Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Apr, 87C(2), 141 - 9 Cytotoxicity to tumour cells induced in human monocytes cultured in vitro in the presence of different sera; Unsgaard G; Rodent macrophages can be stimulated in vivo and in vitro to become cytotoxic to neoplastic cells . It is shown in the present paper that cytotoxicity to a human tumour cell line is induced in human monocytes cultured in vitro in the presence of human serum . The cytotoxic ability is defined as including cytostatic ability, measured as inhibition of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation in tumour cells, and cytocidal ability, measured as release of radioactivity from 3H-TdR-labelled tumour cells . Monocytes cultured in medium containing 25 per cent human serum (HS-M) developed both a cytostatic and a cytocidal ability . When tumour cells were separated from these monocytes by a membrane, allowing factor-mediated interactions, a cytostatic effect was found, thus indicating that secretion of soluble factor(s) may be an important mechanism . The development of cytotoxic ability in the monocytes was accompanied by development of high capacity for phagocytosis of 125I-labelled Candida albicans, increased protein synthesis in the monocytes and microscopically observed alteration into large, well-spread monocytes with accumulation of phase-dense granules in the perinuclear region . Culture of monocytes in the presence of bovine sera induced less cytotoxic and phagocytic ability, as well as a smaller increase in protein synthesis and less morphological alterations, as compared to culture in HS-M. Arch Ophthalmol, 1979 Apr, 97(4), 721 - 2 Combined amphotericin B and rifampin treatment of experimental Candida albicans keratitis; Stern GA et al.; In a model of experimental Candida albicans keratitis in rabbits, treatment with a combination of amphotericin B and rifampin was compared with treatment with amphotericin B alone . Both modes of therapy substantially reduced the number of organisms in the cornea below the number in untreated control corneas . In the group treated with combined therapy, there were significantly fewer organisms in the cornea after three days of therapy than in the group treated with amphotericin B alone . The results of this study indicate that the treatment of C albicans keratitis in rabbits with combined amphotericin B and rifampin is more effective than treatment with amphotericin B alone. Radiology, 1979 Apr, 131(1), 83 - 7 Osteomyelitis in a neonatal intensive care unit; Brill PW et al.; Neonatal osteomyelitis presents with few clinical signs despite multiple sites of involvement . Four cases of osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans were encountered in a neonatal intensive care unit . Three were unsuspected clinically and were detected as incidental radiologic findings . The fourth presented with soft-tissue abscesses . Long bone metaphyses were most frequently affected . Other sites included iliac bones, clavicles, and spine . On follow-up the bones healed, but one patient was left with hip deformity secondary to destruction of the cartilaginous femoral heads and another patient developed obstructive hydrocephalus due to Candida ventriculitis . Complete skeletal survey is indicated in any infant with osteomyelitis at one site to seek additional silent areas of involvement. Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Apr, 34(4), 292 - 8 {S-acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides and their anti-fungal activity . IV}; Montanari L et al.; Some S-acyl derivatives of N-alkylthiosalicylamides {Table I, II: substances (I leads to XXXIII)} in which the acyl group on S in a carbamic or thiocarbamic N-monosubstituted group were prepared and tested in vitro for antifungal activity . All the substances which are not previously recorded were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable isocyanates or isothiocyanates . The fungistatic activity of the products prepared was tested in vitro against the two strains: Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . The results (Table I and II) show that the N-monosubstituted S-carbamoyl and S-thiocarbamoyl derivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicyclic acid have marked in vitro antimycotic activity . Many derivatives have activity of the same order of magnitude as that of clotrimazole and of these the most active compound is 2-(N-phenylcarbamoylmercapto)-N,n-heptylbenzamide (XXVI). Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Apr, 34(4), 277 - 83 {Synthesis and anti-fungal activity of 5-aminopyrazole derivatives}; Giori P et al.; 4-Thiocyanato-5-amino or acylaminopyrazoles were prepared and their antifungal activity was tested against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes: the 4-thiocyanato-5-aminopyrazoles were the most effective in both tests. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 25(4), 429 - 35 Increase in the in vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to antimicrobial agents in the presence of Candida albicans; deRepentigny J et al.; In experiments with mixed cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans both in the absence and in the presence of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), we have observed that (1) there is an inhibition of S . aureus growth in mixed cultures with C . albicans in media supplemented with 1 microgram/mL of 5-fc and that 5-FC has no effect on staphylococci in pure cultures; (2) this inhibition occurred with clinically isolated and laboratory strains and could be reversed by specific metabolites; (3) Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited by filtrates of C . albicans cultures treated with 5-FC and this seemed to be favored by some C . albicans filterable product which can affect the cell wall and the permeability of the staphylococcal cells since they become sensitive to 5-FC; (4) nine other commonly used antimicrobials showed an increased inhibitory activity against S . aureus in mixed cultures with C . albicans; and (5) there is a decrease in the number of precipitating antigens of S . aureus and of the activity of alpha toxin when this species was grown with both C . albicans and 5-FC . Our results indicate that the susceptibility of some species to antimicrobials could be significantly modified in the presence of other species . One cannot exclude that a similar phenomenon could happen in hosts under treatment with antibiotics against infection. J Pathol, 1979 Apr, 127(4), 199 - 205 Experimental murine amyloidosis: experience with Candida albicans as an amyloidogenic agent and liver biopsy as a diagnostic tool; Savaga A et al.; We describe a method of inducing experimental amyloidosis in mice using injections of Candida albicans . Both viable and non-viable Candida produced amyloid and we compare the results with each method . Diagnosis was by liver biopsy, a technique of value in assessing the natural history of the disease . Once the amyloid had been induced, the disease always progressed until the animals died of generalised amyloidosis . This experimental model should, therefore, be suitable to use in assessing the treatment of amyloidosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Apr, 87C(2), 113 - 20 Human macrophage differentiation in vivo and in vitro . A comparison of human peritoneal macrophages and monocytes; Hammerstrom J; Human mononuclear phagocytes isolated from venous blood or sterile peritoneal exudate were cultured in an in vitro system known to induce differentiation of monocytes to macrophages . Morphological and functional studies were performed at different stages of in vitro differentiation, in order to compare the two macrophage populations . Freshly-isolated human peritoneal macrophages (PEC), which are presumed to represent monocytes which have differentiated in vivo in the peritoneal exudate for 1--2 days, showed several signs of increased effector cell function, as compared to the relatively immature blood monocytes . Cell adherence after phagocytosis, ability to degrade ingested 125I-labelled Candida albicans, and ability to suppress DNA-synthesis in a target cell line of human origin, were all found to be greater in the peritoneal cells in early culture . During in vitro differentiation in this system, both PEC and monocytes developed remarkable morphological and functional changes . Cell size and granule content increased considerably . Cell function, measured as phagocytic, digestive and cytostatic ability, increased for both macrophage populations . The differences between the two cell populations in early culture suggest that the functional and morphological changes induced by in vivo differentiation in peritoneal exudate involve changes of the same kind as those induced by in vitro differentiation in our system . The lodging of mononuclear phagocytes in sterile peritoneal exudate does not seem to impair the capacity for further differentiation to any great extent. J Infect Dis, 1979 Apr, 139(4), 389 - 95 Investigations in mice on the potentiation of resistance to infections by a new immunostimulant compound; Bicker U et al.; BM 12.531, 2-{2-cyranaziridinyl-(1)}-2-{2-carbamoylaziridinyl-(1)}-propane, a new immunostimulant compound, increased the resistance of mice to infection with Candida albicans . Because BM 12.531 had no fungistatic activity in vitro, it is proposed that the therapeutic effect of BM 12.531 is caused by the stimulation of cell-mediated immunity . Administration of cyclophosphamide alone increased the mortality among mice infected with C . albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but when BM 12.531 was then administered to these animals, the mortality was reduced . Among mice with acute Escherichia coli infection, a synergistic effect of chloramphenicol and BM 12.531 was demonstrated. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Apr, 47(4), 323 - 8 The role of C . albicans in denture stomatitis; Renner RP et al.; Denture stomatitis is an erythematous disorder of the denture-bearing tissues, especially the maxillary hard palate . Frequently it mimics many oral lesions . Early diagnosis of the lesion is essential to assure rational therapy . A diagnostic procedure based upon the enumeration of Candida albicans appeared to be feasible . A control group of twenty fully dentate subjects with no clinical evidence of stomatitis was sampled to establish normal concentrations of C . albicans in the oral flora . Samples were taken from a triangular area of the hard palate, serially diluted in broth, and all dilutions were incubated aerobically . In the control population, C . albicans never exceeded 100 organisms per square centimeter per subject sample . A population of edentulous patients with denture stomatitis, prior to any therapy, was similarly sampled . In many of these patients the concentration of C . albicans always exceeded 10,000 organisms per square centimeter per patient . The patients received denture replacements and antimycotic antibiotic therapy . Follow-up cultures were taken 4 to 6 weeks after completion of therapy . All patients were found to be free of denture stomatitis. J Clin Pathol, 1979 Apr, 32(4), 399 - 405 Antibodies to germinating and yeast cells of Candida albicans in human and rabbit sera; Ho YM et al.; Two major antigenic components, I and II, were detected by double immunodiffusion in sonic extracts of the germinating (G) or yeast (Y) cells of the dimorphis organism, Candida albicans group A . Component I may be a heterogeneous mixture of antigens which are stable to heating and phenol . Component II is more homogeneous but is labile to heat and phenol . Rabbit antisera, showing only precipitin to component II or certain human sera at high dilution, were found to react with G cells to give an immunofluorescence which was confined to the germ tubes . This suggested that component II is localised on the germ tubes, whereas no immunofluorescent reaction against the yeast cells could be detected under the same conditions although component II was as readily extracted from these cells as from G cells . This suggested that component II might exist in a cryptic state in the Y cells . In support of the latter contention it was shown that live Y cells did not absorb precipitin to component II nor were they capable of providing these antibodies in rabbits . Using both human and rabbit sera, it was shown that the antigenic specificity of the immunofluorescence assay where Y cells were used was related to component I and that where G cells were used it was related to both components I and II. Arch Dermatol Res, 1979 Mar 31, 264(2), 131 - 41 Serological diagnosis of Candida albicans-balanitis and -balanoposthitis; Hauck H et al.; The Candida hemagglutination test (Candida-HA-Test), the complement fixation, Candida immunofluorescent test (Candida-IF-Test) and the agglutination-test were performed in 34 patients suffering from genital candidosis and in 34 healthy controls . The results obtained were: Candida hemagglutination and complement fixation titers are raised to the same extent in patients suffering from Candida albicans-balanoposthitis when soluble polysaccharide antigens are used in both tests . The high titers indicate a great portion of mercaptoethanol susceptible antibodies in those subjects . When compared with controls, the hemagglutination titers are fourfold lower than those of the patients . There is a four-to-sixfold decrease of the hemagglutination titers performed after mercaptoethanol treatment of the sera in the patients . On the other hand, there is only a twofold decrease of hemagglutination titers in the controls . In chronically infected persons the hemagglutination titers are within the normal range or are raised insignificantly . There is only a twofold decrease in HA-titers after treatment of the sera with mercaptoethanol . On the other hand, the agglutination- and the Candida-IF-titers seem to be elevated as a rule in chronically infected . In those patients the gamma G- and the gamma A-titers are significantly raised, too . The results mentioned above are discussed with regard to their clinical significance. Mycopathologia, 1979 Mar 30, 67(1), 39 - 43 Lipid synthesis during reinitiation of growth from stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans; Ballmann GE et al.; Lipid synthesis has been studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans . 14C-acetate incorporation into lipid material was used to measure new lipid synthesis in two cultures in which either yeast or mycelial growth was initiated from stationary phase yeast cells . When resuspended in fresh medium at 37 degrees C, cells resume budding growth . When resuspended at the appropriate temperature, both yeast and germ tube cultures immediately incorporated 14C-acetate into lipid material . The labeled lipid was more or less evenly divided between neutral and phospholipid . Phosphatidyl choline was the major phospholipid fraction and along with phosphatidyl ethanolamine accounted for 60--65% of the total phospholipid . Lipid synthesis during growth initiation of either morphology showed a similar pattern, with no significant differences observed in neutral or phospholipid or phospholipid components between yeast and mycelial forms. Experientia, 1979 Mar 15, 35(3), 341 - 2 The effect of polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Candida albicans on regional blood flow in rats; Nosalova V et al.; After i.v . administration to rats of polysaccharide-protein complex, isolated from Candida albicans, a decrease of cardiac output was observed from 20 sec to 240 min postinjection, followed by a recovery at 360 min . Concomitantly the regional blood flow was maintained in heart and lungs, moderately decreased in intestine, liver and adrenals and markedly reduced in skin, muscle, spleen and kidney. Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1979 Mar, 106(3), 259 - 64 {Median candidiasis of the tongue (glossitis mediana candidamycetica) (author's transl)}; Grosshans E et al.; The median rhomboid glossitis is generally considered as a developmental anomaly of the tongue . Recent clinical, biological and experimental studies provide support for a fongous etiology: this lesion of the midline of the tongue is a chronic hyperplastic oral candidiasis, occurring sometimes in association with candidal commissural leukoplakias and palatine kissing lesions . The yeasts--mainly Candida albicans-- invade the upper parakeratotic layers of the epithelium inducing a proliferating acanthosis of the deeper epithelial ridges; superficial micro-pustules closely related to the candidal hyphae were found in most cases . Antifungal specific therapy appear effective in early lesions; later the condition becomes permanent and, in a few cases, may go further to malignant change . Fourteen cases are presented in this paper: the clinical, histopathological and therapeutic features are obviously in accord with this fongous infectious etiology (already suggested and demonstrated in 1965 by French stomatologists) and with the more recent experimental data published by Cawson, Sohnel and Kirkpatrick, Jones and Russell. Contact Dermatitis, 1979 Mar, 5(2), 90 - 6 Skin sensitivity to denture base materials in the burning mouth syndrome; Kaaber S et al.; The significance of sensitizing compounds in the denture base for the etiology of the burning mouth syndrome (BMS) has been studied in 53 denture-wearing persons, seven males and 46 females . Epicutaneous patch tests were performed with standard concentrations of benzoyl peroxide, dibutylphthalate, dimethyl-p-toluidine, formaldehyde, hydroquinone, methylmethacrylate, p-phenylendiamine and with cadmium sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate . Furthermore, patch testing was performed with filings from the denture mixed with the patient's own saliva . In cases with an inflamed oral mucosa, the presence of hyphae of Candida albicans was assessed by a smear technique . Positive skin reactions were observed in 15 persons to dimethyl-p-toluidine, hydroquinone, formaldehyde, methylmethacrylate, p-phenylendiamine, potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate, including three cases with reactions to filings from their dentures, and one patient who after subsequent testing showed skin sensitivity to balsam of Peru . In 12 cases an etiological connection could be traced between the oral symptoms and the denture base, indicating that contact sensitivity to base materials or to allergens and microbial antigens on the denture plate plays a greater role in the pathogenesis of BMS in edentulous persons than previously suggested. Immunology, 1979 Mar, 36(3), 501 - 8 Non-specific recognition in phagocytosis: ingestion of aldehyde-treated erythrocytes by rat peritoneal macrophages; Capo C et al.; Particles were chemically modified with aldehydes and incubated with rat peritoneal cells for phagocytosis . All dialdehydes and lower monaldehydes tested (methanal, ethanal and propanal) made sheep erythrocytes phagocytosable . Failure of higher monaldehydes to induce phagocytosis of treated erythrocytes was not due to lack of reactivity with red cell membranes . All erythrocytes tested (bird and mammal red cells were used) and rat thymocytes were phagocytosed by rat macrophages after incubation with aldehyde . Treatment of Candida albicans did not induce phagocytosis: this failure was not due to lack of aldehyde binding (as demonstrated with {14C}-methanal) nor to anti-phagocytic properties of the parasite membrane . Sheep erythrocytes were submitted to enzymatic treatment (pronase, trypsin, neuraminidase) or incubated with succinic anhydride (to block free NH2 groups) or iodacetamide (to block free SH groups) before aldehyde treatment: phagocytosis was not decreased, which suggested that aldehydes did not act by altering some definite surface structure of the treated particles . Treatment of erythrocytes with cross-linking compounds such as tetraazotized o-dianisidine (coupling occurs mainly on tyrosine and histidine residues) or l-ethyl(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (a bivalent reagent binding free COOH groups) did not induce any substantial phagocytosis of erythrocytes . Phagocytosis of aldehyde treated erythrocytes was partly correlated with hydrophobicity of these cells, as measured with a two-phase partition system . It is concluded that aldehyde-mediated phagocytosis of erythrocytes is mainly due to cross-linking of red cell membrane structures, probably involving free OH groups, which must increase local rigidity and thereby modify hydrophobicity of the red cell surface. J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 9(3), 362 - 8 Partially purified antibodies used in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting candidal antigenemia; Poor AH et al.; The development of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay procedure for the detection of Candida albicans antigens in serum of mice is described . Antibodies against C . albicans that were used in the radioimmunoassay procedure were partially purified from immune serum by a C . albicans antigen-coupled affinity column . Elution of anti-C . albicans antibodies from the column was by glucose and mannose; 4 mg of protein was recovered per ml, which contained 50% of the candidal agglutinin activity of immune serum . Also, 81% of the protein (partially purified antibody) recovered was adsorbed by whole C . albicans cells . Anti-C . albicans antibodies were either coupled to Sepharose 4B for use as the solid phase to bind candidal antigen in serum of infected animals, or radioiodinated (125I) for use as a tracer molecule to bind to the candidal antigen solid-phase complex . Although control experiments indicated that at least 100 ng of candidal antigen should be present in a serum specimen for a positive radioimmunoassay test, candidal antigenemia was detected in 70.4% of infected mice even in cases where blood cultures for C . albicans were negative . With further refinement and adaptability to human serum, the radioimmunoassay test may become a helpful tool for use in the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Infect Immun, 1979 Mar, 23(3), 764 - 74 Effect of oral tetracycline, the microbial flora, and the athymic state on gastrointestinal colonization and infection of BALB/c mice with Candida albicans; Helstrom PB et al.; Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and quantitative culture of microorganisms in intestinal contents were used to determine the effects of oral tetracycline, the bacterial flora of conventionally reared animals (conventional), and thymus-dependent immune competency on the capacity of Candida albicans to colonize and infect the gastrointestinal tract of four groups of mice: thymus-intact conventional mice, conventional athymic mice, flora-defined athymic mice, and thymus-intact bacteria-free mice . Thymus-intact conventional mice without antibiotic treatment began to shed C . albicans less than 48 h after oral yeast challenge and were devoid of detectable yeast by day 16 . Tetracycline altered the bacterial flora qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing C . albicans to colonize in less than 48 h and to persist in the gut tract for 32 days . Only 2 of 72 of these conventional mice developed candidiasis (hyphal infection) . Although tetracycline altered the bacterial flora of conventional athymic (nude) mice, it was not required to allow C . albicans to colonize their gut tract to levels significantly higher than those in thymus-intact conventional mice . All conventional nude mice were consistently colonized and 14 of 24 animals showed an increased yeast colonization of the keratinized stomach, but only 3 of 24 developed gastric candidiasis . Flora-defined athymic (nude) mice had significantly lower aerobic bacterial levels and significantly higher C . albicans levels in the gut contents than conventional athymic mice . The flora-defined nude mice, however, developed gastric candidiasis by day 5 . Thymus-intact bacteria-free mice were uniformly colonized and infected with C . albicans less than 48 h after oral challenge regardless of tetracycline treatment . Populations of C . albicans in the gut of bacteria-free mice were significantly higher than in the gut tract of the thymus-intact conventional or athymic mice . Gastric mycelial infection was detected in 8 of 10 bacteria-free animals 2 days after oral challenge . By 32 days, 45 of 50 mice of both tetracycline-treated and control bacteria-free groups were infected with C . albicans . These data indicate that a competive bacteria flora is more effective than an intact immune system in preventing gastric candidiasis and that an immune deficiency may allow increased yeast colonization of the keratinized and glandular stomach epithelium . Tetracycline did not appear to enhance the invasiveness or pathogenicity of C . albicans in mice even though it facilitates yeast-phase gut colonization in conventionally reared mice. Sabouraudia, 1979 Mar, 17(1), 55 - 64 A comparison of hyphal growth of Candida albicans in six liquid media; Muerkoester GC et al.; Six liquid media were compared for their ability to promote hyphal growth of Candida albicans . The two clinical isolates used in this study reacted similarly . The proportion of hyphal growth and the time at which hyphal development reached a peak varied in the media tested . All media produced secondary growth characteristics of lateral budding after peak hyphal development . The Lee-Buckley-Campbell (LBC) synthetic medium induced the highest proportion of filaments; which were also longer than in the other media tested. Sabouraudia, 1979 Mar, 17(1), 13 - 22 In vitro survival of human pathogenic fungi in Hawaiian beach sand; Anderson JH; In vitro studies utilizing 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, all known from Hawaiian beaches, indicate that they survive in the fluctuating beach habitat where they can serve as potential sources of infection for significant periods of time . Survival was measured by testing the viability of propagules at intervals for 6 months . All species survived 6 months under 1 or more experimental conditions . Survival patterns showed both increases and decreases depending upon the given parameters designed to simulate various beach conditions . Propagules inoculated on hair and horn (keratinized inoculum) did not remain viable longer than propagules from pure culture suspensions (non-keratinized) . Microbial antagonism was not a major factor in survival . All species survived at least 1 month in non-sterile sand inoculated with keratinized propagules . This condition approximated the natural sand habitat . Alternate wetting and drying of sand caused an overall decrease in survival time except for M . gypseum (non-keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in sterile sand and T . mentagrophytes (keratinized inoculum) at 37 degrees C in non-sterile sand . Temperature was important: increasing temperature resulted in a general decrease in survival time; 45 degrees C was definitely inhibitory, with the exception of T . cutaneum which survived that level for 6 months (keratinized inoculum) . Salinity did not influence survival. Sabouraudia, 1979 Mar, 17(1), 1 - 12 In vitro survival of human pathogenic fungi in seawater; Anderson JH; The survival of propagules from 4 pathogenic fungi, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichosporon cutaneum, Candida albicans, and Microsporum gypseum was studied in seawater subjected to different temperature (20--35 degrees C) and salinity (6--50%) levels in diurnal rhythm of 12 h cycles . Survival was measured by viability of propagules over a period of 52 weeks . All fungi, except T . cutaneum at 35 degrees C survived the experimental conditions for 52 weeks . Temperature was the most influential factor . When temperature increased, M . gypseum responded with enhanced viability whereas survival for C . albicans and T . cutaneum was inhibited . At 35 degrees C, T . cutaneum was not viable after 6--7 weeks even though it survived the initial 5 weeks with less loss of viability than the other test organisms . No correlation was seen between salinity level and loss of viability . Diurnal light had an inhibitory effect on T . cutaneum and C . albicans survival under in vitro conditions approximating those of seawater in Hawaii . M . gypseum had the highest level of survival over 52 weeks under usual in situ conditions simulated in vitro, followed by T . mentagrophytes, T . cutaneum, and C . albicans . Survival for 52 weeks even when salinity and temperature levels exceed those of the natural habitat indicates that seawater which washes sand beaches can be an environmental niche for potentially pathogenic fungi. South Med J, 1979 Mar, 72(3), 371 - 2 Metastatic lymphoma in the ureter complicated by bacteremia and fungemia; Wang SY et al.; A 64-year-old woman presented with retroperitoneal lymphoma metastatic to the left ureter . Lymphoma was not diagnosed and her clinical course was not fully explained until after surgery . The lack of superficial lymphoma delayed diagnosis and therefore prevented effective treatment . Her situation became unmanageable when it was complicated by bacteremia (E coli) and fungemia (Candida albicans). Blood, 1979 Mar, 53(3), 403 - 11 Hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency; Cech P et al.; The functional properties of granulocytes in a diabetic patient deficient in myeloperoxidase (MPO) were compared with those of granulocytes in healthy subjects . The granulocytes of this patient had normal phagocytic activity . The microbicidal activity of the granulocytes was partially diminished with regard to Staphylococcus aureus and was almost nil with regard to Candida albicans . Fungicidal activity of normal granulocytes was shown to be impaired during the in vitro artificial hyperglycemic condition . The relationship among diabetes mellitus, MPO deficiency, and serious C . albicans infection was examined . Genetic investigation was carried out in 28 members of the proband's family . In close relatives of the patient, MPO values were found to be diminshed to a greater or lesser degree, thus suggesting variable expressivity of the heterozygote state of MPO deficiency. Mycopathologia, 1979 Feb 28, 66(3), 179 - 82 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antigens from Candida albicans circulating in infected mice and rabbits: the role of mannan; Warren RC et al.; Various antisera raised either to antigens of Candida albicans or to sub-lethal infections of blastospores (convalescent sera) were tested for their efficacy in diagnosing systemic disease in artifically infected animals . Globulin from convalescent serum, when conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), was the only antiserum type which detected circulating Candida-related antigen in the serum of infected animals . Conjugates made from anti-mannan, anti-blastospore or antimycelial globulin did not detect antigen . Mannan did not appear to be related to an antigen produced in sera of experimentally infected mice . The significance of these results in the diagnosis of systemic candidosis is discussed. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Feb 19, 583(1), 28 - 35 Regulation of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase synthesis in yeast; Singh B et al.; A basal level of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase is detected in yeast cells grown on glucose . However, a burst of enzyme production occurs in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine in pathogenic Candida albicans and non-pathogenic Saccharomyces cervisiae . The enzyme synthesis stops and its concentration in the cells declines rapidly as soon as N-acetylglucosamine is removed from the medium . Experiments with RNA- and protein-synthesis inhibitors indicate that the appearance of new enzyme activity is dependent on concomitant new protein synthesis and the inducer operates at a transcriptional level . However, inhibition of DNA synthesis either by hydroxyurea or by mitomycin-C does not impair the synthesis of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase. Biochem J, 1979 Feb 15, 178(2), 427 - 31 Induction of N-acetylglucosamine-catabolic pathway in spheroplasts of Candida albicans; Singh B et al.; Synthesis of N-acetylglucosamine-catabolic enzymes, namely permease (high-affinity uptake system), kinase and deaminase was studied in the spheroplasts of the yeast Candida albicans . The presence of N-acetylglucosamine as inducer is essential for the induced synthesis of these enzymes in the spheroplasts, which were active for at least 8--9 h . However, some of the newly synthesized kinase and deaminase leaked out from the spheroplasts into the medium during induction . Experiments with inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis indicate that the appearance of new enzyme activities is dependent on concomitant new protein synthesis and the inducer operates at a transcriptional level . However, inhibitors of DNA synthesis, e.g . mitomycin-C and hydroxyurea, had no effect on the synthesis of these enzymes. Arch Dermatol, 1979 Feb, 115(2), 180 - 4 Immunologic features of chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis before and after treatment with transfer factor; Horsmanheimo M et al.; We report the acquisition of skin test sensitivity to Candida albicans antigen and the ability to produce leukocyte migration inhibition factor (MIF) by a Candida-negative patient with chronic granulomatous mucocutaneous candidiasis after treatment with dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) . The TFd was acquired from Candida-positive healthy donors . Three of seven attempts to transfer Candida skin test sensitivity were successful, and the acquired skin reactivity lasted for 12 to 21 days . The acquisition of cellular immunity to Candida was demonstrated in vitro by production of leukocyte MIF . No Candida-induced lymphocyte transformation was observed before or after TFd injection . The TFd did not cause Candida-induced blast transformation when added directly to cultures of lymphocytes from the patient . Pain, tenderness, redness, and edema were observed around the Candida granulomas on each occasion when the skin test to Candida became positive . Two weeks after TDd injection, the proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased, as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine into lymphocytes within the first hour of in vitro incubation. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 110(2), 339 - 49 Ultrastructural changes in the cell wall of Candida albicans following cessation of growth and their possible relationship to the development of polyene resistance; Cassone A et al.; The ultrastructure of the wall of Candida albicans strain 6406 was examined in polyeneresistant organisms obtained by continued incubation after the cessation of growth . The walls of organisms harvested either during the exponential phase of growth or after 24 h starvation, when examined in situ, showed the typical layered appearance . After 72 h starvation, when the resistance to amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) was 60 times greater than that of exponentially growing organisms, both the periplasmic material and the distinct electron-dense layers were absent from the wall . At this stage there was no increase in the thickness of the wall . After 144 h starvation the thickness of the wall had increased from 143 +/-22 nm (exponential phase organisms) to 211+/-58 nm . If after 144 h starvation the organisms were incubated for 1 h in fresh nutrient medium they regained their sensitivity to AME and the wall regained the periplasmic material and its characteristic multilayered appearance . During the first 24 h starvation there was a considerable fall in the soluble glucan fraction, but on continued incubation there was little change in the relative proportions of the major carbohydrate constituents of the cell . Thin sections of purified walls isolated from organisms harvested either during exponential growth or after 144 h starvation were identical in appearance and characterized by the absence of the electrondense layers observed in sections of intact cells and by a reduction in thickness to 100+/-20nm. Immun Infekt, 1979 Feb, 7(1), 24 - 9 {In vitro investigations of microphages function in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis (author's transl)}; Djawari D et al.; In five patients with either familial or non-familial type of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis some properties of phagocytic function of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) have been studied in vitro . In each of the patients there were found: a) a decreased chemotactic activity of PMNL, b) a weakness of intake and of intracellular destruction of Candida albicans cells by PMNL, c) an impairment of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans as well of Staphylococcus aureus by PMNL . The rate of phagocytosis of heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells by PMNL was normal in each case . In the serum of two patients a phagocytosis inhibiting factor is supposed to exist . In PMNL of 3 patients a defective activity of NADH-dependent oxidase was found . The occurrence of hereditary CMCC in a father and his two daughters points to an autosomal dominant trait, whereas in most cases of familiar CMCC hitherto described an autosomal recessive mode of transmission was found. J Med Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 12(1), 83 - 97 The effect of 5-fluorocytosine on the blastospores and hyphae of Candida albicans; Polak A et al.; In Candida albicans the continued increase in dry weight, in cell volume and in hyphal length during 5FC treatment is mainly due to increased amount of carbohydrate despite the decreased amounts of nucleic acids . Incorporation studies with 32PO4 (for RNA) in C . albicans and with 3H-thymidine-monophosphate (for DNA) in a thymidine-utilising strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have shown that the decreased amounts of nucleic acids were due to an inhibition of synthesis of RNA and DNA by 5FC . Nuclear-staining techniques on the hyphal phase of C . albicans showed that 5FC inhibits nuclear division . The changes in amounts of protein during 5FC treatment do not wholly explain the changes in cell size although 14C-histidine incorporation experiments showed that protein synthesis continued in the presence of 5FC . 14C-glucose incorporation in the presence of 5FC showed an initial accelerated synthesis of carbohydrate with a maintained level of synthesis after 16 h . This abnormal pattern of synthesis correlates with the increase in amount of carbohydrate and in cell size and hyphal elongation . 5FC inhibits DNA synthesis, and all manifestations of unbalanced growth that culminate in the cell volume changes appear to be a consequence of that inhibition. Z Hautkr, 1979 Jan 15, 54(2), 58 - 64 {Predisposing factors in candidiasis}; Nolting S et al.; The Candida mycosis is an infection by Candida albicans and other Candida species . This disease is not initiated by contact of Candida with the normal skin and mucous membranes or by invasion into the healthy host . On the contrary the presence of predisposing factors is important to Candida mycosis . These predisposing factors are considered as an impairment of local and/or general immunity and transform the opportunistically pathogenic character of the fungus into a parasitic one . Thus the host's defence mechanisms alone favour the development of Candida mycosis. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1979 Jan-Jun, 72(1-6), 127 - 33 {Candida albicans infection: in vitro immunity aspects}; Fumarolo R et al.; The authors have investigated the chemotactic ability of C . albicans toward macrophages and polymorphonuclears . Experiments, carried out by modified Boyden chamber, lead to isolate a chemotactic agent, considered either a moderate cytotaxin, or an excellent cytotaxigen. Arch Chir Neerl, 1979, 31(3), 177 - 81 Case report: ischemic enteritis in a patient with Candida albicans infection; Cuesta MA et al.; A case is reported of a 64-year old man with Candida albicans sepsis of pulmonary origin . It was complicated by a hemorrhagic ischemic enteritis that made it necessary to resect 2 1/2 m of small bowel . The specimen contained many pseudohyphae and yeast cells in the layers of the wall, especially in the necrotic areas . The superior mesenteric artery and its branches were patent and not occluded by infected thrombotic material, as has been described in another case of necrotizing enteritis accompanying Candida albicans sepsis . The pathogenesis and treatment of the ischemic enteritis in this case are discussed. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1979 Jan, 130 A(1), 119 - 32 {"In vitro" interactions between influenza virus and mouse lung alveolar macrophages (author's transl)}; Lemercier G et al.; Interactions between influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and Balb/c mouse lung alveolar macrophages have been studied in vitro . One day after initiation of alveolar macrophage culture in 35 mm Falcon dishes, the virus suspension was allowed to adsorb to the cells for 1 h . Detachment of cells from the plastic substrate, morphological changes in adherent cells and decreased phagocytosis of heat-killed Candida albicans occured slowly as compared to control cultures . These facts appeared to be directly correlated to the concentration of viruses in the inoculum . Data yielded by virus titrations, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence suggest that mouse lung alveolar macrophages are able to take up a large amount of viral particles and inhibit their replication, allowing only an abortive viral cycle. J Immunol Methods, 1979, 28(1-2), 177 - 86 The occurrence and treatment of false positive reactions in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the presence of fungal antigens in clinical samples; Warren RC et al.; Non-specific positive reactions have been revealed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of sera for the presence of fungal antigen . These false positives were recognized by their occurrence in tests for both Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus antigens and by their response to dithiothreitol, combined with their reaction with non-immune rabbit globulin . A scheme is proposed which differentiates between true and false positive reactions . Use of fractionated anti-fungal globulin in conjugates reduced the incidence of false positive results in sera from hospitalized patients and eliminated them from sera of healthy subjects . The test scheme was applied to two panels of sera containing samples from patients with (a) invasive candidosis and (b) invasive aspergillosis . The relevance of ELISA tests for the detection of fungal antigen in human serum is discussed. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 1979, 13(1), 95 - 101 Clinical comparison of maphenide and silver sulphadiazine; Pegg SP et al.; A series of 645 consecutive burn injuries are analysed . There were 175 patients in the control group, 156 in the Maphenide (Sulfamylon) group and 314 in the Silver Sulphadiazine (S . S . D.) group . The Maphenide group and S.S.D . group are compared statistically with the control group . S.S.D . proved superior in relation to clinical infection rate and culture rate in reduction of Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus . Other culture rates were analysed . There were significant reductions in both groups for E . coli and Candida albicans . Pneumonias were significantly increased in both groups and the mortality rate reduced with S.S.D . Overall S.S.D . gave better results than Maphenide. Scand J Haematol, 1979 Jan, 22(1), 33 - 41 Beneficial effect of granulocyte transfusions in patients with defects in granulocyte function and severe infections; Pflieger H et al.; A 3-year-old boy (patient A) with a congenital and a 24-year-old man (patient B) with an acquired granulocyte function defect received supportive granulocyte transfusions for the management of severe infections . The boy had suffered from recurrent infections since bith . His granulocytes showed in vitro almost no chemotactic responsiveness, an impaired phagocytosis and reduced intracellular killing of Candida albicans . Family studies suggested that it was an inherited autosomal recessive defect . The child developed a Pseudomonas pneumonia at the age of 3 years, which did not respond to antibiotic therapy . Granulocyte transfusions were then started and soon after the fever and pneumonia disappeared . Patient B showed the haematological signs of a preleukaemic state . He had 3 recurrent episodes of furunculosis which led each time to cellulitis and septic temperatures accompanied by symptoms of an enterocolitis . Tests of granulocyte function in vitro showed reduced intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus . Granulocyte transfusions were started, since no clinical improvement could be attained by antibiotics . With transfusion therapy, fever, cellulitis and enterocolitis disappeared each time. Farmaco {Sci}, 1979 Jan, 34(1), 36 - 40 {S-Acyl derivatives of thiosalicylamides with antifungal activity . III}; Pavanetto F et al.; Some S-acylderivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicylic acid in which the N substituents were unsaturated alkyl groups, cyclic or branched saturated alkyl groups, aromatic or aralkyl groups, were prepared and tested for antifungal activity . The substances which were all new were prepared by condensation of 2-mercapto-N-alkylbenzamides with suitable acylating agents . The fungistatic activity of the products was tested in vitro against the following: Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . The results reported in Table I underline the importance of the S-acylderivatives of N-monosubstituted amides of thiosalicylic acid as antifungal agents . Study of the results in Table I has also given some insight on the structure-activity relationships . The S-acyl-N-aralkylthiosalicylamides proved the most active of the compounds tested. Microbios, 1979, 24(96), 73 - 9 The induction of germ tubes in Candida albicans by an intrinsic factor; Pugh D et al.; The formation of germ tubes in Candida albicans can be initiated by variations in the growth medium and in other environmental factors . Cell-to-cell interaction can also be an essential factor in cell morphogenesis . The crowding together of blastopores of some strains of C . albicans stimulates the development of germ tubes without the addition of extrinsic factors. Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(9), 825 - 31 Experimental candida-induced arteritis in mice . Relation to arteritis in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome; Murata H; An extract of Candida albicans isolated from a patient with typical mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) can produce coronary arteritis in a mouse when injected intraperitoneally . An unusual feature of this arteritis is that it is granulomatous, shows no fibrinoid change and is confined to the coronary arteries . These characteristics are quite similar to those found in patients with MCLS. Zentralbl Gynakol, 1979, 101(14), 921 - 8 {Blastomyces infestation of vagina, oral cavity, and rectum of young women, with particular reference to promiscuity (author's transl)}; Blaschke-Hellmessen R et al.; Venereological patients (Group I, n = 210), intact women without any gynaecological disease (Group II, n = 125), pregnant women close to full term (Group III, n = 200), and women with vaginal fluor (Group IV, n = 380) were examined and compared for the occurrence of blastomyces, particularly Candida albicans (C . albicans), in the vagina, oral cavity, and rectum . The presence of C . albicans in vaginal secretion was established from 15.7 per cent of all probands in Group I, 12.0 per cent in Group II, 24.0 per cent in Group III, and 31.6 per cent in Group IV . The difference between Groups I and II was not significant . Promiscuity, consequently, did not seem to have major impact upon vaginal blastomyces infestation of young women . Probands with rectal infestation of C . albicans accounted for figures between 20.0 and 27.5 per cent in all four groups . Group I took first position in oral infestation of C . albicans, the figure being 64.8 per cent which was significantly above those recorded from all other groups, between 33.9 and 37.5 per cent . The correlations between rectal and vaginal occurrence of C . albicans are discussed. Microbios, 1979, 24(95), 7 - 17 Lipid composition and polyene antibiotic sensitivity in isolates of Candida albicans; Singh M et al.; When Candida albicans cells were grown on hydroquinone (Hy cells) or ascorbic acid (As cells) supplemented media, they exhibited a 26% rise and 16% drop in ergosterol content, respectively . C . albicans cells manifested a gradual increase in total lipid levels, when they were grown on n-alkanes of different chain lengths . The magnitude of the nystatin effect (in terms of proline uptake and K+ efflux) was more pronounced in cells having more ergosterol (Hy cells) compared with the cells having low levels of ergosterol (As cells), suggesting a correlation between nystatin sensitivity and ergosterol content of the C . albicans cells . However, such correlation could not be demonstrated in alkane grown cells where levels of different lipids were variable . Results demonstrated that several other lipids besides sterol may also influence the polyene antibiotic sensitivity in C . albicans cells. Arch Microbiol, 1979, 123(3), 245 - 9 {Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of the cell wall of Candida albicans (author's transl)}; Tronchin G et al.; The ultrastructural localization of polysaccharides in the cell wall of Candida albicans was carried out by means of Concanavalin A on glycol methacrylate ultrathin sections . The sections were incubated successively with horseradish peroxydase, 3-3' diaminobenzidine and H2O2, for revealing the binding sites of the lectin . This method allowed us to localize mannan, since Concanavalin A does not react with other polysaccharides of the C . albicans cell wall . In these conditions mannan was found to be located in two continuous reactive layers at the periphery of blastospores cell wall . The results are discussed in relation with those obtained by another method using the polysaccharide detection technique described by Thiery (PATAg). Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979, 45(2), 211 - 23 Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by folate pathway inhibitors . Their potential in the selection of auxotrophs; Henson OE et al.; Growth studies were conducted on C . albicans in a glucose - salts - biotin (GSB) medium in the presence of folate inhibitors . Sulfanilamide inhibited growth which was restored by PABA or tetrahydrofolate (THF) . Aminopterin inhibited growth to about the same level as did sulfanilamide, but this inhibition was not reversed with PABA nor THF, singly or in combination . Inhibition by combined sulfanilamide and aminopterin was synergistic, reducing growth by more than 90% for 48 h . The sulfanilamide component of the combined inhibition was reversed by PABA or THF to the level of that of aminopterin alone . Cytochrome synthesis was not affected by the inhibitors, but marked increases occurred in alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, isocitrate, and pyruvate dehydrogenases, especially in the presence of both inhibitors . The pyrimidines in combination with sulfanilamide were as inhibitory as was the combination of aminopterin and sulfanilamide, but they had no effect when added alone or in combination with aminopterin . Unlike the pyrimidines, the purines stimulated about a 50% recovery from inhibition by either of the inhibitors . Growth inhibition by combined sulfanilamide and aminopterin was overcome by about 50% by the addition of the THF-mediated end-produits: deoxythymidylate, adenine, histidine and methionine . The use of GSB medium containing adenine, histidine, methionine and the folate inhibitors but without deoxythymidylate resulted in thymineless death of prototrophic cells providing a method for the selection of auxotrophic mutants. Dermatologica, 1979, 159(Suppl 1), 180 - 6 {Fungal maxillary sinusitis}; Grigoriu D et al.; Since 1969, 600 patients suffering from maxillary sinusitis have been systematically controlled clinically as well as mycologically . We discovered 81 cases of maxillary sinusitis (13,4%) . Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans were the most frequently isolated fungi . Three clinical forms could be distinguished: (1) a muco-purulent form (35 cases); (2) a budding and/or caseous form (22 cases), and (3) a pseudotumoral form (24 cases) . 42 patients treated with a 1% econazol (base) solution were healed. Dermatologica, 1979, 159(1), 12 - 23 The phagocytosis of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Scherwitz C et al.; This in vitro study investigates the phagocytosis and killing rate of Candida albicans blastospores and germ tubes by polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Suspensions of C . albicans blastospores and germ tubes were incubated for 60 and 150 min with a neutrophil suspension . The rate of phagocytosis was found to be 92 +/- 3% for blastospores, but only 9.5 +/- 2.5% for germ tubes . The candidacidal activity rate was 29 +/- 6% for blastospores, but only 5.5 +/- 1.5% for germ tubes . Electronmicroscopically, cytoplasmic and plasma membrane alterations of phagocytized yeast cells lying in phagosomes were observed . Short germ tubes surrounded by a phagosomal membrane were found in neutrophils . Older, longer germ tubes were seen in an extracellular position . Usually, several neutrophils were adjacent to these long tubes . Obviously phagocytosis could not take place owing to the size of the germ tubes . The findings indicate that the transition of the yeast phase to the mycelium phase in a case of Candida infection may be a mechanism enabling the parasite to escape phagocytosis by the host. Exp Cell Biol, 1979, 47(4), 275 - 80 Suppressive action of Candida albicans on the immune response in mice; Vardinon N et al.; This study was carried out to determine whether Candida albicans infection has a suppressive effect on the immune response in mice and, if so, whether the suppressive effect influences the response towards T-dependent or T-independent antigens . ICR mice were injected with SRBC with or without C . albicans, or with bacterial LPS with or without C . albicans . The immune response of the mice towards SRBC or towards the LPS was compared by the assay for PFC, hemagglutination and hemolysis tests . The results showed a decrease in the number of PFC in spleens of mice inoculated with SRBC and C . albicans as compared to mice inoculated with SRBC alone, but no decrease in animals injected with LPS and C . albicans as compared to those immunized with LPS alone . No significant differences in the titers of hemagglutinins and hemolysins in sera of mice inoculated with SRBC or with SRBC and C . albicans were observed . C . albicans infection had no effect at all on the hemagglutinins and hemolysins titers in sera of mice inoculated with LPS . These data indicate that C . albicans affects the early phase of the immune response primarily towards T dependent antigens. Surg Neurol, 1979 Jan, 11(1), 44 - 8 The effects of transient candidemia on the brain: preliminary observations on a rodent model for experimental deep candidosis; Parker JC Jr et al.; Deep candidosis was established in healthy uncompromised Wistar rats by injecting Candida albicans into the right internal carotid artery . Death of these animals could be produced within seven days by injecting 10(7) yeasts . The kidneys were most severely infected, and the entire brain was involved . No animal demonstrated leptomeningitis . Within one to two days microabscesses developed, subsiding into a histiocytic response in five to seven days . By seven days, chronic inflammation with noncaseating granulomas was seen . Throughout the study, cerebrospinal fluid and blood cultures failed to demonstrate the fungus . This rodent model is similar to human cerebral candidosis. Med Pediatr Oncol, 1979, 6(1), 15 - 22 Fungal peritonitis and malignancy: report of two patients and review of the literature; Kopelson G et al.; Two patients developed isolated Candida albicans peritonitis in association with intraabdominal malignancy . Although additional factors predisposing to the development of fungal peritonitis were present, we postulate that tumor-related local factors permitted fungi to cross the gut wall and to enter the peritoneum, where the host immune status determined whether the infection spread . These two cases are the sixth and seventh reported cancer patients who developed fungal peritonitis, but the first two who had the fungal infection localized to the peritoneum; and this is the first report known to us specifically associating intraabdominal malignancy and fungal peritonitis . Patients who develop fungal peritonitis may have a primary or metastatic intraabdominal malignancy, and fungi should be considered as a cause of peritonitis in cancer patients. Vox Sang, 1979, 36(1), 9 - 12 Chronic autoimmune neutropenia due to anti-NA1 antibody; Valbonesi M et al.; A 12-month-old child neutropenic since the age of 8 months, was referred to our institute for a sepsis from Candida albicans . On exploring the cause of neutropenia, an anti-NA1 antibody could be detected in the patient's serum . This antibody seemed to be responsible for the neutropenia because the child's PMN type was NA1+ . The reactivity of the autoantibody with the patient's own granulocytes was confirmed by direct and indirect immunofluorescence studies performed on blood and marrow cells . A reduced number of T lymphocytes with poor PHA responsivity has been interpreted as the possible cause of the autoimmune disease . Steroid therapy did not cure the neutropenia but the child's general condition improved. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 677 - 80 Relationship between phosphate content and serological activities of the mannans of Candida albicans strains NIH A-207, NIH B-792, and J-1012; Okubo Y et al.; The mannans from Candida albicans strains NIH A-207 (serotype A), NIH B-792 (serotype B), and J-1012 (serotype C) were fractionated on a column of diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex into five subfractions containing different amounts of phosphate . Antibody-precipitating activities of the mannan subfractions of strains NIH A-207 and NIH B-792 were proportional to their phosphate content, while those of strain J-1012 did not show regularly proportional precipitin activity . A similar tendency was also observed in the cross-reaction between the mannan su,fractions of strains NIH A-207 and J-1012 and their heterologous antisera . The mannans of strain NIH B-792 showed lower cross-reactivities against antisera of strains NIH A-207 and NIH B-792, i.e., only two subfractions containing larger amounts of phosphate were able to react with these antisera. Arch Dermatol, 1979 Jan, 115(1), 36 - 9 Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and lymphocyte transformation: dissociation in atopic dermatitis; Elliott ST et al.; Studies of cell mediated immunity (CMI) in atopic dermatitis have demonstrated various defects and frequently contradictory results . The true nature of immune dysfunction remains uncertain . We approached this question by concurrently examining two aspects of CMI: delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity and in vitro lymphocyte transformation . Responses were tested using the antigens Candida albicans and streptokinase-streptodornase (SKSD) . Mean lymphocyte transformation was equal in atopic patients and controls, although a subgroup of severely dermatitic patients showed depressed responses . Cutaneous anergy was the rule in atopic patients (96% to candidin and 84% to SKSD) . Although normal subjects showed good correlation between in vitro and cutaneous responses, atopic patients showed a significant lack of correlation . Many patients manifested cutaneous anergy in the face of normal lymphocyte transformation re sponses. Arthritis Rheum, 1979 Jan, 22(1), 71 - 6 Lymphocytes from synovial tissue of a boy with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic polyarthritis; Abrahamsen TG et al.; Lymphocytes were eluted from synovial tissue of a boy with X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and chronic polyarthritis . The cell suspension contained 53% lymphocytes and 28% peroxidase-positive, macrophagelike cells, No B lymphocytes, 83% T lymphocytes, and 10% Fc-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were detected . Lymphocyte transformation was induced by polyclonal mitogens (phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen) whereas no response to antigens (purified protein derivative and Candida albicans antigen) was obtained . The eluted cells displayed antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. J Gerontol, 1979 Jan, 34(1), 9 - 14 The immune response during aging; Czlonkowska A et al.; Complex studies were carried out on humoral and cell mediated immunity among persons over 60 years of age and persons aged 18-40 . Humoral immune responses were not profoundly disturbed in the group of older persons . The level of isoagglutinins was lower in older subjects, but the level of immunoglobulins and antibodies to widespread bacterial and virus antigens (S . typhi O, Kunin's CA, Parainfluenza types I, II and III) was the same in both groups . Cell mediated immunity was more greatly changed . Response to PPD in skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation tests, and the migration inhibition test was reduced in older subjects . Also, in this group, PHA in lymphocyte stimulation tests and the number of E- rosette forming cells was lower than among younger adults . However, responses to other antigens in skin tests, lymphocyte stimulation tests, migration inhibition tests (Candida albicans, SK-SD, Trichophyton) and responses to other stimulants of the lymphocyte stimulation tests (Con A, PWM) were well preserved in older subjects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Jan, 47(1), 31 - 5 Median rhomboid glossitis caused by Candida? van der Waal I, Beemster G, van der Kwast WA. The etiology and pathogenesis of median rhomboid glossitis have been subjects of controversial discussions for a long time . In recent years, the possible role of Candida albicans has been stressed . The findings in 18 patients with median rhomboid glossitis only support partly the hypothesis of Candida albicans being an important etiologic factor. Int Urol Nephrol, 1979, 11(2), 145 - 50 "Triple infections" (fungal, bacterial and viral) in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients; Zazgornik J et al.; In a period of 5 years, 8 out of 77 renal transplant patients showed simultaneous fungal, bacterial and viral infections . Candida albicans was found in all cases . The most severe bacterial complications were infections with Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus . Cytomegalovirus, persistent HBsAg positive hepatitis, herpes zoster, and herpes simplex infections were also found . Seven patients died of bacterial superinfection and miliary tuberculosis . The data presented show that "triple infections" are associated with high mortality and that miliary tuberculosis occurred frequently in immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Am J Med, 1979 Jan, 66(1), 149 - 53 Leukocyte myeloperoxidase deficiency and diabetes mellitus associated with Candida albicans liver abscess; Cech P et al.; Reported here is a case of hereditary myeloperoxidase deficinecy in a diabetic patient suffering from a Candida albicans liver abscess . Peroxidase activity is completely absent from the neutrophils and monocytes although it is present in the eosinophils . The different forms of myeloperoxidase deficiency are discussed. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil, 1979, 173(3), 547 - 52 {In vitro anti-yeast activity of 1- and 2-propanols . Effect of the addition of polyethylene glycol 400}; Lacroix J et al.; The in vitro development of Candida albicans is inhibited in presence of 1-propanol and 2-propanol at minimum doses determined in the present work . For these inhibiting doses, associations with 400 polyethylene glycol which generally enhances yeast filamentation proved that this polyol is no longer able to maintain cellular development. Immunol Commun, 1979, 8(3), 279 - 301 The role of monocytes in phagocytosis and mixed leukocyte reactivity in human acute myeloid leukemia; Miale TD et al.; Lymphocyte proliferation, as measured by incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR), was significantly enhanced (p less than 0.01) when macrophages sensitized by target myeloblasts were added to monocyte-depleted lymphocyte fractions in the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with human leukemic myeloblasts as stimulators and panels of normal lymphocytes as responders . Monocyte addition in the same concentration range to unfractionated lymphocytes resulted in highly significant facilitation (p less than 0.0001) of MLR response patterns to myeloblastic stimulation . However, with substitution of a different myeloblastic stimulator, this facilitation was not observed . At higher monocyte-lymphocyte ratios (1:15) the monocytes appeared to be capable of strongly inhibiting the MLR . Monocyte capacity to engulf and kill Candida albicans organisms was normal in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients given "immunotherapy" with BCG and leukemic cells. J Immunol Methods, 1979, 31(1-2), 71 - 81 A modified cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans for serodiagnosis of systemic candidiasis; Holliday MG; A modified cytoplasmic antigen, prepared by Natamycin degradation of Candida albicans cells is described . The reactivity of this antigen in detecting precipitins to Candida albicans proved tobe very similar qualitatively and quantitatively to a standardised reference antigen, prepared by X-press disruption when both were compared by immunological techniques; the majority of antigenic components in each proving to be identical . When tested against 127 human sera of unknown antibody content the two antigens showed 100% correlation by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and 87.5% correlation by double diffusion . The modified antigen proved to be reproducible and reliable in use and is easily prepared in the routine laboratory. Pharmazie, 1979, 34(2), 97 - 102 {On the antimicrobial activity of propolis and propolis constituents (author's transl)}; Metzner J et al.; After a survey of the literature on the antimicrobial activity of the bee product propolis, the authors discuss their own findings as compared to the chemotherapeutical agents streptomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, nystatin, griseofulvin and sulphamerazine . According to the results obtained by testing 25 isolated constituents on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the antimicrobial properties of this mixture of natural substances are mainly attributable to the flavonoids pinocembrin, galangin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin-3-acetate as well as to the p-coumaric acid benzyl ester and a caffeic acid ester mixture . None of the isolated substances was as potent as the antibiotics tested for the purpose of comparison . The relatively good antimycetic activity of the 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone pinocembrin seems noteworthy . Finally, possible mechanisms of the antimicrobial action of the flavonoids are discussed. Dermatol Monatsschr, 1979 Jan, 165(1), 13 - 7 {The quantitative immunochemical determination of Candida albicans-specific antibodies (author's transl)}; Schwartze G et al.; A diffusion method is described for quantitative determination of precipitating antibodies against polysaccharide antigen from Candida albicans . It is a reversed single radial immunodiffusion method with the antigen in the gel layer . As one parameter within an immunological testing programme antibody levels were estimated in serum samples from a patient suffering from malignant melanoma. Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 19 - 26 Enhancement of resistance to murine osteogenic sarcoma in vivo by an extract of Brucella abortus (Bru-Pel): association with activation of reticuloendothelial system macrophages; Glasgow LA et al.; The administration of an aqueous-ether extracted residue of Brucella abortus (Bru-Pel) inhibits development of transplanted osteogenic sarcomas in mice as evidenced by a decrease in mortality . At least one mechanism through which Bru-Pel modulates host resistance is activation of macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system . Peritoneal macrophages harvested from mice receiving Bru-Pel were cytotoxic for osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro, limited the replication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures, and demonstrated enhanced emittance of chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan particles of Candida albicans . The concept of reticuloendothelial system activation was further supported by the evidence that administration of Bru-Pel enhanced resistance of mice to challenge with a lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes . These observation support the hypothesis that Bru-Pel shares a number of characteristics with recognized immunomodulating agents and that one mechanism by which it modulates host resistance to tumors, to virus infections, and to challenge with L . monocytogenes is through activation of macrophages. Infect Immun, 1979 Jan, 23(1), 146 - 9 Cross-reaction between the mycelial galactomannas of three Hormodendrum strains and the mannans of two Candida albicans strains of different serotypes, A and B; Takeda N et al.; Cross-reactivity between galactomannans of three representative Hormodendrum strains, H . pedrosoi IFO 6071, H . compactum IFO 6726, and H . dermatitidis IFO 6421, and the mannans of two Candida strains, C . albicans NIH A-207 (serotype A) and C . albicans NIH B-792 (serotype B), were investigated by means of agar-gel double diffusion, quantitative preciptin reaction, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis . The following results were obtained . (i) Antisera to whole cells of three Hormodendrum strains were completely inactive in all in vitro antigen-antibody reactions to mannans of C . albicans NIH A-207 and C . albicans NIH B-792, whereas antisera to both C . albicans strains were found to be cross-reactive against the three Hormodendrum galactomannans . (ii) The results of cross-passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests using guinea pigs sensitized with antiserum of three Hormodendrum and two Candida seemed to be consistent with those of the vitro assay . (iii) The reactivities of the corresponding acid-resistant core moieties of the three Hormodendrum galactomannas against two anti-C . albicans sera were nearly identical to those of the parent galactomannans in both in vitro and in vivo tests. Mycopathologia, 1978 Dec 29, 66(1-2), 51 - 7 Systemic candidiasis in mice treated with prednisolone and amphotericin B . 2 . Ultrastructure and evidence for fungal toxin; Blyth W et al.; The principal ultrastructural changes in cells of Candida albicans treated with amphotericin B (AmB), either in vitro or in vivo, and in the presence or absence of prednisolone included plasmolysis, vacuolation and destruction of organelles . Lamination of the cell wall, although discernible after 4 h antibiotic treatment in vitro, was conspicuous in vivo, especially in prednisolone-treated mice given AmB 72 h after inoculation and was seen in both phagocytosed cells and those free in inflammatory exudates . Somatic extracts from control cells and somatic extracts and leachates from AmB-treated cells showed the presence of low-grade toxic components when given i.p . to mice receiving antinomycin D(AMD) s.c . Culture filtrates were negative . Eighteen hour cultures were more toxic than those grown for 3 days and no toxicity was shown for cultures after 8 or 14 days . The behaviour of toxic materials during electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels suggested that they were proteins of relatively high molecular weight. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1978 Dec 19, 514(2), 348 - 55 Characteristics of proline transport in normal and starved cells of Candida albicans; Jayakumar A et al.; 1 . There was no apparent correlation between the rate of respiration and rate of accumulation of proline in Candida albicans cells . 2 . In contrast to normal cells, the respiration in the starved cells became completely cyanide insensitive . The starvation of cells in the presence of cycloheximide prevented the cells from becoming cyanide insensitive . The addition of Fe(III), however, accelerated the process . 3 . Oxidizable substrates e.g . NADH, acetate and glucose, when added to cyanide-insensitive starved cells, exhibited 40--280% stimulation in respiration rate . However, this enhancement in oxidation by various substrates was not coupled to a simultaneous increase in the proline uptake or in intracellular ATP levels . 4 . There was 6-fold stimulation in proline uptake when cyanide-insensitive cells were preincubated with 50 mM glucose . The preincubation of starved cells resulted in a partial restoration of cyanide sensitivity and increased intracellular ATP levels . The preincubation of starved cells with other oxidizable substrates resulted in a partial restoration of cyanide sensitivity but had no stimulatory effect on intracellular ATP levels and proline accumulation . 5 . Both the enhanced uptake and ATP levels in glucose preincubated cells were found to be completely abolished by iodoacetate . 6 . It is proposed that the increased proline uptake in cells preincubated with glucose was mainly due to the production of glycolytic energy. Mycopathologia, 1978 Dec 18, 65(1-3), 141 - 54 Fungal toxins as a parasitic factor responsible for the establishment of fungal infections; Iwata K; Although the mechanism of fungal infections, particularly that of opportunistic fungus infections, has been studied extensively, much still remains to be clarified . As is the case of certain bacterial infections, it has long been assumed by numerous investigators that some toxins, enzymes and other metabolites produced in vitro as well as in vivo by pathogenic fungi or their cellular constituents might be responsible for the establishment of fungal infections . However, there are very few papers which deal with isolation and/or characterization of pathogenic fungus-derived toxins, particularly those of high molecular weight, to sufficiently meet various criteria for toxins including etiopathological ability . Likewise, it has been speculated that certain enzymes produced by pathogenic fungi are related to the pathogenesis of infections with the fungi implicated, but no direct evidence has been provided . It is commonly held by researchers concerned with medical mycology that the lowering of specific and/or nonspecific resistance of a host to pathogenic fungi is a prerequisite for the establishment of infections, particularly opportunistic infections . However, it is also accepted that if a given fungus possesses no parasite factors (e.g . toxigenicity, invasiveness and others), it would be unable to initiate infection even when the host is in a severe immunodeficient state . This is supported by our recent studies working with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and some other so-called nonpathogenic yeasts (unpublished data) . Based on these considerations, the author and his co-workers have attempted to isolate several high and low molecular weight toxins in a pure state from virulent strains of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus as opportunist . Studies have also been made on the etiopathological roles of some successfully isolated toxins in infections with the fungi implicated (46) . In addition to our experimental results, general concepts in fungal toxins, particularly those related to such toxins as isolated in our laboratory are outlined . Since opportunistic fungus infections have created a global problem because of their world-wide prevalence, a sharp demarcation between the so-called pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi has become vague . Despite this situation, two terms are conventionally used throughout this paper. Ugeskr Laeger, 1978 Dec 4, 140(49), 3054 - 6 {Condylomata, hormonal contraceptives and candidiasis--and their interrelationships in women attending a clinic for veneral diseases}; Jepsen LV et al.; PIP: 493 women were examined over an 8 month period for the incidence of condylomata acuminata (CA) and the presence of the virus candida albicans . The results were correlated to the patients' rate of oral contraceptive use . CA was found in 77 patients; the rest served as a control group . 44% of the women in the CA group used oral contraceptives, compared to 38% in the control group (.05 P .1) . Candida albicans was found among 14.7% of the women using oral contraceptives and in 16% of the non-users (.5 P .6) . Candida albicans was found in 20% of the CA group and 15% of the control group (.3 P .4) . No significant relationship could be demonstrated between any of the 3 parameters . Can J Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 24(12), 1616 - 8 Mitogenic and protective activity associated with a lipopolysaccharide from Coxiella burnetii; Paquet A Jr et al.; A purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from the rickettsial agent of Q fever, Coxiella burnetii phase 1, possesses some of the in vivo and in vitro biological properties previously only associated with bacterial endotoxins . The Coxiella LPS is mitogenic for guinea pig leukocytes, induces non-specific resistance in mice to virulent Candida albicans, causes dermal Schwartzman reactions, and is positive by the limulus lysate assay. Sabouraudia, 1978 Dec, 16(4), 307 - 11 The effect of nystatin on the morphology of Candida albicans; Pugh D et al.; The effect of nystatin on Candida albicans was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy; it caused abnormal growth . Some cells had deep depressions in the cell walls; budding and germ tube formation were reduced. Sabouraudia, 1978 Dec, 16(4), 299 - 306 The distribution in mice of intravenously administered labelled Candida albicans; Trnovec T et al.; The time dependence of the distribution of intravenously injected radiolabelled Candida albicans in the body of mice was studied . The Candida cells were labelled by cultivating them 7 days at 28 degrees C in a medium containing one of the following radionuclides: 46Sc, 95Nb, 59Fe, 144ce, 89Sr, 60Co, 65Zn, 54Mn, 45Ca, 51Cr and 91Y, which are listed in decreasing order in respect to amount bound . The labelled cells were killed by heating them 120 min at 60 degrees C, without loss of immunologic properties . Owing to the amount and strength of binding, 144Ce labelled Candida, together with 14C labelled cells was used in animal kinetic study . A rapid disappearance of the labelled cells from blood, interrupted by a small peak, was paralleled by a transient uptake in lungs and followed by a long lasting accumulation in the liver . The kidneys and spleen revealed only small uptakes of the labelled material. Aust N Z J Med, 1978 Dec, 8(6), 620 - 2 Alternative pathway of complement activation by Candida albicans; Thong YH et al.; Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Candida albicans was examined using a chemotactic assay . Two serologically defined strains and eight clinical isolates of Candida albicans were used in these experiments . The results showed that all ten strains of Candida albicans were capable of alternative complement pathway activation . These findings may provide an insight into host resistance to this infection. Can J Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 24(12), 1482 - 9 Increased in vitro sensitivity of Candida albicans to amphotericin B when grown in mixed culture with Escherichia coli; Mathieu LG et al.; The growth of Candida albicans was inhibited by some Escherichia coli strains both in conventional batch cultures and also in a chemostat under conditions of constant addition of fresh medium . Concentrations of 0.2 microgram amphotericin B per millilitre and of 2 microgram nystatin per millilitre, which caused a slight inhibition of C . albicans in pure culture, exerted a strong fungicidal effect when the yeast was placed in mixed cultures with certain strains of E . coli . Candida albicans cells, inhibited by either E . coli or in mixed culture with polyene antibiotics, appeared larger and less uniformly stained by acridine orange than control cells from pure cultures . Addition of chloramphenicol to the mixed cultures, in quantities sufficient to kill the E . coli cells, abolished the increased sensitivity of C . albicans to amphotericin B or nystatin . In preliminary in vivo tests, E . coli did not sensitize C . albicans to the polyene antibiotics. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1978 Dec, 46(6), 776 - 80 Refractory oral candidiasis . Report of a case; Aufdemorte TB et al.; A 55-year-old male patient with no significant medical history or systemic physical findings was found, on routine dental examination, to have an oral Candida albicans infection . The condition failed to clear completely after 21 days of nystatin therapy . A 5-day course of clotrimazole was then initiated . Complete clearing of all signs of candida infection occurred in 48 hours, but the infection recurred by the twentieth day of follow-up . A 14-day regimen was then prescribed . Again, the condition cleared in 48 hours, and at the 6-month follow-up all signs of candida involvement, including cultures and smears, remained negative . As no reports of the use of clotrimazole vaginal tablets in oral candidiasis clinically refractory to nystatin therapy were found in the literature of the last 11 years, it was thought that this case was of significant interest. J Prosthet Dent, 1978 Dec, 40(6), 622 - 7 Antimycotic denture adhesive in treatment of denture stomatitis; Scher EA et al.; The mycologic findings of Candida albicans or culturally similar yeasts in 70% of the subject sample is consistent with those of other researchers . It is, however, only one of several etiologic factors requiring concomitant study to obtain meaningful results . Use of an antimycotic denture adhesive did not prove to be effective in the treatment of denture stomatitis . Although in the trial it appeared that marginally better results were obtained with the amphotericin medicated adhesive, this could not be substantiated statistically . On retrospective testing in the laboratory, both medicated and placebo materials were found to have an inhibiting effect on the growth of C . albicans . However, it was considered that the beneficial effects noted were probably due to the adhesive and lubricant effects of the test materials in reducing denture trauma in function. J Pediatr, 1978 Dec, 93(6), 910 - 5 Human colostral cells: phagocytosis and killing of E . coli and C . albicans; Ho PC et al.; Cells from human colostrum, collected from mothers within 48 hours of delivery, were examined for their capacity to phagocytose and kill Eschericia coli and Candida albicans . The phagocytic power of colostral cells was comparable to that of blood leukocytes from the same individuals . In contrast, the capacity of colostral cells to kill microorganisms was significantly less than that of blood leukocytes . Preincubation of blood leukocytes with colostrum supernatant did not reduce phagocytic indices, but reduced E . coli killing by 40% and C . albicans killing by 66% . The role of colostral cells in protecting the neonate from infection is discussed in the light of these findings. Cancer, 1978 Dec, 42(6), 2631 - 40 Immunological monitoring during chemotherapy for advanced Hodgkin's disease; Alexopoulos CG et al.; A study of some immunologic in vitro and in vivo changes during the course of chemotherapy in 17 cases of advanced Hodgkin's disease was made . Skin testing with PPD, candida albicans and streptodornase antigens was studied together with studies of B and T cell numbers in the blood and responses to migration inhibition testing for PPD and PHA . An excellent correlation was found between recovery of normal immunologic responses and clinical remission despite the use of immunosuppressive chemotherapy. J Clin Pathol, 1978 Dec, 31(12), 1161 - 6 Determination of antibody levels to Candida albicans in healthy and hospitalised adults using a radioimmunoassay; Cobb SJ et al.; A radioimmunoassay for antibody to Candida albicans is described . The test used whole, killed organisms as the antigen and radiolabelled sheep anti-human globulins to quantitate different classes of antibody to C . albicans . The assay has been compared with an Ouchterlony precipitin method and found to be simpler, more rapid, and more sensitive than the latter . Results obtained from two groups of symptomless adults indicated that the range of antibody level was wider for a hospitalised group than for a group of blood transfusion donors, particularly in respect of IgG and IgA antibody . The reason for the increase of antibody in hospital patients was not clear but may have been related to antibiotic therapy . The difficulties in interpretation of Candida serology have therefore been re-assessed in the light of more detailed knowledge of the range and type of antibody to be expected in normal individuals. Sabouraudia, 1978 Dec, 16(4), 237 - 46 Peptones and mycological reproducibility; Odds FC et al.; The pH reactions, ultraviolet spectra and phosphorus content of solutions of a variety of commercially available peptones all indicated, predictably, considerable differences in the chemical composition of the peptones . The effects of these differences on the outcome of experiments with Candida albicans grown in different peptone media was investigated . The fungus produced germ tubes equally effectively on all such media provided that the inoculum was kept to 10(6) blastospores/ml or less . However, expression of inducible enzyme activities in C . albicans varied extensively from peptone to peptone; there was, for example, an inverse relationship between the inorganic phosphorus content of peptones and the amount of acid phosphomonoesterase detectable in intact blastospores . The results indicated that use of different peptones in "Sabouraud's" media by different laboratories may account for some, but not all, published instances of irreproducibility of experiments with C . albicans. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac, 1978 Dec, 95(12), 733 - 46 {Management in pollinosis and false pollinosis}; Tabart J et al.; Typical cases of pollen allergen (hayfever, allergic asthma), together with isolated non-respiratory "equivalent" manifestations (urticaria, eye conditions, headache, etc.), are easy to detect on the basis of skin tests and the clinical history . Such manifestations may also occur in "false pollen allergy", related in most instances by atmospheric moulds (Dematiaceae), sometimes by house dust or dermatophytes (Candida Albicans, Trichophyton sp), by food or by a bacterial infection or allergy . A combination of pollen allergy and false pollen allergy is common . In cases of false pollen allergy the proportion of negative skin reactions would appear to worsen with the repeated use of prolonged action corticosteroid injections, given on a preventive basis . Similarly, these disorders, initially seasonal, change to more chronic manifestations throughout the year . Desensitization with aqueous extracts of allergens ensured the most complete protection against the causes of pollen allergy and false pollen allergy . Allergen extracts percipitated with alun (semi-retard extracts), more effective than tyrosine adsorbates (Pollinex) have the advantage of offering more rapid treatment without the risk of dangerous reactions . The best therapeutic results have obtained over the course of the last ten years, by the authors, combining on each occasion a semi-retard allergen with an aqueous allergen, thereby acquiring the benefit of the adjuvant effect of the first, in a course of ten to fifteen injections per year . Non specific therapy (antihistamines, cromoglycate, theophylline, etc.) retains all of its symptomatic indications . Oral corticosteroid therapy is better metabolized in the organism and has less of a disturbing effect on the circadian rhythm of cortisol, and is hence to be preferred to injections of delyaed action corticosteroid suspensions. Infect Immun, 1978 Dec, 22(3), 861 - 6 Proteolytic activity of Candida albicans: action on human salivary proteins; Germaine GR et al.; The susceptibility of human salivary proteins to degradation by Candida albicans was studied . The organism was cultivated in either whole-salivary supernatant or parotid fluid, both of which were supplemented with glucose (0.1%) . The culture pH's were at, or above, neutrality . After growth, the culture supernatant solutions were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for alterations in their profiles of salivary proteins . No evidence of proteolysis of whole-saliva or parotid fluid proteins was found . Salivary proteins, however, are susceptible to degradation by preparations of C . albicans protease . Candida protease was incubated with parotid fluid adjusted to several pH values . After incubation the reaction mixtures were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Extensive degradation of parotid proteins was found at pH 4, very slight proteolysis at pH 5, and no degradation at pH 6 or 7 . No selectivity in proteolysis of the several parotid proteins was noted . These results indicate that C . albicans protease is strictly dependent upon low (ca . 4) pH for activity on salivary proteins . Furthermore, it is suggested that due to the pH requirements of the enzyme, it is unlikely to be of major significance to the pathogenesis of Candida-induced oral inflammatory lesions. Mycopathologia, 1978 Nov 10, 64(3), 143 - 6 A simple liquid medium for chlamydospore formation in Candida albicans; Gunasekaran M et al.; A new, relatively simple and inexpensive liquid medium was devised to produce all structural forms of C . albicans . Optimum conditions to induce the yeast cells, germ tubes, pseudohyphae and chlamydospores along with the methods to obtain them are described. Fortschr Med, 1978 Nov 9, 96(42), 2169 - 72 {Predisposing factors in candidiasis . Animal experimental studies and clinical findings with special regard to immunity}; Fegeler KJ; In the presence of predisposing factors which are considered as a local or general impairment of the host's defence mechanisms, the opportunistically pathogenic character of Candida albicans transforms into a parasitic one thus favoring the development of candidosis . The clinically reporting part of the paper deals with the predisposing factors and clinical features of candidosis . In animal experiments, we attempted to find out to what extent and whether exclusively the cellular immune system protects the host from Candida albicans infection . Our findings suggest that the cell-mediated immunity and phagocytosis are of fundamental importance in overcoming a candidosis and in resistance to Candida albicans . The humoral immune system plays a minor role, which may be limited to the stimulation of macrophages. Niger Med J, 1978 Nov, 8(6), 579 - 80 Candida albicans and otorrhoea in children . Case reports; Azubuike JC; 5 cases of Nigerian children, all below 2 years of age are presented . Common to all is a history of treated ear infections with subsequent development of otorrhoea . Both smears and cultures of the ear swabs documented candida albicans, and all the patients responded well to oral Nystatin . There is as yet little emphasis in published works on the relationship between candida albicans and draining ears. Cancer Treat Rep, 1978 Nov, 62(11), 1987 - 96 Immunomodulating effects of BM 12.531 in animals and tolerance in man; Bicker U; BM 12.531, a 2-cyansubstituted aziridine, has interesting therapeutic and immunomodulating effects . Antitumor effects in Meth A sarcoma in mice and an increase in resistance to Candida albicans infection in mice have been found . It was demonstrated that BM 12.531 can modulate the immune system in animals (DTH lymphocyte transformation, etc) . It was also shown that BM 12.531 can restore the immune response in animals, where this has been suppressed by cyclophosphamide . In a phase I study in cancer patients it was demonstrated that BM 12.531 is very well-tolerated . A dose-dependent increase was found in the percentage of spontaneous T lymphocytes in cancer patients after the administration of BM 12.531. Arch Ophthalmol, 1978 Nov, 96(11), 2069 - 72 Ascorbate therapy in impaired neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis . With atopy, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and recurrent infection; Foster CS et al.; A Candida albicans corneal ulcer developed in a 24-year-old man with a history of eczema, asthma, and multiple bacterial infections since childhood . The infection responded well to oral flucytosine (12 g/day for 15 days) and topical amphotericin B . Positive laboratory findings included eosinophilla, hyperimmunoglobulinemia E, and impaired neutrophil and monocyte spontaneous migration and chemotactic responses . Ascorbic acid corrected the monocyte defect in vitro and in vivo, but had no effect on neutrophil function. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1978 Nov-Dec, 35(6), 973 - 9 {Infections in children with cancer}; Jimenez F E et al.; In 38 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease 60 episodes of infection were registered showing the unquestionable increased susceptibility to infections in these cases . In 90% of the patients the infectious focus was localized and the pulmonary showed to be the most frequent . The etiology of the infection was established in 53% of the episodes and the bacterial, both gram-positive as gram-negative, showed the greatest frequency . In the second place came viral infections (measles and chicken-pox) . Finally, two pathogenic agents, unusual in children without cancer were seen: Candida albicans and Pneumocystis carinii . Treatment was given according to the etiological agent . When it was not determined, methycillin-gentamicin was given and if the problem was pulmonary and response was not obtained within 4 to 6 days, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole was chosen . Five children died as direct consequence of infection (13% of the patients), 2 of them (5%) without tumoral activity at that moment. J Clin Invest, 1978 Nov, 62(5), 1005 - 13 Specific inhibition of in vitro Candida-induced lymphocyte proliferation by polysaccharidic antigens present in the serum of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; Fischer A et al.; A specific inhibitory activity of in vitro proliferative responses of normal human lymphocytes to Candida metabolic antigen was found in the serum of 6 out of 23 children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis . In each of the six patients, the presence of an inhibitory activity was associated with Candida-specific cellular defects, characterized by a negative-skin test and a lack of in vitro lymphocyte proliferation . The presence of a circulating inhibitor was detected during relapses of the disease and disappeared under antifungal therapy . This inhibitory effect was not associated with any toxicity on tested lymphocytes . The factor was shown to be nondialysable, thermostable, nonprecipitable with ammonium sulfate and absorbable on anti-Candida antibodies or concanavalin A-coupled agarose columns . Altogether, these results suggest that the inhibitory factor is not an immunoglobulin, but rather a polysaccharidic antigen of Candida albicans . An inhibition of Candida-induced proliferative response of normal human lymphocytes was also obtained by addition of polysacharide antigens or purified mannans from C . albicans to cultures . Candida polysaccharidic antigens appeared, therefore, to be involved in specific depression of cellular functions observed in chronic candidiasis. Am J Clin Pathol, 1978 Nov, 70(5), 826 - 31 Increasing the predictive value positive of the precipitin test for the diagnosis of deep-seated candidiasis; Syverson RE et al.; Three hundred fifty human sera were tested by double immunodiffusion, crossed-line electrophoresis, and crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with a concanavalin A intermediate gel for precipitating antibodies to antigens present in cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans . Sera from 48 of 287 hospitalized patients at risk of invasive candidiasis contained precipitating antibodies to Candida antigens . Of these 48 sera, 27 had precipitating antibodies only to cell-wall antigens present in the cytoplasmic extract, and 21 sera had precipitating antibodies to both cytoplasmic and cell-wall antigens . The latter sera came from patients who were 2.5 times as likely to have deep-seated candidiasis as those patients with precipitins exclusively to cell-wall antigens . Sera from seven of 22 patients with vaginal candidiasis and 10 of 41 patients with other fungal infections had precipitating antibodies to C . albicans cell-wall antigens; only two of these sera also contained precipitating antibodies to the cytoplasmic antigens . Crossed immunoaffinoelectrophoresis with concanavalin A reduced the number of false-positive results and increased the predictive value positive of the precipitin test for deep-seated candidiasis from 31% to 71%. Mycopathologia, 1978 Oct 16, 64(2), 121 - 3 Antibody formation in experimental immunizations with Candida albicans ribosomal fractions; Segal E et al.; Sera of mice immunized with ribosomal fractions of Candida albicans showed the presence of anti-C . albicans antibodies, detected by the gel-immunodiffusion, agglutination and immune adherence tests. Tohoku J Exp Med, 1978 Oct, 126(2), 173 - 5 Systemic candidiasis produced by oral Candida administration in mice; Umenai T; Systemic Candida infection from the gastrointestinal tract was examined in mice . Candida albicans was undetectable in the blood, lungs, spleen, liver or kidneys of mice 24 hr after oral Candida administration even under condition of severe damage to the host defence system, but became detectable in the liver and kidneys of mice when they received combined treatment of antibiotics, x-ray irradiation and dexamethasone 3 and 5 days after oral Candida administration. Aviat Space Environ Med, 1978 Oct, 49(10), 1212 - 4 Quantitative cidal activity of hyperbaric oxygen for opportunistic yeast pathogens; Bornside GH; Cidal activities of 24-h exposures to 100% O2 and 95% O2 + 5% CO2 were assayed at 1 and 3 ATA . Studied were 21 yeasts isolated from humans: Candida albicans (8 strains), C . tropicalis (3 strains), C . krusei (3 strains), C . parapsilosis (2 strains), C . guilliermondii (2 strains), and one strain each of C . pseudotropicalis, C . stellatoidea, and Torulopsis sp . Generally, these were extremely sensitive to hyperbaric oxygen, although species and strain differences were observed . Indices of kill from 80-100 (total kill) characterized 17 of the 21 yeasts (81%) . Hyperoxia (O2 +/- CO2 at 1 ATA) was not lethal . Deprivation of CO2 as a consequence of hyperbaric exposure to 100% O2 enhanced cidal activity for only 2 of 21 yeasts, whereas hyperbaric exposure to the mixture enhanced activity against four yeasts . Cidal activities were not significantly different for the remaining 15 yeasts . This response to deprivation of CO2 is different from that of bacteria, and manifests fundamental differences between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. Ann Immunol (Paris), 1978 Oct-Dec, 129 C(6), 843 - 6 {Inflammation and resistance of mice infected by "Candida albicans" (author's transl)}; Hurtrel B et al.; An inflammatory reaction induced by the subcutaneous injection of talc embedded in a gel calcium phosphate increased resistance of mice challenged intravenously with Candida albicans . The relationship between the absolute number of polymorphonuclear phagocytes in the blood and this protective effect seems to indicate a major role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes following inflammation. Health Lab Sci, 1978 Oct, 15(4), 197 - 200 The comparison of two agar media for germ tube and chlamydospore production by Candida albicans; Yong DC et al.; A simple (2% oxgall) agar medium is described for the production of both germ tubes and chlamydospores by over 500 clinical isolates of Candida albicans . In comparison studies between the 2% oxgall agar and the more complex "cream of rice" infusion-oxgall-Tween 80 agar (RIOT), germ tubes were formed by 478 isolates in both media, by 9 isolates in only the oxgall medium and by 11 isolates in only the RIOT medium . Chlamydospores were formed by 481 isolates in both media, by 2 isolates in only the oxgall medium and by 9 isolates in only the RIOT medium . The data also show that both the germ tubes and chlamydospores were needed for the presumptive clinical identification of C . albicans. Arch Dermatol Res, 1978 Sep 28, 263(1), 97 - 104 In vitro studies on microphage functions in chronic pyoderma vegetans; Djawari D et al.; The function of microphages has been studied in two patients with chronic pyoderma vegetans by in vitro determination of phagocytosis as well as chemotaxis . The results showed a striking decrease in the chemotactic activity of the neutrophil granulocytes, a reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, and a weakness of the intracellular killing of these microorganisms . However, the NADH-dependent oxidase activity appeared to be intact . No defect was found in the specific cellular or humoral immune system in either patient. Arch Dermatol Res, 1978 Sep 28, 263(1), 47 - 58 Effects of 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365 nm UVA light on Candida albicans cells . An electron microscopic study; Scherwitz C et al.; Candida (C) albicans cells were exposed to 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) concentrations of 1.0 microgram/ml and 10.0 microgram/ml medium and irradiated with 365 nm light . The amount of energy emitted was 4.8 J/cm2 . Two divergent types of cell damage occured concerning yeast cell cytoplasm and cell wall . Two hours after exposure cytoplasmic changes involving mitochondria, which showed irregularities in shape, blurred appearance or loss of mitochondrial cristae and outer membrane were seen . The number of vacuoles was increased . The cytoplasm showed large electron transparent areas, the cytoplasmic membrane disappeared in some areas completely . Nucleus and nuclear envelope usually remained intact in early stages . 24h after exposure conspicuous cell wall alterations were observed in addition to cytoplasmic changes . Newly produced cell wall material formed ball-like protrusions or was adherent sickle-shaped to the cell wall . The investigations strongly suggest that the results found after 8-MOP-UVA treatment of C . albicans cells can not be interpreted in the sense of a general cytotoxic effect . Apparently it takes the form of a combination of events involving regressive and progressive alterations. Vet Rec, 1978 Sep 23, 103(13), 284 - 7 Bacterial and mycoplasma flora of a laboratory colony of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus); Hill AC et al.; A survey was carried out to characterise the bacterial and mycoplasma flora of a closed colony of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus . Bordetella bronchiseptica and Staphylococcus aureus were the only potential bacterial pathogens isolated from the colony; Candida albicans was also identified . S aureus and C albicans were the only organisms which were associated with macroscopic lesions or overt disease . Post mortem examination of the animals proved only reliable method of establishing the presence of some bacterial species in the colony, eg, B bronchiseptica and of obtaining a reliable estimate of the incidence of the various organisms within the colony . The marmosets were all infected with ureaplasmas in the upper respiratory tract . Mycoplasma salivarium was isolated from this site in several animals . There was no evidence to indicate that cross-infection had occurred between the animal technicians and the marmosets, except in one possible case of candidiasis. Blood, 1978 Sep, 52(3), 493 - 8 Efficacy of granulocyte transfusions in the control of systemic candidiasis in the leukopenic host; Ruthe RC et al.; An experimental canine model was designed to evaluate the effect of granulocyte transfusions on systemic infection with Candida albicans in the granulocytopenic host . Each of a pair of dogs was rendered granulocytopenic with a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg body weight) and challenged with 10(6) Candida albicans organisms administered i.v . when granulocyte counts were less than or equal to 500/mm3 . Granulocytes procured by leukofiltration were infused into six experimental dogs 1, 24, 48, and 72 hr after challenge with Candida . An average of 13 +/- 1.3 X 10(9) granulocytes were administered per infusion, producing an average 1-hr increment of 588 +/- 146 granulocytes/mm3 over the pretransfusion granulocyte count . Experimental and control dogs were killed 96 hr after challenge and organs examined grossly and by quantitative culture techniques to measure the extent of infection . All animals receiving granulocyte transfusions had significantly less tissue infection than nontransfused controls (p less than 0.05) . It was concluded that granulocyte transfusions are effective in reducing the severity of infection by Candida albicans during periods of leukopenia. Ann Sclavo, 1978 Sep-Oct, 20(5), 770 - 80 {Filaments of the "Candida albicans" in human serum (author's transl)}; Vissani PM et al.; A study on human serum activity on Candida albicans cells has been carried out . In smear microcultures the microcolonies morphogenesis and the thread formation in the presence of serum, as well as the reappearance of normal yeast cells after re-growth in normal nutrient agar has been assessed . The serum globulin-fraction appeared to have the greatest germ-tube inducing activity: an heat-sensitive quality that went lost after 30 minutes at 100 degrees C . The multiplying activity of the Candida cells was almost completely abolished in the presence of serum . Realying on these experimental findings the AA . suggest that a demaging factor may be present in sera, linked to the globulin protein fraction, that hinders the Candida cell-wall normal synthesis: hence follows the appearance of threads, mostly deprived of multiplying activity . A condition in some way akin to the well known filament inducing activity of penicillin on Gram-negative bacteria. Mycopathologia, 1978 Sep 1, 64(1), 39 - 42 Candida albicans dimorphism and virulence: role of copper; Vaughn VJ et al.; Previously reported observations that Candida albicans grows in the yeast phase at 30C and the mycelial phase at 37 degrees C and that the former phase is more virulent than the latter were confirmed . A novel factor, copper, was discovered to suppress filamentation . Injection of copper into mice permitted the filamentous phase to be as virulent as the yeast phase . In subsequent studies on candidosis, copper assays should be performed on relevant body fluids to determine if there might be a correlation between elevated copper and heightened susceptibility to the fungus. Clin Allergy, 1978 Sep, 8(5), 525 - 33 Fungal spores in lung and sputum; Mullins J et al.; A survey of fungal aerospora over a 2-year period was combined with an investigation of the fungi cultured from 295 samples of peripheral human lung and 2466 samples of sputum over the same period . 83% of lung and 88% of sputum samples contained culturable fungi, although in 16% of lung and 31% of sputum samples Candida albicans was the only one . Those fungi of small spore size tended to be found in lung tissue while those with larger spores were more likely to be found in the sputum . While their presence in the respiratory tract was related to their occurrence in the air, differences in their frequencies in the air and lung suggested that the lung had a selective inhibitory effect on the development of different spores . In particular, Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured more frequently than would have been anticipated from its profusion in the air. Scand J Dent Res, 1978 Sep, 86(5), 392 - 8 Experimental Candida-induced denture stomatitis in the Wistar rat; Olsen I et al.; An experimental model of yeast-induced denture stomatitis has been set up in the rat by inoculating Candida albicans on the fitting side of a maxillary acrylic plate retained by an orthodontic band around the incisors . Thirty-eight Wistar rats were used in two series of experiments with an observation period of 2 weeks . In each of the series there were one control and three experimental groups . Control rats were left untreated, while rats of the experimental groups wore either uninoculated or inoculated plates, or had their palatal mucosa smeared with the yeast . For cytologic examination the palate was scraped in Series I and the fitting side of the plate in Series II . After 1 week a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of most animals of the experimental groups . It was most severe and persistent in rats with inoculated plates . Histologic signs of inflammation and hyphal formation were also most pronounced in this group . Hyphae did not invade the epithelium . Except for an initial loss of body weight, which was restored by day 10 or 12, the rats tolerated their plates . The Wistar rat seems to be well suited for experimental studies on denture stomatitis. Mikrobiologiia, 1978 Sep-Oct, 47(5), 915 - 8 {Dehydrogenase isoenzymatic spectrum of alanine, aspartic and glutamic acids in Candida albicans yeasts}; Tsinberg MB; The isoenzyme spectrum of dehydrogenases of alanine, aspartic and glutamic acids requiring NAD and NADP as cofactors was studied in Candida albicans . The spectrum of aspartate dehydrogenase was found to depend on a cofactor being used . The isoenzyme systems are related to proteins which posess various physico-chemical and antigenic properties. Mycopathologia, 1978 Aug 10, 63(3), 173 - 5 Immunoglobulin classes of human serum antibodies in vaginal candidiasis; Warnock DW et al.; The titre and immunoglobulin class of antibodies against Candida albicans in serum from 60 non-pregnant women was determined . IgG titres up to 1 : 32, IgA titres up to 1 : 8, and IgM titres up to 1 : 4 were detected in 30 women with vaginal candidiasis . Similar titres were found in 20 women harbouring yeasts in the mouth or rectum, and in 10 women who were not harbouring yeasts in the vagina, mouth or rectum . Serum fractionation confirmed that antibodies to C . albicans are found in the three immunoglobulin classes and that those antibodies reside in highest titre in the IgG class . No secretory IgA antibodies against C . albicans were detected in the serum of these women. Br J Dermatol, 1978 Aug, 99(2), 191 - 6 Lymphocyte transformation in patients with cobalt de