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| Eur J Biochem, 1996 May 1, 237(3), 635 - 41 Structural studies of the O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain 1209 lipopolysaccharide; Niedziela T et al.; The structure of the O-specific side chains of the Hafnia alvei strain 1209 lipopolysaccharide has been investigated . Methylation analysis and 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were the principal methods used . It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of pentasaccharide repeating units that have the following structure: -->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-beta-D-GlepA-(1--> 3)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1 --> 4 increases 1 alpha-L-Rhap The relative intensity of the signals from the terminal repeating unit in the 1H-NMR spectrum, the amount of 2,3,6-tri-O-methylgalactose in the methylation analysis, and the matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrum of the O-polysaccharide indicated that the structure is also the biological repeating unit and that the O-chains mainly consisted of 8-11 repeating units and, on average, ten repeating units. Postepy Hig Med Dosw, 1996, 50(5), 515 - 7 {Structural and serologic characteristics of O-specific polysaccharides of Hafnia alvei PCM 1185 and 1199}; Kubler J et al.; This work describes results of studies of O-specific oligosaccharide repeating units from lipopolysaccharides of two related Hafnia alvei serotypes . The linkage between O-antigen and the core region in PCM 1199 LPS has been also established . The O-acetyl residues present in the polysaccharides are involved in formation of epitopes. Postepy Hig Med Dosw, 1996, 50(5), 431 - 45 {Structural studies of carbohydrate lipopolysaccharide sections in Hafnia alvei}; Katzenellenbogen E; The structures of 14 O-specific polysaccharides isolated from Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides have been described . The structures of the common core existing in most Hafnia alvei strains examined so far and the core-like trisaccharide found in some Hafnia alvei strains have been also presented. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1996 Jan, 13(1), 59 - 64 The sensitivity of Hafnia alvei strains to the bactericidal effect of serum; Jankowski S et al.; Most Hafnia alvei strains are sensitive to the bactericidal action of normal bovine serum (NBS) as well as to a serum in which the alternative pathway of complement activation has been thermally blocked . Introduction of polysaccharides (PS) to NBS lowers the bactericidal effect . In a serum in which the alternative pathway of complement activation is blocked, PS completely cancels the bacterial effect. Carbohydr Res, 1995 Nov 22, 277(2), 245 - 55 Structure of the Hafnia alvei strain PCM 1188 O-specific polysaccharide; Gamian A et al.; The lipopolysaccharide was extracted from cells of Hafnia alvei PCM 1188 strain and, after mild acid hydrolysis, the O-specific polysaccharide isolated and characterized . On the basis of sugar and methylation analysis, FAB mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy of the polysaccharide and oligosaccharides obtained after Smith degradation, or solvolysis with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide was shown to be the pentasaccharide: {formula: see text} Carbohydr Res, 1995 Aug 25, 273(2), 187 - 95 Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei 1204 containing 3,6-dideoxy-3-formamido-D-glucose; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain 1204 has a hexasaccharide repeating unit containing D-mannose, D-glucuronic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, and 3,6-dideoxy-3-formamido-D-glucose (Qui3NFo) in the ratios 2:1:1:1:1 as well as O-acetyl groups . On the basis of methylation analysis of the intact, carboxyl-reduced, and Smith-degraded polysaccharide as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, including 1D total correlation spectroscopy, 1D NOE spectroscopy, 2D homonuclear shift-correlated spectroscopy (COSY), and 13C,1H heteronuclear COSY, the following structure of the O-deacetylated polysaccharide was established: -->3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1-->3)-beta-D-GlcpN Ac-(1--> -->2)-beta-D-Quip3NFo-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-D-G lcpA-(1--> Location of the N-formyl group, occurring as two stereoisomers in the ratio approximately 3:1, was determined by an NOE on H-3 Qui3N arising on pre-irradiation of HCO of the minor (E) isomer . The O-acetyl groups are attached in nonstoichiometric amounts at position 3 of GlcA and position 6 of a mannose residue or GlcNAc. Int J Food Microbiol, 1995 Aug, 26(3), 279 - 93 Attributes of microbial associations of meat growing as xenic batch cultures in a meat juice at 4 degrees C; Drosinos EH et al.; Strains of Gram-positive (Carnobacterium piscicola, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp . mesenteroides, Brochothrix thermosphacta) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas fragi and Hafnia alvei) bacteria isolated from minced lamb packaged under a modified atmosphere were cultivated in a meat (lamb) juice at 4 degrees C . Carbohydrates were catabolised in the order glucose > glucose 6-phosphate during the development of the population . Under an atmosphere enriched with carbon dioxide the Gram-negative portion of the population was suppressed during the exponential phase but H . alvei became the dominant organism towards the end of a protracted stationary phase of growth . With the aerobic atmosphere P . fragi catabolised creatine and became the dominant species in the stationary phase . The inability of C . piscicola to catabolise glucose 6-phosphate was reflected in its population being smaller than those of the other Gram-positive organisms (C . piscicola < L . mesenteroides subsp . mesenteroides < B . thermosphacta) . During the stationary phase of growth, indigenous L-lactic acid and the D-isomer produced by leuconostocs were oxidised to acetic acid by the Gram-positive flora under an atmosphere enriched with carbon dioxide . These oxidations, which occurred after depletion of glucose, were supported by the oxygen in the system . D-Lactic and acetic acid appeared to be possible parameters for the estimation of the microbiological quality of packaged meat. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1995 Jun 20, 320(1), 115 - 22 Acid-base chemical mechanism of aspartase from Hafnia alvei; Yoon MY et al.; An acid-base chemical mechanism is proposed for Hafnia alvei aspartase in which a proton is abstracted from C-3 of the monoanionic form of L-aspartate by an enzyme general base with a pK of 6.3-6.6 in the absence and presence of Mg2+ . The resulting carbanion is presumably stabilized by delocalization of electrons into the beta-carboxyl with the assistance of a protonated enzyme group in the vicinity of the beta-carboxyl . Ammonia is then expelled with the assistance of a general acid group that traps an initially expelled NH3 as the final NH4+ product . In agreement with the function of the general acid group, potassium, an analog of NH4+, binds optimally when the group is unprotonated . The pK for the general acid is about 7 in the absence of Mg2+, but is increased by about a pH unit in the presence of Mg2+ . Since the same pK values are observed in the pKi(succinate) and V/K pH profile, both enzyme groups must be in their optimum protonation state for efficient binding of reactant in the presence of Mg2+ . At the end of a catalytic cycle, both the general base and general acid groups are in a protonation state opposite that in which they started when aspartate was bound . The presence of Mg2+ causes a pH-dependent activation of aspartase exhibited as a partial change in the V and V/Kasp pH profiles . When the aspartase reaction is run in D2O to greater than 50% completion no deuterium is found in the remaining aspartate, indicating that the site is inaccessible to solvent during the catalytic cycle. Carbohydr Res, 1995 Apr 3, 269(1), 125 - 38 Structural studies of the O-specific chain and a core hexasaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain 1192 lipopolysaccharide; Jachymek W et al.; The structure of the O-specific side-chain and a core hexasaccharide of the Hafnia alvei strain 1192 lipopolysaccharide has been investigated . Methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF spectrometry, and various specific chemical degradations were the principal methods used . It is concluded that the polysaccharide is composed of hexasaccharide repeating-units having the following structure which is partially O-acetylated in the 2-position of the --> 4)-alpha-D-Glc pA-(1-->(70%) and on different positions of the L-Rha residues (50%) . {Formula: see text} The core hexasaccharide was found to have the following structure: {Formula: see text} Eur J Biochem, 1995 Feb 1, 227(3), 889 - 96 3-Deoxy-octulosonic-acid-containing hexasaccharide fragment of unusual core type isolated from Hafnia alvei 2 lipopolysaccharide; Ravenscroft N et al.; The hexasaccharide containing 3-deoxy-octulosonic acid (Kdo) was isolated from the carbohydrate material obtained after the mild acid hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain 2 . The hexasaccharide was purified by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-4 and P-2 columns . On the basis of sugar and methylation analyses, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic methods, the hexasaccharide was identified as {formula: see text} The tetrasaccharide linked to position 7 of Kdo is also part of the sialic-acid-containing O-specific unit . Di-substitution of Kdo at positions 7 and 8 has not been previously reported. Carbohydr Res, 1995 Jan 17, 266(2), 221 - 8 Lipopolysaccharide core region of Hafnia alvei: structure elucidation using chemical methods, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy; Gamian A et al.; Sugar and methylation analysis with the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy proved that the core oligosaccharides isolated from lipopolysaccharides of eight Hafnia alvei strains have the identical hexasaccharide skeleton . However, 1H, 31P heterocorrelated spectra showed that the phosphorylation pattern is not the same . The branched heptose for the ATCC 13337, 1187, 2, 1191, 1196, 1220, and 481L strains is phosphorylated as in the following formula, where P = -O-P(O)(O-)2 and P-PEtN = {-O-P(O)(O-)}2-O(CH2)2NH3+ {formula: see text} A different phosphorylation pattern was found for the 1211 strain, where the branched heptose residue is 6-substituted by a monophosphorylethanolamine group, ...-->3(-->7)(PEtN-->6)-alpha-LD-Hepp-(1-->3)..., where PEtN = -O-P(O)(O-)-O(CH2)2NH3+. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1995 Jan, 10(2), 119 - 24 Lipopolysaccharide core region of Hafnia alvei: serological characterization; Lugowski C et al.; Covalent glycoconjugates containing, as a ligand lipopolysaccharide core, oligosaccharides of Hafnia alvei standard strain ATCC 13337 and R mutant 1 M were used to produce anti-H . alvei core antibodies . The sera obtained were tested in rocket immunoelectrophoresis, immunoblotting and ELISA using H . alvei lipopolysaccharides of various strains . The experiments were carried out to study the antigenic relationships between lipopolysaccharide core regions in the H . alvei genus. Acta Biochim Pol, 1995, 42(1), 51 - 4 Structural and serological characterization of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharide core region; Lugowski C et al.; The structures and serological activities of core oligosaccharide of Hafnia alvei strains have been investigated . Methylation analysis, NMR spectroscopy and various specific degradation procedures were the principal methods used . It is concluded that, core hexasaccharides are identical in the lipopolysaccharides tested and are built of two glucose, three heptose and one 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid residues . The antiserum raised against the ATCC13337 oligosaccharide core-tetanus toxoid conjugate cross-reacted strongly with all lipopolysaccharides used as antigens in ELISA test, suggesting that this core region is the common structure in the Hafnia genus. J Clin Microbiol, 1994 Sep, 32(9), 2335 - 7 Hafnia alvei in stool specimens from patients with diarrhea and healthy controls; Ridell J et al.; We found an epidemiological association of Hafnia alvei with diarrhea, because the organism was isolated from 12 of 77 (16%) adult Finnish tourists to Morocco who developed diarrhea and from 0 of 321 tourists without diarrhea (P < 0.001) . From another group of 112 adult Finnish diarrheal patients, only 2 (2%) yielded H . alvei . In contrast to some Bangladeshi strains of H . alvei, the Finnish strains were negative for the attachment-effacement lesion by an in vitro fluorescent acting staining test and also did not show homology to the Escherichia coli attachment-effacement gene (eaeA) by PCR . These results suggest that a mechanism or mechanisms other than the attachment-effacement lesion may also be involved in the association of H . alvei with diarrhea. Carbohydr Res, 1994 Jun 2, 259(1), 67 - 76 The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain 1216; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain 1216 is composed of D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3,6-dideoxy-3-{(R)-3-hydroxybutyramido}-D-glucose, and O-acetyl groups in the ratios 1:1:2:1:1 . On the basis of sugar and methylation analyses of the intact and chemically degraded (O-deacetylated, carboxyl-reduced, Smith-degraded) polysaccharide and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D shift-correlated (COSY, relayed COSY, 13C, 1H-COSY) and 1D NOE spectroscopy, it was concluded that the O-antigen is built up of linear pentasaccharide units having the following structure: {formula: see text} Chest, 1994 Apr, 105(4), 1098 - 100 Hafnia alvei . Respiratory tract isolates in a community hospital over a three-year period and a literature review; Klapholz A et al.; In a retrospective review, a group of seven patients were found to have a sputum culture positive for Hafnia alvei . Hafnia alvei is a Gram-negative enteric and oropharyngeal bacillus and usually is nonpathogenic . All our patients had a chronic underlying illness and one of the patients was endotracheally intubated at the time of the isolation of this organism . Six of seven patients had other organisms isolated along with H alvei, and only one patient had a pure growth of H alvei confirmed by a culture obtained from a bronchoscopic protected brush specimen . All isolates displayed resistance to conventional antibiotics including cephalosporins and penicillins . Although rare, H alvei may be a potential pathogen in a patient with a chronic underlying illness. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 1994 Jan, 8(1), 83 - 8 Serological and structural features of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides containing D-3-hydroxybutyric acid; Romanowska A et al.; The serological heterogeneity of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides from strains ATCC 13337, 1187, 1221, 114/60, 1211 and 1216, that contain D-3-hydroxybutyric acid, was analyzed by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, immunoblotting and passive hemagglutination . The significance of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid component for their cross-reactivity has been discussed . The results obtained allowed us to place four H . alvei strains (ATCC 13337, 1187, 1221 and 114/60) in one serotype (A) and to consider two other strains (1211 and 1216) as separate serotypes (B and C, respectively). Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1993 Jun, 37(6), 1375 - 6 Ceftazidime resistance in Hafnia alvei; Thomson KS et al.; Two morphotypes of Hafnia alvei differed in their susceptibilities to beta-lactam antibiotics . Both produced an inducible Bush group 1 beta-lactamase . Hyperinducibility of this enzyme was associated with reduced susceptibility in one morphotype. Eur J Biochem, 1993 May 1, 213(3), 1255 - 60 Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide containing pentitol phosphate, isolated from Hafnia alvei strain PCM 1191 lipopolysaccharide; Gamian A et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide produced by Hafnia alvei strain PCM 1191 was shown by composition and methylation analyses, periodate oxidation and one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy to be a polymer of a branched hexasaccharide repeating units having the structure: {formula: see text} where LAraol = L-arabitol The polysaccharide of 1191 strain has teichoic-acid-like character . Its peculiar feature is the presence of arabitol phosphate, a component observed for the first time in bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol, 1993 Mar, 175(5), 1221 - 34 Nucleotide sequence of the adi gene, which encodes the biodegradative acid-induced arginine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli; Stim KP et al.; Arginine decarboxylase (encoded by adi) is induced under conditions of acidic pH, anaerobiosis, and rich medium . The DNA sequence of a 3-kb fragment of the Escherichia coli chromosome encoding biodegradative arginine decarboxylase was determined . This sequence encodes a protein of 755 amino acids with a molecular size of 84,420 daltons . The molecular weight and predicted Adi amino acid composition agree with those found in earlier work . The amino acid sequence of arginine decarboxylase showed homology to those of three other decarboxylases of E . coli: (i) CadA, encoding lysine decarboxylase; (ii) SpeC, encoding biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase; and (iii) SpeF, encoding biodegradative ornithine decarboxylase and the lysine decarboxylase of Hafnia alvei . Unlike SpeC and SpeF, Adi is not similar to the biosynthetic arginine decarboxylase, SpeA . adi is also dissimilar to cadA and speF in that it does not appear to be part of an operon containing a metabolically related transport protein, indicating that it represents a new type of biodegradative decarboxylase regulation . Transcriptional fusions between fragments upstream of adi and lacZ, primer extension, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments defined the pH-regulated promoter . Deletion analysis of the upstream region and cloning of fragments to make adi::lacZ protein fusion implicated a region beyond an upstream SspI site in pH regulation . Induction of adi in the presence of sublethal concentrations of novobiocin or coumermycin A1, inhibitors of DNA gyrase, was dramatically decreased, indicating that DNA supercoiling is involved in adi expression . These results and those of promoter structure studies indicated that acid regulation of adi may involve a mechanism different from that of acid regulation of cad. Med Dosw Mikrobiol, 1993, 45(3), 307 - 10 {Studies of humoral immunity induced by proteins of the cell wall of Hafnia alvei}; Witkowska D et al.; It was found that cell wall proteins (CWP) of Hafnia alvei applied intraperitoneally to mice are inducing, beside previously detected cellular immunity, also humoral immunity . Applying ELISA immunoenzymatic test in which a conjugate enabling demonstration of IgG antibodies was applied, it was found that CWP of Hafnia alvei induce appearance of specific antibodies in a high titer, but their presence in mouse serum is short and independent from applied doses of CWP . Humoral immunity induced by CWP can be transferred passively to nonimmunized animals by application of high level immune serum, which protected fully the animals against infection with homological strains of Hafnia alvei even in dilution 1:100 . Investigated serum did not exhibit protective activity against infection with heterological strains of Hafnia alvei. J Med Microbiol, 1992 Nov, 37(5), 310 - 4 Sharing of virulence-associated properties at the phenotypic and genetic levels between enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Hafnia alvei; Albert MJ et al.; Seven strains of Hafnia alvei isolated from diarrhoeal stools of children resembled enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in that they produced attaching-effacing (AE) lesions in rabbit ileal loops and fluorescent actin staining in infected HEp-2 cells . In addition, a DNA probe from a chromosomal gene required by EPEC to produce AE lesions, hybridised to chromosomal DNA from all seven H . alvei strains . These findings indicate that there is a sharing of virulence-associated properties at the phenotypic and genetic levels by H . alvei and EPEC . H . alvei strains with these properties should be considered diarrhoeagenic. Carbohydr Res, 1992 Jul 2, 231, 51 - 4 The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from Hafnia alvei strain 38 lipopolysaccharide; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from H . alvei strain 38 has been established by NMR spectroscopy (13C and 1H) and methylation analysis to have the repeating unit-->4)-beta-D-ManpNAc-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcpNAc(1-->. Carbohydr Res, 1992 Jul 2, 231, 249 - 60 The structure of a glycerol teichoic acid-like O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei 1205; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; The O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei 1205 contained D-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (Qui4NAc), glycerol, phosphate, and O-acetyl groups . On the basis of 1D and 2D shift-correlated homonuclear and 13C-1H heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and dephosphorylation with hydrofluoric acid, it was concluded that the O-antigen was a partially O-acetylated teichoic acid-like polysaccharide having the following structure: {formula: see text} J Bacteriol, 1992 Apr, 174(8), 2659 - 69 Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli cad operon: a system for neutralization of low extracellular pH; Meng SY et al.; Lysine decarboxylase of Escherichia coli has been the subject of enzymological studies, and the gene encoding lysine decarboxylase (cadA) and a regulatory gene (cadR) have been mapped . This enzyme is induced at low pH in the presence of lysine and achieves maximal level under anaerobic conditions . The induction of lysine decarboxylase increases the pH of the extracellular medium and provides a distinctive marker in tests of clinical strains . We report the sequence of the cad operon encoding lysine decarboxylase, a protein of 715 amino acids, and another protein, CadB, of 444 amino acids . The amino acid sequence of lysine decarboxylase showed high homology to that of the lysine decarboxylase of Hafnia alvei with less homology to the sequence of speC, which encodes the biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase of E . coli . The cadA and cadB genes were separately cloned and placed under the control of lac and tac promoters, respectively, to facilitate independent study of their physiological effects . The cadB gene product had a mobility characteristic of a smaller protein on protein gels, analogous to that found for some other membrane proteins . The CadB sequence showed homology to that of ArcD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, encoding an arginine/ornithine antiporter . Excretion studies of various strains, the coinduction of cadB and cadA, and the attractive physiological role for an antiport system led to a model for the coupled action of cadA and cadB in uptake of lysine, the reduction of H+ concentration, and excretion of cadaverine. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1992, 40(5-6), 301 - 4 Humoral response in mice immunized with outer membrane proteins of Hafnia alvei . Protective activity of anti-OMP-antibodies; Witkowska D et al.; Intraperitoneal immunization of mice with outer membrane proteins (OMP) of Hafnia alvei induced in the animals a synthesis of specific antibodies . The antibody levels, determined by ELISA test, were found to be relatively low in the sera of mice immunized with a single dose (5 micrograms) of OMP and after a second immunization . However, they were higher in mice immunized with three doses of OMP . The antibodies were present in circulation for a relatively short time after immunization . Serum containing anti-OMP antibodies given intraperitoneally to normal mice protected them only against challenge with a homologous Hafnia strain. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1992, 40(2), 125 - 8 Some biological properties of outer membrane proteins of Hafnia; Witkowska D et al.; Outer membrane proteins (OMP) isolated from four antigenically different strains of Hafnia alvei were tested for the toxicity, pyrogenicity, ability to induce Shwartzman reaction as well as for their influence on the leukocyte system . LD50 doses for the studied preparations determined on inbred mice were 18, 20, 28 and 34 mg/kg . These differences in the toxicity of the preparations were reflected in manifestation of Shwartzman reaction; more toxic preparations induced strongest necrohemorrhagic changes at the site of injection . The OMP preparations injected intravenously to rabbits caused moderate increase of body temperature . They induced changes in the number of leukocytes in the animals comparable with those of other preparates of bacterial origin. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1992, 40(2), 119 - 24 Studies on immunity in mice immunized with outer membrane proteins of Hafnia; Witkowska D et al.; Nonspecific protection induced in mice after administration outer membrane proteins of Hafnia alvei against infection with homologous and heterologous bacteria was transferred into other mice with lymphocytes isolated from spleens of mice immunized with outer membrane proteins . It was also found that mice sensitized with outer membrane proteins derived from H . alvei or with living bacteria induced in animals delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) in homologous and heterologous systems . The observed type of hypersensitivity was transferable to normal mice by lymphocytes obtained from donor animals which were previously sensitized with OMP . The experiments revealed that immunity induced with outer membrane proteins of Hafnia alvei is cell-mediated. J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 29(11), 2631 - 2 Identification of Salmonellae with the 4-methylumbelliferyl caprilate fluorescence test; Olsson M et al.; We have tested 750 Salmonella strains and 130 strains of other species of the family Enterbacteriaceae with the 4-methylumbelliferyl caprilate reagent (MUCAP) test . The MUCAP test is a fluorescence test for rapid identification of Salmonella strains . The non-Salmonella strains were strains sent for identification as suspected Salmonella strains and thus have phenotypes similar to those of Salmonella strains . All 748 tested Salmonella strains of subgroups I, II, III, and IV were positive in the MUCAP test . Of the two tested rare Salmonella subgroup V strains, one was positive and the other was negative . In the selected material containing strains with phenotypes similar to those of Salmonella strains, only one Hafnia alvei strain of 130 Enterbacteriaceae bacteria tested was positive . The fluorescence of the H . alvei strain, the six tested Salmonella dublin strains, and the positive Salmonella subgroup V strain was weaker than that of the other salmonellae . The MUCAP assay is simple and is performed within 5 min . With an almost 100% sensitivity for Salmonella strains, apart from a single Salmonella subgroup V strain, we found the MUCAP test to be a convenient complement to traditional biochemical identification methods, especially for atypical and unusual Salmonella strains. Eur J Biochem, 1991 Sep 1, 200(2), 401 - 7 O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharide isolated from strain 1211 . Structural study using chemical methods, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; The Hafnia alvei strain 1211 O-specific polysaccharide is composed of 3-amino-N-(D-3'-hydroxybutyryl)-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucose (1:1:2:2) . On the basis of sugar and methylation analyses, Smith degradation, and one- and two-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, the polysaccharide was shown to be an O-acetylated polymer of the repeating hexasaccharide unit, ----2D(4-OAc)Fucp3NAcyl beta 1----6DGlcpNAc alpha 1---- (DGlcp beta 1----3)4DGalpNAc alpha 1----3DGlcpNAc beta 1----2DGlcp beta 1----, where DFucp3NAcyl = 3-amino-N-(D-3'-hydroxybutyryl)-3,6-dideoxy-D- galactopyranose . The O-specific polysaccharide showed some microheterogeneity due to incomplete substitution by terminal glucose. Biochemistry, 1991 May 21, 30(20), 5032 - 8 Structure of the O-specific, sialic acid containing polysaccharide chain and its linkage to the core region in lipopolysaccharide from Hafnia alvei strain 2 as elucidated by chemical methods, gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy; Gamian A et al.; Mild acid hydrolysis of Hafnia alvei strain 2 lipopolysaccharide released no O-specific polysaccharide but instead gave a monomeric octasaccharide repeating unit with N-acetylneuraminic acid as the reducing terminus . In addition, a dimer of the octasaccharide repeating unit, and also a decasaccharide composed of a fragment of the O-specific polysaccharide chain and the core region, were obtained in minute amounts . On the basis of the sugar and methylation analyses, periodate oxidation, and 1H NMR spectroscopy of the lipopolysaccharide hydrolytic products, the biological repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide was shown to be a branched octasaccharide: (Formula; see text) The linkage between the O-specific polysaccharide chain and core region has also been determined and has yield strong evidence that N-acetylneuraminic acid is an inherent lipopolysaccharide component . The lipopolysaccharide of H . alvei strain 2 is the first lipopolysaccharide reported to contain 4-substituted neuraminic acid in its O-specific polysaccharide region. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1991, 39(1-2), 169 - 73 Serological characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Hafnia alvei 1, 17, 31, 32, 38 and 39; Romanowska A; Lipopolysaccharides of Hafnia alvei strains 1, 17, 31, 32, 38 and 39 indicate strong cross-reactivity in passive hemagglutination . All lipopolysaccharides were examined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1990 Sep 18, 79(38), 1092 - 4 {Typical nosocomial infection with an unusual cause: Hafnia alvei . Report of 2 cases and literature review}; Frick T et al.; The route of infection and the course of two typical nosocomial infections are described in two patients infected with a rare gram-negative bacterium . Both patients underwent cardiovascular surgery . They were placed close to each other in the intensive care unit for several days and suffered from pneumonia and from wound infection respectively . In both patients bacterial culture grew Hafnia alvei . Successful antibiotic treatment was achieved with Netilmicin and Imipenem . Urinary tract, respiratory tract and wound infections are the most frequent nosocomial infections according to the literature . Risk factors are duration of stay in the intensive care unit, shock, poor general condition and advanced age. Carbohydr Res, 1990 Aug 15, 203(2), 219 - 27 The structure of the biological repeating unit of the O-antigen of Hafnia alvei O39; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; On mild acid-catalysed degradation of the lipopolysaccharide from Hafnia alvei O39 followed by gel filtration of Sephadex G-50, the O-specific polysaccharide and three oligosaccharides were obtained, which represent the core substituted with 0-2 O-antigen repeating-units . On the basis of sugar and methylation analyses, 13C-n.m.r . data, solvolysis of the polysaccharide with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and computer-assisted 13C-n.m.r . analysis of the Smith-degraded polysaccharide, it was concluded that the biological repeating unit of the O39 antigen was Formula; see text NIPH Ann, 1990 Jun, 13(1), 11 - 6 The normal microbial flora of the outer ear canal in healthy Norwegian individuals; Dibb WL; The microbial flora of the outer ear canal was determined for 77 healthy individuals (M = 44, F = 33) . No growth of any microbe was found in 5% of males and 15% of females . Coagulase-negative staphylococci, dominated by Staphylococcus epidermidis, were the commonest microbe group found (83% of persons sampled) . Staphylococcus aureus was found in 7% males and no females . Diptheroids were cultured from 32% of the samples . The only Gram-negative rod found was Hafnia alvei in 4% of individuals . No Vibrio spp . or anaerobic Gram-negative organisms were found . A variety of yeasts and moulds were seen, significantly (p = 0.02) more often in males . In a separate experiment, Malassezia furfur was found in 4/9 males and 0/10 females sampled . Various sampling techniques (dry swab, second dry swab, moist swab) that were compared showed broadly similar results . The normal flora of the outer ear canal is predominantly Gram-positive and the use of a dry swab seems to be a satisfactory method for sample-taking from this area. South Med J, 1990 Mar, 83(3), 325 - 7 Endogenous endophthalmitis due to Salmonella arizonae and Hafnia alvei; Caravalho J Jr et al.; Enteric pathogens rarely involve organs other than those of the gastrointestinal system . We have reported the case of a woman with rheumatoid arthritis who had endogenous endophthalmitis due to Salmonella arizonae and Hafnia alvei . The infection probably resulted from the use of snake powder as a food seasoner . After appropriate intravenous, intraocular, subconjunctival, topical, and oral antibiotic therapy based on laboratory susceptibility studies, the patient's condition clinically improved, but complications resulted in therapeutic enucleation . Because of the ubiquitous nature of these and other potentially pathogenic organisms, great care must be taken in evaluation, management, and education of immunocompromised patients. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1990, 38(5-6), 387 - 93 Immunogenic and protective properties of outer membrane proteins of Hafnia alvei; Witkowska D et al.; Outer membrane proteins (OMP) extracted from antigenically distinct or related strains of Hafnia alvei containing defined composition of major proteins proved to be immunogenic . Intraperitoneal immunization of mice with a single dose of such preparations protected the animals against homologous and heterologous Hafnia strains . The OMP preparations were also found to induce protection with varying intensity against Escherichia, Proteus, Shigella and Salmonella. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1990, 38(5-6), 347 - 51 Structural studies on Hafnia alvei 114-60 O-antigen; Katzenellenbogen E et al.; The structure of Hafnia alvei 114-60 O-antigen has been established using sugar and methylation analyses as well as 1H-NMR spectroscopy . The results obtained proved that the repeating unit of Hafnia alvei 114-60 O-antigen is identical to that of Hafnia alvei ATCC 13337 standard strain and has the following structure: {formula: see text} Eur J Biochem, 1989 Dec 22, 186(3), 611 - 20 O-specific polysaccharides of Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides isolated from two serologically related strains: ATCC 13337 and 1187 . A serological and structural study using chemical methods, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy at 500 MHz; Gamian A et al.; The O-specific polysaccharides of Hafnia alvei ATCC 13337 standard strain and 1187 strain have been isolated and characterized . By means of 1H-NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis and periodate oxidation, the repeating unit of the polysaccharides could be allocated the respective structures . (formula; see text) where Acyl = D-3-hydroxybutyryl, and 3-O-acetylation was to about 66% . The structural similarity of the polysaccharides was confirmed in the serological study; their epitopes were determined and the importance of various structural elements for the serological specificity was discussed. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl, 1989, 194, 45 - 9 Hemoglobinopathies in Danish families; Wimberley PD et al.; Based on cases referred for investigation, as well as a questionnaire sent to all medical and pediatric departments in Denmark, 48 cases of hemoglobinopathy in 15 families of Danish ancestry are reviewed . 18 Danes in six families have been identified as having beta-thalassemia, and remarkably one - a homozygote - has beta-thalassemia intermedia requiring treatment with iron-chelation therapy . A further 36 Danes in 9 families have a hemoglobin variant: five unstable hemoglobins (Volga, Niteroi, and three unidentified), one hereditary methemoglobinemia (M-Arhus), one polycythemia (Ty Gard) and 2 asymptomatic (Athens-Georgia and Hafnia) . Although rare in Danish families, a hemoglobinopathy should be considered in families with an unexplained chronic hemolytic anemia, cyanosis or polycythemia. FEMS Microbiol Immunol, 1988 Dec, 1(3), 151 - 5 Hafnia alvei lipopolysaccharides: isolation, sugar composition and SDS-PAGE analysis; Romanowska A et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of 33 strains of Hafnia alvei were isolated and purified . LPS content of the dry bacterial mass ranged from 1.2 to 4.5% . All examined lipopolysaccharides contained glucose, glucosamine, heptose, 3-deoxy-octulosonic acid and often galactose . Rhamnose, mannose, galactosamine, mannosamine and unidentified amino sugars were found in some H . alvei strains . Sialic acid was present in LPS of one strain . D-3-Hydroxybutyryl groups also were identified in lipopolysaccharides of 5 strains of this genus . SDS-PAGE of the lipopolysaccharides was presented in the paper . According to these results two core types exist in H . alvei. J Mol Biol, 1988 Sep 20, 203(2), 523 - 4 Crystallization and purification of the enzyme anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase; Edwards SL et al.; Anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase from the bacterium Hafnia alvei has been crystallized . This enzyme is one of a small number that constitute the biosynthetic pathway for tryptophan . Large cubic crystals were grown at 4 degrees C by dialyzing away the glycerol from a protein solution that included ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol and glycerol . The crystals were much more temperature stable and resistant to X-ray deterioration than a previous, similar crystal form that had included glycerol . The crystals belong to the space group I432, a = b = c = 189 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) . The ratio of the monomer molecular weight, 37,000, to the volume of the unit cell suggests that there is one homodimer per asymmetric unit . The crystals diffracted to a resolution of 3.0 A at the Stanford Synchotron Radiation Laboratory X-ray source. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1988 Jul 20, 955(2), 214 - 9 Hemoglobin hafnia: alpha 2 (beta 116 (G18) His----Gln)2; a new hemoglobin variant mistaken for glycated hemoglobin; Blanke S et al.; Isoelectric focusing of hemolysate from patients with diabetes mellitus is routinely performed to measure their level of HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) . For a 6 year old boy with diabetes mellitus this analysis showed an HbA1c fraction of approx . 50%, which is very unlikely to occur . The possibility of a hemoglobin variant was considered, and by HPLC-separation the presence of two different beta-chains was shown . One tryptic fragment was found to deviate from the normal, and amino-acid analysis and sequence determination revealed the following amino-acid substitution: beta 116 His----Gln . It is the first reported mutation at this position . Functional studies showed almost normal behaviour, consistent with the fact that the affected persons are without any symptoms . In a family survey we found five nondiabetic members with an abnormality similar to the proband . For the variant we chose the name Hafnia, which is Latin for Copenhagen. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1988, 36(6), 711 - 5 Outer membrane protein composition of Hafnia alvei; Witkowska D et al.; The outer membrane proteins (OMP) obtained from 33 strains of Hafnia of different origin, were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . About 21 protein bands could be distinguished in OMP of each strain . The major proteins of the outer membrane were of apparent molecular weight 34.000 (34K), 37.000 (37K), 39.000 (39K) and 41.000 (41K) . On the basis of the electrophoregrams obtained, four groups of strains possessing different composition of major OMP were distinguished: (1) 34K and 37K, (2) 34K, 37K and 39K, (3) 34K, 37K and 41K, (4) 34K, 39K and 41K . The major OMP of 34K present in all strains examined was susceptible to proteolytic enzymes and was found to be heat modifiable . The remaining major OMP of 37K, 39K and 41K were identified as peptidoglycan associated proteins. J Perinatol, 1988 Spring, 8(2), 122 - 3 Hafnia alvei septicemia in an infant with necrotizing enterocolitis; Ginsberg HG et al.; Hafnia alvei is an infrequently reported pathogen in children, and its isolation in a newborn is even more unusual . This organism is rarely associated with invasive disease . This article reports the first case of a neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis and subsequent ileal perforation who had H . alvei isolated from both blood and stool. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1987 Aug 14, 146(3), 1283 - 5 The application of 1H/13C inversely correlated NMR spectroscopy to the determination of acylation and glycosylation sites in the O-specific polysaccharide from Hafnia alvei 1187; Dabrowski J et al.; An inversely correlated 1H/13C NMR spectrum defined the amino sugars acylated by acetyl or 3-hydroxybutyryl groups and revealed partial sequences and glycosylation sites in a tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the title polysaccharide, (----2DGlc alpha 1----3DGlcNAcyl alpha 1----4DGalNAc alpha 1----3DGalNAc beta 1----)n, where Acyl = 3-hydroxybutyryl. Pediatr Radiol, 1987, 17(1), 18 - 22 Pneumatosis intestinalis in children after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation; Yeager AM et al.; Four children, ages 3 to 8 years, developed pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute leukemia or severe aplastic anemia . PI was detected at a median of 48 days (range, 10-63 days) after BMT and was associated with abdominal symptoms and clinical signs . All patients had severe systemic and/or high-grade cutaneous acute graft-versus-host disease (AGVHD) at some time after BMT and were receiving corticosteroids at the time of development of PI; however, PI was associated with concomitant severe AGVHD in only one patient . One patient with PI had Hafnia alvei bacteremia and another patient had gastroenteritis due to rotavirus and adenovirus . All patients were treated with supportive care and systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics, and PI resolved 2-16 days after onset . Two patients died with BMT-associated complications unrelated to PI . Multiple factors contribute to the development of PI after BMT, and the prognosis for recovery from PI is good with medical management alone . Overall survival in these patients is dependent on the frequency and severity of other conditions, such as AGVHD and opportunistic infections, after BMT. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Sep, (9), 19 - 21 {Intergeneric antigenic relation of Hafnia and Shigella (S . flexneri and S . boydii) bacteria}; Baturo AP; The O-antigenic relationships between Hafnia and Shigellae (S . flexneri and S . boydii) have been studied . For the first time the presence of antigenic relationship between Hafnia O19, O4, O9, O33, O5, O16, O12, O7, O29, O28, O10, O32, O24, O25, O18, O1, O13, O3, O22, O30, O37, O14, O11, O25, O23, O21, O28, O16, O24, O8, O26, O27 and S . flexneri la, lb, 2a, 2b, 4a, 4b, 6, 5a, 5b, as well as between Hafnia O10, O21, O35, O36, O9, O28, O8, O30 and S . boydii 1, 3, 6, 14, 2, 5, 2, 12 have been revealed . The character and degree of manifestation of antigenic relationships between the above-mentioned groups of bacteria have been established. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1985 Jan, 49(1), 236 - 7 Bacterial reduction of fensulfothion and its hydrolysis product 4-methylsulfinyl phenol; Mac Rae IC et al.; Oxygen-limited cultures of Klebsiella pneumoniae reduced 4-methylsulfinyl phenol to 4-methylthiophenol . A study of the effect of 4-methylthiophenol on the growth of K . pneumoniae revealed that the specific growth rate was retarded by 40% in the presence of 200 micrograms of the phenol per ml . A soil bacterium, Hafnia sp., was isolated that could reduce the organophosphorus insecticide fensulfothion to fensulfothion sulfide. Biochemistry, 1984 Oct 23, 23(22), 5168 - 75 Kinetic mechanism and location of rate-determining steps for aspartase from Hafnia alvei; Nuiry II et al.; Coupled spectrophotometric assays that monitor the formation of fumarate and ammonia in the direction of aspartate deamination and aspartate in the direction of fumarate amination were used to collect initial velocity data for the aspartase reaction . Data are consistent with rapid equilibrium ordered addition of Mg2+ prior to aspartate but completely random release of Mg2+, NH4+, or fumarate . In addition to Mg2+, Mn2+ can also be used as a divalent metal with Vmax 80% and a Kaspartate 3.5-fold lower than when Mg2+ is used . Monovalent cations such as Li+, K+, Cs+, and Rb+ are competitive vs . either aspartate or NH4+ but noncompetitive vs . fumarate . A primary deuterium isotope effect of about 1 on both V and V/Kaspartate is obtained with (3R)-L-aspartate-3-d, while a primary 15N isotope effect on V/Kaspartate of 1.0239 +/- 0.0014 is obtained in the direction of aspartate deamination . A secondary isotope effect on V of 1.13 +/- 0.04 is obtained with L-aspartate-2-d . In addition, a secondary isotope effect of 0.81 +/- 0.05 on V is obtained with fumarate-d2, while a value of 1.18 +/- 0.05 on V is obtained by using (2S,3S)-L-aspartate-2,3-d2 . These data are interpreted in terms of a two-step mechanism with an intermediate carbanion in which C-N bond cleavage limits the overall rate and the rate-limiting transition state is intermediate between the carbanion and fumarate. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1981 Aug, 25(4), 344 - 8 Control of carbon dioxide in modified Mapleson A and D (Hafnia) anaesthetic systems . An experimental model; Andersen PK; The effects of varying ventilations (VE) and fresh gas flows (FGF) on end-expiratory CO2 (FECO2) levels were investigated in an experimental model lung, employing the Hafnia modification of the Mapleson A and D anaesthetic systems during CO2-absorption and CO2-wash-out (rebreathing) . Identical results were found in both systems: FECO2 was constant and independent of FGF with CO2-absorption and constant VE, whereas rebreathing resulted in increasing FECO2 levels as FGF was decreased . As control of FECO2 in the rebreathing systems by regulating FGF could only take place within FECO2 levels higher than that determined by VE at complete CO2-absorption, e.g . for the Hafnia A and D rebreathing systems, control of FGF necessitates relative hyperventilation . FECO2 with constant FGF decreased with increasing VE during CO2-absorption, as well as during rebreathing, although this decrease was less in the rebreathing systems . Thus a decrease in FECO2 with rising VE can be avoided and hypocapnia prevented . The results agree with those obtained in clinical studies. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1981 Apr, 7(4), 353 - 62 In-vitro activity of the novel oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic moxalactam (LY 127935) against dense populations of selected Gram-negative bacilli; Greenwood D et al.; The activity of moxalactam, a new beta-lactam antibiotic with a novel molecular structure, was examined against dense populations of a variety of Gram-negative bacilli . The lytic activity of moxalactam against ampicillin-sensitive strains was similar to ampicillin, but the activity was maintained against ampicillin-resistant strains, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, irrespective of whether the ampicillin resistance was 'intrinsic' (non-enzymic) or due to beta-lactamase . Of the 18 strains tested only one, a Hafnia sp., failed to respond to moxalactam. Acta Med Scand, 1981, 209(4), 333 - 4 A case with severe diarrhoea and Strongyloides stercoralis infection; Moesgaard F et al.; A case with severe diarrhoea and Strongyloides stercoralis infection is described . Further examination showed that the patient also had abnormal colonization of the duodenum with Hafnia alvei and that this disappeared when the Strongyloides infection was treated with mebendazole . Symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhoea, "skin rash" and malabsorption in association with blood eosinophilia should arouse suspicion of strongyloidiasis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(1), 85 - 90 Studies on virulence of Shigella flexneri . Protective effect of outer membrane proteins; Mulczyk M et al.; Groups of mice were immunized intraperitoneally with proteins isolated from outer membrane of virulent strain of Shigella flexneri 3a and its avirulent variant . All the animals were found to survive challenge with LD100 of virulent Sh . flexneri 3a . Similar protective effect against challenge with Sh . flexneri 3a gave also immunization of mice with outer membrane proteins isolated from Sh . flexneri of other serotypes (2a, 4a, 6, and X) and from Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei and Shigella sonnei. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1980, 24(1), 41 - 5 Calculation of the fresh gas flow requirements of the Hafnia A and D anaesthetic circuits; Thomsen A; Semi-closed anaesthetic circuits are converted into the corresponding Hafnia circuits by replacing the expiratory valve by a side tube connected to an ejector flowmeter . Theoretical analysis of the Hafnia A and D circuits revealed by the fresh gas flow requirements are dependent on the inspiration/expiration time ratio . Using a ratio of 1/1.2 and a sine-wave respiratory waveform, the minimal fresh gas requirements were calculated as 2.1 (Hafnia A) and 2.5 (Hafnia D) times the respiratory minute volume . The fresh gas requirements are identical with spontaneous or controlled ventilation. Br J Anaesth, 1979 Aug, 51(8), 797 - 9 Comparison of anti-pollution modifications of Mapleson A and D anaesthetic systems; Andersen PK et al.; Hafnia A and Hafnia D anaesthetic systems are non-polluting modifications of the Mapleson A and D systems . The excess gas is vented in the Hafnia systems directly and continuously via a calibrated ejector flowmeter . Sixteen adult patients anaesthetized for abdominal surgery were ventilated and either Hafnia A or D systems at six different fresh gas flows . No difference between the Hafnia A and D systems could be demonstrated in the values of arterial carbon dioxide tension measured with the same fresh gas flow, despite gas flows in opposite directions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1979 Jun, 23(3), 217 - 24 Arterial carbon dioxide tensions during anaesthesia with manual ventilation . A descriptive study of the effects of various non-polluting circuits; Hole P et al.; In 660 supine, intubated and anaesthetized, healthy patients scheduled for various elective surgical procedures, the distribution of arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was investigated during manual non-monitored ventilation . The study comprised six equal groups: group 1: ventilation with a circle circuit absorber system; group 2: ventilation with the Hafnia A circuit using a total fresh gas flow (FGF) of 100 ml . kg-1 . min-1; groups 3-6: ventilation with a Hafnia D circuit with fresh gas flows of 100, 80, 70 and 60 ml . kg-1 . min-1, respectively . The mean PaCO2's of the first three groups were situated in the lower range of normocapnia (the observations in the first group having the greatest total range), whereas the rebreathing (Hafnia A and D) circuits resulted in a clustering of observed data . Employing the rebreathing circuits, protection against hypocapnia can be achieved by lowering the fresh gas flow . The most satisfying result was obtained with the Hafnia D circuit with a fresh gas flow of 70 ml . kg-1 . min-1 resulting in normocapnia with a modest and limited spread towards hypo- and hypercapnia . FGF in excess of this level must be considered as wasted . The study indicates that corrections of fresh gas flows for age are superfluous . Use of relaxants and type of surgery had no influence on the observations. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Jun, (6), 42 - 7 {Transmission of plasmid Rldrd19 from E . coli to Hafnia}; Strakhova TS et al.; Investigations carried out demonstrated a possibility of transmission of plasmid Rldrd19 from E . coli to Hafnia . The incidence of the plasmid transmission varied from 10(-7) to 10(-9) and depended on the properfies of Hafnia strains . Tra-operon of plasmid Rldrd19 in the Hafnia 614 strain functioned with the same efficacy as in E . coli . Plasmid Rldrd19 in Hafnia was unstable and was eliminated from the cells in case of storage at low temperatures . As shown, plasmid Rldrd19 was under strict replication control in Hafnia as in E . coli . Formation of the CCC-form of the plasmid Rldrd19 was suppressed in Hafnia at 29--30 degrees C and was not suppressed in E . coli. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1978, 22(1), 27 - 32 Flow requirements in the Hafnia modifications of the Mapleson circuits during spontaneous respiration; Christensen KN et al.; The Mapleson A, B, C and D circuits can be changed into non-polluting circuits by employing continuous gas evacuation directly from the circuit, via an ejector flowmeter (Jorgensen 1974); Mapleson A and C circuits with this modification have been described previously as the Hafnia A and C circuits (Christensen 1976, Thomsen & Jorgensen 1976) . If evacuation from a closed reservoir is employed, total removal of the expired and surplus gases from the operating theatre is obtained (Jorgensen & Thomsen 1976) . There will be resistance to expiration in all the circuits with a relief valve for the discharge of surplus gas . If surplus gas is continuously removed directly from the anaesthetic circuit, the patient breathes in an air compartment at ambient pressure, as long as the removal rate equals the inflow of fresh gas . The relief valve is only included in the circuit to ensure that high pressures do not develop . As in any other circuit, the relief valve remains open except during controlled ventilation . A dumping valve may also be included as a safeguard against low pressures (Jorgensen & Thomsen 1976) . The flow requirements of the Hafnia B and D circuits and the corresponding Mapleson circuits have been studied in conscious, spontaneously breathing subjects, and the results are discussed in relation to the flow requirements of other semi-closed system. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1977, 21(5), 637 - 44 The 600 gram CO2 absorption canister: an experimental study; Jorgensen B et al.; Model investigations were performed on a canister containing 600 g of Sodasorb indicator soda lime in a transparent lime compartment used in the Hafnia circle . The CO2 input was 300 ml per min . Carbon dioxide will be efficiently eliminated from the gas mixture conveyed to the patient connection in this system for at least 4 h, irrespective of the rate of fresh gas flow . There was proportionality between the fresh gas inflow and the duration of effective CO2 elimination . The relative efficacy of the CO2 absorption was investigated at different levels in the canister . The temperature in the axis of the lime compartment was 43-52 degrees C, and the temperature of the gas mixture conveyed to the patient attachment 30-35 degrees C . The colour shift in the lime charge was a reliable indicator of the efficiency of CO2 elimination . The canister should be replaced when the colour shift has progressed to 2/3 of the lime charge . The canister contains no disposable parts except for the lime charge . All the components of the circle system should be taken apart and cleaned after each anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1977, 21(4), 314 - 9 A simple method of monitoring carbon dioxide output in anaesthetized patients; Christensen KN; The mean CO2 output during anaesthesia in paralyzed patients can be monitored by continuous capnographic analysis of the total exhaled gases, the latter being mechanically integrated by pumice canisters . The gas is evacuated from the Hafnia A circuit via an ejector flowmeter . The results are not influenced by the flow rates employed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 Nov, (11), 87 - 90 {Development of a differentiation scheme for Hafnia using the H antigen}; Baturo AP et al.; The authors suggest a differentiation scheme for Hafnia bacteria by the H-antigen, including 36 varieties of the flagellar antigen . A collection of H-test-strains which can be used in elaboration of technology of preparation of Hafnia H-sera was determined. Am J Vet Res, 1975 Aug, 36(08), 1189 - 93 Bactericidal and opsonic activities of normal sheep serum against gram-negative bacteria; Mittal KR et al.; The bactericidal and opsonic activities of normal sheep serum against 9 smooth and 4 rough strains of gram-negative bacteria were measured . Three smooth strains-Escherichia coli 3662, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella gallinarum-were resistant to the bactericidal action of normal sheep serum with or without complement . Six smooth strains-E coli O78:K80(B), Salmonella arizonae, Proteus inconstans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella stanley, and Salmonella abortus-equi-were moderately sensitive to bactericidal activity of fresh sheep serum . After complement was added, serum heated at 56 C for 30 minutes did not regain its bactericidal activity against E coli O78:K80(B), P inconstans, nor S abortus-equi . Four rough strains-E coli Lilly, Salmonella cholerae-suis, Shigella sonnei, and Hafnia alvei-were very sensitive to the bactericidal activity of normal sheep serum . Somatic agglutinins were demonstrated in all of the sheep serums against all of the bacteria, but this antibody activity was partially destroyed by heating at 56 C for 30 minutes . The opsonic activity of normal sheep serum was demonstrated in normal mice . In the mouse peritoneal cavity, normal sheep serum enhanced opsonic activity against all smooth strains and 1 rough strain of the bacteria . The other 3 rough strains were extremely sensitive to the opsonic system of normal mice.
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