Enterobacters

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 40(2), 346 - 51
Estimation of Escherichia coli in raw ground beef; Stiles ME et al.; This study was undertaken to establish and evaluate more rapid methods of estimating Escherichia coli in ground beef than the standard most probable number (MPN) technique . Direct inoculation of and modifications to EC medium gave unreliable estimates of the presumptive E . coli count . Solid media incubated at an elevated temperature were compared to the MPN technique . Anderson and Baird-Parker's tryptone bile agar (TBA) method and prepoured plates of Endo, Levine eosin methylene blue (EMB), and violet red bile (VRBA) agars incubated at 44 degree C gave equivalent counts to the standard MPN method . Anderson and Baird-Parker TBA was the most selective solid medium for E . coli estimation, but all selective media incubated at elevated temperature reduced apparent E . coli counts by as much as 50% . Indole-producing and lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae, capable of growth at elevated temperature, were tested for their growth on TBA, EMB, and VRBA at elevated temperature . TBA was selective for E . coli biotype I compared to other Enterobacteriaceae that predominate in meats . VRBA and EMB incubated at elevated temperature were not as selective as TBA, but differences in colonies could be observed between typical E . coli colonies and other Enterobacteriaceae on these media . Therefore, VRBA incubated at elevated temperature is proposed as a quality assurance screening test for presumptive E . coli in ground meat . Resuscitation techniques and prepoured plates with VRBA increased recovery levels of presumptive E . coli, but, under the conditions of this study, not to levels that represented a significant practical difference.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Aug, 247(3), 333 - 8
Colicinogenicity of Escherichia coli isolates from healthy and diarrhoeic goats; Obi SK; A total of 550 E . coli isolates--250 from apparently healthy, and 300 from diarrhoeic West African pigmy goats were tested for colicinogenicity . 33.2% of strains from apparently healthy animals were colicinogenic as against 56% recorded for strains from animals with diarrhoea . Of the 251 colicinogenic E . coli strains from both groups of animals, 76.5% were Type I while 23.5% belonged to Type II . Identified colicins from the healthy animals consisted of types G, K, E2, A and V in decreasing frequency of occurrence, whereas those from goats with diarrhoea were made up of types V, B, E1, G, E2, E3, and Ia also in decreasing frequency of occurrence . In contrast to isolates from healthy animals, there was a marked variation in the colicin spectra of Types I and II E . coli from the diarrhoeic animals--that of Type I being much broader . The Public Health significance of possible transfer of multiple drug resistance from colicinogenic E . coli strains to other enterobacteria is also discussed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Aug, 247(3), 323 - 32
{Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae with the Micro-ID system (author's transl)}; Peuckert W et al.; Micro-ID, a new kit system for rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae, was compared with a conventional media-system, the extended Enterotube system (completed with arabinose, rhamnose and the Voges-Proskauer reaction), and partially with the API-20E system . When the computer generated Identification Manual for Micro-ID was consulted the system showed complete agreement at the genus level, but differed in 5% at the species level . Problems arose from misidentifications by nonfermenting organisms . 15 turbid blood cultures with gramnegative rods were tested additionally . In 11 cases the Micro-ID provided correct identification of the species and in further 3 cases of the genus . In summary Micro-ID is easy to handle and an accurate, convenient kit for the short-term identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

J Fam Pract, 1980 Aug, 11(2), 207 - 10
Treatment of outpatient urinary tract infections with cinoxacin; Jones GW et al.; This paper describes an open assessment of cinoxacin in the treatment of 30 outpatients with symptomatic urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter . Twenty-seven patients (90 percent) had a satisfactory clinical response and in 26 patients, there was a satisfactory microbiological response with elimination of the pathogen . Mild side effects were reported by three patients, none of whom stopped therapy . It is concluded that cinoxacin will be useful in the treatment of urinary tract disease because of the high urinary antibacterial activity produced . The relatively low incidence of side effects and convenience of twice-daily dosage should encourage good compliance by patients treated outside the hospital setting.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1980 Aug, 88(4), 185 - 8
The occurrence of the trehalose fermenting, tetracycline and polymyxin resistant phenotype among the Enterobacteriaceae; Siboni K; In Proteus morganii, P . mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii the ability to ferment trehalose and resistance to tetracycline were associated in 90%-97% of the strains . The same was true of at least 78% of the strains of Serratia marcescens . Proteus vulgaris showed a more quantitative association of the two traits . As the characters occur independently in 3-10% of the strains, the association is considered to be due to simultaneous selection in some natural niche . The trehalose fermenting, tetracycline and polymyxin resistant species ferment few other carbohydrates, fewer than the remainder of the Serratia species.

Lab Anim, 1980 Jul, 14(3), 247 - 9
Early deaths after irradiation of mice contaminated by Enterobacter cloacae; Matsumoto T; After lethal irradiation with gamma-rays, mice contaminated with Enterobacter cloacae died earlier than expected . Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is the usual cause of unexpected early radiation deaths, was not detected in dead mice . Evidence of an E . cloacae bacteraemia was obtained in irradiated mice and it is concluded that contamination with E . cloacae is a potential hazard in experiments involving measurements of radiation lethality.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 37 - 40
Antibacterial activity of miloxacin; Izawa A et al.; The chemotherapeutic properties of miloxacin (5,8-dihydro-5-methoxy-8-oxo-2H-1,3-dioxolo-{4,5-g}quinoline-7-carboxylic acid) have been compared with those of oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid . The in vitro activities of miloxacin (minimum inhibitory concentrations) against a variety of gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Haemophilus, were comparable to those of oxolinic acid and 8 to 16 times greater than those of nalidixic acid . Miloxacin was more active than oxolinic acid against some anaerobes and less active against staphylococci . Miloxacin exhibited significant activities when administered orally to mice infected with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, or Serratia marcescens . Its efficacy was comparable to that of oxolinic acid and two to four times greater than that of nalidixic acid . Miloxacin was less active against a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and inactive at the maximum test doses against a Streptococcus pyogenes infection.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 27 - 36
Inhibition of clinically significant bacterial organisms in vitro by 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones; Dobek AS et al.; Antibacterial activity of 65 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones and related compounds was determined by using clinical isolates of nine bacterial genera . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.002 to 0.062 micrograms/ml were obtained with 23% of the compounds for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and 0.016 to 0.062 micrograms/ml with 17% of the compounds for N . meningitidis . Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited in the MIC range of 0.125 to 0.5 micrograms/ml by 18% of the thiosemicarbazones, whereas 26% inhibited group D enterococcus with an MIC of 0.25 to 2.0 micrograms/ml . Poor antibacterial activity was shown toward the gram-negative bacilli, i.e., Pseudomonas, Klebsiella-Enterobacter, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and Proteus.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Jul 1, 105(13), 535 - 43
{Problems arising from disease during the periods of breeding and rearing canaries and other aviary birds (author's transl)}; Dorrestein GM et al.; The hygienic aspects of the various breeding systems are reviewed . The companion aviary is the least hygienic system; the birds are hardest to supervise in this case . Breeding in pairs is preferable from either point of view . Hygiene in aviaries is determined by all component parts of the cage, which are used in keeping the birds . The walls should be smooth and clean . The most hygienic drinking water supply is ensured by bottle-type nipple drinkers provided with a small ball . Feeders should be emptied, cleansed and filled with fresh water every day . A hygienic, dry floor-covering will prevent the appearance of large numbers of Enterobacteriaceae (as well as E . coli) in the intestine . The feed should preferably be given in measured rations . An adult canary should be fed 4 g . of seed and 1 g . of soft feed (containing 20 per cent of protein and 1 per cent of lysine) daily . Causes of death in young birds may be: inferior soft feed, a faulty diet, the presence of pentachlorophenol in the nesting material, infestation with chicken lice (Dermanyssus gallinae), diarrhoea due to a polluted environment (neonatal diarrhoea shortly after hatching), cochlosomosis, drumsticks and atoxoplasmosis . The clinical features and treatment of infectious diseases are discussed.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1980 Jul-Dec, 73(7-12), 281 - 93
{Evaluation of a new system for simultaneous identification and antibiograms of enterobacteria from urine}; Nicolosi VM et al.; A new rotor for the ABAC system has been investigated that allows the main enterobacteria of urinary source to be identified (this is performed manually) and simultaneously the relative antibiogram (this is automatically carried out) . The precision of this identification has been shown using control strains previously identified by three miniaturized kits: API 20 E, MICRO-ID and ENTEROPLATE . The accuracy of the ten identification tests present in the new "Identibiogramma" rotor has also been shown . Finally, the correspondence has been shown between the antibiogram performed with the automatized method and that with the KirbyBauer method . The data obtained evidence the validity of the new rotor and of the ABAC system.

Can J Comp Med, 1980 Jul, 44(3), 315 - 9
Evaluation of API 20E System and Encise Enterotube for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae of animal origin; Devenish JA et al.; The API 20E System and the Encise Enterotube were evaluated for the identification of the Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens of animal origin at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory . Compared to conventional tubed media, the API 20E System identified 235 of 240 isolates (97.9%) correctly . The Encise Enterotube correctly identified 229 of the 240 isolates (95.4%) . Thus, both these identification systems could be used to replace conventional methods for identifying members of this family isolated from animal origin.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 12(1), 10 - 4
Use of the API 20E system to identify veterinary Enterobacteriaceae; Swanson EC et al.; A total of 503 veterinary enteric bacterial pathogens obtained from state veterinary diagnostic laboratories were tested on API 20E strips to determine whether this rapid microidentification system could be utilized for veterinary clinical microbiology . The API 20E strip accurately identified 96% of the veterinary isolates and misidentified 3% . Identifications by the API system and the diagnostic laboratories were in agreement in 85% of the isolates, disagreement on 16% of the isolates, and 1% were not identified by the API strip . Differences in identification occurred primarily in distinguishing between Klebsiella and Enterobacter and between Enterobacter and Escherichia coli . These disagreements were most often due to incorrect identifications by the diagnostic laboratory rather than by the API system . Biotype differences between human and veterinary isolates were compared . Significant differences were noted in several biochemical reactions . The main differences observed for E . coli isolates were in ornithine decarboxylase production and melibiose fermentation . The largest differences for Salmonella occurred in arginine dihydrolase production, citrate utilization, and inositol fermentation, whereas for Klebsiella pneumoniae the main differences were noted in urease production and nitrate reduction . These biotype differences, however, did not affect the accurate identification of organisms on the API strip.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jul, 143(1), 328 - 37
Cross-reactivity of major outer membrane proteins of Enterobacteriaceae, studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis; Hofstra H et al.; Outer membrane fractions were prepared from 11 bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli serotypes O1K-, O4K2, O26K60, O75K-, and O111K58, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Providencia stuartii . All strains studied were found to contain one non-peptidoglycan-bound, heat-modifiable outer membrane protein, and one or two peptidoglycan-associated major outer membrane proteins in the 27,000- to 40,000-dalton range . Crossed immunoelectrophoresis using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacarylamide gel electrophoresis for separation of the antigens in the first dimension of the procedure was shown to provide a useful model system for studying the antigenic relationships of the major outer membrane proteins in Enterobacteriaceae species . Peptidoglycan-bound major outer membrane proteins of all bacteria studied reacted with antiserum against the purified peptidogylcan-bound matrix protein I of E . coli O26K60 in this system . Non-peptidoglycan-associated proteins of all strains cross-reacted with protein II of E . coli O26K60 in both their unmodified and their heat-modified forms . These results indicate that the genes coding for the major outer membrane proteins in the family Enterobacteriaceae have been well enough conserved during the course of evolution to allow significant antigenic cross-reactivity between the corresponding proteins in different enterobacterial species.

Infect Control, 1980 Jul-Aug, 1(4), 249 - 52
Gentamicin and tobramycin resistant gram-negative bacilli in a community hospital; Magnussen CR et al.; The incidence and spectrum of resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin among gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated in a community hospital over a one-year period were studied . The overall incidence of resistance was 3.7% . Pseudomonads constituted almost half of the resistant organisms . The majority of resistant GNB was isolated from the respiratory and urinary tracts . Acquisition of resistance was correlated with both the total use of gentamicin in the hospital and recent treatment of individual patients with gentamicin plus tobramycin . The overall incidence of resistant isolates (3.7%) and the incidence of resistance for the enterobacteriaceae (1.9%) were lower than rates reported by comparable studies at several university or municipal hospitals.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 521 - 3
{Decarboxylase activity of bacteria of the genus Enterobacter depending on the growing conditions}; Kazanskaia TB et al.; The activity of decarboxylase in the cells of two bacterial species belonging to the genus Enterobacter was found to depend on the carbon source of the growth medium and on the substrate used to determine the enzyme activity . Cells grown on a medium containing glucose and incubated in solutions of glucose and sodium pyruvate produced 1.4 to 2.1 times more CO2 than cells utilizing glycerol . The highest amount of CO2 was formed on pyruvate, the substrate of the first reaction of decarboxylation.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 63 - 8
Antibacterial effect of scandium and indium complexes of enterochelin on Klebsiella pneumoniae; Rogers HJ et al.; A number of studies point to the conclusion that enterochelin, the iron chelator produced by a number of pathogenic enterobacteria, may be an essential metabolite for bacterial multiplication within the host . The compound removes iron from complexes with the host iron-binding proteins transferrin and lactoferrin, and the resulting ferric enterochelin is assimilated by the bacterial cell . It was reasoned that complexes of enterochelin with ions other than Fe3+ might act as antimetabolites and inhibit bacterial multiplication by interfering with the assimilation of ferric enterochelin . Enterochelin forms complexes with a number of group III and transition metal ions . The complex containing scandium exerts a bacteriostatic effect on Klebsiella pneumoniae in serum, whereas the indium complex induces a large increase in the generation time . The Fe3+ complexes of other microbial iron-transporting compounds are capable of reversing the bacteriostatic effect of the Sc3+ complex of enterochelin, suggesting that the compound acts solely by interfering with the enterochelin system of iron transport . Preliminary experiments show that the Sc3+ complex probably acts as a competitive inhibitor of ferric enterochelin . The Sc3+ complex of enterochelin exerts a therapeutic effect on intraperitoneal K . pneumoniae infections in mice similar to that obtained with kanamycin sulfate.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jul, 143(1), 366 - 76
Conservation and variation of nucleotide sequences within related bacterial genomes: enterobacteria; Riley M et al.; We have assessed the degree of relatedness of several portions of the Escherichia coli genome to the corresponding portions of the genomes of representative enteric bacteria, using the Southern transfer and hybridization technique (E . Southern, J . Mol . Biol . 98:503-517, 1975) . The degree of relatedness varied among the regions examined . Judging both by the relative amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid in the various enteric genomes that are highly homologous and by the conservation of positions of restriction enzyme cleavage sites in these regions, the enteric genomes have diverged to greater extents in some parts of the genomes than in others . Portions of the genomes (including the tnaA and thyA genes, the trp operon, and one other unassigned segment) appear to have evolved in concert with the genome as a whole . By contrast, the lacZ gene and portions of the genome that are homologous to phage lambda vary more widely, perhaps reflecting a separate evolutionary origin for these segments of deoxyribonucleic acid.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 88 - 93
Cefotaxime: in vitro activity and tentative interpretive standards for disk susceptibility testing; Fuchs PC et al.; Tested against 9,412 recent clinical isolates, cefotaxime exhibited 8 to 64 times greater activity against the Enterobacteriaceae than did cephalothin and two to four times greater activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but only one-half to one-eighth the activity of cephalothin against staphylococci . Using 420 different clinical isolates, but with comparable minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions, disk diffusion-MIC regression analyses were performed, using 5- and 30-micrograms cefotaxime disks . Cefotaxime MIC susceptible and resistant breakpoints of less than or equal to 8 and greater than 32 micrograms/ml are tentatively proposed . Based on the MIC breakpoints, the data showed the best discrimination among the three susceptibility categories (susceptible, indeterminate, and resistant) when the 30-micrograms cefotaxime disk was used . The zone diameter breakpoints as determined by the error rate-bounded method and regression analysis were greater than or equal to 23 mm for susceptible, 15 to 22 mm for indeterminate, and less than or equal to 14 mm for resistant.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jul, 18(1), 1 - 8
In vitro antimicrobial activity of cefotaxime, a new cephalosporin; Masuyoshi S et al.; Cefotaxime, a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against clinically isolated strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria . This cephalosporin was slightly less active than cefazolin against Staphylococcus aureus but 4 to 300 times as active as carbenicillin against gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas cepacia, Enterobacter cloacae, and Serratia marcescens . Cefotaxime was the most active compound against members of the Enterobacteriaceae and 20- to 100-fold more active than cefoxitin against the indole-positive Proteus group . The minimal bactericidal concentrations of the compound were identical to, or two times higher than, the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli and P . aeruginosa and four times higher against S . marcescens . A reduction of inoculum size decreased greatly the minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of cefotaxime against E . coli P . aeruginosa, and S . marcescens . The antibiotic was very stable to penicillinase and cephalosporinase produced by gram-negative bacteria, including Proteus vulgaris.

Minerva Med, 1980 Jul, 71(27), 1935 - 43
{Clinical trial of a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin: HR 756 (cefotaxime)}; Poletti T et al.; A second-generation cephalosporin (cephotaxime) with a marked resistance to beta-lactamase, a very broad spectrum, and remarkably low renal toxicity was used to treat 47 patients with respiratory, urinary and other infections . The results were excellent in 89.2% and good in 8.5% . The antibiotic proved effective even against germs that are usually resistant to cephalosporins (Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia and Enterobacteriaceae) . Bacteriuria disappeared in all cases of urinary infection . Local and general tolerance was excellent in all cases but one . Renal tolerance was also excellent in patients with chronic renal failure, for whom the daily dose can be usefully reduced and a check on renal function should be kept.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 119(1), 123 - 31
Major outer membrane proteins: common antigens in enterobacteriaceae species; Hofstra H et al.; The major outer membrane (OM) proteins of 23 enterobacterial strains (principally clinical isolates) and five non-Enterobacteriaceae species were investigated by the sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel immunoperoxidase (SGIP) technique to evaluate antigenic cross-reactivity among these proteins . All enterobacterial strains contained one or more peptidoglycan-associated major OM proteins, cross-reactive with the peptidoglycan-bound protein I of Escherichia coli, and one non-peptidoglycan-bound heat-modifiable protein, cross-reactive with protein II of E . coli . Results indicated that antigenic cross-reactivity of the major OM proteins is a general phenomenon in the family Enterobacteriaceae, independent of any molecular weight variation of the corresponding proteins in different bacterial strains . SGIP experiments carried out with OM preparations of other species showed no cross-reactivity of any of their OM proteins with enterobacterial major OM proteins . The significance of the immunological relatedness of OM proteins for the classification of some Enterobacteriaceae is discussed.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Jun 15, 105(12), 475 - 83
{Hygienic aspects of porcine oesophagii in six abbatoirs in the Netherlands (author's transl)}; Bijker PG et al.; The bacterial contamination of porcine oesophagi immediately after collection (100 samples) and of frozen just before preparation (40 samples) was assessed . The fresh oesophagi were found to show a rather high degree of contamination: aerobic count approximately 10(6)-10(7) and Enterobacteriaceae approximately 10(3)-10(4)/g . The frozen oesophagi showed even higher counts: total aerobic counts approximately 10(7)-10(8) and Enterobacteriaceae approximately 10(4)-10(5)/g . Hygiene during the collection of porcine oesophagi was visually assessed in six abbratoirs and found to be satisfactory in two, mediocre in three and poor in one . The effects of processing the oesophagus by cleaning and removing the mucous membrane on bacterial counts, pH, colour and odour were assessed before and during storage at 4 degrees C . and 20 degrees C . Both cleaning and removal of the mucous membrane caused up to a tenfold reduction of bacterial counts . After seven days' storage at 4 degrees C., the bacterial counts of the processed oesophagi were significantly lower than those of the non-processed oesophagi (p less than 0.01) . The processed oesophagi stored at 4 degrees C . were four days' storage.

Lancet, 1980 Jun 14, 1(8181), 1270 - 3
Comparison of trimethoprim alone with trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole in the treatment of respiratory and urinary infections with particular reference to selection of trimethoprim resistance; Lacey RW et al.; 279 patients were treated with 100 mg trimethoprim or 100 mg trimethoprim combined with 500 mg sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) twice daily for 5 days in a prospective randomised double-blind trial . In chest infections in patients in general practice and in an acute geriatric assessment unit, the efficacy of each regimen was similar, but there were more side-effects with co-trimoxazole than with trimethoprim alone . In urinary-tract infections the two regimens also produced similar cure rates . Treatment with trimethoprim rarely selected resistant pathogens in the sputum or resistant Enterobacteriacae in the intestine, although the incidence of resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci on the skin increased with both regimens . Most chest and urinary infections hitherto treated with co-trimoxazole should be treated with trimethoprim alone.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Jun, (6), 19 - 23
{Diagnostic value of bacteriologic and serologic studies in detecting intestinal yersiniosis in children}; Koroliuk AM et al.; The survey of 200 children with diarrhea revealed the presence of enteric yersiniosis in 31 children (15.5%) . Y . enterocolitica culture was isolated from the feces of 17 children (8.5%), diagnostic serological shifts were detected in 27 children (13.5%) . Among 100 children hospitalized with diarrhea of previously established etiology (dysentery, salmonellosis, etc) 6 children were found to have yersiniosis . The survey of 100 practically healthy children did not reveal any cases of enteric yersiniosis or healthy carriership . To isolate Yersinia, the feces were incubated in phosphate buffer in the cold (4--6 degrees C) and then inoculated into common diagnostic media for enterobacteria . Antibodies were detected in the indirect hemagglutination test with the use of dried erythrocytic yersiniosis diagnostic reagent . A tentative diagnostic titer of 1 : 200 was determined . Antibodies to the causative agent appeared on the 1st week, reached the maximum level on the 2nd and then gradually decreased . The clinical symptoms of the enteric form of yersiniosis resemble those of other kinds of infectious diarrhea, non-dysenteric in etiology . The authors believe that it is necessary for all children with diarrhea, especially at the age of 1--7 years, to be examined for enteric yersiniosis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 11(6), 748 - 9
Three new serotypes of Salmonella; Sutch KE et al.; Three new Salmonella serotypes belonging to Kauffmann's subgenus I (F . Kauffmann, The Bacteriology of Enterobacteriaceae, 1966) were identified . These serotypes were Salmonella brazos 6,14,18:a:e,n,z15, Salmonella midway 6,14,24:d:1,7, and Salmonella balboa 48a, 48b:z41:monophasic.

Arch Intern Med, 1980 Jun, 140(6), 763 - 8
In vitro activities of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics . A comparative study of 20 parenterally administered drugs; Fass RJ; In vitro susceptibilities of 552 recent clinical isolates to 20 parenterally administered beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics were studied . Newer beta-lactam antibiotics had no increased activity over well-known penicillins and cephalosporins against Gram-positive cocci . All showed greater activity, a broadened spectrum, or both against Gram-negative bacilli; azlocillin, mezlocillin, mecillinam, cefamandole, and cefoxitin each had unique advantages . Against Bacteroides fragilis, mezlocillin was more active than available penicillins, and cefoxitin was more active than available cephalosporins, but neither provided any advantages against other anaerobes . All the aminoglycosides studied were inactive against streptococci and anaerobes but had broad spectrums of activity against staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae . Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was variable . Sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside against aminoglycoside-susceptible Gram-negative bacilli, but amikacin inhibited the largest percentage (99.2%) of Enterobacteriaceae and P aeruginosa.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1980 Jun 1, 105(11), 440 - 7
{Microbiological quality and chemical composition of mechanically deboned pork (author's transl)}; Bijker PG et al.; The microbiological quality and chemical composition of mechanically deboned pork (M.D.P.) in the Netherlands was investigated . Eight producers of M.D.P . were visited, and ten samples of different M.D.P . lots were taken on each visit . After transportation to the laboratory, they were studied microbiologically, chemically and histologically . The microbiological quality was adversely affected by considerable contamination of the raw material . A striking feature consisted in the fact that two producers showed large numbers (approximately 10(4)) of Staphylococcus aureus and seven showed severe contamination (approximately 10(4)-10(5)) by Enterobacteriaceae . The chemical composition of M.D.P . varied rather widely and had a higher fat, mineral and calcium content than manually deboned meat . The bone content of M.D.P . was assessed as being acceptable by and large . Only two producers showed a hard bone residue in excess of 0.4 per cent . However, 0.6 per cent of the bone particles overstepped the limits defined as acceptable, these being 90 per cent than 1 mm . and no particle larger than 3 mm.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 118(2), 495 - 508
Distribution of genes for trimethoprim and gentamicin resistance in bacteria and their plasmids in a general hospital; Datta N et al.; The incidence of trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria causing infection in a London hospital increased from 5.6% in 1970 to 16% in 1979 . The proportion of gentamicin-resistant aerobic Gram-negative bacilli had risen to 6.5% by 1979 . During a 5-month period in 1977, during which no epidemic was recognized, all isolates resistant to either trimethoprim, gentamicin, tobramycin or amikacin were studied . The proportion of enterobacteria resistant to both trimethoprim and gentamicin (3.8% of the total) was significantly higher than expected assuming no correlation between acquisition of resistance characters . The resistance was transferable in 23% of trimethoprim-resistant and 76% of gentamicin-resistant strains . Trimethoprim resistance was carried by plasmids of seven different incompatibility groups and in at least four instances was part of a transposon . Gentamicin resistance was determined by plasmids of three groups - IncC, IncFII and IncW . Transposition of gentamicin resistance was not shown, though this may have been the means of evolution of the gentamicin R plasmids of InW, which determined aminoglycoside acetyltransferase, AAC(3) . Some bacterial strains with their plasmids were endemic . There was evidence for these plasmids (i) acquiring new resistance genes by transposition, (ii) losing resistance genes by deletion and (iii) being transferred between bacterial species in the hospital.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 11(6), 750 - 2
Spurious hydrogen sulfide production by Providencia and Escherichia coli species; Treleaven BE et al.; Hydrogen sulfide production was noted in two Escherichia coli strands and one Provaidenica alcalifaciens (Proteus inconstans A) strain isolated from clinical stool specimens durin the summer of 1979 . An investigation into this phenomenon revealed the predence of Eubacterium lentum, an anaerobe, growing in synergism with the Enterobacteriaceae and producing H2s . The implications of this association are discssed with reference to clinical microbiology laboratory practice.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 11(6), 694 - 702
Collaborative investigation of the AutoMicrobic System Enterobacteriaceae biochemical card; Isenberg HD et al.; The Enterobacteriaceae biochemical card used in six separate laboratories to identify 170 representatives of Enterobacteriaceae . The AutoMicrobic System (Vitek Systems, Inc.) performed with an accuracy of 97.8% as compared with 98.1% by the standard method selected and 97.6% by a commerically prepared manual system approach . During this time, 5,450 clinical isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were analyzed . Compared with the routine methods used in the various laboratories, the AutoMicrobic System identified 96.4% correctly

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Jun, 33(6), 571 - 4
An evaluation of the Replireader in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from urine and in the recording of sensitivity tests performed by an agar dilution method; Waterworth PM; In the Replireader system for identifying Enterobacteriaceae, plates of biochemical media are inoculated with a replicator and the results are put into a computer . The machine correctly identified 92x2% of 734 strains of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from urine; it was incorrect in 0x8% and failed to recognise 7% . The Replireader was also used to record the results of sensitivity tests using a plate dilution method in which the drugs were provided by impregnated filter papers (Adapads).

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jun, 17(6), 993 - 1000
MK0787 (N-formimidoyl thienamycin): evaluation of in vitro and in vivo activities; Kropp H et al.; The practical application of thienamycin, a novel beta-lactam antibiotic with a broad activity spectrum, was compromised by problems of instability . MK0787, N-formimidoyl thienamycin, does not have this liability . As reported, bacterial species resistant to most beta-lactam antibiotics, such as Pseudomonas aeurginosa, Serratis, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides spp., are uniformly susceptible to MK0787, usually at one-half the inhibitory level of thienamycin . Bactericidal activity usually occurs at the minimal inhibitory concentration endpoint . Activity was reduced only at the highest inoculum densities tested and by a lessor factor than was observed with reference beta-lactam antibiotic active against P . aeruginosa and beta-lactamase-bearing strains . MK0787 exhibits a broad spectrum of in vivo activity when evaluated parenterally for efficacy against systemic infections in mice . The order of potency in vivo, 0.03 to 0.06 mg/kg for gram-positive species and 0.65 to 3.8 mg/kg for gram-negative infections including Pseudomonas, exceeded that of thienamycin and was at least 10-fold superior to reference beta-lactam antibiotics including two recently developed agents with antipseudomonal activity, cefotaxime and LY127935.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 11(6), 552 - 7
Bacteriology of sputum in cystic fibrosis: evaluation of dithiothreitol as a mucolytic agent; Hammerschlag MR et al.; Liquefaction and homogenization have been recommended to ensure accurate, representative sputum cultures . We evaluated dithiothreitol (DTT) as mucolytic agent for culturing sputum samples obtained from 79 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients . Liquefaction with DTT was not superior to direct plating of specimens for routine qualitative cultures . Unliquefied sputum cultures failed to direct 3 of 47 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates; DTT-treated specimens missed 5 of 13 Candida albicans isolates . Neither treated nor untreated sputum cultures were completely successful in detecting Staphylococcus aureus or Enterobacteriaceae . Since Haemophilus influenzae was recovered from only two qualitative cultures, we could not evaluate the effect of DTT on the receovery of this organism . However, 27 of 29 strains of H . influenzae were inhibited by concentrations of DTT near the recommended final working concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, suggesting that liquefaction might impair isolation of this organism . Liquefaction with DTT permitted quantitative cultures of CF sputum . The predominant pathogen in our CF population was P . aeruginosa; 37 of 43 (86%) patients were colonized with this organism . Median densities of rough and mucoid strains were 3.2 x 10(7) and 4.3 x 10(7) colony-forming units per ml, respectively . Previous oral antistaphylococcal therapy may have accounted for the observed low density of S . aureus (mean density, 3.5 x 10(3) colony-forming units per ml) . We conclude that DTT treatment does not improve recovery of organisms from qualitative cultures but does facilitate quantitative studies of S . aureus and P . aeruginosa in CF sputum.

Vet Med (Praha), 1980 Jun, 25(6), 367 - 73
{Testing the differentiatioin medium of Rimler and Schotts for the detection and identification of Aeromonas hydrophila}; Pejhovska M et al.; The differentiating medium after Rimler and Shotts (R-S substrate) was tested on 152 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae, i . e . on the strains of Aeromonas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The accuracy of the prompt identification of the strains of Aeromonas hydrophila in this medium is 94.8 % and the preparation of the substrate is easy . The R-S substrate is recommended to be used in investigating the cause of mortality or morbidity in cold-blooded animals, particularly in reptiles and amphibians, and in mammals which are in contact with water . Bacteriological examinations can also be performed with this medium.

Eur J Biochem, 1980 Jun, 107(2), 485 - 9
Purification and properties of hamamelosekinase; Beck E et al.; Hamamelosekinase (ATP:hamamelose 2(1)-phosphotransferase) was purified from a crude extract of Kluyvera citrophila 627 (Enterobacteriaeceae) which has been grown on D-hamamelose . Ammonium-sulfate fractionation and twofold chromatography on DEAE-cellulose resulted in a 51-fold purification of the enzyme . Neither glucosekinase nor significant ATPase activity could be detected in the pure preparation . Besides D-hamamelose only D-hamamelitol was utilized as a substrate; however, the latter was phosphorylated at a very low rate . The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by gel chromatography is 21 000 . The Km values for hamamelose and ATP were 3 mM nd 2.5 mM, respectively . The pH optimum was found at 7.5 . In contrast to hexokinase, purified hamamelosekinase is very labile and could only be stabilized by addition of its substrate D-hamamelose . The most unusual property with respect to yeast hexokinase is a pronounced substrate inhibiton by hamamelose (> 5mM) and ATP (> 7mM), respectively, which could be interpreted as due to an economic utilization of the nutrient . Hamamelosekinase as well as glucosekinase are inducible by growing the microorganisms on the corresponding monosaccharides.

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1980 May 16, 289(1036), 231 - 7
Structural requirements for antibacterial activity and beta-lactamase stability of 7 beta-arylmalonylamino-7 alpha-methoxy-1-oxacephems; Yoshida T; Replacement of a sulphur atom by an oxygen at the 1-position of the cephem nucleus generally resulted in fourfold to sixteenfold increase of antibacterial activity in each pair of the structural congeners . However, the increased antibacterial activity caused by the replacement was accompanied by instability to beta-lactamase to some extent, which was due presumably to the increased chemical reactivity of the beta-lactam ring system . The aim of the research effort is to confer beta-lactamase stability and expand the Gram-negative spectrum . Two types of substituents have been demonstrated to protect 1-oxacephem from enzymic hydrolysis and their protecting effects were specifically related to the types of beta-lactamases derived from Gram-negative bacteria: the 7 beta-malonylamino function is specific to cephalosporinase and the 7 alpha-methoxy group to penicillinase . The complementary effect of these substituents was clearly demonstrated . This line of studies led us to prepare the clinical candidate 6059-S, which possessed widely expanded antibacterial spectra against Gram-negative bacteria including indole-positive Proteus, Enterobacter, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacteroides fragilis.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 May, 39(5), 988 - 92
Fermentation of polysaccharides by Klebsielleae and other facultative bacilli; Ochuba GU et al.; Fermentations of 10 polysaccharides by species of the family Enterobacteriaceae were examined . Algin, guar, karaya, xanthan, and xylan were not fermented by any of the strains tested . Most of the activity was found in the tribe Klebsielleae . Klebsiella oxytoca fermented amylopectin (97% of the strains studied), carrageenan (100%), inulin (68%), polypectate (100%), and tragacanth (100%) . Klebsiella pneumoniae fermented amylopectin (91%), carrageenan (100%), and tragacanth (86%) . Carrageenan was also fermented by Enterobacter aerogenes (100%), Enterobacter agglomerans (63%), Enterobacter cloacae (95%), and Pectobacterium (38%) . Pectobacterium shared polypectate fermentation (100%) with K . oxytoca . With one exception, Serratia strains were negative on all polysaccharides . These results, along with other evidence, indicate that (i) the genus Klebsiella is biochemically the most versatile genus of the tribe, (ii) because of its distinct characteristics, K . oxytoca warrants species designation separate from K . pneumoniae, and (iii) some food additives generally considered indigestible can be metabolized by a few species of facultative bacilli, whereas others appear to be resistant.

Am Fam Physician, 1980 May, 21(5), 125 - 30
Proper use of aminoglycosides; Yoshikawa TT; Streptomycin is still the treatment of choice for tularemia and plague, and is effective in a few other diseases . Neomycin is used primarily as a topical agent . The other aminoglycoside antibiotics are indicated in serious infections caused by the gram-negative enterobacteria and, except for kanamycin, are also effective in Pseudomonas infections . These agents are useful in combination with other antibiotics in several serious types of infections . Toxicity, mainly nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, is dose-related.

Ann Sclavo, 1980 May-Jun, 22(3), 423 - 30
{Two cases of neonatal meningitis caused by "Enterobacter cloacae" (author's transl)}; Pavari E et al.; Two cases are reported of neonatal meningitis caused by Enterobacter cloacae . The two patients are alive; one is perfectly well, the other resulted in hydrocephalus . Both children came from the same neonatal Unit where the were given phototherapy . The importance of nosocomial infections is outlined and different aspects related to the etiology, the environment and the host (particularly immunologic deficits) are briefly reviewed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 May, 17(5), 807 - 12
GR-20263: a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin with high activity against Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae; Verbist L et al.; The in vitro activity of GR-20263, a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, was compared with the activities of other beta-lactam antibiotics by using 800 clinical bacterial isolates . GR-20263 was highly active (inhibition of 90% of the isolates between 0.03 and 1 microgram/ml) against the common Enterobacteriaceae and 5 to 20 times more active than cefuroxime, cefoxitin, and cephalothin . GR-20263 was three to six times less active than cefotaxime against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella, and Shigella, but three to four times more active than cefotaxime against Proteus vulgaris and Serratia marcescens . The activity of GR-20263 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 2 and 8 micrograms/ml for 90 and 100% of the isolates, respectively) was similar to that of tobramycin, 2 times that of cefsulodin, 5 times that of piperacillin, and 10 times that of cefotaxime . Against Haemophilus influenzae GR-20263 was three time more active than ampicillin . The beta-lactamase-producing strains were as susceptible to GR-20263 as the beta-lactamase-negative strains . GR-20263 was less active than cefotaxime and ampicillin against Staphylococcus aureus.

Nord Vet Med, 1980 May, 32(5), 219 - 25
{Comparison of Micro-ID, API 20 E and a conventional technique for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae}; Gregersen T et al.; A new system, Micro-ID, for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae is described . 100 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Table I) are identified by Micro-ID and the identifications are compared with the identifications performed by conventional techniques and by the API 20 E system . There is a total agreement between Micro-ID and conventional techniques on 96.5% and between API 20 E and conventional techniques on 90% (Tables II and III) . The differences in the reactions between the systems are discussed and explained . It is concluded, that the Micro-ID and the API 20 E both are very suitable for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

J Med Microbiol, 1980 May, 13(2), 351 - 4
Effect of heavy metals on bacterial adherence; Sugarman B; A preliminary examination has been made of the effects of salts of heavy metals on bacterial adherence . 3H-thymidine labelled strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from sputa were incubated with human buccal cells and metallic salts . 10(-4)M zinc or iron salts significantly increased adherence of Enterobacteriaceae to human bucal cells in an in-vitro system . These effects were not altered by variation of the buffer system used, and seem dependent upon interactions between metals and bacteria that occur within about 5 minutes.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 May-Jun, 2(3), 329 - 39
A review of positive blood cultures: identification and source of microorganisms and patterns of sensitivity to antibiotics; Roberts FJ; All strains of bacteria and fungi isolated from blood cultures of patients hospitalized in a large primary and tertiary care center were studied prospectively for determination of their clinical significance and probable source . In some instances the immediate mortality rate was also determined . The sensitivity patterns of all aerobic organisms to antibiotics were studied in relation to the role of antibiotic therapy . A positive culture was obtained from 6.8% of all blood specimens cultured and these positive cultures represented 639 episodes of bacteremia or fungemia . The organism isolated most of ten was Escherichia coli, and the most common known source was the urinary tract . Anaerobic organisms were isolated from 9.2% of the episodes of bacteremia, with the bowel being the most common probable source of infection . Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that all staphylococci were sensitive to methicillin, but only 22% were sensitive to penicillin . No penicillin-resistant pneumococci were encountered . The Enterobacteriaceae exhibited such a high sensitivity to gentamicin that comparison of its activity with that of other, newer aminoglycosides was impossible.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 May, 17(5), 884 - 9
Comparison of in vitro activity of GR 20263, a novel cephalosporin derivative, with activities of other beta-lactam compounds; Wise R et al.; The in vitro activity of GR 20263, a new cephalosporin, was compared primarily with the activities of moxalactam (LY 127935), cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefazolin against 293 clinical isolates of a variety of gram-positive and -negative bacteria . The minimal inhibitory concentrations of GR 20263 for 90% of group isolates were between 0.06 and 0.5 microgram/ml for the Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Lancefield group A beta-hemolytic streptococci; 2 micrograms/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 16 micrograms/ml for Staphylococcus aureus; and in excess of 128 micrograms/ml for Bacteroides fragilis and Lancefield group D streptococci . In comparison with the other agents, GR 20263 was markedly more active against the Enterobacteriaceae than cefuroxime, cefoxitin, and cefazolin, but marginally less active than moxalactam or cofotaxime . Aganist S . aureus, cefazolin was 16-fold and cefotaxime was 4-fold more active than GR 20263 and moxalactam . GR 20263 was eight-fold more active than cefotaxime and moxalactam against P . aeruginosa.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1980 May-Aug, 12(2), 39 - 43
{Outbreak of hospital infection, due to members of the Klebsielleae tribe, in an intensive care unit for infants}; Albesa I et al.; At the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Provincial Regional Hospital, in Rio Cuarto, Argentina, nearly all hospitalized infants showed clinical symptoms of septicaemia and gastroenteritis . Neither Salmonella nor Shigella were found in the stool cultures, but Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated as predominant flora . Three haemocultures displayed K . pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae; the other three developed only E . cloacae . Since the infants came from different places and it was possible to isolate members of the Klebsielleae tribe from all of them, a hospital infection was suspected . Searching for the infectious source, K . pneumoniae was detected in the water bath used to keep the feeding-bottles at 37 degrees C . To clarify the existence of any relationship between the strains isolated from patients and from the water bath, several characteristics were compared: biotypes, haemolityc activity, antibiotic sensibility patterns, and pathogenicity, assessed as lethal dose 50% . Identical results were found for the biochemical tests of all the strains belonging to the same species . The antibiotic sensibility patterns and LD 50% showed quite similar values . All bacteria displayed haemolityc activity for rabbit and lamb erythrocytes . It could be considered that the septicaemia had an intestinal origin, and that the infection spread was due to the contamination of the water bath where the feeding bottles were kept.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 537 - 43
Dissemination of an antibiotic resistance plasmid in hospital patient flora; O'Brien TF et al.; The 2'' aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase, AAD (2''), which adenylates gentamicin, tobramycin, and kanamycin, became prevalent over several months in multiple strains and species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated at one hospital . Eight plasmids with the gene for this enzyme purified from different strains and species isolated at different times had similar EcoRI digestion fragments, indicating that the gene had disseminated on one plasmid without transposition . This 56.5-megadalton plasmid of incompatibility group M, which also carried three other resistance genes, spread, at first, largely in one strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which later disappeared . It transferred to some strains which tended not to colonize other patients and later circulated predominantly in Serratia marcescens . Computer surveillance of routine hospital laboratory results was able to detect and trace the gene and the plasmid and measure their effect on resistance prevalence.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Apr, 73(4), 562 - 3
Antagonism of cefamandole by cefoxitin in routine disk susceptibility tests; Sanders CC et al.; Cefoxitin was found to antagonize cefamandole in standardized disk diffusion susceptibility tests . This antagonism increased as the distance between the two disks decreased, and was most frequently observed in tests with cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae . It occurred in tests with 68 of 98 (69%) cephalothin-resistant isolates, one of six (17%) cephalothin-intermediate isolates, and one of 40 (3%) cephalothin-susceptible isolates . Clinical laboratories that use both disks in routine susceptibility tests should be aware of this anatagonism and should ensure that the disks are not placed in proximity to each other.

Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 1980 Apr, 58(2), 123 - 31
Factors affecting the ability of various strains of Enterobacteriaceae to induce tumour resistance in mice; Vingelis V et al.; Primary infection of mice with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX (11RX) confers resistance to challenge with 10(4) LD50 doses of Ehrlich Ascites tumour (EAT) . A lipopolysaccharide-free protein extract of 11RX is capable of eliciting delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in these mice and of "recalling" tumour resistance in long-term 11RX immunised mice, which no longer exhibit any resistance to tumour challenge . In the present study, we have examined the ability of five other strains of Enterobacteriaceae to induce similar effects . Primary i.p . injection of S . chester, S . luton or S . typhimurium G30 into mice resulted in persisting infections and the induction of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) which were tumouricidal in vitro . DTH reactions could also be elicited in these animals with protein extracts of the homologous or the 11RX strain of salmonella . S . friedenan and E . coli K12, which did not persist in mice, did not elicit tumouricidal PEC and did not sensitize mice for DTH reactions . However, protein extracts from all the five strains could elicit tumouricidal PEC and DTH reactions in long-term 11RX-immunised mice (but not in normal mice) . The results imply that a wide range of Enterobacteriaceae may possess antigen(s) which can be involved in tumour resistance, provided that these antigen(s) are presented in such a way that a cellular immune response develops.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 117(2), 483 - 91
Distinctive electrophoretic patterns of esterases from Klebsiella pneumoniae, K . oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes and E . gergoviae; Goullet P; Esterases of 14 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 14 strains of K . oxytoca, 16 strains of Enterobacter aerogenes and 16 strains of E . gergoviae were analysed by horizontal electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose gel . Four principal esterase bands (designated E1 to E4) and nine minor bands differing in their activity towards synthetic substrates and in their sensitivity to heat and to di-isofluoropropyl phosphate were defined . The comparative distribution of bands showed that the four species analysed were characterized by distinct electrophoretic patterns of their esterases . Band E1 was found in all four species, bands E2 and E3 only in K . oxytoca and band E4 only in some strains of E . gergoviae . The apparent molecular weights of esterases E2 and E3, determined by electrophoresis in a 4 to 30% polyacrylamide gradient gel, were 58000 (+/- 1000) and 72000 (+/- 1800), respectively.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 26(4), 413 - 9
{Microcalorimetry in the taxonomy of some groups of Enterobacteriaceae}; Herman JP et al.; The thermogenesis of 17 strains belonging to 12 species of the Enterobacteriaceae family was measured at 30 degrees C with an ampoule microcalorimeter . It was analyzed qualitatively (aspect of profiles) and quantitatively (total heat evolved, thermogenesis duration, maximum thermal power) . The value of these criteria is discussed with respect to their discriminating value in the classification of bacteria . The information obtained may concur with the identification of species; it gives ground to reconsider actual phenotypes and genotypes and taxonomy generally.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Apr, 73(4), 570 - 3
Evaluation of a multitest system for rapid identification of Salmonella and Shigella; Gooch WM 3rd; The ability of Micro-ID, a multitest system for rapid (four hour) identification of Enterobacteriaceae, to identify Salmonella and Shigella was evaluated . Micro-ID, API 20E and a battery of tubed media consisting of triple sugar-iron agar, Christensen's urea agar, and Moeller's lysine decarboxylase medium were used to study 516 lactose nonfermenting strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from 500 consecutive pediatric stool specimens . Fifty-six of the isolates were Salmonella, and 21 were Shigella . Micro-ID correctly identified all isolates of Shigella and all but one isolate of Salmonella, whereas the conventional screening media failed to detect seven isolates of Salmonella and two isolates of Shigella . The false-positive rates were 1% and 20% for Micro-ID and the conventional battery, respectively . Use of Micro-ID as a substitute for conventional screening media for lactose nonfermenting stool isolates provides reliable presumptive idenfication of Salmonella and Shigella within four hours.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 583 - 90
Antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime, a beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporin; Fu KP et al.; The in vitro activity of ceftizoxime was compared with that of other beta-lactam antibiotics against 538 isolates . Ceftizoxime was the most active agent tested against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella, inhibiting 80% at 0.025 microgram/ml . It was more active than cefotaxime against Enterobacter cloacae and E . aerogenes . Ceftizoxime was more active than cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, and carbenicillin against Proteus mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus . It inhibited 97% of multiresistant Serratia isolates at 12.5 microgram/ml, whereas cefotaxime inhibited only 19% . Ceftizoxime was less active than cefotaxime and cefoperazone against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but was more active than carbenicillin . It was more active than cefotaxime and cefoxitin against Bacteroides . It was not appreciably destroyed by beta-lactamases of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, or Pseudomonas.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Apr, 25(4), 268 - 70
{Plasmid resistance of the enterobacteria isolated in intestinal disorders in children}; Parkhomenko LV et al.; Resistance to antibiotics and sulfanilamides was determined in enterobacteria (E . coli, Pr . mirabilis, Sh . sonnei, Sh . flexneri) isolated from children with intestinal disorders . Elimination of the resistance determinants in polyresistant strains, conjugation of R plasmids (75 per cent in Pr . mirabilis, 70 per cent in E . coli, 78 per cent in Sh . sonnei, 69 per cent in Sh . flexneri), mobilization of nonconjugative plasmids on triple crossing and capacity of R plasmids for repression of the F-factor functions were studied . The data of the study are evident of the plasmid background in enterobacteria isolated from children with intestinal disorders and confirm the plasmid nature of the resistance in the predominating number of the strains . It is suggested that Proteus plays a significant role in the prevalence of plasmid resistance among enterobacteria.

J Chir (Paris), 1980 Apr, 117(4), 219 - 30
{Infection of vascular sutures: a report on 26 cases (author's transl)}; Leturgie C et al.; The authors describe 26 cases of infection after vascular surgery, affecting a Dacron prosthesis in 13 cases and venous grafts in the other 13 patients . The site of infection was usually the region of Scarpa's triangle (15 cases) with the presence of enterobacterium in 40% of cases . The most frequently isolated germ was staphylococcus aureus (20 cases) . Infection was revealed by hemorrhage in 17 patients and was evidence of breaking down of the anastomosis . Results of surgical treatment in the two groups were evaluated by using three criteria: --persistence or not of infection, --vital prognosis, --functional prognosis . Surgical treatment methods and possible contamination sources are discussed . When the operative zone is infected, the authors recommend ablation for the prostheses and conservative therapy for venous autografts . The prosthesis was left in place in 5 patients, and only one patient recovered, while two deaths occurred . In the 10 cases where ablation of the prosthesis was performed, however, the infection was cured, and in 4 patients there was revascularization in the infected area . Apart from these cases, conservative therapy was applied in 11 cases and healing occurred in all of them.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 750 - 6
Moxalactam (LY127935), a new semisynthetic 1-oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic with remarkable antimicrobial activity: in vitro comparison with cefamandole and tobramycin; Jones RN et al.; Moxalactam (LY127935) exhibited greater in vitro activity than cefamandole and tobramycin against clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas maltophilia . The activities of the three drugs against other microorganisms were as follows: for staphylococci, cefamandole = tobramycin greater than moxalactam; for streptococci, cefamandole greater than moxalactam greater than tobramycin; and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tobramycin greater than moxalactam greater than cefamandole . Moxalactam also demonstrated significant activity against the Bacteroides fragilis group and other anaerobes . Moxalactam was comparable to cefotaxime (HR756) in its inhibition of cephalothin-resistant and aminoglycoside-resistant clinical isolates.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 743 - 9
Cefoperazone (T-1551), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin: comparison with cephalothin and gentamicin; Jones RN et al.; The in vitro activity of cefoperazone (T-1551) against almost 9,000 recent clinical isolates at six institutions was tested and compared with that of cephalothin and gentamicin . The modal minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefoperazone were 16- and 4-fold less than those of cephalothin and gentamicin, respectively, against 5,503 strains of Enterobacteriaceae . Species normally resistant to cephalothin, such as indole-positive protease and enterobacters, were almost universally susceptible to cefoperazone . Cefoperazone demonstrated activity comparable to gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pseudomonads.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1980 Mar 31, 59(1), 4 - 11
{Antibiotic resistance and transfer in Enterobacteriaceae of avian origin}; Scioli C et al.; Thirty-six specimens of feces were taken from as many chicken farms, from which 118 different strains of Enterobacteriaceae were isolated . The resistances of the single isolated bacteria were studied, performing plate sensitivity tests by the Kirby-Bauer method . The capacity of the bacteria under examination to transfer their antibiotic resistances in vitro to a sensitive E . coli strain (E . coli K 12 E 711 F--) was observed . A very high percentage of strains has shown resistance to one or more antibiotics (91%) . However a much lesser number of strains were capable of transferring their antibiotic resistances (12.9%) . It is suggestive, then, that the animals under examination do not represent an important source of antibiotic resistance diffusion to man.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Mar-Apr, 131A(2), 151 - 5
Use of DEAE-cellulose filters in the S1 nuclease method for bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization; Popoff M et al.; Polynucleotide sequence relatedness can be studied with the S1 nuclease method by a fast and accurate procedure using DEAE-cellulose filters (DE81 Whatman) . After S1 treatment of DNA-DNA hybrid molecules formed in 0.42 M saline solution, free nucleotides (digestion products) but not DNA are eluted from DE81 filters in appropriate salt concentration such as 5% Na2HPO4.12 H2O . The relative binding ratio and the thermal stability of heteroduplexes are determined for 7 strains of Enterobacteriaceae . The conclusions resulting from S1 nuclease and DE81 filters assay are similar to those obtained with S1 nuclease and trichloracetic acid precipitation.

South Med J, 1980 Mar, 73(3), 393 - 4
Plesiomonas (Aeromonas) shigelloides septicemia and meningitis in a neonate; Dahm LJ et al.; Serious Plesiomonas (Aeromonas) shigelloides infections have rarely been reported, and have probably been missed because this organism is very similar to the Enterobacteriaceae in associated clinical disease, and in properties investigated in the diagnostic laboratory . A case of overwhelming neonatal meningitis and sepsis is discussed, and the use of the simple indophenol oxidase test on laboratory isolates of gram-negative rods is urged to distinguish this organism and its close relatives from the Enterobacteriaceae.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 Mar-Apr, 2(2), 182 - 95
Sisomicin: a review of eight years' experience; Sanders WE Jr et al.; Sisomicin is a new broad-spectrum aminoglycoside most closely related structurally to gentamicin C1a . In vitro and in experimental infections, sisomicin has been found to be more potent than or nearly as potent as the most active of the other available aminoglycosides . Although susceptible to many (but not all) aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes, sisomicin is active against many microorganisms that are resistant to other aminoglycosides by nonenzymatic mechanisms . Sisomicin has been shown to interact synergistically with various beta-lactam antibiotics against enterococci, staphylocicci, Enterobacteriaceae, and nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli . The pharmacokinetics and toxicity of sisomicin in humans appear to be similar to those of gentamicin, despite earlier reports of greater acute toxicity in animals . Sisomicin has been shown to be effective for treatment of severe infections in humans, including some infections caused by gentamicin-resistant bacteria.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 1439 - 42
Distribution of coenzyme B12-dependent diol dehydratase and glycerol dehydratase in selected genera of Enterobacteriaceae and Propionibacteriaceae; Toraya T et al.; The presence of diol dehydratase and glycerol dehydratase was shown in several bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae grown anaerobically on 1,2-propanediol and on glycerol, respectively . Diol dehydratases of Enterobacteriaceae were immunologically similar, but distinct from that of Propionibacterium freudenreichii.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 1386 - 98
Characterization of the cell wall and cell wall proteins of Chromatium vinosum; Lane BC et al.; Highly purified cell walls of Chromatium vinosum were isolated by differential centrifugation, with or without Triton X-100 extraction . The isolated material had a protein composition similar to that of cell walls obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation . Twenty-two proteins were reproducibly detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . A 42-kilodalton protein was shown to account for 65% of the total cell wall protein . The majority of cell wall proteins were solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate at room temperature; however, they existed as high-molecular-weight complexes unless heated to 45 degrees C or above . The cell wall contained one heat-modifiable protein which migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 37,400 when solubilized at 70 degrees C or below, but which migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 52,500 if solubilized at 100 degrees C . The electrophoretic mobility of three proteins was modified by 2-mercaptoethanol . The majority of C . vinosum cell wall proteins had isoelectric points between pH 4.5 and 5.5, and the 42-kilodalton protein focused at pH 4.9 . No proteins were detected which were analogous to the lipoprotein or peptidoglycan-associated proteins of the Enterobacteriaceae . Nearest-neighbor analysis with a reducible, cross-linking reagent indicated that three proteins, including the 42-kilodalton protein, associated with themselves . Most of the cell wall proteins were partially accessible to proteases in both intact cells and isolated cell walls . Protease treatment of the whole cell or isolated cell wall digested approximately an 11,000-molecular-weight portion of the 42-kilodalton protein.

Am J Med, 1980 Mar, 68(3), 332 - 43
Gram-negative bacteremia . III . Reassessment of etiology, epidemiology and ecology in 612 patients; Kreger BE et al.; Evaluation of 612 episodes of gram-negative bacteremia over a 10-year period demonstrated its progressively increasing frequency . This increase was associated with an increasing proportion of patients with more severe underlying disease, increasing patient age, increasing frequency of cardiac surgery and manipulative procedures, and increasing frequency of treatment with antibiotics, corticosteroids and antimetabolites in patients with bacteremia . Fatality rates paralleled the severity of the host's underlying disease as noted in previous reports . The urinary tract was the most frequent source of bacteremia, but in 30 per cent of the patients, predominantly those with more severe underlying disease, the original source could not be identified . Of all blood cultures obtained in these patients, 72 per cent were positive . Bacteremia was of low magnitude with 77 per cent of the patients have quantitative blood cultures with less than 10 gram-negative bacilli per milliliter of blood . Escherichia coli was the most frequent etiologic agent followed in frequency by Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and Providencia species, and species of Bacteroides . Sixteen per cent of the bacteremias were polymicrobic . K and O-antigen typing of Escherichia coli and capsular typing of K . pneumoniae demonstrated that a large number of serologic types of these strains were responsible for bacteremia . Over-all, bacteremia caused by multiple species of bacteria was associated with higher fatality rates, but no significant differences in fatality rates could be demonstrated for bacteremias caused by individual species of gram-negative bacilli when comparisons were made between patients with underlying diseases of similar severity . The presence or type of K-antigen did not influence the lethality of Esch . coli infections . Although some O-antigen types, 0:4, 0:6 and 0:8, were associated with higher fatality rates than other O-antigen types, "rough" or autoagglutinable Esch . coli were as lethal as smooth strains . These findings indicate that bacterial factors, other than antibiotic resistance, have little influence on the outcome of gram-negative bacteremia and that gram-negative bacilli function primarily as "opportunistic" pathogens.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 298 - 301
UK31214, a new aminoglycoside and derivative of kanamycin B; Wise R et al.; The in vitro activity of UK31214, a kanamycin B derivative, was studied against 250 recent isolates and compared with other aminoglycosides . Against the Enterobacteriaceae (with the exception of Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii) UK31214 and amikacin had similar degrees of activity (mode minimum inhibitory concentration {MIC}, 1 microgram/ml) . Proteus mirabilis and P . stuartii strains were four- to eight-fold more susceptible to amikacin than to UK31214 . Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were equally susceptible to both amikacin and UK31214 (mode MIC, 4 microgram/ml), but tobramycin was the most active antimicrobial agent tested (mode MIC, 0.25 microgram/ml) . The gentamicin-resistant strains of P . aeruginosa were equally susceptible to UK31214 and amikacin . Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were more susceptible to gentamicin or tobramycin than to UK31214 or amikacin (mode MIC, 0.5 microgram/ml) . A synergistic interaction between UK31214 and carbenicillin was demonstrated.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Mar-Apr, 49(2), 240 - 3
{Carbon dioxide evolution by bacteria of the genus Enterobacter that utilize glucose and glycerin}; Kazanskaia TB et al.; The activity of decarboxylase from two bacterial species belonging to the genus Aerobacter was studied in media containing different carbon sources . It has been shown that A . aerogenes and A . cloacae, in model experiments with media containing glycerol, evolve 1.2-3.5 times less CO2 (42-107 micrograms) as compared with the medium containing glucose (143-149 micrograms) . The activity of decarboxylase of the bacterium in media with the tested sources of carbon correlated with the rate of acetoin biosynthesis.

J Infect Dis, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 338 - 45
Endemic aminoglycoside resistance in gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and mechanisms; Weinstein RA et al.; Isolates of gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli from clinical specimens peaked at nine to 10 per month in 1973-1974 . Instituting barrier-type precautions during 1974-1977 was associated with a sustained 87% reduction in resistant Enterobacteriaceae . The number of resistant Pseudomonadaceae fell temporarily by 28%, paralleling gentamicin usage . During an endemic 15-month period in 1976-1977 nonenzymatically mediated resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa often emerged after aminoglycoside therapy in patients who had prior carriage of sensitive strains of the same serotype (P = 0.002); this resistance was associated with wound or sputum isolates (P = 0.003) . Resistant Enterobacteriaceae more often demonstrated the converse, that is, spread of urinary tract isolates with enzymatically mediated resistance from patients not on aminoglycoside therapy . These findings suggest that control measures to minimize occurrence of resistant bacilli include barrier-type precautions for patients with resistant Enterobacteriaceae, evaluation of transfers and readmissions as a source of resistant organisms, and reduction of aminoglycoside use to decrease the selection of nonenzymatic resistance.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 423 - 7
In vitro evaluation of cefoperazone; Hinkle AM et al.; The activity of cefoperazone, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin, was tested in vitro against 670 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci . With the exception of Enterobacter spp., it inhibited the majority of all organisms tested at a concentration of 6.25 microgram/ml . Of particular interest is its good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates which are usually very resistant to cephalosporins . When compared with other antibiotics, it was more active than any available cephalosporin against the Enterobacteriaceae, and its activity was comparable to the investigational drugs tested . Except against Pseudomonas, cefoperazone was less active than moxalactam (LY127935) . No significant decrease in activity was noted in medium and pH variation studies . A considerable decrease in activity resulted when the size of the inoculum was incrased from 10(5) to 10(7) cells/ml . The minimal bactericidal concentrations were within one or two dilution values of the minimal inhibitory concentrations against the majority of isolates tested, except Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 488 - 93
Comparison of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and moxalactam (LY127935) against aerobic gram-negative bacilli; Lang SD et al.; This study compares the minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefoperazone, cefotaxime, and moxalactam (LY127935) for 446 aerobic gram-negative bacillary isolates and further compares the minimum inhibitory concentrations of LY127935 and these third-generation cephalosporins with those of thienamycin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Each antibiotic at low concentrations inhibited nearly all Enterobacteriaceae tested . Minimum inhibitory concentrations for P . aeruginosa were higher, but for a majority of strains they fell below achievable serum levels . Thienamycin and cefoperazone showed significantly greater antipseudomonal activity than did cefotaxime or LY127935 . Cefoxitin-inducible resistance to LY127935 and the two cephalosporins was demonstrated among Enterobacter species but did not occur with thienamycin.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Mar, 17(3), 397 - 401
Comparative in vitro activities of cefotaxime and ceftizoxime (FK749): new cephalosporins with exceptional potency; Greenwood D et al.; Cefotaxime and its desacetoxymethyl derivative, ceftizoxime (previously known as FK749), are both extremely active against a wide spectrum of bacteria . In the present comparative study, the activity of ceftizoxime exceeded that of cefotaxime by a factor of four or more for strains of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Providencia, Serratia, and Bacteroides; the only species for which the activity of cefotaxime exceeded that of ceftizoxime by a factor of four was Vibrio cholerae . Against other species, the activity of the two drugs was roughly comparable . Both showed outstanding activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Comparative turbidimetric and morphological studies revealed that ceftizoxime was able to induce spheroplast formation and rapid lysis in Escherichia coli strains at lower concentrations than cefotaxime . This difference was not found, however, when E . coli strains resistant to ampicillin by an intrinsic (nonenzymic) mechanism were tested.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Mar, 33(3), 317 - 21
Enterobacter cloacae outer membrane permeability to ceftizoxime (FK 749) and five other new cephalosporin derivatives; Kojo H et al.; The ability of ceftizoxime to penetrate the outer membrane was compared with those of five other new cephalosporins: cefotiam, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefmetazole and cefoxitin, using a clinical isolate of Enterobacter cloacae as a test strain . Estimation of permeability was performed by a method utilizing the inhibitory activities of the cephalosporins against beta-lactamase located in the periplasm . Of the cephalosporins tested, both ceftizoxime and cefmetazole gave remarkably high concentrations in the periplasm, several times higher than those of cefotaxime and cefoxitin and ten or more times higher than those of cefuroxime and cefotiam . The approximate permeability coefficient of ceftizoxime was also several times higher than those of cefotiam and cefmetazole and over ten times higher than those of cefoxitin, cefuroxime and cefotaxime.

Br Med J, 1980 Feb 23, 280(6213), 517 - 9
Increasing importance of plasmid-mediated trimethoprim resistance in enterobacteria: two six-month clinical surveys; Towner KJ et al.; All clinical isolates of enterobacteria received at the laboratory were monitored for trimethoprim resistance over six months in 1978 . The survey was repeated in 1979 and the incidence of trimethoprim resistance showed a slight decrease, but the proportion of resistant strains owing their trimethoprim resistance to transferable R plasmids had almost trebled . There was also a large increase in the proportion of resistant strains exhibiting high-level non-transferable trimethoprim resistance . These findings suggest transposition of genes conferring trimethoprim resistance from plasmids to the bacterial chromosome.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1980 Feb, 17(2), 101 - 9
Chemotherapeutic-bacteriological interdependences observed by use of a clinical anti-infective drug monitoring system; Hollmann M; The relationships between the extent and type of clinical antibacterial chemotherapy and bacteriological findings were investigated, both retrospectively and contemporaneously, by study of pharmacy deliveries and analysis of patient records and the results of bacteriological examination of urine . Initially, with a high proportion of tetracycline use and relatively little of ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and cephalosporins, E . coli was frequently found and seldom Klebsiella/Enterobacter; the in-vitro efficacy of tetracyclines was low against all bacteria tested . Deliberate restraint in the use of tetracyclines and promotion of co-trimoxazole as well as a spontaneous rise in ampicillin use, were correlated with a decrease in E . coli and increase in Klebsiella/Enterobacter . The in vitro susceptibility of Klebsiella to all the chemotherapeutics tested was relatively low, but it improved markedly after use of cefuroxime was begun . This resulted in a decrease in the incidence of Klebsiella/Enterobacter in urine specimens . Restraint in tetracycline usage was accompanied by an increase in its in vitro efficacy against E . coli . The study shows that continuous monitoring of antibacterial chemotherapy under routine conditions enables the clinical pharmacologist to recognize transient and locally specific circumstances and to define guidelines or corrective recommendations as a basis for and to aid control of real therapeutic decisions.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Feb, 246(1), 67 - 73
{Comparison of API-10s and Minitek with conventional biochemical tests (author's transl)}; Stanek G et al.; 2 biochemical test-kits, API-10S and MINITEK, and conventional biochemical tests were used in parallel for testing 292 strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae . The same 10 biochemical tests were performed in all three systems . In addition the Voges-Proskauer reaction was tested in the conventional and the Minitek-system . The individual biochemical testreactions and diagnoses were compared . An overall average of tests indicated an agreement of 92.6% (Tab . 2) . Urease-activity and citrate-utilisation showed the lowest agreement (70.5 and 74.3% respectively) . 93.4% of the diagnose obtained with API- and 96.2% of those with MINITEK were identical to the diagnosis obtained by the conventional method . The Voges-Proskauer reaction was found to be more reliable for correct identification than the citrate-utilisation which - inspite of its very low agreement (Tab . 3) - has not influenced the diagnoses.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1980 Feb, 37(2), 268 - 71
Infection in a functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunt treated with intraventricular gentamicin; Katz MD et al.; A case of successful treatment of a functioning ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infection with high doses of intraventricular gentamicin sulfate is reported . The VP shunt reservoir of a four-month-old girl with hydrocephalus became infected . The scalp wound was debrided and intravenous methicillin sodium, 200 mg every six hours, was administered . When culture and sensitivity tests later showed Enterobacter cloacae, methicillin was discontinued . Intraventricular gentamicin, 2 mg/day, and intravenous carbenicillin, 400 mg/kg/day, were administered . Gentamicin dosage was increased twice over the next eight days to 6 mg/day . The trough cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gentamicin level at 2 mg/day was 1.7 micrograms/ml, at 4 mg/day was 0.7 microgram/ml and at 6 mg/day was 19.6 micrograms/ml . Gentamicin was discontinued after 14 days; carbenicillin was continued for 7 more days . For a second shunt infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, intraventricular gentamicin and intravenous chloramphenicol were given for 21 days . Previous reports of ventricular shunt infections are reviewed . The report indicates that it is possible to achieve therapeutic CSF levels of gentamicin in patients with patent VP shunts by administering 2--5 times (depending on ventricle size) the usual intraventricular dose.

Pediatrics, 1980 Feb, 65(2), 264 - 8
Outbreak of amikacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in an intensive care nursery; Cook LN et al.; An outbreak of amikacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (KES) occurred in the Intensive Care Nursery (ICN) of the Louisville General Hospital from January 1978 through March 1978 . Epidemic disease and an increased colonization rate in newborn infants due to amikacin-resistant microorganisms has not been documented previously . Three of the 11 neonates died . The organisms isolated were resistant to amikacin and two experimental aminoglycosides, sissomicin and netilmicin . The outbreak was contained following institution of several control measures, including pharyngeal inoculation of an experimental strain of alpha streptococcus in four infants.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Feb, 17(2), 165 - 9
In vitro antibacterial activity and susceptibility of cefsulodin, an antipseudomonal cephalosporin, to beta-lactamases; King A et al.; Cefsulodin sodium (SCE-129, CGP-7174/E), active in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5 to 64 microgram/ml, was about 16- to 32-fold more active than carbenicillin against Psuedomonas aeruginosa . It was also active against P . diminuta, P . maltophilia, P . paucimobilis, and P . pseudoalcaligenes (MICs of 1 to 32 microgram/ml) but not against other species of Pseudomonas or other gram-negative bacteria . Except with highly carbenicillin-resistant isolates, MICs of cefsulodin for P . aeruginosa were little affected by an increase in the inoculum . With a small inoculum, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were the same as or twice the MIC, but increasing the inoculum had a greater effect on the MBC than on the MIC . Cefsulodin was not hydrolyzed by the beta-lactamase induced in P . aeruginosa by growth in the presence of benzylpenicillin and was a poor substrate for beta-lactamases from Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus morganii . However, it was hydrolyzed, albeit slowly, by the beta-lactamase produced by most of our highly carbenicillin-resistant isolates of P . aeruginosa and by TEM-type beta-lactamases.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1980 Feb, 61(1), 85 - 91
Ankylosing spondylitis, HLA-B27 and Klebsiella . I . Cross-reactivity studies with rabbit antisera; Welsh J et al.; Sera from rabbits immunized with HLA-B27 lymphocytes showed increased activity against klebsiellal enterobacter antigens using immunodiffusion, bacterial agglutination (P less than 0.025), haemagglutination (P less than 0.001) and radiobinding assays (P less than 0.001) . Immunoprecipitin lines were also produced by these antilymphocyte sera against extracts from Yersinia enterocolitica and Shigella sonnci microorganisms . Rabbit anti-klebsiella sera had lymphocytotoxic activity against HLA-B27 lymphocytes obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis (P less than 0.001) . These results suggest partial cross-reactivity between some antigens found in several Gram-negative microorganisms and HLA-B27 lymphocytes.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 11(2), 149 - 52
Indirect hemagglutination employing enterobacterial common antigen and Yersinia somatic antigen: a technique to differentiate brucellosis from infections involving cross-reacting Yersinia enterocolitica; Mittal KR et al.; The existence of enterobacterial common antigen in Yersinia enterocolitica and its absence in Brucella abortus were utilized in an attempt to provide a method to distinguish Brucella infections from infections with cross-reacting Yersinia . The indirect hemagglutination test was employed for this purpose . In experimental laboratory animals, the presence of anti-enterobacterial common antigen was found to be indicative of prior exposure to Y . enterocolitica rather than B . abortus . In cattle, however, low titers of anti-enterobacterial common antigen were present in all animals . It was observed that anti-enterobacterial common antigen titers either equaled or exceeded anti-Yersinia O titers in Yersinia-exposed animals, whereas in animals infected with B . abortus the anti-Yersinia O titer generally exceeded the anti-enterobacterial common antigen titer.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 26(2), 254 - 6
Lethal effect of polymyxin B sulfate in experimental Proteus rettgeri infection in mice; Bannatyne RM et al.; The mouse model of intraperitoneal sepsis with Proteus rettgeri was used to evaluate the anti-endotoxic effect of polymyxin B sulfate . An unexpected reversal of the usual protective effect of polymyxin in experimental enterobacterial sepsis was observed in which the lethality of the infection was enhanced.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Feb, 141(2), 822 - 7
Localization of enterobacterial common antigen: Proteus mirabilis and its various L-forms; Rinno J et al.; An investigation of Proteus mirabilis wild-type strains and their various derived L-forms shows that the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is localized in the outer membrane of the cell envelope of these strains . In strains where the outer membrane is lacking (stable protoplast L-forms) or where its amount is reduced (spheroplast UL19) no ECA or only reduced amounts of it are detected by serological tests or by ferritin-labeling techniques.

Infect Immun, 1980 Feb, 27(2), 657 - 66
Comparison of Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen F7 with type 1 fimbriae; Orskov I et al.; Two Escherichia coli O6:K2:H1 strains, C1212 and C1214, isolated from urinary tract infections, were compared for their capacity to adhere to various cells . After growth on solid medium, only C1212 bacteria agglutinate human erythrocytes and attach to urinary epithelial cells . Both of these reactions are mannose resistant . In contrast, C1214 bacteria cause a mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes, show a mannose-sensitive attachment to buccal epithelial cells, and attach to urinary mucus . Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that C1214 bacteria possess type 1 fimbriae (mannose sensitive), which are not present in C1212 bacteria when this strain is grown on solid medium . The fimbriae of C1212 (mannose resistant) were also demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy . We call these fimbriae demonstrated in C1212 the E . coli F7 antigen . Urinary mucus, and probably mucous material elsewhere, may function as a trap for Enterobacteriaceae with type 1 fimbriae by the specific adherence of such bacteria . We consider this a nonimmune resistance mechanism against disease caused by Enterobacteriaceae.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Feb, 141(2), 828 - 37
Determination of pili by conjugative bacterial drug resistance plasmids of incompatibility groups B, C, H, J, K, M, V, and X; Bradley DE; Representative plasmids from incompability groups B, C, H, J, K, M, V, and X were transferred to "bald" strains of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium . By using a new technique, pili were detected by electron microscopy for each incompatibility group . Morphology varied but was similar for plasmids within a group . These findings suggest that all conjugative plasmids in the Enterobacteriaceae may determine pili.

C R Seances Acad Sci D, 1980 Jan 21, 290(3), 211 - 4
{Distinctive profiles of esterases from Klebsiella pneumoniae, K . oxytoca, Enterobacter aerogenes and E . gergovia}; Goullet P; Cellular esterases of 14 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 14 strains of K . oxytoca, 16 strains of Enterobacter aerogenes and 16 strains of E . gergoviae were analysed by polyacrylamide-agarose gel and polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis . Four principal esterase bands and nine minor bands, differing in their activity towards synthetic substrates and in their sensitivity to heat and to di-isofluoropropyl phosphate (DEP) were defined . The comparative distribution of bands showed that the four species analysed were characterized by distinct electrophoretic patterns of their esterases.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Jan 15, 136(2), 179 - 86
The microbiology and therapy of acute pelvic inflammatory disease in hospitalized patients; Thompson SE 3rd et al.; We examined microbial isolates from the endocervical and peritoneal cavity of 30 women hospitalized with acute PID . Patients were randomly assigned to one of two antibiotic regimens: amoxicillin, 6 gm by mouth every 24 hours, or aqueous penicillin G, 30 million units and gentamicin, 180 to 240 mg intravenously every 24 hours . We measured response by quantifying physical examination findings . Neisseria gonorrhoeae was isolated from the cervix of 24 patients (80%) and from the peritoneal cavity of 10 (33%) . Other peritoneal isolates included Enterobacteriaceae in five patients, Ureaplasma urealyticum in five, Mycoplasma hominis in six, and Chlamydia trachomatis in three . Bacteroides melaninogenicus, the most frequent anaerobe, was isolated in 11 cases . Bacteroides fragillis was not isolated from any specimen . The cure rates were the same for both regimens: three patients failed on each . Four women required total abdominal hysterectomy and unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1980, 46(4), 343 - 51
The functional interchangeability of enterobacterial and staphylococcal iron chelators; Maskell JP; The functional interchangeability of staphylococcal and enterobacterial iron chelators was investigated with an indicator system in which minimally effective concentrations of ethylene diamine di-ortho-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (EDDA) were used to inhibit the growth of indicator strains in the depth of simple agar media by making the iron unavailable . Test colonies were then applied to the surface of the media to determine whether the indicator organisms, by utilising chelators from the test colony could obtain the required iron for growth, in its vicinity . Approximately 50% of staphylococcal strains, both S . aureus and S . epidermidis, reversed the inhibition of enterobacterial indicators, whereas almost all enterobacterial test strains, representing five genera, reversed the inhibition of the staphylococcal indicators . A purified preparation of the enterobacterial iron chelator enterochelin also reversed the inhibition of four out of the five staphylococcal indicator strains.

J Immunol Methods, 1980, 37(2), 185 - 90
Antigen controlled immuno diagnosis-- 'ACID test'; Muller G et al.; A test for the presence of antibodies in sera is described in which the binding of the antibody to a morphologically identifiable antigen, visualized using staphylococcal protein A-coated gold, serves as the criterion for specificity . This 'Antigen Controlled Immuno Diagnosis' (ACID test) as applied to T4 bacteriophage, vaccinia virus and Enterobacterium Yersinia has proved to be reliable and simple to carry out.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(6), 436 - 45
Activity of cefamandole, cefoxitin, ampicillin and gentamicin against 419 bacteria isolated from blood of patients with sepsis; Mirrett S et al.; To compare the in vitro activity of cefamandole with ampicillin, cefoxitin, and gentamicin, each antimicrobial was tested against 419 bacteria isolated from the blood of patients with proved sepsis . Cefamandole was active against all gram-positive cocci except the enterococci . Most Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by both cefamandole and cefoxitin . Cefamandole showed an activity similar to ampicillin against Haemophilus influenzae . The percent of blood culture isolated considered susceptible to the drugs tested were as follows: cefamandole 79%, cefoxitin 78%, ampicillin 55% and gentamicin 81% . None of the drugs tested would be adequate alone for treatment of sepsis of unknown etiology based on in vitro susceptibility data.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(6), 409 - 17
Comparative in vitro activity of netilmicin, amikacin, tobramycin and sisomicin against gentamicin highly-resistant enterobacteriaceae; Tselentis J et al.; Netilmicin was compared with sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin against 65 recent clinical enterobacterial isolates found to be highly resistant to gentamicin (MIC larger than or equal to 80 microgram/ml) . Netilmicin showed a high activity against 20 out of 65 strains tested . Most of the sensitive strains (60%) to netilmicin required a concentration of gentamicin equal or lower than 160 microgram/ml for inhibition . Amikacin proved to be extremely effective in all the organisms tested . Tobramycin was consistently less active than either netilmicin or amikacin and the same was the case with sisomicin . The MIC was determined in both solid and liquid media for 24 strains . Depending upon which aminoglycoside was used, we found that 10-30% of the enterobacteriaceae exhibited a twofold diminution of MIC when tested in broth as compared to agar, while the greater proportion of strains was characterized by a higher MIC tested in broth as compared to agar.

Infection, 1980, Suppl 1, 62 - 9
Optimal antibiotic therapy in bronchopulmonary infections; Neu HC; Therapy of bronchopulmonary infections has evolved in the past 30 years . Only in the therapy of pneumococcal infections have, precise dosage programs been developed . Therapy of pneumococcal infection is optimal with penicillin G in low dosage . None of the newer agents has altered morbidity or mortality . The best agent for the treatment of pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus or members of the Enterobacteriaceae has not been established . Use of combination therapy consisting of an anti-Pseudomonas penicillin and an aminoglycoside has been shown to offer the greatest success in the treatment of Pseudomonas pulmonary infections . The optimal antibiotic and dosage program for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis has yet to be defined . Further comparative studies of the chemotherapy of pulmonary infections are necessary.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(5), 354 - 60
Comparative in vitro activity of tobramycin and gentamicin on three different media; Sandven P et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentration for tobramycin and gentamicin against 488 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp . were obtained on three different solid media . The results obtained on Antibiotic Sensitivity Medium AB Biodisk (PDM) were markedly different from the results obtained on Mueller-Hinton (MH) and Diagnostic Sensitivity Test Agar Oxoid (DST) . It was shown that tobramycin was significantly disfavored relative to gentamicin by PDM agar compared to MH and DST agar.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(5), 323 - 33
In vitro activity of netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin against glucose fermenting and nonfermenting bacteria; DiPersio JR et al.; The in vitro activity of netilmicin was compared to gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin against 461 strains of glucose fermenting and nonfermenting bacteria . The minimum inhibitory concentrations of netilmicin, gentamicin and tobramycin against the majority of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were quite similar . Gentamicin, however, was approximately fourfold more active against strains of S . marcescens . Amikacin was the most effect antibiotic against strains of fermenting and nonfermenting bacilli resistant to at least one aminoglycoside . Many gentamicin-resistant species of nonfermenting bacilli, however, remain highly resistant to all four aminoglycosides tested.

An Esp Pediatr, 1980 Jan, 13(1), 33 - 42
{Infection of pediatric operative wounds in a general hospital (author's transl)}; Tovar J et al.; During the two-year 1977-1978 period 37 (3.29%) out of 1,124 pediatric surgical wounds became infected in the postoperative course . Ten infections were observed among the 844 "clean" procedures (1.18%), 5/155 "clean-contaminated" (3.22%), 3/32 "contaminated" (9.37%) and 19/93 "dirty" (20.43%) . These rates are quite comparable, although somewhat lower, to those found in similar studies carried out in adults . The bacteriologic studies of the contamination and the subsequent infection revealed that "clean" wounds were almost exclusively infected by "Staphilococci", while all the remaining categories (which very often implicated an opening of digestive tract lumen) became infected by multiple endogenous flora including enterobacteriae (mainly "E . coli") and anaerobic germs ("Bacteroides" and "Clostridia") . The limited use of antibiotics in this series was guided by these bacteriologic findings, a fact that can partially explain our results . There was no mortality directly related to the infection of the wound, but the risks and uncomfort incurred by the patients were not negligible and must be taken into consideration aside with the increase of the cost of hospital stay (evaluated as 35,000-100,000 ptas./patient in this series) to justify every effort to decrease incidence of this generally minor complication.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 116(1), 41 - 9
Fatty acid patterns in the classification of some representatives of the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae; Boe B et al.; Twenty-three strains representing the families Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae were analysed for fatty acid composition of whole cells by means of glass capillary column gas chromatography . Among the several alternatives tested, cluster analysis based on data normalized to hexadecanoate and logarithmically transformed provided good separations of species, genera and families . Strains from the genera Salmonella, Escherichia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Vibrio and Aeromonas were studied.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jan, 17(1), 84 - 6
Activity of the cefotaxime (HR756) desacetyl metabolite compared with those of cefotaxime and other cephalosporins; Wise R et al.; The desacetyl metabolite (DES) of cefotaxime (HR756) is formed in vivo to a significant extent . The in vitro activities of DES, the parent compound, and cefazolin, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime were compared against 70 bacterial isolates . DES was found to possess approximately 1/10th the activity of the parent compound against the common Enterobacteriaceae, but was somewhat more active than the other three compounds tested . DES had no useful activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was less active than cefotaxime or cefoxitin against Staphylococcus aureus or Bacteroides fragilis . Because DES may accumulate in renal failure or be concentrated in the biliary tract, its antimicrobial activity may have considerable clinical significance.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1980 Jan, 121(1), 39 - 45
Treatment of tularemia, including pulmonary tularemia, with gentamicin; Mason WL et al.; An alternative to streptomycin for treatment of possible tularemia would be useful on occasions when a patient develops a perplexing pneumonia that does not respond to initial treatment . In geographic areas where tularemia is endemic, an antimicrobial drug that is bactericidal for Francisella tularensis and is also effective against a spectrum of common pulmonary pathogens, including the Enterobacteriaceae and most strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, would be desirable . The purposes of this report are (1) to describe observations regarding the in vitro susceptibility of Francisella tularensis to streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin; (2) to describe in vivo efficacy of these drugs in mouse tularemia; (3) to describe the results in 10 patients with tularemia treated with gentamicin . Gentamicin was bactericidal for Francisella tularensis in vitro, was effective in mouse tularemia when given in large doses, and was effective in humans when given in the standard recommended dose.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 248(3), 345 - 51
Ascertainment of the presence in enterobacteriaceae of mixtures of proteins with salmonellae and E . coli specificities; Barber C; Comparative agar-gel diffusions of sera to proteins from E . coli O 126 and from S . enteritidis and samples of the sera absorbed with heterologous proteins proved that all were mixtures of antigens with specificities of common Salmonellae and E . coli . The absorption of the E . coli serum with proteins from S . typhi removed the smallest amont of antibodies while absorption with proteins from S . enteritidis removed common antibodies resembling those eliminated by absorption with heterologous E . coli proteins . Similar results were obtained by the opposite absorption of the S . enteritidis serum with the E . coli O 126 proteins; it is apparent from the results that S . enteritidis and E . coli have in their composition mixtures of strongly related proteins sharing determinants for both species . An added confirmation of these findings was obtained by absorbing the E . coli serum with proteins from S . paratyphi A; the absorption removed antibodies induced against proteins from numerous E . coli and Salmonellae strains . A determinant common to all the E . coli and Salmonellae - that is apparently situated on the E . coli coli proteins - is still reacting by a thin precipitation line against all the antigens and is evident in all the E . coli absorbed sera.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, suppl 25, 89 - 93
Cefamandole in the treatment of serious bone and joint diseases; Levine LR; The safety and efficacy of treatment with cefamandole were evaluated in 77 patients (from 33 institutions) with serious bone and joint infections . The antibiotic was given intramuscularly or intravenously in doses ranging from 1.5 to 12 g/day for 6 to 58 days . Seventy-three of the 77 patients responded satisfactorily, and 63 (of 70 from whom material for culture was obtainable) patients had a bacteriologic cure . Forty-one of 81 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus . Other pathogens included Streptococcus epidermidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter sp., Escherichia coli, aerobic and anaerobic cocci, as well as Bacteroides fragilis . The drug was well tolerated . Pharmacological studies indicated that cefamandole penetrated the bones and joints . Cefamandole would seem to be a safe and efficacious drug, for the treatment of serious bone and joint infections due to a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, suppl 25, 107 - 11
Cefamandole treatment of pulmonary infection caused by gram-negative rods; Mandell GL; The increasing incidence of pneumonia caused by H . influenza and the problem of beta lactamase production (18% of strains in recent reports) are important considerations in the therapy of pneumonia . An antibiotic that is effective for these strains and other common respiratory pathogens will be useful for the therapy of pneumonia . Cefamandole nafate is a new cephalosporin antibiotic with an antimicrobial spectrum similar to cephalothin with increased activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Haemophilus influenzae . Seventeen patients with pneumonia presumed to be due to susceptible gram-negative organisms isolated from transtracheal aspirate or sputum were treated with 6 to 8 g/day of parenteral cefamandole nafate . Organisms isolated were Haemophilus influenzae in 6, E . coli in 3, Proteus mirabilis in 2, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 1, Serratia marcescens in 1 and mixed gram-negative rods in 4 . The Serratia were resistant (MIC greater than 100 microgram/ml and 50 microgram/ml): other MIC's ranged from 0.2 to 6.2 microgram/ml; median 1.6 microgram/ml . Satisfactory clinical response (improvement in pulmonary function; resolution of infiltrate; decrease in temperature, sputum production and white count) was noted in 13 of 17 patients . Two patients died from their underlying disease . Adverse clinical reactions questionably related to cefamandole included SGOT rises in 3 and rash in one . Serum antibiotic levels were 22.0 to 88.0 microgram/ml (peak) and 1.1 to 12.5 microgram/ml (trough) . Sputum levels were 0.27 to 2.5 microgram/ml . Cefamandole appears to be an effective antibiotic for treatment of gram-negative pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1980, 47, 119 - 23
Development of a multivalent live vaccine active against a wide range of Enterobacteriaceae; Levi B et al.; We have constructed a deletion mutant of E . coli which lacks O-antigen - "deep rough" . Living bacteria of this strain were injected repeatedly in high numbers into mice and chicks and in all cases were found to be completely harmless . In C3HeB mice, protection was obtained against a wide variety of enteric bacteria and was accompanied by an appreciable increase in titer of antibodies which cross react with LPS extracted from these bacteria . Preliminary experiments indicate that the vaccine provides protection against avian coli pathogens.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1980, 12(4), 289 - 94
Antibiotic resistance patterns of coliform bacteria isolated from food; Persson L et al.; 308 strains of coliform bacteria isolated from food of various origin were identified and their resistance patterns were studied . The strains belonged to 10 different species and Escherichia coli was the most common . Coliforms isolated from samples incubated at 44 degrees C were more often identified as E . coli than coliforms isolated from samples incubated at 37 degrees C.Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp . taken together were, on the contrary, mor often isolated at 37 degrees C than at 44 degrees C . E . coli was most frequently isolated from raw meat and egg products . Klebsiella dn Enterobacter spp . more often in other types of products . 54% of the strains were resistant to at least one of the 9 antibiotics tested . Resistance to nitrofurantoin and sulphaisodimidine was most frequent (30 and 25% respectively) . No strain resistant to streptomycin, neomycin or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole was registered . 40% of the resistant strains were multiresistant . The lowest number of resistant strains was recorded from custards and desserts and from raw meat products (42 and 46% respectively) and the highest from ice-cream (89%) . Multiresistant strains were recorded most frequently from pasteurized milk products, custards and desserts . None of the 66 multiresistant strains tested could transfer the resistance to E . coli in vitro . The results do not indicate that food of animal origin in Sweden represents a source for bacteria with transferable resistance determinants.

Arch Exp Veterinarmed, 1980, 34(1), 9 - 13
{Local Immune response in rabbits following enteral immunization with live attenuated bacterial Enterobacteriaceae vaccines}; Dentschev W et al.; Streptomycin-dependent and inactivated Shigella flexneri 2a and Shigella sonnei strains were intra-intestinally applied to rabbits for immunisation . Rosette and plaque tests and well as indirect haemagglutination gave short-time secretion of low titres of specific copro-antibody, following monovaccines and bivaccines . High titres of secretory antibody were induced, depending on doses, by re-immunisation . No antigen competition was established . The localised immune response caused by Shigella live vaccines was found to be much stronger than that induced by inactivated vaccines

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(4), 268 - 75
Nature of streptomycin resistance in enterobacteria from faeces of streptomycin-treated patients in Egypt; Elkhouly AE et al.; Streptomycin-resistant enterobacteria were isolated from the faeces of 31 out of 35 patients under streptomycin therapy, in the University Hospital of Alexandria . The isolated bacteria were 26 Escherichia coli, 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae and 2 Enterobacter cloacae . Their resistance patterns have shown that 80% had multiple antibiotic resistance . The MIC of streptomycin for all strains was higher than 312 microgram/ml . Nearly 90% of these strains carried resistance plasmids . However, 3 strains possessed no plasmids and were assumed to be mutants . 60% of the plasmid-carrying strains have been able to transfer the resistance by conjugation . The rest have shown small plasmids, some of them were characterized by streptomycin and sulphonamide resistance and a molecular weight of 4.1 mega-daltons.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(3a), 570 - 5
{Applied gene technology using biological N2-fixation for an example (author's transl)}; Puhler A; About biological nitrogen fixation most information on the genetic and enzymatic level is known from investigations with Klebsiella pneumoniae . The gene region for N2-fixation (nif) was transferred from K.pneumoniae to the enterobacterium Escherichia coli . After acquisition of nif E.coli is able to fix nitrogen . Plasmid pRD1 was constructed which carries the nif-region . Using genetic engineering techniques the exact location of nif on pRD1 was determined . Subsequently the nif-region comprising 7 operons with 14 known genes was cloned on a multicopy plasmid vector . The use of the Klebsiella-nif-region in biotechnology is discussed . Difficulties arising in experiments designed to construct N2-fixing plants are mentioned.

Arkh Patol, 1980, 42(3), 82 - 9
{Interactions between microbes and enterocytes in experimental intestinal infections}; Polotskii IuE; All enteropathogens first attach to the glycocalyx on the enterocyte surface . Then noninvasive cholera vibrios and enterotoxicogenic E . coli multiply on the enterocyte microvilli producing enterotoxins which cause pronounced enterocyte hypersecretion . Invasive enteropathogens differ in the model of penetration into enterocytes, multiplication site, the effect on the fate of invaded enterocytes, the ability of the infectious process for generalization . Recent studies have confirmed the decisive role of Shigella intraepithelial multiplication in the development of ulcerative dysenteric mucosal inflammation, Salmonella penetration through the enterocytes, multiplication in macrophages and development of not only enterocolitis but generalized infection as well . In case of enteropathogenic E . coli causing infantile enteritis, multiplication of the attached germs with the resulting damage to the enterocyte surface plays the main role whereas bacterial invasion through the enterocytes is limited and of secondary importance . All the invasive enterobacteria produce peculiar cytotoxic enterotoxins which stimulate but also damage the enterocytes.

Acta Chir Scand, 1980, 146(1), 65 - 70
Effects of a plastic wound drape on contamination with enterobacteria and on infection after appendicectomy; Nystrom PO et al.; The preventive effects of a plastic wound drape (Vi-drape) on wound contamination and subsequent infection was investigated in 289 appendicectomies randomized into treatment and control groups . Samples for quantitative culture of enterobacteria using a simple technique were obtained from the drape, the wound under the drape and from the wounds of patients being operated without the drape . The drape reduced the number of wound bacteria by an average of 94% or 1.2 logarithms . The overall rate of postoperative wound infection was 7.6% in the treatment group and 9.1% in the control group (N.S) . Evidence is presented that the drape might prevent infection in patients with contaminated operations.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 11(1), 22 - 6
Rapid biochemical characterization of Haemophilus species by using the micro-ID; Edberg SC et al.; Biotyping of Haemophilus influenzae into five type and H . parainfluenzae into three types based on indole production, ornithine decarboxylase, and urease has been reported (M . Kilian, Acta Pathol . Microbiol . Scand . Sect . B 82:835--842, 1976) . A commercially available test system designed for the 4-h identification of Enterobacteriaceae . Micro-ID, proved efficacious for the rapid biotyping of these two Haemophilus species . The nitrate reductase, indole production, ornithine decarboxylase, urease, and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside hydrolysis tests in Micro-ID correlated over 99% with conventional methodology . By utilizing the indole and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside tests it was possible, with 261 of 272 (96.1%) isolates, to distinguish H . influenzae from H . parainfluenzae . Cerebrospinal fluid isolates were over 90% H . influenzae biotype I, and conjunctival isolates were approximately 70% biotype II . Type b H . influenzae were predominantly biotypes I and II; these type b isolates were also overwhelmingly indole producers . Although over 90% of biotypes I and II have been reported to produce beta-lactamase, this was not confirmed by the small number of beta-lactamase producers encountered here . The 4-h Micro-ID should prove a useful mechanism, amenable to the routine clinical laboratory, for the further exploration of the association of Haemophilus with the site of isolation, antigenicity, and antibiotic resistance.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 23, 54 - 8
Resistance factors: influence on netilmicin activity; Kallings LO; Netilmicin is active against many but not all bacterial strains that have acquired resistance to aminoglycosides . Generally, netilmicin is 1) active against strains that produce enzymes inhibiting aminoglycosides by phosphorylation or adenylation . Some of these enzymes are widely distributed in aminoglycoside resistant strains, e.g . the adenylating enzyme ANT(2") predominating in resistant Klebsiella and common in resistant Pseudomonas and Serratia strains . Netilmicin either lacks the hydroxyl groups that are the targets for these enzymes or blocks the enzymes through steric hindrance, e.g . by an ethyl group being added to an amino group of the 2-deoxystreptamine . 2) Netilmicin is active or not active against strains producing acetylating enzymes depending on the specific type of enzyme . Thus netilmicin is variably active against strains producing the frequently occurring enzymes of the AAC(3) group mainly found in Pseudomonas but also among Enterobacteriaceae . Providencia and Proteus rettgeri synthesizing AAC(2') are resistant to netilmicin . Bacteria producing enzymes that will acetylate the amino group in the 6' position may be resistant to all currently used aminoglycosides . These enzymes are mainly found in Pseudomonas, Serratia and Staphylococcus . 3) Netilmicin is not active against bacteria resistant to all other aminoglycosides due to reduced cell wall permeability.

Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 1980, 59, 3 - 4
Susceptibility of 4410 clinical isolates to doxycycline; Digranes A et al.; In an 1100-bed hospital where doxycycline has been widely used, the susceptibility to doxycycline of 4410 clinical isolates was examined . Ninety-one and 80.8 per cent of the Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae strains, respectively, were susceptible to 1 mg doxycycline/l . Seventy-four per cent of the Escherichia coli and 81.7 per cent of the Klebsiella strains were inhibited by 4 mg/l . The Enterobacter and Enterococcus strains were less susceptible . Nearly all Proteus mirabilis isolates were resistant . The results are comparable to those of other studies.

Infection, 1980, 8(3), 104 - 6
In vitro-activity of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin combined against amoxicillin-resistant bacteria; Peters G et al.; The ability of clavulanic acid to inactivate beta-lactamase was investigated using 47 amoxicillin-resistant bacteria . In the presence of 10 mg/l clavulanic acid most strains of staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus mirabilis became fully amoxicillin-sensitive . This effect of clavulanic acid was in most instances not observed with Serratia marcescens, Proteus inconstans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter and indole-positive Proteus species.

Vet Med Nauki, 1980, 17(3), 100 - 6
{Psychrotrophic microorganisms in raw and pasteurized milk}; Gogov I et al.; The studied were carried out in 360 samples of unboiled milk and 1080 samples of pasteurized milk taken from three processing and distributing dairies having a different capacity and equipment . It was proved that the content of psychrotrophic microorganisms in unboiled milk from the three dairies varied from 120000 up to 200000 in 1 cm3 and was in close connection with the seasons of the year . The conditions applied for pasteurization in the three dairies killed (with the exception of those forming spores) nearly all psychrotrophic bacteria . The secondary seeding of the pasteurized milk by means of psychotrophics was carried out after the pasteurization along the whole technological route till its packing . The pasteurized milk packed in bottles showed a contamination with psychrotrophic microorganisms 4-6 times higher than that of milk packed in plastic bags . In the unboiled and in the pasteurized milk we found the psychrotrophic microorganisms of the species: Pseudomonas--respectively 64% and 53.8%, Micrococcus--8.2% and 30.7%, Enterobacter--9.8% and 2.6%, Bacillus--6.6% and 2.6%, Flavobacter--1.6% and 1.3% and Torula--2.6% . A comparatively high percentage (37.7%) of the isolated strains the psychrotrophic bacteria were lipolytic in the unboiled milk, 24.6%--proteolytic and 9.8% were simultaneously proteolytic and lipolytic . In the pasteurized milk 11.5% of the strains were lipolytic and 5.13% were proteolytic.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 248(3), 368 - 73
Nosocomial spread of gentamicin-tobramycin resistance in hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter sp . origin, development and transfer of R plasmids from pseudomonas to enterobacter; Antolova T et al.; In the Medical Centre of the University of Bratislava the period between 1975 and 1976 was studied with regard to a rather limited use of Gentamicin (GEN) which was then followed by a period of excessive administration thereof due to a change in the availability of the antibiotic . As a consequence, GEN-resistant (GENR) Pseudomonas appeared in two medical wards, which resistance however, was non-transmissible . A few month later, however, transfer of GENR was demonstrated as a co-transfer with other types of resistance . For the first time in 1979 strains of P . aeruginosa transferring GENR directly appeared as rather individual, dispersed strains . Later in 1979, clustered outbreaks of hospital infections caused by GENR Entrobacter sp . transferring GENR appeared as single as well as mixed infections . Interspecies transfer from P . aeruginosa to Enterobacteriaceae, and vice versa, was demonstrated in vitro . Identity or close similarity of enzyme patterns inactivating aminoglycoside antibiotics in P . aeruginosa and Enterobacter suggest that genes for GENR could be transposed from P . aeruginosa under the massive selective pressure of GEN.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980, 247(4), 468 - 82
Reactivity of isolated lipopolysaccharides of enterobacterial R mutants with complete or incomplete core structures with lectins; Ahamed NM et al.; Alkali-treated lipopolysaccharides of a range of enterobacterial R mutants with complete and incomplete core structures were investigated by agar gel and microcapillary precipitation onto their reactivity with three selected commercial lectins, namely Concanavalin A, Ricinus communis agglutinin and Wheat germ agglutinin . R lipopolysaccharides with complete R cores of the six so far established core types were differentiable from each other by their characteristic lectin reactivity pattern . One core type showed no reaction with all the three lectins . R lipopolysaccharides with incomplete core structure showed in general the reactivity pattern predictable from their individual chemical configuration . It was further shown that substitution of complete R cores by haptens (T1, T2 or ECA) or by a single repeating unit (SR mutant) did not change the reactivity pattern, although some interactions were less pronounced . It will be demonstrated that lectin precipitation can be of help for structural studies in recognizing, for example, terminal sugar units and their anomeric linkages.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1980, 171(2-3), 210 - 7
{Behaviour of indicator bacteria in microbial slime on surfaces of walls in drinkingwater-reservoirs (author's transl)}; Dott W et al.; Slime formed by microbial activity on surfaces of a tightening compound (Silicon) and Epoxid-Coating in the sphere of drinking-water does not support survival of bacteria like E . coli, S . marcescens, P . aeruginosa, S . aureus and B . subtilis . The enterobacteriaeceae remained countable over a period of nine weeks, P . aeruginosa even eighteen weeks . Whereas the grampositive Bacteria died during the short time of one week . Autoclaved slime promoted the growth of the gramnegative bacteria.

Am J Med Sci, 1980 Jan-Feb, 279(1), 25 - 30
Characteristics of gentamicin resistance in nosocomial infections; John JF Jr et al.; Characteristics of gentamicin resistance were studied in gram-negative bacilli from 50 consecutive patients with nosocomial infection, during a time when gentamicin resistance had recently become prevalent at Medical University Hospital . Burns, decubitus ulcers, and cystic fibrosis were common precipitating factors for acquisition of gentamicin-resistant organisms . Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 76% and Enterobacteriaceae for 24% of isolates . There was high prevalence of cross-resistance to amikacin (61%) and tobramycin (58%) . Of the P aeruginosa strains 36% possessed plasmids which were rapidly detected by agarose gel electrophoresis . None of the isolates transferred gentamicin resistance . Representative isolates failed to elaborate aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes or to take up labelled amikacin . Multiple immunotypes of P aeruginosa were identified . These data suggest that a nonplasmid mediated resistance mechanism such as impermeability was responsible for the emergence of gentamicin resistance.

Immun Infekt, 1980, 8(4), 121 - 6
{Fosfomycin, a new antibiotic: in vitro activity compared with mezlocillin, cefuroxime and gentamicin}; Lindenschmidt EG et al.; In vitro investigations with fosfomycin, mezlocillin, cefuroxime, and gentamicin against staphylococci, enterobacteriaceae an pseudomonadaceae were carried out by Agar Dilution method on Mueller-Hinton agar . The fosfomycin breakpoint for the low dosage of 2-3 times 3 g per infusion daily was defined with 16 micro g/ml and for the high dosage of 2-3 times 5 g fosfomycin per infusion with 64 micro g/ml . At a concentration of 16 micro g/l fosfomycin more than 90% of the cultures of staph . aureus (penicillin-resistant), e . coli, proteus mirabilis an proteus vulgaris examined were inhibited . At a concentration of less than 64 micro g/ml fosfomycin 80 toi 100% of the cultures of serratia marcescens, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae, proteus morgani et rettgeri and pseudomonas aeruginosa (gentamicin sensitive and resistant) were inhibited . Fosfomycin showed an absolute stability against many Beta-Lactamases of different bacterial species.

C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1980, 174(5), 925 - 8
{Antibacterial effect of borreverine, an alkaloid isolated from Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae)}; Maynart G et al.; Borreria verticillata, a very common tropical plant, is used in traditional pharmacopeia to recover cutaneous infections . The Borreverine alkaloid extracted from this plant had an antimicrobial action in vitro . The minimal inhibitory concentration is lower than 50 micrograms/ml for Gram positive cocci, (specially Staphylococcus aureus) and than 6 micrograms/ml for Vibrio cholerae and upper than 200 micrograms/ml for several Gram negative rod-bacteria (Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas) . These preliminary results underline the interest in the research about the antimicrobial agents from plant origin, in particular concerning naturally or chemically modified alkaloids.

Infection, 1980, 8(3), 121 - 2
Comparison of mezlocillin, piperacillin, Bay k 4999 with carbenicillin and ticarcillin against enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sobel JD et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of five penicillins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin and Bay k 4999) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, indole positive Proteus sp . and Enterobacter species was determined by an agar dilution method . Bay k 4999 and piperacillin were found to be the most active of the semi-synthetic penicillins tested against P . aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae . Bay k 4999 was slightly more active than piperacillin against E . coli, about as active as piperacillin against Pseudomonas, K . pneumoniae, P . mirabilis and indole positive Proteus, but more active than piperacillin against Enterobacter species.

Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 3, S 261 - 7
In vitro studies of moxalactam (LY127935), a new beta-lactam antibiotic with significant activity against gram-negative bacteria; DeMaria A et al.; Moxalactam (LY127935) is a new beta-lactam antibiotic which is chemically related to the cephalosporins . The agent is highly active against the Enterobacteriaceae, with most organisms sensitive to 0.1 mcg/ml or less . It is also active at low concentration against gentamicin-resistant strains of Providencia and Serratia . Minimal inhibitory concentrations of moxalactam for Pseudomonas aeruginosa are approximately four-fold lower than those of carbenicillin for the same isolates . It is highly active against Hemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant strains, with all strains tested sensitive to 0.1 mcg/ml or less . The majority of strains of Neisseria gonorrheae and Neisseria meningitidis are sensitive to 0.1 mcg/ml or less . Moxalactam is more active against Bacteroides fragilis than cefoxitin . However, activity of moxalactam against gram-positive cocci was uniformly less than cephalothin and other cephalosporins tested . Little effect of inoculum size was observed with moxalactam except for particular strains of gram-negative bacilli . The drug was found to be 40-43% bound to human serum proteins.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(2), 304 - 7
In vitro activity of piperacillin compared with that of ampicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin, and mezlocillin; Machka K et al.; The antibacterial activity of ampicillin, ticarcillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin was investigated in 1112 fresh clinical isolates using the microdilution technic . Ampicillin was the most active agent against enterococci and ticarcillin against Staphylococcus aureus, 91% of the latter being inhibited by 32 mg/l . 95% of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to piperacillin and 90% to ticarcillin and azlocillin . Piperacillin was still active against half of the azlocillin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Against the Enterobacteriaceae, mezlocillin and piperacillin were equally active: 31% of these strains were resistant to both drugs . Amongst the various strains the percentage of resistance was highest in Klebsiella (60%) . Analysis of resistance patterns of Enterobacteriaceae showed almost completely parallel resistance between these two drugs the difference being less than 3% . Piperacillin, however, had the broadest spectrum of all the penicillins tested.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1980, 12(2), 136 - 8
Piperacillin: evaluation against inpatient and gentamicin-resistant bacteria; Rosenthal SL et al.; When species-matched collections, each consisting of 128 bacterial strains, were compared, inpatient organisms were found to be significantly more resistant to piperacillin than outpatient organisms . A collection of 143 gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacilli was significantly more resistant to piperacillin than a species-matched collection of gentamicin-sensitive organisms . Piperacillin resistance was transferred by conjugation from isolates of 8 different Enterobacteriaceae species to a recipient Escherichia coli strain . In each of 67 mating experiments in which transfer of carbenicillin resistance by conjugation occurred, resistance to ticarcillin, azlocillin and piperacillin was also transferred . As in previous studies, piperacillin was found to be markedly more active against non-fastidious gram-negative bacilli than carbenicillin, ticarcillin or azlocillin . Nevertheless, piperacillin resistance, apparently plasmid mediated, was detected in multiple species.

Chemotherapy, 1980, 26(5), 334 - 43
Antibacterial activity of HR-756, cefoxitin and cefuroxine against multiply antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Legakis NJ et al.; The in vitro antibacterial activity of HR-756 compared to cefoxitin and cefuroxime . 122 multiresistant clinical isolates including Enterobacteriaceae (104) and P . aeruginosa (18), which present particular problems in antibiotic chemotherapy, were selected for study . HR-756 inhibited all the stains of S . marcescens, P . mirabilis and indole-positive Proteus spp . at a concentration of 1,3 and 12 micrograms/ml, respectively; beta-lactamase-producing strains were also susceptible . 90% of K . pneumoniae and more than half of the Enterobacter and P . aeruginosa were inhibited from the drug at a concentration 16 microgram/ml . Cefoxitin and cefuroxime were less active than HR-756 . Cefoxitin was more effective against S . marcescens and P . mirabilis while the same was the case with cefuroxime against K . pneumoniae strains . The greater efficiency of HR-756 over cefoxitin and cefuroxime against these multiply resistant isolates seems to be due not only to its indifference to the beta-lactamases but also to its easier penetrability into the bacterial cell.

Infection, 1980, 8(1), 37 - 40
Mecillinam and ampicillin separately or combined in gram-negative septicemia; Ekwall E et al.; Of 20 patients with gram-negative septicemia treated with mecillinam alone or in combination with ampicillin, successful therapeutic results were obtained in 16 . In 11 patients treated with ampicillin alone, three failures responded successfully to a combination of mecillinam and ampicillin . Mecillinam MIC values of isolated Enterobacteriaceae were 0.05-0.4 micrograms/ml . In patients receiving 5 mg/kg mecillinam intravenously every six hours, the mean 0.5 hour concentration was 11.0 micrograms/ml and in those given 10 mg/kg 23.3 migcrograms/ml . No serious side effects were recorded . One patient on mecillinam developed an exanthema, as did three patients on combined therapy.

Microbios, 1980, 29(116), 89 - 94
The mosaic of proteins synthesized by Salmonella typhimurium; Barber C; A profusion of proteins with heterologous serological specificities was synthesized by S . typhimurium grown on artificial media; accordingly, sera prepared in rabbits with these proteins displayed an abundance of antibodies reacting, in agar gel, against numerous heterologous proteins . the absorption of the sera with different Enterobacterial proteins proved that the S . typhimurium proteins are a mixture of specific proteins, and common E . coli and Salmonellae determinants; in addition, a group of strongly cross-precipitating proteins common to S . typhimurium and S . choleraesuis and to S . typhimurium and S . kentucky were identified that were not present in the proteins common to S . enteritidis, S . typhi and E . coli, or in the S . paratyphi A proteins used absorptions . The specific proteins of S . typhimurium were synthesized on artificial media in, apparently, smaller amounts than the common proteins; their role in the protection of mice against infection with their natural pathogen was, however, proof of their specificity and contrasted with the ineffectiveness, in protecting the mice, of the common proteins.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 24, 210 - 5
Protection against mouse typhoid by artificial Salmonella vaccines; Svenson SB et al.; Salmonella serogroup BO antigen specific octasaccharides were isolated from phage P22 endo-rhamnosidase cleaved S . typhimurium O-polysaccharide chains . The O-antigen 4, 12 specific octasaccharide, covalently linked to different carrier proteins, elicited both in rabbits and mice antibodies with specificity for the S . typhimurium O-antigens . Mice vaccinated with these octasaccharide-conjugates were protected against challenge infections with O-antigenic homologous Salmonella . The importance of humoral immunity directed against the O-antigen determinants was evidenced by the protective capacity of passively transferred antioctasaccharide antibodies and also of antibodies elicited by an O-antigen 4 specific 3-O-alpha-abequopyranosyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside-bovine serum albumin conjugate . Also a purified outer membrane protein preparation mediated, in vaccinated mice, protection against challenge infection with S . typhimurium . Coupling of the octasaccharide to the outer membrane proteins resulted in a vaccine which protected mice against a double as high challenge dose than could either of the two components . In conclusion, the use of O-antigenic oligosaccharides covalently attached to outer membrane protein preparations raises the possibility of producing defined and atoxic vaccines against enterobacterial infections.

Prog Clin Biol Res, 1980, 47, 107 - 17
Potential use of shared antigens for immunization against gram-negative bacillary infections; McCabe WR et al.; The demonstration of common antigens shared by all Enterobacteriaceae has led to evaluation of the effects of immunization of animals and man with these antigens in protecting against bacterial infections and challenge with LPS . Both active and passive immunization with the Re mutant of S . minnesota and the J5 mutant of E . coli afforded significant protection to mice and rabbits against lethal challenge with viable bacteria and heterologous LPS . KDO appears to be the antigenic determinant responsible for induction of protective antibody after immunization with the Re mutant but the antigenic determinant of the J5 mutant has yet to be identified . Studies in volunteers indicate that human immunization with R mutants can be accomplished without excess adverse reactions and that such immunization may protect against Gram-negative bacillary infections.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1980, Suppl 24, 154 - 7
Purification of pili from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . A preliminary report; Korhonen TK; A new procedure was developed for the purification of pili from Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium . The pili were removed from the bacterial cells by mechanical agitation and then concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate . After dialysis, the pili were solubilized in a buffer containing deoxycholate . This treatment did not solubilize the outer membrane proteins . The pili were then separated by ultracentrifugation in a sucrose gradient and finally passed through a Sepharose 4B column in a 6 M urea buffer . The pili were not dissociated by concentrated urea and they eluted in the void volume of the Sepharose 4B column . Because the enterobacterial flagella dissociate in concentrated urea, this procedure enables the purification of the pili from the flagellated strains also . The purified pilus proteins were free from lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane proteins . The molecular characteristics and the binding properties of these pilus proteins are briefly described.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1979 Dec 29, 109(50), 1999 - 2005
{Pharmacokinetics of a new cephalosporin, cefoperazone}; Allaz AF et al.; Cefoperazone is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin for parenteral use with an extended antibacterial spectrum covering Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens . Its pharmacokinetic properties were studied in 8 healthy subjects after 2 intravenous infusions of 2 g of the drug at a 12-hour interval . The mean peak serum concentrations were 134 +/- 16 microgram/ml and 143 microgram/ml . Cefoperazone was shown to possess a long half-life for a cephalosporin (1.7 hours) . In our concentration range the drug is 90% protein bound . The apparent volume of distribution was a mean 11.4 liters and the renal clearance 18 ml/min . The cumulative urinary excretion was small, viz . 23% in 12 hours, indicating that there should be no need to modify the dosage regimen in renal failure . Comparison of in vitro studies with the pharmacokinetic properties show that 2 g cefoperazone given intravenously twice a day should inhibit most sensitive bacteria.

Med Klin, 1979 Dec 14, 74(50), 1923 - 7
{In vitro studies with piperacillin . Effectiveness against enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to other antibiotics (author's transl)}; Baier R et al.; The in vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin was compared with the inhibitory effect of other broad-spectrum penicillins and beta-lactamase stable cephalosporins . The examination was carried out by agar diffusion test with 1699 gram-negative strains . The antibacterial activity of piperacillin was generally superior to that of the other penicillins . Less than one per cent . of pseudomonas aeruginosa strains tested was resistant against piperacillin . Only klebsiella spp . showed a higher sensitivity against cefoxitin and cefuroxime.

Lancet, 1979 Dec 8, 2(8154), 1205 - 8
Emergence of trimethoprim-resistant enterobacteria in patients receiving long-term co-trimoxazole for the control of intractable urinary-tract infection; Pearson NJ et al.; In patients with previously intractable urinary-tract infection treated with low-dose co-trimoxazole for 6--58 (mean 32.7) months, the percentage of infected urines fell from 41.4 before treatment to 6.3 during treatment . Only 6 episodes of infection were due to trimethoprim-resistant bacteria . Results in a small group of patients in whom treatment was continued with trimethoprim alone were similar . Under the conditions of this study, long-term control of urinary-tract infection was not materially compromised by breakthrough infections due to trimethoprim-resistant organisms.

Immunopharmacology, 1979 Dec, 2(1), 1 - 8
Immunologic cross-reaction between enterobacterial common antigen and rat tissue; Krasny SA et al.; Livers, sera, and erythrocytes of MAXX, BN, and Wistar rats were examined for an antigen (CRA) that cross-reacts with enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) . Extracts of these tissues were tested for their capacity to reduce anti-ECA titers . By this parameter, CRA was present in certain, although not all, extracts of rat tissue . None of the extracts modified red blood cells (RBC) for agglutination by anti-ECA antisera, nor did MAXX liver extracts engender anti-ECA activity in rabbits . It was speculated that a repressor is present in rat tissue that affects both antigenicity and immunogenicity of CRA . To test this concept, extracts of mixtures of enterobacterial suspensions and liver homogenates were prepared . ECA in the presence of tissue did not modify RBC for anti-ECA activity as did ECA alone, nor did enterobacteria-liver extracts significantly reduce anti-ECA titers . Administration of ethanol-soluble fractions of enterobacteria-liver mixtures to rabbits did not elicit an anti-ECA antibody response as did ECA alone . The finding of CRA in certain rat tissues, sera, and erythrocytes may account, in part, for rats being refractory to immunization with ECA . It is proposed that repressors may mask or abrogate the expression of CRA in animal tissue.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Dec, 16(6), 813 - 22
Antibacterial activities, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity of a new aminoglycoside, Win 42122-2; Came PE et al.; Win 42122-2 is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from a mutant strain of Micromonospora purpurea . In vitro and in vivo comparisons of Win 42122-2 with gentamicin and amikacin revealed that Win 42122-2 generally was less active than gentamicin against Pseudomonas and many Enterobacteriacae, especially Klebsiella and indole-negative Proteus . Against most gentamicin-susceptible isolates, Win 42122-2 was more active than amikacin . Gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates were usually resistant to Win 42122-2, although it was active against certain gentamicin-resistant organisms, depending upon the aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes harbored by the organism . However, Win 42122-2 was markedly less toxic than gentamicin in subacute nephrotoxicity studies in rats, ototoxicity experiments in guinea pigs, and ataxia determinations in cats . This series of antibacterial determinations and toxicity evaluations indicated that the reduced toxicity of the antibiotic may be sufficient to provide an improved therapeutic ratio over gentamicin and other aminoglycosides, even though Win 42122-2 is less potent than gentamicin against some bacteria.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 10(6), 850 - 1
Bacteremia associated with Enterobacter sakazakii (yellow, pigmented Enterobacter cloacae); Monroe PW et al.; A case report of bacteremia due to Enterobacter sakazakii, listed previously as yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae (R . Sakazaki, in R . E . Buchanan and N . E . Gibbons, ed., Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th ed., p . 325, 1974), occurred in a 7-day-old, Caucasian male who responded successfully to ampicillin therapy . The source of the infection was not known; however, because of the time lapse between birth and the onset of symptoms, the infection was thought to have occurred postnatally.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1979 Dec, 27(10), 649 - 54
{"In vitro" activity of cefamandole, cefalotin, cefoxitin and cefuroxim against enterobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus isolated in hospital (author's transl)}; Thabaut A et al.; The in vitro activity of cefamandole was compared with that of cephalotin, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime against 612 bacterial strains isolated in hospital . Cephalotin was more active than cefamandole and the other two cephalosporins against oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains . In contrast, the activity of cefamandole was superior to that of the other cephalosporins against oxacillin-resistant strains of S . aureus . This improved activity was confirmed by study in media with a high salt content and by population analysis . The activity of cefamandole against cephalotin-sensitive enterobacteria was superior to that of the other cephalosporins . Its activity was comparable to that of cefoxitin and cefuroxime against cephalotin-resistant strains . However, there were marked variations in this activity in relation to the different species . The therapeutic use of these new cephalosporins, and of cefamandole in particular, should thus be selective and based on the results of bacteriologic studies.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 38(6), 1098 - 102
Differentiation of selected Enterobacteriaceae by pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography; Stern NJ et al.; Pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography was used to differentiate selected species of Enterobacteriaceae . Individual cultures of Salmonella typhi, Hafnia alvei, and Proteus vulgaris, and 12 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were grown in nutrient broth . After harvest and lyophilization, the bacterial samples were pyrolyzed at 900 degrees C, and their volatile fractions were separated on a 50-m capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M . The resulting pyrolysis elution patterns (pyrograms) of the four species were monitored on an integrating console, which was coupled with the chromatographic detector . The pyrograms were divided into 312 30-s time interval areas, and each interval area was normalized in relation to the area of the entire curve . The normalized areas were evaluated by stepwise linear discriminant analysis, and the discriminating component coordinates were used to generate a plot of the canonical variables . Distinct clustering patterns allowed discrimination among the four genera of Enterobacteriaceae studied . The tight clustering of the 12 Y . enterocolitica strains suggests the advantage of pyrolysis-gas-liquid chromatography over traditional approaches for species identification.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 10(6), 940 - 2
Aerobically incubated medium for decarboxylase testing of Enterobacteriaceae by replica-plating methods; Maccani JE; An aerobically incubated, agar-based medium was developed for amino acid decarboxylase testing of Enterobacteriaceae family members by replica-plating methods . Results with the new medium agreed 97 to 99% with the reference broth method of Moeller, and no false-positive reactions were encountered.

Am J Surg, 1979 Dec, 138(6), 845 - 50
Microflora of the human small intestine; Thadepalli H et al.; The human small intestine is normally sterile in nearly one half of North American subjects . In this study the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were sterile in 82, 69, and 55 per cent of the cases, respectively . Gram-positive cocci were the most frequent finding . E . coli, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella were present in the small bowel in nearly 7, 15, and 35 per cent of duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples, respecatively . They were present in significant numbers (greater than 1 X 10(5)/ml) in the mid-jejunum in two patients and in the mid-ileum in seven patients (23 per cent) . Even with modern anaerobic techniques, anaerobes are scarce in the small bowel; 4 to 6 per cent of persons may have aerotolerant anaerobes like clostridia, but strict anaerobes like bacteroides are rare . Our study provides baseline data for use in interpreting the intestinal bacterial overgrowth associated with certain postoperative disorders.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Dec, 16(6), 757 - 60
Comparison of activity and beta-lactamase stability of cefotaxime with those of six other cephalosporins; Mouton RP et al.; A study of the susceptibility to cefotaxime and six other cephalosporins in 213 nonselected strains of nine different bacterial species clearly showed that cefotaxime was the most active against aerobic gram-negative bacilli . The same pattern emerged with 84 cephalothin-resistant strains of five enterobacterial species, but the mean minimal inhibitory concentration values for all cephalosporins were about twofold higher in this group of strains . Cephalothin was the most active antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus . The inoculus effect of 10 cephalothin-resistant strains was relatively small, but it was most marked for cefamandole, as compared with that of three other new cephalosporins, including cefotaxime . The susceptibility of these cephalosporins to beta-lactamases from 12 beta-lactamase-producing enterobacterial strains was determined . Half of these were slightly active against cefotaxime and had similar activity against cefuroxime . Cefoxitin was not degraded at all, and cefamandole was the most susceptible . No correlation between beta-lactamase susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration values of different cephalosporins was found . Cefotaxime combined high intrinsic antibiotic activity with marked resistance to beta-lactamase inactivation.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 115(2), 509 - 12
Specificity of attachment of certain enterobacteriaceae to mammalian cells; Sugarman B et al.; The specificity of adherence of various Enterobacteriaceae to different mammalian cells was studied in vitro . 3H-Labelled organisms of the same species isolated from various clinical sources differed significantly in their abilities to adhere to the same mammalian cells . Bacteria frequently adhered better to cells derived from sites other than those analogous to their original source . Bacteria did not display consistently 'high' or 'low' attachment to a variety of human and tissue-cultured cells and little selective adherence was demonstrable.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Dec, 140(6), 873 - 80
Multiple of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with differing antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from patients with cystic fibrosis; Thomassen MJ et al.; Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis were studied in an effort to determine the unique characteristics of the infecting strains and to elucidate the pattern of colonization . Of 413 patients studied, 81% were chronically infected with P . aeruginosa . Patients from whom P . aeruginosa was never or only occasionally isolated were in better clinical condition than the chronically infected patients . Isolates were classified into six morphologic varieties: classic, rough, mucoid, gelatinous, dwarf, and enterobacter . Most patients had two or more of these varieties . Such multiple varieties from the same individual were of the same serotype but often differed in antibiotic susceptibility as determined by both the disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration methods . These differences were apparent when mucoid strains were compared with nonmucoid strains and when nonmucoid strains were compared with one another . Studies of antibiotic susceptibility should be performed on each morphologically different type of P . aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 10(6), 823 - 33
The Automicrobic System for urines; Nicholson DP et al.; An evaluation of the Automicrobic System (AMS) for Urines (Vitek Systems, Inc.) was carried out under the auspices of the Product Evaluation Committee of the College of American Pathologists from the period June 1977 through October 1978 . Data generated during this evaluation indicated that, when comparing the AMS methodology to our clinical microbiology laboratory methodology, a 37% time saving could be realized by utilizing the AMS . Quantitation with the AMS showed a 99% correlation with the clinical microbiology laboratory method except for yeast which correlated only 50% of the time . The average overall identification accuracy was 95% . Negative response accuracy was 99% . Other members of the Enterobacteriaceae which the instrument is not designed to identify may produce erroneous results if they occur in urine specimens . Specimens containing two organisms were identified with a 94% correlation when compared to our conventional methodology . The time when a well becomes positive may be used as a fairly reliable indicator of significance (count greater than 70,000 colony-forming units per ml) for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella-Enterobacter group, and group D Enterococcus, but not for Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and yeast . Specimen collection must be performed properly since specimens considered as contaminated by conventional plating-out techniques may be reported out by the AMS as only one or two organisms and thus lead to an erroneous assumption as to significance . Cost per specimen was $1.83 more by utilizing the AMS method as compared to our conventional method . This is offset by a saving of 1.74 h daily of personnel time and a final report in 13 h . At least 30 urine specimens would be needed daily to pay for the instrument and specimen costs in 1 year . The AMS can provide significant aid to a clinical microbiology laboratory when all factors are considered.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Dec, 245(4), 490 - 4
Incompatibility of R plasmids from clinical material; Monti-Bragadin C et al.; Thirteen R plasmids derived from strains of E Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical material have been characterized . They belonged to many incompatibility groups and differ widely respecting other phenotypic characteristics, even if they come from bacteria isolated from a small geographic area.

JAMA, 1979 Nov 30, 242(22), 2411 - 3
Polymicrobial bacteremia; Roselle GA et al.; Of 26,961 blood cultures taken during an 18-month period at the Cincinnati General Hospital, 1,715 (6%) were positive . Ninety-four patients had blood cultures containing more than one organism . Although aerobic and anaerobic streptococci were the most frequently isolated bacteria, a variety of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, was isolated in different combinations depending on the underlying disease . Neurological illness, malignant neoplasms, burns, and decubitus ulcers were among the most common underlying conditions found . The overall mortality was 54%, but only 58% of these deaths were specifically related to an episode of polymicrobial bacteremia . Patient survival was significantly related to appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Med J Aust, 1979 Nov 17, 2(10), 514 - 5
New aid to management of septicaemia: rapid direct antibiotic susceptibility testing; Funnell GR et al.; A rapid and reliable method of performing direct antibiotic susceptibility tests on positive blood cultures has been developed . A result is now available five hours after laboratory confirmation of septicaemia . An evaluation involving 55 blood-culture isolates demonstrated an over-all correlation of 97.8% when results obtained by the rapid direct Autobac l method were compared to those obtained by definitive testing procedures . The method is particularly applicable to isolates of Staphyloccus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Enterobacteriaceae . It is especially significant because of the recent emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance amongst hospital strains of these bacteria with many isolates showing resistance to antibiotics frequently used in the empirical treatment of septicaemia . The rapid availability of a reliable antibiogram is important in allowing early appropriate chemotherapy and, hence, in the reduction of septicaemia-associated morbidity and mortality, and the length of stay in hospital.

Sem Hop, 1979 Nov 8-15, 55(37-38), 1713 - 22
{Clinical and bacteriological evaluation of sisomicin in sixteen cases of severe bronchopulmonary infection (author's transl)}; Duwoos H et al.; Sisomicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was used as sole bactericidal therapy in sixteen cases of severe bronchopulmonary infection for an average of 11,5 days (range 7 to 14) with a dose of 3,5 mg/kg per day in three intramuscular injections . Fifteen of these hospitalized patients presented with chronic airway obstruction which resulted in lowered O2 saturation (SaO2 congruent to 86,1%, range 74 to 93) and, in twelve patients, hypercapnia (PaCO2 = 55,7 torr, range 33--73) . Two of these patients were under continuous assisted ventilation . Two patients had a lower lobe infiltrate and a lung abscess respectively . Proteus (n = 3), Pseudomonas (n = 9), K . pneumoniae (n = 2), E . Coli (n = 1), Enterobacter (n = 1), S . aureus (n = 1) and D . pneumoniae (n = 1) were the dominant organisms in the bronchial secretions isolated by Mulder's method; P . aeruginosa was associated with K . pneumoniae, P . rettgeri and E . coli respectively in three cases . In thirteen cases, either a clinical cure (n = 2) or a definite improvement was observed (sputum volume and purulence, auscultatory signs, temperature) . However, among these patients were three cases of superinfection/colonization and two cases of persistent organisms . In addition, in two of the three cases showing no improvement colonization occured . The favorable results of this study appear to be due to vigorous antibiotic therapy combined with intensive adjunct therapy . No adverse local or systemic reactions clearly attributable to the drug were observed.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 38(5), 1023 - 6
Medium for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacteriaceae; Kaper J et al.; A medium was devised for the rapid presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila . It also offered good differentiation of Klebsiella, Proteus, and other enteric species . Mannitol fermentation, inositol fermentation, ornithine decarboxylation and deamination, indole production, motility, and H2S production from sodium thiosulfate and cysteine could be recorded in a single tube of the medium.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 10(5), 693 - 7
Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures with the Micro-ID system; Edberg SC et al.; Micro-ID is a new test system designed to identify members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 4 h . It consists of 15 biochemical tests on reagent-impregnated paper disks; each test is in its own compartment in a molded plastic tray . Based on the pattern of positive and negative biochemical reactions, a five-digit octal code number is calculated . A computer-generated identification manual accompanies the product, and for each octal code listed there is a numerical value that represents the unknown isolate's degree of fit to a typical organism (LFR), a second numerical value that represents its separation from other organisms (PNOR), and a verbal description of the quality of identification . Only one reagent is added to the system . Manufacturer's directions were modified in this laboratory to allow identification from a turbid blood culture bottle within 4 h . Based on 330 routine clinical cultures tested, there was a 96.1% agreement with conventional identification to the genus and species level: 1.2% yielded first two choices possible, with one being the correct choice; 1.2% provided a correct genus, but no species identification; and 1.5% produced an incorrect identification . The Micro-ID is an accurate, facile system for the rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Nov, 140(5), 807 - 10
Subtraction serum bactericidal assay: a method for estimating in vivo effects of antibiotic combinations; Todd JK et al.; The subtraction serum bactericidal assay has been developed to assess the effects of the individual components of antibiotic combinations in serum specimens from patients with serious bacterial infection . The technique can be performed easily with conventional microtiter technology, and the results compare favorably with those obtained by conventional in vitro determinations of the additive and synergistic activity of fixed antibiotic combinations against various Enterobacteriaceae . Three combinations of gentamicin and ampicillin were used, and synergistic or additive activity was demonstrated against each of the 11 clinical isolates tested, but only with one or two of the antibiotic combinations . This finding suggests the clinical importance of a test that can determine the effects of the actual concentrations of individual antibiotics that are achieved in patients with serious infections that are being treated with antibiotic combinations.

Am J Dis Child, 1979 Nov, 133(11), 1132 - 3
Antimicrobial selection for meningitis in young infants; Maguire GF et al.; Organisms causing community-acquired meningitis in the first four months of life were reviewed . Species of Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae were preponderant in the neonatal period, whereas S pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were preponderant after the first month of life . The Enterobacteriaceae, other than Salmonella, were not associated with meningitis after one month of age . Implications for antimicrobial selection were considered.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 38(5), 974 - 9
Description of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid in Beneckea harveyi; McCall JO et al.; A total of 795 strains of marine Vibrio species and Beneckea harveyi, a luminescent marine bacterium, were isolated from various sources in the area of Galveston Island, Tex., and screened for the production of bacteriocin-like substances . More than 8% of the Vibrio isolates produced low-molecular-weight (dialyzable) substances, which were lethal to a test strain of V . parahaemolyticus . Approximately 5% of the B . harveyi isolates produced higher-molecular-weight (nondialyzable) substances which were lethal to a test strain of B . harveyi . One of the B . harveyi strains (strain SY) produced a nondialyzable substance which was lethal to two of 39 strains of B . harveyi . The substance showed no activity toward 17 test strains drawn from the Vibrionaceae and Enterobacteriaceae . Strain SY showed no sensitivity to its own lethal agent and was shown by agarose gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy to harbor a single plasmid of 38 x 10(6) daltons . Variants of strain SY lacking the plasmid were produced by growth in the presence of the antibiotic novobiocin . These variants lacked both the ability to produce the lethal substance and the ability to survive in its presence . The lethal agent produced by strain SY is the first bacteriocin reported in marine bacteria . The term "harveyicin" is proposed to name this lethal substance.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Nov, 16(5), 561 - 4
Inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by Legionella pneumophila; Fu KP et al.; Beta-lactam-inactivating activity has been found in all sero-groups of Legionella pneumophila . The beta-lactamase activity could be detected in intact cells and released by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, indicating that it is located in the periplasmic space . The enzyme acted primarily as a cephalosporinase hydrolyzing cefamandole, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and also penicillin G and ampicillin . Cefoxitin and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed . Clavulanic acid and CP-45,899, beta-lactamase inhibitors, prevented the hydrolysis of cephalosporins and penicillins . The beta-lactamase activity appears to be different from that found in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas.

Heart Lung, 1979 Nov-Dec, 8(6), 1117 - 21
Bacterial contamination potential of sterile, prefilled humidifiers and nebulizer reservoirs; Koss JA et al.; Contaminated respiratory therapy equipment may be responsible for the spread of pathogens to hospital patients . This study focused on the potential for contamination of prefilled, sterile, disposable water and saline systems for humidification and nebulization . Gas and liquid samples from 48 prepacked oxygen humidifier/cannula and 26 prepacked nebulization setups were taken at the initial application of devices and at 8, 24, 48, and 72 hour intervals, totaling 386 cultures . All samples from the humidifier units were found to be pathogen-free for up to 3 days . A total of six or 3.84% of the nebulizer samples showed contamination with Enterobacter cloacae after 8 to 24 hours of operation . It was concluded that the potential for contamination of the humidifiers is low for up to 72 hours, but the nebulizer units should be changed after 24 hours even though their contamination rate is markedly lower than that of conventional nondisposable units.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Nov, 16(5), 625 - 30
Agar disk diffusion susceptibility characteristics of azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin; Phaneuf D et al.; The agar disk diffusion susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae to mezlocillin and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin . The agar disk susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin and ticarcillin . Criteria are offered for the zones of inhibition to provide information about resistant and susceptible isolates that correlate with known serum levels.

Biochemistry, 1979 Oct 16, 18(21), 4630 - 8
Stereochemistry of the hydrolysis of the endo isomer of uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorothioate catalyzed by the nonspecific phosphohydrolase from Enterobacter aerogenes; Gerlt JA et al.; The nonspecific phosphohydrolase from Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) requires divalent metal ions for activity, since zinc present in the isolated enzyme can be removed by extensive dialysis against 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate at pH 7.5 to yield an inactive enzyme which can be reactivated by addition of Zn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Mn2+, or Ni2+; six ions of either zinc or cadmium can be incorporated into the inactive enzyme, and this incorporation of metal ion can be correlated with the regaining of activity (J . A . Gerlt, R . Dhesi, and H . C . Hemmings, unpublished experiments) . The cadmium-reactivated phosphohydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the endo isomer of uridine 2',3'-cyclic phosphorothioate (U greater than pS) to yield uridine 3'-monophosphorothioate as the major product . After enzymatic hydrolysis of the cyclic phosphorothioate in 19.8% H218O and chemical recyclization of the 18O-labeled acyclic phosphorothioates to yield a mixture of the endo and exo isomers of U greater than pS, 18O is found primarily in the exo isomer, as judged by examination of the 145.7-MHz phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the mixture . This observation indicates that the cadmium phosphosphohydrolase catalyzes hydrolysis of endo-U greater than pS with inversion of configuration, implying that the hydrolysis reaction proceeds by an in-line attack of water on the phosphorus.

Nouv Presse Med, 1979 Oct 15, 8(39), 3157 - 60
{Activity of cefamandole against enterobacteria resistant to cephalosporins (author's transl)}; Kazmierczak A et al.; Cefamandole is a new cephalosporin active against non beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria, at lower concentrations (mean of MIC: 0.79 mcg/ml) than those of cefalothin taken as a reference amongst current cephalosporins (mean of MIC: 6.84 mcg/ml) . This improved activity was also seen against enterobacteria producing extra-chromosomal penicillinase (mean of MIC: 3.59 mcg/ml for cefamandole and 12.76 mcg/ml for cefalothin) . These findings would suggest that cefamandole is better able to reach the site of action of beta-lactamines within the bacteria . In contrast to current cephalosporins, cefamandole is active against enterobacteria producing chromosomal cephalosporinase, by virtue of its stability against the hydrolytic activity of this type of enzyme . It thus is the leader of a new generation of cephalosporins.

Lancet, 1979 Oct 6, 2(8145), 732 - 3
Bacteriological criteria for feeding raw breast-milk to babies on neonatal units; Carroll L et al.; Aerobic cultures of 207 samples of drip breast-milk from seventy mothers in hospital showed that 6 (3%) were sterile and 170 (82%) contained only the commensal organisms coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus viridans . 25 (15%) grew potential pathogens--Staphylococcus aureus in 13 (6%); enterobacteria in 15 (7%); and group-B streptococci in 3 (2%) . It is proposed that milk with commensals in any numbers may be considered for use unheated but not milk containing any potential pathogens.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 114(2), 487 - 9
Biochemical differentiation in large colonies of Enterobacter cloacae; Wimpenny JW et al.; Large colonies of Enterobacter cloacae which were about 700 micrometer thick were frozen in liquid nitrogen and sectioned horizontally . The sections were disrupted and several oxidative enzymes were assayed in the crude unfractionated homogenates . In the top 120 micrometer of the colonies the specific activities of the enzymes were high and characteristic of aerobically adapted cells . Cells nearer the base of colonies had very low enzyme activities.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 38(4), 599 - 605
Gas chromatographic analysis of in situ cyclitol utilization by Klebsielleae growing in redwood extracts; Talbot HW Jr et al.; Gas chromatographic analysis was employed to demonstrate in situ cyclitol utilization in aqueous extracts of redwood by isolates of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and several other genera of gram-negative bacteria . In aqueous redwood extracts, all but one of the Klebsiella and Enterobacter isolates tested reached densities exceeding 5.0 x 10(6) cells/ml within 4 days, and all utilized pinitol and sequoyitol . Other enteric bacteria did not utilize cyclitols in this extract . A defined minimal medium, containing the carbohydrates and cyclitols (including myo-inositol) in redwood, was used to determine which carbon sources are preferentially utilized by Klebsielleae and other bacteria . It was found that D-glucose and L-arabinose were consumed by Klebsiella before the three cyclitols were utilized . Pinitol utilization proceeded in more slowly than that of sequoyitol and myo-inositol . Cyclitol utilization in the defined medium was also observed for Yersinia, Erwinia, and Salmonella . Escherichia coli isolates did not utilize cyclitol compounds . The ability to use cyclitols as a sole source of carbon can explain the high cell densities of Klebsielleae in redwood water reservoirs and in redwood lumber.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 10(4), 482 - 7
Comparison of direct and standard antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing for bacteria isolated from blood; Mirrett S et al.; To determine the reliability of early antimicrobial susceptibility testing, we compared the results of direct and standard single-disk diffusion methods for 581 positive blood cultures processed routinely by the clinical microbiology laboratory . The direct procedure differed from the standard one only in that the 0.5 McFarland inoculum was prepared from 1 ml of turbid broth rather than five isolated colonies from a subculture plate . A major discrepancy in results was defined as a change from susceptible to resistant or vice versa according to interpretive standards for zone diameters, whereas a minor discrepancy was defined as a shift to or from the intermediate category when paired direct and standard tests were compared . The overall agreement between the two methods was 94.6% of 2,308 comparisons . There were 119 minor (5.2%) and 6 major (0.3%) discrepancies . The major discrepancies were seen with three strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and one strain each of S . aureus, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sp . Direct susceptibility testing of positive blood cultures that were pure by gram-stained smear provided reliable results 24 to 36 h earlier than conventional procedures; therefore, we recommended this procedure to guide early antimicrobial therapy in patients with bacterial sepsis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 10(4), 433 - 6
Yersinia intermedia: temperature-dependent bacteriocin production; Bottone EJ et al.; Yersinia enterocolitica and related Yersinia species share many temperature-dependent biological attributes . The present report documents temperature-dependent production of a bacteriocin-like substance only among Yersinia strains which ferment L-rhamnose, raffinose, and melibiose and which have been tentatively designed Y . intermedia . When tested by the "lawn-spotting" technique at 25 and 37 degrees C, 7 of 15 Y . intermedia strains produced a bacteriocin only at 25 degrees C with a uniform spectrum of activity against 2 strains of Y . enterocolitica, 1 rhamnose-positive, raffinose-negative, melibiose-negative strain tentatively designated Y . frederiksenii, 8 Y . intermedia, and 3 sucrose- and acetylmethylcarbinol-negative yersinial isolates tested . Bacteriocin-like activity was not detected among the Y . enterocolitica, Y . frederiksenii, or sucrose-negative yersinial strains tested . The exclusive activity of the Y . intermedia antibacterial substance only against yersiniae and not against other representative Enterobacteriaceae tested supports the placement of these microorganisms within the genus Yersinia and further establishes the singularity of Y . intermedia.

Biokhimiia, 1979 Oct, 44(10), 1754 - 61
{Correlation of the increase in DNA methylation and antioxidant activity of mouse liver nuclear lipids after administration of antioxidant and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma}; Romanenko EB et al.; The content of 5'-methylcytosine in total DNA of mouse liver increases 2--2,5-fold 3 hrs after a single intraperitoneal injection of antioxidant (4-methyl-2,6-ditretbutylphenol) (20 or 60 mg per 1 kg of body weight) and makes up to 2--2.4 mol.% . The methylation of liver DNA is also increased more than 2-fold in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma . The DNA isolated from mouse liver after administration of antioxidant or during cancer growth markedly differs from liver DNA of intact animals in its CH3-accepting ability under in vitro methylation by the methylase complex from Enterobacter cloacea . The changes in DNA methylation in mouse liver under the effects of antioxidant and in Ehrlich ascite carcinoma are correlated with the changes in the antioxidant activity of liver nuclear lipids.

Am J Med, 1979 Oct, 67(4), 702 - 6
Clinical isolation and characterization of aminoglycoside-resistant small colony variants of Enterobacter aerogenes; Rusthoven JJ et al.; Small colony variants of Enterobacter aerogenes, as well as the parental large colony type, grew in blood drawn for cultures on three separate days from a patient who had received suboptimal gentamicin therapy . Minimum inhibitory concentrations of four aminoglycoside antibiotics were eight to more than 16 times higher for small colony variants than for the normal large colony type . Small colony variants had defective catalase activity, which may have interfered with oxidative metabolism and aminoglycoside uptake . Small colony variants reverted readily to the parental type in vitro in the absence of aminoglycosides . Clinically isolated small colony variants appeared similar to those selected in the presence of gentamicin in vitro, with respect to colony morphology, aminoglycoside resistance and catalase deficiency . The isolation of small colony variants during gentamicin therapy in vivo suggests that such variants may be a cause of treatment failure in patients receiving aminoglycosides.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Oct, 72(4), 586 - 90
Evaluation of a pectin agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica within 48 hours; Bowen JH et al.; A modified pectin agar medium was evaluated for the rapid isolation and presumptive identification of Yersinia enterocolitica . Of 118 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae tested, only the 13Y . enterocolitica and the three Klebsiella oxytoca strains produced colonies that depressed and sank into the agar . Yersinia enterocolitica was also easily identified in mixed cultures, even from inocula containing three times as many other Enterobacteriaceae organisms as Y . enterocolitica . The recovery of Y . enterocolitica was evaluated on Mueller-Hinton, pectin, Hektoen enteric, xylose lysine desoxycholate, Salmonella-Shigella, and MacConkey agars . Compared with Mueller-Hinton agar, the pectin agar showed a 100% recovery of Y . enterocolitica, with all strains having depressed colonies, while the other media showed lesser recoveries of only 5 to 25%, with no other discriminating colonial characteristic.

Can J Biochem, 1979 Oct, 57(10), 1191 - 9
Characterization of an inducible porter required for L-proline catabolism by Escherichia coli K12; Wood JM et al.; L-Proline can serve as sole source of carbon and nitrogen for the growth of Escherichia coli K12 and other Enterobacteria . L-Proline uptake and L-proline oxidase are subject both to catabolite repression and to specific induction by L-proline or glycyl-L-proline, although their regulation is not strictly coordinate . A strain defective for L-proline uptake due to a lesion at the locus putP does not show elevated uptake activity either on relief of catabolite repression or when grown on glycyl-L-proline as nitrogen source . The apparent Km for L-proline uptake decreases up to 14-fold as uptake Vm increases when cells are induced for both L-proline uptake and L-proline oxidase; cells with increased uptake activity, alone, do not show an altered Km . Although L-proline is metabolized during the uptake measurements, uptake is always active . The observed variations in uptake Km are unlikely to result from the escape of radioactive L-proline metabolites or from reversal of the transport reaction during the uptake measurements . We conclude that the L-proline porter encoded in putP is responsible for 80 to 90% of the constitutive and for the inducible L-proline uptake activity of wild-type bacteria . Although this porter is amplified in cells induced for L-proline catabolism, the observed values for uptake Vm may not be taken as a direct indicator of porter concentration.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 38(4), 754 - 7
Expansion of the host range of coliphage P1 and gene transfer from enteric bacteria to other gram-negative bacteria; Murooka Y et al.; The bacterial host range of coliphage P1 was extented by using the heat-inducible phage P1clr100KM . A gene for kanamycin resistance was transferred from Escherichia coli to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and some other genera of gram-negative bacteria . P1 phage was produced by thermal induction from the lysogens of all these kanamycin-resistant bacteria except some strains.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 25(10), 1197 - 200
Nitrogen fixation associated with 'Park' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); Shearman RC et al.; Associative nitrogen fixation in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turfs inoculated with five nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the acetylene reduction assay and nitrogen accumulation as indicators of fixation . 'Park' and 'Nugget' Kentucky bluegrass turfs were grown in controlled environment chambers and inoculated with Klebsiella pneumoniae (W-2, W-6, and W-14), Erwinia herbicola (W-8), and Enterobacter cloacae (W-11) . 'Park' inoculated with K . pneumoniae (W-6) had significant acetylene reduction activity using undisturbed turfs . Other treatments including turfs treated with heat-killed cells had no significant difference in acetylene reduction . In a second study, "Park' and 'South Dakota Certified' turfs were grown in a greenhouse and inoculated with K . pneumoniae (W-6) and E . herbicola (W-8) . 'Park' inoculated with K . pneumoniae (W-6) had increased acetylene reduction activity rates and also a greater nitrogen accumulation in aerial tissues when compared to controls . Acetylene reduction activity was correlated (r = 0.92) to nitrogen accumulation . Other treatments did not effectively increase acetylene reduction activity or nitrogen accumulation.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 10(4), 515 - 8
Evaluation of Micro-Media Quad Panels for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae; Kelly SA et al.; The Micro-Media Quad Enteric Panel and coding system were evaluated by comparing the identifications of 193 stock and 216 clinical isolates, representing 31 species of Enterobacteriaceae, with those provided by conventional methods . The results corresponded for 91% of the organisms if only the single or most probable identification was accepted and for 93% if the correct identification was listed as one of several possible, but not the most probable, identification by the coding system . With 73% of the isolates, the single identification provided by the coding system was correct, and in 20% of instances the correct identification was listed as the first of several choices in descending order of probability but requiring additional tests for differentiation . In most of the latter instances, these additional tests consisted of serological confirmation of salmonellae or shigellae . Discrepancies consisted of incorrect identifications (4%) and organisms with code numbers not appearing in the coding system (3%).

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 10(4), 492 - 6
Identification of Enterobacteriaceae in frozen microdilution trays prepared by Micro-Media Systems; Barry AL et al.; Frozen microdilution trays, with 20 different biochemical test media for identification of Enterobactericeae, were evaluated . The test panels were those provided by Micro-Media Systems (MMS), who also provided a code book for interpretation of the test results . The interpretations of the MMS test system and of the Analytab API 20E test system were compared with those obtained from tests with conventional media . Tests with 468 Enterobacteriaceae demonstrated nearly comparable results with the two commercial systems . About 6% (API) and 7% (MMS) of the isolates could not be identified without additional tests, and another 3% (MMS) to 4% (API) of the isolates gave test patterns that were not found in the code books . One to three percent of the isolates were misidentified . It was concluded that the MMS Enteric Quad Panels provide an efficient, relatively inexpensive, and reasonably accurate method for identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 10(4), 454 - 8
Evaluation of the modified Micro-ID system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Buesching WJ et al.; Micro-ID is a system designed to identify the Enterobacteriaceae by utilizing reagent-impregnated disks for 15 biochemical tests . Since its initial evaluations, the system has undergone modification in formulation and in its computer data base . In a dual-center evaluation, 306 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were tested: 145 common and typical isolates at the Mayo Clinic and 161 unusual or atypical isolates at the Center for Disease Control . Each laboratory also exchanged 50 cultures to test the system's reproducibility . Micro-ID correctly identified 142 (98%) of the common clinical isolates and 123 (76%) of the unusual or atypical organisms . However, in this latter group, three species tested were not in the system's data base . When these organisms were deleted from the analysis, 138 of 146 (95%) of the unusual or atypical isolates were correctly identified . Analysis of the 100 isolates identified in duplicate revealed 93% reproducibility of genus and species identification and 62% reproducibility of octal code numbers . Of the 31 strains with the same identification but different code numbers, 74% differed in only one biochemical test.

Am J Vet Res, 1979 Oct, 40(10), 1454 - 7
Effect of long-term tetracycline exposure (drinking water additive) on antibiotic-resistance of aerobic gram-negative intestinal flora of rats; Beaucage CM et al.; A study was undertaken to determine the effect of 2 years of intermittent administration of tetracycline in drinking water on antibiotic resistance in the aerobic gram-negative enterobacteria of rats in a closed colony . The bacterial isolates examined were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin . Minimal inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and streptomycin for intestinal organisms were similar in all of the animals, regardless of whether the animals were sampled while they were given drinking water with added tetracycline or at intervals of 3, 8, and 9 months after the antibiotic was no longer added to the drinking water . Biochemical examination of the isolates from each principal showed that Escherichia coli was the predominant enteric organism . In conjugation experiments, all E coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated transferred tetracycline and streptomycin resistance to an E coli K-12 recipient . Four different strains of rats that had not been treated with tetracycline (controls) were examined for tetracycline resistance . Tetracycline-resistant Proteus mirabilis was isolated from the intestines of these animals . Plasmid-mediated resistance could not be demonstrated . The E coli and P vulgaris isolates from these control animals were susceptible to tetracycline.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1979 Oct, 87(5), 271 - 6
Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae . II . Use of a beta-glucuronidase detecting agar medium (PGUA agar) for the identification of E . coli in primary cultures of urine samples; Kilian M et al.; beta-glucuronidase activity is an exclusive characteristic of E . Coli and some shigellae among Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae . An agar medium (PGUA agar) which permits the detection of bacteria with beta-glucuronidase activity in mixed cultures was evaluated as a primary culture medium for clinical samples of urine . The medium was selective for enterobacteria and yielded significantly higher recoveries than MacConkey agar . Based on the examination of 3,460 urine samples, it was found that the use of the PGUA agar has several advantages over conventional methods: 1) 94% of all E . coli cultures could be identified on the basis of their appearance on the primary plates; 2) The use of the PGUA method did not result in any misidentidications as compared to 1% of cultured misidentified by the conventional procedure; 3) Approximately one-half of the urine samples which contained E . coli as the sole organism could be reported following the reading of primary culture plates; 4) The application of the PGUA medium resulted in a 46% reduction in the cost of media employed and a 67% reduction in the time required for the processing of urine samples.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Oct, 140(4), 622 - 5
Effect of antibiotics on the adherence of enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells; Sugarman B et al.; Antibiotics at bacteriostatic concentrations (four times the minimal inhibitory concentration) decreased the attachment of Enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells in vitro and augmented the reversibility of such adherence . These actions of antibiotics may influence colonization by nosocomial bacteria and the subsequent infection that they cause.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Oct, 83(2), 255 - 65
Bacteriostasis of Escherichia coli by milk . IV . The bacteriostatic antibody of human milk; Dolby JM et al.; Bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains of Escherichia coli is reduced when IgA is removed from milk by precipitation . Lysozyme is not involved in bacteriostasis and can be removed without loss of activity; heavy bentonite absorption however removes some lactoferrin causing partial loss of activity . The heat-labile antigen eliciting bacteriostatic antibody for E . coli is present in milk-sensitive and milk-resistant strains and in some other Enterobacteriaceae, e.g . salmonella; it cross reacts with the antigen in others, e.g . proteus and enterobacter . The antibody is therefore likely to be present in all human milk as a result of the normal commensal gut flora and with widespread activity.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Oct, 16(4), 458 - 62
In vitro response of Enterobacter to ampicillin; Lampe MF et al.; Three strains of Enterobacter were studied for their response to ampicillin . They exhibited a basic level of resistance that depended on the medium used and high-level mutational resistance at a frequency of 10(-5) to 10(-7) . Two classes of mutants were selected, one of which showed markedly enhanced antibiotic inactivation as indicated by a biological assay and the other of which resembled the wild type in this regard . Both mutants showed cross-resistance to other beta-lactam antibiotics . The results explained discrepancies between traditional broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentration tests and early read automated procedures.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1979 Oct, 13(4), 377 - 81
{Antigenic relationships between Salmonella choleraesuis strains and Torulopsis (author's transl)}; Cicioglu R et al.; Antigenic relationships between Candida clausseni and Salmonella choleraesuis were presented before . In this study, antigenic relationships between Salmonella choleraesuis and different strains of Torulopsis analyzed by immunodiffusion studies . Antigenic relationships between intragroups of Torulopsis were also studied . The results showed that the common thermostable component (s) of S . choleraesuis and Torulopsis musae may probably be related to the common enterobacterial antigen . Other results are also discussed.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Oct, 55(648), 739 - 41
Combined rifampicin and chloramphenicol therapy for Enterobacter osteomyelitis; Naveh Y et al.; A 2-month-old infant with Enterobacter osteomyelitis complicating total parenteral nutrition was successfully treated with rifampicin and chloramphenicol . No untoward side effects attributed to rifampicin has been noted despite prolonged administration of rifampicin.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Sep 7, 121(36), 1137 - 9
{Prophylactic use of antibiotics (author's transl)}; Jackson GG; The correlation between extensive aminoglycoside usage and the resistance of P . aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae (up to 40%) is a particularly striking aspect in hospitals . Favourable conditions for an effective prophylaxis are the limitation to one pathogen, a defined location and recent contamination . In so-called "clean" operations, prophylaxis is reasonably justified in exceptional cases only . Likewise, no benefit is to be expected from chemoprophylaxis in most of the so-called "clean-contaminated" surgical procedures . In septic surgery, antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated even if effectiveness is limited . Indiscriminate routine use, longterm treatment and local application of antibiotics to intensely contaminated areas is definitely not to be recommended.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 38(3), 402 - 5
Enterobacteriaceae isolated from iguanid lizards of west-central Texas; Mathewson JJ; The prevalence of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the intestines of seven species of iguanid lizards native to west-central Texas was determined . Of the 67 lizard specimens examined, 48.7% were infected with Salmonella and 9% were infected with Salmonella arizonae . Two lizard species (Sceloporus olivaceus and Crotaphytus collaris) were shown to have a 100% prevalence of Salmonella.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 341 - 5
LY127935, a novel oxa-beta-lactam: an in vitro comparison with other beta-lactam antibiotics; Wise R et al.; The in vitro activities of LY127935 (LY) were compared with those of other beta-lactam antibiotics . LY was highly active (minimal inhibitory concentration {MIC} range 0.06 to 0.25 micrograms/ml) against the common Enterobacteriaceae (including Providencia stuartiia, Enterobacter, and Serrati marcescens), 8 to 16 times more active than cefoxitin, cefuroxime, or cefazolin, and from one-half to one-eighth as active as cefotaxime (HR756) . The activity of LY against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (with MICs of 4 and 64 micrograms/ml for 50 and 90% of test strains, respectively) was essentially similar to that of cefotaxime, but was only one-half as active as CGP 7174/E . LY, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime were essentially equally active against Bacteroides fragilis--each was more active than cefuroxime and cefazolin . Against Staphylococcus aureus, LY (50% MIC and 90% MIC of 4 and 16 micrograms/ml, respectively) was less active than cefotaxime, cefoxitin, or cefuroxime and one-eighth as active as cefazolin . The composition and pH of the culture medium had little effect on the activity of LY, although 7.2 appeared to be the optimum pH.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 287 - 92
In vitro activity of LY127935; Barza M et al.; The activity of LY127935, a beta-lactam antibiotic of novel structure, was studied in vitro against facultative gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacteroides fragilis . The strains were recent clinical isolates, many of which were relatively resistant to other antibiotics . LY127935 exhibited striking activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp., Serratia marcescens, and B . fragilis with median minimum inhibitory concentrations of less than or equal to 1.0 micrograms/ml . It was somewhat less active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S . aureus . Cefotaxime (HR 756) showed very similar activity except that it was substantially weaker against B . fragilis . LY127935 was more active than cefamandole, cefoxitin, or piperacillin; it was also as potent as tobramycin or amikacin against all species except for P . aeruginosa.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1979 Sep-Oct, 36(5), 947 - 53
{Cellulitis in pediatrics . Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations}; Guiscafre H et al.; The clinical histories of 180 cases of cellulitis or phlegmona diffusa were studied at the Hospital de Pediatria del Centro Medico Nacional . The disease prevailed in infants and preschool children . Staphylococcus aureus was the etiological agent most frequently found, but with the presence of enterobacteriaceae in 39% of patients under 2 years of age . One third of the children with cellulitis showed one or several complications . Lethality reached 5% (9 cases), but always related to septicemia from S . aureus . In 14.4%, osteoarthritis was present; frequently there was: fever for over 5 days in spite of adequate treatment, a history of late initiation of the antimicrobial drug (over 1 week) and phlogosis or functional limitation . The radiological picture that shows the bony lesion was evident only after two weeks . One half these cases remained with sequelae . Considerations are made on the adequate plans for antibiotic treatment and the early diagnosis of the osteoarticular complication.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 114(1), 15 - 25
Application of agarose gel electrophoresis to the characterization of plasmid DNA in drug-resistant enterobacteria; Willshaw GA et al.; A simple gel electrophoresis method has been described for the detection of plasmid DNA in bacteria (Meyers et al., 1976) . We investigated further the problems encountered in using this method for the analysis of plasmids in wild enterobacterial strains . The migration of open circular and linear plasmid DNA was examined, since these forms sometimes caused difficulty in the interpretation of the plasmid content of uncharacterized strains . Electrophoresis at different agarose concentrations was employed to resolve clearly plasmid DNA from the chromosomal DNA fragments in the crude preparations . Dissociation of some plasmids occurs in Salmonella typhimurium, and this was detected by electrophoresis . The technique was applied to the study of drug-resistant strains of S . typhimurium phage type 208 from several Middle Eastern countries . The cultures carry a drug resistance plasmid of the FIme compatibility group, and at least two other plasmids which were detected and identified by gel electrophoresis . The studies supported and extended the genetic findings and provided information on the distribution of particular plasmids.

J Clin Pathol, 1979 Sep, 32(9), 935 - 43
Biotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae (sensu lato) and Enterobacter aerogenes characterised by differential substrate metabolism: application of the technique; Barr JG et al.; A biochemical typing method is described for Klebsiella pneumoniae (sensu lato) and Enterobacter aerogenes . The technique depends on differences in metabolism of five carbon substrates--glycerol, inositol, lactose, glucose, and xylose--at two concentrations . Reproducibility is satisfactory and is monitored by the incorporation of control klebsiellae of known biotype . The method has been used for 12 months in the surveillance of urinary tract colonisation in this hospital . Gut carriage of klebsiellae, implicated by several workers as a source of infection, was common among staff and new admissions . Many biotypes were represented which were sensitive to most antibiotic except ampicillin . Klebsiellae, all multiply resistant, were isolated most frequently from urine specimens in two orthopaedic wards . In a longitudinal study in these wards, a sequential dominance in urinary tract colonisation by two klebsiella biotypes was shown, which suggested the presence of cross infection or an environmental reservoir . Confirmatory evidence was obtained from capsular serotypes and R-factor studies.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1979 Sep, 169(1-2), 135 - 63
{Microbial emission, immission and changes in the germ count in the cooling water during operation of wet cooling towers III . communication: laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction kinetics of Escherichia coli in cooling tower plumes (author's transl)}; Baer E et al.; The present paper reports on laboratory tests for the determination of the reduction rate of micro-organisms . The investigations were carried out with a pure culture of E . coli, a germ type from the enterobacterial group . By a suitable variation of the thermodynamic parameters it was possible to simulate the conditions through which the cooling tower plume passes inside the chimney of the cooling tower and when it mixes with ambient air . The results allow the following changes in the germ counts in the plume of a wet cooling tower to be expected: 1 . As long as the cooling tower plume contains droplets, the capacity of the carried germs to form colonies does not change materially . 2 . In the case of unsaturated plumes we must distinguish between two situations: a) The tests in which the germ suspension was sprayed into unsaturated air without any admixture of secondary air, did not demonstrate any dependence of the reduction rate on the relative humidity . b) In contrast to this, the tests in which the germ-carrying droplets were evaporated by admixing a stream of unsaturated secondary air, showed that the capacity to form colonies clearly decreased with diminishing relative air humidity . Case b) is of importance for the dissemination and immission of germs from cooling towers, because here, too, the visible plume initially laden with drops is dried by the admixture of unsaturated ambient air.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1979 Sep, 5(5), 539 - 47
An in vitro evaluation of clavulanic acid, a potent, broad-spectrum beta-lactamase inhibitor; Greenwood D et al.; The in vitro efficacy of clavulanic acid, a new broad-spectrum inhibitor of enterobacterial beta-lactamases, was investigated . In conventional agar dilution tests, the presence of a sub-inhibitory level of clavulanic acid (8 microgram/ml) lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration of ampicillin for many resistant enterobacteria to therapeutically achievable levels . When tested against dense populations of Escherichia coli and klebsiella strains in a static turbidimetric system and in an in vitro model of the treatment of bacterial cystitis, clavulanic acid plus ampicillin suppressed bacterial growth for periods far exceeding the normal interdose interval at concentrations at which neither agent alone was effective . In addition to its activity as a beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid may interact with other beta-lactam antibiotics in a second, distinct way . Because of this synergic interactions may occur with non-beta-lactamase producing organisms, and the overall synergic effect obtained with beta-lactamase producers may be compounded of two separate elements.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 10(3), 293 - 8
Rapid identification of Enterobacteriaceae with the micro-ID system versus API 20E and conventional media; Barry AL et al.; The Micro-ID system for rapid (4 h) identification of Enterobacteriaceae was evaluated by testing 433 enteric bacilli and 9 other gram-negative bacilli . Each isolate was identified with conventional tubed media and was also tested in the Micro-ID and API 20E systems . The overall accuracy of both systems was 97% . Micro-ID tests for the Voges-Proskauer reaction, indole and H2S production, and ornithine and lysine decarboxylase all demonstrated a 97 to 99% correlation with conventional methods . Only 86% of the Micro-ID urease tests agreed with Christenson urea agar . Two inoculum densities were tested in Micro-ID panels, with 157 stock cultures . Over 90% of the tests were unaffected by changes in inoculum density . Tests with four control strains suggested that the Micro-ID system was more reproducible when a light inoculum was used . The Micro-ID system was found to be a very convenient method for rapid, accurate, and precise identification of the Enterobacteriaceae.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 297 - 300
LY-127935: a novel beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual antibacterial activity; Trager GM et al.; The in vitro activity of LY-127935, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, was examined by using 370 clinical bacterial strains . In comparison with several other beta-lactam agents, LY-127935 was the most inhibitory against the Enterobacteriaceae . It was remarkably active against multi-drug-resistant strains of Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . LY-127935 had four- to eightfold greater activity than did cefoxitin against Bacteroides fragilis . Production of beta-lactamase by Enterobacteriaceae did not influence the minimal inhibitory concentration of LY-127935 . However, the beta-lactamase-producing strains of B . fragilis and Haemophilus influenzae had generally higher minimal inhibitory concentrations . LY-127935 was the least active agent tested against gram-positive aerobic cocci . Variations in pH, salt content, protein content, or inocula size had little influence on susceptibility to LY-127935 . Although combination studies with LY-127935 and gentamicin demonstrated synergy for P . aeruginosa, the rates of killing for the combination and for gentamicin alone were similar.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Sep-Oct, 1(5), 797 - 806
Effect of serum and blood on Enterobacteriaceae grown in the presence of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin and mecillinam; Lorian V et al.; Bacteria from the strains of five species of Enterobacteriaceae grown in the presence of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin or mecillinam formed into filamentous or round cells . These filamentous and round cells as well as normal control bacteria were incubated with either fresh human serum or blood, the bactericidal effects of which were then determined . In most cases, the bactericidal effect of either serum or blood on filamentous or round cells was less than the effect on control cells . In some cases, the effect on these drug-exposed cells was similar to that on control cells, but in no instance was the effect greater for the drug-exposed cells than for the control cells . However, in all cases in which the bactericidal effect of either serum or blood on the control cells was greater than or equal to 99%, the bactericidal effect on the drug-exposed cells was close to 90% . Although drug-exposed cells were not much more resistant to the bactericidal effect of serum or blood than were normal bacteria, they clearly were not more susceptible to these effects.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 995 - 8
Protective effect of polymyxin B sulfate in experimental enterobacterial infection in mice; Bannatyne RM et al.; The mouse model of intraperitoneal enterobacterial sepsis was used to evaluate the anti-endotoxic effect of polymyxin B sulfate . Single or multiple therapeutic doses of polymyxin, administered either before or after lethal challenge with Serratia marcescens, produced statistically and clinically significant protective effects.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 38(3), 471 - 7
Composition and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gomont (Cyanobacteria); Keleti G et al.; The most common cyanobacterium contaminating drinking water systems in southwestern Pennsylvania is Schizothrix calcicola . Lipoplysaccharides (LPS) were isolated from this species by hot phenol-water extraction . The polysaccharide moiety was composed of glucosamine, galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and rhamnose . The lipid A part contained beta-hydroxylauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, beta-hydroxypalmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids . In contrast to many LPS isolated from Enterobacteriaceae, the dominant component was not beta-hydroxymyristic but beta-hydroxypalmitic acid . The LPS induced Limulus lysate gelation and Schwartzman reaction but was nontoxic to mice . The identity of LPS was verified by alkali and lysozyme treatment . The results suggest that S . calcicola is one of the principal sources of endotoxins in water systems using open finished-water reservoirs.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 325 - 8
Competition of beta-lactam antibiotics for the penicillin-binding proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus rettgeri, and Escherichia coli: comparison with antibacterial activity and effects upon bacterial morphology; Curtis NA et al.; The competition of a number of beta-lactam morphogenic probes for the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus rettgeri, and Escherichia coli has been studied . The results indicate that the various gram-negative bacteria have similar, but not identical, PBP patterns and that the individual proteins probably perform similar morphogenic functions as in E . coli K-12 . Comparison of the 50% binding concentrations of the compounds for the various PBPs of the five strains with their antibacterial activity indicates that the different antibiotics are excluded to a greater or lesser degree by the outer membrane permeability barrier and that the exclusion is most pronounced in P . aeruginosa.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Aug, 140(2), 209 - 14
Selection of small-colony variants of Enterobacteriaceae by in vitro exposure to aminoglycosides: pathogenicity for experimental animals; Musher DM et al.; Small-colony variants of gram-negative genera of Enterobacteriaceae were selected by in vitro exposure to gentamicin . These variants were shown to have decreased susceptibility in vitro to aminoglycosides . They were lethal for mice following intraperitoneal injection, with the LD50 (50% lethal dose) being the same as, or slightly less than, that for the parent organism . Variants of strain no . 2401 of Proteus mirabilis caused urinary tract infection in mice after implantation into their bladders . Although the variants grew somewhat less rapidly than did parent organisms, both parent and variant colonies alkalinized urine at the same rate . Electron microscopic study showed no differences between colonies of parents and variants . These studies indicated that small-colony variants of Enterobacteriaceae are pathogenic for experimental animals . Further, they may cause disease in humans and should not necessarily be regarded as only laboratory curiosities.

J Med Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 12(3), 373 - 8
Adherence of Enterobacteriaceae to human buccal cells; Sugarman B et al.; A preliminary examination has been made of the adherencae isolated from sputa . The radioadherence method was found to correlate well with the conventional light-microscope adherence technique . Saturation of buccal-cell binding sites with bacteria occurred when less than 10% of the buccal-cell surface was occupied . The adherence of Enterobacter aerogenes to buccal cells was impaired by the prior adherence of bacilli of either the same strain, or of a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Obstet Gynecol, 1979 Aug, 54(2), 193 - 8
Cefoxitin: single-agent treatment of mixed aerobic-anaerobic pelvic infections; Sweet RL et al.; Cefoxitin (mefoxin), a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic, resistant to degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria . In vitro, cefoxitin is active against virtually all clinically important gram-negative facultative bacteria other than Pseudomonas and Enterobacter spp., gram-positive aerobic bacteria other than the enterococcus, and clinically important anaerobic organisms, including Bacteroides fragilis . This broad antibacterial spectrum suggested that cefoxitin might be an effective single antibiotic agent for the treatment of mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections in obstetric and gynecologic patients . In this investigation, the efficacy and safety of cefoxitin was evaluated in 109 patients--68 with salpingitis, 25 with endomyometritis, 9 with pelvic cellulitis, and 7 with pelvic abscesses . An average of 2.5 bacteria were isolated from each patient . Aerobic bacteria alone was isolated in 38% of patients, anaerobic bacteria alone in 25%, and a combination of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria was isolated in 37% of patients . Overall, 100 of 109 (92%) infections responded to treatment with cefoxitin alone . The major cause of treatment failure was the presence of abscesses requiring surgical drainage . In addition to being an effective single agent for the management of pelvic infections, cefoxitin proved to be safe and well tolerated by patients.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Aug, 10(2), 248 - 50
Modified inoculum for the enteric Minitek system from positive blood cultures; Cleary TJ et al.; A modified Minitek inoculum procedure for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae from positive blood cultures was shown to be reliable . The method consisted of inoculating the Minitek enteric and nonfermenter broth with blood culture fluid and incubating the inoculum for 4 h before use.

Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 538 - 57
Experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis: prevention of mortality not preventable by antibiotics alone; Greisman SE et al.; Outbred Swiss mice were inoculated intraperitoneally or intravenously with one 90 to 100% lethal dose of Escherichia coli O:18, Proteus mirabilis, or Klebsiella pneumoniae . After carefully timed intervals, aminoglycoside antibiotics were begun at dosages nnd intervals predetermined to constitute optimal therapy . With progressive increases in delay of antibiotic therapy, mortality rates increased progressively from 0% to 90 to 100% . Standardized models of infection were developed by selecting delay periods before initiating antibiotic therapy such that 50 to 70% mortalities resulted . Utilizing these models, agents with reputed anti-endotoxin activity were administered concomitantly with the delayed antibiotic therapy to determine if any could prevent gram-negative septic mortality no longer preventable by the antibiotics alone . The following were observed: (i) adrenal corticosteroids prevented mortality that was no longer preventable by optimal aminoglycoside antibiotics alone . The following were preventable by optimal aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy alone; (ii) specific antisera also did so, provided anaphylaxis was circumvented; (iii) in one model (P . mirabilis), such protection by adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum could be additive; (iv) adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum acted synergistically with the aminoglycoside antibiotics--no protection was achieved by delayed administration of the steroids or antiserum alone; (v) timing was crucial--the synergistic protective activity of adrenal corticosteroids and of specific antiserum with aminoglycosides declined rapidly as infection progressed; (vi) cyclophosphamide pretreatment markedly impaired the synergistic protective activity of specific antiserum and of adrenal corticosteroids with aminoglycosides; (vii) no reputed anti-endotoxin agents other than adrenal corticosteroids and specific antiserum proved capable of preventing mortality not preventable by aminoglycoside antibiotics alone . These included antisera to rough mutant Enterobacteriaceae of Rc, Rd, and Re chemotypes, anticoagulants (heparin), ascorbic acid, antiproteolytic agents (aprotinin), alpha adrenergic blockers (phenoxybenzamine), prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate, indomethacin), nicotinamide, glucose, and insulin-glucose-potassium mixtures.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1979 Aug, 32(8), 1592 - 6
The effect of oral pancreatic enzymes on the intestinal flora of protein-deficient vervet monkeys challenged with Vibrio cholerae; Gyr K et al.; Jejunal bacterial flora in 11 protein deficient vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and four controls was studied . These were the same animals from an investigation previously reported in which it was shown that pancreatic extract modified the course of cholera infection in protein-deficient monkeys . The present study reports in addition that these animals the fluid in the upper jejunum contained significantly increased numbers of bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae compared to its predietary state and to that of the controls . After challenge to these animals with Vibrio cholerae, the jejunal bacterial flora in the protein-deficient animals given placebo remained unchanged, whereas pancreatic extract-treated animals showed a quantitative and qualitative recovery of their jejunal bacterial flora . Pancreatic extract hastened the return of altered intestinal flora to predietary levels.

Med Trop (Mars), 1979 Jul-Aug, 39(4), 435 - 43
{Children typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam) : epidemiological and biological aspects (author's transl)}; Doury JC et al.; A review of 130 children cases of typhoid fever in Saigon (Vietnam) . Leuco-neutropenia is far from regular but thrombopenia is frequent . The typhoid bacillus is generally cultivated from blood during the first two weeks of the evolution . There is evidence in most S . typhi strains of a plasmid resistance for streptomycine, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and sulfamides . Strains of the various other enterobacteria of the intestinal flora are generally resistant for many more antibiotics than S . typhi.

Biokhimiia, 1979 Jul, 44(7), 1296 - 302
{Tissue specificity of the decrease of cattle lymphocyte DNA methylation during chronic lymphoid leukemia}; Burtseva NN et al.; It has been found that the content of m5C in the DNA preparations tested have been revealed . The DNAs from normal and leukemic lymphocytes of blood, lymphonodi and spleen differ in ther acceptor ability in the reaction of heterologous methylation in vitro, induced by DNA-methylase from Enterobacter cloacea in the presence of {3H-methyl}S-adenosyl methionine: the ratio of radioactivities in methylated cytosine and adenine residues (m5C/m6A) in leukemic lymphocyte DNA is much lower than in healthy animals' lymphocytes . The decrease in the methylation of DNAs from various lymphoid organs of animals with chronic lymphoid leukemia is well correlated with the impairment . No significant changes of the m5C level and the acceptor ability of the in vitro reaction of heterologous methylation of cow lymph lymphocyte DNA have been observed . The data obtained may be interpreted in terms of tissue (cell) specificity or differences in the degree of DNA methylation under conditions of chronic lymphoid leukemia . It is assumed that the changes in DNA methylation may underlie the disturbances in the regulation of activity of the leukemic cell genetic mechanisms.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 32(7), 727 - 33
Comparative bactericidal effect of ceforanide (BL-S 786) and five other cephalosporins in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model; Randolph JA et al.; The bactericidal activity of ceforanide was compared, in an in vitro kinetic model, with that of five other cephalosproins: cephalothin, cefazolin, cefamandole, cefuroxime, and cefoxitin . Cultures of various pathogens in 95% human serum were incubated for 12 hours in the presence of the cephalosporins whose concentrations were modified periodically-by addition of a concentrated solution of drug or dilution with unmedicated serum-in order to simulate the variation of antibiotic concentration in human blood after one-gram intramuscular dose . One Gram-positive strain and six Gram-negative strains were used . Bactericidal activity was assessed by monitoring changes in the number of colony-forming units . Tests showed that against Klebsiella pneumoniae, ceforanide was the most active of the six cephalosporins . Proteus mirabilis was more susceptible to ceforanide and cefuroxime than to the other compounds; Enterobacter cloacae to ceforanide, cefuroxime, and cefamandole; Escherichia coli to ceforanide, cefuroxime, cefamandole, and cefazolin . The number of viable cells of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced below detectable levels by all cephalosporins except cefoxitin . On the other hand, Providencia stuartii was virtually unaffected by all of the cephalosporins except cefoxitin.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jul, 244(2-3), 251 - 9
The numerous common antigens of enterobacteriaceae; Barber C et al.; A mosaic of proteins is synthesized by each of the Enterobacterial species grown on artificial media (tryptose-agar, Difco) . Their existence was proven with the help of sera prepared in rabbits with proteins from: S . enteritidis, S . typhi, S . typhimurium, S . paratyphi C, E . coli, and Sh . sonnei . The induced antibodies, strongly precipitated numerous heterologous Enterobacterial proteins . The proteins of Sh . dysenteriae 4, although reacting against the heterologous sera, were poor immunogens and induced, mainly, homologous antibodies . Comparative agar-gel diffusions of the same proteins against the antiproteinic sera and corresponding antibacterial sera proved that the bacteria induced fewer antibodies against a reduced number of heterologous antigens . Thus, it is evident that a competition among the numerous antigens of a bacterium takes place when whole bacteria are used for immunizations . The differences in the degree of relatedness of Salmonellae, Shigellae, and E . coli are illustrated by their reactions in agar-gel against homologous and heterologous sera . The serological activity of heated proteins (1 hr at 100 degrees C) against the antiproteinic sera differed according to the intrinsic qualities of the analysed materials.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Jul, 244(2-3), 229 - 32
{Isolation of a carbon dioxide-dependent strain of E . coli from the urine of a patient with chronic pyelonephritis (author's transl)}; Essers L et al.; Since anaerobic culture techniques were introduced into bacteriological routine laboratories reports increase about Enterobacteria, which doesn't grow under normal culture conditions . We recently isolated a carbon-dioxide dependent strain of E . coli, which didn't grow aerobically even on optimized culture mediums . Though the species was at first isolated in an anaerobic jar further investigation showed optimal growth in an atmosphere containing 20 per cent oxygen enriched with (10 per cent) carbon dioxide . There are some indications that the mutant developed under chemotherapy . A serological grouping wasn't possible.

Contraception, 1979 Jul, 20(1), 71 - 5
Bacterial infection in relation to pain and irregular bleeding in women using IUD; Dahlberg B et al.; PIP: Results of bacteriological cultures taken from the IUDs of 54 women who wanted them removed for various reasons was a correlation between positive cultures and symptoms of pain and metrorrhagia . Hypermenorrhea was not recorded or correlated to findings . In 18 cases where symptoms in the women were correlated to findings of pathogenic cultures, the male consorts were examined as a possible source of infection . In the 14 women who were free of symptoms, there were 7 negative cultures . In the 40 women who had symptoms of pain and metrorrhagia, 35 had positive cultures . Correlation to symptoms showed that in 15 cases there was both pain and intermenstrual bleeding . 13 cases had bleeding only and in 12 cases there was pain only . 4 of the women who had complained of pain and bleeding previously had negative cultures at the time of the removal of the IUD . They had received antibiotics before the IUD removal, and then pain and bleeding had stopped when taking or soon after taking antibiotics . The sterile cultures represented 50% of the symptom-free patients but only 10% of the cases with symptoms . Further, streptococci were only found in patients with symptoms, where they were present in 55% of the cultures . Also, the enterobacteria were largely confined to specimens from patients with symptoms . This strongly indicates that intrauterine infection contributed to the clinical picture in most cases . In conclusion, IUDs enhance the fibrinolytic activity of the endometrium, resulting in an insufficient hemostasis of the microtraumata caused by the IUD . Spotty bleeding and menorrhagia favor bacterial invasion resulting in endometritis and in turn increased bleeding and pain . IUDs releasing inhibitors of fibrinolysis might be an approach to eliminate the bleeding problem and thereby infection and pain .

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Jul, (7), 84 - 8
{Use of a computer for the purpose of identifying bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae and the determination of the minimal set of differential tests}; Andronova NI; Algorhythm and a program for identification of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, based on Edwards and Ewing's diagnostic scheme, were worked out . Use of this program permitted to analyze different sets of abbreviated biochemical tests . To determine the genera and species of enterobacteria a minimal set of 11 tests is suggested, including indol formation, Voges-Proskauer's reaction, the presence of urease enzymes, gelatinase, lysine decraboxylase, phenylalanine deaminase, glucose fermentation (gas), or lactose, inosite, sorbit, arabinose, rhamnose . The program admits increase of both the biochemical tests, and toxonomic groups of bacteria, this permitting to consider several families . The presence of strains deviating by properties from this scheme points to the necessity of further improvement of diagnostic schemes for the enterobacteria identification.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Jul, 72(1), 82 - 4
Late deoxyribonuclease activity of Salmonell enteritidis; Tomasulo M et al.; As a result of chance observations, the authors studied for deoxyribonuclease activity 16 strains of Salmonella, including six fresh isolates and ten stock cultures, with positive results in 13 . Reactions characteristically occurred at 48 hours or later, with the majority being manifest at 72 hours and the latest at six days . No other positive reaction was observed among approximately 7,000 Enterobacteriaceae tested, except for Serratia species and Proteus vulgaris . Deoxyribonuclease screening plates for Serratia should be read at 24 hours, and positive results encountered after that time should be interpreted with caution to ensure that H2S-negative strains of Salmonella will not be confused with other genera of Enterobacteriaceae.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Jul, 98(1), 27 - 38
A lipopolysaccharide-binding cell-surface protein from Salmonella minnesota . Isolation, partial characterization and occurrence in different Enterobacteriaceae; Geyer R et al.; 1 . Protein extracts obtained from Salmonella minnesota Re mutant cells by treatment with EDTA/NaC1 solution contain a protein which exhibits high affinity to bacterial lipopolysaccharides . The isolation and partial characterization of this lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is described . 2 . The protein was purified from EDTA extracts by a two-step procedure consisting of ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5 . The yield of the total purification procedure was around 16% . 3 . The resulting protein preparation was homogeneous on the basis of disc gel electrophoresis, dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel and immunoelectrophoresis . 4 . The isoelectric point of the protein was found to be 10.3 at 4 degrees C . Its molecular weight determined by dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis is 15000 . Its amino acid composition is characterized by the absence of histidine and proline, a low content in tyrosine and high amounts of alanine, lysine, aspartic and glutamic acid residues, or their respective amides . 5 . The lipopolysaccharide-protein association was shown to be mainly due to ionic interactions of the basic protein with negatively charged groups (probably phosphate and pyrophosphate groups) of the lipid A moiety . 6 . Purified lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is immunogenic in rabbits, thus enabling the preparation of specific antiserum . 7 . The protein is located at the surface of Salmonella minnesota Re mutant cells as revealed by antiserum absorption with total bacteria . Ferritin-labelling studies further demonstrated that it is evenly spread over the entire cell surface . 8 . Comparative antiserum absorption studies using smooth and rough strains of Salmonella minnesota, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Shigella revealed the presence of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (or a serologically cross-reacting antigen) in most of the strains tested . From these results the protein can be considered as a common antigen of Enterobacteriaceae.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 756 - 69
{Annual usage in a general hospital of antimicrobials and frequency of resistant bacterial strains (author's transl)}; Cainarca M et al.; The data concerning annual usage in a general hospital and the frequency of resistant bacterial strains, isolated from patients with urinary tract's infection from 1975 to 1977 were collected and statistically processed . It was noticed that the year by year variation of resistance were mainly confined to E . coli and P . mirabilis . Increasing resistance with time was found for E . coli with Co-trimoxazole, P . mirabilis with Cephaloridin and Gentamicin, Proteus indole-positive with Rifampicin . Reducing resistance with time was found for E . coli with Colistin and Rifampicin, and Klebsiella-Enterobacter with Rifampicin . Trende with usage were found for E . coli and Klebsiella-Enterobacter with Rifampicin (decreasing) and P . mirabilis with Cephalorin (increasing) . Naturally, none of the above trends imply cause and effect.

Am J Med Technol, 1979 Jun, 45(6), 517 - 22
Storage of microtiter plates for antimicrobial susceptibility tests; Bailey PL et al.; Microdilution susceptibility tests are being performed routinely and in increasing numbers in many clinical laboratories . Microtiter plates for these assays are usually prepared in large batches and stored frozen until needed . Studies were performed to investigate the stability at -20C and at -70C of ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and cephalothin, using Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella as test organisms . The stability at -20C and -70C of clindamycin, vancomycin, cephalothin, cefazolin, oxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, and penicillin was analyzed using Staphylococcus eureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, and alpha Streptococcus as the test organisms . No significant deterioration of any of the antibiotics was noted after ten weeks of storage at -70C, as detected by minimum inhibitory concentration determinations . No significant differences were noted at -20C for clindamycin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, cefazolin, cephalothin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin . By ten weeks' storage at -20C, significant deterioration of carbenicillin, ticarcillin, ampicillin, penicillin, methicillin, oxacillin, and nafcillin was observed.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 685 - 90
{Drug resistance of Shigella strains isolated in Central Italy during 1969-1976 (author's transl)}; Caroli G et al.; Only ninety-three strains of Shigella, eightyseven of which have been identified as S . sonnei and six as S . flexneri were collected during 1969-1976 at the Pathogen Enterobacteria Centre of Pisa in Central Italy, as evidence of an epidemiological situation marked by a rare occurrence of syndromes related to these organisms . The collected strains were tested with disks of nine antibacterial drugs in common use: the survey detected sensitivity of all the strains to cephaloridine, ampicillin, carbenicillin, kanamycin and gentamicin, whereas a fair percentage of resistance appeared to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole . Both within multiresistant strains and those characterized by single resistances (forty-three of them in all), were present strains capable of transferring different drug resistance patterns to E . coli K-12, as evidence of being under extrachromosomial genetic control.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 611 - 9
{Research methods of R factors (author's transl)}; Caroli G et al.; After having outlined the routine methods for the study of drug resistance plasmids used at highly specialized centres such as the London Enteric Reference Laboratory, the AA . examine the most practical methods of a pure and simple way of discovering R factors in enterobacteria . A brief reference is made to some of the in vivo transfer techniques before reducing the various possibilities of in vitro survey to essentials . The experimental conditions realized by some AA . for mating in liquid media which represent the most commonly used method for the study of R factors in enterobacteria are pointed out as an example . Finally, a brief reference is made to other technique such as the mating possibilities on membrane filter in solid media and "facilitated mating" in the cellophane device according to Chabbert.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15 Suppl 1, 434 - 43
{The importance of chemoantibiotic resistance in controlling infections disease (author's transl)}; Giannico L et al.; The AA . examine those mechanisms which might determine the phenomenon of drug resistance in microorganism . They then review those infections of interest to public health . Diseases such as meningococcus, enterobacterial and vibro infections frequently show chemoantibiotic resistance . The AA . procede to point out the problems which may arise during therapy or prophylaxis . Some measures are then reported as necessary in order to prevent or retard the development of drug resistance in microorganism.

Asian J Infect Dis, 1979 Jun, 3(2), 47 - 56
Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases in Singapore; Goh KT; Diarrhoeal diseases in the form of bacterial food poisoning are prevalent in Singapore . Common food poisoning organisms implicated were Staphylococcus aureus, non-thypoid Salmonellae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus . El tor cholera, believed to be introduced through intra-regional trade and travel, occurred sporadically with a common source outbreak, probably food-borne, in September 1978 . Shigellosis and amoebiasis were mainly confined to areas where poor personal hygiene was prevalent . The incidence of enteric favers (typhoid and paratyphoid) continued to decline with 39.1% of the cases imported in 1978 . Non-bacterial diarrhoeal diseases, including rotavirus, constituted 8--90% of the cases . The emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance enterobacteria which gave rise to occasional outbreaks in institutions, is a matter of concern . Control of diarrhoel diseases is directed mainly at food control and legislation and health education, backed by a high standard of environmental sanitation and a well-established system of epidemiological survelliance . The use of oral rehydration solution for the treatment of diarrhoea is being promoted.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Jun, 71(6), 704 - 8
Theoretic and experimental analysis of the ability of a commercially prepared system to detect mixtures of bacteria; Murray PR et al.; The validity of the biochemical identification of bacteria presumes that the inoculum consists of a pure growth of bacteria . The detection of mixtures of bacteria with the Analytab Enteric (API 20E) system was tested . Using a computer to predict the response of the API 20E system to mixed cultures, the presence of a mixture was not detected in 15% of all pairwise combinations of 324 common organisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and in 19% of all pairwise combinations of Enterobacteriaceae with four gram-positive cocci . These theoretic predictions were confirmed experimentally for selected mixtures in which the bacteria were combined in equal concentrations . These results indicate that a purity subculture plate must be used to insure the detection of mixtures of bacteria, because the API 20E system fails to detect a large number of mixtures and may erroneously identify the organisms in such mixtures.

Br Med J, 1979 May 26, 1(6175), 1389 - 91
Hospital antibiotic policy in a health district; Lacey RW; A hospital antibiotic policy is described in which only a few antibiotics were used over a two-year period . Six antibiotics--namely, ampicillin, cloxacillin, cephradine, penicillin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline--accounted for 98% of the antibiotics consumed . Gentamicin was not used topically . Apart from high levels of resistance to ampicillin in Staphylococcus aureus (80%), the Enterobacteriaceae (37%), and Bacteroides (83%), antibiotic resistance was not a problem and no major epidemics of cross-infection occurred . With this policy antibiotic consumption declined and the total true cost of the antibiotics fell from 16 361 pounds in 1976 to 10 448 pounds in 1978.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 May, 37(5), 909 - 15
Cyclitol utilization associated with the presence of Klebsielleae in botanical environments; Talbot HW Jr et al.; Bacteria of the tribe Klebsielleae are capable of metabolizing the cyclitols myoinositol, sequoyitol, and pinitol, which are present in aqueous extracts of redwood . Of the combined Klebsiella isolates from clinical and environmental origins, 100% (138/138), 97% (34/35), and 86% (119/138) fermented inositol, sequoyitol, and pinitol, respectively . These compounds were also used as a sole source of carbon and energy by Klebsiella . Similar results were obtained with Enterobacter isolates, but most other enteric bacteria tested could not metabolize cyclitols . Strains of Klebsiella multiplied to levels exceeding 10(5)/ml in aqueous extracts of nonsterile redwood within 6 days . Most other enteric bacteria did not grow in these extracts . Cyclitol metabolism was found to correlate well with the ability to multiply in redwood extract in the presence of cyclitol-negative indigenous bacteria . The capacity to use cyclitols, which are present in a variety of plant material, might afford Klebsielleae of both environmental and clinical origins an advantage in competing for nutrients and colonizing botanical environments.

Antibiotiki, 1979 May, 24(5), 349 - 54
{Use of paper indicator discs for determining the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics}; Bazanova EB et al.; Sensitivity of clinical strains of Staphylococcus and some Enterobacteriaceae to a number of widely used antibiotics was compared simultaneously with the use of two methods, i . e . the agar diffusion method and the method of serial dilutions . Regularities in distribution of the staphylococcal strains according to their sensitivity to antibiotics, such as erythromycin, benzylpenicillin, levomycetin and others were also studied with respect to every year using indicator paper discs . Interrelation observed during the comparison of the microbial sensitivity with the use of the two assay methods provided elaboration of the criteria for classification of the strains as "resistant" or "sensitive" . The differentiation boarder for these two groups was determined according to the principle of the assay error minimization . A necessity of using standard dry media for specification of individual characteristics of various drugs in estimation of the microbial sensitivity to them by the agar diffusion method is emphasized.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 May-Jun, 130 A(4), 449 - 54
{Differentiation of "Pasteurella" and "Actinobacillus" from Enterobacteriaceae" by use of the O/129 vibriostatic agent (author's transl)}; Chatelain R et al.; Out of 134 Pasteurella and Actinobacillus strains studied, 132 are found to be susceptible to the O/129 vibriostatic agent with growth inhibition diameter ranging from 10 to 42 mm (86% in the range 25 to 32 mm); 46 reference strains of Enterobacteriaceae including Yersinia are resistant to the O/129 vibriostatic agent . This test can quickly differentiate between typical or atypical Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Pasteurella or Actinobacillus.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 May, 9(5), 605 - 8
Comparison of Micro-ID and API 20E systems for identification of Enterobacteriaceae; Blazevic DJ et al.; The Micro-ID 4-h identification system for Enterobacteriaceae was compared to the API 20E overnight method, using 230 fresh clinical isolates and 74 stock cultures . Agreement was 97.8% for the clinical isolates and 93.2% for the stock cultures . Eighty-seven percent of primary culture plates containing gram-negative rods yielded sufficient growth to perform the 4-h Micro-ID identification on the same day the organisms were isolated.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 May, 9(5), 596 - 7
Reliability of a single urine culture in establishing diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adult males; Gleckman R et al.; Fifty-nine asymptomatic men without catheters of ileal-loop bladders, who were attending a urology clinic and were incidentally discovered to have 100,000 or more Enterobacteriaceae per ml ("significant bacteriuria") in a clean voided urine sample, were prospectively evaluated . To identify these 59 patients, 5,876 urine samples, collected exclusively from men, had been subjected to quantitation and identification . A repeat urine culture performed on these patients invariably confirmed the results of the initial culture . The reproducibility of a single urine culture containing significant bacteriuria occurred independently of the tissue source of infection, as determined by the antibody-coated-bacteria immunofluorescence test . We conclude that a single urine culture obtained from a cooperative man can establish the diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteriuria.

Am J Med Technol, 1979 May, 45(5), 355 - 60
Reproducibility of biotypes using enterotubes; Kilbourn JP et al.; Using both stock and clinical isolates, the Enterotube system was examined for reproducibility of its biotype identification . Fifty stock strains of Enterobacteriaceae were tested on each of 22 separate days (interrun evaluation), and ten Enterotubes per strain were inoculated from one subculture (intrarun evaluation) . It was found that 2 of the 50 strains (4 percent) demonstrated reproducibility of biotypes, defined as no variation in the results of the 22 interrun Enterotubes . Twenty-one of the 50 strains (42 percent) demonstrated reproducibility of biotypes, defined as no variation in the results of the ten intrarun Enterotubes . In addition, 20 replicate Enterotube biotype identifications were performed on each of 114 urine cultures which had greater than 10(5) morphologically identical colonies per milliliter of urine . Forty-two of these 114 clinical urine cultures (34 percent) demonstrated no variation in biochemical test results with the 20 replicate Enterotubes . In 47 (44 percent) of the 20 replicate urine cultures, one biochemical test result varied . Two or more biochemical test results were different in the 20 Enterotubes from 25 (22 percent) of the urine cultures.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Apr, 130A(3), 385 - 8
{Detection and significance of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in "Klebsiella", "Enterobacter" and "Serratia" (author's transl)}; Enjalbert F et al.; A quick colorimetric procedure for detection of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in cultures of Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia is described . Only E . aerogenes could decarboxylate histidine (production of histamine) . The interest of HDC test for differentiation of E . aerogenes from K . pneumoniae (especially urease negative strains) is discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 111(2), 293 - 302
Antigenic cross-reactivity of major outer membrane proteins in enterobacteriaceae species; Hofstra H et al.; The protein constituents in the outer membrane (OM) of several serotypes of Escherichia coli and some other Enterobacteriaceae cross-reacted antigenically . Solubilized OM preparations of these bacteria were applied in interfacial precipitin tests to antisera elicited in rabbits against whole bacterial cells, absorbed with their appropriate lipopolysaccharide before testing . The resulting immunecomplexes were analysed on polyacrylamide gels . Protein profiles of the immunoprecipitates showed a considerable antigenic cross-reactivity of outer membrane proteins between most E . coli serotypes . Cross-reactivity, though substantially lower, was also found with OM from three other Enterobacteriaceae species, but was not detectable with Pseudomonas aeruginosa OM . When OM preparations were solubilized at room temperature, the peptidoglycan-bound proteins in the molecular weight range 37,000 to 41,000 predominated in the protein profiles of the immunecomplexes . In profiles of immunecomplexes obtained with boiled OM preparations, a heat-modifiable protein (mol . wt 33,000) predominated . The major OM proteins of the Gram-negative bacterium may therefore play a role as common surface antigens of the family of Enterobacteriaceae.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 349 - 54
The antibody response to enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas of patients with malignancies complicated by bacteremia; Neter E et al.; The antibody response to the O antigens of the patients' own gram-negative bacteria causing bloodstream infection in patients with malignancies was investigated using the hemagglutination test . Of the 87 patients, 42 (48%) produced specific antibodies in significant titers . Differences were noted between the various microorganisms . Of 44 patients with E . coli bacteremia 26 (59%) had an antibody response, whereas only 5 (33%) out of 15 subjects with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection did . The antibody response of patients with solid tumors (61%) was significantly better than that of subjects with RES malignancies (30%) . Documentation of the humoral immune response of patients to isolates from blood cultures excludes laboratory contamination and supports the relevance of the isolated microorganisms . Thus, for diagnostic purposes documentation of the immunoglobulin response supplements bacteriologic findings.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979 Apr, 243(2-3), 177 - 96
{Purification and physico-chemical analysis of the fimbrial antigen in two different genera of Enterobacteriacea: Salmonella enteritidis and Yersinia enterocolitica (author's transl)}; Aleksic S et al.; Chemical, physical and immunological properties of the fimbrial antigen of two different genera of Enterobacteriaceae, namely Salmonella (S . enteritidis) and Yersinia (Y . enterocolitica) were analysed . Only a few strains of these two bacterial genera possess a fimbrial antigen which proved to be identical in all tests . Purified fimbriae are unstable in buffer solutions . They tend to form aggregates, patterns of which are between 240000 and 270000 . Submitted to solubility testing by various methods these aggregates easily dissociate into particles of different molecular size . Treatment with 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in 1% mercaptoaethanol at 37 degrees C for 60 minutes gave constant reproducible results . The fimbrial protein prepared by this method proved to be an antigenically active unit with a molecular weight of 23450 for S . enteritidis and 23350 for Y . enterocolitica . The electron microscope revealed that purified fimbriae of these two genera consist of extremely thin filaments (1.5 to 2.7 nm), covering the bacterial cell as an envelope . They are supposed to be composed of no more than 2 to 3 peptid chains . The presence of the amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophane may be responsible of the particular behaviour of the fimbriae which according to different external conditions react with different states of dissociation . Probably the filaments are not stable in a solution as single filaments but tend to form oligomer, secondary and tertiary structures . Experiments of isoelectric focusing revealed that both antigens consist of a pure protein component (composed of 17 amino acids) which appears at pH 3.9.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Apr, 24(4), 273 - 80
{Expression of the gene for tetracycline resistance of plasmids R6 and RP4 in bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae}; Gol'dfarb DM et al.; It was found that manifestation of the tetracycline resistance gene depended on the type of the plasmid containing the gene . The tetracycline resistance gene was subject to less repression in plasmid R6 than in plasmid RP4 . Sensitivity of the initial plasmid-free bacteria varied within lower dose ranges than that of the plasmid-carrying strains . Regulation of the tetracycline resistance gene manifestation in the given plasmid may change in different bacterial hosts, i.e . in different cytoplasmic environment at different gene background.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 272 - 9
PS-5, a new beta-lactam antibiotic . II . Antimicrobial activity; Sakamoto M et al.; PS-5, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, has relatively potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially the Enterobacter groups, Serratia marcescens, the Proteus groups and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The activity of PS-5 against many beta-lactamase-producing organisms is greater than that of cefoxitin or cefazolin . PS-5 has good therapeutic activity in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus Smith or Enterobacter cloacae 45.

Drugs, 1979 Apr, 17(4), 233 - 66
Cefuroxime: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties and therapeutic use; Brogden RN et al.; Cefuroxime is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin for parenteral administration . It is resistant to destruction by beta-lactamases produced by staphylococci and most Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and is active against many bacteria resistant to cephalothin . Cefuroxime is the most active of the cephalosporins against gonococci and Haemophilus influenzae particularly against beta-lactamase producing strains . Given by intramuscular or intravenous injection cefuroxime is effective against a wide variety of infections caused by Gram-positive or Gram-negative aerobes, but has no effect against infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or B . fragilis . Cefuroxime is of value in the treatment of respiratory infections due to Haemophilus influenzae and Streptocococcus pneumoniae and is useful against cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella and Enterobacter infections . Cefuroxime is an alternative to spectinomycin for the treatment of beta-lactamase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections . It is generally well tolerated and appears not to be nephrotoxic when given alone at usual dosages.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Apr, 138(1), 7 - 16
Purification and characterization of cloacin DF13 receptor from Enterobacter cloacae and its interaction with cloacin DF13 in vitro; Oudega B et al.; Extraction of the crude cell envelope fraction of cloacin DF13-susceptible Enterobacter cloacae strain 02 with Triton X-100 and ethylenediaminetetraacetate solubilized an outer membrane fraction which neutralized the lethal activity of cloacin DF13 . A similar fraction could not be isolated from strains known to be lacking functional cloacin DF13 receptors . On this basis the isolated outer membrane fraction was assumed to contain the specific cloacin DF13 receptor . The receptor was purified to homogeneity by acetone precipitation and affinity chromatography, using cloacin DF13 as a ligand . The purified receptor was identified as a protein which consisted of a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 90,000 and a preponderance of acidic amino acids (pI = 5.0) . The interaction of equimolar amounts of purified receptor and cloacin DF13 in vitro resulted in a complete, irreversible neutralization of the lethal activity of the bacteriocin . This interaction showed a temperature optimum at 43 degrees C but was only slightly affected by variation of the pH between 5.0 and 8.5 or by increasing the ionic strength of the incubation buffer . The receptor had no neutralizing activity towards other bacteriocins, such as colicin E1 or colicin E3.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Mar, 34(3), 189 - 98
{Antimicrobial activity of derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide . VIII}; Di Bella M et al.; The antimicrobial activity of a series of fluoro derivatives of benzothiadiazine and sulfonamides was studied . The compounds tested can be grouped as: a) 3-alkylmercapto derivatives of 6-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (III leads to VI); the 3-mercapto precursor (VII) and the related 3-picolinic salt (VIII); b) 3-trifluoromethyl derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide and of its benzene substituted derivatives (IX leads to XVI); c) trifluoroacetylaminobenzenesulfonamides (XVII leads to XXV) . Two of the 3-alkylmercapto compounds {(V) and (VI)} showed marked inhibitory activity against some strains of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Diplococcus . None of the compounds tested proved active against Gram-negative schizomycetes (genera Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Providencia) or against yeasts (Candida).

Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 559 - 63
Volatile fatty acids and aerobic flora in the gastrointestinal tract of mice under various conditions; Byrne BM et al.; Volatile fatty acids are reported to exert a repressive effect upon Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species in vitro and in vivo in young mice . The mean total volatile fatty acid concentration in the cecal samples of conventional mice fed ad libitum was 81.7 mumol/g (wet weight), which is antibacterial in vitro, and in the rectal samples it was 41.1 mumol/g (wet weight) . The mean count of Enterobacteriaceae in the cecum was only 10(2)/g, whereas in the rectum it was 10(5)/g . Volatile fatty acid levels were influenced by food intake and increased to peak levels approximately 6 to 10 h after eating and then declined . In mice fasted for 17 h, the butyric acid concentration was considerably lower and the number of cecal samples positive for Enterobacteriaceae increased . When fasted for 4 days, mice had extremely low cecal and rectal volatile fatty acid concentrations and the Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci counts increased to mean of 2 x 10(6)/g and 3 x 10(6)/g, respectively, in the cecum and to means of 10(7) and 5 x 10(6)/g in the rectum . We conclude that volatile fatty acids are probably one of the many interference mechanisms which are involved with control of the levels of Enterobacteriaceae (and enterococci) in the large intestine of mice.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 37(3), 362 - 4
Spoilage of vacuum-packaged dark, firm, dry meat at chill temperatures; Gill CO et al.; The flora of vacuum-packaged dark, firm, dry meat included thred organisms not usually found on vacuum-packaged meat, Yersinia enterocolitica, Enterobacter liquefaciens, and Alteromonas putrefaciens . Y . enterocolitica did not affect the meat quality . Production of spoilage odors by E . liquefaciens could be prevented by addition of glucose or citrate to the meat . Greening of meat could be prevented by addition of glucose or citrate to the meat . Greening of meat by A . putrefaciens was not prevented by addition of glucose, as the organism degraded cysteine with the release of H2S even when glucose was present . To prevent greening, growth of A . putrefaciens must be inhibited by reducing the meat pH to less than 6.0.

Med Clin North Am, 1979 Mar, 63(2), 465 - 71
Treatment of septic shock; Forgacs P; PIP: Septic shock can result from infections with either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, and is defined by a systolic blood pressure value of less than 90 mm Hg or by a fall of more than 50 mm Hg in the systolic pressure of a previously hypertensive individual . Treatment of septic shock has 2 objectives . The first is to control the initiating infectious process primarily with antibiotics, which includes a combination of one with a gram-positive spectrum that includes Staphylococcus aureus, as well as one with a broad, gram-negative spectrum that is effective against enterobacteriacae and pseudomonas, for example, an aminoglycoside . If an abdominal or pelvic source is suspected because of recent abdominal surgery or physical findings, an antibiotic effective against Bacterioides fragilis should be added . The author sets out principles to serve as a guide for antibiotic administration . The second objective is to normalize the patient's hemodynamic state by pressor agents or volume expansion, options which the author describes also . In addition, he explains that the use of corticosteroids in septic shock remains controversial and that the use of heparin may be counterproductive .

Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Mar, 32(3), 325 - 9
{Laboratory and clinical studies CS-1170 (author's transl)}; Kobayashi A et al.; CS-1170 is a new antibiotic, a derivative of cephamycin C . In vitro, 50 strains of E . coli and Klebsiella consisting of gentamicin-sensitive isolated from the blood and gentamicin-resistant strains isolated from the urine were inhibited at concentrations from 0.4 to 12.5 mcg/ml of CS-1170, whereas only 2 strain of Klebsiella isolated from the blood had MIC more than 50 mcg/ml of the antibiotic . Moreover, CS-1170 was significantly more effective than cefazolin and cephalothin against these strains . Ten strains of gentamicin-sensitive Serratia isolated from the blood and the 2 gentamicin-resistant strains were inhibited at concentrations from 3.2 to 50 mcg/ml of CS-1170 and only one strain was resistant to this agent . All tested Serratia were resistant to cefazolin and cephalothin . CS-1170 was not effective against Enterobacter . Three cases of biliary tract infections consisting of 2 cases of cholelithiasis and a case of carcinoma of bile duct were treated with 4 g/day dosage of CS-1170 . The remarkable effects were obtained in the two cases with cholelithiasis, whereas a case with the carcinoma was treated not so effectively by administration of CS-1170.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Mar, 15(1), 78 - 102
{Evaluation of two miniaturized systems widely used in the laboratories for the identification of the "Enterobacteriaceae" (author's transl)}; Santini GF et al.; We have attended to a comparative research between two commercial microsystems: Enterotube and Minitek in order identify the Enterobacteriaceae and a reference system given by the combination of the usual macromethods already used in our laboratory . We have examined 401 bacterial cultures of Gram bacillus which we trought to belong to Enterobacteriums, coming from clinical material (excrements, urine, pharyngeal swabs, vaginal swabs, urethral swabs and espectoration) we have received for the bacteriological diagnosis . 390 of 401 cultures have shown to be Enterobacteriums . The biochemical reactions they have given show that the Enterotube and the Minitek have, with the usual system a good accordance for the following tests: dextrose (acid and gaz) lysin and ornithine decarboxylase, production of H2S and indole, phenylalanine deaminase and urease; while we have some statistically significant discordances for the fermenting of lactose and the use of citrate . We have also significant discordances E/C for the fermenting of dulcitole while the ones of Minitek are acceptables . The notes recommend the use, in the specialized bacteriological laboratories, of the conventional tests.

Hautarzt, 1979 Mar, 30(3), 149 - 53
{The bacterial flora of preputial space}; Neubert U et al.; The bacterial flora of the preputial space of 210 healthy males (43 children aged between 2 and 11 years, 137 males between 12 and 60 years and 30 men over 60 years) was determined by smears and cultueres from glans penis, sulcus coronarius and the adjacent prepuce . The results were grouped according to various criteria, e.g . glans covered or uncovered and age of males . Differences in the distribution of germs could be found in relationship to age . In the case of an uncovered glans penis the presence of microbial flora corresponds to the grampositive saprophytic bacteria in areas rich in sebaceous glands . In the case of a covered glans the density of microorganisms increases . Prevalent are gramnegative anaerobes, especially Bacterioides melaninogenicus, also enterococci, enterobacteria and coagulase-positive staphylococci.

Br Med J, 1979 Feb 17, 1(6161), 446 - 9
Gentamicin- and silver-resistant pseudomonas in a burns unit; Bridges K et al.; In 1977-8 gentamicin-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa became very common in a burns unit, over 90% being resistant at the peak of the outbreak . Some strains were also resistant to silver nitrate, though silver resistance was not found in any other strains of Ps aeruginosa isolated . Unlike the gentamicin resistance, the silver resistance was unstable, and strains became sensitive on repeated subculture . All the gentamicin-resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa were of the same serotype (O:11, H:2,5) . Though gentamicin resistance could be transferred in vitro from resistant strains of Ps aeruginosa to one sensitive strain of Ps aeruginosa, there was no evidence of in-vivo transfer of gentamicin resistance between strains of pseudomonas in the patients' burns, nor was there evidence of transfer of gentamicin resistance between Ps aeruginosa and enterobacteria . Carbenicillin-resistant and gentamicin-resistant Ps aeruginosa were sometimes found in the same burns, but no gentamicin-carbenicillin (doubly) resistant strains were found among the 986 strains tested during the outbreak . The outbreak of gentamicin-resistant Ps aeruginosa from burns was not reduced by stopping treatment with gentamicin and its analogues but only by segregating all patients with Ps aeruginosa in one of the two wards of the unit and admitting new patients only to the other ward.

J Hyg (Lond), 1979 Feb, 82(1), 31 - 40
The increasing isolation of Serratia species from clinical specimens; Brooks HJ et al.; A 14-month survey was undertaken in a diagnostic bacteriology laboratory to determine the incidence of Serratia spp . in routine clinical specimens . Gram-negative organisms with enterobacteria-like colonies were tested by a simple screening procedure . Fifty-eight strains of S . marcescens and two strains of S . liquefaciens were isolated from 59 patients . The strains were usually non-pigmented and exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance . Serotyping and determination of bacteriocine sensitivity patterns revealed that the majority of infections were sporadic, although episodes of cross-infection did occur . S . marcescens was considered to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in 53% of patients and appears to be of increasing importance in hospital-acquired infections.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Feb, 34(2), 105 - 18
{Synthesis and biological activity of 7-(2-nitroimidazoles and 7-(2-aminoimidazole) methyleneamino cephalosporin and their derivatives}; Malabarba A et al.; The synthesis of 7-{{(1-methyl-2-nitro-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methylene}amino} and 7-{{(2-amino-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyle-ne}amino}cephalosporanic acids and of some derivatives is described . Their physico-chemical characteristics are reported . The compounds show no appreciable antibacterial activity in vitro . They show no synergy with cephaloridine against Enterobacter cloacae 214 (producer of class I beta-lactamase) and therefore have no anti-beta-lactamase activity.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Feb-Mar, 130(2), 163 - 77
{Rahnella aquatilis, a new member of the Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)}; Izard D et al.; A DNA-DNA hybridization study was carried out to determine the taxonomic position of a new group of enterobacteria (group H2) previously studied by numerical taxonomy . All the strains of this group revealed relatively high reassociation binding ratios with the centrotype; 82% of the strains of the group showed more than 69% of reassociation with the centrotype . In spite of numerical taxonomy conclusions, there was no genetic relationship with the species Enterobacter cloacae (higher reassociation binding ratio: 37%) . No significant genetic relationship with the other groups of enterobacteria was found . Rahnella aquatilis was defined from phenotypic and genetic data . The strain 133 (CIP 78-65) is proposed as type strain of the species.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1979 Feb, 174(2), 260 - 6
{Retinitis septica Roth (author's transl)}; Busse H et al.; The authors report on a case of retinitis septica Roth in a 27-year-old pregnant woman with septic pyelonephritis caused by enterobacter aerugines.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Feb, 139(2), 166 - 71
Enterobacter cloacae septicemia in a burn center: epidemiology and control of an outbreak; Mayhall CG et al.; An outbreak of infections due to Enterobacter cloacae occurred in the burn center at the Medical College of Virginia (Richmond, Virginia) in 1976 . Fifteen patients had bacteremia due to E . cloacae; 10 cases of bacteremia occurred during a six-week period in January and February . The development of bacteremia was significantly related to the extent of third-degree burn and to admission to the burn center in January and February but not to the presence of an intravenous cannula, underlying disease, or antimicrobial therapy . E . cloacae was spread by contaminated hands of personnel and by cross-contamination of hydrotherapy water . A shortage of staff appeared to be an important factor in the occurrence of the outbreak . Control measures included an increase in the number of personnel, instruction of personnel in proper aseptic technique, and adoption of a new hydrotherapy protocol.

Arch Fr Pediatr, 1979 Feb, 36(2), 173 - 81
{Determination of fetal infectious risk by bacteriological examination of the amniotic fluid after premature rupture of the membranes}; Bouillie J et al.; Amniotic fluid was obtained per vagina from 228 mothers with premature rupture of the membranes and examined bacteriologically . The aim was to assess the importance of amniotic fluid contamination and the risk of foetal infection in the absence of systematic antibiotic therapy in the mothers . The incidence of amniotic fluid contamination was apparently greater in those mothers who had received antibiotics although the proportion of neonates with a true infection (3%) was almost identical . The absence of selection of resistant organisms is indicated by the marked preponderance of streptococci and the scarcity of Gram negative enterobacteriacae . Thus it is reasonable not to give systemic antibiotics but to culture the amniotic fluid . Infection can then be anticipated and in affected neonates the appropriate therapy started immediately.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 110(2), 443 - 51
The study of Escherichia coli proteases . Intracellular serine protease of E . coli-an analogue of bacillus proteases; Strongin AY et al.; Two serine proteases in extracts of Escherichia coli grown to stationary phase were purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography on gramicidin S-Sepharose 4B . One enzyme was closely related to, if not identical with, the 'trypsin-like' protease II of E . coli . The other was capable of cleaving the subtilisin chromogenic substrate N-carbobenzoxy-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-leucine-p-nitroanilide and resembled the intracellular serine proteases of Bacillus spp . The amino acid composition of this E . coli protease was similar to that of the Bacillus licheniformis enzyme . These data indicate a relationship between proteolytic enzymes of evolutionary distant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-positive spore-forming Bacillus.

Carbohydr Res, 1979 Feb, 68(2), 385 - 9
Structural studies on the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide; Jansson PE et al.; The structure of the hexose region of the Enterobacteriaceae type R3 core polysaccharide, which is the common core in Shigella flexneri and some Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS), has been investigated . The principal method used in these studies involved methylation analysis of the original and modified materials . The polysaccharide was modified by N-deacetylation-deamination and by Smith degradation . As a result of these studies, the following structure is proposed: alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-{alpha-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to 3)}-alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to.

Am J Med, 1979 Feb, 66(2), 248 - 56
A prospective controlled investigation of prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in hospitalized granulocytopenic patients; Gurwith MJ et al.; Oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) therapy was investigated in the prophylaxis of infections in granulocytopenia . Hospitalized granulocytopenic patients were allocated at random to receive TMP/SMZ (group 1) or to a control group (group 2) . The percentage of febrile granulocytopenic days was significantly reduced in group 1, 19 per cent compared to 39 per cent in group 2 (P less than 0.01) . In group 1, there were no bacteremias in 59 episodes of granulocytopenia (909 days) . In group 2, there were nine bacteremias in 52 episodes of granulocytopenia (796 days)(P = 0.001) . Disseminated candidiasis developed in two patients in each group . Candida occurred in similar numbers in surveillance cultures in both groups; Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were slightly decreased, and Enterobacteriaceae resistant to TMP slightly increased in group 1 . This study suggest that oral prophylactic TMP/SMZ therapy is an effective, well tolerated, easily administered alternative to "gut sterilization" with nonabsorbable antibiotics.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1979 Feb, 36(2), 178 - 87
Empiric therapy of febrile granulocytopenic patients; Hopefl AW; Antibiotic therapy in granulocytopenic cancer patients, the risk factors predisposing these patients to infection, and the signs, symptoms and types of infections occurring in these patients are reviewed . The four most commonly isolated organism at most cancer treatment centers are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus . Early antimicrobial therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics before culture results are known produces cure rates of approximately 70%, regardless of the combination used . The most important predictor of response to any antibacterial regimen is a rise in the absolute granulocyte count . The current recommended fever regimen would be carbenicillin (or ticarcillin) with an aminoglycoside . The choice of an aminoglycoside depends on the prevailing organism sensitivities at a particular institution; in many cases, gentamicin sulfate is suitable . Addition of a cephalosporin to the two-drug regimen offers little increase in cure rates, except whem aminoglycoside-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are prevalent . Because of nephrotoxicity produced with combinations of cephalothin sodium and the aminoglycosides, cefazolin sodium would be the current cephalosporin of choice . An alternate third drug to be considered is co-trimoxazole, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial not yet commercially available in parenteral form . In the absence of a clinical response to appropriate antimicrobial therapy in documented infections, granulocyte transfusions may be indicated.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Feb, (2), 73 - 7
{Identification of the enterobacteria isolated from patients by using the Enterotube test system}; Men'shikov DD et al.; The Enterotube test system intended for the accelerated identification of enterobacteria was used to study 319 strains isolated from patients with suppurative complications after surgical operations and traumatic lesions . The test system was found to allow a reliable identification of Enterobacteriaceae having characteristic biochemical properties . It was also found that the kit intended for 10 tests could prove insufficient for the identification of atypical bacteria . The Enterotube test system made it possible to differentiate 95% of enterobacterial strains; in the identification of bacteria by their genus and species and results obtained with the use of the Enterotube test system and common biochemical methods were found to be identical (in 96.4% of tests).

Gut, 1979 Jan, 20(1), 1 - 5
Chronic immune colitis in rabbits; Mee AS et al.; A chronic colitis has been induced in rabbits having many of the histological features of human ulcerative colitis . Animals were first immunised with the common enterobacterial antigen of Kunin and haemagglutinating antibodies demonstrated in high titre . An immune complex colitis was then established by the injection of soluble immune complexes following mild irritation of the rectum with dilute formalin as previously described . The rabbits developed an acute colitis within the first week but, in contrast with unsensitised rabbits, the inflammation persisted and was still present at six months as assessed by proctoscopy and rectal biopsy . Kunin-sensitised rabbits receiving intravenous saline, antigen, or antibody alone did not develop a chronic colitis . It is suggested that hypersensitivity to colonic bacterial antigens may be one mechanism whereby an acute colitis becomes chronic.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(2), 174 - 8
{Dibekacin--a novel aminoglycoside antibioticl . Antimicrobial activity and parallel resistance in vitro}; Schassan HH et al.; Dibekacin (Orbicin) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic which chemically differs from tobramycin only by lack of an OH-group . The activity of dibekacin against E . coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus indol-negative and indol-positive and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was compared with that of gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin and amikacin by tube dilution procedure . Dibekacin showed a high activity against P . aeruginosa including gentamicin-resistant strains . The development of resistance and cross-resistance in vitro in E . coli, Klebsiella, Proteus and P . aeruginosa to the five aminoglycosides was investigated . The experimentally produced resistance under increasing aminoglycoside concentrations was developing by multiple-step mutation . The frequency of cross-resistance is of great importance for the first choice of an aminoglycoside antibiotic in the hospitals . These in vitro studies have yielded that dibekacin and gentamicin are well suited for the first choice of an aminoglycoside in P . aeruginosa infection.

Urol Int, 1979, 34(1), 70 - 5
Cultures from different parts of the urethra in female urethral syndrome; Obrink A et al.; It is a common belief that the female urethral syndrome is an infectious disease, caused by ascending vestibular microorganisms or bacteria harboured in the paraurethral glands . To study the flora of different parts of the urethra in patients with urgency, cultures were obtained in 36 cases from the proximal urethra, the external urethral opening, the distal urethra after paraurethral massage and from the upper vagina for comparison . All locations were dominated by lactobacillae . Enterobacteria and anaerobic bacteria occurred in approximately one third of the cases at all sites, although only in small amounts in the urethra, especially in the proximal part . The urethral and the vaginal flora resembled each other very closely . Only in a few cases did a possible pathogen reside solely in the urethra, i.e . it could not be found in the vagina or in the vestibular flora . On the whole, no appreciable amount of any microorganism was present in the urethra or in secretion from the paraurethral glands . The clinical significance which a very small amount of enterobacteria or anaerobes may have in these locations remains to be established.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Jan, 34(1), 81 - 8
{Antimicrobial effect of derivatives of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazin-1,1-dioxide . VII.}; Di Bella M et al.; Series of alkyl derivatives of the following have been prepared: 5,7-dichloro- {compounds (II leads to V)}, 6-methyl- {compounds (VI leads to IX)} and 6-methoxy-3-mercapto-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide {compounds (X leads to XIII)} . The products were tested for antimicrobial activity . Studies were also made of the corresponding 3-mercapto precursors (XIV, XV, XVI) and the relative 3-picolinium salts (XVII, XVIII, XIX) and also of the 3-picolinium salts of 6-chloro-, 7-chloro- and 6,7-dichloro-3-mercapto-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide (XX, XXI, XXII) . Some of the 3-alkylmercapto compounds, and especially the 5,7-dichloro derivative, inhibited various strains of Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, while the same substances proved much less effective against the genera Streptococcus and Diplococcus . Antimicrobial activity appeared to be influenced by the length of the alkyl chain as well as by the nature and position of the substituents on the benzene ring . The compounds proved inactive against the Gram-negative schizomycetes (Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Proteus, Pseudomonas . Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Yersinia, Providencia) and against yeasts (Candida) with the exception of compound (V) which showed slight bacteriostatic action against three strains of Candida albicans.

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