J Bacteriol, 1982 Nov, 152(2), 893 - 6 Variance of ploidy in Candida albicans; Suzuki T et al.; Determination of ploidy was performed on isolates of Candida albicans from clinical sources by measuring nuclear DNA content with fluorescent microscope photometry . By this criterion and UV irradiation survival experiments, haploid, diploid, and tetraploid strains were identified in this organism . The dimensions of nucleus-associated organelles (equivalent to spindle pole bodies) in these strains increased as a function of ploidy number. J Bacteriol, 1982 Nov, 152(2), 555 - 62 Induction of germ tube formation by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in Candida albicans: uptake of inducer and germinative response; Mattia E et al.; A number of strains of Candida albicans were tested for germ tube formation after induction by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and other simple (proline, glucose plus glutamine) or complex (serum) compounds . A proportion of strains (high responders) were induced to form germ tubes evolving to true hyphae by GlcNAc alone or by proline or glucose plus glutamine mixture . The majority of strains were low responders because they could be induced only by serum or GlcNAc-serum medium . Two strains were found to be nonresponders: they grew as pseudohyphae in serum . Despite minor quantitative differences, all strains efficiently utilized GlcNAc for growth under the yeast form at 28 degrees C . They also had comparable active, inducible, and constitutive uptake systems for GlcNAc . During germ tube formation in GlcNAc, the inducible uptake system was modulated, as expected from induction and decay of GlcNAc kinase . Uranyl acetate, at a concentration of 0.01 mM, inhibited both GlcNAc uptake and germ tube formation and was reversed by phosphates . Germinating and nongerminating cells differed in the rapidity and extent of GlcNAc incorporation into acid-insoluble and alkali-acid-insoluble cell fractions . During germ tube formation induced by proline, GlcNAc was almost totally incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction after 60 min . Moreover, hyphal development on induction by either GlcNAc or proline was characterized by an apparent "uncoupling" between protein and polysaccharide metabolism, the ratio between the two main cellular constituents falling from more than 1 to less than 0.5 after 270 min of development . The data suggest that utilization of the inducer for wall synthesis is a determinant of germ tube formation C . albicans but that the nature and extent of inducer uptake is not a key event for this phenomenon to occur. Scand J Immunol, 1982 Nov, 16(5), 361 - 7 Concanavalin-A-activated suppressor cells in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; Astrup LB et al.; Concanavalin-A-induced suppressor cell activity was investigated in 63 patients with a definite diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis . Peripheral blood lymphoid cells from these patients did not have the same ability as cells from normal individuals to suppress the proliferative response of autologous cells, responding to phytohaemaglutinin, Candida albicans antigen, or allogeneic cells . No correlation was found between suppressor activity, disease activity, or number of joints involved . Nor was there any significant association between decreased suppressor cell activity and HLA-A, -B, -C, -D antigens, although there was a tendency towards association between decreased suppressor cell activity and HLA-B27. Minerva Med, 1982 Oct 27, 73(41), 2905 - 9 {Acute Candida arthritis . Isolation of Candida krusei in a heroin addict}; Carcassi A et al.; Candida arthritis in men is very rare . In most cases Candida albicans is isolated from joints (commonly the knee) of immature infants or of immunodeficient subjects without underlying joint disease; Candida non albicans is isolated from joints of immunodeficient patients with underlying joint disease . A case of Candida arthritis in a heroin addict is described . This is the second report of Candida arthritis in a heroin addict, but it is the first in which Candida krusei has been isolated. S Afr Med J, 1982 Oct 2, 62(15), 519 - 23 The effects of lithium on the functions of human neutrophils and lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo; Anderson R et al.; The effects of lithium sulphate (LiSO4) at concentrations ranging from 10(-7)M to 10(-2)M on human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMNL) and lymphocyte functions in vitro were investigated . The leucocyte function assessed were PMNL motility, post-phagocytic hexose-monophosphate shunt activity, myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination of Candida albicans and lymphocyte transformation to mitogens . These same functions as well as the results of serological studies were assessed in normal volunteers prior to ingestion of lithium carbonate (LiCO3), 2 hours and 24 hours after the ingestion of a single oral dose of 480 mg LiCO3, and on the 4th day of ingestion of 2 X 480 mg LiCO3 tablets daily . Incubation of PMNL with LiSO4 at concentrations up to 10(-3)M had no detectable effects on motility or post-phagocytic metabolic activity . Higher concentrations (10(-3)M) inhibited these functions . Likewise, at concentrations up to 1 X 10(-4)M LiSO4 had no effects on mitogen-induced transformation of lymphocytes, although higher concentrations did inhibit this activity . These same leucocyte functions were unaffected by ingestion of LiCO3 . Levels of serum immunoglobulins and complement components, total haemolytic complement activity and salivary IgA values also remained unaltered . In vitro investigations showed that at a concentration of 10(-3)M LiSO4 had no inhibitory effects on the stimulation of PMNL motility mediated by ascorbate, levamisole and thiamine. Dermatologica, 1982 Oct, 165(4), 352 - 4 {How long do dermatophytes survive in the water of indoor pools?}; Fischer E; Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans were shown to survive at least 123 days in chlorinated swimming-pool water of 28-30 degrees, at least 18 days in ozonized water at 34-35 degrees, and at least 25 days in pipe water at room temperature of 23-25 degrees . Concentrations of chlorine and ozone normally used to inhibit bacterial contamination did not devitalize the fungi used in the experiment. Aust N Z J Med, 1982 Oct, 12(5), 511 - 4 Use of tetanus toxoid for testing cell-mediated immunity; Whittingham S et al.; Tetanus toxoid was assessed as a skin test antigen for the measurement of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) by comparing the responses to intradermal injections of aqueous tetanus toxoid and an extract of Candida albicans in 50 randomly selected healthy adults and 10 adults with immunodeficiency . Of 42 healthy subjects previously immunised with tetanus toxoid, 33 (79%) reacted to tetanus toxoid and 33 (79%) reacted to Candida albicans . Of eight non-immunised subjects, none reacted to tetanus toxoid although five reacted to Candida albicans . Ten immunodeficient adults previously shown to be anergic to a standard panel of five skin test antigens including Candida albicans, and who had received primary immunisation and booster doses of tetanus toxoid, were anergic on current testing with tetanus toxoid and Candida albicans . Tetanus toxoid in previously immunised subjects has certain advantages as a "recall" DTH test antigen over the standard skin test antigens candidin, mumps, trichophyton, tuberculin and streptokinase-streptodornase used to diagnose cell-mediated immuno-deficiency . It is a sensitive measurement of DTH, it recalls a defined immunological event, it has a low incidence of side effects, and it produces a slight but beneficial boosting of serum antibody to tetanus toxoid. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Oct, 253(1), 131 - 8 {Mycological findings in denture stomatitis and their evaluation}; Staib F et al.; Twenty-eight out of 30 patients suffering from denture-wearer's stomatitis, yielded yeast-like fungi from the areas of inflammation . The fungi included Candida albicans (20), Torulopsis glabrata (7), C . tropicalis (3), C . pseudotropicalis (1), and C . krusei (1) . In 15 cases, a heavy fungal growth was found . Of the 20 C . albicans strains, 18 exhibited an extra-cellular proteolytic activity on Serum-Albumin agar with the initial pH value of 5.0 . In the sera from 20 patients, precipitating antibodies against C . albicans antigens were detected with the help of the immunodiffusion test . The haemagglutination test revealed titers greater than or equal to 1:160 in 18 cases . The questionable pathogenic significance of the yeast-like fungi in the denture wearer's stomatitis is discussed. Nord Vet Med, 1982 Oct, 34(10), 362 - 7 {Disseminated candidiasis (moniliasis) in a dog . A case report}; Holoymoen JI et al.; A case of systemic candidiasis (Candida albicans) in a 1 1/2 year old dog is reported . Clinically, the first manifestation was enlargement of a superficial inguinal lymph node . Later several peripheral lymph nodes were affected and a fistulous opening appeared, communicating with an inflammatory process in the right humerus . Necropsy revealed gross lesions in the kidneys, pancreas and multiple lymph nodes . In addition, microscopic lesions were observed in the myocardium and the bone marrow of the right humerus . The lesions, which contained large fungal colonies, were mainly granulomatous with numerous multinuclear giant and epitheloid cells, but necrosis and suppuration were also evident . The site of invasion is not known . However, a previous perianal and abdominal dermatitis, which was treated locally with antibiotics and corticoids, could possibly have been a mycotic infection. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1982 Oct, 130(10), 767 - 74 {Scanning electron microscopic examinations of the inner surfaces of central vessel catheters used in neonatology}; Eschenbach C et al.; Inner surfaces of PVC central vessel catheters used in the treatment of mature and premature newborns for periods between 6 h and 12 days were examined by scanning electron microscopy . Fibrin in form of plain facets, polypous, lamellar of fibrillar-reticular agglomerations were seen at the surfaces of all examined catheters . Red blood cells and platelets attached to the fibrin or interspersed into the fibrin network were discovered . One catheter was completely occluded and a dense mycelium of candida albicans was found within the network . Fibrin depositions at the surfaces of central vessel catheters can probably be the cause of numerous complications e.g . embolic events and catheter-induced infections. J Bacteriol, 1982 Oct, 152(1), 502 - 5 Virus-like particles and lytic plaque formation in lawns of Candida albicans; Mehta RJ et al.; The antifungal agent Aculeacin A at subinhibitory levels induced lytic plaques in lawns of Candida albicans . Electron microscopic examination of plaque lysates suspended in phosphotungstic acid revealed the presence of spherical particles 12, 18, and 28 to 30 nm in size . Particles were also found in ultrathin sections of treated C . albicans cells . The plaque lysate lost infectivity after treatment with UV light, heat treatment at 80 degrees C for 10 min, or being held at pH 2 for 30 min. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 128 (Pt 10), 2319 - 26 Enzymes of N-acetylglucosamine metabolism during germ-tube formation in Candida albicans; Gopal P et al.; The enzymes of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) metabolism, GlcNAc-6-phosphate deacetylase and GlcN-6-phosphate deaminase were found to be inducible in Candida albicans . The pattern of induction for these enzymes was the same under conditions of germ-tube formation (37 degrees C) and where yeast cells metabolized GlcNAc with no change in morphology (28 degrees C); this indicates that these enzymes are not control points in the dimorphic development of C . albicans . During induction there was a 40-and 25-fold increase in specific activity for the deacetylase and the deaminase, respectively, and the maximum specific activity correspond to the time when all the GlcNAc had been metabolized . The presence of lomofungin (an inhibitor of transcription) or trichodermin (an inhibitor of translation) in cell suspensions of C . albicans containing GlcNAc prevented the increase in specific activity of these enzymes . 2-Deoxyglucose inhibited germ-tube formation, partially inhibited the induction of the deacetylase (43%) and the deaminase (60%), but did not affect the growth of C . albicans on either Glc or GlcNAc . GlcN-6-phosphate was a competitive inhibitor of the deacetylase with a Ki of 1.4 mM while the other product of the reaction, acetate, did not inhibit the enzyme . The Km value for GlcN-6-phosphate on GlcN-6-phosphate deaminase was 0.24 mM . Incubation of starved yeast cells with GlcNAc produced a four-fold increase in the specific activity of UDP-GlcNAc-pyrophosphorylase at either 28 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Can J Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 28(10), 1119 - 26 A comparison of the effects of several antifungal imidazole derivatives and polyenes on Candida albicans: an ultrastructural study by scanning electron microscopy; Bastide M et al.; The early events in the interaction of two polyene (amphotericin B and nystatin) and five imidazole (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, isoconazole, and econazole) antimycotics used at fungicidal concentrations with the surface of Candida albicans were studied by scanning electron microscopic examination of treated intact young yeast cells, treated spheroplasts, and spheroplasts liberated from treated young yeast cells . In all cases, treatment lasted 2 h . The polyenes passed through the yeast cell wall and interacted with the cytoplasmic membrane causing the spheroplasts to lose their characteristic spheric form and to liberate their contents . Clotrimazole caused the formation of numerous circular openings in the cytoplasmic membrane, but only when the agent was used to treat spheroplasts directly . Ketoconazole, miconazole, isoconazole, and econazole interacted with the cell wall causing formation of convolutions and wrinkles . The three imidazole derivatives that are structurally closely related, miconazole, isoconazole, and econazole, inhibited the enzyme-catalyzed release of spheroplasts from young yeast cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1982 Oct, 23(4), 331 - 3 Distribution of oral ketoconazole to vaginal tissue; Heykants JJ et al.; Plasma samples and biopsies of vaginal tissue were obtained from 23 healthy women undergoing operative sterilization, 1 to 6 h after a single oral dose of ketoconazole 200 mg . Drug concentrations in plasma and tissue, were measured by a specific gas chromatographic method . The vaginal tissue concentration averaged 2.4 times less than the corresponding plasma levels . Equilibrium between tissue, and plasma was established within 1 h after dosing, when vaginal tissue levels exceeded 1 microgram/g . Ketoconazole concentrations decayed monoexponentially over the time interval studied (1-6h), with the similar half-lives of 1.2 and 1.4 H in plasma and tissue, respectively . Following an oral 200 mg dose, a tissue concentration not less than 0.01 microgram/ml was maintained over a 12 h period . This concentration has been shown to prevent outgrowth of the invasive (pseudo) mycelial form of Candida albicans . Hence, a b.i.d . or t.i.d . dosage schedule of ketoconazole in vaginal candidosis would give continuously effective levels at the site of infection . Ketoconazole concentrations in vaginal fluid are thought to be much higher than in the tissue because of ion-trapping . The present data may explain the efficacy of oral ketoconazole in the treatment of vaginal candidosis. Toxicol Lett, 1982 Oct, 13(3-4), 175 - 8 Pleural plaques in asbestosis: effect of Candida albicans; Saxena KC et al.; Effect of chrysotile dust alone or together with Candida albicans administered intratracheally in guinea pigs was studied in the genesis of pleural plaques over a period of 12 months . A significant increase of mucopolysaccharides, phosphorus, calcium and -SH content was detected in pleural fluid of animals treated with chrysotile and Candida albicans together than in those treated with chrysotile or Candida albicans alone . The results suggest that an infection of Candida albicans accentuates the effect of chrysotile by altering the biochemical parameters preceding to the formation of pleural plaques. Eur J Biochem, 1982 Oct, 127(2), 397 - 403 (1,3)-beta-D-Glucan synthase from budding and filamentous cultures of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans; Orlean PA; UDPglucose:(1,3)-beta-D-glucan 3-beta-D-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.34) was obtained as a particulate fraction from cell-free extracts prepared after mechanical breakage of cells of a strain of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans . The properties of this glucosyltransferase were investigated . Budding and filamentous cultures of C . albicans were grown after dilution of a stationary phase inoculum of yeast cells into fresh medium at 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C respectively and the specific activities of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan synthase, obtained from budding and filamentous cultures harvested during the first 3 h of their growth, were compared . 1 . UDPglucose was the only glucosyl donor in the reaction (assayed by following the incorporation of radioactivity from UDP{14C}glucose into polymer) and the radioactive product was exclusively beta-(1,3)-glucan . 2 . Glycogen synthase activity was not detected . 3 . (1,3)-beta-D-Glucan synthase activity was enhanced by ATP and GTP . 4 . A threefold increase in the specific activity of the glucosyltransferase was obtained when cell breakage, and subsequent steps in the preparation of the enzyme, were carried out in the presence of 25 microM GTP . A Km value for UDPglucose of 1.5-1.9 mM was obtained for the glucosyltransferase prepared in the presence or absence of GTP . 5 . The glucosyltransferase reaction was not affected by ADPglucose, CDPglucose, GDPglucose or glucose 6-phosphate, but was competitively inhibited by TDPglucose . GDPglucose was not a glucosyl donor under the present conditions . 6 . There was no evidence that the product was N-glycosidically linked to protein, since the reaction was neither enhanced in the presence of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, nor inhibited by tunicamycin . 7 . The specific activity of the glucosyltransferase from 3-h-old filamentous cultures was about 1.5-times higher than that from 3-h-old budding cultures . 8 . The specific activities of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan synthase prepared from budding and filamentous cultures of C . albicans during their first 90 min of growth were similar. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1982 Sep, 41(5), 548 - 57 Acanthamoebiasis and immunosuppression . Case report; Martinez AJ; Immunosuppression and debilitating illnesses are occasionally associated with multifocal brain lesions of Acanthamoebiasis, an encephalitis distinct from the acute, water-sport related meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowler . A 38-year-old man with a renal transplant two and one-half years before his final illness developed pneumonia due to Legionella micdadei . Candida albicans was isolated from sputum and cytomegalovirus was found in lung and liver biopsies . He had continuous corticosteroids, broad spectrum antibiotics, and immunosuppressive therapies . Coma developed and computerized tomography of the head revealed multifocal areas of decreased density, interpreted as cerebral abscesses . Brain biopsy demonstrated encephalitis and amoebae (Acanthamoeba castellanii) . Four days after brain biopsy, he died and multifocal hemorrhagic lesions were found in the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, and cerebellum . This case supports the hypothesis that Acanthamoebiasis is an opportunistic infection. J Bacteriol, 1982 Sep, 151(3), 1247 - 52 Genetic analysis of Candida albicans: identification of different isoleucine-valine, methionine, and arginine alleles by complementation; Kakar SN et al.; By using the spheroplast fusion technique as a tool for genetic analysis, we have demonstrated complementation among three of four isoleucine-valine mutants, two of three methionine mutants, and two arginine mutants of independent origin from two different Candida albicans isolates . The two adenine mutants derived from the same parent strain did not complement . Complementation resulted predominantly from heterokaryon formation and, in some cases, from heterozygote formation . In either case, most fusion products were unstable and showed nuclear as well as chromosomal segregation, in a few cases resulting in recombination of parental auxotrophic markers . However, some fusion products were fairly stable. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Sep, 128 (Pt 9), 2195 - 8 Vacuolation, branch production and linear growth of germ tubes in Candida albicans; Gow NA et al.; During germination of yeast cells of Candida albicans in liquid or solid serum-containing media the parent yeast cell and the sub-apical regions of the emerging germ tube became extensively vacuolated . Intercalary compartments were often almost entirely vacuolated, while the apices of germ tubes and branches maintained a high cell solids content . This length of non-vacuolate hypha may correspond to the growth zone of the organism . These observations may explain the observed unexpected linear growth of these germ tubes and the delay between septation and branch formation during filamentous growth. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Sep, 128 (Pt 9), 2187 - 94 Growth kinetics and morphology of colonies of the filamentous form of Candida albicans; Gow NA et al.; The growth and development of mycelia of the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans in serum-containing medium is described . Initially, colonies are undifferentiated (all hyphae in the mycelium having approximately the same diameter, extension rate, apical and intercalary compartment lengths) whereas older mycelia differentiate at the colony margin to produce leading hyphae that are wider, faster growing and have longer apical and intercalary compartment lengths than the branches they subtend . Early colony development exhibits unusual features: germ tube extension is linear (not exponential as in other fungi) and there is a prolonged delay between septation and the onset of branch formation . The subsequent patterns of growth and branching are similar in all other respects to those of other mycelial moulds . Mycelia have septa that delimit single nuclei within compartments . The septa do not prevent cytoplasmic flow and consequently allow the peripheral growth zone to span several compartments . From these results we conclude that filamentous growth of C . albicans in this medium is best described as truly mycelial. Clin Allergy, 1982 Sep, 12(5), 465 - 73 Skin reactivity, basophil degranulation and IgE levels in ageing; Schwarzenbach HR et al.; Skin tests with histamine, the histamine-liberator, codeine, and various allergens as well as blood basophil degranulation by anti-IgE or anti-IgG4 and total serum IgE levels have been studied in two female populations of different ages (average 23.1 and 73.9 years) . All thirty-one patients selected for this study were clinically non-allergic . We observed a trend towards reduced skin reactions to histamine and codeine in the higher age-group; on the other hand, we could not find any decrease of basophil degranulation as a sign of basophil impairment with age . Likewise no difference in total serum IgE levels have been noticed . No correlation between skin tests and basophil degranulation was observed; yet patients with isolated, positive skin tests to house dust and/or Candida albicans showed a statistically significant reduced blood basophil degranulation by anti-IgE or anti-IgG4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Sep, 22(3), 482 - 7 Susceptibility to 5-fluorocytosine and prevalence of serotype in 402 Candida albicans isolates from the United States; Stiller RL et al.; Candida albicans isolates from 402 patients with no prior history of treatment with 5-fluorocytosine were collected at five medical centers from different areas of the United States . Isolates could be separated into four groups based on their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to 5-fluorocytosine . Group I isolates (60%) had MICs less than or equal to 12.5 micrograms/ml after 7 days, whereas groups II (22%), III (14%), and IV (4%) demonstrated MICs greater than 12.5 micrograms/ml on days 7, 2, and 1, respectively . Serotypes A and B accounted for 50.7 and 49.3%, respectively, of the 398 isolates typed . Serotype B was less prevalent in group I (26%), but predominated in the more resistant groups, groups II (85%), III (86%), and IV (53%) . The common practice of identifying as "resistant" those isolates with MICs greater than 12.5 micrograms/ml after 48 h of incubation would yield a resistance rate in the United States of 11.5 to 15.5% in four centers and 35% in the fifth . Although serotype B and small agar disk diffusion zone sizes correlated with poor 5-fluorocytosine susceptibility, their ability to predict tube dilution MICs was limited . The true predictive value of such tests awaits correlation with in vivo studies. Sabouraudia, 1982 Sep, 20(3), 251 - 60 Cold-sensitive of heterokaryons of Candida albicans; Sarachek A et al.; Heterokaryons (hets) of Candida albicans are formed by fusing protoplasts of complementing auxotrophs . Het clones typically contain two kinds of monokaryons--parental-type auxotrophs arising by segregation of constituent nuclei, and prototrophs resulting from segregation of hybred nuclei formed through infrequent karyogamy within het cells . Hets, but not their parental strains or monokaryotic derivatives, die in cultures held at 5 degrees C-15 degrees C . Death occurs at a high exponential rate during the first two days at low temperature and at a lesser exponential rate thereafter: death rates are highest at 10 degrees C . Inactivation is not influenced significantly by the kinds of auxotrophies forcing heterokaryosis or by difference or identity in the wild type backgrounds of the auxotrophs used to construct the hets . It is also unaffected by amino acid analogues, specific inhibitors of mitochondrial protein synthesis or the general inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea . Inactivation is promoted by purine or pyrimidine analogues and impeded by specific inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA synthesis and transcription or oxidative phosphorylation . As a rule, cold-sensitive mutants of eukaryotic microorganisms are defective for production and assembly of components of cytoplasmic or mitochondrial ribosomes at restrictive temperatures . Our observations suggest that comparable defects in biogenesis of mitochondrial ribosomes are normal properties of C . albicans hets. Sabouraudia, 1982 Sep, 20(3), 233 - 44 A comparison of secretory proteinases from different strains of Candida albicans; Ruchel R et al.; Randomly selected strains of Candida albicans were grown with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a single nitrogen source . From all strains tested, culture supernatant contained carboxyl proteinase (E.C.3.4.23) as has been shown that with hemoglobin as a substrate and by specific inhibition with pepstatin-A . According to the separation pattern of BSA fragments, secretory proteinases from C . albicans belong to at least three groups . We have purified the partially proteolytic enzyme of strain 113 and have compared its properties with those of the totally proteolytic enzyme of strain CBS 2730 . Both enzymes have virtually identical molecular weight (ca . 44,000) and cross-react immunologically; they differ in pH optimum, isoelectric point, substrate specificity, and resistance against alkali . IgG1, which is the prevalent immunoglobulin of human serum, was not cleaved by enzyme 113 . Immunoglobulins A1, A2 and secretory component were cleaved by both enzymes, which points to a role of the secretory proteinases in the persistence of yeasts on mucous membranes . Differences in the course of alkaline denaturation indicate that only a fraction of strain-specific proteinases is capable to convey long-range effects in the host. Sabouraudia, 1982 Sep, 20(3), 173 - 7 Antigenic variability between Candida albicans blastospores isolated from healthy subjects and patients with Candida infection; Poulain D et al.; Blastospores of 10 strains of C . albicans isolated from patients were compared with 10 strains from healthy subjects for their ability to detect antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence, with sera from the same patients and healthy subjects . Strains from patients were significantly more reactive with sera from patients than were strains from healthy individuals, but both groups of strains were equally reactive with sera from healthy subjects . These preliminary results indicate that the antigenic structure of C . albicans is not stable: there may be blastospore antigens that are qualitatively or quantitatively variable with the pathogenic behaviour of strains in vivo. Infect Immun, 1982 Sep, 37(3), 1209 - 17 Isolation of a variant of Candida albicans; Buckley HR et al.; During the course of Candida albicans antigen production, a variant of this organism was encountered which did not produce hyphae at 37 degrees C . Presented here are some of the characteristics of this variant . It produces hyphae at 25 degrees C on cornmeal agar and synthetic medium plus N-acetylglucosamine and Tween 80 . At 37 degrees C, it does not produce hyphae on these media, although C . albicans normally does produce hyphae under these circumstances . In liquid synthetic medium, this variant does not produce hyphae at 37 degrees C . The variant strain was analyzed for DNA, RNA, protein content, and particle size . After 50 to 70 h in balanced exponential-phase growth, particle size distribution was narrow, and there were no differences in the DNA, RNA, or protein content per particle in the two strains . When balanced exponential-phase cultures were brought into stationary phase, both strains contained the same amount of DNA per cell. Infection, 1982 Sep-Oct, 10(5), 290 - 2 Hematogenous Candida vertebral osteomyelitis treated with ketoconazole; Dijkmans BA et al.; Candida vertebral osteomyelitis was diagnosed in a patient with systemic lupus erythematodes following X-ray evidence of osteomyelitis and the repeated culturing of Candida albicans from material obtained by needle biopsies from the third lumbar vertebra . The patient had been on glucocorticosteroids and parenteral nutrition six months previously . At that time, a yeast was cultured from the blood and the tip of the subclavian catheter which had been removed . After candida vertebral osteomyelitis was diagnosed, she was treated with ketoconazole for seven months . Recovery was impressive, as judged by the clinical and radiographic findings . At the time of writing this paper--12 months after the withdrawal of ketoconazole--the patient showed no signs of recurrence. J Bacteriol, 1982 Sep, 151(3), 1118 - 22 Gratuitous induction by N-acetylmannosamine of germ tube formation and enzymes for N-acetylglucosamine utilization in Candida albicans; Sullivan PA et al.; N-Acetylmannosamine did not support the growth of Candida albicans, and this sugar was not accumulated by cells . Incubation of starved yeast cells at 37 degrees C with N-acetylmannosamine plus glucose resulted in germ tube formation . Furthermore, N-acetylmannosamine alone induced the uptake system for N-acetylglucosamine and the enzymes of the N-acetylglucosamine catabolic pathway to the same extent as the natural substrate . Induction of the uptake system and the enzymes was observed at 28 degrees C without germ tube formation and at 37 degrees C with germ tube formation . N-Acetylmannosamine is thus a gratuitous inducer for enzymes of the N-acetylglucosamine pathway and germ tube formation in C . albicans. Sabouraudia, 1982 Sep, 20(3), 209 - 16 Antigenic characterization of some potentially pathogenic mucoraceous fungi; Hessian PA et al.; The antigenic profiles of 10 mucoraceous fungi--Absidia corymbifera, Mortierella wolfii, Mucor miehei, M . pusillus, M . racemosus, Rhizopus arrhizus, R . microsporus, R . oryzae, R . rhizopodiformis, R . stolonifer,--Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were compared by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (XIE) . Antigen-rich material was obtained from homogenized hyphae (or yeasts in the case of C . albicans), and antisera by multiple subcutaneous innoculation of rabbits with macerated but viable hyphal fragments of Ab . corymbifera, M . pusillus, R . oryzae or Asp . fumigatus . Unique and common antigens were demonstrable amongst the mucoraceous species although Mort . wolfii revealed little antigenic similarity with the others . Considerable sharing of antigens between Ab . corymbifera and M . pusillus was evident . Little or no cross reactivity was seen between extracts of C . albicans and Asp . fumigatus and the mucoraeceous antisera . R . oryzae and R . arrhizus, now regarded as synonymous, revealed close antigenic similarity . On the other hand, the distinction between both M . pusillus and M . miehei--which are regarded by some as belonging to a separate genus Rhizomucor--and less thermotolerant M . racemosus was reflected in their antigenic dissimilarity . Partial separation and characterization of antigens from the crude Absidia extract was achieved by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography . Antigens with and without affinity for concanavalin A could be demonstrated . Cross reactivity between Absidia antigens and M . pusillus antiserum appeared to be contained predominantly in material (possibly carbohydrate) which bound to concanavalin A and could be eluted with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Biochem Pharmacol, 1982 Aug 15, 31(16), 2609 - 17 The interaction of miconazole and ketoconazole with lipids; Van den Bossche H et al.; Staphylococcus aureus can be protected by unsaturated unesterified fatty acids against the growth inhibitory effects of miconazole and ketoconazole observed at concentrations greater than 10(-6) M and greater than 10(-5) M, respectively . Miconazole's fungicidal activity is partly antagonized by oleic acid . However, the effect of ketoconazole on the viability of Candida albicans was not affected by this fatty acid . Cytochrome oxidase and ATPase activities are more sensitive to miconazole (10(-5) M) than to ketoconazole (greater than 10(-4) M) and also liposomes are more susceptible to lysis induced by miconazole . Using differential scanning calorimetry it is shown that high concentrations of miconazole shift the lipid transition temperature of multilamellar vesicles to lower values without affecting the enthalpy of melting . Ketoconazole induces a broadening of the main transition peak only . It is suggested that miconazole changes the lipid organization without binding to the lipids, whereas ketoconazole is localized in the multilayer without having an important direct effect on the lipid organization . The results indicate that miconazole, and to a lesser extent ketoconazole, at doses that can be reached by topical application only, interfere with a third target (the two others are ergosterol synthesis and fatty acid elongation plus desaturation) . It is hypothesized that the induced change in lipid organization may play some role in miconazole's topical antibacterial and fungicidal activity, whereas it does not seem to play a significant role in ketoconazole's activities. J Immunol Methods, 1982 Aug 13, 52(3), 369 - 77 A radiolabel release microassay for phagocytic killing of Candida albicans; Bistoni F et al.; The chromium release technique for quantifying intracellular killing of radiolabelled Candida albicans particles was exploited in a microassay in which murine and human phagocytes acted as effectors under peculiarly simple conditions . At appropriate effector: target ratios and with a 4 h incubation, up to 50% specific chromium release could be detected in the supernatant with no need for opsonization or lysis of phagocytes . This simple microassay permits easy-to-perform, simultaneous testing of a variety of different phagocytes even if only available in limited amounts, and provides an objective measurement of intracellular killing of Candida albicans. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1982 Aug, 15(3), 227 - 32 Pathogenesis on the experimental infections of Candida albicans in chickens; Tsai SS et al.; Systemic candidiasis were induced in chickens by both intravenous and subcutaneous injections of viable Candida albicans . However, infection was not encountered by intratracheal or oral injections . Pathologically, necrotic foci were found in the brain, heart, and spleen but not in the liver, kidney and lungs of the diseased chickens . Numerous segments of the pseudomycelium were seen in the necrotic areas which were surrounded by foreign body giant cells . Pure cultures of the agent were successfully isolated from the necrotic tissues . C albicans seemed to have an affinity for the brain and heart in chickens instead of the kidney which is focus of infections in rabbits. Can J Ophthalmol, 1982 Aug, 17(4), 176 - 7 Bilateral Candida albicans dacryocystitis with facial cellulitis; Codere F et al.; Candida albicans rarely infects the lacrimal drainage system . This paper describes a case of bilateral C . albicans dacryocystitis following midfacial trauma . The patient presented with recurrent facial cellulitis and a fistula opening onto the cheek . The condition was controlled only after bilateral dacryocystorhinostomy along with amphotericin B therapy . This appears to be the first reported case in which the lacrimal sacs acted as a reservoir for microorganisms causing recurrent facial cellulitis. HNO, 1982 Aug, 30(8), 299 - 300 {Mediastinitis with detection of Candida albicans}; Jahnke K; A case report of a 60 year old female, who suffered from a perforation of the upper esophagus (broken dental prosthesis) and developed an acute candida albicans mediastinitis, is presented . There were no clinical indications for a mycosis (e.g . diabetes mellitus, esophagitis) . The diagnostic criteria inclusively the role of computer-tomography as well as the surgical treatment (collar mediastinotomy) and antibiotic treatment are briefly discussed. J Clin Pathol, 1982 Aug, 35(8), 888 - 91 Frequency of Candida albicans serotypes in patients with denture-induced stomatitis and in normal denture wearers; Martin MV et al.; A comparison has been made between the serotypes of oral Candida albicans taken from patients with denture-induced stomatitis and from a group of age and sex-matched controls . C albicans isolates were obtained from the fitting surface of the denture, the palatal mucosa supporting the denture, and the buccal mucosa . Twenty-nine of the 30 patients samples in the group affected by denture-induced stomatitis had only C albicans serotype A on their palatal mucosa and denture surface, while mixtures of serotypes were obtained from the buccal mucosa of these patients . Only one patient had serotype B isolates from the palatal mucosa and denture surface . In contrast, the control group had mixture of A and B serotypes from both the denture surface and the palatal mucosa, as well as from the buccal sites sampled . It would appear from these results that denture-induced stomatitis is associated with the proliferation of a single C albicans serotype, usually serotype A. Br J Surg, 1982 Aug, 69(8), 482 - 5 Experiences with cadaver renal allograft contamination before transplantation; Spees EK et al.; Microbial contamination occurred in 23 (13 per cent) of 177 cadaver donor kidneys prior to renal transplantation . In 16 cases there were no complications directly attributable to the organisms recovered from the preservation media . Three patients developed perinephric infections associated with renal artery anastomotic disruption and required emergency transplant nephrectomy . A fourth patient developed renal artery stenosis and a hypogastric artery aneurysm that required correction 6 months later with preservation of renal allograft function . In 3 cases no follow-up information was available . None of the 154 uncontaminated kidneys developed arterial disruption or aneurysm . Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections were responsible for the nearly disastrous arterial disruptions and possibly the hypogastric arterial aneurysm . These findings demonstrate the importance of bacteriological surveillance of perfusion media to detect nosocomial infection, to guide antibiotic chemotherapy and to direct surgical management of septic complications . In our experience contamination was not necessarily incompatible with long term satisfactory results; however, when complications did occur they were serious . It is likely that the size of the microbial inoculum, the patient's immune competence and the protective effect of antibiotic therapy administered to the donor and recipient affected the eventual outcome. Scand J Dent Res, 1982 Aug, 90(4), 315 - 22 Studies of Candida serology in denture stomatitis patients; Bergendal T et al.; The aim of the study was to determine the humoral antibody response to Candida by means of hemagglutinin and precipitin tests and to correlate these results to yeast colonization in the oral sites and feces and to the relapse tendency after treatment; and furthermore, to evaluate whether Candida serology can serve as a tool to predict a denture stomatitis risk group . The serologic tests were performed by means of passive hemagglutination (HA) and immunoelectroosmophoresis (counterimmunoelectrophoresis, CIE) tests in 51 denture stomatitis patients and compared with 25 individuals in the reference group . There were significantly more patients with increased hemagglutinin titers (pos . greater than or equal to 1:160) to Candida albicans polysaccharide (mannan) antigen and/or precipitin to crude C . albicans cytoplasmic antigen in serum (P less than 0.01) than in the reference group . In the denture stomatitis group there was no correlation between the presence of hemagglutinating and precipitating Candida antibody in serum and the parameters yeast colonization of the oral sites/feces, yeast score on the denture base and palatal erythema score . After local oral antimycotic treatment there was no significant change in the serum Candida hemagglutinin titers and serum precipitins . Serologic tests might be useful as a guidance in a selected group of patients for continued prosthetic treatment and as a prognostic instrument. J Infect Dis, 1982 Aug, 146(2), 138 - 46 Antifungal action of amphotericin B in combination with other polyene or imidazole antibiotics; Brajtburg J et al.; We compared the in vitro antifungal action of amphotericin B (AmB) used alone or in combination with a second polyene antibiotic or with miconazole or ketoconazole . When AmB was used in combination with either filipin or Etruscomycin (Farmitalia, Milan, Italy), antagonism or potentiation of the antifungal effect against Candida albicans resulted . Addition of AmB to Etruscomycin- or filipin-treated cultures resulted in antagonism . In contrast, potentiation occurred when Etruscomycin or filipin was added to cultures treated with AmB . The outcome of incubating C . albicans with combinations of AmB and either miconazole or ketoconazole depended on the duration of exposure of the cells to the drugs . Short-term incubations resulted in antagonism, whereas potentiation of antifungal effects occurred after prolonged exposure of cells to the antibiotics . In addition, supplementation of cultures with serum protein-potentiated AmB induced k+ leakage at low protein concentrations and inhibited K+ leakage at high protein concentrations. Hum Pathol, 1982 Aug, 13(8), 760 - 3 Concomitant herpes-monilial esophagitis: case report with ultrastructural study; Mirra SS et al.; Herpesvirus and Candida albicans are each well-known pathogens associated with esophagitis, and concomitant infections by both agents are occasionally observed . The case of a 58-year-old man who had been treated for carcinoma of the tonsil and died of confluent bronchopneumonia is presented . Autopsy revealed an esophagitis in which cytologic changes of viral infection were seen in the intact esophageal epithelium along with pseudomycelia of Candida albicans within the ulcer bed . In addition, ultrastructural study showed dual infection by Candida and herpesvirus within individual esophageal epithelial cells at the ulcer edge, a unique demonstration of coexistent intracellular infection. J Immunol Methods, 1982 Jul 30, 52(2), 241 - 4 Differentiation of extracellular from ingested Candida albicans blastospores in phagocytosis tests by staining with fluorescein-labelled concanavalin A; Richardson MD et al.; In phagocytosis tests with human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, extracellular blastospores of Candida albicans could be distinguished microscopically from ingested blastospores mor easily than with methods used previously by staining phagocyte monolayers with fluorescent-labelled concanavalin A . This stain reacted with the cell wall mannan of extracellular blastospores but seemed unable to reach that of the ingested blastospores . This technique both improves determination of phagocytic indices and checks that extracellular blastospores have been washed away before assessment of intracellular survival and growth. Mycopathologia, 1982 Jul 23, 79(1), 55 - 64 Induction of mycelial type of development in Candida albicans by the antibiotic monorden and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; Hrmova M et al.; Two new effective methods for synchronous germ tube production in Candida albicans have been described . Both are based on the use of stationary grown cultures and their further incubation in an aerated simple mineral medium enriched with vitamins containing either high glucose concentration (100 mmol/1) and the antibiotic monorden being added, or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (100 mmol/1) as the sole carbon source . On the other hand yeast morphology could be maintained in the medium with high glucose concentration . On the basis of the methods developed it was possible to compare respiration intensity, respiration quotients, and sensitivity against some metabolic inhibitors in both morphological forms . Labeling experiments showed slight differences in the time course of glycine incorporation . The mycelial cell walls contained more chitin than the yeastlike cells . Using light and electron microscopy the interrelationships between concentration of monorden, or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, physiological state of inoculum and the germ tube frequency were determined . The results are discussed with regard to the induction of germ tubes by low glucose concentration in Candida albicans from the more general aspect of regulation of fungal morphogenesis. Fortschr Med, 1982 Jul 8, 100(26), 1265 - 7 {Topical antimicrobial therapy: the efficacy of clioquinol- and tribromphenolbismuth- zinc oxide preparations}; Kaiser HJ et al.; Clioquinol- and tribromphenolwismut zinc oxide preparations were tested in vitro in order to investigate their bactericidal and bacteriostatic efficacy against strains of staphylococcus aureus, E . coli, pseudomonas as well as against the fungi candida albicans and trichophyton rubrum . The results show that there was both a bacteriostatic and a bacteriocidal effect of clioquinol except against pseudomonas . Tribromphenolwismut has less efficacy . In spite of some suggestions in the literature our results confirm that the efficacy of clioquinol is not impaired if combined with zinc oxide . The use of this well tolerated preparation is recommended in the treatment of infectious dermatoses even today. Hepatology, 1982 Jul-Aug, 2(4), 479 - 87 The spectrum of hepatic candidiasis; Lewis JH et al.; The liver is affected in up 50 to 75% of compromised hosts with disseminated Candida albicans infection who come to autopsy . The antemortem diagnosis of hepatic candidiasis is rarely made . Blood cultures are negative in approximately 50% of cases, and biochemical parameters of hepatic injury may be of nonspecific value . Additionally, the more commonly seen renal, cardiac, and respiratory involvement may overshadow the hepatic lesion . In a review of 17 autopsy series of disseminated candidiasis, 92 cases with hepatic involvement were identified for a mean prevalence of 13.7% . Hepatic granulomas and microabscesses were the two most common histological lesions attributable to Candida . Inflammatory aggregates, centrilobular congestion, bile stasis, and fatty change were seen less frequently . The diagnosis should be suspected in any compromised host with unexplained fever with or without elevated alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin levels . The diagnosis can be made by percutaneous needle biopsy or at laparoscopy in a majority of cases . Early treatment with Amphotericin is associated with prolonged survival. Infect Immun, 1982 Jul, 37(1), 179 - 82 Effects of reduced temperature on the components of human lymphocyte transformation responses to antigens; Lettau LA et al.; The present studies were designed to determine the site at which reduced temperature, such as that found at the skin surface, affects the lymphocyte transformation response to an antigenic stimulus . Extracts of Candida albicans and Pityrosporum orbiculare were used as antigens since most normal subjects demonstrate positive lymphocyte responses to both . Total lymphocyte transformation responses to both antigens were reduced and delayed at 34.5 as compared with 37 degrees C . The former temperature did not significantly affect the numbers of antigen-responsive cells, as estimated by limiting dilution analysis . However, the response of first-generation lymphocytes to both antigens was significantly reduced at the lower temperature . There did not seem to be any significant differences between the two antigens with respect to the effects of the reduced temperature on the resulting lymphocyte transformation response or its components . Therefore, the present data suggest that reduced temperature suppresses antigen-stimulated lymphocyte transformation by affecting the later stages of this response. Bull Narc, 1982 Jul-Dec, 34(3-4), 61 - 81 Epidemiological and clinical approach to the study of candidiasis caused by Candida albicans in heroin addicts in the Paris region: analysis of 35 observations; Mellinger M et al.; A study of 35 cases of deep-seated Candida albicans candidiasis, affecting heroin addicts in the Paris region, revealed that the lesions observed were mainly cutaneous (88 per cent) and ocular (65 per cent), along with a number of instances of osteoarticular and pleuropulmonary attacks . The clinical and epidemiological findings indicated the possibility that Candida albicans might be transmitted through the heroin . This paper also presents the diagnostic techniques, and the novelty of the clinical picture, in which cutaneous and ocular lesions are frequently associated (57 per cent). Ophthalmology, 1982 Jul, 89(7), 789 - 96 Endogenous endophthalmitis among patients with candidemia; Parke DW 2nd et al.; Thirty-eight patients with fungemia were examined prospectively for development of endophthalmitis . Endophthalmitis was present in 10 of 27 (37%) patients with Candida albicans fungemia . Only one patients with nonalbicans fungemia developed endophthalmitis . Of the preselected factors studied, only hemodialysis and parenteral hyperalimentation correlated with an increased incidence of endophthalmitis . Antibody titers by latex agglutination were of little predictive value for endophthalmitis . Antigen titers by latex agglutination were performed in four cases with endophthalmitis . Antigenemia was demonstrated in three of the four patients, all of whom had negative antibody serologies . Although inconclusive, the preliminary data indicate the test may prove to be of clinical value . Periodic ophthalmoscopic examinations should be considered mandatory in the evaluation of patients with fungemia. G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1982 Jul-Dec, 75(7-12), 199 - 210 Influence of some bacterial components on some mononuclear phagocyte system functions; Bonina L et al.; The effects of Listeria monocytogenes treatment on some functions of peritoneal macrophages in tumor-bearing rats were evaluated . In particular phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and chemotactic response to activated serum were studied in untreated and treated animals . Different restoration of macrophage functions, depressed in tumor-bearing rats, was obtained by treatment with whole formolinated L . monocytogenes or its crude extract. Infect Immun, 1982 Jul, 37(1), 292 - 300 Effect of L18-MDP(Ala), a synthetic derivative of muramyl dipeptide, on nonspecific resistance of mice to microbial infections; Osada Y et al.; By subcutaneous treatment with an aqueous solution of 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine {6-O-CH3-(CH2)16-CO-MurNAc-L-Ala-D-isoGln} {referred to here as L18-MDP(Ala)}, an augmentation of the resistance of mice to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans infections was observed, but not to infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes . Against E . coli infections, L18-MDP(Ala) was highly protective, irrespective of the administration route . Bacteremia occurring at an early phase of such infections was almost completely prevented by subcutaneous treatment 1 day before infection . Single or multiple doses were also effective against C . albicans infection . The phagocytosis of E . coli by mouse peritoneal polymorphonuclear cells was enhanced by treatment with the adjuvant, and the phagocytosis of K . pneumoniae was also enhanced, but only when the mice were treated either with rabbit normal serum or with a specific immune serum . The growth of the fungus in the kidneys was significantly inhibited, and growth was eliminated from the kidneys by treatment with the adjuvant once a day for 4 consecutive days, starting 1 day before infection . However, no growth suppression of L . monocytogenes in the livers or spleens of infected mice was observed when they were treated with a single dose of the adjuvant . This difference may be ascribed to the differences in the effector mechanisms of defense and to the different degree of augmentation of each defense mechanism by L18-MDP(Ala). Mol Cell Biol, 1982 Jul, 2(7), 853 - 62 DNA content, kinetic complexity, and the ploidy question in Candida albicans; Riggsby WS et al.; Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that is pathogenic for humans . No sexual cycle has been reported for this fungus, and earlier reports have differed on whether typical strains of C . albicans are haploid or diploid . Previous estimates of the DNA content of C . albicans varied by one order of magnitude . We used three independent methods to measure the kinetic complexity of the single-copy DNA from a typical strain of C . albicans (strain H317) to determine the DNA content per haploid genote; we obtained values of 15 and 20 fg per cell by using S1 nuclease and hydroxyapatite assays, respectively . Optical assays for DNA reassociation kinetics, although not definitive in themselves, yielded values in this range . Chemical measurements of the DNA content of several typical strains, including strain H317, yielded values clustered about a mean of 37 fg per cell . We concluded that these strains are diploid. J Rheumatol Suppl, 1982 Jul-Aug, 8, 18 - 24 Effects of gold compounds on the function of phagocytic cells . I . Suppression of phagocytosis and the generation of chemiluminescence by polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Davis P et al.; The effect of sodium aurothiomalate (GSTM) and auranofin (AF) on polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes has been assessed using a Candida albicans phagocytosis method and by the generation of chemiluminescence of activated cells . Both compounds inhibited the phagocytosis of Candida albicans but at therapeutic concentrations this was only consistent and significant with AF . This drug, but not GSTM, also had a suppressive effect on the generation of chemiluminescence . These results suggest that AF has a more potent effect on PMN function than GSTM . They also suggest that the effect of these compounds in vitro may differ from each other and from the effects previously reported with other phagocytic cells, notably peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ophthalmology, 1982 Jul, 89(7), 797 - 804 Culture-proven cytomegalovirus retinitis in a homosexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Bachman DM et al.; A 35-year-old homosexual man with cytomegalovirus viremia developed retinitis . He also had a new syndrome consisting of a persistent T-lymphocyte deficit, pneumocystis pneumonia, recurrent Candida albicans esophagitis, skin ulcerations caused by herpes simplex virus, Type 2, disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection, and molluscum contagiosum . Histopathologic examination revealed bilateral necrotizing retinitis with virions in retinal, choroidal, and optic nerve tissues . Postmortem cultures of retina and vitreous were positive for cytomegalovirus. Z Hautkr, 1982 Jun 15, 57(12), 879 - 83 {Immunological investigations in recurrent herpes simplex (author's transl)}; Simon M Jr et al.; Various immunological parameters were studied in 49 patients suffering from recurrent herpes simplex and in 100 healthy sex- and age-matched individuals . The study included determination of immunoglobulins in serum, classification and PHA-stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes as well as testing different granulocyte functions in vitro . We found a moderately reduced number of T-lymphocytes in 20 patients and a strikingly decreased rate of PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation in 30 patients . A slight impairment of chemotactic activity and markedly reduced capacity of killing Candida albicans blastospores by granulocytes was also found . These results point to an immunological alteration in patients with recurrent herpes simplex. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Jun, 252(2), 274 - 8 The antifungal activity of carrier peptides, L-arginyl-X-L-phenylalanine, containing amino acid antagonists or atypical non-biogenic D-amino acids in the central position; Meyer-Glauner W et al.; Eleven analogues of L-arginyl-D-allo-threonyl-L-phenylalanine, a naturally occurring peptide with antifungal activity, were synthesized . Two tripeptides of the form L-arginyl-X-L-phenylalanine (X = p-F-DL-phenylalanine or m-F-DL-tyrosine) inhibited Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus . In comparison with the free antagonists, the tripeptide-bound antagonists were more active against Candida-albicans-isolates which means that the amino acid sequence may serve as carrier function: it enhances delivery or uptake of the antimetabolite. Laryngoscope, 1982 Jun, 92(6 Pt 1), 644 - 7 Pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia of the larynx due to Candida albicans; Hicks JN et al.; A female patient presented with hoarseness . Findings on physical examination showed whitish true vocal cords . Laryngeal biopsies were performed on two two occasions . On the first biopsy a histopathological diagnosis of Candida albicans and acanthosis was controversial because the acanthosis resembled squamous cell carcinoma . On the second biopsy, several months later, the diagnosis of acanthosis was again controversial, but a diagnosis of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia was not determined until several months later . Finally, we can point out that pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia can be associated with primary candidiasis and state that hoarseness, whitish true vocal cords, and pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia can masquerade as squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Sabouraudia, 1982 Jun, 20(2), 85 - 93 Modification of an experimental mouse Candida infection by human dialyzable leukocyte extract; Sen P et al.; Human dialyzable leukocyte extract (10(7) - 10(8) leukocyte equivalents, containing transfer factor) was administered intraperitoneally to CFW mice the day of and 2 days after intravenous infection with Candida albicans . Tissue Candida populations were determined immediately after and 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after infection . Kidney populations were significantly reduced on 27% of the days studied . Similar reduction in C . albicans census was obtained after injection of leukocyte extracts from donors skin test-positive to Candida antigens or donors negative to Candida antigens by skin test and migration inhibition analyses . There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship for leukocyte extract in the range 10(5) - 10(9) leukocyte equivalents . When mice were primed with C . albicans antigen 4 weeks prior to challenge the efficacy of leukocyte extracts was not augmented . There was no evidence that the infection-reducing effects were related to augmented polymorphonuclear leukocyte mobilization, increased mononuclear clearance of C . albicans, or to a direct toxic effect on C . albicans blastospores . These studies suggest that the reduction in Candida populations was non-specific and give further impetus to the use of the dialyzable leukocyte extracts as non-specific supplements to antibiotics in overwhelming or recalcitrant infections in man. Pathol Biol (Paris), 1982 Jun, 30(6), 458 - 62 {Cytological study of the action of imidazoles on Candida albicans (author's transl)}; Bastide M et al.; Imidazoles (econazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, isoconazole, 10(-3) M.) used to treat intact cells and sphaeroplasts of Candida albicans caused small lesions in the cell wall, but none or minor less in the cytoplasmic membrane . On the other hand, clotrimazole, in the same conditions, caused important lesions in the cytoplasmic membrane and none on the cell wall . Miconazole, econazole and isoconazole inhibited the release of sphaeroplasts from treated intact yeast cells. Lab Invest, 1982 Jun, 46(6), 627 - 36 Fungitoxicity of muramidase . Ultrastructural damage to Candida albicans; Marquis G et al.; The antifungal activity of hen egg-white lysozyme was investigated in vitro using a hypotonic medium designed to support an anabolic cellular state with minimal growth stimulation . The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans was found to be sensitive to microgram amounts of hen egg-white lysozyme . This susceptibility was evidenced by sluggish growth and a dose-dependent killing process . Transmitted and scanning electron microscopic observations on lysozyme-treated C . albicans yeast cells revealed the following ultrastructural modifications: (1) plasmolysis, vacuolar expansion and wrinkled surface configuration; (2) unremitting accumulation of wall-like material that bulged into the periplasmic space; (3) qualitative changes in the organization of the wall . Ongoing structural modifications within the wall were highlighted with the cationic heavy metal dye ruthenium red . A disruption in the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane was evidenced by modification 1 and by differential staining characteristics in light microscopy . The superimposed osmotic imbalance was identified as the cause of cell death . It is proposed that lysozyme acts on C . albicans by two distinct complementary mechanisms: enzymatic hydrolysis of N-glycosidic bonds that link polysaccharides and structural proteins of the wall; injury to the cytoplasmic membrane as a result of a cationic protein kind of interaction. Sabouraudia, 1982 Jun, 20(2), 169 - 71 Prevalence of Candida albicans in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition; Dewilde T et al.; The prevalence of Candida albicans was quantitatively compared in 74 surgical patients during and after total parenteral nutrition (TPN) . Suppression of oral food intake is probably responsible for the decrease of the C . albicans population in the mouth . On the contrary anal swabs were more often positive for C . albicans during TPN . This may be due to local conditions as was observed in a group of patients who were not given TPN but were also immobilized for a long period. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Jun, 35(6), 707 - 11 Aculeacin A resistant mutants of Candida albicans; Mehta RJ et al.; Mutants of Candida albicans resistant to aculeacin A, a yeast cell-wall inhibitor, were isolated after mutagenesis with ultraviolet light . The parental strain was sensitive to 0.1 approximately 0.5 microgram/ml of the antibiotic . In contrast, the minimum inhibitory concentration for the mutants ranged from 50 to 200 microgram/ml . Except for papulocandin, another cell-wall inhibitor, the antibiotic susceptibility of the mutants was similar to the parental strain . The parent strain and the aculeacin resistant mutants exhibited similar morphological changes at subinhibitory levels of aculeacin and had comparable growth rates on complex media . The lipid and sterol content of the parent and the mutants were significantly different . For example, the total lipid content was two-fold higher in the mutant strains . Drug resistance in the mutants was specific for aculeacin and papulocandin and appeared to be associated with alteration in the lipid composition of membranes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Jun, 21(6), 919 - 24 Effect of ketoconazole on isolated mitochondria from Candida albicans; Shigematsu ML et al.; Ketoconazole, an oral antimycotic imidazole drug, blocked the transport of electrons in the respiratory chain of Candida albicans under aerobic conditions with different substrates, such as NADH and succinate . This effect was a nonspecific inhibition of NADH oxidases and succinate oxidases . The addition of ketoconazole to C . albicans mitochondria without a substrate resulted in strong reduction of cytochrome a3, as revealed by difference spectra (reduced versus oxidized) . This indicated that there was a specific interaction between ketoconazole and cytochrome c oxidase . A spectrophotometric analysis confirmed that the cytochrome oxidases other than cytochrome c oxidase were not inhibited because subsequent addition of any substrate caused an increased level of reduction of all of the other respiratory chain components compared with the control . Consequently, our data strongly suggested that the primary site of ketoconazole inhibition on isolated mitochondria from C . albicans is the most distal portion of the respiratory chain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Jun, 21(6), 912 - 8 Primary site of action of ketoconazole on Candida albicans; Uno J et al.; Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug, completely inhibited the growth of Candida albicans 7N at concentrations of greater than or equal to 50 microgram/ml (94 microM) . However, ketoconazole incompletely inhibited the growth of this opportunistic yeast at concentrations of 25 to 0.2 microgram/ml (47 to 0.4 microM) . At these lower concentrations, 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, an electron acceptor, was reduced by several strains of C . albicans . This effect resulted in red coloration of colonies . Concomitantly, this phenomenon was not antagonized in the presence of ergosterol . Furthermore, neither ketoconazole nor antimycin A inhibited the growth of C . albicans under anaerobic conditions, as revealed by a paper disk method . Ketoconazole at the concentrations stated above inhibited endogenous and exogenous respiration immediately after it was added to a system containing log phase C . albicans cells, as determined polarographically . At the same time, ketoconazole inhibited the activity of NADH oxidase at the mitochondrial level . In contrast, higher concentrations of ketoconazole (greater than 100 microM) were required to inhibit the activity of succinate oxidase from rat liver mitochondria . In addition, concentrations of ketoconazole greater than 100 microM were required to impair the uptake of labeled leucine and adenine and, subsequently, the incorporation of the former into protein and the latter into DNA and RNA in intact cells . On the other hand, ketoconazole at concentrations of 10, 1.0, and 0.4 microM had no effect on either membrane permeability or macromolecular synthesis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1982 Jun, 90(3), 221 - 7 Long-term oral candidosis in rats; Fisker AV et al.; The aim of the study was to investigate the carriage of infection rate during continuous oral inoculation of Candida albicans in conventionalized SPF rats after initial tetracycline medication . During the 34-week experiment 50% of the animals harboured Candida albicans in the mouth, whereas only 25% of the animals demonstrated pseudomycelial penetration of the oral mucosa . More than ninety per cent of the candidal foci were found in areas covered by a less densely cornified epithelium and were mainly localized to the sulcular folds, the gingival margin and the cheek . Only the dorsal surface of the tongue showed foci with obvious signs of long-standing candidal infection . The lingual papillae were lost and replaced by a flat-surface parakeratotic epithelium showing irregular hyperplasia, acanthosis but no atypia . Reactive changes were found in the underlying lingual muscular layer. Eur J Immunol, 1982 Jun, 12(6), 468 - 74 Human T cell lines with antigen specificity and helper activity; Lanzavecchia A et al.; Human T blasts, obtained by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) with tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid or Candida albicans, were expanded in long-term culture using alternate periods of antigen restimulation and growth in media containing interleukin 2 . The cells gave a proliferative response only to the antigen originally used for stimulation . Such as response was strictly dependent upon the presence of autologous but not of allogeneic mitomycin C-treated mononuclear cells . When added to autologous PBM depleted of E-rosetting cells together with the specific antigen, the T blasts induced a polyclonal proliferation and differentiation of B cells . Allogeneic B cells were activated by antigen-stimulated T blasts only in the presence of irradiated mononuclear cells autologous to the responding T blasts . The above responses seemed not to be regulated solely by the release of soluble factors; apparently cell to cell interactions had to take place to obtain an efficient B cell activation. Nouv Presse Med, 1982 May 22, 11(24), 1863 - 5 {Congenital candidiasis of the skin (author's transl)}; Renault F et al.; A typical case of congenital candidiasis of the skin is reported . In these babies the eruption, already widespread at birth, is initially macular to become papulo-pustular, then dries up with desquamation of the skin . The finding of Candida albicans in the amniotic fluid and in placental smears confirms that the infection was present before birth . The condition regresses after local treatment and oral nystatin, but the need for parenteral treatment is controverted. Mycopathologia, 1982 May 22, 78(2), 87 - 91 Germination of the chlamydospores of Candida albicans; Raudonis BM et al.; Using a slide culture technique, it was determined unequivocally that the chlamydospore of Candida albicans does germinate . The germination was by way of a multiple-budding process which was associated mostly with young spores following their transfer to a fresh environment . It is concluded the chlamydospore of C . albicans is a reproductive cell with a transient viability. Mycopathologia, 1982 May 22, 78(2), 93 - 8 Comparative activities of glycolytic enzymes in yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans; Schwartz DS et al.; Through use of a synthetic defined medium which allows for the exclusive growth of yeast or mycelial forms of Candida albicans the activity of several major glycolytic enzymes in these forms were examined and compared . The results indicate vast metabolic differences between the forms . These data are discussed in relationship to the phenomenon of morphogenesis in C . albicans which in turn relates to problems in immunology and pathogenics of this important opportunistic organism. J Biol Chem, 1982 May 10, 257(9), 4925 - 30 Characterization of a unique corticosterone-binding protein in Candida albicans; Loose DS et al.; This paper further characterizes a protein we have demonstrated in Candida albicans which has the ability to bind corticosterone and related steroid hormones . Fungal cells are disrupted and cytosol is incubated with {3H}corticosterone for 3 h at which time peak steady state binding is achieved . Bound hormone is separated from free using Sephadex G-50 minicolumns or dextran-coated charcoal . Binding was found to be a linear function of protein concentration . The bound hormone co-migrates with authentic corticosterone in thin layer chromatographic systems indicating no metabolism of the radioprobe . Scatchard analysis of the binding in the pseudohyphal form of C . albicans yielded values of 6.3 nM for the Kd and a binding capacity of about 650 fmol/mg of cytosol protein; both determinations are comparable to our findings in the yeast form of this organism . A series of sterols were tested for their ability to displace {3H}corticosterone from the yeast binder, and the results show that the binder is remarkably selective and stereo specific . Physical-chemical studies show the binder to be degraded at high temperatures and that binding is destroyed by trypsin and sulfhydryl blockers . The protein sediments at 4 S on sucrose gradients and does not exhibit ionic dependent aggregation . The molecular weight is estimated to be approximately 43,000 daltons by gel chromatography . We hypothesize that this intracellular protein may represent a primitive form of either the mammalian glucocorticoid receptor or the plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin. Infect Immun, 1982 May, 36(2), 609 - 14 Increase of mouse resistance to Candida albicans infection by thymosin alpha 1; Bistoni F et al.; Studies were carried out to assess the ability of thymosin alpha 1 to prolong the survival of mice challenged with Candida albicans . Two- to four-month-old mice were treated with graded doses of thymosin alpha 1 before, after, or before and after intravenous challenge with C . albicans . Significant resistance ot lethal infection was afforded by 100 micrograms of thymosin alpha 1 per kg given before or before and after challenge, whereas no protection was found in mice treated with thymosin alpha 1 administered at any dose level after inoculation . Pretreatment with thymosin alpha 1 also prevented the increased susceptibility to C . albicans infection of mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide on day -6 . The results showed that thymosin alpha 1 was capable of protecting untreated or cyclophosphamide-pretreated mice from C . albicans infection at an optimal dose and schedule of administration. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1982 May, 48(2), 169 - 82 Selection and fusion of auxotrophic protoplasts of Candida albicans; Evans KO et al.; Auxotrophic mutants of C . albicans obtained by the method described by Henson and McClary (1979) were conditioned in a tris buffered EDTA-dithiothreitol solution then converted to protoplasts by suspension in osmotically stabilized buffer containing beta-glucuronidase . Complementary protoplasts were mixed in an osmotically stabilized polyethylene glycol solution and at appropriate times were plated respectively in osmotically stabilized minimal and complete agar media . From colony counts resulting from growth on the respective media, the proportion of fused complementary protoplasts (prototrophic colonies) to the total viable number of colony forming units was determined . Stability tests of selected colonies from the minimal and complete agar revealed multiple revertants, but the numbers declined to low frequencies upon repeated selective plating and isolation . Acridine orange staining of cultures thus stabilized revealed various sizes of cells with their numbers of nuclei (DNA-staining regions) varying from one to five, such that it was not determined whether the prototrophic cultures were monokaryons, heterokaryons or a mixture of the two. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 May, 21(5), 693 - 7 Effects of clofazimine alone or combined with dapsone on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy; van Rensburg CE et al.; The effects of clofazimine on neutrophil activities such as random motility, migration to the leukoattractants endotoxin-activated serum and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine phagocytosis of Candida albicans, postphagocytic hexose-monophosphate shunt activity, and myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination and the effects of clofazimine on lymphocyte transformation to mitogens were assessed in vitro and after ingestion of the drug by normal individuals and patients with lepromatous leprosy . For in vitro studies, the concentration range of the drug investigated was 10(-6) M to 10(-2) M . for in vivo studies, subjects ingested 200 mg of clofazimine daily for a period of 5 days . At concentrations of 5 X 10(-6) M to 5 X 10(-3) M clofazimine caused a progressive dose-dependent inhibition of neutrophil motility without detectable effects on phagocytosis, postphagocytic hexose-monophosphate shunt activity, or myeloperoxidase-mediated iodination . Over the same concentration range, clofazimine inhibited lymphocyte transformation . The inhibitory effect on neutrophil motility was associated with a spontaneous stimulation of oxidative metabolism and could be prevented by coincubation of dapsone with clofazimine . after ingestion of clofazimine responsiveness of lymphocytes to mitogens was decreased in normal volunteers and leprosy patients: neutrophil motility in normal individuals was likewise inhibited. J Clin Lab Immunol, 1982 May, 8(1), 37 - 42 In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immunity in tuberculous meningitis; El-Naggar AK et al.; This study assessed in vivo and in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunity in 45 tuberculous meningitis patients . Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), Candida albicans and streptokinase-streptodornase antigens were lacking in 34 patients compared to 2 of 54 normal volunteers . Circulating T lymphocyte subpopulations (E-rosetting active and total T cells) were diminished in 41 patients studied compared to 41 normal donors (p less than 0.001) . Lymphocyte blast responses to PPD (25 micrograms-500 micrograms/ml) were positive but quantitatively depressed in all 34 patients studied compared to PPD positive normal donors (p less than 0.001) . Phytohemagglutinin responses were significantly depressed (p less than 0.001) . Repeat studies in 20 patients 4-5 months post-therapy resulted in reversals of all parameters to control values with heightened blastogenic responses to all PPD concentrations. Int J Cancer, 1982 Apr 15, 29(4), 483 - 8 Cellular mechanisms underlying the adjuvant activity of Candida albicans in a mouse lymphoma model; Marconi P et al.; Inactivated Candida albicans (CA) possesses strong anti-tumor activity when combined with cytoreductive chemotherapy in a mouse lymphoma model . In the present study, experiments were performed in order to elucidate the mechanism(s) underlying CA immunoadjuvant activity . In vivo chemotherapy studies proved that the synergistic anti-tumor effects were lost in athymic (nu/nu) mice and were also abrogated by radiations . In vitro tests did not suggest a major involvement of natural cytotoxic effectors such as macrophages and natural killer cells nor did CA effects appear to be mediated by induction of interferon . It was concluded that the immunoadjuvant activity of CA largely relies on host responses against tumor-associated transplantation antigens with no major involvement of natural resistance immune mechanisms. Experientia, 1982 Apr 15, 38(4), 436 - 7 Activity of sulfa drugs and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors against Candida albicans; Bush K et al.; Growth of Candida albicans can be inhibited by sulfa drugs which prevent biosynthesis of folic acid . The dihydrofolate reductase (E.C . 1.5.1.3) inhibitors aminopterin and methotrexate also exhibit anticandidal activity, but trimethoprim does not . Kinetic evaluations with C . albicans dihydrofolate reductase indicate that methotrexate and aminopterin are tight-binding inhibitors whereas trimethoprim binds poorly. Arch Sci Med (Torino), 1982 Apr-Jun, 139(2), 183 - 6 {In vitro lymphocyte immunoreactivity in sarcoidosis patients . Stimulation with Kveim antigens}; Tartaglino B et al.; 12 patients suffering from sarcoidosis have been studied in addition to clinical and bioptic investigations, they were submitted to intradermal reaction with PPD, Candida Albicans and Kveim's antigen . Lymphocytes from the 12 patients were placed in culture and stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), concanavalin A (CON-A), PPD, Candidin and Kveim's antigen . Six patients proved positive to Kveim's antigen in vivo, and four of them (66%) in vitro also . No patient was immunodepressed . Of the 6 patients negative to Kveim's antigen both in vivo and in vitro, 4 were clearly immunodepressed, as shown by the reduced mitogen response, the negative response to antigen stimulation, and to the intradermal reaction . The results are discussed in the light of recent findings regarding the role of the immunocompetent system in sarcoidosis. Pathology, 1982 Apr, 14(2), 191 - 5 Placental candidiasis: report of three cases with a review of the literature; Delprado WJ et al.; PIP: Placental candidiasis is a rare condition; only 24 cases are reported in the literature . 3 additional cases are reported, 2 were associated with fetal cutaneous candidiasis and responded to administration of oral nystatin . Maternal vaginal cultures were positive in 1 of the 2 cases . In a 3rd case, systemic candidiasis was present . The child was delivered prematurely and died 90 minutes after delivery of severe respiratory distress . The mother had continuous vaginal candidiasis unresponsive to treatment throughout the pregnancy . In addition, an IUD was present . Other researchers have determined the criteria for Candida amniotic infection as: exclusive presence of Candida albicans in the different lesions, subacute or chronic specific lesions of fetal adnexae, and clinical manifestations in the newborn . The pathology of the placenta includes microscopic granulomata and presence of filaments or spores on the cord and histological change of the membrane or chorionic plate revealing intense chorioamnionitis with occasional focal granuloma . A review of the case reports indicates that 12 of the 27 infants were delivered after the 36th week and all but 1 were normal or recovered rapidly from cutaneous candidiasis . 15 of the 27 were delivered before the 36th week and only 1 survived . 6 were stillborn, and where histology was reported, systemic candidiasis was present . The 7 infants who died shortly after birth had Candida albicans . 1 infant was anencephalic . In only 5 cases did the membrane rupture more than 12 hours prior to delivery suggesting either Candida crosses the intact membrane or the possibility of a small leaking tear in the membrane . In 7 of the cases an IUD was present and the infection tended to be more overwhelming; all infants died from infection and septicemia, not complications of prematurity . The presence of the IUD is suspect for increased infection . The association of IUDs and Candida albicans-induced septicemia and fetal death warrants careful consideration of the advisibility of attempted removal of the IUD when Candida albicans is grown from the vaginal in the antenatal period . Infect Immun, 1982 Apr, 36(1), 297 - 303 Opposite effects of human monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils on replication of Blastomyces dermatitidis in vitro; Brummer E et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of human monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) on the fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis in vitro . Peripheral blood monocyte monolayers significantly inhibited the replication of a virulent strain (V) and an avirulent strain (AV) of B . dermatitidis by 35 and 28%, respectively . Macrophage monolayers, derived from monocytes by in vitro culturing for 9 days, also inhibited the replication of V and AV in 24-h cocultures; in 72-h cocultures, the inhibition was increased (85 and 88%, respectively) . By contrast, PMN stimulated the replication of V and AV in 24-h cocultures (i.e., 45%; AV, 18%) and in 72-h cocultures (V, 68%; AV, 65%) . No effect was observed in 2-h cocultures of PMN and B . dermatitidis, even though Candida albicans was killed by PMN in concurrent experiments . PMN stimulated replication of V in a dose-dependent manner, and viability of PMN was not a requirement for the achievement of this effect . These results indicate that monocytes and macrophages significantly inhibited the replication of B . dermatitidis, whereas PMN had an opposite effect . Our findings raise the possibility that these phagocytic cells may have similar opposing effects on the replication of B . dermatitidis in vivo. J Med Chem, 1982 Apr, 25(4), 481 - 3 Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of 5-substituted 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2,4(3H)-diones; Coburn RA et al.; A series of 6-substituted 2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2,4(3H)-diones (1a-m) was prepared by treatment of alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic primary thioamides with phenoxycarbonyl isocyanate to give N-(phenoxycarbonyl)-N'-thioacylureas, which gave 1 upon heating in refluxing xylene solution or upon treatment with aqueous sodium carbonate solution followed by acidification . 1H NMR and infrared spectral evidence indicates that the 6-alkyl derivatives 1a,b,l,m exist predominately in the exocyclic alkylidene tautomeric form . The major product obtained from alkaline and acid hydrolysis of the 6-phenyl derivative 1c was found to be benzoic acid and benzoylurea, respectively . The majority of compounds 1a-m exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Several derivatives, 1b-d,h,j, displayed minimum inhibitory concentration values below 2 micrograms/mL against Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Four derivatives, 1c,e,g,h, inhibited the growth of Seratia marcesens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermis in an in vitro sensitivity disk assay . 2-Furyl derivative 1h displayed antileukemic activity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Immunobiology, 1982 Apr, 161(3-4), 376 - 84 Visual observations of chemotaxis and chemotropism in mouse macrophages; Wilkinson PC; Locomotion of mouse macrophages in relation to spores of Candida albicans in mouse serum was studied by time-lapse cinematography using thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages, resident peritoneal macrophages, and a murine macrophage line (J774 B10) . Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages and the cell line responded well to the spores, but very few of the resident macrophages showed any response . The macrophages showed chemotactic responses with straight-line locomotion towards spores . Thioglycollate-elicited macrophages, which were frequently spread on glass, could also respond to spores 20-30 micrometers away by chemotropism, i.e . extension of a large hyaline veil to engulf the spore without prior displacement of the body of the cell . Engulfed spores were then pulled into the organelle-rich cell centre . In this population, there was no incompatibility between spread morphology and motile behaviour . In contrast, J774 B10 did not spread and moved with a rounded morphology and with a very small anterior hyaline veil towards the gradient source . Macrophages moved more slowly than peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes . The mean speed of thioglycollate-elicited and cell line macrophages was 3-4 micrometers per minute . The few motile resident peritoneal macrophages moved even more slowly, i.e . ca 2 micrometers per minute. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Apr, 21(4), 545 - 50 Relative avidity of etruscomycin to cholesterol and ergosterol; Nedeau P et al.; Two methods, biological and spectroscopic, were used to determine the avidity of the polyene antibiotic Etruscomycin for cholesterol and ergosterol . The biological method consisted of measuring the inhibitory potency of both sterols on the Etruscomycin-induced damage to erythrocytes and fungi . The spectroscopic method consisted of recording of series of differential spectra in a number of solvents of different composition . The results obtained showed that cholesterol protected erythrocytes and candida albicans against the damaging action of Etruscomycin more efficiently than ergosterol did and that Etruscomycin-cholesterol complexes were more resistant to interruption by organic solvents than Etruscomycin-ergosterol complexes . These results and their comparison with the results obtained with other polyene antibiotics indicate that Etruscomycin resembles filipin in that it binds more avidly to cholesterol than to ergosterol . This implies that the length of the hydrophobic chain rather than the presence of the amino sugar determines sterol preference . The spectral method that we used can have general application for the quantitative measurement of complex formation between polyenes and sterols. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1982 Apr, 138(4), 645 - 8 Candida albicans pneumonia: radiographic appearance; Buff SJ et al.; A retrospective series of patients with pure Candida albicans pulmonary opportunistic infection confirmed at autopsy were examined for any characteristic radiographic pattern . Of the 20 patients examined, eight showed nonlobar, nonsegmental, bilateral disease; the others exhibited unilateral or bilateral lobar or segmental patterns . Cavitation, adenopathy, masslike opacities, or a miliary pattern were not identified . Radiographically these "negative" findings can be useful in distinguishing Candida from other fungal opportunistic infections . Histologic evidence of lung invasion by Candida is necessary for definitive confirmation . The previously described association of Candida infection with certain underlying diseases (leukemia and lymphoma) was again demonstrated. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 128 (Pt 4), 747 - 59 beta-Glucanases from Candida albicans: purification, characterization and the nature of their attachment to cell wall components; Notario V; beta-Glucanase activities were found associated with Candida albicans and their culture fluids . Mild acid treatment of the organisms led to rapid inactivation of beta-glucanase activities, the degree of loss increasing with the age of the cultures; the results suggested an extracytoplasmic location of the cell-associated enzymes . Most of the beta-glucanase activities were associated with the cell walls in organisms phenotypically resistant to amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) . Two proteins (I and II) exhibiting beta-glucanase activity were isolated and purified by conventional procedures from cell-free extracts, cell-wall autolysates and culture fluids of C . albicans sensitive and phenotypically resistant to AME . The purified enzymes appeared homogeneous on isoelectric focusing, gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, with molecular weights of 150000 (I) and 49000 (II) . Both enzymes hydrolysed cell walls purified from AME-sensitive and phenotypically resistant organisms, but showed different substrate specificities and patterns of activity . Enzyme II hydrolysed (1 leads to 3)-beta-glycans by an endolytic mechanism releasing laminaritetraose as the initial product . Glucose was the only product released by enzyme I . The properties of th individual enzymes were unaffected by their localization or the age of the culture of the organisms . The loosening of the polysaccharide packing by ultrasonic treatment of cell walls purified from AME-resistant organisms increased the beta-glucanase activities bound to the walls, but did not solubilize them . Autolysis of cell walls released 58 to 66% of their beta-glucanase activity in 20 h, but no further release was attained on prolonged incubation . The amount of beta-glucanase activity released by autolysis was increased by a variety of pretreatments . Diethyl pyrocarbonate inhibited beta-glucanase activity and prevented autolysis . Evidence is presented indicating that interactions with lipids, polysaccharides and other cell wall proteins may be involved in the control of the activity of the cell wall-associated beta-glucanases in organisms phenotypically resistant to AME. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Apr, 21(4), 568 - 74 Clinical experience with Moxalactam in the treatment of pseudomonal and nonpseudomonal infections; Murphy TF et al.; A total of 38 patients with 39 infections involving a variety of organ systems were treated with moxalactam . The overall cure rate was 79.5% . Most of the failures occurred in patients with severe underlying disease such as peripheral vascular disease . The cure rate for infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 62.5% (10 of 16) and for nonpseudomonal infections was 91% (21 of 23) . However, excluding the six infections involving organisms which were initially resistant to moxalactam, the cure rate for pseudomonal infections was 77% (10 of 13) compared with 90% (18 of 20) for nonpseudomonal infections . Two patients with gram-negative bacillary meningitis were cured, as were seven of eight with mixed aerobic-anaerobic infections . There were no serious adverse drug effects . Three patients became colonized with the enterococcus and two became colonized with Candida albicans; one other patient developed candida vaginitis . These results suggest that moxalactam will be a valuable drug in therapy of gram-negative bacillary and anaerobic infections. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 128 (Pt 4), 761 - 77 Phenotypic resistance to amphotericin B in Candida albicans: relationship to glucan metabolism; Notario V et al.; The phenotypic resistance to amphotericin methyl ester (AME) of stationary phase cultures of Candida albicans was decreased by alkaline pH values and by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol or glucanase preparations, and was increased by acid pH values, increased aeration, treatment with N-ethylmaleimide, or the presence of inhibitors of protein synthesis such as trichodermin . The effects of such treatments on endogenous glucanase activity and on the incorporation of glucose residues into the 'glucan fraction' of the organism were studied . The changes in the endogenous levels of lytic activities on laminarin {as a measure of the total (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase} and on p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside {reflecting the exo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase} were followed in C . albicans cells under a variety of conditions . Treatments which increased AME sensitivity stimulated both total and exo-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanase activities, while treatments which promoted resistance decreased the levels of both (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucanases . Changes in the 'glucan fraction' were followed by incubating suspensions of organisms in the presence of trace amounts of {U-14C}glucose . The rate of incorporation of radioactivity fell during the first 2-3 d of stationary phase culture and then rose to high values by 7-8 d; AME resistance increased throughout this period . The rate of incorporation was markedly stimulated by prior treatment of the organisms with 2-mercaptoethanol or glucanase and inhibited by trichodermin or treatment with N-ethylmaleimide . The addition in the concentration range 0.3-3 mM of the glucose analogues beta-D-allose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or 5-thio-D-glucose to cultures 24 h after inoculation prevented any further increase in AME resistance for the next 2-3 d and resulted in a decrease in the level of resistance established at the time of addition . Radioactivity from 14C- or 3H-labelled analogues added, 24 h after inoculation, to stationary phase cultures was incorporated into the 'glucan fraction' of the organisms . The incorporation of glucose residues into the 'glucan fraction' is controlled by the activity of glucanases in producing glucose acceptor sites . The results reported confirm that there is a correlation between glucan metabolism, glucanase activity and resistance to AME, in that any factor leading to increased glucanase action also results in decreased resistance and vice versa, while incorporation of certain glucose analogues into the 'glucan fraction' delays the further increase in resistance. JAMA, 1982 Mar 26, 247(12), 1732 - 4 Severe pelvic infection from Chlamydia trachomatis after cesarean section; Cytryn A et al.; A severe pelvic infection developed in a 17-year-old primigravida after a cesarean section . Multiple antibiotics were administered for presumed mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections, without improvement . Subsequently, total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed . Despite negative standard cultures, her condition continued to deteriorate and she required two more exploratory laparotomies for suspected intra-abdominal abscesses . Chlamydia trachomatis and, subsequently, Candida albicans were recovered from cultures of peritoneal fluid obtained after the third operation . Serological tests confirmed the presence of acute chlamydial infection . Marked clinical improvement occurred after doxycycline hyclate administration . Although genitourinary and acute pelvic inflammatory diseases due to chlamydiae have been reported previously, no case of severe pelvic infection due to this agent after cesarean section had been described, to our knowledge . Specimens should be studied specifically for chlamydiae when standard cultures demonstrate no pathogens in women suffering from documented pelvic infection. Mycopathologia, 1982 Mar 19, 77(3), 159 - 63 Evaluation of the antigen from chlamydospores of Candida albicans in the serodiagnosis of candidiasis; Caretta G et al.; Antigens have been prepared from the chlamydospores and blastospores of Candida albicans and their precipitin patterns were analysed by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis using specific antisera . The two antigens were used in routine serological tests of patients suffering from candidiasis . On double-diffusion tests for the detection of circulating antibodies of Candida albicans, the antigen from chlamydospores displays precipitin lines that differ in number and intensity from those obtained with the antigen from blastospores . The results are briefly discussed in the framework of C . albicans antigen standardization. Scand J Immunol, 1982 Mar, 15(3), 279 - 86 Impaired proliferative response to B-lymphocyte activators in common variable immunodeficiency; Cunningham-Rundles S et al.; The cell-mediated immune responses of 39 patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) were studied in vitro, using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli prepared as whole cells and Candida albicans extract . These microbial activators wee found to require intact B-lymphocyte function for normal proliferative response . The patient group was observed to have significantly depressed lymphocyte responses compared wit those of controls studied in parallel (P less than 0.01) . Negative lymphocyte response to one activator and strongly positive response to another were found in individual patients . Examination of patients' lymphocyte response to S . aureus and E . coli in association with serum IgG levels demonstrated that a rough correlation could be drawn, showing that patients with serum IgG less than 125 mg/dl had markedly lower (P less than 0.01) lymphocyte responses than those with serum IgG greater than 300 mg/dl . No similar correlation with phytohaemagglutinin activation was observed . Since depressed lymphocyte responses did not correlate with reduced B-cell number in these patients, intrinsic B-lymphocyte deficiency was indicated . These preparations of microbial activators are potentially useful tools in exploring lymphocyte subpopulation functions in primary immunodeficiency diseases. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1982 Mar-Apr, 133(2), 275 - 91 {Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of regenerating "Candida albicans" sphero-protoplasts (author's transl)}; Tronchin G et al.; Subcellular modifications associated with sphero-protoplast regeneration of Candida albicans were followed with the electron microscope . After 30 min of regeneration the ultrastructural study revealed a considerable proliferation of plasmalemma invaginations and an abundant synthesis of glycogen in association with an extension of the Golgi apparatus/endoplasmic reticulum system . Later, the inflection of these invaginations and their fusion with the plasmalemma lead to a rejection of cytoplasmic areas in the cell wall . Glycogen-like particles so released in the wall were distributed in clearly delineated layers . The incorporation of cytoplasmic material through the intermediary of the plasmalemma constituted a mechanism believed to mediate the reconstitution and thus the integrity of the newly-forming cell wall. Sabouraudia, 1982 Mar, 20(1), 79 - 81 Antimycotic activity of berberine sulphate: an alkaloid from an Indian medicinal herb; Mahajan VM et al.; Berberine sulphate in concentrations of 10-25 mg ml -1 inhibited the growth of 11/13 fungi, viz . Alternaria, Aspergillus flavus, Asp . fumigatus, Candida albicans, Curvularia, Drechslera, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus oryzae and Scopulariopsis . Concentrations of 50 mg ml -1 could check the growth of Syncephalastrum as well but Asp . niger remained unaffected. J Invest Dermatol, 1982 Mar, 78(3), 200 - 5 Ultrastructure of human cutaneous candidosis; Scherwitz C; Human skin biopsies were taken from patients with candidosis of the groin, axillary and submammary areas . The majority of the fungal cells were situated inside epithelial cells . The fungi invaded the entire stratum corneum . They were often found in parakeratotic epithelial cells . They could not be detected in noncornified cells of the malpighian layer . Mycelial forms predominated by far . They apparently invade the epidermis actively . Blastospores were found less often and they mostly were situated between or in superficial cells of the horny layer . Pseudomycelia and germ tubes were rarely observed . Remarkable was the frequent finding of lomasomas in Candida albicans cells in vivo, whereas these structures were rarely demonstrable in vitro . They probably represent structures that occur in damaged fungal cells as a result of defense mechanisms of the host . The fungal elements inside the epithelial cells were often surrounded by electron-transparent areas . These areas possibly resulted from keratolytic activities of the fungus . Characteristic manifestations of candidosis of the human skin were parakeratosis, spongiosis, and intracorneal and subcorneal micro-abscesses . However, fungal elements failed to occur in the center of these abscesses, possibly because the process of phagocytosis, killing, and lysis of the fungi had been completed. Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Mar, 47(3), 653 - 60 Defective handling of mannan by monocytes in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis resulting in a specific cellular unresponsiveness; Fischer A et al.; Carbohydrate antigens from Candida albicans, essentially mannan, have previously been shown to persist in the serum of some patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and to be able to inhibit specifically the candida antigen-induced proliferation of control lymphocytes . Lymphocytes from three out of six patients were shown to be hypersensitive to mannan inhibition . These data were explained by the demonstration of an apparently selective impairment of radiolabelled mannan handling by two patients' monocytes following a normal uptake . This defect was observed both in active and remission phases of the infection suggesting an intrinsic defect of patients' monocytes . In experiments performed with control lymphocytes, it was shown that mannan exerted its suppressive effect by interfering with candida antigen presentation by adherent cells to autologous T lymphocytes . Furthermore, mannan neither was cytotoxic nor induced suppressor T cells . Altogether, these data suggest that the in vivo persistance of mannan, in some patients, is secondary to a primary macrophage dysfunction leading to impairment of specific cellular immune responsiveness. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {B}, 1982 Feb, 90(1), 49 - 57 Short-term oral condidosis in rats, with special reference to the site of infection; Fisker AV et al.; Following a short-tem oral inoculation of Candida albicans in rats during tetracycline medication, the carriage of and infection by Candida organisms were investigated . After an initial high incidence, a rapid decline ws registered . Five weeks following the first inoculation 33% of the animals showed a positive swab and 67% demonstrated pseudohyphal penetration of the oral mucosa . The most frequent sites of infection were the margin of the gingivae, the buccal mucosa . the buccal and lingual sulci and the tongue accounting for 98.8% of all foci . The highly selective patterns of colonization is believed to be related to the surface characteristics of the epithelium and the nature of the keratin. Cesk Patol, 1982 Feb, 18(1), 55 - 61 {Mycotic esophagitis - a contribution to its etiology}; Steiner I et al.; Six cases of mycotic pseudomembrane inflammation of the esophagus formed 0.6% of all the necropsies within observed period . The basic disease was malignant tumour in 5 patients, non-tumorous blood disease in one . Culturally, yeast-like organisms of the genus Candida were proved in all cases . In three cases necrotizing and pseudomembrane inflammation of the larynx developed simultaneously . In the control group cultivation examination of the esophagus and larynx was made in 50 "at risk" patients (children, diabetics and oncologic patients) without any overt mycotic disease . A positive mycologic findings was from the esophagus in 60% from the larynx in 38% . In both localities the most frequent was Candida albicans, in isolated cases also conditionally pathogenic fungi of the genera, Saccharomyces and Torulopsis were detected . All these organisms apparently may spread from the digestive tract to the upper respiratory passages. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand {C}, 1982 Feb, 90(1), 33 - 7 Monocyte functions in diabetes mellitus; Geisler C et al.; The aim of this study was to investigate the functions of monocytes obtained from 14 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) compared with those of monocytes from healthy individuals . It was found that the total number of circulating monocytes in the 14 diabetic patients was lower than that from the healthy individuals . Phagocytosis of Candida albicans was decreased in the monocytes from the patients, whereas pinocytosis of acridine and phagocytosis of latex and sheep red blood cells were normal . The chemotactic response towards casein was enhanced . The possible consequences of these findings for the elucidation of concomitant infections in diabetic patients are discussed. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1982 Feb, 15(1), 38 - 45 Isolation of Candida albicans and their sensitivity to antifungal agents; Tsai SS et al.; During 1978 and 1979 outbreaks of candidiasis were encountered in about 500,000 broiler chickens on 30 farms, 30,000 guinea fowl on 4 farms, 500 geese on 1 farm, and 10 penguins in a zoo . This represents the first report of avian candidiasis in Taiwan . Diagnoses were based on typical gross and microscopic pathology consistent isolation of Candida albicans from crop and esophageal lesions, virulence of isolates in rabbits, identification of the isolates as C . albicans serotype A by chlamydospore and germ tube formation, fermentation tests, and agglutination by specific antisera, and the lack of any sign of fowl pox or trichomoniasis . The upsurge of candidiasis is attributed to the modernization stressors which interact deleteriously with opportunistic pathogens . In vitro sensitivity testing recorded the following order of effectiveness against 20 isolates: nystatin greater than gentian violet greater than copper sulfate = propionic acid = p-hydroxy benzoic acid greater than calcium propionate = propylene glycol. Clin Exp Immunol, 1982 Feb, 47(2), 467 - 73 Serum antibodies and immunoglobulins in smokers and nonsmokers; Andersen P et al.; Antibodies to antigens in humidifier water were detected by double immunodiffusion in 30 of 63 (47.6%) persons who were exposed to aerosols from a water humidification unit in a cigar plant, whereas no antibodies could be detected in 49 unexposed blood donors (P less than 0.001) . The presence of antibodies could not be related to fever or pulmonary symptoms (cough, expectoration, dyspnoe) . Antibodies were found in 14 (93.3%) of 15 nonsmokers and in only 13 (31.7%) of 41 smokers (P less than 0.001), and the titres were highest in nonsmokers . Serum IgG and IgA levels were higher in nonsmokers than in smokers, and the variances within the groups were significantly different (F less than 0.05 and F less than 0.05, respectively) . The mean serum IgM values were not significantly different in the two groups . Antibodies to Candida albicans and Escherichia coli 04 and 075 were detected with equal prevalences and titres in smokers and nonsmokers . These findings suggest that tobacco smoking may suppress the humoral immune response to inhaled antigens but not to antigens which are supposed to be absorbed through membranes other than those of the bronchopulmonary system . They may partly explain the reported increased incidence of allergic alveolitis in nonsmokers. Antibiotiki, 1982 Feb, 27(2), 95 - 8 {Circular dichroism study of amphotericin B interaction with the sterols of Candida albicans strains sensitive and resistant to polyene antibiotics}; Belousova II et al.; The method of circular dichroism (CD) was used to study interaction of amphotericin B with liposomes of egg lecithin containing sterols isolated from sensitive and resistant strains of Candida albicans . Analysis of the CD spectra showed that the antibiotic spectral parameters in the dispersion of liposomes modified with sterols underlie definite changes . In case of sterol isolated from the sensitive culture they were evident from an increase in the relative intensity of the negative extremes at 415, 390 and 370 nm . The contours of the CD spectrum in the region of 350 nm significantly changed proportionally to the antibiotic concentration and during incubation . The CD spectra of amphotericin B in the dispersions of the lecithin liposomes containing sterols isolated from the resistant strain of C . albicans were characterized by an increase in the relative intensity of the n