retroviral vectors for transferring nonviral genes into the germ line of mice . Preimplantation mouse embryos were cocultivated with a cell line that produces a recombinant retrovirus whose genome carries the Escherichia coli gene gpt . We show that the vector sequence was inserted into the genome of the embryo and into the germ line at a frequency similar to that for the Mo-MuLV-helper sequence . A new mouse strain, Mgpt-1, was developed that is homozygous for a single MSVgpt proviral genome . The proviral sequences were highly methylated and not expressed in tissues of Mgpt-1 mice . When cells derived from transgeneic animals were treated with 5-azacytidine, the proviral sequences were not methylated and were transcriptionally activated . These results indicate that nonviral genes that are under the control of the viral long terminal repeat are inactivated when transferred into the germ line of animals. Infect Immun, 1985 Oct, 50(1), 271 - 8 Bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from Escherichia coli induces histamine and leukotriene release from various cells; Scheffer J et al.; We investigated the role of bacterial adherence and hemolysin production from Escherichia coli parent and genetically cloned strains as to their effects on histamine release from rat mast cells and leukotriene generation from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes . These mediators were involved in the induction of inflammatory disease processes and led, for example, to enhancement of vascular permeability, chemotaxis (leukotriene B4 {LTB4}), chemoaggregation, lysosomal enzyme release, and smooth muscle contraction, (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) . Washed bacteria (E . coli K-12 MS+ Hly +/-; E . coli 536 MS+ MR +/-) as well as their culture supernatants were analyzed . Washed E . coli K-12 (Hly+), unlike Hly- strains, induced high amounts of histamine release from rat mast cells and chemotactic activity from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes . Significant leukotriene release was obtained with washed E . coli K-12 Hly+ strains and their bacterial culture supernatants . Leukotriene induction was dependent on the amount of hemolysin activity present in the supernatant . However, additional soluble factors should also be considered . The presence of hemolysin appeared to accelerate and enhance the rate of phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils . When E . coli 536 (MS+ MR +/- Hly +/-) strains were analyzed, the simultaneous presence of MR+ pili and hemolysin production led to an increase in histamine release as compared with MR- Hly+ strains . The genetically cloned MR+ Hly+ E . coli 536 strain induced higher amounts of leukotrienes as compared with the wild-type strain . Our data suggest a potent role for adhesins and hemolysin as virulence factors in inducing the release of inflammatory mediators. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1985 Oct, 180(1), 163 - 9 Further characterization of the effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide preparations on cyclic GMP levels: the importance of macromolecular synthesis; Graber SE et al.; Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) greatly increase cGMP levels in short term cultures of rat fetal liver cells without affecting the concentration of cAMP . This effect is produced by very small (1 ng) amounts of LPS and is both dose and time dependent . The time dependence is characterized by an initial lag period of 60-120 min followed by a rapid, persistent increase in cGMP levels . Since this time course suggests that synthesis of an intermediate might play an important role in the cGMP elevation, a series of experiments was done to evaluate the effect of LPS on DNA, RNA, and protein (macromolecular) synthesis . LPS did not measurably effect total macromolecular synthesis . However, inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis markedly reduced cGMP levels in LPS-treated cells, whereas inhibition of DNA synthesis did not . Addition of sodium nitroprusside to control and inhibitor-treated cultures produced large equivalent increases of cGMP levels in both cases, indicating that the cells present were fully capable of responding to a stimulus of guanylate cyclase . Taken together, this data suggests that expression of the LPS-cGMP response in fetal liver cells is dependent on synthesis of an intermediary protein(s) during the lag phase. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1985 Sep 20, 110(38), 1457 - 60 {Bacterial infection of an Ionescu-Shiley bioprosthesis . Morphologic studies}; Hey A et al.; Bacterial inflammation associated with artificial cardiac valves is a rare complication after valve replacement but is burdened with a high lethality . Whereas in the case of mechanical valves the infection involves the body's own tissues, bacterial colonisation of valves made of prepared biological material can also occur . The morphology of the bacterial inflammation was examined in a case of early postoperative endocarditis . Although the bacterial infection in the paravalvular tissues resulted in a purulent inflammation, the Ionescu-Shiley-bovine bioprosthesis remained free of inflammatory cells despite extensive vegetative bacterial growth. Klin Wochenschr, 1985 Sep 2, 63(17), 827 - 32 {Bacterial colonization of the rat jejunum in long-term nutrition with an elemental diet}; Menge H et al.; Elemental diets and peptide diets are increasingly used in the treatment of enteral diseases and as alternatives to parenteral nutrition . Though multiple influences of these diets on the small intestinal bacteria seem possible no long-term studies were hitherto carried out to clarify their actions on the intestinal flora . Therefore, the jejunal flora was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively in a group of rats fed an elemental diet over a period of 60 days and a control group receiving standard pellet food . In both sets of animals similar numbers of colony forming bacteria/ml jejunal juice of the aerobic and anaerobic growing flora were observed . In parallel, the individual genera did not exhibit significant differences in control and experimental animals . According to these findings long-term feeding of a peptide diet to rats does not influence the small intestinal flora. Arch Tierernahr, 1985 Sep, 35(9), 639 - 47 {Protein and amino acid metabolism in the digestive tract of growing young bulls . 2 . Feed protein flow into the duodenum determined with 2,6-diaminopimelic acid as a marker for crude bacterial protein}; Gabel M et al.; The experimental ascertainment of the pure feed protein flowing into the duodenum on the basis of the calculation of the difference between the NH3-free crude protein flowing into the duodenum and the bacterial crude protein determined by means of DAPA showed the following results after the testing of 28 different rations at a dry matter intake adequate to the production level: With a variation of the pure protein in the crude protein content of the ration between 40 and 90%, the quota of feed protein flowing into the duodenum is 52.5%, and with a variation of the pure protein in the crude protein content between 80 and 90% it is 40.6% . The quota of feed protein flowing into the duodenum shows a negative correlation to the apparent digestibility of the organic matter (y=231.7 -2.52x +/- 14.5) . With a DM-intake adequate to the production level the quota of feed protein flowing into the duodenum is neither influenced by the flow rate (kg digesta/kg DM-intake) nor by the 'dilution rate' (g bacteria-free DMD/kg live weight 0.75/h). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1985 Sep, 7(9), 481 - 3 Influence of several bacterial and viral vaccines on hepatic drug metabolism in mice; Descotes J et al.; Pentobarbital-induced sleeping time was found to be significantly prolonged in mice within at least 4 days following either whooping cough, tetanus, rubella or poliomyelitis vaccination . By contrast, barbital-induced sleeping time remained unaffected, These findings provide further evidence of a correlation between inhibition of liver drug metabolizing enzymes and stimulation of the immune response. Jpn J Antibiot, 1985 Sep, 38(9), 2683 - 7 {Clinical study on intact gamma-globulin (SM-4300) in surgical severe bacterial infections}; Fujino N et al.; Intact gamma-globulin (SM-4300) was studied for its clinical efficacy in 13 of 23 cases of surgical severe bacterial infections . The drug was administered intravenously either 2.5 g/day for 3 days or 5 g for a day and the results were as follows . Clinical effects of SM-4300 in 13 cases of surgical severe bacterial infections were excellent in 1 case, good in 3, fair in 3 and poor in 6 . SM-4300 was effective in all of 5 cases of intraperitoneal abscess . The elevation of serum IgG was observed after the administration of SM-4300 in all cases tested . As to complement, the slight elevation of serum CH50 was observed in the half of cases documented . Clinical side effects were not confirmed in any case . These results suggest that intact gamma-globulin (SM-4300) was effective in combination with antibiotics. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1985 Sep, 45(9), 646 - 50 {Bacterial colonization of the cervix and complications later in the course of pregnancy following cerclage}; Loos W et al.; In 107 patients undergoing cerclage operation, cervical bacterial flora was documented in a prospective study . Complications due to bacterial contamination were recorded . Postoperatively there was an increase in cervical bacteria, both in number and variety . The results were highly significant . The incidence of premature labor, premature rupture of membranes, puerperal and neonatal infections is higher than the level in our own institution and the overall level in Bavaria . Our results suggest that cerclage involves an increased risk of cervical contamination with subsequent complications during pregnancy, puerperium and newborn period. Pediatrics, 1985 Sep, 76(3), 411 - 4 Atypical bacterial infections explained by a concomitant virus infection; Dagan R et al.; Because both viral and bacterial infections are common during early childhood, dual infections are not unexpected . However, the clinical manifestation of such combined infections may be, difficult to interpret, and they are often misdiagnosed as "atypical bacterial infection." Five patients with concomitant viral-bacterial infections are described . In all five cases, virus detection enabled the physicians to better understand an otherwise puzzling clinical presentation . In view of the recent progress in rapid viral diagnoses and the potential of antiviral drugs, the possibility of dual infection should be investigated more often. Clin Lab Med, 1985 Sep, 5(3), 437 - 45 Molecular epidemiology of bacterial infections; Bjorvatn B et al.; This article presents a review of current experience with the restriction enzyme technique in the epidemiology of bacterial infections . It is concluded that this technique has great potential, and that its practical value has been proved under a number of different epidemiologic conditions. Cell, 1985 Sep, 42(2), 683 - 90 Neither methylating nor demethylating enzymes are required for bacterial chemotaxis; Stock J et al.; Clarification of the information processing system in bacterial sensing has been obtained by studying mutants that lack the capacity to modify receptors covalently . The remaining part of the system is able to receive signals from the receptor, to respond with partial adaptation, and to exhibit a chemotactic response . A cycle of chemical reactions analogous to the rhodopsin-transducin cycle in the visual system is shown to provide the proper characteristics to serve as the bridge between receptor and chemotactic output, which allows adaptation in the absence of covalent protein modifications. Anal Biochem, 1985 Sep, 149(2), 309 - 15 Bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay for estriol . Use of reversibly inactivated bacterial luciferase as label; Yein FS et al.; A bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay using estriol labeled with reversibly inactivated bacterial luciferase is described . An estriol derivative bearing an alkylthiolsulfonate is linked to the cysteinyl thiols of luciferase by formation of mixed disulfide linkages; thus, luciferase becomes inactive . After immunoassay, the inactive luciferase of the label bound to the immunoprecipitate is reactivated by incubation with dithiothreitol and the luciferase activity then is quantitated by a 20-s reaction performed with an automated luminometer (LKB 1251) . Under the defined conditions, the labels are stable for at least 14 days as tested at 4 degrees C . A standard curve with a wide linear range from 50 to 6000 pg is demonstrated . This unique technology discussed here, therefore, offers exciting possibilities as a sensitive and rapid enzyme immunoassay for estriol. J Periodontol, 1985 Sep, 56(9), 553 - 7 Intracellular localization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide using the avidin biotin complex method at the electron microscopic level; Lucas RM et al.; The intracellular localization in 3T6 fibroblasts of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using the rapid avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase technique at the electron microscopic level was studied . The role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periodontal disease has been well documented previously . The purpose of the present study was to localize LPS within the cell, thereby determining which organelles concentrate the material and relate this to the cytologic pathophysiology . An increased concentration of LPS was found in the cell nuclei and, specifically, in association with nuclear chromatin and nucleoli . The concentration of LPS in the nucleus was directly related to the time of incubation, with some product appearing in that site within 2 minutes . There was no specific localization of endotoxin in mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes . These results imply that bacterial endotoxin may have a direct effect on nuclear components of fibroblasts . The relationship of these results to the etiologic mechanisms of periodontal disease is discussed. J Infect Dis, 1985 Sep, 152(3), 493 - 9 Induction of the early hypotensive phase by Escherichia coli: role of bacterial surface structures and inflammatory mediators; Kalter ES et al.; An early hypotensive phase was induced in rats by different strains of Escherichia coli and cell wall fractions to study the role of the bacterial surface structure, the complement system, histamine, and serotonin in induction of hypotension . E . coli strains with only core glycolipid (E . coli strain J5) or with intact lipopolysaccharide O antigens on their surface induced hypotension and thrombopenia within 5 min after intravenous administration . This response was reduced by prior decomplementation of the rats and by methysergide, a serotonin antagonist . Two K antigen-positive strains induced no hypotension except after removal of K antigen . The isolated lipopolysaccharide fractions and the lipid A subfractions, but not the polysaccharide subfractions, were also able to induce hypotension . Thus the core glycolipid structure, by interactions that involve platelets and the complement system, is mainly responsible for induction of an early hypotensive phase in rats, and K antigens interfere with this response. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1985 Sep-Oct, 9(5), 894 - 7 Delayed contrast enhancement in acute focal bacterial nephritis: CT features; Ishikawa I et al.; Computed tomography was performed in seven patients with acute pyelonephritis 6 h after the administration of contrast medium . Four patients revealed patchy wedge-shaped areas of contrast enhancement . The scans immediately after contrast medium administration showed decreased attenuation in these wedge-shaped areas . These results suggest that CT performed hours after contrast medium administration may reveal delayed enhancement in a significant number of patients with acute pyelonephritis. J Bacteriol, 1985 Sep, 163(3), 983 - 90 Sensory adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis: regulation of demethylation; Kehry MR et al.; The behavioral responses of chemotactic bacteria to environmental stimuli are initiated by a family of membrane-bound transducer proteins that communicate excitatory signals to the flagellar apparatus . The adaptation process appears to turn off the excitatory signal and is mediated by the reversible methylation of multiple sites on the transducer proteins . The activities of two chemotaxis-specific enzymes, a methyltransferase and a methylesterase, are regulated during adaptation to maintain behavioral responsiveness . To monitor stimulus-induced changes in methylesterase activity in intact cells, we quantitated the continuous generation of methanol, the end product of the demethylation reaction, in a flow device . In this paper we describe studies of the regulation of the demethylation process . Changes in methylesterase activity after the simultaneous addition of opposing stimuli through two different transducer classes suggest that the sensory information detected by these transducers was integrated and that this integrated signal controlled demethylation. J Bacteriol, 1985 Sep, 163(3), 841 - 9 Effects of the ccd function of the F plasmid on bacterial growth; Jaffe A et al.; The ccd segment of the mini F plasmid containing the ccdA and ccdB genes controls the coordination between plasmid proliferation and cell physiology and fate . When the DNA replication of a thermosensitive-replication plasmid carrying the ccd segment of mini F is blocked, plasmid DNA molecules are progressively diluted through cell division until the copy number reaches 1 per cell . From this time on, there is little increase in the number of viable cells, although cells continue to divide, resulting in a mixed population of viable cells (mostly plasmid containing), nonviable but residually dividing cells, and nonviable nondividing cells . Results are presented suggesting that plasmid-containing cells are viable and continue to divide, whereas plasmid-free segregants are nonviable and form filaments after a few residual divisions, with DNA synthesis reduced or arrested in the filaments . Although the ccd functions are known to induce the SOS response when plasmid replication is blocked, the production of nonviable plasmid-free segregants is independent of the SOS cell division inhibition mechanism determined by the sfiA and sfiC genes. Ann Thorac Surg, 1985 Sep, 40(3), 224 - 8 Risk factors for severe bacterial infections after valve replacement and aortocoronary bypass operations: analysis of 246 cases by logistic regression; Miholic J et al.; Risk factors for severe bacterial infections, that is, deep sternal wound infection, pneumonia, septicemia, and prosthetic valve endocarditis, were evaluated in 246 consecutive patients undergoing valve replacement (N = 84) or aortocoronary bypass operation (N = 162) . Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the ability of putative risk factors to predict infection . The risk factors considered were age, sex, diabetes mellitus, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), duration of operation, amount of blood restored on the day of operation, repeat thoracotomy for bleeding, intraaortic balloon pumping, reoperation, emergency operation, and the professional status of the surgeon . Severe infections occurred in similar frequency after valve replacement (8/84; 9.5%) and aortocoronary bypass (11/162; 6.8%) . For patients who had a bypass procedure, repeat thoracotomy was the only factor significantly associated with infection (p = 0.0004) . However, the classification analysis revealed that this variable alone is too unspecific for a reliable prediction . Univariate analysis indicated that restoration of more than 2,500 ml of blood (p = 0.0001), reoperation (p = 0.0821), duration of operation (p = 0.0061), duration of CPB (p = 0.0318), and intraaortic balloon pumping (p = 0.0281) were associated with infection following valve replacement . A model with three variables emerged from the multiple logistic regression: after correction for blood restoration, reoperation, and duration of CPB, no other variable was of additional predictive value . For patients who underwent valve replacement, the model performed well in predicting complications . The classification analysis revealed a high correspondence between observed and predicted instances of infection: it correctly predicted 75% of the patients with infection and 96% of those without infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Jpn J Antibiot, 1985 Sep, 38(9), 2532 - 4 {Clinical evaluation of SM-4300 against bacterial infections in the field of internal medicine}; Yamakido M et al.; A new drug of human intact immunoglobulin, SM-4300 was applied to the acute respiratory infections in the field of internal medicine . SM-4300 was administered intravenously for 1 or 3 days at a daily dose of 2.5 g to 4 patients suffering from respiratory infections . We have obtained the results as follows . Clinical effects of SM-4300 were good in 2 cases, fair in 1 case, unknown in 1 case, and no side effects were observed. J Periodontol, 1985 Sep, 56(9), 558 - 61 Gingival and bacterial plaque response to instrumentation, oral hygiene instruction and nutritional therapy; Jones BW Jr et al.; Thirty-three male subjects participated in a study to examine the effect of supplements of multiple vitamins and minerals, local therapy (periodontal instrumentation and oral hygiene instruction) and a combination of both on gingival inflammation and bacterial plaque formation . Subjects were given either multivitamin and mineral supplements or placebos on a double-blind basis for 21 days . On Day 7, the mandibular incisors were instrumented, and each subject was instructed in brushing and flossing . Observations were taken at Days 0, 7 and 21 . There was a significant (P = 0.004) effect from micronutrient supplementation at Day 7 on the gingival index but no significant effect on the plaque index . On Day 21 there was no statistical superiority noted for the supplemented group in respect to either the gingival or plaque index, although the gingival index approached significance (P = 0.062). J Dent Educ, 1985 Sep, 49(9), 645 - 50 Educational factors associated with clinician knowledge about bacterial endocarditis; Sadowsky D et al.; This study measured the impact of relatively formal educational experiences (general practice residency and continuing education) and a variety of informal educational opportunities (professional membership activities, dental journals received, patterns of consulting and referral) on a particular body of knowledge (dentists' knowledge about the management of patients at risk for bacterial endocarditis) . Data were collected through telephone interviews with 217 dental general practitioners in New York State . Linear regression analyses indicated that age made a significant contribution to the explanation of knowledge level in all models tested . Neither general practice residency experiences nor continuing education exposure in the past year made a significant contribution to the explanation of knowledge . The other more informal educational variables tested sometimes made a significant contribution when controlled for age; however, the explanatory power of these variables often varied according to respondents' locale (urban vs . rural). J Bacteriol, 1985 Sep, 163(3), 1060 - 6 Genetic recombination of bacterial plasmid DNA: effect of RecF pathway mutations on plasmid recombination in Escherichia coli; Kolodner R et al.; Tn5 insertion mutations in the recN gene, and in what appears to be a new RecF pathway gene designated recO and mapping at approximately 55.4 min on the standard genetic map, were isolated by screening Tn5 insertion mutations that cotransduced with tyrA . The recO1504::Tn5 mutation decreased the frequency of recombination during Hfr-mediated crosses and increased the susceptibility to killing by UV irradiation and mitomycin C when present in a recB recC sbcB background, but only increased the sensitivity to killing by UV irradiation when present in an otherwise Rec+ background . The effects of these and other RecF pathway mutations on plasmid recombination were tested . Mutations in the recJ, recO, and ssb genes, when present in otherwise Rec+ E . coli strains, decreased the frequency of plasmid recombination, whereas the lexA3, recAo281, recN, and ruv mutations had no effect on plasmid recombination . Tn5 insertion mutations in the lexA gene increased the frequency of plasmid recombination . These data indicate that plasmid recombination events in wild-type Escherichia coli strains are catalyzed by a recombination pathway that is related to the RecF recombination pathway and that some component of this pathway besides the recA gene product is regulated by the lexA gene product. Biochemistry, 1985 Aug 27, 24(18), 4872 - 6 Bacterial phosphotransferase system: regulation of the glucose and mannose enzymes II by sulfhydryl oxidation; Grenier FC et al.; We have investigated the effect of oxidizing agents on methyl alpha-glucoside phosphorylation by the Escherichia coli phosphotransferase system (PTS) . Oxidizing agents inhibited methyl alpha-glucoside phosphorylation at low methyl alpha-glucoside concentrations, and the degree of inhibition was shown to decrease with increasing concentrations of methyl alpha-glucoside . Results of studies with mutant bacteria and substrate analogues of the glucose and mannose enzymes II showed that contrary to the interpretation of Robillard and Konings {Robillard, G . T., & Konings, W . N . (1981) Biochemistry 20, 5025-5032} the apparent change in the Km value for methyl alpha-glucoside phosphorylation induced by sulfhydryl oxidation is not due to the formation of a low-affinity, oxidized form of the glucose enzyme II . Rather, the results are explained by the presence of two phosphotransferase systems that phosphorylate methyl alpha-glucoside with different affinities and that are differentially sensitive to oxidizing agents . The low Km system corresponds to the glucose enzyme II, which is strongly inhibited by potassium ferricyanide, phenazine methosulfate, and plumbagin . The high Km system corresponds to the mannose enzyme II, which is less sensitive to inhibition by these oxidizing agents . This differential sensitivity to inhibition by oxidizing agents can account for the apparent Km change for methyl alpha-glucoside phosphorylation reported by Robillard and Konings . The physiological significance of sulfhydryl oxidation in the enzymes II of the PTS has yet to be ascertained. JAMA, 1985 Aug 23-30, 254(8), 1046 - 9 Comparison of single-dose vs one-week course of metronidazole for symptomatic bacterial vaginosis; Swedberg J et al.; In a prospective, single-blind, randomized study, a single 2-g dose of metronidazole was compared with a seven-day course of 500 mg given twice daily in the treatment of symptomatic vaginal discharge associated with Gardnerella vaginalis . Based on resolution of symptoms and on cultures negative for G vaginalis, 86% (40/46) of women treated with the single dose and 97% (35/36) of women treated with the seven-day course were considered cured at seven to ten days after treatment . Evaluation at 21 days after treatment, however, indicated that only 46% (16/34) of patients treated with the single 2-g dose were considered cured compared with 86% (26/30) of those treated with the seven-day course . Treatment of sexual contacts did not significantly improve cure rates in either group. Biophys Chem, 1985 Aug, 22(3), 167 - 72 On the rotational brownian motion of a bacterial idle motor . II . Theory of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; Hoshikawa H et al.; The photon flux autocorrelation function of a fluorescent label attached to a bacterial motor shaft is calculated for the case in which the bacterial motor is considered to be actively but idly rotating . It is shown that even when the fluorescent label has a very short lifetime, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy should provide a useful tool for determining the rate of revolution of the bacterial motor under various solution conditions. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Aug, 95(1), 123 - 30 The effect of surgical gowns made with barrier cloth on bacterial dispersal; Matthews J et al.; A dispersal chamber (body box) technique has been used to compare bacterial dispersal from the skin of subjects carrying out a stepping test under controlled conditions while wearing four differing garment systems namely: basic underwear, cotton 'blues' (standard pyjama style jacket and trousers for men or dress for women), ankle socks, boots for men and shoes for women, mask and theatre hat; the basic set covered with a cotton gown; the basic set covered by a gown with a front made from GORE-TEX fabric in which an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane is sandwiched between layers of woven or knitted polyester; the basic set covered with a fully enclosed suit of the same fabric . A slit sampler was used to measure the number of bacteria liberated in a downward current of air . Six subjects (three female and three male) were studied . Males liberated more bacteria . Covering the 'blues' with a cotton gown increased the bacterial count; a gown of the new material reduced the increase by 50%, and the suit cut the dispersal to virtually zero . Preliminary work suggests that GORE-TEX garments survive laundering better than cotton, and may be cost-effective, but are not yet as comfortable . Research is presently in progress to improve this aspect. J Bacteriol, 1985 Aug, 163(2), 735 - 7 Protoplast water content of bacterial spores determined by buoyant density sedimentation; Lindsay JA et al.; Protoplast wet densities (1.315 to 1.400 g/ml), determined by buoyant density sedimentation in Metrizamide gradients, were correlated inversely with the protoplast water contents (26.4 to 55.0 g of water/100 g of wet protoplast) of nine diverse types of pure lysozyme-sensitive dormant bacterial spores . The correlation equation provided a precise method for obtaining the protoplast water contents of other spore types with small impure samples and indicated that the average protoplast dry density was 1.460 g/ml. Microbiol Sci, 1985 Aug, 2(8), 235 - 9 How do bacterial nuclei divide? Sargent MG. The mechanism of nuclear division remains unknown . Interactions with the cell surface may play a crucial role both in nuclear organization and division. J Pediatr Surg, 1985 Aug, 20(4), 320 - 3 Bacterial clearance in the intact and regenerating liver; Gross K et al.; The Kupffer cells in the liver play an important role in reticuloendothelial system (RES) function by clearing particulate matter and bacteria from the blood stream . While hepatocyte regeneration and function have been extensively studied following partial hepatectomy, little information is available concerning RES function in the regenerating liver . This study investigates hepatic RES function by evaluating bacterial clearance (live E . coli) in the intact and regenerating liver . Thirty-four young male Sprague Dawley rats were studied . Twenty-two animals underwent a standard 70% partial hepatectomy using ligature technique and 12 had a sham operation . Both groups of rats received 10(9) organism of S35 labeled E coli, intravenously at 24 hours, 72 hours, 2 1/2 weeks, and 6 weeks postoperatively . Rats were killed 10 minutes following injection and liver, lung, spleen, and kidney harvested, fixed, and radioactivity was determined using a scintillation spectrometer interfaced with a micro-computer counting the S35 radiolabel . The total organ count of trapped bacteria in liver in partially hepatectomized rats was lower than intact controls at 24 hours (22.0% v 46.4%, P less than .01), but was similar at 72 hours, 2 1/2 weeks, and 6 weeks . Partial hepatectomy increased the amount of bacterial trapping in the lung at 24 hours (11.3% v 1.7%, P less than .01) and 72 hours (10.1% v 1.7%, P less than .05) and returned to normal at 2 1/2 weeks and 6 weeks . Splenic activity was increased following hepatectomy at 2 1/2 weeks . Renal clearance was increased at 72 hours and 2 1/2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Am J Infect Control, 1985 Aug, 13(4), 147 - 53 Postoperative wound infection surveillance by use of bacterial contamination categories; Lennard ES et al.; A prospective 2-year surveillance of 7129 wounds was conducted on all surgical services of the University Hospital in Seattle to determine the postoperative infection rates by surgical wound category . Rates on all services for clean (0.8%), clean-contaminated (3.4%), contaminated (3.6%), and dirty (9.9%) wounds were recorded and compared to rates reported in the surgical literature . The overall wound infection rate was 1.7% . When the incidence of infection for a specific service in a category was observed to be in excess of a previously reported upper rate, patient charts were critically reviewed to determine if host, pathogen, or technical factors could be implicated in the excessive infection rates . Extending postoperative wound surveillance to include critical chart analysis in these categories provides hospital staff members responsible for infection control the opportunity to organize corrective measures against excessive rates in a broader category of wounds. J Clin Invest, 1985 Aug, 76(2), 548 - 55 Regulatory roles of T mu and T gamma cells in the collaborative cellular initiation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway by bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Levy GA et al.; The Shwartzman reaction is a classic biologic response in which the coagulation system is activated in vivo . Cellular initiation of the extrinsic coagulation protease cascade can be mediated by one or more limbs of the lymphoid response to diverse biological stimuli . The T cell-instructed monocyte and macrophage responses that have been implicated are mediated by a number of different cellular pathways and are elicited not only by antigens and allogeneic cells but also by other stimuli such as immune complexes and the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) . The latter response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with bacterial infection . In the rapid collaborative cellular pathway response to LPS, we have described a relatively rigorous requirement for T helper cells in induction of the biosynthesis of tissue factor and Factor VII by monocytes . To elucidate potential regulatory aspects of this cellular procoagulant response, we provide the first evidence for the existence of T suppressor cells for the cellular procoagulant response to LPS by the rapid T cell-instructed pathway . Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated by cytoaffinity into Fc gamma-positive and Fc mu-positive cells and were characterized for their functional properties in the procoagulant response . T mu cells mediated the monocyte response, consistent with their identity with instructor cells . T gamma cells suppressed the response of monocytes to LPS in the presence of T mu cells, suggesting that they possess suppressor function for this response . The T gamma suppressor cells required stimulation by LPS to express their suppressor function and they exerted their suppressive effect directly on the monocyte . The existence and participation of LPS-responsive T suppressor cells on the cellular procoagulant response in vitro add a new dimension to the complexity of the rapid pathway of the collaborative cellular procoagulant response and may be important in the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1985 Aug, 9(4), 303 - 17 An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for the simultaneous measurement of antibody titer to multiple viral, bacterial or protein antigens; Snyder DB et al.; A model enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system was developed which permits the user to evaluate replicate single sera dilutions of 46 test and control serum samples for the presence of specific antibody against up to eight different antigens in one assay . The system makes use of a transplanting device for the simultaneous transfer of aliquots of independently diluted replicate test samples along with conjugate and substrate from a serum reservoir plate or from a reagent reservoir onto different antigen coated target plates . Kinetically read, raw absorbance data from tests are transmitted to a microcomputer, where absorbance values from all tests are quickly reduced to predicted titer levels by computer analysis . All titer computations involve the use of a single prescribed standard curve for predicting antibody titer against the different antigens . Between assay repeatability of this procedure is high and its potential for replacing a number of different conventional assays for epidemiological studies has been evaluated. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1985 Jul 20, 115(29), 1014 - 5 {Quantitative and qualitative determination of the bacterial colonization of the rat jejunum following long-term feeding with an elemental diet}; Menge H et al.; Elemental diets are increasingly used in the treatment of enteral diseases, but only limited studies have been hitherto carried out to clarify their actions on the intestinal flora . Therefore, the jejunal flora was assessed in rats fed an elemental diet or standard pellet food over a period of 60 days . In both sets of animals similar numbers of colony-forming bacteria per ml intestinal content of the aerobic and anaerobic flora were found . In addition, the individual genera did not exhibit significant differences in control and experimental animals . Thus, long-term feeding with an elemental diet does not influence the jejunal flora of rats. Biochemistry, 1985 Jul 16, 24(15), 3942 - 7 Bacterial luciferase: demonstration of a catalytically competent altered conformational state following a single turnover; AbouKhair NK et al.; Ziegler-Nicoli et al . {Ziegler-Nicoli, M., Meighen, E . A., & Hastings, J . W . (1974) J . Biol . Chem . 249, 2385-2392} reported that a highly reactive cysteinyl residue on the alpha subunit of bacterial luciferase resides in or near the flavin binding site such that the enzyme-flavin complex is protected from inactivation by alkylating reagents . These authors also observed that injection of reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) into an air-equilibrated solution of enzyme protected the enzyme from alkylation for much longer than the lifetime of the 4a-peroxydihydroflavin intermediate resulting from reaction of enzyme-bound FMNH2 with O2 . Two related explanations were offered: either the product flavin mononucleotide dissociated from the enzyme much more slowly following a catalytic cycle than would be predicted from the Kd measured by equilibrium binding or the enzyme itself, without bound flavin, was in an altered conformational state in which the thiol was less reactive following a catalytic cycle . Either explanation involves a slow return of the enzyme to its initial state following a catalytic cycle . We have investigated this phenomenon in more detail and found that rapid removal of the flavin from the enzyme by chromatography following catalytic turnover did not return the enzyme to its original state of susceptibility to either alkylating reagents or proteolytic enzymes . The flavin-free enzyme returned to the susceptible conformation with a half-time of ca . 25 min at 0 degree C . Inactivation of the enzyme at intermediate times of relaxation by either a proteolytic enzyme or an alkylating reagent showed biphasic kinetics, indicative of a mixture of the protected and susceptible forms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Biochimie, 1985 Jul-Aug, 67(7-8), 835 - 9 Oligonucleotide probes for bacterial acylcarrier protein genes; Hale RS et al.; Using a recently-introduced rapid manual method, we have synthesized a family of thirty six individual oligonucleotides of unique sequence (18-mers), which correspond to the conserved amino acid sequence, GADSLD, found at the 4'-phosphopantetheine-binding site of the acylcarrier component of bacterial and plant fatty acid synthases . Hybridisation of each of these oligonucleotides to Southern blots of restricted Streptomyces erythreus DNA under stringent conditions showed that (i) only two probes hybridised specifically, (ii) neither probe hybridised to more than one sequence, and (iii) each probe apparently recognised a different DNA sequence . In the same synthesis, ninety-two other oligonucleotides (15-18-mers) were also constructed, mostly in yields of 2-10%. Farmakol Toksikol, 1985 Jul-Aug, 48(4), 96 - 9 {Increased hepatocyte resistance to CC14 following the stimulation of rats with a bacterial polysaccharide}; Voronin AIu et al.; It has been established in male Wistar rats that the uptake capacity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) increased 5-fold 1, 3 and 7 days after prodigiozan administration (50 micrograms) . This was linked with the increased hepatocyte resistance to CCl4 which reached a maximum 7 and 21 days after RES stimulation . As compared with non-stimulated animals, the resistance increase looked as a 2.7- and 3.5-fold shrinkage of the necrotic zones in the central parts of liver lobules 24 h after CCl4 poisoning and less increment of alanine aminotransferase activity in blood serum (3.5- and 3.3-fold decrease, respectively) . The increased resistance continued being recordable throughout a month after prodigiozan treatment. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1985 Jul-Aug, 94(4 Pt 1), 398 - 402 Bacterial and polymorphonuclear leukocyte contribution to middle ear inflammation in chronic otitis media with effusion; Giebink GS et al.; Bacteria can be cultured from approximately one third of chronic middle ear effusions, yet the contribution of these bacteria to the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is not clear due to the absence of signs and symptoms of acute infection in most children with this disease . To explore the role of bacteria in chronic OME, lysozyme, lactoferrin, serum complement factors C3 and C5a, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) chemotaxin content was measured in 21 chronic middle ear effusion samples . Concentrations of lysozyme, lactoferrin, and chemotaxin were significantly higher in culture-positive than in sterile effusions . Lysozyme appeared to be contributed by both PMNL and non-PMNL sources in the middle ear space . These non-PMNL sources, presumably middle ear epithelial cells, accounted for 50% to 80% of the lysozyme variation in middle ear effusion . Although C3 and C5a were present in effusion, chemotaxin content correlated poorly with the C3 and C5a content, suggesting that chemotaxins were derived from bacterial peptides rather than from complement activation products . These results suggest that bacteria contribute to chronic middle ear inflammation with effusion . The eradication of bacteria from chronic middle ear effusion might disrupt the host responses which maintain chronic OME. J Appl Bacteriol, 1985 Jul, 59(1), 23 - 8 Contamination and bacterial retention capacity of beef carcasses at the abattoir; Kriaa H et al.; The contamination of beef carcasses was studied together with the capacity of meat surfaces to retain bacteria along the processing line in the slaughter hall . The results showed that the contamination varied along the processing line, but that this pattern was essentially dependent on the contamination at the dressing station . It decreased or remained unchanged during the first 12 min and then increased, even without additional contamination . The contamination varied according to carcasses and micro-organisms studied and was not greatly affected by spray cleaning . The number of bacteria retained changed at a rate similar to that of the contaminants . The attachment was instantaneous . The results are discussed and compared with the various hypotheses about contamination and bacterial attachment processes. J Heart Transplant, 1985 Jul-Aug, 4(4), 390 - 4 Cytoimmunological monitoring in acute rejection and viral, bacterial or fungal infection following transplantation; Ertel W et al.; This study assessed the ability of immunomonitoring to differentiate between acute cardiac rejection and viral, bacterial or fungal infections, using data of thirty-five cyclosporine treated heart and heart-lung transplant recipients . Peripheral blood samples were analyzed daily for 20 days, then three times weekly until the patient's discharge . Later, peripheral blood was examined every fourteen days on an outpatient basis . White blood cells were counted and differentiated . A mononuclear concentrate was obtained by the Ficoll-Hypaque gradient and centrifugation method, and cytocentrifuged onto slides . The cells were stained by a five minute method . Percentages of lymphocytes, prelymphoblasts, lymphoblasts, large granular lymphocytes and monocytes were calculated . When activated cells were detected, aliquots of the mononuclear concentrate were labeled using monoclonal antibodies . In these thirty-five patients, more than 60 acute rejection episodes were diagnosed by the cytoimmunological method . Acute rejection was characterized by a significant rise of the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, prelymphoblasts and lymphoblasts . The T-lymphocyte population increased while the B-cells remained normal . Ninety-five percent of all acute rejection episodes were diagnosed using cytoimmunological parameters . During viral infection more than 20% of the mononuclear cells were large granular lymphocytes and the OKT4/OKT8 ratio was less than one . During bacterial and fungal infections the B-lymphocytes increased to 40% of the mononuclear cells . In addition, juvenile polymorphs appeared in the mononuclear concentrate and the OKT4/OKT8 ratio was within normal limits (1.5 to 2.5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 1985 Jul, 1(2), 367 - 76 Mechanisms of bacterial injury; Corbeil LB et al.; Bacterial injury in bovine pneumonia may result from bacterial release of exotoxins or from complex interactions between bacterial products such as LPS, proteases, or antigens and host responses . The latter interactions usually result in both protection and tissue damage . The balance between degree of protective functions and injurious functions will determine whether the response is primarily beneficial or damaging to the host. Am J Vet Res, 1985 Jul, 46(7), 1568 - 72 Stimulation and killing of bovine mononuclear leukocytes by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin); Banks KL et al.; Bovine adherent mononuclear leukocytes were incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in vitro, and these cells produced a factor that increased the blastogenic reaction of mouse thymocytes to concanavalin A . This factor most resembles interleukin 1 . The LPS were also cytotoxic for bovine adherent mononuclear leukocytes in a dose-and time-dependent manner . Cytotoxicosis was determined by the release of cytoplasmic lactic dehydrogenase . This cytotoxicosis was blocked by treating the cells with corticosteroids . Variation in the reaction to LPS occurred in cells collected from the same cow on different days and from cells collected from different cows. Ophthalmology, 1985 Jul, 92(7), 959 - 63 Complications of surgery in glaucoma . Early and late bacterial endophthalmitis following glaucoma filtering surgery; Katz LJ et al.; One case of "early" post-trabeculectomy endophthalmitis and five eyes with "late" endophthalmitis three to nine years after glaucoma filtration surgery are presented . Differentiation of early versus late endophthalmitis is based on the time of onset and pathogenesis . Retrospective analysis of 1100 consecutive trabeculectomies revealed an incidence of less than 0.1% for early and 0.2% for late endophthalmitis . Medical and surgical approaches are discussed . The presumed importance of identifying posterior extension into the vitreous and performing a therapeutic vitrectomy is emphasized. Radiobiologiia, 1985 Jul-Aug, 25(4), 457 - 61 {Effect of bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors on the radiosensitivity of thymocytes and on the utilization of exogenous adenine in these cells}; Kuznetsova EV et al.; It was established that the postirradiation changes in incorporation of 14C-adenine into acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of thymocytes reflected cell death . When added after irradiation, nalidixic and oxolinic acids exerted a radioprotective action . The effect was absent after single washing of thymocytes incubated with these compounds for 60 min before or after irradiation . Both substances inhibited utilization of 14C-adenine and incorporation thereof into the acid-insoluble fraction of nonirradiated thymocytes and did not influence the viability of cells. Lancet, 1985 Jun 29, 1(8444), 1472 - 4 Live attenuated bacterial vaccines: new approaches for safety and efficacy; Hooke AM et al.; Problems arising from reversion to virulence in genetically attenuated bacterial vaccines can be overcome by the combination, in one strain, of multiple temperature-sensitive mutations of identical phenotype . Immunogenicity of attenuated strains may be enhanced by incorporation of mutations which permit limited replication in the vaccinee (thereby increasing antigen mass while minimising the possibility of vaccine reactions) and the expression of genes coding for antigens which are synthesised only during infection of the host. Thromb Haemost, 1985 Jun 24, 53(3), 323 - 7 Variation in activities of non-plasmin fibrinolytic proteinase and plasminogen-activator in the lung and spleen induced by bacterial endotoxin in rats with special reference to the effects of MD-805; Okamoto U et al.; The behavior of direct fibrinolytic (non-plasmin) proteinase activity and plasminogen-activator activity in the lung and spleen was investigated in rats after a single intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin, and the influence of thrombin inhibitors on the effects of the endotoxin was assessed . The non-plasmin fibrinolytic activity was markedly increased following a decrease of plasminogen-activator in the lung . In addition, variations in hematological parameters, i.e . a decrease of platelet count, fibrinogen level and antithrombin III, and an increase of blood urea nitrogen and euglobulin fibrinolytic activity, were induced by the injection, indicating the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation . In comparative studies on the effects of the endotoxin injection and thrombin infusion, in the lung and spleen an increase of fibrinolytic proteinase activity was induced in a similar manner; the plasminogen-activator activity in the lung was decreased by the endotoxin injection but not decreased by the thrombin infusion . In prevention studies with heparin and MD-805, the latter was found to prevent the decrease of either fibrinogen or platelet count . However, the former failed to prevent the decrease of platelet count although that of the fibrinogen level was prevented . Heparin and MD-805 exerted no preventive effect on the endotoxin-induced variations of proteinase activity and plasminogen-activator activity in the lung. Med J Aust, 1985 Jun 10, 142(12), 629 - 31 Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with malignant disease: a clinicopathological study of 16 cases; Ojeda VJ et al.; Among 2627 necropsies performed in the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, over a period of 11 years, 16 cases of non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) were found in patients with cancer (13 adenocarcinomas) . The final stay in hospital of seven of these patients was complicated by a major embolic cerebral (six patients), or spinal cord (one patient), stroke . In all cases, the diagnosis of NBTE was made at necropsy . The aortic valve was affected in 10 patients, the mitral valve in five, and both the mitral and tricuspid valves in one . The diagnosis of NBTE should be considered in any patient with a known, or suspected, malignant neoplasm who suffers a stroke or other unexplained embolic events. JAMA, 1985 Jun 7, 253(21), 3141 - 3 Survival of bacterial enteropathogens in the ice of popular drinks; Dickens DL et al.; We examined the survival of four bacterial enteropathogens frozen in ice and subsequently allowed to melt in various popular drinks . The counts of all the organisms were markedly lowered by freezing alone, and the numbers were further decreased by exposure to some of the drinks . Nevertheless, none of the organisms were completely eliminated as a result of freezing for 24 hours followed by melting in any of the test drinks, even when the drink was 86-proof tequila. Chemioterapia, 1985 Jun, 4(3), 214 - 7 Assessing modifications of the intestinal bacterial flora in patients on long-term oral treatment with bacampicillin or amoxicillin: a random study; Gipponi M et al.; The authors conducted a randomized trial on 16 patients to evaluate intestinal aerobic microfloral changes after prolonged oral treatment with bacampicillin (b.) (16 g/die) or amoxicillin (a.) (2 g/die) . The analysis showed a quantitative reduction of isolates in 6 patients: 2 patients were treated with b . while 4 with a . (Odd ratio, O.R . = 3) . Mean values of CFU presented as well a more evident reduction in a.-treated patients . From the qualitative point of view, bacteria modifications occurred in one patient treated with b . and 3 with a, (O.R . = 4.2) . Bacterial changes, although not statistically significant, were thus greater in patients treated with a . than b. J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1985 Jun, 56(2), 99 - 100 Guidelines for bacterial counts on carcases at Cato Ridge abattoir; Selmer-Olsen A; The agar sausage technique was used to make an assessment of the surface aerobic bacterial levels of refrigerated beef, mutton and pork carcases at Cato Ridge abattoir by taking agar imprints from selected sites on the surfaces of carcases . It was shown that half of the 297 beef carcases examined had less than 200 aerobes cm-2, half of the 298 mutton carcases less than 250 aerobes cm-2 and half the 299 pork carcases less than 134 aerobes cm-2 . These counts are utilised as guidelines to identify breakdowns in hygiene at the abattoir. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1985 Jun 1, 186(11), 1195 - 7 Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals; McClure JJ et al.; Oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia were diagnosed in 8 foals that had laboratory and/or pathologic evidence of immunodeficiency . Two foals suffered solely from complete failure of passive transfer of colostal immunoglobulins . Six foals had evidence of immune defects but did not meet the criteria for diagnosis of any of the currently recognized primary equine immunodeficiency syndromes . All six of these foals died or were euthanatized due to bacterial infections . One foal with failure of passive transfer recovered and the other died of a mesenteric torsion before the effect of treatment could be evaluated. Mutat Res, 1985 Jun-Jul, 150(1-2), 133 - 9 The two-step model of bacterial UV mutagenesis; Bridges BA et al.; Recent results are discussed which have led to a two-step model for UV mutagenesis in excision-deficient Escherichia coli . After exposure to UV, the replication fork is assumed to continue until immediately before certain photoproducts where it stops and leaves a gap which cannot be dealt with by recombination repair . In the first (misincorporation) step, bases (a proportion of which are 'wrong') are postulated to be inserted opposite the photoproduct under the direct influence of the recA gene product . These misincorporated bases can be revealed as mutations by delayed photoreversal in umuD,C and lexA (ind-) bacteria . Their level is determined by the particular allele of recA that is present (recA441 greater than recA+ greater than recA430) and their rate of formation by the amount of recA protein in the cell and the degree of enrichment of the medium . No other protein needs to be synthesized for this step to occur . The second (bypass) step requires induced levels of the products of the umuD and C genes which are postulated to facilitate continued DNA synthesis on the priming end opposite the photoproduct . In principle, further errors could be made at this stage which might appear as 'hitch-hiking' rather than 'targeted' mutations. Vaccine, 1985 Jun, 3(2), 94 - 102 Bacterial toxin vaccines; Dorner F et al.; A rebirth of interest and activity in vaccine development has occurred in recent years which is probably due to the persistence of threat to health by infectious diseases, as well as technological advances which have made possible new approaches to solve old problems . Most work being done today with vaccine development against diseases caused entirely or in part by bacterial toxins falls into the categories of, attenuated organisms (whether by classical means or application of newly developed genetic technologies), and/or toxin subunits (derived by genetic manipulations, peptide synthesis, or chemical modification of toxins) . This review discusses some of these new approaches in general as well as specific examples of their application to several bacterial diseases whose pathologies involve toxins. Mutat Res, 1985 Jun, 147(3), 65 - 78 The SOS Chromotest, a colorimetric bacterial assay for genotoxins: procedures; Quillardet P et al.; The SOS Chromotest is a quantitative bacterial colorimetric assay for genotoxins . Substantial validation is now available (Quillardet et al., 1985) . We describe here in detail the tester strain as well as the effects of the variation of some parameters on the assay . We report a simple spot-test procedure as well as a new standard procedure which incorporate recent technical improvements aimed at simplifying the assay further. J Gen Microbiol, 1985 Jun, 131 ( Pt 6), 1357 - 67 Sources of conductance changes during bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethylammonium in phosphate buffer; Owens JD et al.; The sources of conductance changes during reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine by Escherichia coli with formate as electron donor and in the presence of phosphate buffer were investigated . Theoretical considerations and experimental results suggest that the major source of conductance change is the conversion of dihydrogen phosphate to hydrogen phosphate . This transformation contributes almost twice as much to the total conductance change as does the conversion of uncharged trimethylamine oxide to charged trimethylammonium. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1985 Jun, 93(3), 117 - 23 Performance testing of antigen-coated polystyrene microplates for ELISA measurements of serum antibodies to bacterial and dietary antigens; Scott H et al.; The adsorption of dietary antigens to polystyrene microplates was influenced by pH . Coating for 5 h at 37 degrees C followed by at least 18 h at 4 degrees C gave the best result with the six dietary and nine bacterial antigens tested in this study . Unwanted background activity was mainly caused by direct binding of human immunoglobulin in the second layer . This problem was mainly observed with coats based on antigens with relatively poor binding activity and could be reduced to an acceptable level by addition of 0.5% bovine serum albumin in the diluents . Microplates from various manufacturers showed large differences in antigen adsorbing properties and there were considerable variations among batches . Careful performance testing of microplates and selection of appropriate batches are therefore necessary. Am J Med Sci, 1985 Jun, 289(6), 243 - 8 Review: pathophysiology of diarrhea caused by bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine; Mathias JR et al.; The bacterial overgrowth syndrome constitutes an intestinal problem involving alterations in motility and injury to the brush border and mucosa . The overgrowth of bacteria also causes secretion, malabsorption, and maldigestion . These alterations result in a clinical syndrome that manifests itself as weight loss, malabsorption of specific nutrients, and (usually) diarrhea . There are known causes of bacterial overgrowth, such as intestinal diverticuli or surgical procedures involving a vagotomy, but in our experience most cases remain idiopathic . This review evaluates the mechanisms of bacterial overgrowth, as currently understood, and specifically addresses the known causes of diarrhea that results from bacterial contamination of the small intestine. Mutat Res, 1985 Jun, 156(3), 153 - 61 Mutagenic characteristics of formaldehyde on bacterial systems; Takahashi K et al.; The mutagenic characteristics of formaldehyde on bacteria were examined . All the tester strains of Escherichia coli deficient in DNA-repair enzymes tested in the present study were significantly more sensitive to the killing effect of formaldehyde than the corresponding wild-type strain . Among the E . coli B strains, H/r30R (wild-type) and Hs30R (uvrA) were mutable, whereas NG30 (recA) and O16 (polA) were not . There is no appreciable difference in mutation frequency of E . coli B between the wild-type and the uvrA strains in a dose range below 4 mM . However, the mutation frequency of the wild-type strain started to decrease in a higher concentration range, whereas that of the uvrA strain continued to increase linearly . This was confirmed with the E . coli B/r tester strains . The decrease in mutation frequency may be produced by prolongation of the lag period before entering the S-phase so as to give the cells a greater chance for DNA repair through the excision mechanism . In fact, it was evidenced that formaldehyde retarded to a remarkable extent the initiation of DNA synthesis of the cells at the higher dose range used for mutation assay . Some discrepancies found between the results obtained in this study and those previously reported by Nishioka (1973) were pointed out. Mutat Res, 1985 Jun-Jul, 150(1-2), 119 - 25 Mutascreen, an automated bacterial mutagenicity assay; Falck K et al.; Mutascreen is an automated instrument for bacterial mutagenicity testing . The biological principles of the Mutascreen assay are the same as those of the bacterial reverse-mutation assays, like the Ames test, but several operational principles are different . The Mutascreen assay takes place in wells containing only 400 microliter of liquid medium . Also, the dispensing of the liquid medium, the bacterial tester strains, the metabolic activation system (S9), and the test solutions is all performed by a computer-controlled robot according to the user's preprogrammed instructions . The turbidity in up to 200 wells is monitored intermittently over a 24-h period by a vertical-pathway photometer, thereby avoiding measurement problems caused by sedimentation . The data for the resulting growth curves is stored for analysis . The auxotrophic growth pattern is altered characteristically by test solutions that are toxic or contain endogenous growth factor(s), while prototrophic growth is observed earlier in the 24-h period when revertants have been induced by the test solution . To compare the Mutascreen assay with the conventional plate assay, 36 chemicals including known carcinogens and noncarcinogens were tested . Both assays identified the same chemicals as mutagens and gave quantitatively similar results, thus testifying to the potential usefulness of automated bacterial mutagenicity testing. Mutat Res, 1985 Jun, 147(3), 79 - 95 The SOS Chromotest, a colorimetric bacterial assay for genotoxins: validation study with 83 compounds; Quillardet P et al.; The SOS Chromotest is a simple bacterial colorimetric assay for genotoxicity . It is based on the measure of the induction of sfiA, a gene controlled by the general repressor of the SOS system in E . coli . Expression of sfiA is monitored by means of a gene fusion with lacZ, the structural gene for beta-galactosidase . We have examined 83 compounds of various chemical classes with the SOS Chromotest using a standard procedure . Comparison of the results with those obtained in the Mutatest (the Ames test) showed that most (90%) of the mutagenic compounds were also SOS inducers . For these compounds a quantitative correlation was observed between the mutagenic potency and the SOS-inducing potency (SOSIP) . The case of the 10% remaining compounds giving conflicting results in the two tests is discussed . Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for carcinogenicity prediction have been evaluated for the SOS Chromotest and the Mutatest using 73 chemicals for which carcinogenicity data were available . In spite of some differences, similar results were obtained in the two tests . The present data indicate that the SOS Chromotest has many practical advantages and may be used as a primary screening tool or as part of a battery of short-term tests for carcinogens. J Surg Res, 1985 Jun, 38(6), 606 - 12 A burn induced Ly-2 suppressor T cell lowers resistance to bacterial infection; Kupper TS et al.; Suppressor T cell activity after major burn injury in a murine model has been well characterized . Suppressor cells have also been demonstrated in patients after major burn, and suppressor cell activity has been temporally correlated with septic episodes . A splenic Ly-2 T suppressor effector (Tse) cell appearing 7 days after a 30% full thickness burn has been identified in a murine model . A rat monoclonal antibody (14-8c3-12) directed against a factor produced by the Tse cell (Tsef) can enhance depressed in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) responses of Day 7 burn spleen cells without enhancing control spleen cell activity . Additionally, 14-8c3-12 can block the suppressive effect of these burn T cells on normal T cells . A cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model using a 25-gauge needle (LD15) was used to assess the contribution of burn T cells to post-CLP mortality . Normal spleen cells injected into syngeneic recipients followed by CLP did not affect mortality (13%) . Burn spleen cells injected into normal recipients enhanced mortality sixfold (90%) after CLP . The effect could be reversed by removing Ly-2 T cells (30% mortality) but not Ly-1 T cells (100% mortality) prior to cell transfer . Simultaneous injection of 14-8c3-12 antibody with burn T cells reduced mortality after CLP significantly (20%) . Injection of 14-8c3-12 did not improve survival after CLP in control animals not injected with burn T cells (20%) . Ly-2 T suppressor effector cells found in the spleens of mice 7 days postburn enhance the lethality of a purely bacterial septic challenge . A monoclonal antibody to the Tsef can reverse this effect in vivo. J Hyg (Lond), 1985 Jun, 94(3), 263 - 8 A study of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, serogroup 0126, by bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA); Marshall RB et al.; Sixteen isolates of Escherichia coli were subjected to bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA) . Nine of these isolates were from an outbreak of human diarrhoea and produced stable toxin, the remaining seven were non-toxigenic strains from animal and human sources . The isolates from the outbreak produced indistinguishable DNA electrophoretic patterns in spite of their assignment to seven different H serotypes . Their BRENDA patterns were markedly different from the other isolates examined . These results support the epidemiological evidence that a single-strain outbreak had occurred, and they cast doubt on the value of H typing for this particular investigation. Infect Immun, 1985 Jun, 48(3), 813 - 7 Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induction of leukocyte-derived corticotropin and endorphins; Harbour-McMenamin D et al.; Previous reports have shown that there is an endogenous opioid component associated with pathophysiological responses to endotoxin . It has been shown that these responses are alleviated by naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist . Results of another study have indicated that leukocytes may mediate some of those responses since leukocyte depletion alleviated the effects of lipopolysaccharide . In view of the above reports as well as the finding that leukocytes produce immunoreactive (ir-) endorphins and corticotropin (ACTH) when stimulated with Newcastle disease virus or ACTH-releasing factor, we postulated that leukocytes may serve as an extrapituitary source of endorphins produced in response to bacterial endotoxin . To test this hypothesis, human peripheral blood leukocytes as well as mouse spleen cells were cultured in vitro with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide for 48 h . The lipopolysaccharide (i.e., endotoxin) was shown to induce de novo synthesis of ir-ACTH and ir-endorphins . The leukocyte-derived ir-ACTH had a molecular weight of approximately 2,900 and demonstrated a bioactivity similar to that of pituitary-derived ACTH . The lymphocyte-derived ir-endorphin comigrated with alpha- and gamma-endorphin at approximately 1,800 daltons and was shown to bind to brain opiate receptors . These findings imply that leukocyte-derived endorphins may be involved in the pathophysiological response to endotoxin. J Immunol, 1985 Jun, 134(6), 3718 - 21 Bacterial endotoxin selectively prevents the expression of scavenger-receptor activity on human monocyte-macrophages; Van Lenten BJ et al.; Concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as low as 1 ng/ml suppressed the activity of the scavenger receptor on cultured human monocyte-macrophages . In contrast, concentrations of LPS as high as 100 ng/ml had no effect on the activity of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor . LPS and purified forms of the lipid A moiety of LPS were effective in suppressing scavenger receptor activity . However, acid hydrolysis of the labile phosphate group of the native diphosphorylated lipid A to form monophosphoryl lipid A rendered the molecule ineffective in suppressing scavenger receptor activity . LPS at a concentration of 100 ng/ml had no effect on the secretion of apolipoprotein E, phagocytic activity, tumoricidal activity, or the protein content of monocyte-macrophages . We conclude that the active component of LPS that mediates suppression of scavenger receptor activity is diphosphoryl lipid A. N Z Med J, 1985 May 22, 98(779), 387 - 9 Treatment of bacterial cystitis with a single dose of trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole or amoxycillin compared with a course of trimethoprim; Bailey RR et al.; A single dose of trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole or amoxycillin was compared with a five-day course of trimethoprim for the treatment of bacterial cystitis in general practice . The respective cure rates were 80%, 80%, 65% and 86% . These differences were not statistically significant . Side effects were minimal . Single dose therapy is recommended as the treatment of choice for bacterial cystitis in domiciliary practice. Anal Biochem, 1985 May 15, 147(1), 194 - 6 Isocitrate dehydrogenase assays on intact bacterial cells; Pearce LG et al.; A qualitative assay which can be adapted to screen large numbers of Escherichia coli colonies for the presence of soluble enzymes is described . In a test of the system using a new, especially sensitive assay for isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, colonies producing the enzyme could be correctly identified at the 70% level after 2 h of incubation and at the 100% level after 8 h of incubation . The completed reactions are stable for several days at room temperature. Clin Chim Acta, 1985 May 15, 148(1), 31 - 7 CSF alpha 2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein as aids to rapid diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis; Virji MA et al.; alpha 2-Macroglobulin (AMG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial and aseptic meningitis have been analyzed by a rate nephelometric method to determine if these acute phase proteins can aid in differentiation of bacterial from aseptic meningitis . The mean CSF concentrations of AMG and CRP were 15 and 3.5 times greater, respectively, in the bacterial compared to the aseptic meningitis group . Also, the range of AMG levels showed minimal overlap between the two groups . The elevated levels of the proteins persisted after CSF cultures became negative . Quantitation of specific acute phase proteins in CSF may assist the differentiation of