Candida albicans

Cancer, 1981 Feb 15, 47(4), 801 - 5
Infections in hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis); Stewart DJ et al.; Of 22 patients with hairy cell leukemia, 18 developed life-threatening infections . Susceptibility to infection appeared to be increased nonspecifically, in that a wide range of infecting organisms were noted . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the organism isolated most frequently . Four patients had disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii, and one had bacillus Calmette-Guerin lymphadenitis . Two patients developed serious fungal infections (Candida albicans in one and Allescheria boydii in the other) . One patient had disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and two had toxoplasmosis . Splenectomy did not appear to decrease the infection rate . The infection rate initially increased following chemotherapy (P less than 0.001), then returned to pretreatment levels by two months following treatment . Infections were most frequent during granulocytopenia (P less than 0.01), but granulocytopenia was not a prerequisite for either life-threatening or fatal infections . Monocytopenia may be a more important factor than granulocytopenia in risk of infection in hairy cell leukemia patients.

Infect Immun, 1981 Feb, 31(2), 723 - 31
Microbicidal cationic proteins of rabbit alveolar macrophages: amino acid composition and functional attributes; Patterson-Delafield J et al.; We purified two microbicidal cationic proteins, MCP-1 and MCP-2, from rabbit alveolar macrophages . MCP-1 was remarkably rich in arginine (25.5 mol%) and half cystine (18.7 mol%) residues and constituted approximately 1.5% of the total protein content of Freund adjuvant-elicited alveolar macrophages . MCP-2 was approximately half as abundant as MCP-1 and contained relatively less arginine (14.9 mol%) and half cystine (9.8 mol%) . The amino acid compositions of MCP-1 and MCP-2 resembled those reported for the lysosomal cationic proteins of rabbit granulocytes, but were distinct from those of any known histone . MCP-1 (1 microgram/ml) killed 99.6% of Candida albicans in 20 min, whereas MCP-2 killed approximately 80% under similar conditions . Both proteins rapidly suppressed O2 consumption by C . albicans and induced a rapid loss of intracellular 86Rb+ . Although more information is needed about the biological origin, distribution, and roles of macrophage microbicidal proteins, it seems likely that MCP-1 and MCP-2 contribute to the microbicidal efficacy of rabbit alveolar macrophages.

Infect Immun, 1981 Feb, 31(2), 783 - 91
Persistence and spread of Candida albicans after intragastric inoculation of infant mice; Field LH et al.; Infant mice have been shown previously to be a useful model for the study of gastrointestinal (GI) and systemic candidosis . In this study, the virulence of four strains of Candida albicans was compared in intragastrically inoculated infants and in adult mice inoculated intravenously . The four strains differed in their ability to kill both infant and adult mice . A smaller inoculum was required to kill adult mice inoculated intravenously . Neonates could not be inoculated intravenously . The ability of the strains to spread systemically from and to persist for long periods of time in the digestive tract was also examined in intragastrically inoculated infants . The yeast cells spread to liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen within 30 min postinoculation . Yeast were not detectable in the lungs or in blood from the pleural cavity up to 15 min post-inoculation, thus making it unlikely that systemic spread resulted from faulty inoculation or from aspiration . The region where C . albicans crossed the GI tract of infant mice was visualized histologically in the upper third of the small intestine . The four strains varied in their ability to persist for long periods in the GI tract, in the rate at which they appeared systemically, and in ability to kill infant mice . Three of the four strains colonized the gut for up to 10 weeks postinoculation without use of any compromising agents.

Br J Vener Dis, 1981 Feb, 57(1), 67 - 9
Evaluation of a culture slide in the diagnosis of vaginal candidosis; Pattman RS et al.; The Till-U-Test Candida Dermatophyte (TUT CD) culture slide, produced for the diagnosis of yeast and dermatophyte infections, was compared with microscopy and formal laboratory culture in the diagnosis of vaginal candidosis . Candida albicans grew readily on the medium and reliable results were obtained within a mean of three days' incubation at room temperature . Agreement with laboratory culture was 91 . 4%; 29% of cases would have been missed by microscopy alone . The TUT CD is a useful device, therefore, in the investigation of vaginitis.

Br J Ophthalmol, 1981 Feb, 65(2), 89 - 96
Development of quantitative methods of measuring antifungal drug effects in the rabbit cornea; Oji EO; By means of multiple inoculation in each cornea with microtrephination a highly reproducible quantitative model of fungal infection of the rabbit corneal stroma has been produced . A known suspension of the chosen pathogen was systematically implanted into the trephine sites in the cornea . The degree of infectivity was monitored in both the preinoculation treated corneae (prophylaxis) and the postinoculation treated corneae (therapy) . Examples measuring and comparing the antifungal effect of various imidazole drugs against Candida albicans are discussed.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Feb, 145(2), 896 - 903
Natural heterozygosity in Candida albicans; Whelan WL et al.; We subjected 16 Candida albicans clinical isolates to ultraviolet radiation and tested the survivors for auxotrophy . Six isolates displayed strongly biased auxotroph spectra: three yielded methionine auxotrophs, two yielded both isoleucine-valine and adenine auxotrophs, and one yielded lysine auxotrophs . We present evidence that auxotrophs arise by segregation from naturally occurring heterozygous states . The remaining isolates yielded few or no auxotrophs in an arbitrary sample (greater than 2,500) of survivors of irradiation . Our experiments indicate that C . albicans is diploid, although aneuploidy (2n + i) cannot be rigorously excluded . We discuss the possible utility of heterozygosity as a marker in epidemiological studies, and we discuss a rationale for the frequent occurrence of heterozygosity.

J Exp Med, 1981 Feb 1, 153(2), 476 - 81
Antigen-reactive T cells can be activated buy autologous macrophages in the absence of added antigen; Hausman PB et al.; T cells responsive to macrophages (M phi) in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) contain those cells that can be induced to proliferate by soluble antigens . Negative solution (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and light) of T cells activated by autologous M phi also removed those cells required for reactivity to Candida albicans and purified protein derivative . Positive selection of T cells responsive to autologous M phi yields a population that is simultaneously enriched in antigen reactivity . Some patients demonstrating cutaneous anergy and diminished in vitro blast transformation in response to soluble antigen also lack T cells responsive to the AMLR to M phi . When considered in conjunction with previously reported data, these findings indicate the AMLR occurring between T cells and M phi in the absence of soluble antigen represents self recognition occurring between antigen-reactive T cells and antigen-presenting M phi.

S Afr Med J, 1981 Jan 24, 59(4), 111 - 3
Evaluation of neutrophil and lymphocyte function in subjects with iron deficiency; van Heerden C et al.; Neutrophil function was studied in a group of 15 children, 7 with iron deficiency (4 with iron deficiency anaemia) and 8 age-matched controls; by clinical and laboratory criteria, all were uninfected . In a second group of 28 children, 14 iron-deficient (6 with iron deficiency anaemia) and 14 controls, numbers of circulating T and B lymphocytes and responsiveness to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A were assessed . Levels of salivary IgA were estimated in every patient . Neutrophil chemotaxis to autologous endotoxin-activated serum and control serum, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and post-phagocytic nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction were similar in both the iron-deficient and control groups . Likewise, levels of secretory IgA, serum immunoglobulins, total haemolytic complement and complement components, and numbers of T and B lymphocytes were comparable in both iron-deficient groups and the control group . However, transformation to both mitogens was reduced in the group with iron deficiency anaemia.

J Invest Dermatol, 1981 Jan, 76(1), 63 - 7
Epithelial and interepithelial mitoses of the oral mucosa: light and electron microscopic study in mice after exposure to different antigens; Bos IR et al.; Many epithelia respond to exogenous injurious agents with an increased proliferation . Until now interepithelial cells (neuroectodermal cells, lymphocytes, cerebriform cells and Langerhans cells) have been neglected in investigations of the proliferation kinetics of stratified squamous epithelia . In mice with different antigenic exposure, and in T-cell deficient nude mice mitoses in the oral epithelium were counted by light microscopy and the proportion of mitoses of interepithelial cells was determined by an additional ultrastructural analysis . NMRI mice raised in "germ-free" and "specific pathogen-free" environments exhibit decreased mitotic rates in lingual and buccal epithelia (16 mitoses per 1000 basal cells) when compared with mice raised in "normal" environments . NMRI mice exposed orally to Candida albicans exhibit increased mitotic rates in the same 2 epithelial sites (35 mitoses per 1000 basal cells after 2 days) . Similar changes occur in athymic nude mice . The electron microscopic observations showed that most of the mitoses occurred among keratinocytes . Only sporadic mitoses of nonepithelial cells could be observed within the epithelium . However, these amounted to less than 5% of the total of mitoses . Our results show that for proliferation kinetic studies of squamous epithelia this low proportion of interepithelial mitoses may be negligible . Interepithelial cells apparently recruit mainly from migrating cells into the epithelium, while proliferation in situ plays a secondary role . As there are no signs of a transmigration of the epithelium by interepithelial cells they must be considered a recirculating cell population.

South Med J, 1981 Jan, 74(1), 84 - 5
Candida albicans arthritis in a healthy adult; Arnold HJ et al.; Candida arthritis developed postoperatively in a healthy man in whom initial operative cultures had shown no infection . The possibility of iatrogenic infection with fungus should be considered.

Arch Dermatol Res, 1981, 271(4), 373 - 80
The fate of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs under the suppressed polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis by colchicine; Miyachi Y et al.; Experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infections in guinea pigs are histologically characterized by intense epidermal polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) accumulation . To study the role of PMNs in vivo, we injected 250 microgcolchicine/kg i.p., a strong inhibitor of PMN chemotaxis, and observed the influence of reduced PMN migration in experimental cutaneous candidiasis with special interest in the elimination course of the organisms . There was a significant delay in the clearance of the organisms in the colchicine-treated group with decreased epidermal PMN infiltration and prolonged visible scaling process . Our data suggest that the delay of epidermal PMN migration parallels the disappearance of the organisms from the infected skin and that PMNs play an important part in defense against candida infections especially in the elimination process.

Scan Electron Microsc, 1981, (Pt 3), 73 - 80
SEM studies of adherence of candida albicans to the gastrointestinal tract of infant mice; Pope LM et al.; In our earlier investigations it has been shown that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the infant mouse (4-5 days old) can be colonized following a single intragastric challenge with Candida albicans . This makes it possible to investigate the sequence of events which occur during colonization of the GI tract by this opportunistic yeast . Two strains of C . albicans, CA 30 and NS 33, which were shown in earlier studies to differ markedly in their ability to persist in the GI tract were examined . The SEM was used to reveal the location of the yeast and their structural association with the surface of tissues of the gut at early times after intragastric inoculation . Animals were sacrificed after challenge, the GI tract was removed from each mouse and subdivided into the stomach, upper intestine, mid-intestine, ileum, cecum and large bowel . The number of colony forming units was determined by homogenizing these segments and plating them out on sabouraud's dextrose agar . The microenvironment of each segment was preserved by freezing samples in liquid nitrogen prior to processing for the SEM . The distribution and level of counts of the strains studied in the GI tract were comparable during the three week period . Both strains of C . albicans associated with the secreting epithelium and the keratinized epithelium of the stomach . Yeast also associated with the mucus layer and the epithelial surface throughout the GI tract . Those yeast adhering to the epithelial surfaces of the GI tract were frequently covered by a layer of mucus which may aid in colonization.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981, 173(3-4), 242 - 9
A survey of fungi and some indicator bacteria in chlorinated water of indoor public swimming pools; Aho R et al.; Fifty-four water samples, of volume 500 ml, originating from six public indoor fresh water swimming pools were examined for the presence of fungi and some indicator bacteria by a membrane-filter method . Sabouraud-dextrose agar and selective Candida albicans-medium were used for isolation and identification of fungi . In all but one of the samples the free chlorine content was above 0.40 mg/l . No Candida albicans were detected . Molds and unidentified yeasts were isolated from 29 of the samples . The following species were recorded: Acremonium spp., ALternaria sp., Aspergillus spp., Candida guilliermondii, Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium spp., Clasterosporium sp., Fusarium spp., Geotrichium sp., Penicillium spp., Petriellidium boydii and Phoma spp . Their occurrence was sporadic, each species mostly appearing as single colonies only, with a maximum of 5 colonies . Bacterial growth was noticed in 15 samples, but only in the sample of low free chlorine content did this reach significant proportions . The study indicates that the standard of chlorination is, at least in general, an adequate measure against fungal contamination of swimming pool water . However, the spectrum of mold species encountered encourages a further search for possible indicator species among these organisms.

Dermatologica, 1981, 162(3), 148 - 56
Immune phenomena in patients with pustular bacterid; Djawari D et al.; In 20 patients with histologically confirmed pustular bacterid of immunological status was checked including lymphocyte and granulocyte components of the cellular immune system as well as HLA typing . For comparison the same investigations were carried out in 20 healthy controls . In contrast to the controls, in the group of patients the chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as well as their ability to engulf either vital or heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells was found to be slightly impaired (p less than or equal to 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) . Killing of C . albicans cells by polymorphonuclear leukocytes were strikingly impaired (p less than or equal to 0.001) . NADPH-dependent oxidase activity, however, was found to be normal . Impairment of chemotaxis and killing activity could not be substantiated in AB pool serum, thus a serum-dependent disorder of granulocyte function has to be assumed . Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin was reduced in all patients, whereas intracutaneous test reactivity to microbial antigens was normal . T and B cell counts in peripheral blood were within normal range . HLA typing revealed a significantly increased prevalence rate of HLA-B14 as compared with the control group and other patients.

Chemotherapy, 1981, 27(4), 270 - 6
Vapour phase activity of imazalil; Van Gestel J et al.; A series of in vitro experiments with imazalil is described . It is demonstrated that the compound has fungistatic, fungicidal and even sporocidal activity in the vapour phase against a wide variety of fungal species, e.g., dermatophytes, Candida albicans, and plant-pathogenic fungi . Possible practical applications are discussed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jan, 19(1), 179 - 84
Experimental intraabdominal candidiasis in rabbits: therapy with low-total-dose intravenous amphotericin B; Bayer AS et al.; By using a recently developed rabbit model, we examined the efficacy of relatively low-total-dose intravenous amphotericin B (Am-B; 7 to 14 mg/kg) in the treatment of intraabdominal candidiasis due to Candida albicans . Forty-eight percent of the rabbits developed evidence of hematogenously disseminated infection (Candida endophthalmitis) before therapy . By day 7 of therapy, there was a significant decrease in the mean log10 colony-forming units per gram of peritoneal abscess in comparison with both pretherapy cultures and concomitantly sacrificed controls (no Am-B treatment; P less than 0.25) . By day 11 of therapy, peritoneal abscesses were sterilized by Am-B, whereas control rabbit cultures remained positive . In contrast, low-dose Am-B therapy produced no significant decrease in colony-forming units per gram of renal or chorioretinal abscess in rabbits which developed hematogenously disseminated candidiasis . Serum Am-B levels approached or exceeded the minimal fungistatic concentrations for this C . albicans strain in most animals tested . Low-dose Am-B was effective in eradicating intraabdominal candidiasis, but was not curative when extraperitoneal dissemination occurred.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1981, 70(3), 421 - 5
Normal microbicidal function of monocytes in a girl with chronic granulomatous disease; Weemaes C et al.; The history of a 13-year-old girl with a syndrome resembling Chronic Granulomatous Disease (C.G.D.) is described . Metabolic studies in granulocytes and monocytes classified the patient as having C.G.D . The granulocytes failed to kill Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Albicans; however, the killing of these microorganisms by the patient's monocytes was nearly normal . Family studies revealed no abnormalities in the phagocytic cells of the parents and the siblings.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1981 Jan, 178(1), 69 - 71
{The significance of candida albicans conjunctivitis (author's transl)}; Muller G et al.; Report on mycological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of candida-albicans conjunctivitis from dermatological, ophthalmological and microbiological viewpoints.

Dermatologica, 1981, 162(1), 36 - 41
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with candida granuloma treated with 5-fluorocytosine; Lee S et al.; A 19-year-old male had chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with typical granuloma on the face, scalp and genital area . He had defects in cell-mediated immunity (cutaneous anergy to common antigens, but normal number of T lymphocytes and normal lymphocyte transformation with phytohemagglutinin), and there were no endocrine deficiencies . He had systemic involvement, including lungs, kidneys, liver and spleen diagnosed by radiologic studies . In the histologic findings of the skin, typical features were seen of candida granuloma lesions, and hyphae and spores of Candida albicans also were identified in the Malpighian layer . Therapy with 5-fluorocytosine resulted in a remarkable improvement.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(2), 309 - 15
The biological and toxicological properties of imazalil; Thienpont D et al.; 1-{2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)-ethyl}-1H-imidazole (imazalil) base and different salts were tested in vitro on various pathogenic fungi and bacteria; in vivo on guinea-pigs, rats and turkeys experimentally infected with dermatophytes and Candida albicans . In vitro the dermatophytes were the most sensitive . The plant-pathogenic fungi were more sensitive to the base than to the salts . The antibacterial activity was low . The in vivo antifungal activity was high for the dermatophytes and rather low for Candida . The acute, subacute and chronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs showed that imazalil wa a well tolerated substance . Ocular and dermal irritation were not seen at therapeutic doses . Fertility and reproductive capacity were not affected and embryotoxicity and teratogenicity were not seen . No mutagenic or cancerogenic potential was found.

J Clin Immunol, 1981 Jan, 1(1), 65 - 72
Defective cellular immune response in vitro in common variable immunodeficiency; Cunningham-Rundles S et al.; Mononuclear cells from 39 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia of the common variable type were analyzed for in vitro proliferative response to a panel of cell activators in order to examine the lymphocyte response to mitogens and to study the capacity to generate an immunologically specific secondary response . Patient lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was found to be significantly lower than that of controls studied in parallel (P less than 0.01), and low response did not correlate with T-lymphocyte number . Response to pokeweed mitogen was significantly lower than that of controls (P less than 0.01), but response to zinc, tested in a few patients, was normal . Strong depressions of patient lymphocyte proliferative responses to Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were observed (P less than 0.01); all of these microbial activators require intact B-cell function for maximum response . Repeated testing of individual patients indicated that poor lymphocyte response could be consistently observed . Examination of change in vitro lymphocyte response during clinical course and disease management showed that a consistent pattern of intrinsic lymphocyte functional deficiency could be demonstrated.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1981, 10(5), 443 - 8
{Anti-Candida albicans serology . A study carried out on 178 pregnant women in labour (author's transl)}; Auger P et al.; The serological study of 178 women investigated during labor shows that the number of patients with a significant titer of Candida albicans antibodies is 161 % higher in those suffering from vulvovaginitis due to this fungus as compared to patients without current infection . Among the 30 patients having vaginitis, 73 % harbor the yeast in the gastrointestinal tract . Precipitins were present in 6 patients : all of them also have a high titer of fluorescent antibodies . From the results of this work, it can be concluded that Candida albicans serology, although still difficult in its interpretation, is an interesting tool for the clinician and for the study of the physiopathology of candidosis.

Digestion, 1981, 22(5), 271 - 5
Monocyte function in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; Whorwell PJ et al.; Monocyte function as reflected by phagocytosis of Candida albicans and chemotaxis towards zymosan-activated serum has been assessed in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis . Phagocytosis and random movement were significantly increased to a similar degree in both diseases when compared with controls (p less than 0.001) . There was no significant difference in chemotaxis between the disease and control groups, although there was a trend towards its being increased in ulcerative colitis . There was no correlation between the results obtained and disease activity or medication.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(8A), 1323 - 7
{Studies on the mechanism of antifungal action of ciclopiroxolamine/Inhibition of transmembrane transport of amino acid, K+ and phosphate in Candida albicans cells (author's transl)}; Iwata K et al.; 6-Cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridone, 2-aminoethanol salt (ciclopiroxolamine, Cic, Hoe 296, Batrafen) was fungicidal to growing cultures of Candida albicans, although this effect was apparent after a certain period of cell proliferation, depending upon the drug concentration . Glucose-dependent uptake of all the amino acids tested, K+ and phosphate in starved C . albicans cells was significantly but to a considerably varying extent inhibited by the drug at levels around MIC . Accumulation of amino acid in the cellular pool was more profoundly inhibited than over-all amino acid incorporation into proteins . Cic did not affect the permeability barriers of C . albicans protoplasts or lecithin liposomes . It is presumed from these results that Cic-mediated growth inhibition or death of fungal cells is primarily caused by intracellular depletion of some essential substrates and/or ions, and that such effects are brought about through blockage of their uptake from the medium.

Microbiol Immunol, 1981, 25(8), 807 - 18
Murine defense mechanism against Candida albicans infection . II . Opsonization, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing of C . albicans; Kagaya K et al.; The phagocytic and intracellular killing activities of normal mouse phagocytes against Candida albicans were studied to elucidate the role of these activities in nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms . In the presence of fresh normal mouse serum, viable C . albicans cells were ingested by mouse peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and peritoneal macrophages (PMPs) at the same rate . Serum-chelation experiments indicated that the factors involved in the alternative complement pathway are opsonins for C . albicans . PBLs killed intracellular C . albicans more effectively than PMPs . Lymphokine-activated PMPs manifested marked intracellular killing activity and the occurrence of increased superoxide anion- and singlet oxygen production, in the absence of increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) production, suggests that the enhanced, MPO-independent, oxidative mechanism may play an important role in the candidacidal activity . Specific rabbit antibodies played no role in the phagocytosis and intracellular killing of C . albicans . These results suggest that PMNs and factors involved in the alternative complement pathways, and lymphokine-activated macrophages play major roles in the protection of mice against C . albicans infection.

Microbiol Immunol, 1981, 25(7), 647 - 54
Murine defense mechanism against Candida albicans infection . I . Collaboration of cell-mediated and humoral immunities in protection against systemic C . albicans infection; Kagaya K et al.; Mice immunized with viable C . albicans cells demonstrated a high incidence of cell-mediated and a low incidence of humoral immune response . There was good agreement between the final survival rate of C . albicans infected mice and the rate of simultaneous cell-mediated and humoral immune response acquisition . Immunized mice with positive delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) against C . albicans crude antigen showed significant protection against intravenous challenge with C . albicans . Furthermore, the transfer of immunoglobulins from rabbit anti-C . albicans serum to DTH-positive mice enhanced protection, while it did not protect control mice against a subsequent challenge with C . albicans . These results suggest that cell-mediated immunity plays a major role and humoral immunity a side role in the defense mechanism(s) of C . albicans infected mice.

J Immunol Methods, 1981, 43(2), 181 - 92
Analysis of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for antibodies to cytoplasmic antigen fractions of Candida albicans; Mauch H et al.; An indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA) in individual polystyrene microtiter cups has been adapted for measurement of antibody to various cytoplasmic and carbohydrate antigen fractions of Candida albicans . The assay was optimized for sensitivity, precision and linearization of serum dilution curves . The optimized procedure allows computerized measurement of anti-Candida antibodies and can be used for measurement of antibody over a wide concentration range . The procedure obviates variation due to changes in day-to-day counts as a result of isotope decay and end-point antibody dilutions . The assay has been used to demonstrate a Poisson-like distribution of antibody levels in the sera of persons showing no symptoms of candidiasis . The minimum antibody level detectable by the assay is about two orders of magnitude lower than the lowest level found in human serum and 4 orders of magnitude lower than the most sensitive test used hitherto, the hemagglutination test.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jan, 19(1), 199 - 200
Increase in colony-forming units of Candida albicans after treatment with polyene antibiotics; Brajtburg J et al.; Polyene antibiotics, at concentrations which do not cause detectable toxic effect, induce an increase in the number of colon-forming units of yeast cells of Candida albicans . This effect, which we attribute to an increase in plating efficiency, is probably caused by binding of the polyenes to fatty acids in the cell wall of fungi.

Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac, 1981, 82(2), 140 - 2
{Salivary pH during pregnancy . Relationship with the presence or absence of Candida albicans . A study of 200 cases (author's transl)}; Scheffer P et al.; Salivary (Stenon, Warthon) and lingual pH, the effect of the presence or absence of Candida albicans in the oral cavity, and the involvement of various adjacent factors (caries, hygiene, pregnancy gingivosis, other mucosal lesions) were studied in 200 pregnant women . Results demonstrated that salivary pH is significantly related to the age of pregnancy, but not to the presence or absence of candida albicans.

Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac, 1981, 82(2), 136 - 9
{Anti-Candida salivary immunoglobulins . Evidence of a specific local immune reaction (author's transl)}; Scheffer P et al.; Parotid saliva was studied in 119 subjects, some of whom were demonstrated as carrying Candida albicans in the oral cavity . No significant differences were found in the levels of total salivary IgA between the two groups, but specific IgA levels in the saliva differed significantly between the groups with or without the presence of Candida albicans . This confirms the existence of a specific local immunological response in the parotid saliva.

Leber Magen Darm, 1981 Jan, 11(1), 21 - 4
{Infection in patients with hepatic coma (author's transl)}; Gassner A et al.; 66 patients with hepatic coma were treated from 1972 to 1979 in the intensive care unit . Incidence and etiology of bacterial infections in these patients were evaluated retrospectively . Bacterial cultures were positive in a high proportion of the cases investigated as compared to the situation on a normal ward . Bacterial cultures were performed in 51 patients (77.3%); cultures from 35 patients were positive . Gramnegative bacteria accounted for 56.4%, grampositive bacteria for 34.8% and candida albicans for 8.8% of all the cases . It is pointed out, that invasive diagnostic and therapeutic manoeuvers in intensive care patients carry a high risk of infection.

Infect Immun, 1981 Jan, 31(1), 323 - 6
Effect of pH and human saliva on protease production by Candida albicans; Germaine GR et al.; The elaboration of extracellular proteolytic activity by Candida albicans during growth in laboratory broth or in human whole salivary supernatant was investigated . Growth of the organism in broth at pH 3 to 7 followed by assay of culture supernatants at pH 4 (optimum for activity) indicated protease was only present in cultures grown at a pH of less than 5 . In contrast, growth in sterile human whole salivary supernatant over the pH range of 3 to 7 uniformly failed to result in production of protease . Growth of the organism at pH 4 in broth supplemented with saliva resulted in a saliva-dependent inhibition of protease production . Although the addition of up to 16% (vol/vol) saliva had essentially no effect on growth, 4% saliva caused a 50% reduction in proteolysis of substrate protein . Due to the low pH requirement for protease production and activity and the demonstration that saliva is a potent inhibitor of protease synthesis, we conclude C . albicans most likely does not produce extracellular protease in the human oral cavity.

Can J Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 27(1), 131 - 7
Morphological commitment in Candida albicans; Chaffin WL et al.; Stationary phase yeast cells of the dimorphic fungus albicans can reinitiate growth under appropriate conditions either as yeasts through bud formation or as hyphae through germ tube formation and elongation . Stationary phase yeast cells resuspended in fresh medium at 37 degrees C form germ tubes and those resuspended at 25 degrees C form buds . Temperature shift experiments have been used to observe when cells become committed to germ tube formation and yeast budding growth under conditions favorable to each form . The two commitment processes appear to be independent and, once initiated, occur at characteristic rates with commitment to germ tube formation preceding commitment to yeast bud formation . The rate of commitment to germ tube formation was consistent with a random process or first-order kinetics . A relationship between cell volume and commitment to yeast growth and bud emergence was consistent with observations of cell volume distribution both in stationary phase cultures and between budded and unbudded cells during resumption of growth at 25 degrees C.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1981 Jan, 51(1), 32 - 6
Oral candidiasis: effects of antifungal therapy upon clinical signs and symptoms, salivary antibody, and mucosal adherence of Candida albicans; Epstein JB et al.; A human study of the effects of topical nystatin (Mycostatin) therapy of oral candidiasis showed that effects of treatment were limited to the time in which the drug was used . Two weeks of therapy resulted in significant reduction in number of organisms and marked improvement in signs and symptoms of candidiasis . The condition recurred rapidly following cessation of treatment . No change in specific anticandida antibody in saliva or in adherence of Candida albicans to mucosal epithelium (in vitro) was seen with treatment.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 163 - 6
Variable assimilation of carbon compounds by Candida albicans; Syverson RE; A total of 215 typical strains of Candida albicans were studied for their ability to assimilate 11 carbon compounds . All isolates assimilated lactic acid, ribitol, succinic acid, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside . None of the isolates assimilated cellobiose and salicin; 1.9% of the isolates assimilated L-arabinose . Citric acid, glycerol, and L-sorbose were assimilated by greater than 97% of the isolates, whereas melezitose was assimilated by 81% of the isolates . Assimilation results depended on duration of incubation, temperature, and methodology.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 13(1), 10 - 4
Candida antigenemia, as detected by passive hemagglutination inhibition, in patients with disseminated candidiasis or Candida colonization; Meunier-Carpentier F et al.; A passive hemagglutination inhibition assay was studied by using a hyperimmune serum from rabbits immunized with whole yeast cells (Candida albicans group A) . This technique was effective at detecting small amounts of laboratory-prepared mannan or a whole-cell extract of C . albicans . Of 32 patients with documented disseminated candidiasis that were tested, 19 showed evidence of circulating antigen by passive hemagglutination inhibition . Three of these patients showed only partial, rather than complete, inhibition . Among 22 colonized patients, 4 showed partial inhibition, and none of 49 normal controls demonstrated inhibition . All of the sera were tested for antibody by agglutination, immunodiffusion, and passive hemagglutination . This last technique added increased sensitivity, but not specificity, to the standard tests already in use . Fourfold or greater titer rises by passive hemagglutination occurred in fewer than one-third of patients with invasive candidiasis and developed in more than one-half of patients who were colonized and did not require systemic anticandida therapy.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1981 Jan, 75(1), 122 - 5
Functional differentiation in acute monoblastic leukemia; Glasser L; Blasts from the bone marrow of a patient who had acute monoblastic leukemia were studied for functional maturity . Classification of the leukemia was based on cytochemical stains . The blasts were negative when stained with Sudan black B and did not have specific esterase activity . They were rich in alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, which was inhibited by fluoride . Functional assays included phagocytosis of Candida albicans, fungicidal activity measured by differential Giemsa staining of the ingested C . albicans, and locomotion using the agarose method to evaluate both random migration and chemotaxis . At a ratio of 20 yeast cells to one monoblast, 80% of the blasts could be stimulated to phagocytize an average of 4.4 organisms . These results compared favorably with the phagocytic potential of normal human monocytes . Candidacidal activity was present, but reduced . At high ratios of yeasts to monoblasts, only ten organisms were killed for every 100 phagocytic blasts . This correlates with the absence of myeloperoxidase activity demonstrated by negative Sudan black B staining . Neither chemotaxis nor random migration could be demonstrated, indicating that monoblasts lacked the apparatus necessary for locomotion . Extrapolation of these findings to normal monocyte maturation suggests that phagocytosis is acquired prior to microbicidal activity, which develops prior to locomotion.

Arch Intern Med, 1981 Jan, 141(1), 61 - 4
Uncommon causes of peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis; Arfania D et al.; In five patients, peritonitis caused by uncommon agents was acquired during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis . Three patients had yeast (two Candida albicans, one C parapsilosis), one Aspergillus fumigatus, and one Nocardia asteroides infections . A review of the literature indicates that yeasts are the most common cause of peritoneal dialysis-associated fungal peritonitis; only one other possible case of Aspergillus sp and no Nocardia infections have been proved, to our knowledge . Observations are recorded in reference to diagnosis and suggested methods of treatment.

J Fr Ophtalmol, 1981, 4(10), 637 - 46
{Drug addiction and endophthalmitis due to Candida albicans : diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)}; Barthelemy F et al.; Mycotic endophthalmitis has a poor prognosis particularly when it occurs in drug addicts . Ten ocular manifestations have been studied . These endophthalmitis all appeared after intravenous heroin injections . In one case, Candida albicans was found in the vitrectomy liquid . In two others cases, the mycosis was suspected after electrosynerese . Treatment gave different results because of the slight penetration of the different drugs into the eye . A therapeutic trial was conducted : 4 patients underwent vitrectomy raising the problem of surgical treatment of these affections.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1981 Jan, 51(1), 55 - 61
Candidiasis and atrophic tongue lesions; Wright BA et al.; In an attempt to shed more light on the role of Candida albicans in the genesis of median rhomboid glossitis, a three-part study of normal, atrophic, and cadaver tongues was undertaken . Occasional fungal hyphae were found in 36 percent of the clinically normal tongues . Hyphae were far more numerous in cytologic smears from atrophic tongue lesions than in those from normal tongues . More than 40 percent of the cadaver tongues showed fungal hyphae . The possible role of C . albicans as a cause of median rhomboid glossitis is discussed in the light of these findings.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Naturwiss, 1981, 136(5), 369 - 416
{Dimorphism of fungi - review of the literature}; Bemmann W; A recherche of 260 publications about dimorphism of fungi was elaborated . Beginning with the term dimorphism of fungi a description was represented of the distribution in the classes of the fungi, the ontogenesis of both types of the growth, the habits of dimorphic species of fungi, the conditions of the cultivation for the induction and maintenance of the dimorphic growth, mutants of dimorphic species of fungi, the physiology and biochemistry of cellular and filamentous forms of growth of species of fungi and general law of the dimorphism of fungi . As fundamentally exogenic factors of dimorphism were emphasized gas atmosphere, temperature, inoculum, form of cultivation, pH-value, C- and energy source, N-source and supplements in the substrate . Main working points of exogenic factors are the structure and function of the cell wall, mitochondria and growth zone of many dimorphic species of fungi . Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida albicans, Blastomyces brasiliensis and B . dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum and H . farciminosum and species of Mucor and Mycotypha were selected as model organisms of the dimorphic growth . The metabolism processes of dimorphic Mucoraceae and activities of enzymes and paramorphogenes of the cellular form of growth were summarized in a scheme.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(12), 2121 - 3
Synthesis and antimycotic activity of alpha-aryl-beta,N-imidazolylalkyl benzyl ethers; Tajana A et al.; A new series of alpha-aryl-beta,N-imidazolylalkyl benzyl ethers was synthesized and tested for antimycotic and antimicrobial activity . Most of the compounds was highly active in vitro against fungi and gram-positive bacteria . The alpha,4-phenylthiophenyl-beta,N-imidazolylethyl benzyl ether (7) and the alpha,4-biphenyl-beta,N-imidazolylethyl benzyl ether (17) showed higher antifungal activity than 1-{2,4,dichloro-beta-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)phenethyl}imidazole (miconazole) against Candida albicans . None of the compounds was more active than miconazole against Trichophyton mentagrophytes . The most interesting compounds of the series were assayed in vivo, but their activity was inconstant and always lower than that of miconazole.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1981, 31(3), 462 - 6
A comparison of the effects of tixocortol pivalate (JO 1016), hydrocortisone acetate and beclomethasone dipropionate on the phagocytosis and lysis of microorganisms by alveolar macrophages; Uphill PF et al.; A comparison was made of the ability of guinea pig alveolar macrophages, which had been pretreated with hydrocortisone acetate, beclomethasone dipropionate or a corticosteroid substitute pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione-21-thiol-11 beta,17 alpha-dihydroxy-21-pivalate (tixocortol pivalate, JO 1016, Pivalone), to phagocytose and lyse Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans . The three drugs had different patterns of effect on phagocytosis and lysis . Hydrocortisone acetate had little effect on the phagocytosis of Staph . aureus at any dose level tested, but the two higher concentrations slightly inhibited intracellular lysis; phagocytosis of C . albicans was inhibited initially but increased at 5 h . Both beclomethasone dipropionate and tixocortol pivalate caused an initial stimulation of phagocytosis and lysis of Staph . aureus . Ingestion of C . albicans was increased in macrophages pretreated with beclomethasone dipropionate, but their fungicidal activity was unchanged . Pretreatment with tixocortol pivalate stimulated the initial phagocytosis of C . albicans but continued uptake on prolonged incubation was inhibited . Lysis of the ingested organisms was not markedly affected . Since the production of any effect on the phagocytic and lytic activity of alveolar macrophages required much higher levels of tixocortol pivalate than of either of the other two drugs, it is suggested that in clinical use correspondingly higher doses of tixocortol pivalate could be given without danger of affecting either phagocytic activity or the immune response.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(6), 711 - 8
Leukocyte functions study during the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); Pisarek J et al.; In 40 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 15 healthy children the leukocyte capillary migration, the phagocytic activity of peripheral granulocytes and monocytes to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were studied . The examinations were performed at diagnosis prior to any therapy, after remission induction, after cranial irradiation and 6 times during the maintenance therapy . The decreased phagocytic activity of monocytes to three studied microorganisms was found during two-year-observation, while the impairment of granulocytes phagocytosis only to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans was observed . It was suggested that degree of phagocytosis defect may depend on the stage of ALL and that it differs in respect of microorganisms used.

Toxicology, 1981, 22(1), 59 - 68
Biochemical studies in infective amosite pneumoconiosis; Jaiswal AK; The effects of Candida albicans, of amosite dust, and of the 2 agents combined, on some biochemical parameters of the lung in male guinea pigs were determined . Adult guinea pigs were intratracheally injected with 50 mg of amosite dust and 0.3 mg of viable suspension of mycelia of Candida albicans . The other groups received either dust or organism or none . Biochemical measurements done at 30, 60 and 90 days after infection showed that the superimposed state produced more rapid and drastic changes in pulmonary contents of collagen, mucopolysaccharides and phospholipids and activities of lactic dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase . The levels of lactic acid and pyruvic acid were also more profoundly changed after amosite + Candida . These results indicate that Candida albicans which is commonly found in upper respiratory tract could aggrevate the lesions caused by exposure to asbestos.

Int J Immunopharmacol, 1981, 3(2), 123 - 32
Prevention of peroxidase mediated inhibition of neutrophil motility and lymphocyte transformation by levamisole, OMPI, sodium aurothiomalate, indomethacin and tolmetin in vitro; Anderson R et al.; The effects of sodium aurothiomalate, levamisole, its active metabolite OMPI and the anti-inflammatory agents indomethacin and tolmetin on neutrophil motility and post-phagocytic hexose monophosphate shunt activity, superoxide and H2O2 generation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated iodination of Candida albicans were investigated in vitro . All five agents caused stimulation of neutrophil random motility and migration towards the leucoattractants f-met-met-phe and EAS . Only levamisole caused inhibition of H2O2 and superoxide production, which was associated with inhibition of HMS activity and not related to superoxide scavenging activity . All five agents caused inhibition of MPO mediated iodination of C . albicans . The relationship between inhibition of peroxidase mediated iodination and enhanced motility was further investigated using the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) H2O2/iodide system . Incubation of neutrophils with this system caused inhibition of neutrophil motility . However in the presence of the various drugs neutrophils were protected from inhibition of motility by the HRP/H2O2/iodide system . Further experiments showed that lymphocyte transformation to mitogens was also inhibited by the HRP/H2O2/iodide system . Incubation of lymphocytes with the various drugs prior to exposure to HRP/H2O2/iodide protected the lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1981, 65(3), 257 - 65
Levamisole stimulation of neutrophil chemotaxis and chemokinesis by protection of both the leucoattractant and the cellular chemotactic response from inactivation by the peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide/halide system in vitro; Anderson R; The effects of levamisole, at concentrations known to stimulate neutrophil motility, on neutrophil post-phagocytic metabolic activity were investigated . Levamisole at these concentrations caused inhibition of hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity, superoxide production, hydrogen peroxide generation and myeloperoxidase (MPO), mediated iodination of ingested Candida albicans, . The inhibition of MPO-mediated iodination was not solely due to lack of H2O availability as a result of decreased HMS activity but also to a primary inhibition of iodination as shown in a cell-free system with horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) and added H2O2 and sodium iodide . Further experiments were designed to investigate possible relationships between stimulation and motility and levamisole-induced inhibition of superoxide generation and peroxidase-mediated iodination . These showed that the peroxidase/halide/H2O2 system caused inactivation of both the leucoattractant and neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness . However, concentrations of levamisole, which stimulate motility and inhibit superoxide production and peroxidase-mediated iodination, protected both the leucoattractant response and the ability of the cell to respond to the leucoattractant from inactivation by the HRP/H2O2/iodide system.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Dec 19, 105(51), 1773 - 6
{Incidence and significance of candidiasis in biopsy material of gastric ulcers (author's transl)}; Oehlert W et al.; 121 cases of candidiasis were histologically demonstrated in the course of histological studies of gastric mucosal biopsies in 20 401 patients . Infestation of necrotic tissue with Candida albicans was found exclusively in patients with gastric ulcer, ulcerating carcinoma or lymphoma . Candidiasis was twice as common in carcinoma as in non-carcinomatous gastric ulcer . In the majority of those patients with ulcer who also had Candida albicans mycosis there was was at the same time atrophic or dysplastic gastric mucosa at the edge of the ulcer . Demonstration of candidiasis in biopsy material from gastric ulcer should thus be interpreted as suspicious of carcinoma, until and unless further studies confirm or exclude it.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Dec, 18(4), 287 - 93
The antimycotic activity in vitro of five diols; Faergemann J et al.; The antimycotic activity of ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,2-diol, butane-1,3-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, and hexane-2,5-diol in vitro against Pityrosporum orbiculare, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, T . mentagrophytes var . interdigitale and Epidermophyton floccosum was studied . Ethane-1,2-diol had the lowest activity (MIC of 40-100 g 1(-1)), and hexane-2,5-diol the highest activity (MIC of 10-40 g 1(-1)) . Among, the higher diols there can be both effective antifungal agents and substances with a lower risk of allergic and irritative skin reactions than propane-1,2-diol.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Dec, 18(4), 301 - 17
A simple system for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans and differentiation of strains within the species; Odds FC et al.; A system of 10 agar plate tests allowed presumptive identification of Candida albicans and differentiation of up to 512 strain types within the species . The yeast isolates were tested for acid and salt tolerance, proteinase production, resistance to 5-fluorocytosine and safranine, and assimilation of urea, sorbose, citrate and glycine . Media were inoculated semiquantitatively with a multiple-pronged device so that 55 yeasts and 5 reference strains could be printed on each plate at once . The results for the 9 strain differentiation tests were arranged in 3 groups to allow simple designation of types by 3-digit numbers . Mouth and vaginal samples from 85 patients and healthy volunteers yielded to 45 different strain types, of which types 153, 157 and 357 were the most prevalent . The reproducibility of the system was good, if attention was paid to the precision which the media were prepared and inoculated . The effect of test variables, including incubation temperature, medium pH and inoculum size, was assessed . Work is presently in progress to extend the system for presumptive identification of other clinically important Candida spp . and differentiation of their strain types.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Dec, 18(4), 255 - 60
Variation in cell surface features of Candida albicans with respect to carbon sources; Kulkarni RK et al.; Clinical isolates of C . albicans were grown in defined media with various carbon sources then examined by scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to note changes in cell surface features . The mode of budding, bud scar morphology, surface topography, and intercellular matrix varied according to the carbon source.

J Exp Med, 1980 Dec 1, 152(6), 1659 - 69
Activation of macrophages for enhanced release of superoxide anion and greater killing of Candida albicans by injection of muramyl dipeptide; Cummings NP et al.; The adjuvant muramyl dipeptide (MDP) has been shown to affect a number of macrophage functions in vitro . We studied the effect of subcutaneous injection of MDP into mice . Cultured peritoneal macrophages from treated mice displayed increased spreading, total cell protein, and specific activity of beta-glucosaminidase a constituent of macrophage lysosomes, and of lactate dehydrogenase . Generation of superoxide anion (O2-) by MDP-treated macrophages stimulated by contact with phorbol myristate acetate was enhanced by over fivefold to levels achieved by macrophages from bacillus Calmette-Guerin-infected mice . The enhancement in stimulated O2- release was noted by 1 h after injection of MDP, peaked by 3 h, and remained high for at least 48 h . Priming for enhancement of O2- release by MDP was similar in athymic nude mice and in normal littermates, suggesting that mature T lymphocytes are not involved in this MDP effect . Priming for enhanced stimulated O2- release, and morphologic and enzymic changes, were not achieved by injection of the D-D stereoisomer of MDP . Phagocytosis of Candida albicans was only slightly greater by macrophages from mice give MDP, but MDP-stimulated cells killed two times more C . albicans in vitro than did cells from untreated animals . When MDP was given 18 h before, simultaneously with, or 24 h after lethal infectious challenge with C . albicans, treated mice were protected compared with controls . These results suggest that injection of MDP effectively and rapidly activates macrophages in the recipient animal . This agent should serve as an important probe of macrophage physiology and, perhaps ultimately, as a means of enhancing host defense in humans.

JAMA, 1980 Nov 21, 244(20), 2294 - 7
Scanning electron microscopy of oral lesions in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; Wilborn WH et al.; The oral surfaces of 12 patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . Candida albicans in massive numbers populated the surface of the infected mouth of each patient . Although pseudohyphae were the predominant forms, blastospores and chlamydospores were also found . Pseudohyphae penetrated the epithelium and seemed to enter through holes in the keratinized cells . Because specimen processing for SEM can be completed within six hours, the scanning electron microscope can be used to identify C albicans more rapidly than culture methods.

Hum Pathol, 1980 Nov, 11(6), 677 - 9
Gastroesophageal cardiac fistula due to perforation of an esophagogastric anastomotic ulcer into the left atrium; Brynjolfsson G et al.; A case of gastroesophageal cardiac fistula is presented . Resection of carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction was followed by the development of a penetrating ulcer at the anastomosis site with perforation into the left atrium . Candida albicans was demonstrated growing along the tract . There was severe organizing fibrinous pericarditis and multiple microabscesses in the brain . No food emboli were found.

Endoscopy, 1980 Nov, 12(6), 295 - 8
Endoscopic aspects of mycosis in the upper digestive tract; Knoke M et al.; In an evaluation of 2537 endoscopic investigations of the upper digestive tract, yeast-like fungi were found in cultures from 53 purposive brushings (2.1%) obtained from visible mycotic areas . In 46 cases the esophagus only was affected . In the stomach and surrounding the anastomosis after resection, we found 6 positive results . Once, findings were seen in the esophagus as well as in the stomach . Determination of the yeast-like fungi revealed Candida albicans in 43 cases . Other fungi were cultured 18 times, among them Torulopsis glabrata 3 times . In every mycosis culture it is useful to determine the species of yeast-like fungi and the drug sensitivity . Every mycosis should be assessed endoscopically with regard to its degree of severity . Endoscopy is a very important method for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal mycosis . The investigation of more easily obtainable specimens such as throat swabs or feces, may often be of no use.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 12(5), 679 - 83
Detection of circulating antigen in experimental Candida albicans endocarditis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Scheld WM et al.; A double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of circulating Candida albicans antigen during the course of experimental C . albicans endocarditis . The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive in 75% of rabbits with polyethylene catheter-induced experimental aortic valve C . albicans endocarditis but was negative in all controls, including catheterized animals that received intravenous Candida or catheterized but uninfected animals, and in rabbits with experimental fungal or bacterial endocarditis of other etiologies . The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was much more sensitive than blood culturing or fever determinations in experimental C . albicans endocarditis . This assay is more sensitive than currently available serological techniques, is highly specific, and deserves further study in the diagnosis of invasive, disseminated C . albicans infections, including endocarditis.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 121(1), 181 - 6
Peptide uptake in Candida albicans; Davies MB; Transport of radioactively labelled peptides has been used to characterize a common transport system for di- and tripeptides in Candida albicans . This permease is energy-dependent and has a requirement for L-amino acid residues, an alpha-linkage between residues and a free amino terminus . Transport was followed by the accumulation inside the cell of intact peptides and component amino acids . After transport of glycyl-{U-14C}phenylalanine the radioactive material was accumulated inside the cell and subsequently leaked into the medium under certain conditions.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1980 Nov, 42(2), 226 - 33
A radiometric assay for the combined measurement of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans; Bridges CG et al.; A radiometric assay for combined measurement of phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) is presented . The assay, based upon the incorporation of 3H-uridine into the micro-organisms, makes it possible to measure phagocytosis and intracellular killing simultaneously but independently in a single sample . Thus it is possible to determine in a single assay whether increased survival of the micro-organism is due to reduced ingestion or reduced ability of the PMN to kill . The assay is objective, quantitative and convenient for clinical application . It is also suitable for analysing the effects of various agents, including serum factors and drugs, on PMN function.

Infect Immun, 1980 Nov, 30(2), 484 - 95
Analysis of cytoplasmic antigens of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans by two-dimensional electrophoresis; Manning M et al.; The extent of the macromolecular change accompanying yeast to mycelium morphogenesis of Candida albicans was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the cytoplasmic proteins of the two growth forms after antibody cross-absorption experiments . Pure cultures of yeasts and true hyphae (i.e., without concomitant production of pseudohyphae) were grown in a synthetic low-sulfate medium (LSM) . The two strains selected for this study were strain 4918, which produces pure mycelial (M) cultures in LSM at 37 degrees C (designated 4918-37M) and yeasts (Y) at 24 degrees C (4918-24Y), and strain 2252, which produces yeasts exclusively at both 24 and 37 degrees C in LSM (2252-24Y and 2252-37Y) . The proteins of both strains were labeled at both temperatures with {35S}sulfate, and cytoplasmic fractions were prepared by mechanical disruption and ultracentrifugation . Rabbits were immunized with the 4918-24Y and 4918-37M cytoplasmic fractions to produce anti-yeast-phase and anti-mycelial-phase hyperimmune sera . Each radiolabeled cytoplasmic fraction was absorbed with anti-mycelial-phase immunoglobulin, anti-yeast immunoglobulin, and immunoglobulin from normal rabbit serum . Staphyloccal protein A was used to remove immune complexes . The labeled, nonabsorbed proteins were also analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis . Highly reproducible protein spot patterns were obtained which defined hundreds of proteins in each extract . The specificity of the immunoglobulin hundreds of proteins in each extract . The specificity of the immunoglobulin preparations was extremely broad, and as many as 168 cytoplasmic antigens were detected . Eighty-three antigens were recognized in the mycelial-phase extract only by the anti-mycelial-phase immunoglobulin . However, comparative analysis revealed that all of these proteins were present in at least one other extract . Therefore, none of them was unique to the mycelial morphology . Eleven antigens were detected in the 2252-37Y extract that were not present in the extracts from strain 4918, which indicates that proteins obtained from different strains may express similar antigenic determinants, but differ in their physiochemical properties.

J Immunol, 1980 Nov, 125(5), 2082 - 8
Human lymphocyte-activating properties of a purified polysaccharide from Candida albicans: B and T cell cooperation in the mitogenic response; Piccolella E et al.; Purified human T and B lymphocytes were tested for their ability to show a mitogenic response to a purified polysaccharide (MPPS) extracted from C . albicans . It was found that neither T nor B cells alone could respond to MPPS . When a mixture of these two types of cells was tested, a normal response (comparable to the one of unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes) was observed . This response was not affected by prior depletion of macrophages . Results obtained with normal B or T cells mixed with mitomycin C-treated T or B cells indicated that a reciprocal helper effect exists between these two types of cells in their response to MPPS . This response could be inhibited by antisera against HL-A and Ia-like antigens.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Oct 31, 72(2), 85 - 7
The incidence of Candida albicans in the last day of pregnancy and the first days of the new born; Alteras I et al.; 103 pregnant women, at the onset of labor, and their newborn infants, up to the forth neonatal day, were investigated for the presence of Candida albicans in their vaginal discharge stool and oral exudate . Direct microscopic examination showed the presence of pseudomycelium and budding cells in only 7 of the respective mothers (2 in vagina, 4 in the mouth and one in the stool) . Culture of the vaginal discharge yielded a significant number of C . albicans colonies in 2 women, a noticeable growth in 3 and a less significant in 9 . Only 17% of the mouth specimens showed a considerable quantity of the same fungus and in 7 C . albicans was detected in significant amounts in stool specimens . In the newborns C . albicans, found only by culture, was present in a small numbers (14), starting from the first neonatal day . It was found primarily in the mouth . The data obtained showed a lower incidence, than expected, of C . albicans in the vagina of pregnant women, a few hours before delivery . This suggests transmission of the organism to the newborn earlier than generally accepted.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Oct 31, 72(2), 121 - 8
Suppressive action of cytoplasmic and metabolite extracts of Candida albicans on the immune response in guinea pigs; Segal E et al.; This study investigated the possibility that Candida albicans components exert a suppressive effect on the immune response of guinea pigs (GP), similar to that of live C . albicans organisms as was previously shown . Hartley GP were inoculated with C . albicans crude cytoplasmic or metabolite (culture filtrate) extracts (containing most of the organism's cell contents or its metabolite and degradation products, respectively) . Their immunological responses towards sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were compared with those of GP inoculated with SRBC alone or with SRBC together with live C . albicans organisms . The immunological responses were measured by: 1) rosette formation (RF) of SRBC with peritoneal macrophages, 2) haemolytic plaque formation (PFC) with lymph node-cells, 3) haemagglutination and 4) haemolysis tests . According to the RF tests, inoculation of GP with either cytoplasmic or metabolite extracts resulted in decreased RF as compared to GP inoculated with SRBC only; the decrease was correlated with the protein concentration of the extracts . Inoculation with metabolite extract led to a more diminished RF than with cytoplasmic extract, but less than with live C . albicans organisms . Inoculation of cytoplasmic extracts did not affect the haemagglutinin and haemolysin titers, while that of metabolite extracts resulted in a slight decrease of these titers . The assays for PFC were not conclusive enough to point to a suppressive effect of C . albicans extracts . In summary, it appears that both the cytoplasmic and metabolite extracts of C . albicans exert a partial suppressive effect on the immune response in GP, as judged primarily on the basis of the RF results.

Cancer, 1980 Oct 15, 46(8), 1795 - 801
Cytological and functional characterization of three cases of malignant histiocytosis; Vilpo JA et al.; This report is a cytological and functional description of 3 cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) . These patients suffered from an intense proliferation of histiocytic cells that occurred predominantly in the bone marrow in 2 cases (the primitive cell type of MH), and in the spleen, liver and intraabdominal nodes in the third patient (the mature cell type of MH) . The malignant cells carried the cytological markers typical for the monocyte-macrophage series, e.g., acid phosphatase, NaF-sensitive naphthol-AS-acetate esterase, acid alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase, lysozyme, and also Fc-IgG-receptors and mouse C3-receptors . Their in vivo phagocytic activity was investigated by ultrastructural studies . In every case, the histiocytic cells phagocytosed Candida albicans in vitro . The proliferative histiocyte compartment differed from that of the mature cells, although these two cell compartments were morphologically indistinguishable in the primitive-cell-type cases of MH . Malignant histiocytes were capable of destroying phagocytosed fungi, but this ability was clearly inferior to that of the mature histiocytes in these 2 cases . The results revealed that most, if not all, monocyte-macrophage characteristics are present in the malignant cells in MH . Nevertheless, the morphological and clinical features seemed to be variable.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Oct 15, 632(3), 345 - 53
Inhibitory effect of glucose and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on the synthesis of inducible N-acetylglucosamine catabolic enzymes in yeast; Singh B et al.; Glucose can block the utilization of N-acetylglucosamine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a facultative aerobe, but not in Candida albicans, an obligatory aerobe . Furthermore, glucose represses the synthesis of the enzymes of the N-acetylglucosamine catabolic pathway in S . cerevisiae, but not in C . albicans . The results suggest that catabolite repression is present in S . cerevisiae, but not in C . albicans . Cyclic AMP added to S . cerevisiae cells maintained in a glucose medium cannot bring about their release from catabolite repression . On the contrary, the synthesis of inducible enzymes of N-acetylglucosamine pathway was inhibited by cyclic AMP in both the yeasts . This seems to indicate that cyclic AMP can penetrate into the yeast cells . Furthermore, cyclic AMP inhibits protein synthesis, suggesting that protein synthesis in yeast is under cyclic AMP control.

Pediatrics, 1980 Oct, 66(4), 532 - 6
Diaper dermatitis: current concepts; Weston WL et al.; Diaper dermatitis may result from prolonged skin contact with wetness and bacteria . Ammonia plays no apparent role in the generation of diaper dermatitis . Candida albicans frequently contaminates a diaper dermatitis and should be considered present in any diaper dermatitis and should be considered present in any diaper dermatitis known to be present for longer than three days . Topical fluorinated glucocorteroids, boric acid, and mercury-containing preparations should be avoided in the diaper area because of their toxicity.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 120(Pt 2), 431 - 7
Purification and properties of peptides which induce germination of blastospores of Candida albicans; Chattaway FW et al.; A glycopeptide and a peptide have been isolated from bovine seminal plasma which together will induce germination of Candida albicans blastospores at 37 degrees C and in the presence of glucose and Mn2+ . inverted question markThey have molecular weights of 2000 to 3000 . Both peptides contain appreciable amounts of aspartic and glutamic acids, only the glycopeptide contains threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine, while only the peptide contains proline . Acid hydrolysates are fully active in inducing germination and a mixture of aspartic acid, lysine, histidine, threonine, proline and beta-alanine can replace them . Mn2+ is not then required . Amino acid mixtures are required to be present throughout the whole period in the incubation medium for full germination to take place, but the peptides can be removed after 1 h incubation and if the cells are resuspended in a buffered glucose medium full germination occurs after a further 3 h incubation.

Sex Transm Dis, 1980 Oct-Dec, 7(4), 172 - 4
Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis by fungi during associative growth; Smith RF et al.; In controlled studies of associative growth, Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata, but not Candida parapsilosis, inhibited the proliferation and eventually the viability of Trichomonas vaginalis . The inhibition patterns produced against the trichomonad by C . albicans or T . glabrata were observed with trichomonad-fungus inoculum ratios ranging from 230:1 to 1:100 . The onset of inhibition of T . vaginalis by T . glabrata was immediate, whereas that of C . albicans began after incubation for 48 hr . Under routine clinical conditions, T . vaginalis was identified by a combination of direct microscopy and culture in specimens from 330 (19.5%) of 1,691 women with vaginal discharges who were examined . Trichomonas vaginalis was isolated from 49 of 53 vaginal discharge specimens that also contained C . albicans . Therefore, the qualitative results with clinical cultures did not confirm the inhibition of trichomonads by C . albicans as shown in quantitative studies of associative growth . This result indicates that with the routine clinical isolation procedures the use of an antifungal agent in medium for culture of T . vaginalis is not necessary.

Infect Immun, 1980 Oct, 30(1), 78 - 89
Quantitation of antibody against cell wall mannan and a major cytoplasmic antigen of Candida in rabbits, mice, and humans; Jones JM; Cell wall mannan of type A Candida albicans was purified, conjugated with tyramine, and labeled with 125I . Labeled cell wall mannan was used in a radioimmunoassay to measure serum antimannan antibody levels . An ammonium sulfate-soluble fraction of a cytoplasmic extract of C . albicans contained a large amount of a major cytoplasmic antigen of this organism . When the sulfate-soluble fraction was labeled with 125I, much more 125I attached to this major antigen than to the other antigens present in the sulfate-soluble fraction . Thus, when serum antisulfate-soluble fraction antibody levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay which used the iodine-labeled sulfate-soluble fraction, antibody against this major cytoplasmic antigen was quantitated . Both radioimmunoassays were used to measure antimannan and antisulfate-soluble fraction antibody levels in mice, rabbits, and humans . Irrespective of the procedure used to elicit antibody against C . albicans antigens, mice failed to produce antimannan antibody . By contrast, all strains of mice tested produced antisulfate-soluble fraction antibody after immunization, and the magnitude of this antibody response depended on the strain of mice immunized . Rabbits readily produced antibody against both mannan and sulfate-soluble fraction when immunized by a variety of methods . Antimannan antibody was detected in 100% of sera from a randomly selected sample of 50 hospitalized patients . Only 1 of 50 patients had antisulfate-soluble fraction antibody detectable by radioimmunoassay . In pooled normal human serum, most antimannan antibody was of the immunoglobulin G class.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Oct, 144(1), 258 - 73
Morphogenesis of Candida albicans and cytoplasmic proteins associated with differences in morphology, strain, or temperature; Manning M et al.; The extent of change in cytoplasmic proteins which accompanies yeast-to-mycelium morphogenesis of Candida albicans was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis . Pure cultures of yeasts and true hyphae (i.e., without concomitant production of pseudohyphae) were grown in a synthetic low-sulfate medium . The two strains selected for this study were strain 4918, which produces pure mycelial cultures in low-sulfate medium at 37 degrees C and yeast cells at 24 degrees C, and strain 2252, which produces yeast cells exclusively at both 24 and 37 degrees C in low-sulfate medium . The proteins of both strains were labeled at both temperatures with {35S}sulfate, cytoplasmic fractions were prepared by mechanical disruption and ultracentrifugation, and the labeled proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis . Highly reproducible protein spot patterns were obtained which defined hundreds of proteins in each extract . Ten protein spots were identified on the two-dimensional gels of the 4918 mycelial-phase extract which were not present in the 4918 yeast-phase extract . These proteins appeared to be modifications of preexisting yeast-phase proteins rather than proteins synthesized de novo in the mycelial cells because 5 were absorbed by rabbit anti-yeast-phase immunoglobulin and each of the 10 was also present in extracts of strain 2252 grown at 24 and 37 degrees C, indicating that they were neither unique to filamentous cells nor sufficient for induction or maintenance of the mycelial morphology . Thirty-three proteins were identified in the 4918 yeast-phase extract which were not present in the 4918 mycelial-phase extract . Pulse-chase experiments revealed the synthesis of new proteins during yeast-to-mycelial conversion, but none of these was unique to mycelial cells . No differences in the major cytoplasmic proteins of any of the yeast- or mycelial-phase extracts were identified . This finding suggests that the major structural proteins of the cytoplasm are not extensively modified and argues instead that proteins unique to either phase may serve a regulatory function.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Oct, 144(1), 1 - 6
Inducible N-acetyglucosamine-binding protein in yeasts; Singh B et al.; Addition of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the medium elicits an immediate synthesis of a specific GlcNAc-binding protein in yeasts . Synthesis of this protein requires the continuous presence of GlcNAc as the inducer and is inhibited completely by the inhibitors of ribonucleic acid and protein syntheses . Furthermore, this protein has been partially purified from GlcNAc-grown Candida albicans cells and is quite distinct from the other induced enzymes of the GlcNAc catabolic pathway . A good correlation between the level of GlcNAc-binding protein and GlcNAc uptake capacity of the cells during induction was observed . Some of the sugars, e.g., N-acetylmannosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, and glucose, had a similar competitive effect on the binding of GlcNAc as well as on its uptake . Furthermore, both the binding and uptake activities were sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1980 Oct, 104(10), 537 - 40
Modifying cerebral candidiasis by altering the infectious entry route; Parker JC Jr et al.; Diffuse leptomeningitis did not occur in healthy adult male Wistar rats with transient candidemia produced by the injection of organisms into the internal carotid artery, even though intraparenchymal microabscesses with yeasts and pseudohyphae were seen throughout the brain . Candida albicans was culturally identified in the brain and kidney . Injecting the organisms into the cisterna magna caused an infection characterized by lymphocytes and histiocytes and was confined to the leptomeninges . In this meningeal model, fungi were recovered only from the CNS . The overwhelming prevalence at autopsy of cerebral candidal microabscesses without diffuse leptomeningitis is apparently due to transient candidemia . Meningitis due to candidemia is rare and seems to require a microabscess that is accessible to the circulating CSF . This latter event is a late and overwhelming feature of cerebral candidiasis.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 163 - 6
Antimycotic activity of propane-1,2-diol (propylene glycol); Faergemann J et al.; Propane-1,2-diol in concentrations of 30-90 g/l was found to inhibit in vitro the growth of Pityrosporum orbiculare, Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, T . mentagrophytes var . interdigitale, and Epidermophyton floccosum . These results are discussed in relation to the management of fungal skin diseases.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1980 Sep, 2(3), 279 - 90
Phototoxic and antibiotic activities of plants of the Asteraceae used in folk medicine; Wat CK et al.; Ethanolic extracts of forty-four commercial herbal drugs and two fresh plants used in folk medicine, all species of the Asteraceae, were examined for their phototoxic and antibiotic activities against Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans . Twenty samples were found to be active as either phototoxic and/or antibiotic agents and their phototoxic effects correlate with the presence of polyacetylenes and thiophenes.

Br J Ophthalmol, 1980 Sep, 64(9), 672 - 5
Fungal retinitis: a case of Torulopsis glabrata infection treated with miconazole; Fitzsimons RB et al.; Presumptive embolic chorioretinal Torulopsis glabrata infection is described in a patient who had received prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy . The ocular findings are compared and contrasted with embolic lesions due to Candida albicans . The patient was treated for 6 weeks with intravenous miconazole . During this time there was shrinkage of the ocular lesions, some improvement in vision and abolition of fungaemia . Improvement in tests of immune function during treatment suggests that an early immunological deficit was secondary to the infection . Intravenous miconazole is a relatively nontoxic alternative to amphotericin and deserves further evaluation in the treatment of ocular mycosis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 12(3), 475 - 6
Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects; Epstein JB et al.; Patients with candidiasis had greater than 400 colony-forming units per ml of saliva, whereas carriers of Candida albicans had less than 400 colony-forming units per ml . Thus, quantitative cultures of saliva may aid in the diagnosis of oral candidiasis.

Z Hautkr, 1980 Sep 1, 55(17), 1116 - 22
{Effect of imidazole derivatives on various numbers of microbes to determine microbial sensitivity}; Raab W et al.; Imidazole derivatives with antifungal activity were investigated in their effects on concentrated and diluted suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus . Against Candida albicans, activity of the imidazol derivatives was higher in diluted suspensions than in concentrated suspensions: this fact proves the presence of a microbe-count sensitivity . Against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus, no microbe-count sensitivity of clotrimazole, econazole nitrate, ketoconazole, or N-148/76 could be detected by Warburg assay on resting microbes.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 211 - 28
The interaction of {3H}miconazole with Candida albicans; Cope JE; During the stationary phase of a batch culture, Candida albicans develops the ability to take up large amounts of {3H}miconazole, and this occurs over the same period of time as the cells become resistant to miconazole-induced K+ release . Cell walls isolated from C . albicans also take up {3H}miconazole, and it is likely that the cell wall is the site of the association of {3H}miconazole with intact cells . Miconazole interaction with C . albicans is freely reversible and relatively nonspecific, and evidence suggests the involvement of hydrophobic bonding . Although fractionation studies were not exhaustive, results suggest that {3H}miconazole associates with glycoprotein and lipid in the matrix of the cell wall . Development of the ability to take up {3H}miconazole requires a low pH in the culture medium at the end of the growth phase, and efficient aeration, and was found to occur most rapidly in the presence of 0.3 mM sodium azide . The nature of the changes that occur during incubation through the stationary phase, and also similar changes that take place during cell wall preparation, and their relationship to phenotypic miconazole resistance are discussed.

J Prosthet Dent, 1980 Sep, 44(3), 243 - 6
The role of Candida albicans in the pathogenesis of angular cheilosis; Russotto SB; It was concluded from the results of this study that: 1 . The incidence of chronic C . albicans infection is greater than previously believed . 2 . Angular cheilosis and denture sore mouth are often found together . The etiology of both lesions is C . albicans . 3 . Systemic factors may be responsible for intraoral candidiasis, but they are of secondary importance in the etiology of angular cheilosis . The primary etiologic agent is C . albicans . 4 . Nutritional deficiency or reduced vertical dimension of occlusion are contributing factors in the pathogenesis of angular cheilosis, but C . albicans is the agent primarily responsible for the lesions.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1980 Sep, 29(5), 875 - 81
Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni . VII . Further analysis of the interactions between patient sera and lymphocytes during in vitro blastogenesis to schistosome antigen preparations; Todd CW et al.; The lymphocyte blastogenic responses of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni patients were tested in vitro in medium supplemented with either normal human serum or patients' serum (either autologous or third party) . As expected, when patients' lymphocytes were cultured in patient sera, many of them (75--78%) displayed reduced responsiveness to schistosome antigens (derived from either the cercariae, adult worms or eggs of Schistosoma mansoni), but not to Candida albicans extract . For decreased blastogenesis to be manifest, a combination of both suppressive sera and suppressible cells was required; however, some patients had nonsuppressible cells and not all sera were suppressive . In an attempt at classification, four categories of patient responsiveness concerning serosuppression are proposed . The categories depend on the suppressive capabilities of patient sera and the response of patient lymphocytes to suppressive sera . By individually testing the capabilities of each patient's lymphocytes and sera in relationship to each antigenic preparation, we were able to assign the majority of patient responses to a given category . It is hoped that by using these categories, a better understanding of the mechanisms concerning serosuppression will be obtained.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Sep, 18(3), 197 - 210
The activity of ketoconazole in mixed cultures of leukocytes and Candida albicans; de Brabander M et al.; A system is described which allows the semi-quantitative investigation of the interaction between Candida albicans and leukocytes in culture with and without the addition of chemotherapeutic agents . Both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages avidly engulfed added yeast cells . However, they did not succeed in eradicating the fungus even when only 450 yeast cells were added to 3 X 10(6) leukocytes . This is probably due to several factors, including the decline in the functiontional capacity of the leukocytes with time in culture . The major way for the fungus to escape intracellular killing, however, seems to be the switch to the mycellial form in the presence of leukocytes . Engulfed yeasts produce germ tubes, grow out of the leukocytes and form hyphae which are much more resistant to the lytic action of the leukocytes . The leukocytes become necrotic through their interaction with the mycelia . Ketoconazole, a potent, orally active systemic antifungal agent inhibited the growth of C . albicans and completely suppressed the formation of mycelia in culture at very low concentrations (0.01 microgram ml-1) . It was toxic to the leukocytes themselves only at 100 microgram ml-1 . Addition of ketoconazole (10 (10-1.01 microgram ml-1) to mixed cultures of leukocytes and C . albicans allowed complete elimination of the fungus, probably because the leukocytes could easily remove the remaining yeast cells . The data show the usefulness of the system in the search for systemic antifungals and provide a possible explanation for the efficacy of ketoconazole in vivo.

Infect Immun, 1980 Sep, 29(3), 853 - 8
Candida albicans group A-specific soluble antigens demonstrated by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis; Guinet RM et al.; Soluble cytoplasmic extracts of Candida albicans groups A and B were prepared and compared by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis experiments performed with a commercial anti-C . albicans group A immune serum . Although crossed immunoelectrophoresis, tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and line immunoelectrophoresis revealed many cross-reactions between the two groups, some components seemed to be specific to group A . However, the complexity of the extracts studied did not allow us to demonstrate specific constituents with these methods . Crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis with and without absorption of antibodies in situ was then used, and four specific antigens unique to group A cytoplasmic extract were demonstrated, one of which appeared to be quantitatively important . The value of various quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods applied to complex antigenic preparations is discussed.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1980 Sep, 90(9), 286 - 8
{Effect of immunization with small doses of antigen on the development of experimental atherosclerosis}; Zubzhitskii IuN et al.; Immunization of rabbits suffering from experimental hyperlipemia with human gamma-globulin (a total dose of 150 mg) or with disintegrated yeast Candida albicans (a total dose of 62 mg) inhibited the development of hyperlipemia and atherosclerosis . The effect was more pronounced in animals immunized on the 6th experimental week than in those immunized on the 9th week.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Aug 7, 614(2), 350 - 6
Purification and some properties of inducible N-acetylglucosamine kinase from Candida albicans; Rai YP et al.; N-Acetylglucosamine kinase (ATP:2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.59) catalyzes the first reaction in the inducible N-acetylglucosamine catabolic pathway of Candida albicans, an obligatory aerobic yeast . As a part of continuing biochemical studies concerning the regulation of gene expression in a simple eukaryote, N-acetylglucosamine kinase has been purified and characterized biochemically . The enzyme has been purified about 300-fold from the crude extract and its molecular weight of 75 000 has been determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration . Isolation and analysis procedures are described . The kinase reaction is optimal within a pH range of 7--8 . The enzyme is strictly specific for GlcNAc as phosphate acceptor; ATP is the phosphoryl group donor for the kinase reaction and to a lesser extent dATP and CTP . Km values for GlcNAc and ATP are 1.33 mM and 1.82 mM, respectively . The enzyme required Mg2+, which may be replaced by other bivalent metal ions such as Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ and Co2+ for a lesser degree of effectiveness . The purified enzyme is extremely sensitive to thermal denaturation and becomes completely inactive by heating at 65% C for 2 min . The enzyme is also inactivated by sulphydryl reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid and N-ethylmaleimide.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Aug, 18(2), 231 - 9
Antifungal and antibacterial activities of diarylamidine derivatives; Anne J et al.; The antifungal and antibacterial properties of a series of 70 diarylamidine derivatives were evaluated . Several of these compounds exhibited considerable antimicrobial potency . A survey of the structure-activity relationship demonstrated that minor structural variations resulted in significant changes of antimicrobial activity . In general, the structural features required for antifungal activity coincided with those required for antibacterial activity . Both the antifungal and the antibacterial properties of the diarylamidines depended on the presence and the positions, of both amidino groups, on the nature of the central bridge connecting the two aryl moieties, and on the nature of these aryl residues (preferably indole) . The most active compound was evaluated for its activity against Candida albicans infection in mice.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 119(Pt 2), 341 - 9
Protoplasts from yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans; Torres-Bauza LJ et al.; Protoplasts have been obtained in high yields from the yeast and mycelial forms of a variety of strains of Candida albicans by enzyme digestion of cells with commercially available lytic enzymes . The protoplast formation procedure was equally effective for exponential and stationary phase cells . Pretreatment with dithiothreitol and Pronase in the presence of EDTA and Tris was necessary . Other thiol reagents and conditions did not release protoplasts from all the strains of C . albicans tested . Treatment with digestive juice of the snail Helix pomatia required the addition of chitinase for the release of protoplasts from most strains tested . Conditions for maximizing the yield of protoplasts and the activities of beta-glucuronidase and chitinase were determined . Electron microscopy of C . albicans showed that the pretreatment conditions removed the outer layers and the treatment itself completely removed the inner layers of the cell wall . More than 90% of the protoplasts produced by this model were viable as assessed by vital staining with Janus Green B.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 26(8), 965 - 70
Chemical and enzymatic changes in the cell walls of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by scanning electron microscopy; Koch Y et al.; Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were examined by scanning scanning electron microscopy before and after extraction of the mannans of the cell wall . The surfaces of control cells were smooth; after mannan extraction they were rough and showed erosions which were particularly striking within the area of the scars . Helicase digested irregular holes through the cell wall within 20 min; these increased in size during an additional 40 min of digestion . These holes were not localized in or on the bud scars, which remained intact even after the long digestion period . The results were used to construct a model for yeast cell wall structure.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Aug, 33(8), 750 - 6
Distribution of pathogenic yeasts and humoral antibodies to candida among hospital inpatients; Odds FC et al.; The frequencies of the carriage of yeast pathogens and of serum precipitins to a variety of candida antigens among 254 patients generally tended to increase with the length of the patient's stay in hospital . This trend was observed even though none of the patients investigated showed signs or symptoms of superficial or systemic candidosis . The extent of the general trend varied considerably between subgroups of patients within the general categories of 'surgical' and 'nonsurgical' inpatients . Increases in both frequencies and quantities of yeasts in the mouth were most evident postoperatively among patients who underwent open-heart surgery and among nonsurgical patients who received antibiotics or steroids in hospital . The frequency of precipitins to Candida albicans cytoplasmic antigens in the absence of candidosis rose overall from 11% of 217 sera obtained within 24 hours of admission to 35% of 85 sera obtained five to 11 days after admission or operation . These 'false positive' antibodies were thought to arise after transient yeast overgrowth in the gut at the time of an acute illness or immediately after surgery . The study adds further data to documented examples of 'false positive' candida antibodies and indicates the need for care in the diagnostic interpretation of candida precipitin test results among groups of patients at risk of yeast overgrowth during their hospital stay.

J Med Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 13(3), 423 - 35
Inducible proteinase of Candida albicans in diagnostic serology and in the pathogenesis of systemic candidosis; Macdonald F et al.; The extracellular acid proteinase of Candida albicans was purified from culture filtrates by a single-column chromatographic step . The purity of the enzyme and its unique antigenic properties were confirmed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by reaction with homologous and heterologous anti-sera . The purified enzyme (PP), which was a carboxyl proteinase, contained mannan as an integral part of the molecule . C . albicans proteinase was detected in experimental candida kidney lesions by indirect immunoflourescence . Precipitating antibodies to PP and to cytoplasmic extract (CE) were detected in sera from rabbits with chronic, experimental, systemic candidosis; however precipitins to PP were not found in sera from infected rabbits in which tissue invasion was prevented by antifungal treatment . In retrospective tests with sera from healthy subjects and from patients with and without proven systemic candidosis a qualitative distinction between true and false-positive precipitins to PP was not found; however, whereas 72% of sera from proven cases of deep-seated candida infection had anti-PP titres greater than 4 and greater than or equal to anti-CE titres, these same quantitative criteria were met by only 15% of sera from patients for whom information of a diagnosis of candidosis was not available . The purified proteinase was therefore a more specific antigen than the widely used cytoplasmic extract for detection of antibodies in cases of candidosis.

J Med Chem, 1980 Aug, 23(8), 913 - 8
Anticandidal activity of pyrimidine-peptide conjugates; Ti JS et al.; The ability of conjugates of peptides and 5-fluorocytosine or 5-fluoroorotic acid to enter Candida albicans was investigated . A number of conjugates of 5-fluoroorotic acid and peptides were synthesized using 1-(ethoxy-carbonyl)-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline as the coupling agent . Orotyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine, 5-fluoro-4-(N-succinamoyl-L-alanyl-L-leucine)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone {a 5-fluorocytosine derivative}, and 5-fluoroorotyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine all inhibited the uptake of trimethionine into C . albicans WD 18-4 . Inhibition by 5-fluoroorotyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine was competitive as judged using double-reciprocal plots . Evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentrations of peptide-5-fluorocytosine conjugates suggest that these conjugates enter C . albicans in the intact form . These results provide the first experimental evidence that peptides can carry pyrimidines into a eukaryote.

Scand J Haematol, 1980 Aug, 25(2), 97 - 106
Inhibitory ability of adherent blood cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia on DNA-synthesis in non-adherent leukaemic cells and PHA-stimulated lymphocytes; Unsgaard G et al.; Mononuclear blood cells were isolated from patients with different types of leukaemia and studied in vitro with regard to cell functions - adhesiveness, phagocytosis, DNA synthesis and inhibitory effects of adherent cells on non-adherent leukaemic cells and PHA stimulated lymphocytes . Cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) adhered to the plastic surface of the culture dishes and showed esterase staining reactions as monocytes/macrophages . They showed a normal capacity to ingest Candida albicans, while the digestion capacity appeared reduced . Non-adherent cells from CML showed a high ability to incorporate thymidine, indicating DNA synthesis . Adhesive cells from patients with CML inhibited DNA synthesis in nonadherent CML cells and in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes to about the same extent as adhesive cells from normal donors . Blood cells from acute myeloid leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia showed on adhesiveness and a very low spontaneous thymidine incorporation.

Infect Immun, 1980 Aug, 29(2), 477 - 82
Candidacidal activity of mouse macrophages in vitro; Maiti PK et al.; Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected in vitro with Candida albicans, and the phagocytic and candidacidal activities were estimated by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained cells . Activated macrophages obtained from either BCG-vaccinated animals or by in vitro exposure of normal macrophages to phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphokines exhibited higher phagocytic and candidacidal activities than did normal macrophages . However, activated macrophages obtained by in vitro exposure of macrophages to candida-induced lymphokines exhibited the highest phagocytic and candidacidal activities . The incorporation of immune mouse serum into the culture medium also enhanced the phagocytic and candidacidal activities of the normal macrophages but failed to improve the function of the activated macrophages . These results suggest that both activated macrophages and antibodies may be required for controlling candida infections in mice.

Biokhimiia, 1980 Jul, 45(7), 1201 - 7
{Effect of ionic composition of incubation medium on inhibition by levorin of amino acid transfer in Candida albicans}; Obukhovskaia AS et al.; It was demonstrated that K+ and Na+ concentrations in C . albicans cells cultivated on an aerated enriched complex medium do not practically depend on their concentration ratios in the medium . The effect of levorin on the ionic composition of the cells, on the contrary, strongly depends on the composition of the medium . In a Na-containing medium with levorin the bulk of intracellular potassium is substituted by sodium, while in a "potassium" medium no redistribution of the monovalent cations in the cells occurs . The transport of neutral amino acids with a short carbohydrate radical (e . g . glycine, alanine) is largely inhibited by levorin irrespective of the intra- and extracellular concentrations of the movement cations . The inhibition of transport of amino acids with a long carbohydrate radical (e . g . leucine, phenylalanine) by levorin is possibly mediated by its effect on the intracellular concentration of monovalent cations, since in "potassium" medium it is either insignificant or altogether absent . The transfer of neutral amino acids differing in the length of the carbohydrate radical of C . albicans by various systems is discussed.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Jul-Aug, 131B(1), 39 - 46
{Pathogenicity of "Candida albicans" for normal mice and mice treated by the mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol (author's transl)}; Fromentin H et al.; The study of the action of diacetoxyscirpenol, a mycotoxin from Fusarium, was carried out on mice . It was found that a single dose of 1/2 DL50 (4.5 mg/kg) inoculated intraperitoneally, induced a transitory diminution of weight of the spleen and thymus and fall in the percentage of blood lymphocyte . The effect on the course of candidiasis was obvious: the mice challenged with C . albicans and treated by small repeated doses of mycotoxin died more rapidly than not treated but infected mice, emphasizing significantly the effect of the immunosuppressive processus on the development of the opportunistic fungus.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 520 - 34
Mechanism of action of antifungal drugs, with special reference to the imidazole derivatives; Borgers M; Currently used antifungal drugs are distinct in terms of spectrum of activity, potency, therapeutic index, development of resistance, and mode of use . An important factor in the usefulnesss of a compound is the mechanism by which it attacks the structure and function of the fungal cell . The target organelles have been established for most antifungal drugs . Polyenes bind irreversibly to cell membranes . Alteration of the permeability of these structures precedes metabolic disruption and cell death . Griseofulvin deteriorates spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules, influencing cell division and outgrowth of hyphal tips . Flucytosine is deaminated to 5-fluorouracil, which is then phosphorylated and incorporated into RNA; protein synthesis is consequently impaired . A mechanism of action via inhibition of DNA synthesis is an alternative explanation . The imidazole derivatives inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol in membranes of fungi . These agents also affect the synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids . Changes in oxidative and peroxidative enzyme activities, leading to an intracellular buildup of toxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, may contribute to the observed deterioration of subcellular organelles and to cell necrosis . The imidazole derivatives inhibit the transformation of blastospores of Candida albicans into the invasive mycelial form . This inhibition probably facilitates the task of host defense cells and may be the principal factor leading to clearance of infection.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Jul, (7), 75 - 9
{Effect of antigen dose on the course of experimental mycogenic sensitization}; Sardyko NV; Guinea pigs were sensitized with different doses of homogenous Candida albicans cells introduced by 3 subcutaneous injections at intervals of 2--3 days . The allergic rearrangement in the animal body thus induced was found to depend on the dose of the preparation injected into the animals: the lowest dose of the antigen (0.1 mg) induced immediate allergic reaction, and doses 5--10 times higher induced double rearrangement i.e . immediate and delayed reactions.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 12(1), 44 - 5
Skin abscess caused by Candida albicans: unusual presentation of C . albicans disease; Feldman WE et al.; A 9-month-old patient developed a Candida albicans skin abscess at the repair site of a lumbar myelomeningocele . There was no evidence of C . albicans infection elsewhere in the body . The infection may have been acquired at the time of the original myelomeningocele repair at 2 days of age . The abscess was cured by surgical drainage and amphotericin B therapy . This case indicates that laboratories should be aware of C . albicans as an unusual cause of abscess.

Mikrobiologiia, 1980 Jul-Aug, 49(4), 578 - 83
{Aspartate, alanine, glutamate, malate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases in Candida albicans}; Tsinberg MB et al.; Multiple molecular forms of aspartate, alanine, glutamate, malate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases were studied in the course of Candida albicans growth using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel . The isozyme spectrum and the activity of dehydrogenases were found to depend on the cultural age and the cofactor being used (NAD or NADP) . The protein-antigenic spectrum and the composition of multiple molecular forms of dehydrogenases were compared in C . albicans in the course of its growth in order to characterize more completely the properties of the culture at a certain growth phase.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 119(1), 253 - 5
The porosity of the cell wall of Candida albicans; Cope JE; Polyethylene glycols of different molecular sizes have been used to study the penetrability of the cell wall of Candida albicans harvested at the end of the growth phase and after prolonged incubation in the stationary phase . No differences were found which could account for the greater resistance of cells from stationary phase cultures of C . albicans to the antimycotic agents amphotericin B methyl ester and miconazole.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 119(1), 245 - 51
Mode of action of miconazole on Candida albicans: effect on growth, viability and K+ release; Cope JE; Miconazole at 10 micrograms ml-1 inhibited the growth of exponential phase cultures of Candida albicans and released intracellular K+ . Higher concentration of miconazole were, however, required to cause cell death: at neutral pH, complete killing occurred at 30 micrograms ml-1, while at pH 3.0 or 4.5, there was only partial killing with miconazole up to 80 micrograms ml-1 . Efficient killing of C . albicans by miconazole occurred both at low temperature and when cells were incubated in buffer alone . It is proposed that both the fungistatic and fungicidal actions of miconazole are due to its direct interaction with the cellular membranes of C . albicans rather than to an inhibition of biochemical reactions . Divalent cations protected C . albicans from both the fungistatic and fungicidal effects of miconazole and this was probably due to a competition between the ions and miconazole in its positively charged form for negatively charged binding sites . Candida albicans increased in resistance to miconazole-induced K+ release during the stationary phase of a batch culture . Development of this resistance required efficient aeration.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Jul 1, 71(2), 113 - 8
{Effect of glucose and nitrogen concentrations on the morphology of Candida albicans and the formation of chlamydospores in synthetic culture media}; Dujardin L et al.; Candida albicans was grown in the darkness, at 28 degrees C, in a synthetic medium in which glucose and nitrogen concentrations were varied . Numeric appraisal of the chlamydospore index was possible only in the medium where glucose concentration was 0,08 g/1 or less . When the glucose concentration raised, pseudomycelial thalli bore numerous chlamydospores but sometimes also chains of cells with a dense granular content . These thalli bud yeast cells which separate and bud again in the medium . The different morphological aspects of the cultures are decribed, illustrated and classified according to the glucose and nitrogen concentration of the medium.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 606 - 19
Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis and other superficial and systemic mycoses successfully treated with ketoconazole; Drouhet E et al.; Four patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis from early infancy were treated successfully with ketoconazole given orally . All thrush lesions were clinically and mycologically cured within a few days of treatment with 100-400 micrograms of ketoconazole daily; skin lesions were cured within a few weeks, and nails were cured after about three months of treatment . Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to candidin was acquired by the third month . Cellular and humoral immunologic responses were related to the suppression of Candida albicans antigen by ketoconazole . A fifth patient with chronic lingual granuloma due to C . albicans improved considerably . Favorable results also were seen in individual patients with oral and disseminated histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum; laryngeal, pulmonary, and hepatic disease with continuous fever also due to H . capsulatum; pulmonary histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii; cutaneous sporotrichosis; and cutaneous blastomycosis due to Blastomyces dermatitidis and in three patients with favus due to Trichophyton schoenleinii; six of seven patients with tinea capitis due to Trichophyton violaceum (after one month of treatment); and four patients with infections due to Petriellidium boydii, Phialophora pedrosoi, or Beauveria species . All patients responded rapidly to 400 mg of ketoconazole per day given orally . Only the patient with hepatic histoplasmosis required 800 mg per day . Measurements of ketoconazole in the serum during treatment were useful in the evaluation of therapy.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 600 - 5
Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidosis with ketoconazole: a study of 12 cases; Hay RJ et al.; Twelve patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis were treated orally with ketoconazole (doses, 200-400 mg daily) for a mean period of six months . Seven of the patients had one of the following abnormalities: congenital endocrinopathy syndrome, an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant defect in which candidosis is not associated with endocrinopathy, or the malabsorption syndrome . All patients had fungal infections of the mouth, and 11 had onychomycosis . Two patients were also infected with dermatophytes . At the end of treatment, 10 patients were cured of oral infection, and 11 with nail infections showed significant improvement . Marked improvement of hand and foot infections was also recorded . Patients infected with dermatophyte fungi had the poorest responses to therapy . The mean (+/- SD) MIC for isolates of Candida albicans from eight patients was 0.95 (+/- 0.78) microgram/ml . Clinical and biochemical monitoring showed no toxicity, and no resistant fungi emerged during treatment . Results of this initial study of ketoconazole for treatment of severe and recalcitrant superficial infections indicate the need for further assessment of this drug, which appears to offer a simple, nontoxic, and effective treatment of fungal infections.

Rev Infect Dis, 1980 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 570 - 7
Ketoconazole in experimental candidosis; Thienpont D et al.; A relatively large number of animal models of candidosis exist in which the efficacy of antifungal substances can be evaluated . These include models of candidosis of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genital system, and internal organs in a variety of animal species . The efficacy of ketoconazole administered orally and topically was evaluated; when given orally in relatively low doses, ketoconazole was found to be efficacious in all of the experimental models used . Scanning and transmission electron micrographs of infected tissue demonstrated the rapidity with which Candida albicans was eradicated from the host after administration of ketoconazole.

JAMA, 1980 Jun 20, 243(23), 2409 - 11
Purified Candida albicans proteinase in the serological diagnosis of systemic candidosis; Macdonald F et al.; An inducible, exocellular proteinase enzyme, purified from culture filtrates of Candida albicans, was tested as an antigen for the detection of serum anti-Candida precipitins . The purified proteinase was a more specific antigen for the serological diagnosis of systemic candidosis than traditional cytoplasmic extracts of the fungus . Precipitin titers to purified proteinase exceeded 1:4 in 75% of serum samples from 12 patients with confirmed systemic Candida infection, in 23% of serum samples from 22 patients positive for Candida anticytoplasm antibodies but without corroborative diagnostic evidence of systemic candidosis, and in none of 28 serum samples from patients without either candidosis or anticytoplasm antibodies.

N Z Med J, 1980 Jun 11, 91(661), 420 - 1
Clinical efficacy of Pimafucin (natamycin) vaginal tablets in a ten-day course for vaginal candidiasis; Ainsworth JW et al.; Fifty women with vaginal Candida albicans infection were given Pimafucin (natamycin) vaginal tablets, two nightly for 10 days . At two weeks there was a 76 percent cure rate which was maintained at four weeks.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jun, 25(6), 408 - 11
{Triterpene glycosides with antifungal activity isolated from the sea cucumber, Cucumaria japonica}; Batrakov SG et al.; A complex of triterpenic oligoglycosides or cucumariosides was isolated from the skin-muscular sac of Cucumaria japonica . The complex includes at least 7 components . Fractionation of the complex on lyophilized sephadex LH-20 resulted in quantitative isolation of its 2 main components, i.e . cucumariosides I and II in a chromatographically pure state . The part of these glucosides in the native mixture of cucumariosides was 65 and 20% respectively . The complex inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and C . tropicalis in concentrations of 50 microgram/ml . Cucumarioside II inhibited the growth of the above organisms in a concentration of 60 microgram/ml . The MIC of I for these organisms was 30 and 40 microgram/ml respectively.

Crit Care Med, 1980 Jun, 8(6), 324 - 31
Complications of airway intrusion in 100 consecutive cases in a pediatric ICU; Orlowski JP et al.; One-hundred consecutive patients who underwent orotracheal intubation (OT), nasotracheal intubation (NT), or tracheostomy in the pediatric ICU were evaluated for complications of these airway invasions . Twelve patients had major complications as a result of airway intervention . The mortality for patients requiring mechanical ventilation was 17% as compared with a total overall mortality of 8.3% for patients in the pediatric ICU . Major complications occurred in 10% of patients who had orotracheal intubation, in 11% of patients who had nasotracheal intubations, and in 26% of patients subjected to tracheostomy . Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) was the primary diagnosis associated with the highest rate of complications . An association was found between the occurrence of seizures or hypoperfusion state (shock) while intubated and the occurrence of major complications of airway intrusion . Acquired infections of the respiratory tract with Hemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Candida albicans were also associated with a high rate of complications.

Biokhimiia, 1980 Jun, 45(6), 1000 - 3
{Effect of levorin on incorporation of individual amino acids into proteins of membranes, ribosomes and cell sap of Candida albicans}; Obukhovskaia AS et al.; The effect of levorin on incorporation of labelled amino acids into the protoplasts and proteins of C . albicans depended on the ionic composition of the medium and on the amino acid tested . In a potassium-enriched medium the predominant effect of levorin on {14C} alanine transport into the protoplasts was decreased, while in case of {14C} leucine transport it was completely eliminated . The incorporation of {14C} alanine into the proteins of ribosomes and cell juice was inhibited by the antibiotic in a greater degree as compared to the membrane proteins, the difference in the rate being more pronounced in a sodium-enriched medium . The incorporation of {14C} leucine was inhibited in all protein fractions in the same degree, which was observed only in a sodium-enriched medium.

Z Hautkr, 1980 Jun 1, 55(11), 734 - 40
{The function of microphages in chronic recurrent pyodermias}; Djawari D; Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function tests were performed in 20 patients suffering from chronic recurrent pyogenic skin infections and, in addition, in 20 healthy individuals . As for in vitro tests, investigations of chemotaxis, intracellular killing and NADH dependent oxidase activity were included . Compared to the control group, a marked impairment of chemotaxis but totally normal microphage motility, a significantly decreased intracellular killing of ingested microorganisms by these phagocytes and an almost phagocytosis of viable and heat-inactivated Candida albicans cells could be detected in the examined patients . These results once again demonstrate the extraordinary importance of PMNL in the body's primary defense mechanisms.

Infect Immun, 1980 Jun, 28(3), 963 - 71
In vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by peritoneal mouse macrophages; Evron R; The ability of sensitized mouse peritoneal macrophages to phagocytose and inhibit Candida albicans was studied in an in vitro system . Mice were sensitized to C . albicans by intraperitoneal infection with viable organisms or by intracutaneous injection of heat-inactivated cells in Freund complete adjuvant . Development of delayed hypersensitivity to C . albicans was evaluated by footpad tests with cytoplasmic and cell wall antigens as well as by macrophage migration inhibition by these antigens and by whole heat-inactivated cells . Inhibition of macrophage migration by heat-inactivated cells was significantly greater when the mice were sensitized by viable organisms . The macrophages from these mice were also larger and showed a greaer ability to inhibit germ tube production by phagocytosed yeasts . This suggests that macrophages may play a protective role in infection by C . albicans.

Infect Immun, 1980 Jun, 28(3), 1001 - 8
Fungicidal activity of rabbit alveolar and peritoneal macrophages against Candida albicans; Lehrer RI et al.; We tested the ability of rabbit macrophages to kill Candida albicans in vitro . Resident (unstimulated) alveolar macrophages killed 28.1 +/- 1.9% of ingested organisms in 4 h, whereas resident peritoneal macrophages killed only 15.2 +/- 1.3% (mean +/- standard error of the mean, P < 0.01) . Peritoneal macrophages obtained from rabbits treated 3 weeks earlier with complete Freund adjuvant showed enhanced candidacidal activity relative to normally resident peritoneal cells (28.2 +/- 3.1%, P < 0.01) . Candidacidal activity by alveolar macrophages recovered from such treated animals was slightly enhanced relative to untreated alveolar macrophages (32.9 +/- 2.3%) . Candidacidal activity by peritoneal and alveolar macrophages was not decreased by several agents (cyanide, azide, sulfadiazine, and phenylbutazone) that inhibit the ability of human blood monocytes to kill C . albicans . In contrast, candidacidal activity by alveolar macrophages was greatly diminished by iodoacetate, an ineffective inhibitor of this function in human monocytes . We conclude that rabbit macrophages kill C . albicans by a fungicidal mechanism distinct from the peroxidase-H2O2 mechanism of human granulocytes and monocytes, and that the fungicidal properties of peritoneal and alveolar macrophage populations are enhanced after nonspecific stimulation with complete Freund adjuvant.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Jun, 18(2), 157 - 9
Calcium, sequestering agents and nystatin--interactions on cell wall morphology and fungistasis of Candida albicans; Pugh D et al.; The addition of nystatin to Candida albicans causes deep depressions in the cell walls and prevents budding . Sodium fluoride and EDTA cause similar depressions in the cell walls but do not reduce budding as much as nystatin.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jun, 17(6), 922 - 8
In vitro and in vivo effects of the antimycotic drug ketoconazole on sterol synthesis; Van den Bossche H et al.; Ketoconazole, an orally active antimycotic drug, is a potent inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans when added to culture media which support yeast or mycelial growth or to cultures containing outgrown mycelium . This inhibition coincides with accumulation of sterols with a methyl group at C-14 and can thus be attributed to an interference with one of the reactions involved in the removal of the 14 alpha-methyl group of lanosterol . When administered to rats infected with C . albicans, ketocanazole also inhibits fungal synthesis of ergosterol . A six-times-higher dose is required to effect cholesterol synthesis by rat liver.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Jun, 142(3), 1010 - 4
Changes in cyclic nucleotide levels and dimorphic transition in Candida albicans; Niimi M et al.; The relationship between the levels of cyclic nucleotides and dimorphic transition in Candida albicans was examined . The results showed that cells of this pathogenic fungus contained both cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), the concentration of the latter being about one-tenth that of the former in stationary-phase cells of the yeast form . Our results further indicated that germ tube formation induced by incubation at 40 degrees C followed a rise in cAMP concentration in the cell with no accompanying change in cGMP content . Cysteine, which suppressed germination, also reversed the increase in intracellular cAMP concentration . Dibutyryl cAMP (1 MM) significantly promoted germination in proline medium at temperatures of 32 to 34 degrees C . These results suggested that cAMP was one of the controlling factors in the morphological transition in Candida albicans.

Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1980 May-Jun, 88(3), 293 - 4
Treatment of chronic otitis externa with Trichophyton, Oidiomycetes, Epidermophyton antigen; Becker GD; Chronic otitis externa may be a sensitivity (dermatophytid) reaction from a distant pathogenic superficial fungal infection, eg, tinea pedis and monilial vaginitis, which are often difficult to eradicate . Skin testing is done with a combined antigenic extract of TOE (Trichophyton; Oidiomycetes, ie, Monilia or Candida albicans; and Epidermophyton) . The serial dilution titration method of skin testing is done, and the end point of reaction is determined . Treatment is begun on a weekly basis, with subcutaneous administration of 0.3 cc of a TOE extract two dilutions weaker than the end point . Symptomatic improvement is usually noted within two to four weeks, with objective improvement within eight weeks . After a variable maintenance period, the injections are spaced at less frequent intervals.

Klin Padiatr, 1980 May, 192(3), 241 - 8
{Liver abscess in chronic granulomatosis of childhood (author's transl)}; Wildfeuer A et al.; A thirteen-year-old boy with an abscess of the liver and recurrent infections since infancy is described . Aspergillus fumigatus could be isolated from this surgical treated abscess . Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes from the patient show a normal phagocytosis, whereas the oxygen metabolism and the intracellular killing of kastalase-positive microorganismus (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans) are strikingly decreased . In contrast, the catalase-negative Pneumococcus pneumoniae is rapidly killed . The iodination (131 J) of PMN is despite phagocytosis also markedly reduced . Myeloperoxidase could be detected in the phagocytes histochemically . No morphologic abnormalities of PMN have been found by electron microscopy . A defect of the humoral of cellular immunity has been excluded . The characterized dysfunction of PMN and monocytes as well as the clinical features of the patient are consistent with a diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease of childhood.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 May, 118(Pt 1), 263 - 5
In vitro development of resistance to nystatin by Candida albicans and Torulopsis glabrata; Nobre GN et al.; The levels of resistance to nystatin induced in 16 strains of Torulospsis glabrata by a few subcultures in the presence of the drug were high (minimum inhibitory concentrations > 20 000 U ml-1) compared with those obtained in 12 strains of Candida albicans (minimum inhibitory concentrations less than or equal to 2000 U ml-1) . The results suggest a high rate of mutation in the first species.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 May, (5), 103 - 6
{Use of the basophil degranulation test and the leukocyte migration inhibition test to characterize mycogenic sensitization}; Sardyko NV; The results of experiments in using the basophil degranulation test and the leukocyte migration inhibition test for the characterization of mycogenous sensitization are presented . The model of mycogenous sensitization was created in guinea pigs by 3 injections of homogenized Candida albicans cells . Immediate allergic reaction is shown to develop earlier, as indicated by the results of the determination of homocytotropic antibody tites in passive skin anaphylaxis and by the results of the basophil degranulation test, than the appearance of delayed hypersensitivity detected by the leukocyte migration inhibition test.

J Laryngol Otol, 1980 May, 94(5), 515 - 20
Microbiology of the adenoids; Al-Sheikhli AR; The adenoids of 23 children (12 with secretory otitis media and 11 without S.O.M . who had tonsillitis or sore throats) were submitted for histopathology . All specimens showed the usual adenoid pattern with no differences in activity . The adenoids of 15 children (6 with secretory otitis media and 9 without S.O.M . who had tonsillitis or sore throats) were examined for viruses . They were all negative . The adenoids of 37 children (13 with secretory otitis media and 24 without S.O.M . who had tonsillitis or sore throats) were examined for bacterial micro-organisms . In the adenoids of the 13 children with secretory otitis media pathogenic bacteria were isolated in 6 instances, while in the 24 adenoid specimens of children without secretory otitis media pathogenic bacteria were isolated on only 3 occasions . On only one occasion was Candida albicans isolated . It is concluded that adenoids should be removed in children with secretory otitis media, but not during routine removal of tonsils in children presenting with tonsillitis or sore throats.

Infect Immun, 1980 May, 28(2), 464 - 8
Relationship between germination of Candida albicans and increased adherence to human buccal epithelial cells; Kimura LH et al.; A strong correlation was shown between germination and increased adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells, indicating that germination or other changes in the fungi accompanying germination were responsible for enhanced adherence . Partial inhibition of germination by cysteine resulted in a comparably lower adherence . Preferential adherence of germinated fungi occurred in competition assays with nongerminated and germinated fungi . The enhanced adherence to human mucosal cells of germinated C albicans could represent one mechanism contributing to the pathogenicity of the organism.

J Bacteriol, 1980 May, 142(2), 714 - 9
Strain variation and morphogenesis of yeast- and mycelial-phase Candida albicans in low-sulfate, synthetic medium; Manning M et al.; A low-sulfate synthetic medium was developed in which pure cultures of yeast- and mycelial-phase Candida albicans could be cultivated for investigations of the molecular biology of dimorphism . The medium contained ammonium ions, phosphate buffer, salts, glucose, and biotin . Morphogenesis was found to be dependent upon the strain of C . albicans . Of six strains tested in the low-sulfate medium at 37 degrees C, three formed mixed cultures of yeasts, true mycelium and pseudomycelium, two formed pure cultures of true mycelium, and one maintained yeast growth . All six strains produced pure cultures of yeasts at 24 degrees C . The buffering capacity of the medium maintained the pH at 6.9 even at high-density cell growth . The low concentration of sulfate and the absence of amino acids in the medium provided conditions in which to radiolabel cellular constituents with {35S}sulfate . For molecular investigations, the use of two strains is suggested, one forming yeasts and one forming true mycelium in low-sulfate medium at 37 degrees C, thus providing controls for both strain variation and for molecular changes induced by environmental change but unrelated to morphogenesis.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Apr 15, 136(8), 1075 - 9
Natural occurrence of a humoral response to Candida in human amniotic fluid; Auger P et al.; With a sensitive indirect immunofluorescent technique, we studied the antibody response to Candida albicans in 150 human amniotic fluid (AF) specimens at 15 to 18 weeks' gestation . Specific IgG was detected in 94.7% of the samples and specific IgA, in 98%, while 1.3% were negative in both tests . A comparison of the mean ratio of anticandidal titers (IgA/IgG) in AF and human serum indicated a predominance of IgA activity in AF and the reverse in serum (2.01 versus 0.66, p less than 0.001) . There was no correlation between IgG and corresponding IgA titers, which supports the fetal origin of IgA . Humoral immunity alone had no discernible influence on the growth of C . albicans in midtrimester AF . It is suggested that the synthesis of specific IgA is genetically determined because it presumably offers some functional advantage over transmitted maternal IgG in the local defensive mechanisms of the amniotic cavity.

Med Interne, 1980 Apr-Jun, 18(2), 203 - 10
Dexamethasone-isonicotinate aerosol in the long-term treatment of steroid-dependent asthmatic children; Manicatide MA et al.; Dexamethasone-isonicotinate aerosol (DIA) was administered to twenty-nine steroid-dependent children with chronic perennial asthma, in an open trial during one year . An attempt was made to withdraw systemic corticosteroid therapy . As judged by clinical results, inhaled dexamethasone-isonicotinate controlled the asthma quite as well as did previous therapy . Oral corticosteroids were withdrawn in 27 patients, and the dosage considerably reduced in another two . Cushingoid features subsided . There was a statistically significant improvement in most pulmonary function parameters (airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation were reduced towards normal) . Reduction of systemic steroid dosage resulted in the appearance of previously suppressed manifestations such as hay fever, eczema, and nasal polyps . There was no increased tendency to the occurrence of respiratory tract infection; routine examination showed Candida albicans in about 37% cultures.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 117(2), 535 - 8
Phenotypic resistance to miconazole and amphotericin B in Candida albicans; Gale EF et al.; Phenotypic resistance to both amphotericin B and miconazole develops in stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans and this resistance lies in changes in the cell wall . Study of the effects of growth conditions, treatment with SH-reactive agents and treatment with enzymes indicates that the nature of the changes leading to resistance must be different for the two drugs.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Apr, 117(2), 383 - 91
Reduction of amphotericin resistance in stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans by treatment with enzymes; Gale EF et al.; The resistance of Candida albicans to amphotericin B methyl ester increases rapidly as cultures enter the stationary phase of growth; organisms harvested after several days in the stationary phase may have a resistance two or three orders of magnitude greater than that of exponentially growing organisms . This resistance is decreased by incubation of the organisms with enzymes which attack components of the cell wall . Of the enzymes tested, (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanases are the most effective; incubation of 7 d batch cultures with exo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase at a concentration of 10 microgram enzyme protein (mg dry wt organisms)-1 for 24 h at 37 degrees C and pH 6.5 reduces the resistance of the organisms to a value approximating to that of exponentially growing organisms . Resistance is also decreased by treatment with chitinase, lipase, trypsin, alpha-mannosidase and (1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucanases but, on a specific activity basis, none of these enzymes is as effective as (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase . The action of (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase is markedly enhanced by the addition during incubation of chitinase, trypsin or lipase.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1980 Apr, 73(4), 305 - 9
Peritonitis in patients with liver disease and ascites . Use of Candida albicans as a microbiological clue in differential diagnosis; Wormser GP et al.; Peritonitis in patients with pre-existing liver disease and ascites may be secondary to a local abdominal condition which potentially requires surgery for cure, or alternatively, may be spontaneous in origin . For the latter, antimicrobials are therapeutic while surgery is contraindicated . An easily accessible and important clue for distinguishing these forms of peritonitis may be found in the microbiology of ascitic fluid . Visualization on gram stain smear or recovery on culture of multiple organisms and/or anaerobes favors local abdominal disease over spontaneous peritonitis . The presence of Candida species in the ascitic fluid of such patients, although less common, is highly significant . In the absence of peritoneal dialysis, recent abdominal surgery, or risk factors for disseminated candidiasis, the isolation of Candida suggests specifically gastrointestinal perforation.

Am J Vet Res, 1980 Apr, 41(4), 539 - 43
Immunologic effects of experimental iodine toxicosis in young cattle; Haggard DL et al.; A study was designed to evaluate effects of 4 dosage levels (0, 50, 250, or 1,250 mg) of daily iodine supplementation on cell-mediated and humoral immune mechanisms in 40 calves, 10 per group, for a 6-month period . Immune and inflammatory responses were measured by titers to brucella, leptospira, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccinations, by stimulation of lymphoctye mitoses with poke-weed, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and conconavalin A mitogens, by intradermal PHA responses, by in vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by WBC, and by total WBC counts . Calves given 1,250 mg of iodine daily had significant (P = less than 0.05) decreases in persistence of antibody titers to brucella and leptospira organisms, in lymphocyte mitotic activity, in PHA injection induration, in phagocytosis by WBC, and in WBC counts . Calves fed iodine at 50 or 250 mg daily tended to have decreased leptospiral titers, lymphocyte mitoses, PHA injection induration, and in vitro phagocytosis by WBC compared with responses of controls . Seemingly, large amounts of dietary iodine interfere with titer maintenance to some antigens, with lymphocyte DNA synthesis, and with phagocytic activity of WBC.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Apr, 33(4), 370 - 2
A serum-dependent defect of neutrophil function in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; Walker SM et al.; Investigations into the immunological functions of three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis were carried out . Phagocytosis of Candida albicans, nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, complement, and immunoglobulin levels were normal . Candidacidal assays using the neutrophils of the patients in autologous serum showed significant decreases below normal levels . This decrease in kill could be corrected by incubating the patients' cells in normal control or human AB serum . Cross-over serum studies also showed that the patients' sera had inhibitory effects on the candidacidal capacity of normal neutrophils . These changes in kill were related to candida antibody levels.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Mar 17, 70(2), 95 - 101
A reemphasis-Germ tubes diagnostic for Candida albicans have no constrictions; Hedden DM et al.; Descriptive and illustrative material in several recent diagnostic manuals for medical mycology are unclear with respect to proper designation of germ tubes formed by Candida albicans . Because of the increasing significance of this and other yeast species in human disease, mycologists should be aware that germ tubes, unlike buds or pseudohyphae, do not have constrictions at the point of origin . Light and scanning electron micrographs are presented to emphasize this diagnostic characteristic.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Mar 17, 70(2), 67 - 75
An effective medium for the selective growth of yeast or mycelial forms of Candida albicans: biochemical aspects of the two forms; Schwartz DS et al.; A new synthetic medium, based on a modification of a commercially available tissue culture medium, allows Candida albicans to be grown in the yeast or mycelial form . Salient features of the system are described and comparisons with previous physiological investigations are discussed . A concise biochemical profile of these two forms of C . albicans is also presented . The results indicate vast metabolic differences between the two forms.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Mar 17, 70(2), 123 - 4
{Incidence of yeasts isolated from the mouth and toothbrushes in Venezuela}; Feo M; 117 yeast strains from the mouth, and 69 from toothbrushes of 229 patients from the Hospital Universitario of Caracas (Venezuela) were studied . Candida albicans was found to be the most frequent yeast in both materials with 56.4%, and 52.1% in the mouth and toothbrushes, respectively . C . tropicalis with 16.2%, and C . parapsilosis with 7.6% followed C . albicans in the mouth . In the toothbrushes C . parapsilosis with 11.5%, and C . tropicalis with 6.0% followed C . albicans . The incidence of other yeasts was not significative . Torulopsis glabrata was not found in the material studied.

Mycopathologia, 1980 Mar 17, 70(2), 83 - 8
Detection of Candida albicans mannan by immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, and enzyme-linked immunoassay; Lehmann PF et al.; Anti-mannan was produced in rabbits after peptidoglucomannan in adjuvant was injected . The antiserum was used to detect mannan by immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in gel and by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The antiserum detected lower concentrations of mannan of serotype A than of serotype B . Except in CIE, the reactions were more pronounced at 4 degrees C than at higher temperatures . CIE detected 0.8 microgram/ml mannan A or 12.5 microgram/ml mannan B . Sandwich ELISA detected 3 ng/ml mannan A or 10(5) ng/ml mannan B . Mannan was not detected in the serum of patients or rabbits with candidiasis.

S Afr Med J, 1980 Mar 15, 57(11), 407 - 8
Efficacy of econazole in the treatment of candidiasis and other vaginal discharges; Rubin A et al.; Three hundred and thirty Black pregnant patients attending the Baragwanath Hospital antenatal clinic were treated for symptomatic vaginal discharge with econazole (Ecostatin; Squibb) . Patients with positive Candida albicans cultures were treated for either 7 or 14 days . The results of treatment in both groups are presented.

Cancer, 1980 Mar 15, 45(6), 1365 - 9
Phagocytosis in acute leukemia; Glasser L; The phagocytic potential of leukemic cells in various types of acute leukemia was studied . Cases included lymphoblastic leukemia, myeloblastic leukemia, myelomonocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, progranulocytic leukemia, blast transformation of chronic myelocytic leukemia, and unclassified leukemias . Cytochemical stains were used as an aid in classification . These included Sudan black B, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, and periodic acid-Schiff . Phagocytosis was evaluated after incubation of leukemic cells with Candida albicans . Rare phogocytic activity was seen in lymphoblastic leukemia, unclassified leukemias, blast crises in chronic myelocytic leukemia, and progranulocytic leukemia . Myeloblastic leukemias were feebly phagocytic . Myelomonocytic leukemia and monocytic leukemia both exhibited marked phagocytosis which distinguished them from the other acute leukemias . Myelomonocytic leukemia could be differentiated from acute monocytic leukemia by its greater phagocytic capacity.

Sabouraudia, 1980 Mar, 18(1), 21 - 31
In vivo muscle damage during Candida infection; Oblack D et al.; The concentration of the muscle enzyme creatine phosphokinase increased in the sera of mice during acute, systemic infection with Candida albicans . Elevated serum enzyme levels were first detected 6 h after challenge with C . albicans and continued to rise during the next 6 h as animals became moribund . A linear relationship was demonstrated between the serum creatine phosphokinase concentration and the dose of C . albicans injected . In vivo muscle damage was produced by virulent isolates of C . albicans, C . stellatoidea, and C . tropicalis . Tissue injury was mediated through the elaboration of a factor by metabolically-active C . albicans and was restricted to those sites in which high concentrations of organisms were present.

Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Mar, 55(3), 397 - 401
Microbial flora associated with Candida albicans vulvovaginitis; Auger P et al.; The relationship between vaginal microflora Candida albicans vulvovaginitis is studied . Results obtained from 340 vaginal specimens showed an increase of isolates in the absence of C albicans for all groups of microorganisms (168%), particularly for the gram-negative bacteria (226%) . A high frequency of polymicrobial vaginitis is noted, as is the probable importance of anaerobic microorganisms . Finally, some special aspects of the pathogenesis of C albicans infection are discussed.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 117(1), 253 - 5
Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans by imidazole-containing antifungals; Marriott MS; A simple procedure for studying sterol biosynthesis in cell-free homogenates of Candida albicans is described . The activities of some imidazole-containing antifungals (tioconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, ketoconazole and miconazole) as inhibitors of sterol C-14 demethylation have been determined using this technique.

Isr J Med Sci, 1980 Mar, 16(3), 162 - 4
Phagocytosis and candidacidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in uremia; Hassner A et al.; The phagocytic and candidacidal functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes were evaluated in uremic patients . Neutrophils were derived from 12 patients treated by regular hemodialysis, eight nondialyzed uremic patients (glomerular filtration rate less than 20 ml/min), and nine healthy subjects . The ability of the neutrophils, suspended in autologous plasma, to phagocytize and kill Candida albicans cells was determined in vitro . The percentages of cells showing phagocytosis were 48.5 +/- 11.3 (SD) in the dialyzed patients, 52.7 +/- 13 in the nondialyzed uremic patients and 52.7 +/- 16.7 in the control group . The percentages of the yeast cells killed were also similar in the three groups: 27.6, 25.4, and 26.8%, respectively . There appears to be no impairment in the effector functions of the neutrophils in uremia . A possible depressive effect of the uremic plasma is also excluded.

Clin Allergy, 1980 Mar, 10(2), 229 - 37
Skin tests with tuberculin (PPD) Candida albicans and Trichophyton spp . in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and asbestos related lung disease; Pierce R et al.; Delayed skin hypersensitivity responses were elicited in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) (twenty-eight), asbestosis (eight), mesothelioma (eight) and a "control" group, having miscellaneous lung diseases not normally believed to be associated with T cell deficiency (twenty) . Three antigens, Candida albicans, trichophyton and purified protein derivative (PPD) in a range of doses were used . There was no evidence of impaired cellular immunity in CFA or in mesothelioma, indeed there was a significantly increased frequency of reactions to PPD in both of these conditions (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01 respectively) . There was, however, a trend of decreased responsiveness in the group with asbestosis . The dosage regimen used rarely gave completely negative results (only one of thirty-two completed tests), and may provide a basis for a simple and standard regimen for screening patients suspected of having defective T cell responses.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1980 Mar-Apr, 131A(2), 141 - 9
{Chlamydosporulation in "Candida albicans" . Course of the morphogenesis; influence of light and sowing density (author's transl)}; Dujardin L et al.; Candida albicans is cultivated on rice cream decoction with glucose for chlamydospore production . A developmental stage refered as readiness is recognized . At this stage, the pseudomycelial thalli are able to produce chlamydospore in water without further stimulus by the sporulation medium . The greater the inoculum, the earlier appears the readiness . During the growth phase up to the readiness, the light is inhibiting the chlamydosporulation and favorising the yeast development . After the readiness, light still inhibits chlalmydospore formation.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Mar, 33(3), 282 - 7
Prevalence and intraoral distribution of Candida albicans in Sjögren's syndrome; Tapper-Jones L et al.; An imprint culture technique has been employed to study the prevalence and intraoral distribution of Candida albicans in 16 patients with Sjogren's syndrome and in 16 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and dental status . The prevalence and intraoral density of C . albicans was found to be significantly higher at almost all sites in the Sjogren's patients than in the controls . The distribution of candida was also altered, being significantly higher in the floor of the mouth and anterior labial sulcus in the Sjogren's group . There was an approximate inverse relationship between candida populations and rate of salivary flow . Mean candida densities were found to be significantly higher in those Sjogren's patients with detectable serum rheumatoid factor in the serum . However, patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome had significantly higher mean candida densities compared with patients with secondary Sjogren's syndrome.

Infect Immun, 1980 Mar, 27(3), 714 - 20
Alteration of polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity by viable Candida albicans; Hilger AE et al.; The response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to blastospores and pseudo-hyphae of the opportunistic fungus Candida albicans has been studied in vitro and in vivo . Of the fungicidal mechanisms elucidated thus far, the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system appears to be most effective against cells of this fungus . In our studies on the interaction between murine PMN and blastospores, we assayed the release of H2O2 by PMN incubated with viable or killed, unopsonized or opsonized blastospores by using two assay systems, lysis of murine erythrocytes and oxidation of scopoletin . Our results showed that PMN released increasing amounts of H2O2 when incubated with increasing numbers of opsonized or unopsonized killed blastospores, but released decreasing amounts of H2O2 when incubated with increasing numbers of opsonized or unopsonized viable blastospores . The oxidative metabolic burst by PMN in the presence of viable or killed blastospores was also measured by using reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium and chemiluminescence . Viable blastospores stimulated a stronger metabolic burst than killed blastospores, suggesting that PMN respond to live blastospores more vigorously than killed blastospores; however, live blastospores appear to alter or inhibit the release of H2O2 by PMN.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 1284 - 90
Deoxyribonucleic acid-deficient strains of Candida albicans; Olaiya AF et al.; We analyzed a series of germ tube-negative variants isolated from Candida albicans 3153A for deoxyribonucleic acid content . As analyzed by flow microfluorometry, the deoxyribonucleic acid level in these variant strains was 50% of that of the parental strain and equivalent to that of haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This finding was confirmed by comparison of survival rates when exposed to the mutagens ultraviolet light, ethyl methane sulfonate, and methyl methane sulfonate . The diameter of the variant cells as compared to the diameter of the parental 3153A strain showed a relationship similar to that of the diameters of haploid versus diploid S . cerevisiae . These results indicate that those strains may be representative of the imperfect stage of C . albicans.

Cancer, 1980 Mar 1, 45(5), 1025 - 8
Vertebral disc space infection and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia; Shaikh BS et al.; A 67-year old man with acute myelomonocytic leukemia had Candida albicans fungemia during induction chemotherapy . Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and hepatic granulomata containing yeast forms and septate hyphae developed, but cultures of the hepatic tissue failed to grow a fungus . Although his pulmonary and liver disease improved following appropriate therapy, vertebral osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans developed approximately 12-15 weeks after the original fungemia . The fungal osteomyelitis was successfully treated with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine . This case illustrates the need for early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of fungal infections in patients with leukemia.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 39(3), 665 - 7
Loss of effectiveness of preservative systems of mascaras with age; Bhadauria R et al.; The preservative systems of unused, anhydrous mascaras were challenged periodically with microorganisms, using a modified membrane procedure . Shelf life of preservative activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa varied for different brands from as little as 1 month to over 36 months . Generally, P . aeruginosa grew in mascaras after the mascaras were challenged first with Staphylococcus epidermidis or Candida albicans.

Arch Neurol, 1980 Mar, 37(3), 180 - 1
Candida meningitis in patients with CSF shunts; Sugarman B et al.; Two adult patients with CSF shunts contracted Candida albicans meningitis . In both patients, these infections were either preceded by or occurred simultaneously with bacterial meningitis . Treatment with antimicrobials alone failed to sterilize the CSF . Cure was obtained only after removal of the shunt tubes . The simultaneous or subsequent development of Candida meningitis should be considered in selected patients who do not make appropriate recovery from a bacterial meningitis, especially one that complicates shunt placement.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Mar, 125(1-2), 97 - 104
Regulation of chitin synthesis during germ-tube formation in Candida albicans; Chiew YY et al.; The synthesis of chitin during germ-tube formation in Candida albicans may be regulated by the first and last steps in the chitin pathway: namely L-glutamine-D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and chitin synthase . Induction of germ-tube formation with either glucose and glutamine or serum was accompanied by a 4-fold increase in the specific activity of the aminotransferase . Chitin synthase in C . albicans is synthesized as a proenzyme . N-acetyl glucosamine increased the enzymic activity of the activated enzyme 3-fold and the enzyme exhibited positive co-operativity with the substrate . UDP-N-acetylglucosamine . Although chitin synthase was inhibited by polyoxin D (Ki = 1.2 microM) this antibiotic did not affect germination . During germ-tube formation the total chitin synthase activity increased 1.4-fold and the expressed activity (in vivo activated proenxyme) increased 5-fold . These results could account for the reported 5-fold increase in chitin content observed during the yeast to mycelial transformation.

J Med Microbiol, 1980 Feb, 13(1), 103 - 10
An experimental model of gastrointestinal candidiasis; Burke V et al.; Intestinal absorption of arbutin (p-hydroxyphenyl-beta-glucoside), a non-metabolised analogue of d-glucose, and net flux of water out of the small intestinal lumen were found to be decreased in vitro in rats fed with Candida albicans . In rats on a protein-deficient diet and fed C . albicans there was net secretion of water . Sugar uptake and net water transport were also impaired in infected animals in vivo . These abnormalities were present although there was no histological evidence of invasion of the small-intestinal mucosa by C . albicans . The findings suggest that C . albicans has significant enteric pathogenicity and that this is particularly important in malnutrition.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1980 Feb, 28(2), 117 - 25
{The alveolar macrophage and its anti-infectious function (author's transl)}; Demoulin A et al.; The alveolar macrophage belongs to the "Mononuclear Phagocytic System" . The medullary promonocyte is its stem-cell . It has a kidneyshaped nucleus, a developed vesicular Golgi apparatus, numerous mitochondriae, lysosomes, phagosomes, and a rough or smooth ergastoplasm . It can survive several weeks in vitro, when cultivated on a porous membrane in contact with a nutrient medium and incubated in a gaseous phase (5 per cent carbon dioxide in water saturated air) . Mitotic activity is questionable . Oxygen consumption is high during endocytosis . Metabolic energy is derived from direct oxidative glucose breakdown . Its anti-infectious property is based on phagocytosis as well as on cytoplasmic germicidal or lytic systems (hydrogen peroxide, catalase, free oxygen radicals, hydrogen ion, lysozyme and other lysosomial hydrolases) . This function is stimulated by T lymphocyte and by endocytosis of digestible material . In vitro, the alveolar macrophage is capable of inhibiting intra-cellular development of Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphlylococcus albus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Infect Immun, 1980 Feb, 27(2), 690 - 2
New type of antibody-enzyme conjugate which specifically kills Candida albicans; Okuda K et al.; A new type of antibody-enzyme conjugate was made, and its possible application to Candida infection was studied . Both lactoperoxidase and xanthine oxidase were conjugated to specific antibody against Candida albicans . In vitro microbiocidal activity of the new antibody-enzyme conjugate, when incubated together with xanthine and minute amount of halides, showed a remarkable level of candidacidal ability . When the new antibody-enzyme conjugate was given to Candida-infected mice, followed by injecting xanthine and a minute amount of halides, about 50% of these heavily infected mice survived, whereas all control nontreated mice died . These data suggest that the further eleboration of this new antibody-enzyme conjugate might lead us to improve our therapeutic methods of clinical medicine.

Infect Immun, 1980 Feb, 27(2), 667 - 74
Adherence of Candida albicans and other Candida species to mucosal epithelial cells; King RD et al.; To study the possible involvement of candidal adherence in mucosal colonization, we examined the in vitro adherence capabilities of seven Candida species . Adherence was evaluated by direct microscopic examination and by a quantitative radiometric adherence test . The results indicate that C . albicans adheres to vaginal and buccal epithelial cells to a significantly greater degree (P less than 0.01) than the other species tested . C . tropicalis and C . stellatoidea demonstrated moderate adherence capabilities, while C . parapsilosis adhered only to a slight degree . Other species failed to interact with isolated mucosal cells . These findings suggest that there is a relationship between the adherence capabilities of the Candida species and their abilities to colonize mucosal surfaces, since those species which adhere are those which most frequently colonize mucosal surfaces . C . albicans was found to be adherent under a variety of environmental conditions . Stationary-phase blastospores of C . albicans were found to be more adherent than logarithmic-phase yeasts, and larger blastospore cell-to-epithelial cell ratios resulted in greater adherence values . The actual number of adherent yeasts varied considerably when epithelial cells were obtained from different donors.

Infect Immun, 1980 Feb, 27(2), 650 - 6
Adherence of Candida albicans to a fibrin-platelet matrix formed in vitro; Maisch PA et al.; The adherence of Candida albicans to a fibrin-platelet matrix formed in vitro was studied . Platelet-rich plasma obtained from rabbits was incubated with thrombin and CaCl2 to form a clot in tissue culture dishes . Such clots were then infected with 3 x 10(7) C . albicans cells per 0.3 ml prelabeled with {U14C}-glucose, and the percent adherence was measured after 30 min of incubation by counting the radioactivity in saline washes of the clot as well as a streptokinase-streptodornase digest of the corresponding clot . Heat- and formaldehyde-killed cells did not adhere as well as viable cells . Pretreatment of C . albicans with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pronase reduced adherence to the clots . Normal rabbit serum and anti-Candida antiserum also inhibited adherence 40 and 100%, respectively, Diethylaminoethyl-purified anti-Candida gamma globulin (1:8) completely inhibited adherence, whereas purified normal serum gamma globulin did not . Several Candida spp . and Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed differences in their ability to adhere to clots . C . albicans and C . stellatoidea presented the highest adherence, whereas C . krusei, C . guilliermondii, and S . cerevisiae adhered less readily . Other species were intermediate in their ability to adhere.

Infect Immun, 1980 Feb, 27(2), 376 - 86
Effects of cyclophosphamide on murine candidiasis; Moser SA et al.; Male CBA/J mice were given a single dose of 200 mg of cyclophosphamide (CY) per kg 3 days before a first or second cutaneous inoculation with viable Candida albicans in an attempt to suppress antibody formation and determine the effects of such suppression on the development of acquired immunity . After cutaneous inoculation, mice not treated with CY developed acquired immunity to intravenous challenge, which was accompanied by the development of circulating antibodies, delayed hypersensitivity, and in vitro responsiveness of lymph node cells to Candida antigens . CY treatment resulted in an immediate depression of peripheral blood leukocytes, with polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes rebounding quickly to normal or above normal levels while lymphocyte remained depressed throughout the 4-week observation period . In vitro stimulation of lymph node cells from CY-treated mice was depressed shortly after treatment; however, responses to phytohemagglutinin and three Candida antigens (a cell wall preparation, a membrane preparation, and soluble cytoplasmic substances) recovered, whereas the responses to lipopolysaccharide did not . CY effects on the cutaneous lesion were twofold; first, the number of viable Candida cells in the lesions was much higher in animals receiving CY 3 days before Candida inoculation, and second, the size of the dermal lesion was either greatly enhanced or reduced depending upon the time of CY treatment relative to the number of cutaneous Candida inoculations . CY-treated animals developed higher levels of delayed hypersensitivity to the membrane preparation when infected once cutaneously than did corresponding untreated animals . The number of mice responding with circulating antibodies to soluble cytoplasmic substances after cutaneous inoculation was greatly reduced in CY-treated groups, and this impaired ability to produce antibodies correlated with the poor survival of these mice after intravenous challenge . Our results suggest that the ability to produce antibody at the time of challenge is crucial to successful defense against systemic candidiasis in this murine model.

J Lab Clin Med, 1980 Feb, 95(2), 272 - 81
Stunted growth Candida albicans in human amniotic fluid in vitro; Auger P et al.; The interaction of human AF with the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans was studied in vitro in 262 samples from early midtrimester and term gestations . Among 111 fluids collected between 15 and 18 weeks, 84% (93) manifested growth-inhibiting activity on 10(2) fungal cells/ml at 24 hr . This phenomenon persisted to a similar extent in late pregnancy . It could not be explained by a lack of nutrients in AF, since the addition of TSB failed to influence the proportion of active fluids . Depletion of the yeast cell glycogen reserve potentiated the degree of fungistasis achieved in several samples (p = 0.0009) . Supplementation with either SDB or a physiologic concentration of carbon dioxide effected a complete reversal (p less than 0.0001) . Preliminary data as well as overall results suggest that the absolute transferrin content and its pH-dependent saturation with iron are key factors invovled in the growth-inhibiting activity . Germ tube formation was unrestricted in 115 second trimester fluids studied . Human AF probably helps to prevent congenital candidiasis, and this protective function must be better defined.

Infect Immun, 1980 Feb, 27(2), 628 - 31
Effect of immunosuppression on the development of experimental hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis; Henderson DK et al.; The induction of neutropenia and immunosuppression by the administration of nitrogen mustard (HN2) decreased the frequency and altered the morphology of clinically detectable hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis in the rabbit model of disseminated candidiasis . Whereas 95% of eyes in rabbits infected with Candida albicans without pretreatment with HN2 developed typical lesions of hematogenous Candida endophthalmitis, only 6.2% of eyes in rabbits that had been given 3.0 mg of HN2 per kg developed clinically detectable endophthalmitis . Lesions that developed in the severely immunocompromised and neutropenic rabbits were small and atypical in appearance . From these data, we conclude that ophthalmoscopic examination may not be a sensitive diagnostic modality for disseminated candidiasis in severely immunocompromised, neutropenic patients.

Sem Hop, 1980 Jan 18-25, 56(3-4), 181 - 3
{Meningo-encephalitis due to Candida albicans (author's transl)}; Cornec C et al.; Meningo-encephalitis due to Candida albicans is frequently iatrogenic in origin and the factors leading to its appearance should be known (immunity disorders and more particularly indiscriminate prescribing of antibiotics) . Diagnosis is usually difficult and direct examination of the CSF and culture on special media are necessary in order to demonstrate the presence o yeasts . Recovery is possible with present-day therapy (two out of the three cases reported).

Pathol Res Pract, 1980, 168(1-3), 224 - 8
Candida myocarditis in a young heroin addict; Cavaliere A; A twenty-year-old male heroin addict was found dead in his home . Histological examination of numerous myocardial samples lead to a diagnosis of purulent myocarditis due to Candida albicans.

Digestion, 1980, 20(6), 365 - 74
Experimental intraabdominal candidiasis: macroscopic, microscopic and cultural natural history; Bayer AS et al.; We have developed a rabbit model for intraabdominal candidiasis by the intraperitoneal injection of Candida albicans . The most reliable early predictor of induction of disease was positive paracentesis cultures for C . albicans during the 1st week post-inoculation (p.i.) . Cultures of mesenteric and renal abscess were mean log 6.20 and 3.18 colony-forming units (CFU) per gram tissue, respectively, 1 week p.i., and remained positive for the 21-day i.p . period . Incidence of hematogenous dissemination, judged by chorioretinal cultures, was 69% . Histopathology of involved organs demonstrated suppurative abscesses at 1 week p.i.; lesions became more granulomatous at 2 and 3 weeks p.i.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1980 Jan-Feb, 131C(1), 93 - 104
Systemic candidiasis in mice . I.--Correlation between kidney infection and mortality rate; Hurtrel B et al.; After intravenous inoculation of mice with large doses of living Candida albicans, the kidneys are the only organs where multiplication of fungi occurs . After systemic challenge performed with varying doses of yeasts, kidney infection shows an identical pattern during the first 12 h, independently of the magnitude of the inoculum . Destruction of parasites occurs during the first 3 h and then C . albicans begins to multiply . Death occurs when the number of microorganisms in the kidneys exceed 10(5) viable units and the time of death is correlated with renal infection measured 12 h after challenge . An identical correlation is found when mice are pretreated with an immunosuppressor or immunostimulants . No statistical significance is observed in counts of C . albicans in right or left kidney, in males or females, but a slightly higher total count and a lower mean survival time are noted in female mice . These results show that counting C . albicans in kidneys 12 h after systemic infection provides a rapid screening test . In addition, this fact taken with the mortality may explain the nature of the pathological processes which occur during systemic candidiasis in mice.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1980, 28(5), 727 - 33
Antifungal properties of a novel 1,2,4-triazine derivative I 319; Wieczorek J et al.; The antifungal activity of the sodium salts, of 3-thiolo-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine (I 319) was determined in vitro and in vivo . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of I 319 for 33 pathogenic and saprophytic fungal strains ranged from 3.1 to 25 microgram/ml . In vivo, experiments were performed on a model of subacute candidiasis in Balb/c mice infected intraperitoneally with Candida albicans . The antifungal activity was estimated on the basis of the extension of the mice life span and on the number of living yeast cells present in the kidneys, liver and spleen of treated and control mice . A single i.p . dose of I 319 (25 mg/kg) prolonged the survival time of treated animals up to 200% . Five subsequent doses of the compound diminished the number of C . albicans cells in the tissues of these mice . The DL50 of I 319 for mice (i.p.) was about 250 mg/kg.

Zentralbl Chir, 1980, 105(22), 1508 - 13
{Postoperative infections in newborn babies (author's transl)}; Meixner J; Concerning postoperative intensive care newborns are exposed to an increased risk of infection . The germ-spectre has now changed to gram-negative bacteria, but the number of infections by staph . aureus and Candida albicans has also increased . Our epidemiological investigations refer to the danger of contaminated medico-technical devices . All invasive methods in newborns must be strongly indicated.

Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi, 1980 Jan, 32(1), 46 - 52
{Vaginal fungi in toxemia of pregnancy (author's transl)}; Higashide K et al.; In order to prevent the transfer of the fungi in maternal vagina into a neonate through transvaginal delivery, we examined the presence of vaginal fungi in the patients with toxemia of pregnancy occurring chiefly from the later stages of pregnancy and made an analysis from the quantitative aspect of fungi (number of colonies produced on Mizuno-Takada medium) . The results obtained are as follows: 1) The detection rate of vaginal fungi was evidently so high as 37.1% in toxemia group compared with 27.6% in non-toxemia group (p less than 0.01) . And the detection rate of vaginal Candida albicans (hereinafter: C . albicans) also proved to be higher tendency in toxemia group . 2) When the toxemia patients were divided into mild cases and severe ones for comparison, the detection rate of vaginal fungi and that of vaginal C . albicans were both higher in the severe case group . Particularly in the group which had the symptoms of toxemia at the examination time of vaginal fungi there was seen the higher rate . 3) From the quantitative aspect of vaginal fungi it is evident that there were more cases with over 51 colonies in the group showing the symptoms of toxemia at the time of fungi examination than in the group showing no such symptoms at the examination and the group of non-toxemia (p less than 0.01).

Microbios, 1980, 27(109 110), 163 - 6
Ultrastructural study of glycogen in Candida albicans; Rajasingham KC et al.; Cultured blastospores of Candida albicans exhibit cytoplasmic granularity which obliterates the identification of its organelles . Abundant glycogen particles attribute to this phenomenon to a large extent.

Mol Gen Genet, 1980, 180(1), 107 - 13
Heterozygosity and segregation in Candida albicans; Whelan WL et al.; Strain FC18 of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans is heterozygous at a gene required for synthesis of methionine and cysteine, and yields auxotrophic derivatives by induced mitotic segregation . Derivatives of FC18 are heterozygous at other genes . Genetic analysis of C . albicans is feasible using induced mitotic recombination.

Folia Microbiol (Praha), 1980, 25(6), 467 - 75
Antimicrobial activity of 2-vinylfuran derivatives; Drobnica L et al.; 2-Vinylfuran derivatives were found to inhibit algal and yeast growth . Experiments with a respiratory type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DT XII, its respiration-deficient mutant DT XII A, and Candida albicans showed that all 2-vinylfurans are inhibitors of key processes of energy metabolism (especially glycolysis) . The properties determining the inhibitory activity are chemical reactivity and lipophilicity . The reactivity of the studied derivatives was characterized by second-order rate constants kappa (L . mol-1.2-1) for reaction with mercaptoacetic acid (as a model thiol), and the lipophilicity by calculated sigma pi i-constants . An equation correlating the structure and the activity of 2-vinylfurans was derived . The significance of reactions of 2-vinylfurans with thiols or other nucleophilic groups of cell components is stressed . The reaction centre of 2-vinylfurans in these reactions is the electrophilic exocyclic double bond . The presence of a nitro group in position 5 of the furan ring is not indispensable for biological activity of 2-vinylfurans.

Scan Electron Microsc, 1980, (Pt 2), 205 - 12
SEM morphological studies of phagocytosis by rat macrophages and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Saint-Guillain ML et al.; Peritoneal rat macrophages and rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes were obtained after thioglycollate or glycogen stimulation . Optimal conditions for phagocytosis were determined by a recently developed quantitative fluorimetric assay . We studied by serial SEM micrographs macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes incubated either in medium or in the presence of different types of phagocytic particles . We compared the morphological aspects of adsorption and phagocytic processes for opsonized microorganisms (Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Candida albicans) with these for inert beads of iron and metallic mercury . Without phagocytosis, in the presence of fresh homologous serum, we observed a progressive development of microvilli or lamellipodia in ruffles and by the end, hypertrophied ruffles appeared at one pole of the cell . We noted extremely well developed ruffles during phagocytosis of opsonized microorganisms . These were practically absent on the macrophages incubated with inert particles . The mean number of adsorbed particles is more elevated in the case of iron and metallic mercury beads than for microorganisms . The rate of ingestion of inert particles was considerably higher than for microorganisms even when they were opsonized . In conclusion, at all stages of the phagocytic process, we observe different morphological features of the macrophages depending on the nature of the phagocytosed particles.

J Surg Oncol, 1980, 15(1), 99 - 106
Inhibitory effects of Candida albicans extracellular polysaccharides on mouse sarcoma 180; Saltarelli CG et al.; Extracellular glycoprotein produced by Candida albicans in chemically defined medium was used to treat solid Sarcoma 180 tumor cells implanted subcutaneously in Swiss female mice . Neither toxicity nor skin ulcerations surrounding the tumors was observed . Significant tumor inhibition was obtained using different methods to evaluate treatment effectiveness . Comparison of tumor weights after a single treatment (400 mg/kg, ip) on various days after transplantation indicated significant inhibition with a 10--80% regression rate . Multiple doses (800--2,000 mg/kg, ip) regressed 60--90% of all tumors . Subsequent dosage experiments showed an increase percentage of survivors for all treated groups and a significant decrease in tumor size . Studies of the glycoprotein material indicated that it was immunologically active.

Dermatologica, 1980, 161(4), 233 - 7
Altered cellular immunity in Werner's syndrome; Djawari D et al.; A cellular immunodeficiency was revealed in a 39-year-old female patient suffering from Werner's syndrome . Relevant findings were negative intracutaneous tests to candidin, trichophytin, tuberculin and bacterial antigens, reduced lymphocyte response to PHA, and impaired intracellular killing of Candida albicans by granulocytes . The inclination of patients suffering from Werner's syndrome to develop neoplasms may be related to this immunodeficiency.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 26(1), 21 - 6
Germ tube induction in Candida albicans; Shepherd MG et al.; A reproducible and simple system for the production of germ tubes from yeast cells of Candida albicans using glucose and glutamine as substrates has been described . During germ tube formation there was a doubling of the dry weight but the number of cells remained constant . Although the DNA content did not change for the first 4 h of germ tube formation, the RNA content more than doubled . The DNA and RNA content of C . albicans blastospores are 4.5 x 10(-15) g per cell and 48 x 10(-15) g per cell respectively . Nystatin, phenethyl alcohol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, azaserine, salicylhydroxamic acid, and 5-fluorocytosine were all effective inhibitors of germ tube formation . Cysteine, potassium cyanide, and polyoxin D did not prevent germination . The incorporation of both uracil and leucine occurred rapidly during germ tube formation . The inhibitors of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D . cordycepin, and daunomycin prevented germination and inhibited uracil incorporation . The translational inhibitors, trichodermin, aurin tricarboxylic acid, puromycin, and cyloheximide were effective in inhibiting both germ tube formation and leucine incorporation.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Jan, 26(1), 102 - 5
Nutrient-limited yeast growth in Candida albicans: effect on yeast-mycelial transition; Bell WM et al.; The yeast-mycelial transition in Candida albicans can be induced from yeast cells grown on minimal defined medium only in stationary phase . This study examined the inducibility of cultures in which growth was limited by the availability of the nutrients, glucose, NH4Cl, or galactose . The results showed that neither stationary phase nor cell cycle stage alone was a sufficient condition to support subsequent germ tube formation . In addition, final cell concentration alone was not a factor in inducibility . When a hundredfold decrease in growth was obtained by limiting any of the nutrients, a loss in inducibility was observed . However, the loss of inducibility differed with the limiting nutrient . Galactose, NH4Cl, and glucose-limited cultures showed respectively 15, 30, and 80% loss of inducibility . Thus the effect was associated with both carbon/energy and nitrogen-limited cells; however, glucose appeared to have a specific effect . These observations suggest that the metabolic state of the stationary phase yeast cell was an important factor in the subsequent ability to respond to conditions inducing germ tube formation.

Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1980, 63(1), 97 - 104
Comparison of antibody responses in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and tinea versicolor; DaMert GJ et al.; Antibody titers against Candida albicans and Pityrosporum orbiculare, the presumed etiologic agent of tinea versicolor, were determined in normal subjects, and in patients with tinea versicolor or chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis . Whereas antibody against both organisms was found in low titer in normal subjects, a majority of patients with each infection had elevated antibody titers against the infecting organism . Patients infected with one organism did not have elevated titers against the other, and titers against one did not correlate with titers against the other . Therefore, these studies indicate that both of the superficial infections are capable of inducing a significant humoral immune response and that actual infection with the organism rather than mere colonization is required for production of the elevated antibody titers.

Infection, 1980, 8(2), 63 - 5
Salivary concentrations of amphotericin B following its use as an oral lozenge; de Vries-Hospers HG et al.; Amphotericin B concentrations were measured in the saliva of ten healthy volunteers who had sucked on lozenges with this drug . It appeared that high amphotericin B concentrations can be achieved in this way in the saliva . Even half an hour after swallowing the last remnant of a lozenge, the amphotericin B concentration was found to be high enough to suppress the growth of sensitive Candida albicans strains . The possible usefulness of amphotericin B lozenges in the selective decontamination of the oropharynx of yeasts and other fungi is discussed and compared with the application of this drug in orabase.

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1980 Jan, 3(1), 71 - 5
Detection of a truly chemotactic lymphokine for human monocytes using millipore membranes; Hawes CS et al.; The detection of the lymphokine monocyte chemotactic factor by determination of the leading front of monocyte migration is described . Stimulated and control supernatants were placed on the attractant side of cellulose ester filters with normal human monocytes as responder cells . Lymphokine activity was assessed by comparing the leading front of monocyte migration in response to control and stimulated culture supernatants . More monocytes migrated to all levels within the filters towards PHA stimulated culture supernatant than to control supernatant, indicating that the lymphokine acted on the entire migrating cell population and not only the cells at the leading front . Analysis of cell migration in a range of concentration gradients demonstrated that the lymphokine induced by PHA was chemotactic for monocytes . There was a significant association (p less than 0.01) between the production of monocyte chemotactic factor in vitro and skin test reactivity in vivo to three soluble antigens, SKSD, Candida albicans extract and tetanus toxoid . It is concluded that the detection of monocyte chemotactic factor production in vitro provides good evidence of sensitisation, however due to a number of false negative reactions, failure to detect the lymphokine does not necessarily indicate lack of reactivity in vivo.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1980, 20(2), 141 - 7
Nalidixic acid inhibition of post-ultraviolet recovery by nalidixic acid sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans; Sarachek A et al.; Nalidixic acid (Nal) can kill Candida albicans directly or suppress the organism's recovery from ultraviolet irradiation . Mutants selected for resistance to inactivation by Nal alone have generally enhanced DNA repair proficiencies evidenced by their coincident increased resistances to ultraviolet radiation, ethylmethane sulfonate, and nitrous acid . The effects of Nal, erythromycin, and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation on survivals of mutant and wild type strains following ultraviolet exposure indicate that different mechanisms underly the direct lethality of Nal and its ability to inhibit post-irradiation recovery.

J Wildl Dis, 1980 Jan, 16(1), 135 - 40
Candidiasis in young hand-reared kangaroos; Obendorf DL; Necropsies conducted on four young eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) revealed white encrustations adherent to the mucosa of the lips, gums, tongue and oesophagus . The non-glandular stomach was impacted with similar white curd-like material, much of which was ahderent to the mucosa . Histopathology revealed fungal mycelia and blastospores invading the stratified squamous epithelium resulting in focal erosion, ulceration and venous thrombosis . A predominantly neutrophilic leucocytic infiltration was produced in intra-epithelial and submucosal tissues . Candida albicans was isolated from the upper alimentary tract lesions of all cases . Failure to thrive on milk diets, prolonged episodes of diarrhoea and antibiotic therapy during hand-rearing were considered to be significant predisposing factors to infection.

Infection, 1980, 8(1), 13 - 21
The effect of a protein-bound polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor on immunological parameters and experimental infections in mice; Mayer P et al.; The influence of PSK, a protein bound polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor on various immunological parameters was studied, PSK was found to enhance B cell activity as measured by the spleen plaque-forming cell assay in mice, and to stimulate mouse macrophages as determined by an enhancement of carbon clearance and an increase in the phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells by peritoneal mouse macrophages in vitro . The activation of mouse macrophages by PSK appeared to correlate with the therapeutic effects of the compound . In mice made granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide and subsequently infected with a variety of garm-negative pathogens or with Candida albicans, PSK prolonged the average survival time of the animals . The compound also led to a drastic increase in the number of animals surviving such experimental infections as compared to untreated controls . Possible mechanisms responsible for these protective effects by PSK are discussed.

Arch Geschwulstforsch, 1980, 50(5), 463 - 7
{The quantitative immunochemical determination of specific antibodies against Candida albicans within the scope of immunological testing in the malignant melanoma (author's transl)}; Schwartze G et al.; Precipitating antibodies against a polysaccharide antigen from Candida albicans were in the human serum determined quantitatively by the aid of a reversed radial immunodiffusion technique . The gel, therewith, contained the antigens, whilst into the gel's punching holes the serum specimens and the calibrated standards were filled in . Amplifying examinations of the course in patients suffering from malignant melanoma, the findings of the methods used hitherto were compared within the scope of an immunological status (in vivo-skin testing by dinitrochlorobenzene, Candida antigen, trichophytin, and tuberculin, precipitation test after Ouchterlony, immunofluorescence-optical evidence of Candida antibodies as well as determination of the Candida antibodies . In contrast to the hitherto available qualitative or semi-quantitative methods evidencing humoral antibodies, we consider the feasibility of simply workable quantitative determinations of antibodies to be an enrichment of the scale of methods . The reversed Mancini technique, simultaneously, is appropriate to determine specific antibodies against other diagnostically relevant antigens, so far as precipitating antigen/antibody complexes are formed . Therewith, commercially available testing kits could favour the standardization.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1980, 30(4), 667 - 70
{The antibacterial activity of a gel for burns and wounds containing tyrothricin, fomocaine, diphenhydramine and 8-hydroxyquinoline (author's transl)}; Knothe H et al.; The antibacterial activity of a new jelly for burns and wounds with the components tyrothricin, 8-hydroxyquinoline, fomocaine and diphenhydramine (Herit) is described . The biological availability of tyrothricin and 8-hydroxyquinoline from the gel is in accordance with minimum inhibitor concentrations (MIC) . Against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans the jelly was most effective.

Ann Immunol (Paris), 1980 Jan-Feb, 131C(1), 105 - 18
Systemic candidiasis in mice . II.--Main role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in resistance to infection; Hurtrel B et al.; Cyclophosphamide (CY) increased whereas the talc embedded in a calcium phosphate gel (TCP) decreased the susceptibility of mice to systemic candidiasis estimated by measuring mean survival time and "renal infectivity" 12 h after challenge . Transfers of plasma from CY- and TCP-treated mice did not modify cnadidiasis susceptibility of recipient mice . Granulopenia and granulocytosis induced respectively by CY and TCP were significantly correlated with susceptibility or resistance to candidiasis . Nevertheless, TCP produced significant reticuloendothelial stimulation which could be also correlated with TCP protection . Reticuloendothelial stimulation with associated granulopenia in TCP-CY-treated mice gave protection against Listeria monocytogenes challenge but not against Candida albicans . Thus, blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes seem to play the main role in natural resistance of mice to candidiasis . This was corroborated after injection of immunostimulants; a good correlation was found between C . albicans resistance and the induced granulocytosis.

Bioelectromagnetics, 1980, 1(3), 285 - 98
Millimeter wave absorption spectra of biological samples; Gandhi OP et al.; A solid-state computer-controlled system has been used to make swept-frequency measurements of absorption of biological specimens from 26.5 to 90.0 GHz . A wide range of samples was used, including solutions of DNA and RNA, and suspensions of BHK-21/C13 cells, Candida albicans, C krusei, and Escherichia coli . Sharp spectra reported by other workers were not observed . The strong absorbance of water (10--30 dB/mm) caused the absorbance of all aqueous preparations that we examined to have a water-like dependence on frequency . Reduction of incident power (to below 1.0 microW), elimination of modulation, and control of temperature to assure cell viability were not found to significantly alter the water-dominated absorbance . Frozen samples of BHK-21/C13 cells tested at dry ice and liquid nitrogen temperatures were found to have average insertion loss reduced to 0.2 dB/cm but still showed no reproducible peaks that could be attributed to absorption spectra . It is concluded that the special resonances reported by others are likely to be in error.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1980, 60(5), 452 - 6
In vitro studies on the antifungal effect of PUVA; Kundsen EA; The effect of PUVA therapy upon 12 dermatophyte strains, 3 of Candida albicans, and 4 of mould fungi was evaluated by the agar dilution method on Sabouraud agar . 8-MOP, 30 microgram/ml medium plus UVA, 4 Joule/cm2 proved to be fungicidal dose to all the strains studied, with the exception of three of the mould fungi . For dematophytes and Candida albicans the MIC was between 1 and 3 microgram, 8-MOP plus UVA, 4 J; and 3 microgram when the UVA dose was reduced to 1--2 J . For mould fungi it was higher . The MFC varied within the range 2 to 30 microgram, when the UVA dose was fixed at 4 J . It reached 16 J when the dose of 8-MOP was kept at 4 microgram . The wide range in the MFC of the dermatophytes could be due to resistant colonies . 8-MOP alone had a distinctly inhibitory effect upon dermatophytes, but not upon Candida albicans or mould fungi.

Acta Derm Venereol, 1980, 60(2), 135 - 38
Disorder of cellular immunity in pemphigus vegetans; Hornstein OP et al.; In an untreated 26-year-old female patient suffering from Neumann's pemphigus vegetans for 8 months (with neither preceding thymoma nor myasthenia gravis), several in vivo and in vitro phenomena of immunodeficiency involving both T and B cell system were disclosed . A diagnosis of defective immune state was established on the basis of the low IgG-serum level (though pemphigus antibodies were present), reduced T cell count in blood, weak PHA stimulation of lymphocytes, lack of skin reactivity to recall antigens and to most other bacterial antigens tested . Impaired chemotaxis and a deficient intracellular killing of Candida albicans by PMNL were also found . The conclusion is drawn that a combined disorder of both the B and T cell system is involved in the etiology of pemphigus vegetans, even when thymoma is ruled out.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 Dec, 38(3), 539 - 48
Effects of acetaminophen on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes: enhancement of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine; Panush RS et al.; This report describes hitherto unrecognized immunoenhancing properties of acetaminophen on cultured human lymphocytes . The addition of acetaminophen (2.5--300 micrograms/ml) significantly enhanced mitogen-induced blastogenesis . The stimulation of cells by Candida albicans, from individuals who were skin-test positive for antigen and two-way responses of mixed lymphocytes, were similarly augmented . Cells stimulated in the presence of acetaminophen were comparably enhanced in cultures lasting for 24--168 hr . Enhancement of stimulated cells was noted only if the drug was added during the first hours of culture . Exposure of cells to acetaminophen before mitogen stimulation did not enhance responses unless tha cells were simultaneously cultured with mitogen and the drug . Cells obtained from normal subjects before, during and after ingestion of therapeutic amounts of acetaminophen for 3 days, were cultured in a medium without acetaminophen, and did not display increased in vitro responses during or after drug consumption . These data indicated: (1) pharmacological concentrations of acetaminophen significantly enhanced lymphocyte responses to specific, non-specific, soluble and insoluble stimulation in vitro; and (2) enhancement by acetaminophen occurred only when the drug was in contact with cells during the early period of cell activation.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Dec, 87(6), 381 - 9
In vitro influence of endotoxin on human mononuclear phagocyte structure and function . 1 . Depression of protein synthesis, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and induction of cytostatic activity; Hammerstrom J et al.; The effect of E . coli endotoxin (LPS) on human monocytes and peritoneal macrophages (PEC) during in vitro differentiation was studied . Short-term (less than 24 hours) exposure to LPS in concentrations up to 50 microgram/ml did not affect monocyte survival or 51Cr-release, but concentrations of 10 microgram/ml or more reduced monocyte survival when LPS exposure was prolonged to 72 h . Undifferentiated monocytes seemed to be sensitive to this effect . Monocyte and PEC protein synthesis was reduced by nontoxic LPS concentrations in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells . LPS exposure reduced monocyte ingestion and degradation of 125I-labelled Candida albicans, dependent on time and dosage . The induction of monocyte- and PEC-mediated cytoststic activity to tumour cells induced by prolonged in vitro culture was also impaired by LPS . The morphological alterations induced in mononuclear phagocytes by LPS included a changes distribution of cells in the monolayer, changes in membrane structure and apparent reduction of lysosomes . LPS thus interferes adversely with several aspects of human mononuclear phagocyte in vitro differentiation.

Sabouraudia, 1979 Dec, 17(4), 389 - 98
Freeze-fracture studies of the plasmalemma of Candida albicans after treatment with econazole-nitrate; Preusser HJ et al.; In electron microscopic studies the interior of the plasmalemma of Candida albicans was revealed by means of the freeze-fracture technique . The superficial structures of the extracellular (E) and protoplasmic (P) fracture faces differed negligibly from structures on the corresponding fracture faces of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Following treatment with 2.2 x 10(-5) M econazole nitrate a layer, present on the P face in the form of a tight matrix of globular proteins, dissolved into isolated groups of particles whose globular elements sometimes formed hexagonal patterns . As the damage progressed, fissure-shaped membrane invaginations on the P face disappeared . Parts of the outer lipid layer of the plasmalemma were torn off the cell wall and adhered in fragments to the P face . The ultrastructural changes in the plasmalemma induced by econazole nitrate temporally correlate with an increase in the permeability of the cell envelope found in physiological studies performed by other authors.

Infect Immun, 1979 Dec, 26(3), 1035 - 41
Physiological and metabolic alterations accompanying systemic candidiasis in mice; Leunk RD et al.; Mice challenged intravenously with 10(6) viable Candida albicans died between 1 and 16 days after infection . Near the time of death, over 98% of the recoverable fungi came from the kidneys . Physiologically, animals were in renal failure near the time of death as evidenced by elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine levels and a creatinine clearance rate which was about one-half normal . No abnormalities in liver glucogen and blood glucose levels were detectable . When mice were challenged with 4.5 X 10(6) viable C . albicans, they all died within 12 h . Near the time of death they had normal BUN values and were hyperglycemic . In mice receiving 4.5 X 10(6) heat-killed C . albicans, no deaths occurred and liver glycogen, blood glucose, and BUN levels all remained within a normal range and were different from responses to bacterial endotoxin . Cumulatively, the results demonstrate two distinct syndromes for the pathogenesis of experimental C . albicans infections . At the lower dose, mice were in renal failure associated with progressive renal infection . At the higher dose, renal failure was not observed . If a toxin was associated with death from the latter dose, it was not similar to bacterial endotoxin.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Dec, 140(3), 1043 - 9
Ploidy determination of Canadida albicans; Olaiya AF et al.; The dimorphic yeast Candida albicans, as a member of the fungi imperfecti, has been assumed to be in the haploid, or imperfect, state . The deoxyribonucleic acid content of this species has been measured by flow microfluorometry, a technique capable of analyzing single cells . These results were compared with flow microfluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid determinations on a series of strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of known ploidy (haploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid) . These ploidy levels were readily distinguished by the flow microfluorometry procedure . By this criterion, C . albicans was found to contain a diploid amount of deoxyribonucleic acid . Ultraviolet radiation survival and chemical mutagenesis experiments support the conclusion that both clinically isolated and laboratory strains of C . albicans are diploid.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1979 Dec, 36(12), 1672 - 5
Sodium acetate as a preservative in protein hydrolysate solutions; Frech G et al.; The inhibitory effect of sodium acetate on microorganism growth in protein hydrolysate solutions was studied . Solutions of 5% protein hydrolysate and 5% dextrose in water (seven parts) and 50% dextose in water (three parts) containing 0, 30, 50 and 90 mEq/liter of sodium acetate were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The number of colony-forming units in the solutions after inoculation was compared with that after incubation for 24 hours at 37 C . Sodium acetate inhibited growth of S aureus and E coli . Growth of P aeruginosa was inhibited in protein hydrolysate solutions with and without sodium acetate; inhibition could not be attributed solely to sodium acetate and may have been releated to pH of the solutions (4.7 to 5.4) . Growth of C albicans was not inhibited by sodium acetate . Sodium acetate reduced growth of some common contaminants of protein hydrolysates . Sodium acetate is known to reduce metabolic acidosis, a reported complication of parenteral nutrient therapy and a possible predisposing factor in C albicans sepsis . Addition of sodium acetate to protein hydrolysate solutions should be considered seriously.

Sabouraudia, 1979 Dec, 17(4), 383 - 8
Widely disseminated cutaneous candidosis in adults; Alteras I et al.; Of 9 adults, 5 males, 4 females, with wide dissemination of Candida albicans skin lesions, the eruption started in the groin, from which it spread to other areas in most cases . In 5 cases the disseminated lesions were papulo-pustular; the rest were erythematous-squamous . Hyphae and yeast cells of C . albicans were found on direct microscopy . Diabetes was present in 5 patients, lymphoma in 1, and bullous pemphigoid in another . Onychia and paronychia were found in 7 patients, intertriginous lesions of the fingers in 4 and oral thrush in 2 . Intradermal skin tests were negative . The percentage and absolute numbers of T-lymphocytes were normal in 6 of 7 patients, whereas their functional activity was imparied in 4 of 6 patients, as evidenced by the negative Graft-versus host reaction . The role of concurrent disease in the pathogenesis of the candidosis is discussed.

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1979 Nov-Dec, 54(6), 683 - 9
{Influence of the injection of polyethyleneglycol 400 on the evolution of experimental candidosis of the mouse (author's transl)}; de Closets F et al.; The authors mention their work showing the influence of polyethyleneglycol 400 on the evolution of experimental candidosis in mice . The animals are infested by one single intra peritoneal injection of a determined number of cells of Candida albicans and then receive daily an injection of polyethyleneglycol 400 1/2 0,2 ml (Harmless dose for non infested animals) . These animals die more quickly from Candida albicans septicaemia than others infested in same conditions but not treated by daily injections of polyethyleneglycol 400 1/2.

J Med Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 12(4), 503 - 6
Active immunisation of mice against muscle damage mediated by Candida albicans; Oblack DL et al.; The effect of active immunisation on muscle damage after systemic infection with Candida albicans was examined in a murine model . Mice were successfully immunised against acute muscle damage by vaccines of viable, nonviable, or disrupted C . albicans . In addition, markedly enhanced survival of immunised mice was demonstrated over a 4-week interval . There was protection against muscle damage in immunised mice without a reduction in the number of organisms present in cardiac tissue . The data indirectly implicate the role of humoral immunity in the protection afforded by immunisation.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1979 Nov, 63(5), 1273 - 8
Enhanced macrophage tumoricidal activity and tumor suppression or regression caused by heat-killed Candida albicans; Weinberg JB et al.; The growth of line-10 hepatoma in male Sewall Wright strain 2 guinea pigs was totally suppressed when tumor cells were mixed with heat-killed Candida albicans . In a significant number of animals, injection of C . albicans into established tumors 10-12 mm in diameter caused complete, rapid tumor regression . Guinea pigs whose tumors regressed or were suppressed as a result of injection of C . albicans rejected subsequent challenges at distant sites with the line-10 hepatoma, which indicated the development of systemic immunity to the tumor . Untreated control guinea pigs had positive delayed hypersensitivity reactions to intradermally injected C . albicans, which suggested prior natural exposure of the animals to C . albicans antigens . Peritoneal macrophages from mice that had received ip injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or C . albicans were not cytocidal for mouse 3T12 tumor cells in vitro . However, macrophages from the mice given injections of C . albicans, unlike those from mice given PBS, were markedly tumoricidal in the presence of 1 ng or more endotoxin/ml in vitro . These results demonstrated that heat-killed C . albicans, when inoculated into the peritoneal cavity, increased the tumoricidal potential of peritoneal macrophages.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Nov, 140(2), 666 - 70
Regulation and solubilization of Candida albicans chitin synthetase; Braun PC et al.; A cytoplasmic component which inhibited the activation of chitin synthetase was studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans . The inhibitor was found to be heat stable and trypsin sensitive and was only effective when incubated with a vacuolar protease, an activator of chitin synthetase, before the activation of chitin synthetase . In addition, the particulate chitin synthetase from the yeast form of C . albicans was solubilized by a sodium cholate-digitonin extraction and subsequently was purified approximately 30-fold by Sepharose column chromatography and Amicon XM 100 filtration . Activity of the soluble enzyme was increased by the addition of trypsin or phosphatidyl serine . The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 400,000.

Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 1979 Nov-Dec, 17(3), 294 - 6
Antimicrobial activity of amniotic fluid obtained vaginally; Guner MK et al.; Twenty-nine amniotic fluid samples were aspirated from pregnant women at term (38-40 weeks' gestation) by tapping the bulging membrane vaginally, and their effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were studied . Inhibition rates were 72.41% for E coli, 68.96% for S aureus and 79.31% for C albicans . Two samples (6.90%) affected only a single organism, 18 (62.07%) affected two organisms and eight (27.59%) affected all three . Only one sample (3.45%) had no inhibitory effect on the microorganisms studied . Thus, 28 of 29 samples (96.55%) inhibited the growth of at least one of the microorganisms tested . These results are also significant because there is a high risk of contamination of amniotic fluid samples obtained through the vaginal route, although they can be obtained easier that way than through amniocentesis.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Oct 19, 557(1), 248 - 58
Regulation of N-acetylglucosamine uptake in yeast; Singh B et al.; Various yeasts have been investigated for their ability to grow on N-acetylglucosamine as the sole carbon source and only those which are associated with the disease, candidiasis, gave positive results . The yeasts unable to grow on N-acetylglucosamine lacked the capacity to transport the aminosugar across the cell membrane . In pathogenic yeasts, two systems of different affinity for substrate were found to operate in the uptake of N-acetylglucosamine . In glucose-grown cells a constitutive, low affinity uptake system was present, but upon addition of inducer, a specific high affinity uptake system was synthesized . Experiments with the inhibitors of macromolecule synthesis suggested that the synthesis of RNA and protein is necessary for induction whereas the synthesis of DNA is not . In glucose-grown Candida albicans cells which are devoid of N-acetylglucosamine enters into the cells as phosphorylated form using a constitutive uptake system . Uranyl acetate (0.01 mM) which binds to cell membrane-associated polyphosphates, inhibited completely the inducible uptake of N-acetylglucosamine . Labelling experiments, designed to determine the temporal sequence of appearance of N-acetylglucosamine in intracellular free sugar and sugar-phosphate pools, indicated that N-acetylglucosamine first appeared in the cells as pohosphorylated form . Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces phosphorylated form . Similar results were obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3059 and some other yeasts which are devoid of N-acetylglucosamine kinase in both uninduced and induced conditions . These results are consistent with the model of van Steveninck that involves phosphorylation during transpost . Furthermore, inhibitors of energy metabolism (arsenate, azide and cyanide), proton conductor (m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazine) and dibenzyl diammonium ion (membrane permeable cation) inhibited the inducible N-acetylglucosamine uptake in C . albicans.

Experientia, 1979 Oct 15, 35(10), 1331 - 2
Systemic candidiasis from Candida albicans colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of mice; Umenai T et al.; Reproducible induction of systemic Candida infection was achieved by treating mice in which Candida colonization had been established in the gastrointestional tract by aminobenzylpenicillin treatment . Systemic candidiasis was induced in these mice by X-ray irradiation followed by immunosuppressive doses of dexamethasone or X-ray irradiation followed by immunosuppressive doses of trypan blue . Macrophages seem to play an important role in thie systemic infection.

In Vitro, 1979 Oct, 15(10), 745 - 50
An imidazole derivative (Econazole) as an antifungal agent in cell culture systems; Wyler R et al.; Econazole, an imidazole derivative, was tested as an antifungal agent in different cell culture systems . In comparison with Fungizone, Econazole has the following advantageous properties: higher stability, higher solubility, better antifungal activity against contaminants of cell cultures and a wider range between minimal inhibitory to cytotoxic concentration with Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Penicillium sp., activity against gram-positive bacteria and lower price . Econazole exerts no antiviral effect and can therefore be used for virus isolation from heavily contaminated material . The antagonistic effect of serum on the antifungal effect of Econazole and Fungizone was comparable as was the inhibitory effect of both antimycotics on Mycoplasma growth . In view of the above mentioned properties Econazole lactic acid can be recommended as an antifungal agent for cell culture systems at a concentration of 1 microgram per ml.

Clin Nephrol, 1979 Oct, 12(4), 168 - 73
Transport of uremic toxins through conventional hemodialysis membranes; Jorstad S et al.; Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro were tested after preincubation with uremic plasma dialyzed in vitro and the effects of pre and post hemodialysis plasma were compared with the effect of dialyzates equilibrated with uremic plasma in vivo . Factors in uremic blood plasma inhibiting phagocytosis of Candida albicans could not be removed by means of conventional hemodialysis with cuprophan (CPN) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes . Hemofiltrates of uremic blood plasma produced by PAN membranes caused a significant inhibition of phagocytes in our test system while CPN hemofiltrates did not.

Clin Pediatr (Phila) . 1979 Oct;18(10):630, 633.
Cholestyramine treatment of chronic diarrhea associated with immune deficiency syndrome; Bujanover Y et al.; A 5-year-old boy with known severe combined immunodeficiency disease presented with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption and retarded growth . Candida albicans was found in distal duodenal fluid, and invading the intestinal mucosa . Chronic diarrhea persisted after antimycotic therapy, but responded to treatment with cholestyramine . Repeated courses of cholestyramine resin over a 6-month period were required for complete resolution of the gastrointestinal symptomatology.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1979 Oct, 87(5), 325 - 32
Cytostatic and phagocytic capacity of lymphokine-activated human monocytes; Unsgaard G; Human monocytes were rendered cytostatic to the human cell line NHIK 3025 by exposure to lymphokine supernatants (LS) from BCG-stimulated lymphocytes . Exposure to LS for 1, 2 and 4 h induced a considerable cytostatic capacity in the monocytes . However, a stronger cytostatic effect was acquired by exposure to LS for 24 h and 72 h . The phagocytosis of 125I-labelled Candida albicans by LS-activated monocytes was compared with phagocytosis by monocytes treated with control supernatants (CS) . The ingestion was increased by short exposure to LS . However, a 72-h exposure to LS induced a decreased ingestion capacity . The capacity of the LS-activated monocytes to digest ingested C . albicans was suppressed . DNA synthesis was increased in the LS-activated monocytes, while protein synthesis was not significantly influenced . The cytostatic capacity of LS-activated monocytes was abolished by culture for 24 h after removal of LS . Following removal of LS or CS with subsequent culture for 4 days, morphological and functional signs of differentiation were less marked in the LS-treated than in the CS-treated cells . The survival was also reduced in the former cells . However, these cells were strongly reactivated by re-exposure to LS.

Br J Vener Dis, 1979 Oct, 55(5), 357 - 61
Epidemiological investigation of patients with vulvovaginal candidosis . Application of a resistogram method for strain differentiation of Candida albicans; Warnock DW et al.; The resistogram method was applied to 420 isolates of Candida albicans obtained from 30 selected patients undergoing treatment for vulvovaginitis . Of these, 16 patients each harboured a particular strain of C . albicans which persisted in the mouth or intestinal tract or both . In three of these patients, this strain persisted in the genital tract, and, in eight patients, it later recolonised the genital tract . Fourteen patients harboured more than one strain of C . albicans: one failed to respond to treatment and continued to harbour the same strain in the genital tract; in five the original strain later recolonised the genital tract and a second strain remained confined to the mouth or intestinal tract or both; and in three a second strain, present in the intestinal tract, later colonised the genital tract . Each of the male partners of seven patients harboured a strain of C . albicans that was identical to the strain, or to one of the strains, that had been isolated from his female partner.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1979 Oct, 48(4), 342 - 6
The presence of Candida albicans in hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis . An ultrastructural observation; Sadeghi EM et al.; Specimens taken from the buccal mucosa of two patients with hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis (HBID) were studied by transmission electron microscopy . The ultrastructure of epithelial tissue in HBID was previously reported . Discovery of Candida albicans in this lesion was an accidental finding . The literature on the subject was reviewed and the ultrastructural features of Candida albicans were described.

Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 348 - 54
Effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans: evidence for zinc-resistant and -sensitive pathways for mycelium formation; Bedell GW et al.; In this analysis we have examined in detail the effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans . Evidence is presented that micromolar concentrations of zinc added to growth cultures grown at 25 degrees C (i) cause a twofold increase in the final concentration of spheres at sationary phase, (ii) result in an asynchronous block in the budding cycle at stationary phase, (iii) completely suppress mycelium formation in two independently isolated human strains which produce low but significant levels of mycelia at stationary phase, and (iv) completely suppress mycelium formation in cultures of mutant M10, in which over 60% of the cells form mycelia at stationary phase . In contrast, micromolar concentrations of zinc do not inhibit mycelium formation induced by releasing cells from stationary-phase cultures into fresh medium at 37 degrees C . In addition, if zinc is present in the growth medium of the initial culture at 25 degrees C, the average time of subsequent mycelium formation after release into fresh medium at 37 degrees C is halved . It is demonstrated that the above effects are specific to zinc . The possibility of alterante pathways for mycelium formation is suggested, and the medical implications of this possibility are discussed.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Oct, 24(10), 758 - 61
{Effect of amphotericin B on the energy metabolism of tissue forms of Candida albicans}; Arabiiskii RA et al.; Dehydrogenase activity of the tissue form cells of C . albicans during the infection process in albino mice with and without amphotericin B treatment was studied . The strength of the metabolic reactions resulting in accumulation of ATP was evident from the activity of 4 main enzymes, i.e . succinate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase . The enzymatic activity was determined by the tetrasol method based on formation of diphormazan . Investigation of the fungal cells 10 minutes after the infection showed that preliminary intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of amphotericin B did not change the activity of the tissue forms . The cytochemical characteristics of the fungal cells remained the same as that in the untreated animals . Six hours after infection of the animals treated with amphotericin B administered intravenously the fungus vegetation decreased from 52 to 38 per cent, while in the animals treated with amphotericin B administered intraperitoneally it was suppressed completely . Simultaneously the energy metabolism was also suppressed, the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase being suppressed most significantly . The activity of this enzyme in the cells of C . albicans isolated from the animals treated with the antibiotic administered intraperitoneally was 14 times lower than that in the cells of the culture isolated from the control animals.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Oct, 24(10), 755 - 8
{Sterol affinity of Candida albicans cells resistant to polyene antibiotics}; Virina AM et al.; The affinity levels of sterols in the sensitive and resistant cultures of C . albicans for polyenic antibiotics were studied comparatively . The affinity level was determined by liberation of potassium under the effect of the antibiotic participating in interaction with the sterol . The protective effect of the sterol suspended in solution and included into the composition of the liposomes from egg lecithin was studied . It was found that the sterols of the resistant cultures of C . albicans had the same (or even somewhat higher) affinity to amphotericin B as those from the sensitive cultures . The data indicate that resistance of the strains studied is not based on the loss of the sterol capacity for binding polyenic antibiotics.

J Invest Dermatol, 1979 Oct, 73(4), 269 - 74
Purification of a mannan from Candida albicans which activates serum complement; Ray TL et al.; Candida species activate complement by the alternative pathway, induce leukocyte migration and, when applied epicutaneously, cause epidermal microabscesses of neutrophils in man and experimental animals . Complement activation by C . albicans appears to be a property of the cell wall . To biochemically identify the complement-activating constituent(s) of C . albicans, an ethyleneglycol extract of growth phase blastospores was prepared . Acid hydrolysis and neutral sugar analysis revealed mannose (82%), fucose (7%), and glucose (11%) . The soluble, mannose-rich cell wall polysaccharide of C . albicans activates serum complement via the alternative pathway, induces neutrophil chemotaxis and is antigenically reactive with antisera to C . albicans . This constituent exhibits in vitro endotoxin-like activity as measured by Limulus lysate gelation, but is nonpyrogenic in rabbits . The extracts produced precipitin lines in double immunodiffusion studies against serum from patients with invasive candidiasis and rabbit antisera to mycelial and blastospore preparations of C . albicans, but not against normal serum . Thus, pathogenic properties and reactive phenomenon of C . albicans are in part attributable to a cell wall polysaccharide, mannan.

Arch Dermatol, 1979 Oct, 115(10), 1195 - 6
Viability assessment by dye exclusion . A fluorescent method for fungal cells; Auger P et al.; A new fluorescent staining technique for fungi utilizes the differential affinity of dead cells for rhodamine B . A mounting medium has been devised that includes the dye . This medium allows direct processing of cells from a broth and provides optimal conditions for fluorescence intensity . Comparison with the standard methylene blue exclusion test as applied to the Candida albicans yeast phase indicates similar specificity . Various pseudohyphae and several fungi also exhibited selective uptake of the dye when killed . This technique should prove useful in studying the effect of both drugs and cells on pathogenic yeasts.

Mycopathologia, 1979 Sep 17, 68(2), 105 - 20
Population changes induced in Candida albicans by nalidixic acid; Sarachek A; Cells of Candida albicans plated on media containing nalidixic acid (Nal) either die, adapt physiologically to Nal-tolerance or mutate ot Nal-resistance . The fraction of a population exhibiting each response depends on the growth phase of cells when plated and their nitrogen and carbon nutrition and growth temperatures before and after plating . Nal induces Nal-resistant mutants in very high frequency but only at 37 C on plates containing i) glucose as primary carbon source and ii) adenine, a sulfur amino acid or a representative of the glutamic acid family of amino acids . Nal does not affect either forward mutation to caffeine-resistance or reverse mutation from histidine auxotrophy to prototrophy . Nal-resistant mutants produce minute colonies on N-ALfree medium, respire oxidatively and are unusually sensitive to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation . They revert spontaneously to wild type at very high rates but can be propagated indefinitely in the absence of Nal by serial selection and replating of minute colonies . Cellular inactivation and induction of Nal-resistant mutants are greatly affected by specific inhibitors of mitochondrial macromolecular syntheses . The presence of chloramphenicol or erythromycin during exposure to Nal prevents cell death and mutation but has no effect on adaptation to Nal-tolerance . Growth on acriflavin or ethidium bromide enhances resistance of cells to inactivation when subsequently plated on Nal containing media . It is concluded that Nal-induced cellular inactivation and mutation to Nal-resistance, but not adaptation to Nal-tolerance, result from damages to the mitochondrion which are fixed or promoted by macromolecular syntheses within the mitochondrion . Implications of these findings for the therapeutic use of Nal are discussed.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Sep 4, 556(1), 144 - 50
An inducible proline transport system in Candida albicans; Jayakumar A et al.; 1 . When Candida albicans cells were preincubated with proline or grown in the presence of proline as the sole nitrogen source they exhibited a rapid increase in the influx of proline (the inducible transport system) . 2 . The induction appeared to be specific for proline and also demonstrated in other Candida species . 3 . Both the inducible and constitutive proline uptake systems exhibited similar characteristic features . 4 . The nature of the inducer for proline uptake in C . albicans appeared to be free proline . 5 . The development of the inducible proline transport system was dependent on concomitant synthesis of RNA and protein and the induction was not affected by glucose or any other carbon sources used.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 25(9), 1015 - 20
Enhancement of tissue damage by Candida albicans in cortisone or nitrogen mustard-treated mice; Oblack DL et al.; Mice were either rendered leukopenic by administration of nitrogen mustard or were treated with cortisone prior to intravenous challenge with Candida albicans . Leukopenic animals died five times faster following Candida challenge than untreated controls and also had significantly higher serum levels of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase . Similarly, when Candida infection occurred in cortisone-treated mice, mortality rates were markedly accelerated and serum levels of creatine phosphokinase and blood urea nitrogen were significantly higher than those found in untreated animals . Severe lesions and large numbers of Candida were observed in tissue sections of heart, kidney, and stomach from cortisone-treated animals . These data indicate that damage to host tissues is one manner by which Candida contribute to the morbidity of immunosuppressed animals.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1979 Sep, 72(3), 276 - 81
Canidida infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract superadded upon chemical injury with acids; Khuroo MS et al.; Two male patients, who presented with Candida albicans infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, superadded over local mucosal injury due to corrosive chemical agents and chronic alcoholism have been described . Such an association of prior local injury with this type of fungal infection has not been hitherto documented . One of these patients had a gastric antral stricture due to ingestion of concentrated sulfuric acid and Candida esophagitis, whereas the other had severe erosive gastritis and Candida gastritis following ingestion of thiocyanates.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1979 Sep, 86(9), 741 - 4
Abortion associated with intrauterine infection by candida albicans . Case report; Buchanan R et al.; A 27-year-old patient who became pregnant whilst fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device developed an intrauterine Candida albicans infection and aborted . The diagnostic (and other inconspicuous) features of C . Albicans infection in the fetus are described . The presence of the intrauterine contraceptive device may have predisposed to the establishment of the infection.

Am J Pathol, 1979 Sep, 96(3), 753 - 70
Alteration of the structure and function of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages by a soybean oil emulsion; Strunk RC et al.; Studies in humans who have received Intralipid (IL) have demonstrated the presence of a fat pigment and fat droplets in reticuloendothelial phagocytic cells . Clinical data and in vitro studies suggest that these cells do not function normally . We have studied the effect of IL on the morphology and function of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages in vitro . Starch-induced macrophages were exposed to IL for up to 48 hours . Ingestion of increasing amounts of IL over the 48-hour period was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and by oil red O stain . The uptake of the IL was associated with marked morphologic changes characterized by a decreased ability of the cells to spread and by a decrease in the number and degree of complexity of the membrane ruffles . The ingestion of IL also resulted in decreased capacity of the cells to associate with latex beads (5.7 mu in diameter) or Candida albicans and decreased capacity to adhere to and ingest sheep erythrocytes coated with IgG . After ingestion of latex beads 0.46 mu in diameter, which are similar in size to IL particles, macrophages had normal morphology and function, indicating that neither the morphologic nor functional abnormalities were due to a nonspecific effect of ingestion of small particles . Alterations of human reticuloendothelial macrophage function similar to the effects observed here could compromise host defense against infection.

Sabouraudia, 1979 Sep, 17(3), 293 - 7
Requirement of heat-labile opsonins for maximal phagocytosis of Candida albicans; Ferrante A et al.; The requirement for heat-labile opsonins for phagocytosis of 2 serologically distinct strains and a number of clinical isolates of Candida albicans was examined by a previously described radiometric technique . The results indicated that both strains and all 10 isolates of C . albicans examined required heat-labile opsonins for maximal phagocytosis . The data suggest that heat-labile opsonins play an important role in immunity to C . albicans . However, the possibility that some strains of C . albicans may not utilize heat-labile opsonins cannot be excluded.

Sabouraudia, 1979 Sep, 17(3), 219 - 23
Opportunistic fungal infection by Fusarium oxysporum in a renal transplant patient; Young CN et al.; A white female with chronic glomerular nephritis received a renal transplant in 1971 . After 1 year, Livido Reticularis (LR) developed and in 1976 erythematous, painful nodules formed on the LR and ulcerated . The patient also suffered diffuse calcification of the major blood vessels and small arterioles of the extremities with progressive necrosis and gangrene of the fingers . Hyperparathyroidism was evident . The necrotic ulcers yielded Candida albicans and Fusarium oxysporum; both organisms were seen in histological preparations . The ulcers were excised and grafted; no specific antifungal therapy was given.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(647), 695 - 6
Sensitivity of strains of Candida albicans to jaritin, haloprogin, clotrimazole and miconazole; Langsadl L et al.; The antifungal activity of jaritin and haloprogin against Candida albicans is similar . In vitro they had less activity than clotrimazole and miconazole, but the activity was independent of inoculum size.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(647), 692 - 4
Sensitivity of Candida albicans from patients with chronic oral candidiasis; Holbrook WP et al.; Many patients with oral candidiasis respond very slowly or not at all to therapy with amphotericin . Strains of Candida albicans were collected from 17 patients clinically resistant and from 15 who responded to a normal course of amphotericin treatment . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) determined on diagnostic sensitivity test agar plates gave values of: amphotericin 0-5 mg/l; nystatin 50 i.u./ml; chlorhexidine 12.5 mg/l . No clear MIC could be determined with plates containing miconazole . No difference was noted in MIC values between the 2 groups of patients . Tube-dilution tests in Sabouraud's broth gave MIC values of: amphotericin 0.25 mg/l; nystatin 12.5 i.u./ml; chlorhexidine 1.5 mg/l; miconazole 8-32 mg/l; ketonazole 64 mg/l . Persistence of oral candidiasis is not an indication of infection with resistant organisms . Despite difficulties in in vitro sensitivity testing of miconazole a clinical trial of the drug for treating oral candidiasis is indicated.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(647), 687 - 91
Promotion of pseudomycelium formation of Candida albicans in culture: a morphological study of the effects of miconazole and ketoconazole; Borgers M et al.; The effects of miconazole and its new derivative ketoconazole on Candida albicans have been evaluated by light and electron microscopy . The growth characteristics and morphology of C . albicans in culture for various periods of time in a solution consisting of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with amino acids and fetal calf serum are emphasized . This medium, normally used for culturing mammalian cells, promotes a rather fast growth of C . albicans and favours the development of pseudomycelium . The obvious interest in using such culture conditions for drug evaluation is the prevalence of pseudomycelium, which in vivo is the predominant pathological form of C . albicans . Suppression of pseudomycelium formation is found in the 10-9 to 10-7 M concentration range of the imidazoles . Growth retardation and the destruction of both yeast and pseudomycelial forms brought about by incubating the cells with 10-9 to 10-4 M of the drugs are reported . At low doses these changes include the alteration of cell division, an increase in cell volume and a progressive deterioration of subcellular organelles at the cell periphery . At higher doses the involvement of all other organelles is observed finally leading to complete cell necrosis.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(647), 677 - 80
Problems in the laboratory assessment of antifungal activity; Odds FC; The end points of tube dilution tests for minimal inhibitory concentrations of miconazole and flucytosine against Candida albicans were difficult to evaluate because partial inhibition was noted over a wide range of antifungal concentrations . This problem was not encountered with amphotericin B . Partial inhibition of Candida arose because of reductions in yeast growth rate and of cell yield . Different sizes of yeast inocula were differentially inhibited by the same concentration of antifungal agent . An in vitro apparatus was described in which miconazole formulated as commercial creams, pessaries and medicated tampons for intravaginal application could be assessed for its inhibitory action in vitro.

Postgrad Med J, 1979 Sep, 55(647), 671 - 3
The effect of flucytosine on the germination of Candida albicans; Wain WH et al.; The effect of flucytosine on the germination of 3 strains of Candida albicans in serum was tested . No inhibition of germination was observed and it was concluded that germination did not require the synthesis of DNA.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Sep, 114(1), 179 - 86
Peptide transport in Candida albicans; Logan DA et al.; The tripeptide L-methionyl-L-methionyl-L-{METHYL-14C}methionine was taken up into Candida albicans by a saturable system with a pH optimum of 3.5, a temperature optimum of 37 degrees C and an apparent Km of 3.3 x 10(-5) M . Metabolic inhibitors such as sodium azide and dinitrophenol completely prevented uptake . Neither methionine nor dimethionine effectively competed with trimethionine uptake . (Leu)3, Gly-Met-Gly, acetyl-(Met)3, D-Met-L-Met-L-Met and Met-Met-Ile effectively competed with (Met)3 uptake, whereas (Lys)3, L-Met-L-Met-D-Met, D-Met-D-Met-D-Met, (Met)3 methyl ester and (Ala)3 did not . Trimethionine was rapidly hydrolysed by a peptidase after entry into the cell.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 252 - 4
Experimental endocarditis: prophylaxis of Candida albicans infections by 5-fluorocytosine in rabbits; Demierre G et al.; The prevention of Candida endocarditis in the rabbit was easily accomplished with a single intramuscular injection of 75 mg of 5-FC (A predominantly fungistatic agent) per kg either 40 min before, or at the same time as, the intravenous challenge with Candida albicans . Renal infarcts were observed more often in rabbits with infected valvular vegetations than in control rabbits with sterile endocarditis . The prophylactic effect of 5-FC is greater in aortic vegetations than in the kidneys . This may be related to differences in the pathophysiology of infection and the pharmacokinetics of 5-FC in the two areas.

Mikrobiologiia, 1979 Sep-Oct, 48(5), 838 - 44
{Composition and certain properties of Candida albicans cells with a low level of resistance to polyene antibiotics}; Virina AM et al.; The lipid and protein composition of Candida albicans, strain R3, with a low resistance to polyene antibiotics does not differ much from that of the parent, susceptible culture . Nevertheless, the rate of potassium release from the cells and the incorporation rate of 14C-amino acids in the cells of C . albicans, strain R3, under the action of amphotericin B are lower as compared to the susceptible culture; therefore, the resistance of C . albicans, strain R3, must be due to a decrease in the degress of its disordered selective permeability . Sterols isolated from the cells in both strains were found to be capable of binding to polyenes at a high rate in solution . However, sterols from the strain R3 with a low resistance to polyenes, when incorporated into a synthetic lipid membrane, increase its permeability slower than sterols from the susceptible strain, which suggests that sterols from the low-resistant strain R3 are possibility involved in the phenotypic manifestation of resistance.

J Bacteriol, 1979 Sep, 139(3), 883 - 8
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism in Candida albicans; Chaffin WL et al.; The functional pathways of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis and their regulation were studied in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans . The presence of a functional endogenous pathway of NAD biosynthesis from tryptophan was demonstrated . In addition, nicotinamide served as an efficient salvage precursor for NAD biosynthesis but nicotinate was not utilized . The pathway for nicotinamide utilization involved nicotinate and nicotinate nucleotides as intermediates, suggesting that the failure to utilize nicotinate involves a transport defect . The mechanisms that regulate NAD levels during exponential growth operated to maintain constant NAD levels when NAD biosynthesis occurred exclusively from endogenous or salvage pathways or from a combination of the two . The regulation also operated such that the salvage pathway was preferentially utilized.

S Afr Med J, 1979 Sep 1, 56(10), 401 - 4
Effects of ascorbate on leucocytes: Part II . Effects of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate on neutrophil phagocytosis and post-phagocytic metabolic activity; Anderson R; The effects of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate at a concentration range of 10(-6)M - 10(-1)M on polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) phagocytosis of Candida albicans and post-phagocytic nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of ingested protein were investigated . Phagocytosis of C . albicans was unaffected by ascorbate concentrations of 10(-6)M - 10(-2)M; however, progressive inhibition was observed at concentrations of 10(-2)M upwards . Enhancement of resting and stimulated HMS activity and NBT reduction was evident at ascorbate concentrations of 10(-5) M - 10(-2)M . The stimulations of HMS activity and NBT reduction was independent of myeloperoxidase iodination of ingested protein and this latter function was strongly inhibited by ascorbate . Concentrations of ascorbic acid and calcium and sodium ascorbate which caused inhibition of phagocytosis and HMS activity were the same as those which mediated stimulation of cell motility, indicating that independent cellular mechanisms may govern motility and phagocytosis.

Contraception, 1979 Aug, 20(2), 99 - 103
The protective influence of progestogen only contraception against vaginal moniliasis; Toppozada M et al.; PIP: The incidence of vaginal moniliasis in women accepting Depo-Provera (DMPA) as a contraceptive method was determined, and differences in incidence between long- and short-term users were investigated . 85 reproductive age women were divided into 3 groups: 1) 40 second-trimester pregnant women; 2) 20 DMPA users for more than 1 year (long-term users); and 3) 25 women accepting DMPA for the 1st time . Among the 85 cases studied, moniliasis was recovered from the vaginal smears of 34 (40%) . The highest occurrence was among Group 1, where out of the 40 cases, 24 (60%) had Candidia in their vaginal secretions . On the other hand, from the 25 Group 3 cases, Candida was recovered from 8 (32%) before administration of DMPA . 3 months later, Candida was only recovered from 2 (8%) of the same Group 3 subjects . This occurrence in the follow-up examination (8%) was significantly lower than the control sample before drug administration (Z=2.12) . Apparently, incidence of moniliasis decreased with short-term DMPA use . None of the 20 long-term users had Candida in their vaginal secretions . Culture technique was superior to smear technique for determining Candida; all cases diagnosed by smear were culture positive, whereas smear positive cases in Groups 1 and 3 composed only 83.3% of culture positive cases in both groups .

Infect Immun, 1979 Aug, 25(2), 702 - 7
Systemic and gastrointestinal candidiasis of infant mice after intragastric challenge; Pope LM et al.; Systemic and gastrointestinal infection can be established in infant mice after intragastric challenge with Candida albicans . Differences in virulence of the six strains tested were noted . As early as 3 h after infection, some but not all livers, spleens, and kidneys contained C . albicans, but the peak number of colony-forming units in these organs was seen at 6 h . The early colonization of the organs could not be attributed to aspiration of the inoculum since about 90% of lungs and livers tested yielded no colony-forming units at 10 to 15 min postinfection . In animals with systemic infections, lungs, livers, kidneys, and spleens showed similar numbers of colony-forming units within the organs during the first 6 h postinfection- and then the number declined progressively up to 72 h . The gastrointestinal tract was colonized throughout a 20-day period of study . Counts made at intervals beyond day 1 yielded between 10(5) and 10(6) colony-forming units in the stomach, ileum, and cecum . Preparatory techniques for scanning electron microscopy preserved the yeast, intestinal mucus layer, and epithelial surface and made it possible to visualize the association between the pathogen and host tissues within the digestive tract.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1979 Aug, 72(2), 215 - 8
Detection by counterimmunoelectrophoresis of anti-Candida precipitins in sera from cancer patients; Hopfer RL et al.; Five antigen preparations from yeast-phase cells and hyphalphase cells of Candida albicans were used to detect antibodies in sera from cancer patients by use of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) . Sera from uninfected patients, patients with superficial infections, and patients who had invasive or systemic candidiasis were analyzed for antibodies . A high incidence (27%) of false-negative data was obtained for patients who had systemic candidiasis . Serum titers of all patient groups were below 1:10 . Of the antigens tested, cytoplasmic antigen from yeast-phase cells provided the greatest sensitivity and diagnostic value.

Am J Dis Child, 1979 Aug, 133(8), 806 - 10
Diagnostic dilemma of a 13-month-old boy with 'late-onset' combined immunodeficiency; Duriseti L et al.; A 13-month-old boy had a "late-onset" form of combined immunodeficiency and a fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia of one month's duration . There was no evidence of cutaneous-delayed hypersensitivity responses to diphtheria-tetanus toxoids, Candida albicans, or streptokinase-streptodornase, or of lymphocyte DNA synthesis after in vitro stimulation with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and only 2% to 4% of peripheral blood E-rosetted T lymphocytes . The serum IgM level was normal (62 mg/dL), whereas the other immunoglobulins were markedly reduced . Despite an increased number of Ig-bearing lymphocytes, in vitro Ig secretion after pokeweed mitogen stimulation was substantially reduced . The thymus gland was dysplastic with no Hassalls' corpuscles or thymocytes, and other lymphoid organs showed depletion of T-dependent areas to a greater extent than the B-dependent areas.

J Immunol, 1979 Aug, 123(2), 626 - 32
Histamine-releasing activity (HRA) . I . Production by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated human mononuclear cells; Thueson DO et al.; Supernatants from 1- to 2-day cultures of human mononuclear cells induced the release of histamine from basophils . Generation of this histamine-releasing activity (HRA) was stimulated by addition of concanavalin A to the cell cultures . Mononuclear cells were also cultured with SKSD and Candida albicans antigens . Stimulation of HRA production by these antigens was correlated with positive delayed skin reactions . Serial dilutions of supernatants assayed for HRA provided a semiquantitative determination of the level of HRA in mitogen- or antigen-stimulated samples . Antigen increased HRA production when added during the first or second day of culture . Generation of HRA probably requires active protein synthesis, since puromycin was inhibitory, and since preformed HRA could not be recovered from lysed cells . HRA was detected in supernatants after 4 hr, and the effects of antigen stimulation were apparent after 8 hr of culture . Replacement of supernatants with fresh culture medium allowed continued synthesis of substantial quantities of HRA during the second day of culture . A linear correlation was observed between the amount of HRA produced and the mononuclear cell concentration . Our findings provide evidence for the interaction of lymphocytes and basophils via a soluble mediator.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Jul 20, 104(29), 1033 - 6
{Oral candidiasis in leukoplakia and carcinoma of the oral cavity (author's transl)}; Hornstein OP et al.; The incidence of Candida albicans and other candida species were examined by mycological culture and histologically in 193 patients with various forms of oral leukoplakia and 14 patients with carcinoma of the oral mucosa, the results being compared with a control group of 137 subjects with a normal mucosa . Comparing the leukoplakia groups one with the other and with the control group revealed definite, usually statistically significant, differences in the incidence of fungi: 46.4% of patients, 29.2% among controls . The incidence of oral fungi was 35.4% among those with noxigenic leukoplakia, 50% in precancerous leukoplakia, 71.5% in mucosal carcinoma, and 49% in nosogenic leukoplakia (mainly lichen planus mucosae) . The fungal elements could be demonstrated histologically much less frequently than by culture, but the difference of demonstration was statistically more significant between the different forms of leukoplakia . It is probable that chronic candidiasis in leukoplakia is not carcinogenic as such but is the microbiological and indicator of a local or systemic disorder of the cellular immune system.

JAMA, 1979 Jul 20, 242(3), 258 - 60
Oral amphotericin for candidiasis in patients with hematologic neoplasms . An autopsy study; Ezdinli EZ et al.; Autopsy examinations were conducted in 72 patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms who received antibacterial therapy before their deaths . These patients were participants in a large double-blind study designed to assess the efficacy of oral amphotericin B in decreasing the incidence of candidal infection . The patients received either 50 mg of amphotericin B orally four times a day, or they received a matching placebo . Eight of 33 patients (24%) who had received placebo and two of 39 (5%) who had received amphotericin had histopathologic evidence of disseminated candidiasis . We conclude that in these patients with hematologic malignant neoplasms who received antibiotics within two weeks of death, the concomitant oral administration of amphotericin was effective in decreasing the incidence of systemic candidal infections, indicating that the gastrointestinal tract serves as a portal of entry for Candida albicans.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Jul 19, 555(1), 42 - 55
The effect of altered ergosterol content on the transport of various amino acids in Candida albicans; Singh M et al.; Candida albicans cells have low levels of ergosterol when grown in ascorbic acid-supplemented media . When cells are grown in hydroquinone-supplemented media, the ergosterol levels became higher as compared to normal cells . The uptake of lysine, glycine, glutamic acid, proline, methionine and serine is reduced in hydroquinone-supplemented cells . In contrast to hydroquinone-supplemented cells, the rate and level of accumulation of these amino acids are higher in ascorbic acid-supplemented cells . Nystatin-resistant isolates of C . albicans with low ergosterol contents also exhibit an increased rate and level of accumulation of these amino acids . The uptake of phenylalanine and leucine remained unaffected by such a change in ergosterol levels brought about by different supplementation of the media . The results demonstrate a correlation between ergosterol levels and amino acids uptake . Contrary to various reports, the rate of K+ efflux does not seem to correlate with the amino acid uptake in C . albicans cells.

Mycopathologia, 1979 Jul 16, 67(3), 173 - 7
Comparison of the growth of virulent and attenuated strains of Candida albicans in the kidneys of normal and cortison-treated mice by chitin assay; White LO et al.; Candida albicans strain 22114 was avirulent for mice compared with strain 19321 in that, administered intravenously, 10(6) blastospores of 22114 failed to kill whereas 10(6) blastospores of 19321 produced 100% mortality . Cortisone treatment rendered mice susceptible to killing by 22114 . Chitin assay showed that cortisone stimulated the growth of both strains in the mouse kidney . Growth of 19321 was increased up to five-fold and 22114 up to forty-fold . The strains may have differential susceptibility to cortisone-sensitive host defences which control fungal growth in vivo.

Avian Dis, 1979 Jul-Sep, 23(3), 757 - 60
Candidiasis in cockatiel nestlings and mucormycosis in a pigeon; Panigrahy B et al.; Deaths of cockatiel nestlings caused by Candida albicans, and of a pigeon caused by air-sac infection with Absidia corymbifera, are described . Lesions in the cockatiels were pseudomembranes and ulcers in the mouth, esophagus, and crop . In the pigeon the air sacs were thickened and contained a grayish gelatinous exudate.

J Clin Pathol, 1979 Jul, 32(7), 715 - 8
Biochemical identification of clinically important yeasts; de Louvois J et al.; Four commercially available kits for the speciation of yeasts were tested against 50 clinical isolates that had been identified by conventional methods . On biochemical grounds alone, the four systems varied from 71% to 100% in their efficiency in identifying Candida albicans . Yeasts other than C . albicans were identified with an efficiency varying from 24% to 83% . Conclusions are drawn on the value of these systems to the routine laboratory.

Jpn Heart J, 1979 Jul, 20(4), 427 - 40
Pathological studies in experimental Candida endocarditis; Al-Doory Y et al.; Mycotic endocarditis was produced in rabbits by indwelling intracardiac catheters filled with a suspension of Candida albicans . Grossly, cardiac lesions consisted of massive fungoid valvular vegetations and/or "sleeve thrombi" surrounding the catheter . Microscopically, platelet-fibrin aggregates were observed to be loosely attached to the valvular cusps . With time, the vegetations became organized and more firmly attached against the endocardium . Also observed was a heavy neutrophylic collar often containing Candida cells which infiltrate the subendothelial tissues of the valvular cusps . Sterile endocardial lesions were produced by retained catheters . The lesions consisted of discrete, glistening, hemispherical nodules in the right heart; and similar elevated plaques on the mural endocardium of the left ventricle . Microscopically, these lesions consisted of fibrous connective tissues devoid of inflammatory cells . The lesions in the left ventricle were more extensive, extending into the myocardium.

J Infect Dis, 1979 Jul, 140(1), 96 - 104
Characterization of yeast agglutinins in lavage fluid from lungs of rabbits; LaForce FM et al.; Rabbits were challenged intratracheally with 10(8) Candida albicans or Torulopsis glabrata, and their lungs were lavaged 5, 60, and 120 min later . Initial lavage samples showed significant agglutination of yeasts, followed by the development of larger aggregates in association with alveolar macrophages . To investigate this early agglutination reaction, lungs of normal rabbits were lavaged with heparinized saline, and after alveolar macrophages were discarded, the cell-free lavage fluid was centrifuged at 25,000 g to recover a small, whitish, surface-active pellet (F fraction) . The supernatant was concentrated 15-fold by vacuum dialysis (P fraction) . When Candida species, T . glabrata, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated with the F fraction, serial colony counts decreased eight- to 20-fold with every yeast species tested except S . cerevisiae and Candida krusei . Decrease in colony counts was associated with yeast agglutination . The F fraction was further separated by ethanol-ether extraction, and yeast agglutination was seen only in the protein-rich fraction . Further separation of this protein-rich fraction by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded three bands, one of which, with a molecular size of about 10(4) daltons, agglutinated C . albicans . IgA in the P fraction also agglutinated C . albicans, although not as dramatically as the F fraction.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1979 Jul, 37(1), 44 - 9
Selective defects in T cell function in ataxia-telangiectasia; Levis WR et al.; We have studied three patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and found two of them to have a normal mixed leucocyte culture stimulating and responding ability . However, all three patients and one parent had defective cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), even in the face of a potent proliferative response to allogeneic leucocytes . None of these patients showed significant proliferative responses to common microbial antigens (tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans, purified protein derivative (PPD), diphtheria toxoid, influenza) . Our studies indicate tha the T cell defect in AT preferentially affects certain T cell functions associated with antigen recognition and the generation of allogeneic CML, while sparing the allogeneic proliferative response . The selective deficiency of specific lymphocyte functions in a thymic immunodeficiency with a known defect in DNA repair is consistent with the concept that DNA modulating enzymes are important for T cell function.

Aviat Space Environ Med, 1979 Jul, 50(7), 717 - 20
Effects of hyperbaric oxygen upon S . aureus, Ps . aeruginosa and C . albicans; Brown GL et al.; Numerous in vitro investigations have reported that prolonged, continuous hyperbaric oxygen (OHP) exposure to certain bacteria and yeast is bacteriostatic . While it is tempting to attribute the lower infection rates reported in OHP-treated patients to this bacteriostatic effect, the duration and intensity of OHP exposure in these experimental studies exceeds that of normal therapeutic use . This study was designed to investigate the effects of human OHP treatment protocols upon the in vitro growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans . Additional studies using antibiotic-containing culture media were conducted to investigate the possible OHP enhancement of antibiotic sensitivity . No differences were observed between the bacterial and yeast growth curves of the control and experimental group . OHP also failed to produce any measurable difference in the bactericidal effectiveness of the selected antibiotics.

Br Med J, 1979 Jun 2, 1(6176), 1450 - 5
Vaginal microbial flora in normal young women; Goldacre MJ et al.; Vaginal swabs were taken from 1498 women attending a family planning clinic . The flora was assessed in the absence of any information about the women to whom the swabs related . Yeasts and fungi were present in 311 women (21%) and were no more prevalent among "pill" users than others . Candida albicans was significantly associated with vulval itching and with a vaginal discharge described as heavier than normal or curdy on clinical examination, though these abnormalities were present in only a minority of women with the organism . Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 14 women (1%) and was associated with abnormalities of vaginal discharge in all but one . Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli were significantly more common in women with a troublesome vaginal discharge and those who used an intrauterine device than others . No associations were found between fungi other than C albicans or the other bacteria sought and either symptoms or clinical abnormalities of vaginal discharge.

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1979 Jun, 15(2), 248 - 54
{About the frequency and variety of yeasts found in pathologic materials (author's transl)}; Trevisan R et al.; The AA . propose a comprehensive view of the yeasts found out in pathologic materials in the Institute of Microbiology of the Udine General Hospital during the first six mounts of the year 1978 . They compare their achieved results with the data collected in other italian and foreign areas by other students, pointing out the prevalence of Candida albicans over other species of yeasts, in the people gravitating on the Hospital of Udine . They formulate at least the hypothesis that some species of yeasts able to live in human organism are not evenly distributed in every country and that such an irregular distribution mai explain and justify that percentage of not better identifiable yeast-like fungi that every A . must include in his statistics.

Johns Hopkins Med J, 1979 Jun, 144(6), 175 - 9
Non-candidal infections in children with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis; Chipps BE et al.; Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMCC) is a clinical syndrome characterized by persistent and recurrent Candida albicans infections of the mucous membranes and skin often associated with immunodeficiency . In order to gain insight into the frequency and severity of non-candidal infections in children with CMCC, four patients with CMCC are described in detail and 60 previously reported cases are reviewed . Fifty percent of children with CMCC had significant infections with other fungi, bacteria and viruses . Recurrent bacterial pneumonias and bronchiectasis were a major cause of morbidity and mortality . In addition, there were a large number of infections, in both the lung and other sites, due to opportunistic organisms . Thus the clincial syndrome of CMCC includes not only mucocutaneous candidiasis, endocrine failure and autoimmune phenomena, but patients with CMCC also show a remarkable susceptibility to non-candidal infections . These non-candidal infections represent a serious cause of morbidity for patients with CMCC.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 25(6), 765 - 72
Aged-related physiological studies comparing Candida albicans chlamydospores to yeasts; Miller SE et al.; From electron-microscopical observations, a decreased metabolic activity in 3-day-old Candida albicans chlamydospores was suggested, and progressive deterioration in chlamydospores aged 2-8 months was shown . Oxygen utilization by chlamydospore-pseudomycelium (CSP) preparations was less than that by yeast, while 3-day-old CSP preparations used significantly less O2 than 24-h CSP preparations . Amino acid incorporation was greater in yeast than in CSP preparations . Leucine incorporation by 20-h yeasts was twice that of 5-day yeasts and 5 times that of 20-h and 5-day CSP . Amino acid decarboxylation was similar in yeasts and CSP and was determined by end-product analyses to be via amino acid oxidase . Light microscopy autoradiography of {14C}leucine incorporation demonstrated that the metabolic activity in CSP preparations was due to the young growing tips of the pseudomycelium and not to mature chlamydospores . Yeasts did not take up trypan blue could be stained if first autoclaved or treated with 10% acid or 10% base . Young chlamydospores grown in the presence of trypan blue developed unstained and became permeable to the dye at 2 1/2 days . These data suggest that chlamydospores of C . albicans do not function in the classical role attributed to spores; i.e., mature chlamydospores cannot germinate, but rather age, deteriorate, and die.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jun, 32(6), 630 - 45
Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic . IV . Mechanism of action; Singh K et al.; Rapamycin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus showed a strong candicidal activity, which could not be reversed by sterols . It has no effect on efflux of K+, Pi ir U.V . absorbing materials and cell permeability of Candida albicans . Thus, in its action it differs from the polyenes . Mechanism of action of rapamycin appears to be different from many known antifungal agents . In C . albicans, rapamycin at the minimum growth inhibitory concentration inhibited: 1) phosphate incorporation into nucleic acids, 2) acetate incorporation into lipids and 3) substrate respiration of amino acids . The effect on amino acid metabolism was expressed as inhibition of oxidative deamination . At low concentrations rapamycin caused degradation of P32-labeled intracellular macromolecules . Inhibition of threonine incorporation into cell wall and leucine incorporation into cellular protein was observed at relatively higher concentrations of rapamycin . The antibiotic showed no effect on cell-free protein synthesizing systems of Escherichia coli, rat liver and C . albicans and in the mitochondrial enzyme systems . Whether the lethal action of rapamycin on C . albicans is primarily due to one of the above effects or is the result of combined effect on some of these biosynthetic parameters remains to be established.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1979 May-Jun, 7(3), 205 - 10
Precipitating antibodies in sera of normal blood donors against some antigens related to type III allergy, detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis; Meyer JC et al.; Precipitating antibodies against five antigens, staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans, cotton wool dust, house dust and tetanus toxoid, related to type III allergy (Arthus reaction) were estimated in 100 sera of normal blood donors by the counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique . The three antigens staphylococcus aureus, candida and cotton wool dust exhibited rather high titres of precipitins in sera of normal blood donors, whereas nearly 80% of the sera yielded no precipitins against house dust and tetanus toxoid . For diagnostic purposes the borderline titres were estimated as follows: 1:8 for staphylococcus aureus, 1:16 for candida albicans and 1:8 for cotton wool dust . Even low titres with the house dust antigen indicated a pathogenic situation.

Contact Dermatitis, 1979 May, 5(3), 140 - 4
Phototoxic polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives . (Effects on human skin); Towers GN et al.; Polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives were tested for their effects on human skin . Topically applied alpha-terthienyl evoked bi-phasic phototoxic dermatitis and the appearance of 'sunburn' cells in human epidermis . None of 11 polyacetylenes had the same effect although they mimicked alpha-terthienyl in their phototoxic effects on Candida albicans and certain pathogenic microorganisms . The UV-mediated antibiotic activity of the compounds and their apparent lack of phototoxicity towards the skin suggest a potential topical therapeutic role for them in yeast, fungal and bacterial infections and light-responsive dermatoses . Their topical sensitizing capacity, however, has not yet been studied.

J Infect Dis, 1979 May, 139(5), 590 - 4
A study of 666 strains of Candida albicans: correlation between serotype and susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine; Auger P et al.; The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and the serotypes were determined for 666 strains of Candida albicans isolated from white patients in Canada . Of these strains, 495 (74.3%) were serotype A and 71 (25.7%) were serotype B . Resistance to 5-FC (MIC, greater than or equal to 25 microgram/ml) was observed in 11.3% of the serotype A strains and in 49.7% of the strains of serotype B . Most specimens were from the urogenital and respiratory tracts . The results showed the difference between the distribution of the two serotypes of C . albicans in North America and that in Europe . Serotyping of C . albicans strains by indirect immunofluorescence is a rapid means of predicting the de novo sensitivity of this year to 5-FC . The specificity of this technique for the isolated strains was approximately 79%.

Immunology, 1979 May, 37(1), 15 - 24
The in vitro effects of propranolol and atenolol on neutrophil motility and post-phagocytic metabolic activity; Anderson R et al.; Propranolol at concentrations of 1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-4) M consistently increased neutrophil motility as measured in Boyden chambers . The effects were not due solely to stimulation of random migration and chemokinesis but also of directional motility . Propranolol, over a similar concentration range, caused inhibition of post-phagocytic cell metabolic activity (hexose monophosphate shunt, nitro-blue tetrazolium reduction and protein iodination) without any detectable effect on the ingestion rate of Candida albicans . Atenolol had no effect on any of these neutrophil functions . Both drugs were without effect on glycolysis and intracellular cyclic AMP levels . Propranolol however, at concentrations which stimulated cell motility, caused increased intracellular cyclic GMP levels . It is suggested that propranolol may stimulate neutrophil motility by promoting increased intracellular cyclic GMP levels or by decreasing neutrophil superoxide production.

Antibiotiki, 1979 May, 24(5), 354 - 9
{Action of levorin on amino acid transport in Candida albicans}; Obukhovskaia AS et al.; It was shown that suppression by levorin of the leucine transport into the cells of C . albicans was due to replacement of intracellular K+ by Na+ induced by the antibiotic . The alanine transport was suppressed by levorin irrespective of the ratio of the monovalent cations concentration in the medium and inside the cell . The levorin effect on the protone escape from the cells was negligible and probably played no significant role in the mechanism of the amino acid transport suppression by the antibiotic.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Apr 27, 104(17), 635 - 7
{Candida coxitis (author's transl)}; Wegmann T et al.; Following drug-induced agranulocytosis and antibiotic and steroid treatment, sepsis due to candida albicans together with bilateral fungal coxitis developed in a 41-year-old female patient . Satisfactory eradication of the inflammatory process was achieved with combined treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine, so that mobilisation was possible after surgical fitting of bilateral total endoprothesis.

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