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Replication of Enterococcus faecalis Pheromone-Responding Plasmid pAD1: Location of the Minimal Replicon and oriV Site and RepA Involvement in Initiation of Replication. Maria Victoria Francia, 2004.The hemolysin-determining plasmid pAD1 is a member of a widely disseminated family of highly conjugative elements commonly present in clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis . The determinants repA, repB, and repC, as well as adjacent iteron sequences, are believed to play important roles in pAD1 replication and maintenance . The repA gene encodes an initiator protein, whereas repB and repC encode proteins related to stability and copy number . The present study focuses specifically on repA and identifies a replication origin (oriV) within a central region of the repA determinant . A small segment of repA carrying oriV was able to support replication in cis of a plasmid vector otherwise unable to replicate, if an intact RepA was supplied in trans . We demonstrate that under conditions in which RepA is expressed from an artificial promoter, a segment of DNA carrying only repA is sufficient for stable replication in E . faecalis . We also show that RepA binds specifically to oriV DNA at several sites containing inverted repeat sequences (i.e., IR-1) and nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA, and related genetic analyses confirm that these sequences play an important role in replication . Finally, we reveal a relationship between the internal structure of RepA and its ability to recognize oriV . An in-frame deletion within repA resulting in loss of 105 nucleotides, including at least part of oriV, did not eliminate the ability of the altered RepA protein to initiate replication using an intact origin provided in trans . The relationship of RepA to other known initiator proteins is also discussed . The High-Molecular-Weight Cytochrome c Cyc2 of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Is an Outer Membrane Protein. Andrés Yarzábal, 2002.A high-molecular-weight c-type cytochrome, Cyc2, and a putative 22-kDa c-type cytochrome were detected in the membrane fraction released during spheroplast formation from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans . This fraction was enriched in outer membrane components and devoid of cytoplasmic membrane markers . The genetics, as well as the subcellular localization of Cyc2 at the outer membrane level, therefore make it a prime candidate for the initial electron acceptor in the respiratory pathway between ferrous iron and oxygen .
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