Microorganisms

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1992 Jul 21, 1117(1), 55 - 9
Identification of a rhodopsin photoreceptor in Euglena gracilis; Gualtieri P et al.; Visual pigments are a class of receptor proteins that absorb light and trigger sensory signals . Retinal-containing proteins are used in nature as photoreceptors mainly in animals vision . Mammalian rhodopsin is the best studied example of a light sensor which couples photon absorption to a cascade of biochemical reactions amplifying the input signal . A surprising discovery was to find rhodopsin also in Archaebacteria and in unicellular eukaryotes . On the basis of absorption microspectroscopic measurements and of inhibition experiments on pigment biosynthetic pathways, we have recently suggested that a rhodopsin could be the functional receptor of the visual process in Euglena gracilis, a flagellate which can use light directly to promote photosynthetic reactions, or as an incident flux of information to adjust its swimming orientation . We here report purification and identification of all-trans-retinal by column chromatography, HPLC and GC-MS in E . gracilis; these findings indicate with absolute certainty that rhodopsin is the photoreceptor molecule of this microorganism.

Experientia, 1992 Jul 15, 48(7), 644 - 9
The humoral immune response to heat shock proteins; Mollenhauer J et al.; Humoral immune reactions to heat shock proteins (hsp) from microorganisms are one aspect of microbial infections in humans . The production of antibodies which are specific to epitopes present on procaryotic hsp leads also to the appearance of cross-reactive serum antibodies in the host organism that react with human hsp . This article discusses the consequences of such autoreactive antibodies for the host in context with the development of immune tolerance and autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and in experimental animal models for arthritis such as adjuvant arthritis in rats . On the basis of epitope cross-reactivity between hsp and other host proteins, a hypothesis is presented for the development of autoimmune disease following the production of hsp-specific antibodies.

Experientia, 1992 Jul 15, 48(7), 635 - 9
Heat shock proteins and infection: interactions of pathogen and host; Garbe TR; Invasive microorganisms encounter defensive attempts of the host to starve, destroy and eliminate the infection . In experimental model systems aiming to imitate defensive actions of the host, microorganisms respond by the rapid acceleration in the rate of expression of heat shock and other stress proteins . Heat shock proteins (hsp) of most if not all pathogens are major immune targets for both B- and T-cells . Host cells involved in the defensive action cannot avoid exposure to their own reactive compounds, such as oxygen radicals, resulting in premature cell death and tissue damage . Long-term consequences to the host may include cancer . In cells in tissue culture, induction of host-specific hsps occurs upon exposure to oxidants and in viral infections . Drugs that bind to members of the hsp70 family induce peroxisome proliferation and hepatocarcinoma, but may open the way for the development of novel drugs in support of antimetabolite treatment of infections and cancer.

Lancet, 1992 Jul 11, 340(8811), 76 - 80
Disseminated "Mycobacterium genavense" infection in patients with AIDS; Bottger EC et al.; We describe 18 patients with advanced HIV infection, most of whom had a chronic illness characterised by fever, diarrhoea, and massive loss of weight . Biopsy and necropsy samples revealed abundant acid-fast microorganisms in intestines, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and many other tissues, which did not grow on solid media, although limited growth was observed in liquid blood cultures . Using primers complementary to bacterial 16S rRNA we amplified DNA sequences from tissue and leucocyte extracts and from blood-culture bottles . The sequences obtained were unique and suggest that the microorganism is a new member of the genus Mycobacterium, for which we propose the name "Mycobacterium genavense" . Disseminated infection with "M genavense" should be considered in the differential diagnosis of HIV-infected patients with extreme immunosuppression, wasting, and fever.

Hepatology, 1992 Jul, 16(1), 54 - 9
Isolation and characterization of the mannose receptor from human liver potentially involved in the plasma clearance of tissue-type plasminogen activator; Otter M et al.; Various studies have shown that mannose receptors rapidly eliminate glycoproteins and microorganisms bearing high mannose-type carbohydrate chains from the blood circulation . The purpose of this study was to characterize the mannose receptor in the liver, which in vivo is involved in the rapid clearance of tissue-type plasminogen activator from the circulation . Human liver membranes were solubilized in Triton X-100, and the solution was applied to a tissue-type plasminogen activator Sepharose column . Bound proteins were eluted with ethylenediaminetetraacetate (10 mmol/L) . A second, similar purification step rendered a single liver protein of 175,000 daltons . A combination of ligand blotting and a chromogenic assay for tissue-type plasminogen activator demonstrated that the identified liver protein is a mannose receptor because it bound tissue-type plasminogen activator, this tissue-type plasminogen activator binding being fully inhibited by 0.2 mol/L D-mannose . Western-blot analysis revealed that the isolated liver protein is immunologically identical to the human mannose receptor from placenta . Treatment of the liver protein and the placenta mannose receptor with trypsin yielded the same pattern of proteolytic degradation products as identified on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . We conclude that the physiologically relevant mannose receptor for tissue-type plasminogen activator clearance isolated from human liver is immunologically and structurally similar to or identical with the human mannose receptor isolated from placenta.

Infect Immun, 1992 Jul, 60(7), 2843 - 9
Mycobacterial induction of activated killer cells: possible role of tyrosine kinase activity in interleukin-2 receptor alpha expression; Blanchard DK et al.; Mycobacterium avium is an intracellular opportunistic pathogen commonly seen in AIDS patients . M . avium-infected monocytes have been recently shown to be lysed by interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated killer cells . Since some bacterial products can directly augment natural killer activity, we examined the ability of these microorganisms to induce killer cell activity . Coculture of M . avium with large granular lymphocytes (LGL) was found to augment the ability of LGL to lyse both tumor cells and bacterially infected autologous monocytes . The induction of tumoricidal activity by M . avium was only partially neutralized by the presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies, indicating that both IL-2-dependent and IL-2-independent mechanisms are responsible for activation of killer cells . Furthermore, only the direct interaction between bacterium and LGL could induce the expression of both IL-2 receptor alpha protein and mRNA, an effect which was abrogated by the presence of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor . Thus, M . avium was seen to induce killer cells, an activity that is concomitant with the up-regulation of IL-2 receptor alpha, or Tac antigen, expression and which involves signal transduction mechanisms mediated by tyrosine kinase activity.

Infect Immun, 1992 Jul, 60(7), 2733 - 40
Penetration of host cells by Rickettsia rickettsii appears to be mediated by a phospholipase of rickettsial origin; Silverman DJ et al.; Internalization of obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia by eukaryotic cells requires participation of both the parasitized host and the microorganism . The term "induced phagocytosis" has been used specifically to describe the entry of Rickettsia prowazekii, although a similar mechanism is likely for R . rickettsii . A role for a phospholipase in the internalization process has been proposed for both of these organisms, with the strongest supporting evidence provided for R . prowazekii . Despite general acceptance of the notion that phospholipase activity is involved in the internalization process of these bacteria, the origin of the enzyme is not known . The results of the study presented here, which used R . rickettsii and Vero cells, suggest that a rickettsial phospholipase, rather than a host cell phospholipase, mediates internalization of the organism . This conclusion is based upon results which show that pretreatment of R . rickettsii, but not of host cells, with a specific chemical inhibitor of phospholipase, and also antiserum to this enzyme, significantly reduces uptake of the organism and its ability to cause plaque formation.

CLAO J, 1992 Jul, 18(3), 155 - 60
A critical evaluation of the Multi-item Microbial Challenge Test in ophthalmic disinfectant testing; Sutton SV et al.; The Multi-item Microbial Challenge Test (MIMCT) is a stringent, carrier assay of the disinfecting efficacy of a contact lens care regimen . The test involves four steps: 1) in vitro contamination of contact lenses in the presence of organic load; 2) cleansing the contact lens by mechanical rubbing and subsequent rinsing; 3) disinfection of the cleansed lens; and 4) assaying the contact lens and the disinfecting solution for viable microorganisms . The variability of the individual steps was evaluated in this study by the Contributions of Elements protocol . The efficacy of the cleansing step, while reputed to be highly variable, was found to be reproducible and dependent upon the formulation under test . A contact lens disinfecting regimen must reduce the level of contaminants to approximately 10(-4) CFU/lens to enjoy a 95% chance of passing the MIMCT . This reflects a 10-log unit reduction from the initial inoculum of approximately 10(6) CFU/lens . The stringency of the MIMCT depends on the ability of the recovery system to allow the growth of low numbers of residual challenge microorganisms in the presence of the disinfecting solution . Neutralizers included in the recovery system to inhibit the disinfectant are therefore critically important to the stringency of the assay . The design of experiments to evaluate neutralizers specifically for the MIMCT is discussed with suggestions for an improved procedure.

Clin Microbiol Rev, 1992 Jul, 5(3), 302 - 27
Automated systems for identification of microorganisms; Stager CE et al.; Automated instruments for the identification of microorganisms were introduced into clinical microbiology laboratories in the 1970s . During the past two decades, the capabilities and performance characteristics of automated identification systems have steadily progressed and improved . This article explores the development of the various automated identification systems available in the United States and reviews their performance for identification of microorganisms . Observations regarding deficiencies and suggested improvements for these systems are provided.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1992 Jul 1, 105(7), 217 - 9
{Infectious causes of pregnancy disorders}; Mayr A; During pregnancy infections can entail disorders in many different ways . Damage through direct transmission of pathogens to the fetus occurs in the first place . The organisms are transmitted transovarially, diaplacentally, via endometrium, before or after implantation, via amnion or by the semen when ascending through the infectious environment . Embryo transfer is a new way of transmission . The respective infective microorganisms either directly colonize in the embryo with the well known consequences (fetotrope pathogens) or they colonize the placenta thus indirectly leading to damages to the embryo (placentotrope pathogens) . During the process various overlappings are possible . A second large group of disorders in pregnancy is caused by effects of infections of the mother without pathogens being transmitted to the embryo or the placenta . These diseases are postinfectious allergies, immune complex diseases, damages through microbial toxins or mediators and various other forms of infectious processes found with the mother . The third group of disorders in pregnancy is the result of complications caused by vaccinations of the mother during or shortly before pregnancy: postvaccinal allergies, diseases through vaccinal germs and different other postvaccinal damages or stress because of vaccination.

Mol Gen Genet, 1992 Jul, 234(1), 1 - 13
Gene conversion in the Escherichia coli RecF pathway: a successive half crossing-over model; Yamamoto K et al.; Gene conversion--apparently non-reciprocal transfer of sequence information between homologous DNA sequences--has been reported in various organisms . Frequent association of gene conversion with reciprocal exchange (crossing-over) of the flanking sequences in meiosis has formed the basis of the current view that gene conversion reflects events at the site of interaction during homologous recombination . In order to analyze mechanisms of gene conversion and homologous recombination in an Escherichia coli strain with an active RecF pathway (recBC sbcBC), we first established in cells of this strain a plasmid carrying two mutant neo genes, each deleted for a different gene segment, in inverted orientation . We then selected kanamycin-resistant plasmids that had reconstituted an intact neo+ gene by homologous recombination . We found that all the neo+ plasmids from these clones belonged to the gene-conversion type in the sense that they carried one neo+ gene and retained one of the mutant neo genes . This apparent gene conversion was, however, only very rarely accompanied by apparent crossing-over of the flanking sequences . This is in contrast to the case in a rec+ strain or in a strain with an active RecE pathway (recBC sbcA) . Our further analyses, especially comparisons with apparent gene conversion in the rec+ strain, led us to propose a mechanism for this biased gene conversion . This "successive half crossing-over model" proposes that the elementary recombinational process is half crossing-over in the sense that it generates only one recombinant DNA duplex molecule, and leaves one or two free end(s), out of two parental DNA duplexes . The resulting free end is, the model assumes, recombinogenic and frequently engages in a second round of half crossing-over with the recombinant duplex . The products resulting from such interaction involving two molecules of the plasmid would be classified as belonging to the gene-conversion type without crossing-over . We constructed a dimeric molecule that mimics the intermediate form hypothesized in this model and introduced it into cells . Biased gene conversion products were obtained in this reconstruction experiment . The half crossing-over mechanism can also explain formation of huge linear multimers of bacterial plasmids, the nature of transcribable recombination products in bacterial conjugation, chromosomal gene conversion not accompanied by flanking exchange (like that in yeast mating-type switching), and antigenic variation in microorganisms.

Vnitr Lek, 1992 Jul, 38(7), 640 - 4
{Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis}; Krasova Z et al.; The authors present the results of treatment provided to 11 patients with necrotizing fasciitis who were after a surgical operation and after administration of antibiotics treated in a hyperbaric chamber . A total of 8 patients (82%) recovered completely . The authors discuss the theory of action of hyperbaric oxygen on microorganisms and draw attention to the possible reduction of mortality of this serious disease when using hyperbaric oxygenation . The latter is considered an important auxiliary method which supplements surgical treatment, rational antibiotic therapy and in particular careful intensive care.

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1992 Jul, 11(7), 620 - 3
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by the polymerase chain reaction in young patients with acute epididymitis; Eley A et al.; Specimens from 11 patients presenting with acute epididymitis were tested for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), growth in McCoy cells and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for other microorganisms by standard laboratory techniques . Chlamydia trachomatis urethral infection was detected in four patients by tissue culture, in three patients by EIA and in nine patients by PCR . These findings confirm the usually low detection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis by conventional tissue culture and EIA . Detection by PCR indicated both the diagnostic value of this technique and the importance of this organism in epididymitis.

J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol, 1992 Jul, 24(3), 407 - 15
Rickettsiae-like microorganisms in the midgut and other visceral tissues during development of Drosophila auraria; Dimitriadis VK et al.; Rickettsiae-like organisms (RLOs) were identified for the first time in midgut, Malpighian tubules, wreath cells (ventral nephrocytes), spermatogonia and gut muscles in a species of Drosophila . Their number in the midgut cells of Drosophila auraria significantly increased at the late third larval instar and at the beginning of pupation . The RLO population in the larval midgut followed the fate of their host cells and was destroyed during metamorphosis . The RLOs pass from the larval to the adult midgut via the RLOs existing in the 'regenerative cells', which will form the adult midgut during population . The total volume of RLOs per anterior midgut cell increased analogically in relation to the absolute volume of the host cells till the 130 h larval stage . However, during the late-third instar and at the beginning of pupation the total volume of RLOs per host cell significantly increased . The physiological significance of the latter data as well as the relationship between RLOs and host cells are discussed.

Chest, 1992 Jul, 102(1), 195 - 7
Increased proportions of peripheral blood gamma delta T cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis; Ito M et al.; There is a small population of peripheral T cells bearing the gamma delta T-cell receptor, which may be involved in the defense against invading microorganisms and tumor cells . The present study was designed to evaluate the levels of gamma delta T cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, chronic lower respiratory tract infection, lung cancer, and normal control subjects with or without old tuberculous lesion . The results showed that only patients with tuberculosis had significantly increased proportions of peripheral blood gamma delta T cells . This study suggests that the increased proportions of gamma delta T cells in tuberculosis could be related to T-cell activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, although it remains to be investigated which components of mycobacteria are the major ligands for gamma delta T cells.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1992 Jul, 45(7), 1096 - 107
Metabolic products of microorganisms . 261 . Obscurolides, a novel class of phosphodiesterase inhibitors from streptomyces . I . Production, isolation, structural elucidation and biological activity of obscurolides A1 to A4; Hoff H et al.; A novel class of butyrolactones, named obscurolides, was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces viridochromogenes by chemical screening methods . The structural elucidation of the obscurolides A1 to A4 (1 approximately 4) is described . The carboxy group of the 4-aminobenzoic acid moiety of obscurolide A1 (1) is reduced in the other compounds . The isolated natural products have been proved to be diastereomeric mixtures by a partial racemization at C-7 which belongs to an allylic alcohol system . The obscurolides showed a weak inhibitory activity against calcium/calmodulin-dependent and independent phosphodiesterases from bovine.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1992 Jun 16, 653, 88 - 111
Vaccines against coxiellosis and Q fever . Development of a chloroform:methanol residue subunit of phase I Coxiella burnetti for the immunization of animals; Williams JC et al.; We have demonstrated the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the WC and CMR vaccines in guinea pigs . Vaccination of guinea pigs with either WC or CMR protects animals against challenge with virulent C . burnetii . A total of 2 micrograms of either WC or CMR vaccine was a significant priming dose . A total of 20 micrograms gave complete protection against lethal challenge . Detection of antibodies to phase II cells by microaglutination, after vaccination with either WC or CMR and before lethal challenge, correlated with the ability of guinea pigs to mount a protective immune response . The PD50 values for WC and CMR vaccines, administered as a single dose, were 0.3 and 1.4 micrograms per animal, respectively . In contrast, the PD50 values for the WC and CMR vaccines, administered as two doses, were 0.83 and 0.72 micrograms per animal, respectively . Although the PD50 values for the two vaccines are similar, the CMR vaccine is preferred over the WC vaccine because it induces significantly fewer adverse reactions, and repeat injections can be given . Unvaccinated guinea pigs do not clear infectious microorganisms after challenge infection . Vaccination before challenge infection reduces the infectious load of C . burnetti in the blood and in various organs of the animals . When vaccinated animals were challenge infected and treated with rifampicin, the microorganisms were not eliminated from various organs . However, the combination of vaccination, challenge, and rifampicin treatment is effective in reducing the number of infectious microorganisms in some of these sites . We have demonstrated the safety and immunogenicity of the CMR vaccine in sheep and goats . Animals that were seropositive for one or more antigens developed significant levels of antibodies to alternate antigens, but no adverse reactions were observed at the site of s.c . injection of the CMR vaccine . This demonstrates that seropositive animals can be successfully immunized with this vaccine . These results also indicate that a long-term vaccination program using the CMR vaccine has the potential for producing animals with significant antibody titers to C . burnetii and perhaps lifelong immunity . The goal of a Q fever vaccination program is to produce immunized animals that are able to clear completely the infectious microorganisms . The appropriate vaccination schedule to render adult animals and their offspring "Q fever-free" should now be thoroughly investigated.

Gene, 1992 Jun 15, 115(1-2), 35 - 41
Integration of SCP1, a giant linear plasmid, into the Streptomyces coelicolor chromosome; Kinashi H et al.; SCP1, coding for the methylenomycin biosynthetic genes in Streptomyces coelicolor, is a giant linear plasmid of 350 kb . Extensive physical characterization revealed that SCP1 has unusually long terminal inverted repeats (TIR) of about 80 kb on both ends and an insertion sequence, IS466, at the end of the right TIR (TIR-R), and the 5'-ends are attached to a terminal protein . In the NF strain S . coelicolor 2612, SCP1 is integrated into the chromosome at the 9-o'clock position . Analysis of the two junctions between the SCP1 DNA and the chromosomal DNA revealed that the left junction had an almost intact left terminus of SCP1, while the right junction was composed of IS466, completely deleting TIR-R . Based on these results, we presented a possible formation mechanism of the NF strain, which is characterized by integration of SCP1 into the chromosome via an interaction of the target site and the combined ends of the racket-frame structure of SCP1 followed by deletion of TIR-R . We also hypothesized that this type of integration of a giant linear plasmid might be involved in the origin and distribution of the chromosomal antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters in microorganisms.

J Lab Clin Med, 1992 Jun, 119(6), 772 - 81
Nonopsonic uptake of Mycobacterium avium complex by human monocytes and alveolar macrophages; Roecklein JA et al.; The uptake of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) microorganisms by human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) is not well understood . We have previously shown, under opsonic conditions, that humoral factors are important in mediating the uptake of MAC by PBMs . However, the receptor-ligand interactions occurring under nonopsonic conditions remain unclear . We compared the uptake of untreated human PBMs and AMs in a serum-free medium with phagocytes treated to remove surface receptors . Removal of complement receptors CR1 and CR3, the Fc receptor (FcR), and the transferrin receptor (TfR) resulted in significantly lower levels of MAC uptake in serum-free medium by both PBMs and AMs . The addition of barley beta-glucan or mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibited MAC uptake by untreated phagocytes in a dose-dependent manner . MAC uptake by PBMs or AMs was never completely abrogated by combining treatments (removal of CR1, CR3, FcR, and TfR and adding mannan or beta-glucan), indicating still-unknown mechanisms of uptake under nonopsonic conditions . We conclude that CR1, CR3, FcR, TfR, the mannose receptor, and possibly a separate beta-glucan-inhibitable receptor all may be involved in nonopsonic uptake of MAC by both PBMs and AMs.

Am J Infect Control, 1992 Jun, 20(3), 122 - 5
Blood culture: comparison of outcomes between switch-needle and no-switch techniques; Thamlikitkul V et al.; BACKGROUND: Because blood culture is a common test at our institution, we hoped to save money and reduce the risk of needlestick injury by modifying our current technique for the preparation of culture specimens without increasing the risk of contamination . METHODS: Objective: To compare the contamination rates of blood culture specimens obtained by the conventional method of switching to another sterile needle before inoculation with those of specimens obtained by a method without switching . DESIGN: Cross-over study . Setting: Department of Medicine of university hospital . Participants: Nursing personnel working in seven acute care medical wards in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand . Interventions: From March to June 1991, participating nurses prepared blood culture specimens by means of both switch-needle and no-switch techniques in a cross-over study . All blood culture specimens were submitted to microbiology laboratory to determine the growth of microorganisms . Measurement: Growth in a culture was considered to be "true positive" or "contamination" by predetermined criteria . RESULTS: Total number of blood culture specimens was 1619; of these, 813 were prepared by switch-needle technique and 806 were prepared by no-switch technique . The contamination rates were 7.6% and 8.3% for switch-needle and no-switch techniques, respectively (p = 0.61) . CONCLUSIONS: The switch-needle technique may not be necessary for obtaining blood culture specimens unless the needle is obviously contaminated . The no-switch technique for the preparation of blood culture specimens is more convenient and less expensive; it also poses less risk of needlestick injury.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Jun, 58(6), 2066 - 70
Temperature and structural effects on transfer of double-stranded RNA among isolates of the chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica); Friese CF et al.; Cryphonectria parasitica is a unique fungus which can serve as a model for understanding transfer of genes between eukaryotic microorganisms . We studied transfer of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) between compatible and incompatible strains of C . parasitica to determine whether hyphal types or temperature could restrict that exchange . Hyphal connections between incompatible strains occurred at about 30% of the frequency of connections between compatible strains and differed morphologically . Gel electrophoresis and in situ hybridization confirmed that dsRNA was transferred through substrate hyphae but not through aerial hyphae . Freezing temperatures resulted in the loss of dsRNA from the new mycelium of the donor colony and stimulated the production of virulent pycnidiospores . These temperature and structural restrictions may help to explain the lack of spread of the dsRNA despite its presence in the field.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Jun, 58(6), 1945 - 51
Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds mediated by Streptomyces sp . exudates; Glaus MA et al.; Exudates from Streptomyces griseoflavus Tu 2484 effectively mediated electron transfer between hydrogen sulfide and various nitrobenzenes . In general, pseudo-first-order kinetics were observed, except for the initial phase of the reaction at higher pH values . Under fixed pH and Dh conditions, linear free energy relationships were found between the logarithms of the reaction rate constants and the one-electron reduction potentials of the nitroaromatic compounds . No competition was observed between various compounds . Comparison of the results of this study with the results of experiments conducted with model quinones and an iron porphyrin suggest that the secondary metabolites cinnaquinone and dicinnaquinone, excreted by strain Tu 2484 on the order of 100 mg/liter, are responsible for the catalytic activity of the exudate . Further support for this hypothesis comes from the facts that the catalytic activity of the exudate became prominent only after the growth phase of the microorganisms and that the mediating substances have a molecular weight of less than 3,000.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1992 Jun, 97(6), 850 - 3
A blood culture study comparing the new Bactec high-volume resin media with hypertonic media; Wajsbort RR et al.; A blood culture study comparing the performance of the new high-volume Bactec resin media to hypertonic medium was conducted in adult patients seen in the emergency department . Twenty milliliters of blood was divided equally among three media: hypertonic (NR8A), aerobic high-volume resin (HV26), and anaerobic high-volume resin (HV27) . During a 5.5-month period, 2,724 blood cultures were collected; there were 417 (15.3%) positive cultures, of which 233 (8.6%) yielded pathogens and 184 (6.8%) contaminants . For the 257 isolates recovered from 233 cultures yielding pathogens, the isolation rates were: NR8A-194 (75.5%), HV26-204 (79.4%), and HV27-189 (73.5%) . We conclude that in this emergency department patient population, the rate and speed of recovery of pathogenic microorganisms is comparable in high-volume resin media and the hypertonic medium but that the high-volume resin media still has a definite advantage over standard nonradiometric media in adults because high-volume blood cultures (20 mL) can be performed using a two-bottle collection set rather than a three-bottle set.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992 Jun 1, 89(11), 4962 - 6
A single polypeptide catalyzing the conversion of phytoene to zeta-carotene is transcriptionally regulated during tomato fruit ripening; Pecker I et al.; The cDNA of the gene pds from tomato, encoding the carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme phytoene desaturase, was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined . Cells of Escherichia coli that expressed the tomato pds gene could convert phytoene to zeta-carotene . This result suggests that one polypeptide, the product of the pds gene, can carry out phytoene desaturation in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway . Transcripts of the pds gene accumulate in orange tomato fruit, indicating transcriptional control of pds expression during fruit ripening . The deduced amino acid sequence of phytoene desaturase indicates that this enzyme in tomato contains 583 amino acids that are highly conserved with respect to the homologous enzymes in cyanobacteria and algae . The deduced amino acid sequences of the phytoene desaturases from other microorganisms (purple bacteria and fungi) appear to be evolutionarily unrelated to those from green photosynthetic organisms.

Chronobiol Int, 1992 Jun, 9(3), 222 - 30
Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: the role of mitochondria; Brody S; Energy metabolism and mitochondria have been discussed with respect to their role in the circadian rhythm mechanism for some time . Numerous examples of inhibitors that affect the mitochondria of plants and animals and microorganisms are known, which cause large phase shifts in the rhythms of these organisms . Analogous studies on the role of mitochondria in the Neurospora circadian rhythm mechanism have also been reported and summarized . This communication differs from previous studies on other organisms in that it will focus on two lines of evidence derived from studies on Neurospora strains carrying mutations affecting the mitochondria . (a) Strains whose growth rate is resistant to oligomycin (oli(r)) owing to an altered protein in the F0 sector of the mitochondrial ATPase, showed no phase shifts when pulsed with oligomycin . Control strains (oli(s)) showed large phase shifts when pulsed with oligomycin . This indicates that the phase-shifting effect of oligomycin is due to the direct inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase and not some side effect of this inhibitor . (b) In Neurospora, many different strains are known that carry mutations in the nuclear or mitochondrial genome that affect mitochondrially localized proteins . Some of these, such as oli(r), {MI-3}, or cya-5, showed shorter (approximately 19-h) periods compared with the normal (21.5-h) period . Others showed little or no change in period . Those mutant strains exhibiting shorter periods also contained approximately 60% more mitochondrial protein per gram total protein in extracts compared with the normal strains . Assays of the level of a mitochondrial-specific protein, acyl carrier protein, showed that the cellular content of this protein was approximately doubled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chest, 1992 Jun, 101(6), 1663 - 73
Fibronectin . A versatile matrix protein with roles in thoracic development, repair and infection; Limper AH et al.; Fibronectin, a dimeric cell-adhesive extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is secreted by mesenchymal cells and assembled into insoluble matrices which have important biological functions in embryologic development as well as in tissue response to injury . Fibronectin interacts with numerous cell types including mesenchymal cells and inflammatory cells which bear appropriate fibronectin receptors . In vitro, fibronectin serves as an adhesive substrate and promotes cell proliferation and cytodifferentiation . During development, fibronectin-rich matrices are deposited in specific location and regulate the directional migration of embryonic cells . In particular, fibronectin matrices appear to be of critical importance to normal cardiopulmonary development . Following embryologic development, the tissue expression of fibronectin is greatly reduced, but increases markedly following tissue injury, where newly expressed fibronectin matrices appear critical to tissue repair . Recent evidence has documented increased expression of fibronectin in numerous pulmonary conditions including the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) . Additionally, fibronectin also interacts with a large number of microorganisms and therefore also is potentially important in microbial adherence to airway epithelium and subsequent infections of the respiratory system.

Cell Immunol, 1992 Jun, 142(1), 159 - 76
Distribution and quantitative expression of the complement receptor type 1 (CR1) on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes; Yaskanin DD et al.; The complement receptor, type 1 (CR1) is expressed on a variety of cell types including primate erythrocytes, phagocytic cells, and B lymphocytes . On these cells, CR1 plays a role in a diverse spectrum of biological activities including the clearance of immune complexes from the circulation, down-regulation of the complement system, recognition of complement-coated microorganisms, and cellular activation . CR1 is also expressed by some, but not all, T lymphocytes . The present study was undertaken in order to examine the distribution of CR1 on normal human T cell subsets by flow cytometry and to quantify the expression of T cell CR1 by radioimmunoassay . Data presented here indicate that, in a panel of 19 normal individuals, a mean of 9.7% of the overall peripheral blood lymphocyte population expressed CR1 and that, as assessed by two-color flow cytometry, 12.0% of CD3+, 13.0% of CD4+, and 20.0% of CD8+ cells expressed CR1 . While single peaks of CR1 staining were observed within the CD3 and CD4 subsets, a biphasic pattern of staining was evident within the CD8 subset in which relatively high-intensity CR1 staining was detected within the subpopulation of "dull" CD8+ cells, whereas a lower intensity of CR1 staining was observed within the subpopulation of "bright" CD8+ cells . Duplicate analyses performed over a relatively short time frame suggested that, while the overall percentage of cells that expressed CR1 varied considerably among normal individuals, in at least some individuals the percentage of cells expressing CR1 was relatively stable, especially within the CD4 subset . In cell suspensions enriched for T lymphocytes by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes, 10.0% of the cells were CR1+ and a mean of approximately 3700 CR1 were expressed per CR1+ cell . There was no apparent correlation between the number of CR1 per T cell and the number of CR1 expressed per erythrocyte in the same blood sample . The expression of CR1 on subpopulations within the CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets may play a role in both normal cell function and in the pathophysiology of disease states including the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

FEMS Microbiol Rev, 1992 Jun, 8(3-4), 249 - 62
Enzymes and pathways of polyamine breakdown in microorganisms; Large PJ; The information currently available on the breakdown of spermidine and putrescine by microorganisms is reviewed . Two major metabolic routes have been described, one for the free bases via delta 1-pyrroline (4-aminobutyraldehyde), the other via N-acetyl derivatives . In both pathways oxidases or aminotransferases are the key enzymes in removing the nitrogen atoms . The two routes converge at 4-aminobutyrate, which is then metabolized via succinate . The degradation of putrescine in Escherichia coli has been well characterized at both genetic and biochemical levels, but for other bacteria much less information is available . The C3 moiety of spermidine is broken down via beta-alanine, but the metabolism of this compound and its precursors is poorly understood . In yeasts, a catabolic route for spermidine and putrescine via N-acetyl derivatives has been described in Candida boidinii, and the evidence for its occurrence in other species is reviewed . Except for the terminal step of this pathway, the same group of enzymes can metabolize both the C3 and C4 moieties of spermidine . It is likely that other routes of polyamine catabolism also exist in both bacteria and yeasts.

J Dairy Sci, 1992 Jun, 75(6), 1527 - 32
Resistance of fatty acyl amides to degradation and hydrogenation by ruminal microorganisms; Fotouhi N et al.; Two in vitro trials were conducted to determine whether fatty acyl amides are degraded and hydrogenated by ruminal microorganisms . The treatments consisted of ground hay supplemented with either no lipid, linoleoyl Met ethyl ester, or free linoleic acid plus Met ethyl ester . Incubations were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks at 39 degrees C under CO2 . Cultures were sampled at predetermined times and analyzed for long-chain fatty acids, Met, and VFA . In trial 1, the rate of disappearance of linoleic acid was lower for the amide than for the FFA (.004 and -.047/h, respectively) . In trial 2, there were no differences in the rate of disappearance of linoleic acid from 0 to 6 h (-.237 and -.357/h for amide and FFA, respectively), but the rates from 6 to 48 h (-.003 and -.027/h for amide and FFA, respectively) were different . Linoleoyl Met cultures also had higher acetate to propionate ratio and lower loss of Met compared with free linoleic acid cultures . There was no loss of radioactivity from {14C}stearoyl Met after 24 h of incubation, indicating its resistance to bacterial breakdown . The results showed that fatty acyl amides resist bacterial breakdown and prevent loss of double bonds by microbial biohydrogenation.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1992 Jun, 66(6), 679 - 85
{A study of enhancing effects of monocyte culture supernatant on polymorphonuclear neutrophils-chemiluminescence--comparison between normal controls and collagen disease patients}; Shimatsu Y et al.; Priming effect of monocyte culture supernatant on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)-chemiluminescence (CL) was studied in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 11) and mixed connective tissue disease (n = 4) . In normal controls, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) induced PMN-CL was enhanced when PMN were previously incubated for 15 minutes with monocyte culture supernatant (MS) or T lymphocyte culture supernatant (TS) or T lymphocyte culture supernatant (TS) . The enhancing effect of MS on PMN-CL was greater than that of TS . This enhancing effect of MS was inhibited by adding of dexamethasone (1 microgram/ml) during the culture . Recombinant human TNF also enhanced PMN-CL as well as MS . When compared the enhancing effects of MS between patients and normal controls, that of patients under corticosteroid therapy (average prednisolone dose 39.5 mg/day) was reduced significantly . Thus, we concluded that the cytokines from monocyte contributed PMN phagocytosis of invading microorganisms, and that this monocyte-mediated PMN phagocytosis was suppressed partly by corticosteroids in collagen disease.

Oral Microbiol Immunol, 1992 Jun, 7(3), 165 - 70
Stimulatory effect of bicarbonate on the glycolysis of Actinomyces viscosus and its biochemical mechanism; Takahashi N et al.; The effects of bicarbonate on acid production by 4 human strains of Actinomyces viscosus were estimated under anaerobic conditions . The rate of acid production was accelerated by bicarbonate 3-4 times as much as that without bicarbonate . The analyses of intracellular glycolytic intermediates, NAD and NADH revealed a decrease in NADH:NAD ratio and an increase in the level of 3-phosphoglycerate in the cells when bicarbonate was present . Furthermore, when bicarbonate was available, malate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase in the succinate pathway were expected to function as NADH-oxidizing enzymes in addition to lactate dehydrogenase . These observations indicate the efficient regeneration of NAD in the presence of bicarbonate . Thus, the stimulation of A . viscosus glycolysis by bicarbonate was thought to stem from the activation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) by the decrease in the level of NADH, because NADH was a strong inhibitor of G3PDH in this microorganism.

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1992 Jun, 37(3), 298 - 300
Isolation and identification of ethisolide as an antibiotic product from Penicillium capsulatum; Atienza J et al.; Ethisolide has been isolated from cultures of Penicillium capsulatum, and its structure determined by means of infrared, mass spectrometry, 1H- and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance . Antibiotic activity against a number of microorganisms is reported.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Jun, 58(6), 2016 - 21
Inactivation of poliovirus type 1 in mixed human and swine wastes and by bacteria from swine manure; Deng MY et al.; The persistence of poliovirus type 1 (PO1) in mixed septic tank effluent and swine manure slurry was determined, and the antiviral effects of several bacterial cultures isolated from swine manure slurry were demonstrated . In two field experiments, PO1 was consistently inactivated more rapidly in the mixed waste than in the control Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (D-PBS) . D values (time {in days} for a 90% reduction of virus titer) were 18.7 and 29.9 for the mixed waste and 56.5 and 51.8 for the D-PBS control, respectively . The virus inactivation in the mixed waste was temperature dependent . A comparison of PO1 inactivation in raw mixed waste, autoclaved mixed waste, and bacterium-free filtrate of raw mixed waste at the same pH and temperatures provided an initial demonstration that the virus inactivation in the mixed waste is related, at least in part, to microbial activity . At 25 degrees C, the D value was 6.8 for the mixed waste, 11.2 for the autoclaved mixed waste, and 10.5 for the bacterium-free filtrate of raw mixed waste . At 37 degrees C, D values were 1.3, 3.9, and 3.1 for these three suspending media, respectively . Three bacterial isolates which had shown antiviral effects in a screening test each caused virus inactivation in autoclaved mixed waste, in which the effect of other microorganisms was excluded . Inhibition of PO1 inactivation by protease inhibitors suggests that the virus inactivation in the mixed waste was due in part to proteolytic enzymes produced by bacteria in the waste.

Br Dent J, 1992 May 23, 172(10), 369 - 73
The aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and changing pattern of infective endocarditis, with a note on prophylaxis; Franklin CD; Infective endocarditis remains a life-threatening condition, although the number of deaths due to this disease has fallen by 80% over the past 50 years . Dental undergraduate and postgraduate teaching rightly emphasises the use of prophylactic antibiotics for those patients most at risk of developing the condition . However, the types of patients at risk have also changed with the increased use of antibiotics and availability of heart surgery . While oral microorganisms may be incriminated in infective endocarditis, causal organisms arise from a number of other sites and in many cases the portal of entry is unknown . It is now thought that the proportion of cases that are apparently dentally related is probably smaller than previously believed . This article concentrates on the mechanisms by which this disease occurs, an area which is often poorly understood by undergraduates and postgraduates alike . An extract is included from the Lancet, which provides the most recent recommendations for endocarditis prophylaxis.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992 May 15, 89(10), 4300 - 3
Selection-induced mutations occur in yeast; Hall BG; Selection-induced mutations are nonrandom mutations that occur as specific and direct responses to environmental challenges and primarily in nondividing cells under conditions of intense prolonged selection . Selection-induced mutations have been shown to occur at six loci in Escherichia coli, but their existence has not previously been demonstrated in any eukaryotic organism . Here it is shown that selection-induced mutations occur at the HIS4 locus in the eukaryotic microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1992 May, 99(5), 193 - 4
{The effect of technopathologically limited stress factors on the fertility of cattle}; Badura R et al.; The influence of purulent claw-diseases on the development of uterus infections, its involution and ovary dysfunctions (acyclia, cysts) was examined . It was shown that A . pyogenes, Ps . aeruginosa, Fus . necrophorum and other microorganisms involved in these lesions are potential sources for the infections of the uterus . In comparison with the controls the frequency of endometritis was twice in the group with claw-problems . Similar differences existed in the involution-time of the uterus or its atonia, acyclia and the development of ovarian cysts (p less than 0.01) . The Index of insemination was elevated by about 65%.

Naturwissenschaften, 1992 May, 79(5), 213 - 9
{Gene probes and their use in microbiology}; Schleifer KH et al.; A gene probe (nucleic acid probe) is a single-stranded nucleic acid fragment that interacts with a complementary sequence of a target nucleic acid . The test is based upon the principles of nucleic acid hybridization reactions . Different assay formats (dot-blot, colony, whole-cell hybridizations) can be applied . Gene probes can be used for the rapid and specific identification of microorganisms . The phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of uncultured bacteria will be discussed.

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 1992 May 1, 105(5), 145 - 9
{Latent Chlamydia infections as the cause of health disorders in swine, cattle and sheep breeders in Czechoslovakia}; Bazala E et al.; For a twelve year period the health condition of a large group of pig-, cattle- and sheep-breeder was controlled and at the same time an inquiry was carried out why these people suffer from high occurrence of specific health problems which among the rest of the population appear in smaller extent . The performed investigation shows that the primary cause of the specific problems is a latent infection caused by the chlamydia microorganism, namely by the Chlamydia trachomatis group, that can be transferred from animals on people . These microorganisms survive permanently and parasite in the living cells of animals and people and they cause a wide range of specific health difficulties, often subjective, painful and very unpleasant ones, without any manifestation of clinical symptoms which could suggest an infectious disease . These properties of the agent and the fact, that neither human nor veterinary medicine inquire the problems of the relationship between the latent infection and the health of people, makes Chlamydia an extremely dangerous factor affecting people's health . Our paper includes anamnestic data of specific health problems of 746 breeders from 31 farms and results of serological examinations of a group of people with antigens Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis . The paper also includes a biological experiment which the rise of antibodies of a guinea pig kept and fed with table scraps in the family of one the afflicted breeders as well as the results of serological examinations of a group of animals, the most frequent health problems at the latent course of disease, the course of the disease itself and the author's opinions on necessity of further investigation of the human medicine problems.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 May, 58(5), 1636 - 44
Enrichment and properties of an anaerobic mixed culture reductively dechlorinating 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene to 1,3-dichlorobenzene; Holliger C et al.; Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), all three isomers of tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (1,2,3-TCB), and 1,2,4-TCB were reductively dechlorinated by enrichment cultures in the presence of lactate, glucose, ethanol, or isopropanol as the electron donor . The enrichment cultures originated from percolation columns filled with Rhine River sediment in which dechlorination of TCBs and dichlorobenzenes (DCBs) occurred . A stable consortium obtained by transfer on lactate as the energy and carbon source in the presence of 1,2,3-TCB dechlorinated this isomer stoichiometrically to 1,3-DCB . Dechlorinating activity could only be maintained when an electron donor was added . Lactate, ethanol, and hydrogen appeared to be the best substrates . Optimal temperature and pH for dechlorination were 30 degrees C and 7.2, respectively . The specificity of the enrichment on lactate and 1,2,3-TCB was tested after approximately 60 transfers (after 2.5 years) . HCB and QCB were stoichiometrically dechlorinated to 1,3,5-TCB and minor amounts of 1,2,4-TCB . 1,3,5-TCB was the sole product formed from 1,2,3,5-TeCB, while 1,2,3,4-TeCB and 1,2,4,5-TeCB were converted to 1,2,4-TCB . 1,2,4-TCB, 1,3,5-TCB, and the three isomers of DCB were not dechlorinated during 4 weeks of incubation . For further enrichment of the 1,2,3-TCB-dechlorinating bacteria, a two-liquid-phase (hexadecane-water) system was used with hydrogen as the electron donor and 1,2,3-TCB or CO2 as the electron acceptor . Methanogens and acetogens were the major substrate-competing (H2-CO2) microorganisms in the two-liquid-phase system . Inhibition of methanogenesis by 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid did not influence dechlorination, and acetogens which were isolated from the enrichment culture did not have dechlorinating activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

DNA Cell Biol, 1992 May, 11(4), 321 - 30
Characterization of the clathrin heavy chain from Dictyostelium discoideum; O'Halloran TJ et al.; We report the cloning and analysis of a clathrin heavy-chain cDNA from the eukaryotic microorganism, Dictyostelium discoideum . A single gene, designated chcA, for the clathrin heavy chain encoded a protein of 1,694 amino acids with a molecular mass of 193,618 daltons . Comparison of the amino acid sequence with the rat and with the yeast sequence showed that the highly conserved protein was more similar to the mammalian clathrin heavy chain (57% identity) than to the yeast heavy chain (45% identity) . The mRNA for the clathrin heavy chain was regulated during development . mRNA levels were highest during vegetative growth and declined as the cells progressed through the 24-hr developmental cycle . The concentration of clathrin heavy-chain protein was the same in cells grown in liquid media (high rates of pinocytosis) as in cells grown with bacteria (low rates of pinocytosis), which suggests that regulation of pinocytosis in these cells is not achieved by altering the concentration of clathrin.

Neurochirurgia (Stuttg), 1992 May, 35(3), 79 - 84
{Follow-up of spondylodiscitis following intervertebral disk operation--on the etiology, therapy and prevention}; Gruss P et al.; Operations on lumbar disc prolapses are the most frequent operations in German neurosurgery divisions . After such operations, spondylodiscitis is a dreaded complication which is sometimes difficult to diagnose . Treatment of spondylodiscitis is always protracted and a burden for doctors and patients . Hence, it appears worthwhile to present a further report on discitis and spondylodiscitis, infections of the intervertebral space and the surrounding tissues after disk operations . Various clinical pictures are described: septic progress forms with neurological disorders and the necessity of open wound treatment as well as clinical pictures without septic signs with good recovery after immobilisation and antibiotic treatment . In two cases, CT-guided puncture of purulent suppuration with identification of the causative organisms and specific antibiotic treatment was possible . All patients had a relatively good result: pareses and/or bladder/rectal disorders disappeared completely in every case . The causes of discitis are discussed . The condition arises when nosocomial microorganisms, or very frequently even harmless skin bacteria, enter the wound . A large number of operations are carried out under pressure of time and under hectic conditions, as well as in a confined space in operation theatres which are too warm; these factors increase the susceptibility to infection . However, the resistance of the patient to infection is also weakened after longterm prior antiinflammatory treatment and a stay in hospital before the operation . Besides appropria to treatment of the infection (immobilisation, wound treatment, antibiotic therapy), psychological management of the patient is an important component of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1992 May, 114(1), 166 - 70
A common viral infection can change nickel target organ distribution; Ilback NG et al.; The autoradiographic distribution of the toxic heavy metal nickel (Ni) was studied at 4 and 7 days post-coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) infection in Balb/c mice . The distribution of the iv injected 63Ni was studied 10 min, 4 hr, and 24 hr after administration . Results clearly show that the site of 63Ni accumulation is greatly changed during this viral infection . This newly discovered distribution was mainly visible as a greatly increased accumulation in the pancreas and the wall of the ventricular myocardium . Healthy animals showed almost no 63Ni accumulation in these tissues . These results for the first time show that an invading microorganism can change the distribution of an environmental pollutant.

J Clin Microbiol, 1992 May, 30(5), 1156 - 61
Microbial flora in eyes of current and former contact lens wearers; Fleiszig SM et al.; Microbial flora from the right eye conjunctival sac of 84 consecutively presenting contact lens patients were compared with cultures from both surfaces of their lens after aseptic removal and with the flora of their storage cases . Similar results were obtained from contact lens and conjunctival cultures of each individual; however, there was no correlation between storage case isolates and lens or conjunctival flora, suggesting that in uncomplicated lens wear, the eye is highly efficient in eradicating microorganisms introduced via handling . Conjunctival flora during daily contact lens wear was similar to the conjunctival flora of a matched control group of non-lens wearers . However, bacteria that are considered to be part of the normal ocular flora were isolated significantly more often from former contact lens wearers . The data also indicated that the use of nonperoxide chemical lens disinfection was associated with a higher proportion of positive cultures for pathogenic microorganisms than the use of other forms of disinfection, for both current and former contact lens wearers . The isolation of potential pathogens was particularly common among elderly subjects using thick contact lenses for extended wear . These changes to conjunctival flora may contribute to the increased risk of ocular infection associated with contact lens wear.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1992 May, 88(2), 269 - 74
Intracellular hydrogen peroxide production by peripheral phagocytes from diabetic patients . Dissociation between polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes; Noritake M et al.; Although the standard assays for reactive oxygen species have been based on the measurement of those released into the extracellular environment, the microbicidal capacity to the engulfed microorganisms is mainly dependent on those released into the intracellular environment, such as phagosomes . We studied intracellular oxidative activities of individual phagocytes by dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) oxidation assay to investigate the relationship between the reactive oxygen species released intracellularly and the impaired microbicidal capacity in diabetic patients . Time courses of intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) and monocytes were observed at the resting condition and after the stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 160 nM) by flow cytometry . Thirty-four patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 23 age-matched healthy volunteers were subjected to the studies . PMNL from patients with NIDDM showed a significantly decreased capacity to produce hydrogen peroxide after the stimulation (P less than 0.05 at 15 min, P less than 0.01 at 30 and 45 min) . By contrast, intracellular hydrogen peroxide production by monocytes at the resting condition and an early stimulatory phase (8 min after the stimulation) was significantly (P less than 0.01) enhanced in patients with NIDDM compared with that in controls . Both the changes of intracellular hydrogen peroxide production observed in PMNL and monocytes from patients with NIDDM were in association with an increased haemoglobin Alc level in erythrocytes, but did not relate to total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum . The possible mechanisms of these dissociated changes in hydrogen peroxide producing capacity of phagocytes from patients with NIDDM are discussed.

J Periodontol, 1992 May, 63(5), 426 - 30
Relative production of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha by mononuclear cells after exposure to dental implants; Perala DG et al.; Interleukin-1 (also known as osteoclast activating factor, OAF) is a cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and macrophages and is thought to mediate many of the immunologic, metabolic, and endocrine alterations seen with microbial infection, tissue injury, inflammatory disease, and bone loss . Stimuli for IL-1 production include microorganisms, endotoxins (LPS), antigen-antibody complexes, clotting components, and other cytokines . The purpose of this study was to determine whether dental implants stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce IL-1 beta (OAF) as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) . This production may lead to bone loss or failure of an implant . Three duplicates of five different implants were incubated with 2 x 10(6) PBMCs/ml in 20% autologous serum; the esterase positive PBMCs amounted to 14.5% . Measured by radioimmunoassay techniques and compared to controls, all of the implants except one caused significant in vitro generation of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha . The stimulation of IL-1 beta/TNF alpha production by these materials suggests that they are not physiologically inert and that the IL-1 beta (OAF) production may contribute to a less favorable osseoadaptation . OAF has a physiologic (homeostatic) role in maintenance and alteration of osseous structures, but the level at which physiologic becomes pathologic is unknown . Although there were statistical differences between the cellular response to these implants, the clinical significance of the differences remains to be determined.

Rinsho Byori, 1992 May, 40(5), 453 - 6
{Nucleic acid probes in infectious diseases}; Shimada K; DNA probes are then newest diagnostic reagents now in clinical use to detect or specify infectious microorganisms . The fundamental aspects of DNA probes and their clinical applications are reviewed to provide the clinician new information on the recent progress in infectious diseases.

Res Microbiol, 1992 May, 143(4), 398 - 405
Macrophages, mycobacteria and HIV: the role of cytokines in determining mycobacterial virulence and regulating viral replication; Wallis RS et al.; The marriage of two scourges, one old (mycobacterial disease) and one new (HIV), has presented an enormous challenge to the medical and public health communities, and has stirred renewed interest in mechanisms for immune control of mycobacterial infection . Virulence of both M . avium and M . tuberculosis appears to be inversely related to the capacity of the microorganisms to induce production of protective cytokines in infected hosts . TNF alpha and IFN gamma are central to this process, and mycobacterial polysaccharides may be their main determinant . Despite these similarities, M . tuberculosis and M . avium cause illnesses at the polar extremes of HIV disease . Tuberculosis, occurring early in the course of HIV disease, may promote HIV replication in otherwise latently infected cells via induction of cytokines . As such, the potential exists for accelerated progression to AIDS due to the mutual synergy of these pathogens.

Mycopathologia, 1992 May, 118(2), 85 - 93
Properties of a partially purified acid phosphatase from pathogenic Nocardia brasiliensis; Colon LS et al.; Like many other bacteria, Nocardia sp . possess acid phosphatase activity . In N . brasiliensis, a human and animal pathogen, this activity was resolved into two enzyme forms by native gel electrophoresis . One (isozyme I) was partially purified and characterized . It exhibited an estimated molecular weight on SDS-PAGE of 50 kDa, a pH optimum of 5.2, and a Km value of 1.25 mM for p-nitrophenylphosphate . The N . brasiliensis enzyme was stable at 4 degrees C for at least 24 h, but readily inactivated at 60 degrees C . Ammonium molybdate, sodium fluoride and L-(+)-tartrate were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme . Although its function is presently unknown, by analogy to other bacterial systems it could be envisioned to play an important role in the physiology and pathogenicity of the microorganism.

Mikrobiol Zh, 1992 May-Jun, 54(3), 75 - 86
{Factors that affect transduction in microorganisms}; Mukvich NS et al.; Data from literature concerning general and specialized transduction in microorganisms are given in the paper . The process of exogenic DNA penetration to the cells of bacteria and participation of protein products of separate phage genes in this process are described . The so-called E-proteins in a set with DNA penetrate through a cell membrane . In phage P22 they are protein products of phage genes 7, 16, 20 . In P22 mutants with an altered transducing frequencies (HFT and LFT) the due functions are also coded by the phage genes . It is shown that the process of DNA packing in phages P22, phi 80, lambda and others is genetically determined . The gene transfer frequency depends on UV radiation and the very nature of transducing phages itself . In virulent phages the UV radiation up to inactivation level 95-99% evokes a decrease of their "killer" ability, which is accompanied by an increase of survivability of the formed transductants and, as a result, by enhancement of the transduction transfer frequency . An important role of the transduction analysis for fine mapping of a genome of microorganisms and its significance for practice are shown . A mathematical analysis of the data on cotransduction of linkage markers is presented as such that may be used when determining the value of transduced fragment of a chromosome.

Int Endod J, 1992 May, 25(3), 134 - 41
Pulp responses to two strains of bacteria isolated from human carious dentine (L . plantarum) (NCTC 1406) and S . mutans (NCTC 10919); Paterson RC et al.; A series of studies has been conducted in which monoinfected gnotobiotic rats were used to study the responses of the dental pulp to micro-organisms isolated from carious lesions in dentine . In this study pulp responses to L . plantarum (formerly odontolyticus) (NCTC 1406) in pure culture and in combination with S . mutans (NCTC 10919) are reported . The incidence of inflammation/necrosis/dentine bridge formation observed in animals monoinfected with L . plantarum was similar to that reported in previous germ-free studies . There was a greater incidence of dentine bridge formation in rats monoinfected with L . plantarum compared with those monoinfected with S . mutans . When the two organisms were combined, periapical inflammation was observed in 14% of the teeth examined after 28 days, but there was no significant difference in the incidence of dentine bridge formation . Considerable variation in the density of staining of the two microorganisms in histological sections was observed.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1992 May, 8(3), 460 - 70
Is Pneumocystis carinii a deep mycosis-like agent?
Dei-Cas E, Cailliez JC, Palluault F, Aliouat EM, Mazars E, Soulez B, Suppin J, Camus D.
Pneumocystis carinii is a widespread eukaryotic microorganism found in the lungs of healthy mammals, including humans . It is able to proliferate extensively in the alveoli, becoming an important agent of severe pneumonitis in immunosuppressed hosts, especially in persons suffering from AIDS . The taxonomic position of P . carinii is uncertain . Typical cytoplasmic organelles of eukaryotic cells have been found and described in the parasite . Biochemical research is hindered by the lack of an efficient in vitro culture system . Results of comparative study of nucleic acid sequences suggest that Pneumocystis is a fungus . However, ultrastructural, biochemical and nucleic acid homology insights appear as clearly insufficient to class Pneumocystis . Pneumocystis infection might be acquired, as deep mycoses, from environmental sources through the respiratory tract . Thus, the hypothesis of an environmental stage of the parasite must be considered . Pneumocystis might be seen as a widespread pathogenic dimorphous fungus . As fungal agents, P . carinii is able to disseminate from the infected lung to other organs . However, deep mycoses and pneumocystosis induce different histopathological changes in the host . Furthermore, deep fungal infections, unlike pneumocystosis, cannot be transmitted from one infested host to another one . Beside these two aspects, pneumocystosis shares many features with deep mycoses . Research on the epidemiology of pneumocystosis is needed.

J Med Virol, 1992 May, 37(1), 54 - 7
Infections of the cervix uteri with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis; Claas EC et al.; Apart from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), other microorganisms may be involved in the development of cervical neoplasia . To study concomitant infections with HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis, cervical specimens from 4 groups of women were examined for the presence of these microorganisms by the polymerase chain reaction . The first group consisted of 143 consecutive samples from women with no cytological abnormalities who participated in a triennial screening program to prevent cervical cancer . In this group 2 samples were found positive for HPV and 2 additional samples were found positive for C . trachomatis . In the second group of 46 cytologically abnormal smears, HPV DNA was detected in 71.7% of the samples and C . tra chomatis in 4.3% . In a third group of 94 histological abnormal biopsies, the HPV prevalence ranged from 15% in mild dysplastic lesions up to 92% in invasive cervical carcinomas . Only 2 biopsies of this group (2.1%) were found positive for C . trachomatis . Finally, a group of cervical scrapes was obtained from women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases . In 52 samples positive for C . trachomatis and 60 samples negative for C . trachomatis, no significant (P = 0.57) difference in the frequency of HPV infections was found (11.5% and 8.3%, respectively) . The data show that in these study groups HPV and C . trachomatis are independently occurring agents.

Stomatologiia (Mosk), 1992 May-Dec, (3-6), 58 - 61
{The need and possibility for disinfecting impressions in orthodontics (a review of the literature)}; Shcherbakov AS et al.; Reviews the data on a high risk of viral and bacterial infection of dentists in connection with the high prevalence of AIDS and viral hepatitis B and on the possibility of infection of dental patients and the staff by microorganisms transfer on the impressions . Presents the present-day methods and means for disinfection of the impression material . Emphasizes inadequate knowledge of the dentists about the virucidal efficacy and the possibility of the impressions changing their properties in disinfection, which fact results in inaccuracy of the ready articles.

Stomatologiia (Mosk), 1992 May-Dec, (3-6), 21 - 3
{Changes in dentin permeability for microorganisms during caries treatment}; Dmitrieva LA et al.; Effects of a number of chemicals and of the time elapsed since the preparation on dentine permeability for microorganisms were under study . Dentine permeability was found the highest immediately after the preparation and after acid treatment . Potassium oxalate and calcium hydroxide reduced dentine permeability.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1992 Apr 17, 1120(3), 239 - 47
Formycins A and B and some analogues: selective inhibitors of bacterial (Escherichia coli) purine nucleoside phosphorylase; Bzowska A et al.; Formycin B (FB), a moderate inhibitor (Ki approximately 100 microM) of mammalian purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), and formycin A (FA), which is totally inactive vs . the mammalian enzyme, are both effective inhibitors of the bacterial (Escherichia coli) enzyme (Ki approximately 5 microM) . Examination of a series of N-methyl analogues of FA and FB led to the finding that N(6)-methyl-FA, virtually inactive vs . the mammalian enzyme, is the most potent inhibitor of E . coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (Ki approximately 0.3 uM) at neutral pH . Inhibition is competitive not only with respect to Ino, but also relative to 7-methyl-Guo and 7-methyl-Ado, as substrates . Both oxoformycins A and B are relatively poor inhibitors . For the most potent inhibitor, N(6)-methyl-FA, it was shown that the enzyme preferentially binds the neutral, and not the cationic, form . In accordance with this the neutral, but not the cationic form, of the structurally related N(1)-methyl-Ado was found to be an excellent substrate . Reported data on tautomerism of formycins were profited from, and extended, to infer which tautomeric species and ionic forms are the active inhibitors . A commercially available (Sigma) bacterial PNP, of unknown origin, was shown to differ from the E . coli enzyme by its inability to phosphorylase Ado; this enzyme was also resistant to FA and FB . These findings have been extended to provide a detailed comparison of the substrate/inhibitor properties of PNP from various microorganisms.

J Biol Chem, 1992 Apr 15, 267(11), 7582 - 7
Purification of 4S-limonene synthase, a monoterpene cyclase from the glandular trichomes of peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and spearmint (Mentha spicata); Alonso WR et al.; The p-menthane monoterpenes of the Mentha species are biosynthesized from geranyl pyrophosphate via the monocyclic olefin 4S-limonene . A monoterpene cyclase was isolated from both Mentha x piperita (peppermint) and Mentha spicata (spearmint) that catalyzes the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to 4S-limonene . This enzyme, 4S-limonene synthase, was purified to apparent homogeneity by dye ligand, anion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography . Since the monoterpenes of Mentha are synthesized and secreted in modified epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, an extract of isolated glandular trichome cells was used as the source of this enzyme . A combination of gel permeation chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that purified 4S-limonene synthase had a native molecular weight of 56,000 and was monomeric . The principal product of the enzyme was enantiomerically pure (-)-4S-limonene, and a catalytic constant of 0.3/s was determined . The basic properties of 4S-limonene synthase from both M . x piperita and M . spicata are identical and, in general, are similar to those of other monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and diterpene cyclases isolated from microorganisms and higher plants.

Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 1992 Apr, 66(4), 477 - 83
{Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and antibodies to the agent in patients with acute bronchitis}; Ogawa H et al.; Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and serologic tests were performed on 85 children and adults patients with acute bronchitis admitted to the Kitasato Institute Hospital from January 1989 to May 1991 . C . pneumoniae was isolated from sputa or tonsillar swabs in 11 of 57 (19%) patients examined . Of these, 10 patients were tested serologically and 9 (90%) had 16 or higher titer of IgG antibody . A total of 68 patients were tested serologically, and 17 (25%) revealed positive; 14 had a fourfold rise or more in the titer of IgG antibody, or IgM titer of 16 or more, and 3 had IgG antibody with a titer of 512 or greater . In 34 patients, sera were tested for evidence of acute infections not only with C . pneumoniae, but also with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, coxackie A9 virus, parainfluenza virus type I, II, and III . Two of the 34 patients were associated with influenza A virus, 4 with influenza B virus, whereas 6 were associated with C . pneumoniae . The data available suggest that C . pneumoniae cause bronchitis much more than has been suspected, and also confirm earlier suggestions that the agent played an important role in respiratory tract infections . Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from sputa and tonsillar swabs in 6 adults patients with acute bronchitis . Studies are needed for a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical relevance of this microorganism to lower respiratory tract diseases in adults.

Exp Toxicol Pathol, 1992 Apr, 44(2), 102 - 4
A contribution to the model of biliary infection in rats; Martinkova J et al.; The model of biliary tract infection induced in rats given suspension of E . coli into the bile duct is described . To prevent leakage of microorganisms after the administration, a temporary ligation of the bile duct followed . Contemporary groups of sham-operated and control rats (given saline by intrabiliary injection) were compared to assess the significance of the changes . The effect of biliary infection was concentration dependent . If 0.1 ml of the concentration containing 10(2), 10(3) and 10(6) colony-forming units/ml was injected, the mortality of rats reached 8%, 57% and 65%, respectively within 24 h . Blood and bile cultures from all dead animals grew E . coli . To evaluate the effect of chronic biliary infection, the concentration of 10(2) colony-forming units/ml was used . Serum concentrations of total and conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol and creatinine, activities of S-alanine-aminotransferase, S-aspartate-aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, the count of leucocytes in blood, total body weight with weight of the liver were investigated on days 1, 4 and 12 after the treatment . The results showed: an increase in leucocytes (21 +/- 4.2 10(9)/l, p less than 0.02 vs control animals) on day 4, an augmentation of serum cholesterol on day 1, (2.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/l, p less than 0.02 vs control animals), the presence of E . coli in blood on day 1 and its persistence in the bile on days 1, 4 and 12 . Except the bile, all of the other symptoms were reversible by day 12.

Can J Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 38(4), 290 - 5
Utilization of chymotrypsin as a sole carbon and (or) nitrogen source by Escherichia coli; Brecher AS et al.; alpha-Chymotrypsin serves as a sole carbon source, sole nitrogen source, and as sole carbon plus nitrogen source for wild-type Escherichia coli in a totally defined medium . Hence, a mammalian host for E . coli may supply the necessary carbon and nitrogen nutrients for the microorganism . Growth is most rapid when chymotrypsin is a sole nitrogen source and least rapid with chymotrypsin as a carbon source . The approximate doubling times for E . coli utilizing chymotrypsin as a nitrogen source, carbon plus nitrogen source, and carbon source are 1.6, 4.6, and 11.3 h, respectively . The activity of the residual enzyme in the culture supernates falls off asymptotically over the source of time, as followed by cleavage of glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide . Chymotrypsin hydrolyzes succinyl-L-ala-L-ala-p-nitroanilide, the elastase substrate, to some extent . Peptidases do not appear to be secreted that hydrolyze such model substrates as benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide, the tryptic and cathepsin B substrate, L-leucine-p-nitroanilide, the leucine amino-peptidase substrate, or L-lysine-p-nitroanilide, the aminopeptidase B substrate . Growth of E . coli is generally directly related to the loss of chymotryptic activity in the medium . Hence, autolysis of chymotrypsin, i.e., self-degradation, is an important factor for the availability of degradation products of the enzyme to the bacterium for growth purposes . Accordingly, the degradation of a host protein by autolysis presents an opportunity for E . coli to survive during periods of host nutritional crisis by utilization of the degradation peptides that are produced during autolysis.

J Wildl Dis, 1992 Apr, 28(2), 288 - 91
Mycoplasma gallopavonis in eastern wild turkeys; Luttrell MP et al.; Serum samples and tracheal cultures were collected from eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) trapped for relocation in South Carolina (USA) during 1985 to 1990 . Sera were tested for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M . synoviae by the rapid plate agglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests and were found to be negative . Tracheal cultures were negative for all pathogenic Mycoplasma spp., including M . gallisepticum, M . synoviae, M . meleagridis, and M . iowae . However, M . gallopavonis was isolated from every group of wild turkeys tested in 1986 to 1990 . These data suggest that M . gallopavonis, which is generally considered nonpathogenic, may be a common microorganism in eastern wild turkeys.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 58(4), 1259 - 65
Survival and function of a genetically engineered Pseudomonad in aquatic sediment microcosms; Pipke R et al.; Pseudomonas sp . strain B13 FR1(pFRC20P) is a genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) which is able to degrade chloro- and methylaromatics through a constructed ortho cleavage pathway . The fate of the GEM and its ability to degrade substituted aromatic compounds in two different aquatic sediments was investigated by using a microcosm system which consisted of intact layered sediment cores with an overlying water column . The GEM survived in Lake Plussee and in Rhine river sediments at densities of approximately 10(5) bacteria per g (dry weight) (1 to 5% of the total CFU) throughout a 4-week period of investigation . According to several criteria, the microcosm system was stable and healthy throughout the experiment and the addition of the GEM did not affect the total number of extractable CFU (I . Wagner-Dobler, R . Pipke, K . N . Timmis, and D . F . Dwyer, Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 58:1249-1258, 1992) . When compared with uninoculated controls, the presence of the GEM enhanced the rate of degradation of a mixture of 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-methylbenzoate (25 microns each) which had been added to the water column of the sediment cores.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 58(4), 1110 - 4
Anaerobic dechlorination of polychlorobiphenyls (Aroclor 1242) by pasteurized and ethanol-treated microorganisms from sediments; Ye D et al.; A polychlorobiphenyl (PCB)-dechlorinating inoculum eluted from upper Hudson River sediments was treated with either heat or ethanol or both . The treated cultures retained the ability to dechlorinate PCBs (Aroclor 1242) under strictly anaerobic conditions . The dechlorination activity was maintained in serial cultures inoculated with transfers of 1% inoculum when the transferred inoculum was treated each time in the same manner . No methane production was detected in any treated culture, although dechlorination of PCBs in the untreated cultures was always accompanied by methane production . All treated cultures preferentially removed meta chlorines, yielding a dechlorination pattern characterized by accumulation of certain ortho- and para-subsituted congeners such as 2-4-chlorobiphenyl (2-4-CB), 2,4-2-CB, and 2,4-4-CB . In contrast, the untreated cultures showed more extensive dechlorination activities, which almost completely removed both meta and para chlorines from Aroclor 1242 . These results suggest that microorganisms responsible for the dechlorination of PCBs in the upper Hudson River sediments can be grouped into two populations according to their responses to the heat and ethanol treatments . Microorganisms surviving the heat and ethanol treatments preferentially remove meta chlorines, while microorganisms lost from the enrichment mainly contribute to the para dechlorination activity . These results indicate that anaerobic sporeformers are at least one of the physiological groups responsible for the reductive dechlorination of PCBs . The selection of a dechlorinating population by such treatments may be an important step in isolation of PCB-dechlorinating microorganisms.

Rinsho Byori, 1992 Apr, 40(4), 369 - 70
{Progress of leukocyte research}; Miyazaki T et al.; Over 170 years ago Metchnikoff described the bacteriocidal activity of leukocytes . It has been clarified that leukocytes play an important role in first defense mechanism against infection due to microorganism . Leukocytes immigrate to the lesion, which various microorganisms invade across mucosal barrier, and phagocyte and kill ingested microorganisms . The inability of the chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) granulocytes to generate superoxide has prompted the analysis of NADPH oxidase responsible for superoxide generation . The study on CGD has provided profound informations into NADPH oxidase system of leukocytes . Recruitment leukocytes to inflammatory lesion is essential for the inflammatory process, and it is regulated by various chemotactic factors and the adhesion molecules interaction between leukocytes and endothelium of vessels . Identification of interleukin-8 (IL-8) to be one of chemotactic cytokines and its gene cloning offered the progressive understanding for the immigration mechanism of leukocytes from vessels to inflammatory lesion . On the other hand, LFA-1 deficiency revealed that emigration, adhesion and phagocytosis of leukocytes are associated closely with the adhesion molecules on their surfaces . More recently, the cytokine networks of myelopoiesis or inflammatory process have been clarified . Among various cytokines, the cloning of G-CSF has provided the clinical application of rhG-CSF for neutropenic patients who may be induced by the treatment with anticancer agents . This symposium focused on above-mentioned items for an important aspect of neutrophil research.

J Reprod Med, 1992 Apr, 37(4), 343 - 7
Recurrent vaginal candidiasis . Results of a cohort study of sexual transmission and intestinal reservoir; Spinillo A et al.; Yeast cultures from the oral cavity, vagina and rectum were obtained from 125 women experiencing an acute episode of recurrent candidal vaginitis . To investigate the role of sexual transmission, oral, penile and ejaculate cultures were also prepared from all the male sexual partners . The rates of oral and rectal Candida species colonization in the women were 36% (45/125) and 44.8% (56/125), respectively . The male partners' oral cavities were positive in 23.2% (29/125) and the penile coronal sulcus and seminal fluid in 16% (20/125) and 14.4% (18/125), respectively . The susceptibility of the isolated species to the main antimycotic drugs was ascertained with the agar diffusion method . Therapy in the women and the colonized sexual partners was carried out, eliminating the microorganism from every positive site . Control cultures were obtained two weeks after the completion of therapy, and follow-up was continued for one year . The overall clinical and microbiologic cure rate in the study group was 72% (95/125) . The rate of relapse was not influenced by the treatment of Candida colonization of the female intestinal tract . The recurrence rate after treatment in the couples in which the man harbored yeast (oral cavity, penile coronal sulcus, seminal fluid) was lower (15.8% vs . 44.8%, P = .0019) than that recorded in the couples without sexual partner involvement . The identification and treatment of the male sexual partner's Candida colonization seems important in the prevention of recurrent vulvovaginitis.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1992 Apr, 26(2), 177 - 88
{Recombinant DNA technology}; Kocoglu T et al.; Recombinant DNA technology is a method depending on realization of genetic recombination events artificially . It became possible to obtain any ordered gene or its product with this method . Before production step, ordered gene is derived from original chromosome by endonuclease enzyme and integrated to a vector as a plasmid or a phage . After that this vector is transformed into a bacterium or a yeast . Then ordered gene or protein is produced in desired amounts by culturing these microorganisms.

J Anim Sci, 1992 Apr, 70(4), 1188 - 94
Effects of high iron and sulfate ion concentrations on dry matter digestion and volatile fatty acid production by ruminal microorganisms; Harrison GA et al.; The inhibitory effects of iron- and sulfate-containing compounds on the in vitro digestion of a balanced forage diet by mixed populations of ruminal microorganisms were examined in batch cultures . Compounds containing ferrous and ferric cations consistently inhibited DM digestion by up to 36% when added Fe concentrations in cultures were between 100 and 1,000 mg/L . Increased sulfate concentrations of up to 200 mg/L or chloride concentrations of up to 635 mg/L were not associated with decreased DM digestion . Ammonium sulfate additions that provided 200 mg/L of added sulfur increased (P less than .05) digestibility by 10% . Sulfate-containing iron salts tended to be less inhibitory than chloride salts and were associated with increased gas production during digestion . Ferric chloride inhibited (P less than .05) microbial activities at lower concentrations than ferrous chloride . Data suggest that excessive iron supplementation or contamination of feeds with iron-containing pollutants may decrease microbial activities in the rumen.

J Clin Microbiol, 1992 Apr, 30(4), 1033 - 5
Monoclonal antibodies to a specific 54-kilodalton antigen of Nocardia spp; Boiron P et al.; Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of the immunoglobulin G2A isotype, reacting with a Nocardia-specific 54-kDa antigen, were generated . As determined by Western blot (immunoblot), both MAbs reacted only with the 54-kDa band . As determined by indirect immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassay with whole microorganisms, the MAbs did not react with Nocardia cells . One of the MAbs showed weak cross-reactivity with mycobacterial antigens, while the other showed no cross-reactivity.

J Clin Periodontol, 1992 Apr, 19(4), 288 - 92
A follow-up case report of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal disease; Skaar DD et al.; The purpose of this investigation was to compare clinical and microbial parameters in a follow-up case report of adult subjects harboring Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) with clinically matched subjects who did not have detectable Aa . 16 subjects with Aa and 16 subjects without Aa at the baseline examination were re-examined at an average of 46 months following collection of baseline data . Clinical measurements were recorded and subgingival plaque sampled and evaluated for microbial flora from each maxillary first molar . In 16 subjects with Aa at baseline, 4 sites in 3 subjects had detectable actinobacilli at the follow-up appointment . 26 sites in 13 individuals with Aa at baseline had a significantly increased gingival index at the follow-up visit (p less than or equal to 0.05), but there was no significant increase in probing depth or attachment loss . 32 sites in the 16 subjects without Aa at baseline still did not have detectable levels of this microorganism at the follow-up examination nor was there any significant difference between baseline and the follow-up appointment for the gingival index, probing depth and attachment level measurements . In subjects with Aa at baseline, 1 of 12 teeth without Aa and 5 of 20 teeth with Aa had been extracted prior to the follow-up visit . In this population group, having sites where Aa was detected, 6 of 9 teeth which had a probing depth greater than or equal to 5 mm were lost before the follow-up data collection appointment . In the control group, which did not have detectable Aa at baseline, 9 teeth with probing depths greater than or equal to 5 mm were not lost . These observations, although not proving, suggest in this population group, that deeper probing depths taken together with the presence of Aa may have placed an individual at greater risk of tooth loss.

Ann Intern Med, 1992 Apr 1, 116(7), 540 - 3
Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: the effect of body position; Torres A et al.; OBJECTIVE: To determine if the semirecumbent position (45-degree angle) decreases aspiration of gastric contents to the airways in intubated and mechanically ventilated patients . DESIGN: A randomized, two-period crossover trial . SETTING: Respiratory intensive care unit . PATIENTS: Nineteen patients requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation . INTERVENTIONS: Patients were studied in the supine and semirecumbent positions on two separate days . MEASUREMENTS: After technetium (Tc)-99m sulphur colloid labeling of gastric contents, sequential radioactive counts in endobronchial secretions were measured at 30-minute intervals over a 5-hour period . Samples of endobronchial secretions, gastric juice, and pharyngeal contents were obtained for qualitative bacterial cultures . RESULTS: Mean radioactive counts in endobronchial secretions were higher in samples obtained while patients were in the supine position than in those obtained while patients were in the semirecumbent position (4154 cpm compared with 954 cpm; P = 0.036) . Moreover, the aspiration pattern was time-dependent for each position: For the supine position, radioactivity was 298 cpm at 30 min and 2592 cpm at 300 min (P = 0.013); for the semirecumbent position, radioactivity was 103 cpm at 30 min and 216 cpm at 300 min (P = 0.04) . The same microorganisms were isolated from stomach, pharynx, and endobronchial samples in 32% of studies done while patients were semirecumbent and in 68% of studies done while patients were in the supine position . CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the supine position and length of time the patient is kept in this position are potential risk factors for aspiration of gastric contents . Elevating the head of the bed for patients who can tolerate the semirecumbent position may be a simple, no-cost prophylactic measure.

Am J Dent, 1992 Apr, 5(2), 81 - 7
Pulp reactions to resin cements; Pameijer CH et al.; Several formulas of a resin-filled cement that successfully passed a series of laboratory tests were evaluated for their pulp reactions in primates . Their performance was compared to three controls: a positive control (silicate cement), a negative control (zinc oxide-eugenol) and a control group with the protection of calcium hydroxide . The chemical cure resin cement scored the lowest reactions for the 5-day evaluation . The intermediate and prolonged periods demonstrated no significant differences while average, acceptable responses were recorded . No resin cement formula scored as low as the negative control for the three time periods . Silicate cement, the positive control, scored the greatest inflammatory reaction of any material in the intermediate period, but this response was resolved after 60 days . When the resin cements were used with calcium hydroxide, the traditional reactions to calcium hydroxide were observed; an initial mild irritation that diminished with time and was completely resolved after 60 days . The resin cements, with or without the calcium hydroxide, compared favorably to the negative control IRM after 60 days . If the resin cements are appropriately applied, they are expected to be well tolerated by the human pulp . The microorganisms associated with microleakage (MLM) were minimal and there appeared to be no correlation between the MLM and pulp inflammation.

ASAIO J, 1992 Apr-Jun, 38(2), 128 - 30
Hybrid artificial cells: microencapsulation of living cells; Chang TM; In 1965, the use of artificial cells for the microencapsulation of living cells was demonstrated . At that time, this technique was also proposed for use in immunoisolation of endocrine cells, islets, and hepatocytes as hybrid artificial organs . Progress in the biotechnology of cell culture in the last 10 years has allowed this approach to be extensively investigated by an increasing number of centers . The author's recent studies concentrated on microencapsulation of hepatocytes as a model system . Such cells were implanted to increase the survival of galactosamine induced fulminant hepatic failure rats, or to decrease the high bilirubin levels in Gunn rats and xenografts of microencapsulated rat hepatocytes into mice provided immunoisolation . Furthermore, hepatocyte secreted hepatic stimulating factors (mw 110,000 D) accumulating in the microcapsules helps to increase the viability of the hepatocytes . In addition to these studies, a novel, two step cell encapsulation method was developed to improve immunoisolation and biocompatibility . Microencapsulation of microorganisms was also carried out using a model microorganism to convert serum cholesterol to carbon dioxide.

Int J Syst Bacteriol, 1992 Apr, 42(2), 257 - 62
Mycobacterium confluentis sp . nov; Kirschner P et al.; A new rapidly growing mycobacterium was isolated from human sputum . This organism grew at 22, 31, 37, and 41 degrees C and possessed catalase, acid phosphatase, acetamidase, urease, nicotinamidase, pyrazinamidase, and nitrate reductase activities . It did not produce nicotinic acid, hydrolyze Tween, or have benzamidase, isonicotinamidase, succinidamidase, and arylsulfatase activities . A mycolic acid analysis revealed a simple, unique pattern . The organism is susceptible to antituberculotic drugs . A comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed this organism within the confines of the genus Mycobacterium, most closely related to the thermotolerant rapidly growing species . On the basis of the pattern of enzymatic activities and metabolic properties, as well as the unique 16S rRNA sequence, we propose that our single strain represents a new species, for which we propose the name Mycobacterium confluentis . The type strain is strain 1389/90; a culture of this strain has been deposited in the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures as strain DSM 44017.

J Periodontol, 1992 Apr, 63(4), 253 - 61
The apical border plaque in chronic adult periodontitis . An ultrastructural study . II . Adhesion, matrix, and carbohydrate metabolism; Vrahopoulos TP et al.; THE AIM OF THIS STUDY was to characterize the plaque matrix and relevant aspects of metabolism of the apical border plaque in relation to teeth affected by chronic adult periodontitis . The material comprised 56 teeth from 24 patients . Ruthenium red, alcian blue, lanthanum nitrate, and safranin 0 were used to label matrix polyanionic macromolecules and periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate for intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) . The matrix components were amorphous, fibrillar, or globular . Many intact bacteria exhibited extracellular polysaccharides or glycocalyces associated with their cell wall and cytoplasmic IPS granules . The latter varied in size and distribution and were evident even in the most apically-advanced intact microorganisms . The results indicate that the matrix and IPS features of the apical border plaque in chronic periodontitis in certain respects resemble those of subcontact area plaque on children's teeth, associated with chronic gingivitis and approximal caries . They also suggest the establishment of acidic regions in the microniches of the periodontal pocket.

J Pharm Pharmacol, 1992 Apr, 44(4), 295 - 9
Development of a prodrug of salicylic acid, salicylic acid-L-alanine conjugate, utilizing hydrolysis by rabbit intestinal microorganisms; Nakamura J et al.; The hydrolysis of salicylic acid-L-alanine conjugate (salicyl-L-alanine) following oral, intravenous, intracaecal and rectal administration (60, 10, 5 and 5 mg kg-1, respectively: salicylic acid equivalent) was examined in rabbits . Salicylic acid was detected in the blood 2 h after oral administration of salicyl-L-alanine and reached a maximum concentration at 10 h, whereas salicyl-L-alanine was rapidly eliminated . In contrast, unchanged salicyl-L-alanine only was found following intravenous administration of salicyl-L-alanine, suggesting that presystemic de-conjugation of salicyl-L-alanine was involved . The intestinal mucosal de-conjugation of salicyl-L-alanine was not recognized in the in-situ intestinal sac preparation with complete mesenteric venous blood collection . Immediate and very extensive salicylic acid formation in the caecum was found following intracaecal administration of salicyl-L-alanine . After oral pretreatment of rabbits with kanamycin sulphate, a significant inhibition of salicylic acid formation following intracaecal administration of salicyl-L-alanine was observed, indicating that the intestinal microorganisms were responsible for the biotransformation of salicyl-L-alanine . In-vitro incubation of salicyl-L-alanine with gut contents showed that the major source of its hydrolysis was the hind gut . Consequently, the blood concentration of salicylic acid was prolonged extensively following rectal administration of salicyl-L-alanine, suggesting the usefulness of salicyl-L-alanine as a prodrug of salicylic acid.

G E N, 1992 Apr-Jun, 46(2), 137 - 51
{Bacterial translocation . Its role in the etiology of sepsis and multiple organ failure}; Zapata-Sirvent RL et al.; Under certain conditions or diseases the microorganisms that normally inhabited in the gastrointestinal tract reach the mesenteric lymph nodes, the portal circulation, the intra and extraperitoneal organs and the systemic circulation creating the possibility of infection, sepsis and multiple organ failure . This phenomenon has been termed bacterial translocation and although was described few decades ago, today it has regain critical importance due to the association to the multiple organ failure syndrome in critical and severely injured patients . In this review a series of pathologies where the translocation of bacteria has been demonstrated are described as well as the possible therapeutics maneuvers.

Indian J Biochem Biophys, 1992 Apr, 29(2), 115 - 22
Macrophages in host defence--an overview; Moonis M et al.; The importance of macrophages in host defence is well documented . They are distributed in various tissues where they perform functions in normal steady state as well as in diseased condition . Macrophages secrete a number of enzymes, plasma proteins, complement and coagulation factors which regulate the effector functions of the macrophages . Exposure of macrophages to pathogens results in further metabolic changes which activate the former to secrete oxygen metabolites leading to their augmented microbicidal activity . Macrophages respond to the external stimuli by expressing a large repertoire of surface receptors which play an important role in the activation, recognition and endocytosis of foreign microorganisms . A large number of intracellular pathogens are harboured in the macrophages which can reside and replicate in them . A variety of strategem has been employed to target drugs to vacuolar apparatus of the macrophages in order to combat intracellular pathogens . This review covers some of these aspects particularly in relation to hose defence and methods by which therapeutic agents could be specifically delivered to macrophages.

Rinsho Byori, 1992 Apr, 40(4), 392 - 6
{Active oxygen generating system in immune cells}; Kanegasaki S; Oxygen metabolites, such as O2-, H2O2 and HClO formed during the respiratory burst in phagocytes are known to be essential for killing certain microorganisms . In the initial reaction of the respiratory burst, an electron is transferred from NADPH to molecular oxygen to generate O2- . Other active oxygen species are formed secondarily from O2- . Patients with chronic granulomatous disease, whose phagocytes can not generate O2-, often suffer from recurrent, life-threatening infections . We have demonstrated recently that B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes (nor NK cells) have an O2- generating system identical or very similar to that in phagocytes . This article deals with the present status of the research on O2- generating system in phagocytes and B lymphocytes.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1992 Apr, 49(4), 201 - 4
{Allergic conjunctivitis}; Del Rio-Navarro BE et al.; The eye reacts to foreign substances through a variety of specific and non-specific defense mechanisms . Constantly exposed to a great variety of microorganisms, the eye is capable of protecting itself without altering its own structure and function . Its resistance relies upon anatomic and physiological properties of its external components (eyelids, tears, conjunctiva and cornea) . Most of the times, the conjunctiva becomes affected, resulting in a clinical picture of conjunctivitis where allergy predominates, expressed as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis and flictenular conjunctivitis . The physiopathology is considered to be of type I reaction (IgE mediated) . Frequent complains often associated with other allergic diseases are: pruritus, tearing, photofobia and ocular redness . The diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis in done by means of a throughout clinical history, conjunctival citology and evaluation of specific IgE with immediate skin tests . Treatment is symptomatic (antihistamines, antibiotics and/or topic steroids), but prevention (environmental control and sodium cromoglycate) and specific immunotherapy must be considered.

Rev Argent Microbiol, 1992 Apr-Jun, 24(2), 53 - 9
{Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: laboratory diagnosis}; Zdero M et al.; We worked with 51 samples, 7 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and 44 sputa (S) of 31 AIDS patients with clinical and radiographic symptoms compatible with Pneumocystis pneumonia . With the aim of finding a specific sensitive methodology for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii, we evaluated 4 coloration techniques (silver methenamine, its modification without gold chloride, toluidine blue and Giemsa) . 35% of the patients studied were positive . P . carinii were observed in 18% of the 44 sputa . We observed that the analysis of a single sputum sample (S) has a very low sensitivity and that the processing of two or more samples is necessary since only one of the 14 patients who had sent a single sample was found P . carinii positive, while in the remaining ten who had sent more than one (S) sample, the microorganism was detected in 50% . 4 of the 7 BAL were positive . 4 BAL were preceded by the analysis of an (S) sample: in two cases the results were negative while BAL allowed us to make the diagnosis, thus demonstrating its greater efficacy . To enhance sensitivity each sample was centrifuged until exhaustion and 10 slides were prepared for coloration with the final sediment . The four techniques employed were specific and all the Pneumocystis pneumonia patients responded to the treatment . Silver methenamine, its modification without gold chloride, and toluidine blue were very sensitive, in contrast to of Giemsa . The stain to be chosen is either silver methenamine, or its modification, because both achieve the best contrast, allowing optimum P . carinii identification . We suggest the implementation of some of these techniques in laboratory routine.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1992 Mar 17, 43(6), 1219 - 27
Vacuolar acidification and chloroquine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum; Bray PG et al.; The antimalarial chloroquine concentrates in the acid vesicles of Plasmodium falciparum partially as a result of its properties as a weak base . Chloroquine-resistant parasites accumulate less drug than sensitive parasites . A simple hypothesis is that the intravacuolar pH of resistant strains is higher than that for sensitive strains, as a consequence of a weakened proton pump in the vacuoles of resistant strains, thereby explaining the resistance mechanism . We have attempted to test this hypothesis by the use of bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar proton pumping ATPase systems in plant cells, animal cells and microorganisms . Bafilomycin A1 significantly reduces uptake of {3H}chloroquine into both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of P . falciparum, at concentrations of inhibitor which have no antimalarial effect . Additionally, chloroquine-resistant strains of P . falciparum are more sensitive to bafilomycin A1 than chloroquine-sensitive strains . The use of bafilomycin A1 in combination with chloroquine in the standard in vitro sensitivity assay, produced an apparent reduction in sensitivity of both strains to chloroquine . The reported data support the hypothesis that chloroquine resistance in P . falciparum is associated with increased vacuolar pH, possibly due to a weakened vacuolar proton pumping ATPase.

J Dairy Sci, 1992 Mar, 75(3), 718 - 24
Effective cleaning and sanitizing of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane systems; Bohner HF et al.; Polysulfone UF membranes that were soiled by Cheddar cheese whey were successfully cleaned in place . This cleaning procedure was completed in about 1 h . Most cleaning chemicals used were common and inexpensive . The cleaning procedure consisted of rinsing the membrane system for 2 min with water initially and after each cleaning solution . Sodium hydroxide at pH 11.0, with .1% of a nonionic surfactant added, was circulated for 20 min . After a 2-min rinse with water, a 1:1 mixture of nitric and phosphoric acids at pH 2 was circulated for 20 min and rinsed again with water . Finally, sodium hydroxide at pH 11.0, with 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite added, was circulated for 20 min and rinsed . All cleaning solutions and all rinse waters were at 54 degrees C . Membranes cleaned by this procedure were found to be free from whey residue under examination by scanning electron microscopy . The cleaning process did not damage the membranes even when it was used continuously for 300 h . Microbial populations on the membrane were estimated by incubating small (4-cm2) sections of membrane in screw-cap vials filled with trypticase soy broth . From the portion of vials showing growth after 72 h at 32 degrees C, a most probable microbial population was calculated . Santizing cleaned polysulfone UF membranes with 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite or 100 ppm of dichloroisocyanurate at 54 degrees C resulted in membranes free from viable microorganisms . When dichloroisocyanurate was used at 10 degrees C and 200 ppm, a most probable microbial population of 290/m2 was found . No microbial growth was detected when cleaned and sanitized membranes were stored in tap water for 24 h . This technique for cleaning UF membranes does not require the use of a holding solution containing santizers to control the growth of residual microorganisms.

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1992 Mar 10, 81(11), 333 - 5
{Effects of changes in total ozone on solar UV-B radiation and the biosphere}; Blumthaler M; As a consequence of anthropogenic air pollution the total ozone content in the atmosphere on the northern hemisphere has slightly defined over about 20 years . This is accompanied by an increase in the biologically very effective solar UV-B-radiation . The damage of microorganisms and plants by an increase to UV-B-radiation is generally well known, but at the moment it cannot be expressed quantitatively . A consequence of increased UV-B-radiation for human beings would be an increased number of skin and eye damages . An ozone reduction by 1% would produce an increase in the 2 to 3% incidence of skin melanoma.

Laryngorhinootologie, 1992 Mar, 71(3), 168 - 73
{Immunohistochemical identification of cholesteatoma-associated macrophage populations}; Negri R et al.; Extensive bone resorption occurring in aural cholesteatoma is responsible for the severe complications of this disease . In the area of active bone destruction, typical multinucleated osteoclasts are rarely seen, but a heavy cellular infiltrate is found . In the present study we tried to characterize the immunophenotype and the functional state of the cells infiltrating the stroma and the epithelial layer of aural cholesteatoma, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against cell type specific antigens . The results were compared with normal retroauricular skin . The vast majority of cells infiltrating the stroma was bone marrow derived and consisted of T-cells and macrophages . By means of the activation markers HLA-DR and Interleukin-2 receptor an immunologically activated state of the majority of infiltrating cells in cholesteatomas was shown . The great number of activated macrophages in cholesteatomas seems to be very important in the cholesteatomatous immunological process . Because of their various immunological functions (antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes, participation in ingestion and killing of different invading microorganisms and synthesizing a great number of substances involved in host defence and inflammation) these cells play a central role in human immunological system . Langerhans cells, however, did not appear to be involved in the immune process of cholesteatoma . The characteristics of the infiltrating cell population with the great number of phagocytic cells suggest an active immune process resulting in autoaggressive bone resorption.

Vet Microbiol, 1992 Mar, 30(4), 343 - 54
Serological reactivity to Mycobacterium bovis protein antigens in cattle; Fifis T et al.; The serological response to 12 purified Mycobacterium bovis antigens were examined in an ELISA assay . These antigens included the majority of M . bovis protein antigens described to date and in most cases they were very similar to the M . tuberculosis antigens of the same molecular mass . The purified antigens were tested against sera from M . bovis infected cattle, M . bovis culture-negative cattle from infected herds and animals infected with related microorganisms, mainly other mycobacterial species . All the antigens gave strong reactions with at least some sera from the M . bovis infected group and showed cross-reactivity with some of the sera from the other two groups . The antigen with the highest specificity reacted strongly with only 60% of the M . bovis infected sera . Antigens that reacted with most or all of the M . bovis infected sera also gave the highest cross-reactivity with sera from the other two groups . These results indicate that a serological test based on any one or a combination of these antigens, without removal of the cross-reacting epitopes, would be unsatisfactory.

Mikrobiol Zh, 1992 Mar-Apr, 54(2), 49 - 54
{The sulfate-reducing capacity of bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas}; Kliushnikova TM et al.; Active sulphate-reducing microorganism which belongs to the genus Pseudomonas has been distinguished and described . The culture is a facultative aerobe, optimum Eh is -170-180 mV . Pseudomonas sp . being cultivated under strictly anaerobic conditions sulphate-reduction proceeds more intensively than under aerobic conditions . This fact should be taken into account under treatment of industrial sewage.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1992 Mar, 10(3), 152 - 4
{Chlamydia trachomatis detection by DNA-RNA hybridization}; Torres MJ et al.; BACKGROUND: A one-chain DNA probe, that complements ribosomal RNA of Chlamydia trachomatis was used as a detection method for this microorganism on clinical samples . We compare the method with the cell culture one . METHODS: A total of 175 samples (cervix swabs) from women seen at the STD center of the Facultad de Medicina de Sevilla were examined by both diagnostic techniques . When the results were different, a third method (ELISA) was also used . RESULTS: Using serial dilutions of a C . trachomatis cell culture as reference pattern, we determine the minimum number of inclusion forming units needed in order to be detected by the probe was 1000 . Of all 175 samples, in 24 (14%) cell culture was positive for C . trachomatis, and 26 were positive using the DNA probe test . Sensitivity and specificity for this test were 93% and 95%, respectively . CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the DNA probe test was similar to the cell culture test as screening test in Chlamydia trachomatis infections diagnosis, specially among high risk populations.

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed, 1992 Mar, 192(6), 565 - 70
Photoreactivation of E . coli depending on light intensity after UV irradiation; Schoenen D et al.; Interest in the disinfection of drinking water by UV rays has been growing in recent years . Since the beginning of the 40's it has been known that, by means of certain repair mechanism, microorganisms are able to restore lesions on DNA . These processes are more or less clarified . However there is no secure knowledge about the degree of possible repair . Photoreactivation induced by light of 350-600 nm is one of these repair mechanisms . Thus the effect of light exposure on disinfection results with E . coli after UV disinfection was examined . E . coli ATCC 11229 were cultivated, washed, suspended and irradiated by means of UV rays from a mercury low-pressure lamp . After UV disinfection, the bacterial suspension was illuminated by fluorescent light . The degree of photoreactivation could be influenced by illumination intensity . The speed of reactivation decreased with the distance of the probes to the illumination source and increased with the period of time of illumination . After a 4 log reduction of the colony count (10(6)/ml-10(2)/ml) through UV rays, the reduction rate could be decreased to only 1 log (10(5)/ml) after UV disinfection and illumination . In probes kept in darkness for the same period there was no change in the count of reproductive bacteria . It seems to be necessary to take photoreactivation into consideration with the UV disinfection of drinking water.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Mar, 58(3), 850 - 6
Reduction of uranium by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans; Lovley DR et al.; The possibility that sulfate-reducing microorganisms contribute to U(VI) reduction in sedimentary environments was investigated . U(VI) was reduced to U(IV) when washed cells of sulfate-grown Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were suspended in a bicarbonate buffer with lactate or H2 as the electron donor . There was no U(VI) reduction in the absence of an electron donor or when the cells were killed by heat prior to the incubation . The rates of U(VI) reduction were comparable to those in respiratory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms . Azide or prior exposure of the cells to air did not affect the ability of D . desulfuricans to reduce U(VI) . Attempts to grow D . desulfuricans with U(VI) as the electron acceptor were unsuccessful . U(VI) reduction resulted in the extracellular precipitation of the U(IV) mineral uraninite . The presence of sulfate had no effect on the rate of U(VI) reduction . Sulfate and U(VI) were reduced simultaneously . Enzymatic reduction of U(VI) by D . desulfuricans was much faster than nonenzymatic reduction of U(VI) by sulfide, even when cells of D . desulfuricans were added to provide a potential catalytic surface for the nonenzymatic reaction . The results indicate that enzymatic U(VI) reduction by sulfate-reducing microorganisms may be responsible for the accumulation of U(IV) in sulfidogenic environments . Furthermore, since the reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) precipitates uranium from solution, D . desulfuricans might be a useful organism for recovering uranium from contaminated waters and waste streams.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Mar, 58(3), 794 - 800
Anaerobic degradation of toluene and xylene by aquifer microorganisms under sulfate-reducing conditions; Edwards EA et al.; Toluene and the three isomers of xylene were completely mineralized to CO2 and biomass by aquifer-derived microorganisms under strictly anaerobic conditions . The source of the inoculum was gasoline-contaminated sediment from Seal Beach, Calif . Evidence confirming that sulfate was the terminal electron acceptor is presented . Benzene and ethylbenzene were not degraded under the experimental conditions used . Successive transfers of the mixed cultures that were enriched from aquifer sediments retained the ability to degrade toluene and xylenes . Greater than 90% of 14C-labeled toluene or 14C-labeled o-xylene was mineralized to 14CO2 . The doubling time for the culture grown on toluene or m-xylene was about 20 days, and the cell yield was about 0.1 to 0.14 g of cells (dry weight) per g of substrate . The accumulation of sulfide in the cultures as a result of sulfate reduction appeared to inhibit degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Mar, 58(3), 1035 - 8
Development of a universal diluting fluid for membrane filtration sterility testing; Proud DW et al.; A universal diluting fluid (UDF) was developed for use in membrane filtration sterility testing . Diuting fluid is used to free the filter membrane of preservative residues which could inhibit microbial recovery . Current procedures employ one of several fluids described by the United States Pharmacopeia . UF was designed to utilize the neutralizing capabilities of a combination of inactivating agents while minimizing any inherent microbial toxicity . This formulation eliminates the need for multiple types of preservative-specific diluting fluids . Its neutralizing effectiveness was examined against several common preservative agents used in health care products . UDF provides significantly better microorganism recovery than dilution alone among a wide range of preservative classes.

Sci Total Environ, 1992 Mar, 112(2-3), 143 - 64
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in nearshore marine sediments of Australia; Maher WA et al.; The occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in nearshore marine sediments of Australia is discussed . Available information indicates that PAH are accumulating in the sediments and organisms of estuaries and harbours with both highly urbanized/industrialized and non-urban catchments . PAH levels in polluted sediments are similar to those of grossly polluted areas of Japan, North America and Europe, however PAH sources cannot be identified from the information available . PAH appear to persist in reducing environments, while in relatively pristine environments that have been previously exposed to PAH, conditions are probably favourable for the aerobic degradation of PAH by microorganisms.

Mol Biol Evol, 1992 Mar, 9(2), 285 - 96
Molecular evolution of the fungi: relationship of the Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Chytridiomycetes; Bowman BH et al.; Establishing the phylogeny of fungi and protists often has proved difficult owing to the simple morphologies and convergent characters in these organisms . We used DNA sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes to determine phylogenetic relationships among three major classes of organisms considered to be fungi--Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Chytridiomycetes--and to assess the taxonomic position of Neocallimastix, an economically important anaerobic rumen microorganism whose classification is controversial . The Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, two classes of nonflagellated fungi, are the most closely related taxa . Chytridiomycetes, though bearing flagella, group with these higher fungi rather than with the protists . Neocallimastix, a eukaryote lacking mitochondria and variously classified as a protist or as a fungus, shows closest molecular affinities with the Chytridiomycete fungi in the order Spizellomycetales.

J Neuroimmunol, 1992 Mar, 37(1-2), 115 - 22
Induction of major histocompatibility complex class II glycoproteins by interferon-gamma: attenuation of the effects of restraint stress; Zwilling BS et al.; The effect of restraint on the activation of macrophages was evaluated based on the induction of I-A expression following injection of viable Mycobacterium bovis (strain BCG) or treatment in vitro with recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) . We found that restraint suppressed the induction of I-A expression when applied just prior to or at the same time as the injection of the microorganisms but had no effect if applied after the injection of the Mycobacteria . The effect of stress was attenuated by increasing the number of microorganisms or by incubating macrophages from stressed mice with higher doses of rIFN-gamma . The suppressive effect of restraint does not appear to be associated with uptake, processing or presentation of antigen but rather to an alteration in the response of the macrophages to rIFN-gamma.

J Bacteriol, 1992 Mar, 174(6), 1891 - 6
Effects of nitrate and nitrite on dissimilatory iron reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens 200; DiChristina TJ; The inhibitory effects of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) on dissimilatory iron (FE3+) reduction were examined in a series of electron acceptor competition experiments using Shewanella putrefaciens 200 as a model iron-reducing microorganism . S . putrefaciens 200 was found to express low-rate nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, and ferrireductase activity after growth under highly aerobic conditions and greatly elevated rates of each reductase activity after growth under microaerobic conditions . The effects of NO3- and NO2- on the Fe3+ reduction activity of both aerobically and microaerobically grown cells appeared to follow a consistent pattern; in the presence of Fe3+ and either NO3- or NO2-, dissimilatory Fe3+ and nitrogen oxide reduction occurred simultaneously . Nitrogen oxide reduction was not affected by the presence of Fe3+, suggesting that S . putrefaciens 200 expressed a set of at least three physiologically distinct terminal reductases that served as electron donors to NO3-, NO2-, and Fe3+ . However, Fe3+ reduction was partially inhibited by the presence of either NO3- or NO2- . An in situ ferrozine assay was used to distinguish the biological and chemical components of the observed inhibitory effects . Rate data indicated that neither NO3- nor NO2- acted as a chemical oxidant of bacterially produced Fe2+ . In addition, the decrease in Fe3+ reduction activity observed in the presence of both NO3- and NO2- was identical to the decrease observed in the presence of NO2- alone . These results suggest that bacterially produced NO2- is responsible for inhibiting electron transport to Fe3+.

Math Biosci, 1992 Mar, 108(2), 241 - 51
Structural identifiability of the parameters of a nonlinear batch reactor model; Chappell MJ et al.; The similarity transformation approach is used to analyze the structural identifiability of the parameters of a nonlinear model of microbial growth in a batch reactor in which only the concentration of microorganisms is measured . It is found that some of the model parameters are unidentifiable from this experiment, thus providing the first example of a real-life nonlinear model that turns out not to be globally identifiable . If it is possible to measure the initial concentration of growth-limiting substrate as well, all model parameters are globally identifiable.

J Am Dent Assoc, 1992 Mar, 123(3), 75 - 80
Is mouthrinsing before dental procedures worthwhile?
Molinari JA, Molinari GE.
Without adequate protection, dental practitioners risk infection from microorganisms from patients' mouths . The authors discuss the role of pre-procedural mouthrinses in the infection control process.

Acta Cytol, 1992 Mar-Apr, 36(2), 222 - 9
Clinical utility of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis . A report of two cases; Pitman MB et al.; In two patients, pulmonary lesions of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) were sampled by fine needle aspiration biopsy: one with the clinical diagnosis of primary pulmonary malignancy and the other with a clinical suspicion of WG . In the latter case the smears showed distinctive eosinophilic, collagen necrosis (pathergic necrosis), poorly formed granulomata composed of loose aggregates of elongated, often palisading epithelioid histiocytes, and multinucleate histiocytes . A cell block preparation in this case contained minute tissue fragments illustrating the distinctive, pathergic-type necrosis . In the former case, many of these features were present, but additionally there were several groups, atypical bronchial epithelial cells that, in light of the clinical impression, initially led to an incorrect diagnosis of bronchoalveolar carcinoma . Subsequent review of this case led to the diagnosis of WG . Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) serology was later obtained, confirming the diagnosis of WG in both cases . In our experience, the cytomorphologic findings of granular collagen necrosis, granulomata and multinucleate cells, although not specific, should alert the cytopathologist to consider the diagnosis of WG, especially when special stains for microorganisms are negative . A recommendation for ANCA serology testing early in the disease process, particularly in the limited forms of the disease, may lead to early recognition of WG, resulting in prompt institution of immunosuppressive therapy, greatly improving the patient's prognosis.

J Leukoc Biol, 1992 Mar, 51(3), 276 - 81
The timing of exposure of mononuclear phagocytes to recombinant interferon gamma and recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha alters interactions with Nocardia asteroides; Beaman L et al.; Nocardia asteroides modulates phagocyte function and grows within macrophages . Because interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) have been shown to activate macrophages to kill a variety of microorganisms, the effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on the activation of murine macrophages and human monocytes to kill nocardiae were studied . It was found that macrophages or monocytes treated with either IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or lipopolysaccharide as a secondary signal did not demonstrate increased microbicidal activity against N . asteroides even though these phagocytes were effective at killing the fungus Coccidioides immitis and the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii . Preincubation of phagocytes for 24 h with these compounds resulted in an enhancement of nocardial growth . In contrast, coincubation of these factors with the nocardiae and mononuclear cells during phagocytosis resulted in inhibition of nocardial growth even though this bacterium was not killed . Therefore, the specific timing of the exposure of the phagocyte in vitro to IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha has a significant effect on its ability to alter nocardial growth.

Eur J Biochem, 1992 Mar 1, 204(2), 611 - 20
Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding aspartate aminotransferase isozymes from Panicum miliaceum L., a C4 plant; Taniguchi M et al.; The cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) function in the C4 dicarboxylate cycle of photosynthesis . We constructed a cDNA library from leaf tissues of Panicum miliaceum, an NAD-malic-enzyme-type C4 plant and screened the library for AspAT isozymes . A full-length cDNA clone for cytosolic AspAT was isolated . This clone contains an open reading frame that encodes 409 amino acids . We also isolated two cDNA clones for different precursors of mitochondrial AspAT . Comparing these two sequences in the coding regions, we found 12 amino acid substitutions out of 28 base substitutions . The encoded amino acid sequences predict that mitochondrial AspAT are synthesized as precursor proteins of 428 amino acid residues, which each consist of a mature enzyme of 400 amino acid residues and a 28-amino-acid presequence . This prediction coincides with the observation that the in vitro translation product of the mRNA for mitochondrial AspAT was substantially larger than the mature form . A comparison of the amino acid sequences of the AspAT isozymes from P . miliaceum with the published sequences for the enzymes from various animals and microorganisms reveals that functionally and/or structurally important residues are almost entirely conserved in all AspAT species.

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 1992 Mar, 6(3), 326 - 34
Phagocytosis and ATP levels in alveolar macrophages during acute hypoxia; Leeper-Woodford SK et al.; Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) function as phagocytes of inhaled particulate matter and microorganisms at the air-tissue interface of lung alveoli . Changes in cellular ATP concentrations ({ATP}) and phagocytic function during acute hypoxia may be important in conditions associated with low alveolar O2 . We proposed that acute hypoxia would decrease phagocytosis and reduce {ATP} in freshly isolated PAM . Phagocytic function (fluorescent microscopic technique determining percent phagocytosis in live cells) was monitored by recording uptake and retention of glutaraldehyde-fixed red blood cells (GRBC) in isolated rabbit PAM during acute incubations in air (20% O2) or hypoxia (1.7% O2) . Macrophage {ATP} were determined spectrophotometrically . Acute hypoxia for 30 to 150 min decreased phagocytic function 30 to 56% in PAM without significantly affecting cell adherence and viability . Pre-exposure of PAM to hypoxia before addition of GRBC resulted in an even greater reduction in phagocytosis (97% decrease by 30 min), and recovery of phagocytic function occurred 60 to 90 min after returning PAM to air . The cellular retention of phagocytosed GRBC (percentage of PAM with GRBC and number of GRBC/PAM) was reduced 30% by 1 h of hypoxia . Compared with {ATP} of PAM in air, {ATP} of PAM exposed to hypoxia were reduced 55 and 35% at 30 and 60 min, respectively . Compared with {ATP} of cells with GRBC in air at 0 and 30 min, PAM with GRBC in hypoxia for 30 min had, respectively, 61 and 40% lower {ATP} . By 60 min with GRBC, PAM {ATP} in air and hypoxia were similar but were 50% lower than {ATP} at time 0.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bull Acad Natl Med, 1992 Mar, 176(3), 327 - 40; discussion 341-3
{Intraluminal transport of vitamin B12}; Nicolas JP et al.; Since the existence of vitamin B12 was suggested by Castle in the first few decades of this century, vitamin B12 has been the subject of many studies which have proved the high complexity of it assimilation by the organism . Over the last few years the marked progress in functional digestive exploration methods and the physical and the chemical characteristics of biological molecules have revived the established idea of the vitamin's intraluminal transit . Our recent studies have been concentrated on the bilioduodenopancreatic stage of the vitamin B12 transport . In nature, vitamin B12 is only exceptionally met in its free form it is always associated with a binder . Like a ball being tossed from one player to another, it moves between binders . Alimentary vitamin B12 released from its protein complexes by culinary preparation and gastric secretions, is combined with haptocorrin . Around the duodenum the transfer of B12 on intrinsic factor is due to partial degradation of haptocorrin by pancreatic enzymes and intraluminal pH balance . This combined with intrinsic factor the vitamin can be caught by the ileal receptor . The partial degradation haptocorrin joins vitamin B12 analogs from excreted bile or synthesized by the intestinal microorganisms.

Sex Transm Dis, 1992 Mar-Apr, 19(2), 78 - 83
Unusual prevalence of the rare serovar Da of Chlamydia trachomatis in Greece detected by monoclonal antibodies; Vretou E et al.; Twenty-seven monoclonal antibodies (mAb), eight with subclass-specificities and nineteen reacting with one or two C . trachomatis serovars, were developed and used to immunotype twenty-six clinical isolates from Greek patients with chlamydial infections . Twelve samples, first classified as serovar D, were identified as the recently established serovar Da on the basis of their negative reaction with mAb JG9, an mAb previously shown to distinguish between D and Da, and a new mAb 114D9 with similar specificity . The 12 Da strains represent the highest prevalence of the rare serovar Da that has been reported worldwide . Further characterization of mAbs JG9 and 114D9 revealed a unique cross-reactivity of the D-specific JG9 with the mouse biovar MoPn . Epitope mapping studies on overlapping synthetic peptides of the fourth variable domain of the MOMP of serovar D and Da localized the epitopes of JG9 and 114D9 and a D/Da specific mAb 113D5 within this domain . The results were consistent with the specificity of these mAbs observed with whole microorganisms and indicated their usefulness as epidemiologic markers.

Res Vet Sci, 1992 Mar, 52(2), 195 - 204
Specificity of oligonucleotide probes complementary to evolutionarily variable regions of 16S rRNA from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis; Johansson KE et al.; Mycoplasma is the common name for the smallest free-living microorganisms, the Mollicutes . Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is of great importance in veterinary medicine, causing enzootic pneumonia in pigs . M hyorhinis can cause polyserositis and may cause pneumonia in piglets . Oligonucleotides complementary to variable regions of 16S rRNA from these mycoplasmas were designed and used as probes for detection and identification of these mycoplasmas . The probe complementary to 16S rRNA of M hyorhinis gave a very weak cross-hybridisation with M hyosynoviae in filter hybridisation experiments, but not with any of the other porcine mycoplasmas tested . Three oligonucleotide probes complementary to M hyopneumoniae 16S rRNA were tested . One of the probes (Mhp6/30) was found to be specific to M hyopneumoniae, but the other two gave cross-hybridisation with M flocculare . Using the Mhp6/30 probe in direct filter hybridisation experiments, it proved possible to detect M hyopneumoniae in lung biopsies from experimentally infected pigs.

Biotechnol Prog, 1992 Mar-Apr, 8(2), 165 - 6
An improved method for disruption of microbial cells with pressurized carbon dioxide; Lin HM et al.; Disruption of microbial cells by pressurized carbon dioxide at both subcritical and supercritical temperatures has been previously investigated . This method differs in principle from other disruption techniques and was found to have potential applications for rupture of a variety of microorganisms . However, it is not as effective for some of the microbial cells, including yeast, of which the cell walls are extremely robust and rigid . This work suggests an alternative operation to improve the disruption rates of cells by repeatedly releasing the applied fluid pressure within the cells in the midst of a disruption process . The improvement is substantial at all the experimental conditions studied.

Presse Med, 1992 Feb 8, 21(5), 210 - 5
{Contact factors in severe sepsis}; Dosquet C et al.; Coagulation and fibrinolysis are not activated in an isolated system but it involves numerous interrelations with the kininogen-kinin pathway and the complement . In severe sepsis, substances released by microorganisms, notably lipopolysaccharides, can activate the contact system, and particularly in such circumstances, contact activation probably plays a role in the occurrence of haemodynamic changes and consumption coagulopathy . Evidence of kininogen-kinin pathway activation as assessed by biological investigations in patients with severe sepsis, could lead to the therapeutical use of natural or synthetic protease inhibitors.

J Biol Chem, 1992 Feb 5, 267(4), 2400 - 5
Purification and properties of a secreted and developmentally regulated alpha-L-fucosidase from Dictyostelium discoideum; Schopohl D et al.; During its development the eukaryotic microorganisms Dictyostelium discoideum secretes an alpha-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51) . In cells of the growth phase almost no alpha-L-fucosidase activity is detectable . The activity increases steadily up to the aggregation stage and accumulates also in the extracellular medium . The developmental regulation is mediated by pulsatile cAMP signals . The alpha-L-fucosidase was purified from extracellular medium . The isolation procedure started with concentration of the enzyme by batchwise anion-exchange chromatography and ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration and further purification by fast protein liquid chromatography on Mono Q, phenyl-Superose, and finally Superose 12 . The purified preparation was found to be essentially free of activities of six other glycosidases also secreted by D . discoideum . On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified enzyme showed one major band with an apparent molecular mass of 62 kilodalton . Gel filtration of the enzyme on a Superose 12 column was consistent with an active monomer . A monoclonal antibody was produced, which recognizes a carbohydrate epitope shared by all lysosomal enzymes in D . discoideum . The pH optimum of the alpha-L-fucosidase is at 3.7 . The apparent Michaelis constant for p-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucoside as substrate is 1.2 mM . The enzyme catalyzes preferentially the hydrolysis of alpha 1----6GlcNAc but also of alpha 1----2Gal and alpha 1----3Glc fucosyl linkages.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1992 Feb 1, 1118(3), 303 - 12
Fluorescence properties of native and photooxidised proteinase K: the X-ray model in the region of the two tryptophans; Dolashka P et al.; The fluorescence properties of proteinase K are described and related to the X-ray model refined at 1.48 A resolution . Upon excitation of proteinase K at 295 nm the fluorescence is determined by the two tryptophan residues, Trp-8 and Trp-212 . The tryptophans are partly buried just below the surface of the molecule . Neither Trp is in a highly hydrophobic environment, suggesting that this cannot be the explanation for the fluorescence at 330 nm: formation of exiplexes with adjacent peptide bonds would seem to be the more likely cause . Trp-8 is located in a 'cavity', close to an internal cluster of water molecules . The contribution of Trp-8 to the total indole emission is 60% and that of Trp-212 is 40% . The tryptophan fluorescence quantum yield is constant in the pH range 3-9 . The fluorescence spectrum resulting from the simultaneous excitation of the tyrosyl and tryptophyl residues at 280 nm is dominated by the indole fluorophores: 61% of the light absorbed by the tyrosyl side chains is transferred to the two indole rings . Iodide and caesium are not efficient quenchers of the proteinase K tryptophan fluorescence, which is explained by restricted access of the ions to the somewhat buried Trp side chains and by electrostatic repulsion of caesium ions . Acrylamide quenching proceeds via both a dynamic and a static process and the data show homogeneity of the indole fluorescence arising from fluorophores in similar environments . The activation energy for the thermal deactivation of the excited tryptophans is 54 kJ mol-1 . This value is substantially higher than those found for other proteinases from microorganisms and arises from the thermostability of proteinase K . Photooxidation of proteinase K in the presence of proflavine follows the kinetics of a first order reaction . The two tryptophans differ in their photoreactivity, Trp-212 being considerably more reactive.

Infect Immun, 1992 Feb, 60(2), 337 - 44
Secretory immune responses to Mycoplasma pulmonis; Steffen MJ et al.; Formalinized Mycoplasma pulmonis, along with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant, was used to subcutaneously immunize rats in the vicinity of the salivary gland to examine the characteristics of the secretory immune response to this pathogen . The induction of specific antibody to this microorganism was detected in serum and the exocrine fluids, namely, saliva and lung lavage fluid . Both immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA isotype antibodies were detected in each of these fluids after primary and secondary local immunizations . Serum responses from immunized animals were significantly greater than in the control group, but a dose response was not observed in either IgG or IgA antibody at the dosages selected for immunization . Salivary IgG antibody responses peaked early after both the primary and secondary immunizations, exhibiting a clear dose response . Salivary IgA in immunized groups was significantly greater than that in the control group but displayed little dose-dependent kinetics, and, at the termination of the experiment, this response had not yet peaked . Lung lavage IgG and IgA were minimal after the primary immunization when the antibody was normalized to total protein but displayed dose-dependent kinetics after a secondary challenge . IgG peaked immediately after a secondary challenge, while IgA peak responses were observed only after 20 days . A positive correlation was noted between the serum, saliva, and lung lavage fluid IgGs after both primary and secondary immunizations and only after a secondary challenge for IgA . In this study we were able to elicit a secretory immune response, consisting of both IgG and IgA, which exhibited a dose-dependent characteristic in lung lavage fluid to this immunogen . Additionally, a positive correlation of antibody levels between saliva and lung lavage fluid suggests that saliva could be used as an indicator for monitoring specific antibody to M . pulmonis in lung lavage secretions without requiring invasive, deleterious procedures.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 1992 Feb, 40(2), 547 - 9
Unequal hydrolysis of salicylic acid-D-alanine and salicylic acid-L-alanine conjugate in rabbit intestinal microorganisms; Nakamura J et al.; The behavior of salicylic acid-D-alanine conjugate (salicyl-D-alanine) following intravenous, oral and intracecal administration was examined in rabbits, then compared with that of salicylic acid-L-alanine conjugate (salicyl-L-alanine) as reported previously . Following intravenous administration, salicyl-D-alanine eliminated rapidly from the blood, and its blood concentration was almost identical with that of salicyl-L-alanine . In both cases, salicylic acid could not be detected in the blood, indicating that systemic de-conjugation of D-alanine might not occur . Unchanged salicyl-D-alanine was found in the blood mainly following oral and intracecal administration of salicyl-D-alanine . On the other hand, salicylic acid formed extensively following oral and intracecal administration of salicyl-L-alanine, suggesting that the presystemic de-conjugation of D-alanine and L-alanine was unequal . Furthermore, in vitro incubation of salicyl-D-alanine with cecal content, in which the major source of salicyl-L-alanine hydrolysis is found, showed that the hydrolysis of salicyl-D-alanine was negligible in rabbit intestinal microorganisms.

Curr Opin Immunol, 1992 Feb, 4(1), 14 - 9
The mechanism by which microorganisms avoid complement attack; Frank MM; The complement system provides a critical level of defense against bacterial invasion . Various microorganisms have evolved a variety of mechanisms to allow them to avoid complement lytic and opsonic activity . These range from the formation of factors that destroy activity of complement proteins to the evolution of surface structures that fail to bind, facilitate degradation of, or shed, complement proteins . The range of factors associated with bacterial complement resistance is reviewed here.

Ann Pediatr (Paris), 1992 Feb, 39(2), 87 - 93
{Enzymes and histology of the intestinal mucosa of breast-fed African infants}; Brasseur D et al.; Weight gain and statural growth are slow in the Kivu area (Zaire), as compared with international reference curves . One hypothesis put forward to explain this well-documented but poorly understood fact is inadequate breast-feeding with early intake of foods responsible for the introduction of microorganisms with deleterious effects on the digestive tract . A study of intestinal mucosa specimens from 90 at least partially breast-fed infants (4 to 22 months) showed that the appearance of the jejunal mucosa was consistently abnormal, as compared with histologic standards used in Europe . Furthermore, intestinal disaccharidase activities were always abnormal; lactase activities were extremely low and alpha-glucosidase activities were reduced by one-third to one-half as compared with European reference values . Age apparently influenced the magnitude of these modifications, whereas the correlation with nutritional status was less clear; only a correlation between the serum albumin level and the microscopic appearance of jejunal biopsy specimens was found . Intestinal alpha-glucosidase levels were lower in those patients with giardiasis . These findings demonstrate that in Kivu early atrophy of the intestinal mucosa contributes, together with the protein-calory malnutrition, to the lower growth rates in infants.

Semin Diagn Pathol, 1992 Feb, 9(1), 31 - 62
Pathology of congenital immunodeficiencies; Huber J et al.; The histopathologic investigation of children with congenital immunodeficiency, and its relation to functional parameters and clinical data have been a major contribution to the present knowledge on the histophysiologic aspects of normal immune system function . Based on thorough knowledge in histophysiologic and dynamic aspects of lymphoid organs, the histopathologic evaluation in cases of suspected immunodeficiency today forms an integral part of the assessment of the immune status . Apart from conventional histologic techniques, advanced technology such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization is applied . This enables analysis of the basic cellular components in various lymphoid tissue compartments, and evaluation of the consequences of the deficiency by the assessment of microorganisms and neoplasia . This review focuses on the histopathologic contribution to immunodeficiency evaluation . Sections deal with (1) the description of alterations in the various lymphoid tissues (bone marrow, thymus, lymph node, spleen, and gastrointestinal tissue); (2) histopathology of infection and malignancy; (3) pathology of some types of congenital immunodeficiency; (4) histopathologic methods and reagents; and (5) an autopsy protocol for immunodeficiency.

Eur Respir J, 1992 Feb, 5(2), 247 - 56
Human respiratory mucins; Lamblin G et al.; Human respiratory mucins are secreted by goblet cells and mucous glands of the respiratory mucosa . They consist of a broad family of complex glycoproteins with different peptides, or apomucins, corresponding to several genes located on at least three different chromosomes . Glycosylation, the major posttranslational phenomenon, is responsible for about 70-80% of the weight of mucins: it produces an extraordinary diversity of O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate chains which are expressed as several hundreds of different chains in the mucins of a single individual . The variety of mucin peptides and the diversity of carbohydrate chains probably allows many interactions, especially with microorganisms: this may be an essential factor in the defence of the underlying respiratory mucosa.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1992 Feb, 45(2), 199 - 206
Metabolic products of microorganisms . 263 . Nikkomycins SZ, SX, SoZ and SoX, new intermediates associated to the nikkomycin biosynthesis of Streptomyces tendae; Schuz TC et al.; New intermediates associated with nikkomycin biosynthesis, called nikkomycins SZ, SX, SoZ and SoX, were isolated and characterized from the culture broth of Streptomyces tendae Tu 901/S 2566 . They are analogues to octosyl acids, shunt metabolites of polyoxin biosynthesis . The decreasing amounts of nikkomycins SZ and SX, produced in the culture medium, shows a significant correlation to the increasing amounts of the biologically active nikkomycins Z and X, dependent on the increasing concentration of iron.

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 1992 Feb, 15(1), 1 - 10
Arachidonic acid production by microorganisms; Bajpai P et al.; Arachidonic acid (AA) is a natural precursor of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, prostacyclins, and a large group of C20 compounds which are of intrinsic medical interest . At present, the only source of AA is animal tissues . However, it is present in several microorganisms . This review describes the production of AA by microorganisms and its recovery and the potential of microorganisms as a source of AA.

Prostaglandins, 1992 Feb, 43(2), 133 - 4
Increased prostaglandin concentrations in the cervical mucus of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis; Platz-Christensen JJ et al.; Microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis are commonly recovered from the amniotic fluid and chorion-amnion of patients who deliver prematurely . Bacteria closely related to those causing bacterial vaginosis may play a role in the initiation of uterine contractions, ripening of the cervix and weakening of the fetal membranes by stimulating prostaglandin synthesis . In the present investigation, cervical mucus was collected by brush from early pregnant women with and without bacterial vaginosis . The concentrations of PGE2, PGF2 alpha and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were determined in the mucus samples by methyl oximation and then radioimmunoassay, utilizing antibodies raised against oximated prostaglandins . It was found that the concentration of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha was significantly higher in the mucus of women with bacterial vaginosis compared with healthy women . The concentration of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was similar in both study groups . All patients had been instructed to abstain from sexual intercourse for 24 hours before sampling . However, it may be that women with high concentrations in their mucus may have had intercourse anyway . However, it is fairly well possible that the significant differences in the PGE2 and PGF2 alpha values are causally related to the higher rate of preterm labor in women with the commonplace infection of bacterial vaginosis.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992 Feb, 166(2), 618 - 20
Eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic fluid with transplacental antibiotic treatment; Romero R et al.; Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated from the amniotic fluid of a patient with preterm premature rupture of membranes at 24 weeks . A second amniocentesis performed 48 hours later indicated an increase in the number of neutrophils in the amniotic fluid . Treatment with erythromycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin was instituted for a period of 6 days . Amniotic fluid analysis from a third amniocentesis performed 24 hours after discontinuation of antibiotic treatment revealed only a few white blood cells and was negative for microorganisms . The pregnancy continued for 22 days after admission, at which time spontaneous labor began . The neonate survived with no sequelae and had negative blood cultures . Antibiotic treatment was associated with eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum from the amniotic cavity, pregnancy prolongation, and neonatal survival.

Todays OR Nurse, 1992 Feb, 14(2), 19 - 25
Asepsis--transplant infection control in the OR; Knabe SL et al.; 1 . A source of microorganisms, a mode of transmission, and a susceptible host are needed for infection to occur . Transplant recipients are susceptible because normal defense mechanisms are undermined by cytotoxic agents and steroids to prevent rejection of the allograft . 2 . The specific type of organ transplant affects the site and type of infection . The stress of surgery and the duration of the operative procedure are important risk factors . The more the patient is subjected to invasive procedures, the greater the risk for infection . 3 . The responsibility of maintaining sterility for the transplant patient falls on all personnel involved from procurement to implantation . The OR nurse and others involved in transplantation must be aware at all times of the potential introduction of contaminants to the transplant patient.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1992 Feb, (2), 4 - 10
{Pseudomonads as parasites of protozoa}; Pushkareva VI et al.; The experimental study of the interaction of Tetrahymena pyriformis with different microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas, isolated from the soil, was made . The study revealed that T . pyriformis phagocytosed some Pseudomonas pigment-forming species (P . cepacia, P . putida, P . fluorescens, P . pirkettii) . The most pronounced cytopathogenic effect was produced by P . cepacia . The dynamic observations of the ultrastructural features of interaction between P . cepacia and protozoa were made . Even at early stages of this interaction some types of parasitiferous phagosomes containing both intact bacteria capable of multiplication by binary division and Pseudomonas cells exhibiting different degrees of destruction were registered . In several phagosomes morphologically intact bacteria differing in their cell-wall profiles and the density of their cytoplasm and nucleotide were present simultaneously . More dense cells with sinuous cell-wall membranes were more virulent . By hour 18 one giant parasitiferous vacuole was formed by fusion of smaller phagosomes, which subsequently broke up, liberating a new generation of bacteria . In infected cells disturbances in the structure of their mitochondria and macronucleus appeared . During the first 2 days of the joint cultivation of P . cepacia and T . pyriformis the accumulation of bacteria occurred due to the selection and multiplication of digestion-resistant bacterial cells, which ensured the resistance of this Pseudomonas population in association with protozoa.

J Periodontol, 1992 Feb, 63(2), 93 - 9
Evaluation of oral bacteria as risk indicators for periodontitis in older adults; Beck JD et al.; The prevalence of people and sites with attachment loss, pocket depth, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis are described for a random sample of 366 black and 297 white community-dwelling adults, aged 65 or over, residing in five counties in North Carolina . In addition, relationships between sites harboring these microorganisms and loss of attachment (LA) and pocket depth (PD) are presented in a manner that considers the lack of independence of sites within each person . Pocket depths and recession were measured on all teeth by trained examiners during household visits . Immunofluorescent assays for A . actinomycetecomitans, P . intermedia, and P . gingivalis were conducted on subgingival plaque samples obtained from the mesiobuccal aspect of the four first molar teeth using paper points . The prevalences of A . actinomycetemcomitans, P . intermedia, and P . gingivalis were greater in blacks than in whites . The most striking difference was seen for P . gingivalis, which was found in 38.8% of blacks and 9.4% of whites . Similar relationships were found when the percent of sites with these organisms were assessed . Blacks with P . gingivalis or P . intermedia had a higher prevalence of sites with LA greater than or equal to 7 mm as compared to blacks not infected with P . gingivalis or P . intermedia . The same was true for whites . Similar relationships between P . gingivalis or P . intermedia and PD greater than or equal to 6 mm were found for both blacks and whites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Rev Saude Publica, 1992 Feb, 26(1), 17 - 20
{Identification of mycoplasma by the growth inhibition of samples isolated from cell cultures}; Timenetsky J et al.; Cell cultures must be continuously screened for the presence of mycoplasma because, although these microorganisms sometimes pass unnoticed, they may cause chromosomic alterations and interfere with viral replication, antibody and interferon production etc . The International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IOM) recommends the isolation and identification of mycoplasma with a view to the detection of the origin of the infection and the improvement of the quality of the cultures . In this paper, 37 samples belonging to 27 cell lines contaminated with mycoplasma were assayed by the growth inhibition test . It is known that Mycoplasma orale is the most common human mycoplasma contaminant of cell cultures, the major vehicle of contamination being mouth pippeting, while commercial bovine serum in the main source for Mycoplasma arginini and Acholeplasma laidlawii . M . arginini was found in 18 (48.65%) of the cell samples tested, A . laidlawii in 15 (40.55%), and M . orale in two (5.40%) . Two other samples could not be identified by the antisera used (antisera against M . arginini, M . orale, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and A . laidlawii) their characteristics being "fried egg" colonies, digitonine sensitivity, Dienes stained, positive glucose catabolism, negative arginini hydrolysis, and negative tetrazolium reduction . No more than one type of mycoplasma was found in each cell culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cell Biophys, 1992 Feb, 20(1), 1 - 15
Effect of a phorbol ester on basic surface properties of trichomonads; Bonilha VL et al.; The effect of nanomolar concentrations of 12-O-tetradecanoilphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the cell surface of the urogenital parasitic protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus was evaluated by means of measurements of the parasites' surface tension, electrokinesis, lectin agglutination tests, and adhesion to inert substrates . TPA-treated parasites had their adhesion increased to both plastic and glass substrates . This was accompanied by increases in the parasites' net negative surface charge and also by changes in their surface tension . The lectin agglutination assays suggest that the increase in surface negativeness may be related in some extent to alterations in the oligosaccharide composition . Successive treatment of the microorganisms with TPA and sphingosine, a well-known competitive inhibitor of the phorbol ester active site, depressed the tendency of trichomonads to exhibit a phenotype of activated cells.

Med Clin (Barc), 1992 Jan 25, 98(3), 89 - 93
{The characterization of a Spanish strain of Borrelia burgdorferi}; Garcia-Monco JC et al.; BACKGROUND: The characteristics of a Spanish strain of Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochete which causes Lyme's disease, and which, up to the present, has not been isolated in Spain, are described . METHODS: The organism was obtained from ticks (Ixodes ricinus) from the northern part of Spain . It was studied in culture by dark field microscopy and the internal structure observed by electron transmission . The antigenic composition was analyzed under polyacrylamide electrophoresis, immunoblot and reactivity against monoclonal antibodies . Plasmid analysis was carried out by Southern blot . RESULTS: In culture the length of the organism is somewhat shorter than normal . It grows slowly and tends to autoagglutinate . It has 6-13 periplasmic flagella . The antigenic analysis of this microorganism through immunoblot and reactivity against different monoclonal antibodies showed differences with regards to other North American strains, with the most significant being the composition of certain proteins of the surface of the organism . These differences may have clinical repercussion . DNA analysis by Southern blot demonstrated slight differences in regard to the composition of plasmids compared to other strains analyzed . CONCLUSIONS: Borrelia burgdorferi exists in Spain . The isolated strain shows peculiar characteristics with respect to others analyzed . The availability of an autochthonous strain may allow more reliable serological diagnosis in Spain.

J Immunol, 1992 Jan 15, 148(2), 568 - 74
IFN-gamma-induced L-arginine-dependent toxoplasmastatic activity in murine peritoneal macrophages is mediated by endogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Langermans JA et al.; Activated murine peritoneal macrophages inhibit the intracellular proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii and produce a number of cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 . Both TNF-alpha and IL-1 have been reported to be involved in the immune response against various microorganisms, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects are not known . In the present study it was investigated whether endogenously produced TNF-alpha and IL-1 are involved in the activation of peritoneal macrophages by rIFN-gamma leading to toxoplasmastatic activity and the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates . The rIFN-gamma-induced toxoplasmastatic activity was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against mouse TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent and time-dependent way, but neutralizing antibodies against mouse IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta did not affect this activity . Involvement of TNF-alpha in the induction of toxoplasmastatic activity was confirmed by our finding that rTNF-alpha in combination with a nonactivating concentration of rIFN-gamma inhibited the intracellular proliferation of T . gondii . No synergistic activity of rIL-1 and rIFN-gamma on the inhibition of T . gondii proliferation was found . Both rTNF-alpha and rIL-1 alpha alone inhibited the intracellular proliferation of T . gondii only slightly . Because it has been reported recently that activated macrophages produce reactive nitrogen intermediates that are essential in the induction of toxoplasmastatic activity, we investigated whether these intermediates are involved in the TNF-dependent induction of toxoplasmastatic activity . Neutralizing antibodies against mouse TNF-alpha inhibited also the release of NO2- by rIFN-gamma-activated macrophages almost completely . Macrophages incubated with rTNF-alpha in combination with a nonactivating concentration of rIFN-gamma released substantial amounts of NO2-, but rTNF-alpha and rIL-1 alpha alone, and the combination of rIL-1 alpha and a nonactivating concentration of rIFN-gamma induced only little NO2(-)-release by macrophages . To assess whether reactive nitrogen intermediates act directly or indirectly on the intracellular proliferation of T . gondii, macrophages were incubated with the L-arginine analog NG-monomethyl-L-arginine or the NADPH-inhibitor diphenylene iodonium, both inhibitors of the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates . Good correlation was found between toxoplasmastatic activity and the release of NO2- during the 24-h activation period before infection of the macrophages with T . gondii, but no correlation was found between toxoplasmastatic activity and the release of NO2- during infection of the macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Immunol Today, 1992 Jan, 13(1), 11 - 6
The immune system evolved to discriminate infectious nonself from noninfectious self; Janeway CA Jr; Here, Charles Janeway argues that the requirement for two signals to initiate the adaptive immune response may reflect the evolutionary history of host defences . Early phases of host defence involve receptors and ligands that may have controlled immune responses prior to the development of clonally-distributed receptors encoded in rearranging genes . The former receptors persist in contemporary vertebrates both to trigger innate or nonclonal responses and to signal to lymphocytes that a particular antigen is associated with a microorganism.

Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 1992, 124, 79 - 110
Environmental biochemistry of arsenic; Tamaki S et al.; Microorganisms are involved in the redistribution and global cycling of arsenic . Arsenic can accumulate and can be subject to various biotransformations including reduction, oxidation, and methylation . Bacterial methylation of inorganic arsenic is coupled to the methane biosynthetic pathway in methanogenic bacteria under anaerobic conditions and may be a mechanism for arsenic detoxification . The pathway proceeds by reduction of arsenate to arsenite followed by methylation to dimethylarsine . Fungi are also able to transform inorganic and organic arsenic compounds into volatile methylarsines . The pathway proceeds aerobically by arsenate reduction to arsenite followed by several methylation steps producing trimethylarsine . Volatile arsine gases are very toxic to mammals because they destroy red blood cells (LD50 in rats; 3.0 mg kg-1) . Further studies are needed on dimethylarsine and trimethylarsine toxicity tests through inhalation of target animals . Marine algae transform arsenate into non-volatile methylated arsenic compounds (methanearsonic and dimethylarsinic acids) in seawater . This is considered to be a beneficial step not only to the primary producers, but also to the higher trophic levels, since non-volatile methylated arsenic is much less toxic to marine invertebrates . Freshwater algae like marine algae synthesize lipid-soluble arsenic compounds and do not produce volatile methylarsines . Aquatic plants also synthesize similar lipid-soluble arsenic compounds . In terrestrial plants, arsenate is preferentially taken up 3 to 4 times the rate of arsenite . In the presence of phosphate, arsenate uptake is inhibited while in the presence of arsenate, phosphate uptake is only slightly inhibited . There is a competitive interaction between arsenate and phosphate for the same uptake system in terrestrial plants . The mode of toxicity of arsenate is to partially block protein synthesis and interfere with protein phosphorylation but the presence of phosphate prevents this mode of action . There appears to be a higher affinity for phosphate than arsenate with a discriminate ratio of 4:1 . It is estimated that as much as 210 x 10(5) kg of arsenic is lost to the atmosphere in the vapor state annually from the land surface . The continental vapor flux is about 8 times that of the continental dust flux indicating that the biogenic contribution may play a significant role in cycling of arsenic . It has not been established whether volatile arsenic can be released by plants . Further studies are needed to determine mass balances in the rate of transfer (fluxes) of arsenic in the environment.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992 Jan 1, 89(1), 43 - 6
Genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a typhus-like rickettsia found in cat fleas; Azad AF et al.; The identification of apparently fastidious microorganisms is often problematic . DNA from a rickettsia-like agent (called the ELB agent) present in cat fleas could be amplified by PCR with conserved primers derived from rickettsial 17-kDa common protein antigen and citrate synthase genes but not spotted fever group 190-kDa antigen gene . Alu I sites in both the 17-kDa and citrate synthase PCR products obtained with the rickettsia-like agent and Rickettsia typhi were different even though both agents reacted with monoclonal antibodies previously thought specific for R . typhi . The DNA sequence of a portion of the 17-kDa PCR product of the rickettsia-like agent differed significantly from all known rickettsial sequences and resembled the 17-kDa sequences of typhus more than spotted fever group rickettsiae . The rare stable transovarial maintenance of this rickettsia in cat fleas has important implications for the disease potential of cat fleas.

Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 1992 Jan, 118(1), 89 - 93
Adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen in malignant external otitis; Davis JC et al.; Necrotizing invasive pseudomonal infection of the external auditory canal (malignant external otitis) is an uncommon but important disorder in the elderly . The high morbidity, and even mortality, of this disorder has been reduced by the early and intensive use of combination antipseudomonal antibiotics . However, in severely immunocompromised patients or in infection involving the base of the skull, multiple cranial nerves, or the meninges, conventional therapy has been prolonged, intensive, and relatively ineffective . We treated 16 patients with malignant external otitis with adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy . In six patients, infection was in advanced stages, infections were recurrences after previous treatment, and repeated treatment with antipseudomonal antibiotics had failed . All 16 cases responded promptly when a 30-day course of hyperbaric oxygen was added to the antibiotic regimen, and all patients remained free of infection or neurologic deficit during 1 to 4 years of follow-up . No complications of this treatment modality were noted . Hyperbaric oxygen therapy reverses tissue hypoxia, which enhances phagocytic killing of aerobic microorganisms, and stimulates neomicroangiogenesis . In addition, hyperbaric oxygen augments the action of aminoglycoside antibiotics . Adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be considered in advanced or recurrent cases of malignant external otitis.

Am J Phys Anthropol, 1992 Jan, 87(1), 39 - 47
Porotic hyperostosis: a new perspective; Stuart-Macadam P; Porotic hyperostosis is a paleopathologic condition that has intrigued researchers for over a century and a half . It is now generally accepted that anemia, most probably an iron deficiency anemia, is the etiologic factor responsible for lesion production . Although there can be a number of factors involved in the development of iron deficiency anemia, a dietary explanation has often been invoked to explain the occurrence of porotic hyperostosis in past human skeletal populations . In fact, porotic hyperostosis has been referred to as a "nutritional" stress indicator . Traditionally those groups with a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis have been considered to be less successful in adapting to their environment or more nutritionally disadvantaged than other groups . A new perspective is emerging that is challenging previous views of the role of iron in health and disease, thus having profound implications for the understanding of porotic hyperostosis . There is a new appreciation of the adaptability and flexibility of iron metabolism; as a result it has become apparent that diet plays a very minor role in the development of iron deficiency anemia . It is now understood that, rather than being detrimental, hypoferremia (deficiency of iron in the blood) is actually an adaptation to disease and microorganism invasion . When faced with chronic and/or heavy pathogen loads individuals become hypoferremic as part of their defense against these pathogens, thus increasing their susceptibility to iron deficiency anemia . Within the context of this new perspective porotic hyperostosis is seen not as a nutritional stress indicator, but as a indication that a population is attempting to adapt to the pathogen load in its environment.

J Clin Microbiol, 1992 Jan, 30(1), 237 - 9
Recovery of Histoplasma capsulatum from blood in a commercial radiometric Mycobacterium medium; Merz WG et al.; We report the recovery of Histoplasma capsulatum from blood specimens cultured for Mycobacterium sp . in BACTEC 13A radiometric medium . H . capsulatum was recovered from six of eight blood specimens submitted for mycobacterial cultures from five human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals . Initial positive metabolic signals occurred at a mean of 11 days, but no organisms were detected with acid-fast stains . The bottles remained positive, and after an additional incubation (mean, 8 days), yeast cells morphologically compatible with H . capsulatum were detected when aliquots were stained with acridine orange . Therefore, when radiometric mycobacterial blood cultures with persistent positive metabolic signals and negative acid-fast stains are encountered, acridine orange staining and subculturing for a variety of microorganisms, including fungi, e.g., H . capsulatum, should be considered.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1992 Jan, 166(1 Pt 1), 95 - 9
Endothelin-1,2 levels are increased in the amniotic fluid of women with preterm labor and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity; Romero R et al.; The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gestational age, labor, and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity on amniotic fluid concentrations of endothelin-1,2 . Amniotic fluid was retrieved by amniocentesis from 148 women: patients at term with and without labor, patients with preterm labor with and without intraamniotic infection, and women in the second trimester of pregnancy . Endothelin-1,2 was measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay . Immunoreactive endothelin-1,2 was detectable in all samples of human amniotic fluid . Advancing gestational age and spontaneous term labor did not result in changes in amniotic fluid concentrations of endothelin-1,2 . Women with preterm labor and positive amniotic fluid cultures for microorganisms had higher amniotic fluid concentrations of endothelin-1,2 than did those without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (p less than 0.05) . These results support a role for endothelins in the mechanisms responsible for preterm delivery associated with intraamniotic infection.

Exp Cell Res, 1992 Jan, 198(1), 175 - 8
Estimating percentage constitutive heterochromatin by flow cytometry; Rayburn AL et al.; Flow cytometry is a powerful method for the assessment of both plant and animal genomes . One of the most interesting aspects is the analysis of chromatin structure . By using intercalating and base pair-specific fluorochromes, the chromatin structure in various cell cultures and microorganisms has been determined . In this study, several maize lines of known heterochromatic composition were analyzed . The nuclei of each line were isolated and stained with DAPI (base pair specific) and PI (intercalator) separately . For each maize line, the PI/DAPI ratio was determined . A significant negative correlation was observed between C-band number and PI/DAPI ratio (r = 0.920) and between percentage heterochromatin and PI/DAPI ratio (r = 0.997) . Flow cytometry with use of the fluorochromes DAPI and PI was found to be a rapid and efficient method of determining heterochromatin amount in maize.

Caries Res, 1992, 26(3), 153 - 64
Human root caries: histopathology of arrested lesions; Schupbach P et al.; The histopathology of arrested root caries lesions was examined in extracted human teeth . The main structural characteristics of arrested lesions were the completely mineralized surface area and the formation of a distinct sclerosis of the dentinal tubules . Intertubular dentin was, with the exception of the dentinal tubules, fully mineralized up to the surface . Dentinal tubules near the surface were either filled with ghosts of microorganisms or with crystals of different shapes . Sclerosis of the dentinal tubules was characterized by the presence of three different patterns of intratubular mineralization that occur in distinct regions of the zone of tubular sclerosis . The patterns were distinguishable by the type of crystals and their association with organic structures such as collagenous fibrils or odontoblast processes . It is suggested that arrested lesions are based on (1) the formation of an inner barrier that interrupts the diffusion of substrata from the pulp to invaded bacteria, (2) the formation of an outer barrier by a compact, highly mineralized surface region which blocks the diffusion of products of bacterial metabolism into dentin, and (3) an area of mineralization which extends from the outer barrier toward the root canal within demineralized dentin . The present study demonstrates the considerable potential of caries lesions in dentin to become arrested, and subsequently partially remineralized . These phenomena seem to depend on the severity of an active lesion and its location on the root surface . This should be taken into account when diagnosing root caries lesions . The potential of root caries lesions to become arrested indicates that the treatment concept of active root caries lesions should be reconsidered.

Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac, 1992, 93(2), 122 - 6
{The incidence of Actinomyces israeli colonization in tonsillar tissue . A histopathological study}; Assimakopoulos D et al.; The presence of the Actinomyces usually is not determined by the common histologic examination of preparations of tonsillar tissue which has been removed surgically . The Actinomyces are common saprophytic microorganisms which are found inter alia in the oral cavity and palatine tonsils . In this study, the authors examined histologically 238 surgical preparations of tonsillar tissue . In 84 of these, that is 35.21%, it has been noted, except the others, the presence of Actinomyces israeli . At the same time, the authors state their views concerning the contribution of the Actinomyces of tonsillar crypts to the pathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis.

J Exp Pathol, 1992, 6(1-2), 31 - 9
Modulation of alpha interferon levels by AZT treatment in HIV-seropositive patients; Buimovici-Klein E et al.; The effect of AZT on serum HIV p24 antigen and endogenous serum alpha interferon levels was studied in AIDS and ARC patients . Following administration of AZT there was a rapid decline in the serum levels of both HIV p24 antigen and alpha interferon . When AZT treatment was interrupted, the levels of both HIV p24 antigen and of interferon rapidly increased . These findings suggest that HIV or some other AZT sensitive microorganism is the inducer of interferon which is characteristically found in the serum of AIDS and symptomatic HIV infected patients . They also suggest that the rapid decline in interferon levels may underlie some of the symptomatic benefit that follows administration of AZT.

Int Urol Nephrol, 1992, 24(1), 43 - 7
Cytologic findings of fine needle aspirates in chronic prostatitis; Matsumoto T et al.; Cytologic studies in patients with prostatic infection, primarily those with chronic prostatitis, were conducted on samples obtained by the fine needle aspiration method . Infiltration of inflammatory cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages was observed to a greater extent in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis as compared to those with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis or prostatodynia . The pathogen was isolated in only one out of 28 patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis . We concluded that fine needle biopsy is useful for assessing patients with prostatic inflammation, but not for detecting microorganisms because of focal colonization of the organisms in the glands.

Pediatriia, 1992, (1), 14 - 8
{Prenatal risk factors and the status of local defense of the intestines in premature newborn infants}; Tkachenko SK et al.; A randomized study was made to examine certain characteristics of local immunity of the intestine (immunoglobulins in coprofiltrates, microbiocenosis) and the immunoglobulin composition of the milk of mothers to 108 premature breast-fed children of the first month of life . It has been established that toward the end of the second week of life, there was a remarkable decrease in the characteristics of secretory IgA (SIgA) in coprofiltrates of the newborn whose mothers suffered from gestosis (group 2) and in children born to mothers with infectious pathology (group 3) as compared to conventionally healthy premature children (group 1) . The group 3 neonates showed a significantly less amount of IgG . According to the examinations made over time, the deficiency of secretory antibodies rose in group 2, declined in group 3, whereas the group 1 children manifested an increase in SIgA . The group 2 and 3 children demonstrated more profound dysbiotic disturbances, characterized by long persistence of opportunistic microorganisms and by the appearance in some cases of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine . All this requires distinguishing risk groups and carrying out additional preventive and treatment measures in such children.

Ann Pharmacother, 1992 Jan, 26(1), 14 - 7
Effect of the mode of lipid administration on parenteral nutrition-related infections; D'Angio RG et al.; OBJECTIVE: To determine if total nutrient admixtures (TNAs) influence the rate of infection in clinical practice . DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial . SETTING: Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center . PATIENTS: All patients were administered parenteral nutrition (PN) via a central venous catheter and received daily lipids . INTERVENTION: Patients were randomized as to the mode of administration of lipids . Lipids were either administered with other PN components in a TNA or were piggybacked (PB) into the PN solution . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Treatment groups were compared for the rate of occurrence of PN-related infections . Infections were classified as catheter infections or catheter sepsis . RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were entered into the trial . Data from 96 patients (44 TNA, 52 PB) were available for analysis . Treatment groups were well matched for age, baseline albumin, days of PN, predicted basal metabolic rate, and calorie and protein requirements . TNA patients received a significantly greater percentage of nonprotein calories as lipid . The incidence of infection was 12.6 and 10.3 per 1000 days of PN in the TNA and PB groups, respectively (p = 0.89) . The microorganisms responsible for infection and the type of infections that developed were similar in both groups . CONCLUSIONS: Use of TNAs does not influence the rate of infection in patients receiving PN.

Biotechnology, 1992, 20, 451 - 65
Synthetic peptides as vaccines; Rothbard JB; The economics of vaccines has been a major limitation in the commercial research and development of new approaches . This coupled with the natural scientific desire to simplify and define the composition of effective vaccines argues that the future of vaccines lies in novel approaches that will discover effective and less expensive components . Peptides, whether they are chemically synthesized or produced in bacteria, are an attractive possibility . To substitute linear peptides for complex mixtures of proteins would be a major technical advance and would stimulate tremendous commercial interest . However, at the present time I view this approach still unlikely to be of major practical importance . I conclude this because of the complexity of immunological responses to microorganisms . Even though, in some instances, a cytotoxic T-cell response or even the majority of the antibody response to a pathogen can be defined by a short linear peptide, most people believe that multiple effector functions of the immune system should be stimulated in optimal vaccines . For a small cocktail of peptides to reproduce the diversity of responses elicited by a virus, parasite, or bacterium is unlikely . However, I fully realize that remarkable progress has occurred towards understanding the structural requirements necessary to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses, and peptides have been integral in the development of this field . Also, the success of several research groups in developing effective antiviral vaccines using short linear peptides argues that I might be painting too dark of a picture . As someone who has used this strategy to explore peptide-MHC and peptide-antibody interactions, I am a strong scientific supporter of the approach . In this forum I am purposely cautious in my optimism . As the details of the complex molecular and cellular interactions that control the immune system are elucidated, both the number of strategies and the possible applications of modulating the immune response will increase as well . In addition to protective immunity to pathogens, cancer therapy could be revolutionized if tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells could be generated routinely . Novel therapeutic approaches to allergy, autoimmunity, and transplantation can be envisioned if the T-lymphocytes responsible for these syndromes could be modulated without total immune suppression . Consequently, I am confident that the experiments described in this chapter will be central to developing exciting new therapeutic and prophylactic compounds, but I am not sure that they will resemble naturally occurring peptides . The one aspect I am confident of is that the capacity of the immune response to protect the organism will continually surprise us.

J Pediatr Oncol Nurs, 1992 Jan, 9(1), 3 - 7
The effects of different central venous line dressing changes on bacterial growth in a pediatric oncology population; Freiberger D et al.; Central venous lines are now common in children who need a permanent form of intravenous access . These lines frequently become infected . This study compared the effects of different antiseptics (Hibiclens {chlorhexadine 4%; Stuart Pharmaceutical, Wilmington, DE} and Betadine {povidone-iodine, Clini Pad Corp, Guilford, CT}) used to clean the skin as well as the dressings used to cover the exit site (Tegaderm {3-M Medical-Surgical Division, St Paul, MN} and gauze) on microorganism growth on the skin in a pediatric oncology population . Sixty subjects were recruited from the oncology and bone marrow transplant units of Children's Hospital in Boston, MA . The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four dressing groups . These included: 1, Betadine and Tegaderm; 2, Betadine and gauze; 3, Hibiclens and Tegaderm; and 4, Hibiclens and gauze . Dressings were done on a Monday-Wednesday-Friday basis . Quantitative cultures were obtained before the first and after the fifth dressing changes . There were no significant differences in incidence of bacterial growth between dressing groups (F = 1.05, P = .377) . Redness (F = 3.01, P = .037) and swelling (F = 2.75, P = .051) were more frequently seen in Betadine groups . Boys were more often infected than girls . (Chi 2 = 4.075, P = .044).

Int J Clin Lab Res, 1992, 21(3), 214 - 20
Changes in the coagulation-fibrinolysis balance of endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes: role in disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with infectious diseases; Semeraro N et al.; Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated that the pathogenetic mechanism of disseminated intravascular coagulation encountered in patients with infectious diseases is extraordinarily complex and involves multiple interactions between the microorganism itself and/or a number of mediators, both microorganism derived and host manufactured, and multifunctional cellular systems, namely endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes . In particular, infectious agents and mediators shift the coagulation-fibrinolysis equilibrium of these cells towards fibrin formation and accumulation, via enhancement of procoagulant properties and reduction of both anticoagulant and fibrinolytic capacities . New insights into the pathogenetic mechanism may have important implications for the management of infected patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation.

J Neural Transm Gen Sect, 1992, 88(1), 77 - 82
A first biosynthetic proposal for the in vivo formation of naturally occurring diazepam-like 1,4-benzodiazepines; Bringmann G; A first rational concept for the in vivo formation of naturally occurring diazepam-type 1,4-benzodiazepines is suggested--by oxidative carbon-carbon bond cleavage of the known quinoline alkaloid viridicatin, a fungal metabolite from Penicillium species, replacement of the resulting N-oxaloyl substituent by a glycinoyl residue, and subsequent ring closure under Schiff base formation . In principle, all the proposed individual reaction steps as such are known from the literature: they have either been proven to occur in vivo, or they have been performed chemically . According to this concept, diazepam-type benzodiazepines would not only represent the joint result of both industrial developments and evolutionary processes in nature, but would even arise from identical precursors--ortho-aminobenzophenone and glycine! Alternatively, according to a slightly modified (more "economical") biogenetic concept, the oxaloyl residue would not be substituted, but rather converted into the glycinoyl part . This hypothetic biosynthesis of naturally occurring 1,4-benzodiazepines might proceed in part in microorganisms (e.g . in fungi) and in part in higher organisms (e.g . in plants).

Clin Infect Dis, 1992 Jan, 14(1), 127 - 30
Acute and chronic Q fever in patients with cancer; Raoult D et al.; Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii, a strictly intracellular bacterium that lives within the phagolysosome of infected cells . We report here five cases of Q fever in patients with cancer . Three of them had a solid tumor, one had a B cell lymphoma, and one had chronic myeloid leukemia . One patient had acute Q fever, and the four others had chronic Q fever endocarditis . Two patients with endocarditis had no previous history of valvulopathy . C . burnetii was isolated from the valves of two patients . One of the patients with endocarditis died . Patients with cancer who have unexplained fever and live in areas in which C . burnetii is endemic should undergo serological testing for infection with this microorganism.

Microbiologica, 1992 Jan, 15(1), 89 - 93
Recurrent Histoplasma capsulatum pneumonia: a case report; Tinelli M et al.; The epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical findings are described in a case of recurrent pulmonary histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum . The patient, a bulldozer-operator, worked in Africa for a long period in extremely dusty conditions without any protection . Three different episodes of H . capsulatum pneumonia recurred during eighteen months after his return from Africa . A full dose treatment by Amphotericin B failed to eliminate disease recurrence on three occasions . The high concentration of airborne H . capsulatum spores inhaled could have been the main cause of the difficulty obtaining a rapid sterilization of the microorganism by Amphotericin B and disease recurrence . The late start of the treatment or the unexplained ability of some persons to develop repeated infections even with normal immunological parameters could be another explanation for the reported phenomenon.

Ultrason Imaging, 1992 Jan, 14(1), 86 - 95
Ultrasonic characterization of mycelial morphology as a fractal structure; Patankar D et al.; Preliminary measurements of scattering of ultrasound from filamentous microorganisms in aqueous-medium suspensions are reported . The data are used to characterize the structuring (morphology) between the organisms quantitatively by modelling the morphology in terms of fractal structures and obtaining the fractal dimension as the characteristic parameter . The fractal dimension is calculated from the slope of a log-log plot of scattered intensity versus the scattering vector magnitude . The intensity is measured over a range of magnitudes of the scattering vector by varying the scattering angle as well as the ultrasonic frequency . Results from microbial suspensions of different species and different morphologies indicate that the fractal dimension can be used to quantify the morphological state of a suspension . The fractal dimension ranges from around 1.5 for suspensions with pelletous morphology to around 2.5 for suspensions with filamentous morphology.

Gesundheitswesen, 1992 Jan, 54(1), 34 - 7
{Waste water pollutants due to the use of disinfectants in the hospital}; Knoch M et al.; It is assumed that the antiseptic effect of disinfectants in effluents from hospitals can severely disturb the growth of microorganisms in the different stages of aeration of sewage plants . Regular biological catabolism could therefore be damaged . The impact of substances on the waste water depends on the concentration of disinfectants they contain . Consequently this essay first examines the expected quantities of antiseptic substances in the effluent of a medium-sized hospital (440 Beds) . The effluents treated here however showed a low concentration of disinfectants and it could be proved that these quantities do not have any harmful effects on the examined parameters such as BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and pH-value.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Jan, 58(1), 181 - 6
Examination of fungi in domestic interiors by using factor analysis: correlations and associations with home factors; Su HJ et al.; Factor analysis was utilized to investigate correlations among airborne microorganisms collected with Andersen samplers from homes in Topeka, Kans., during the winter of 1987 to 1988 . The factors derived were used to relate microbial concentrations with categorical, questionnaire-derived descriptions of housing conditions . This approach successfully identified groups of common aboveground decay fungi including Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, and Aureobasidium spp . The common soil fungi Aspergillus and Penicillium spp . were also separated as a group . These previously known ecological groupings were confirmed with air sampling data by a quantitative evaluation technique . The aboveground decay fungi sampled indoors in winter were present at relatively high concentrations in homes with gas stoves for cooking, suggesting a possible association between these fungi and increased humidity from the combustion process . Elevated concentrations of the soil fungi were significantly (P = 0.05) associated with the dirt floor, crawl-space type of basement . Elevated concentrations of water-requiring fungi, such as Fusarium spp., were shown to be associated with water collection in domestic interiors . Also, elevated mean concentrations for the group of fungi including Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Aureobasidium, and yeast spp . were found to be associated (P = 0.03) with symptoms reported on a health questionnaire . This finding was consistent with our previous study of associations between respiratory health and airborne microorganisms by univariate logistic regression analysis.

Anat Rec, 1992 Jan, 232(1), 126 - 32
Pathways of lymph flow through intestinal lymph nodes in the horse; Nikles SA et al.; In the horse, several thousand lymph nodes receive lymph from the intestine, part of which is very large and contains microorganisms that enable the animal to utilize refractory dietary constituents such as cellulose . The aim of this study was to describe the pathways by which lymph is delivered into, traverses, and is drained from these lymph nodes . These pathways were studied with either Microfil or methacrylate casting materials and with light and electron microscopy . The afferent lymphatic vessel delivering lymph into one of the nodes divides over the capsular surface and within trabeculae into terminal branches, and these are continuous with the subcapsular and trabecular sinuses through rounded holes up to 30 microns across . Lymph is conveyed from the subcapsular and trabecular sinuses through the cortex by four types of sinuses: trabecular sinuses, cortical tubular sinuses, tubule-like sinuses with a network of stellate cell processes, and sinuses between cortical cords . It is conveyed through the medulla by sinuses both within and between medullary cords . Lymph is drained from these sinuses by initial efferent lymphatics of three types: those between medullary cords, those within the subcapsular sinus overlying medullary or cortical cords, and those within trabeculae . All three types are continuous with surrounding sinuses through holes 5-30 microns across . These three alternative routes for lymph drainage may ensure adequate lymph flow during different intranodal conditions that may exist when the node is responding to microorganisms or other foreign materials.

Crit Rev Microbiol, 1992, 18(3), 217 - 33
Transferrins and heme-compounds as iron sources for pathogenic bacteria; Otto BR et al.; The low concentration of free iron in body fluids creates bacteriostatic conditions for many microorganisms and is therefore an important defense factor of the body against invading bacteria . Pathogenic bacteria have developed several mechanisms for acquiring iron from the host . Siderophore-mediated iron uptake involves the synthesis of low molecular weight iron chelators called siderophores which compete with the host iron-binding glycoproteins lactoferrin (LF) and transferrin (TF) for iron . Other ways to induce iron uptake, without the mediation of siderophores, are the possession of outer membrane protein receptors that actually recognize the complex of TF or LF with iron, resulting in the internalization of this metal, and the use of heme-compounds released into the circulation after lysis of erythrocytes . In this review, the nonsiderophore-mediated iron-uptake systems used by certain pathogenic bacteria are emphasized . The possible contribution of these iron-uptake systems to the virulence of pathogens is also discussed.

Gig Sanit, 1992 Jan, (1), 15 - 8
{Sanitary-indicative significance of the content of microorganisms of the Candida genus in the water at sea beaches}; Korchak GI; Possibility to use the microfungi from genus Candida as the sanitary index of the water quality was substantiated in the article . The maximum allowable index of Candida in the beach water recommended at level of 50 cells/l.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1992, 32(2), 151 - 5
Status of regulatory approval of biotechnology-derived plants and animals; Medley TL; Development of new technology brings with it decisions regarding regulation to ensure safety in technology transfer . Properly formulated and administrated, such regulations can act as a catalyst for the transfer of new technology, not a barrier . Such regulations must be based on sound scientific principles, and are intended to provide protection for the public, engender public acceptance, and foster communication with the various segments of society . To develop this new technology in a safe and orderly manner field testing of the products/organisms of biotechnology, especially genetic engineering, has been permitted by the U.S . Department of Agriculture (USDA) . USDA permits certify the environmental safety of field testing of plants and microorganisms developed through the use of material derived from plant pests . Permits are issued based upon analyses of the biology of the organism, the affected environment, and the precautions taken to ensure environmental protection . Licenses for the use of veterinary biologics, including recombinant vaccines, are also issued.

Pediatriia, 1992, (3), 14 - 8
{Immunological aspects of food intolerance in children during first years of life}; Sazanova NE et al.; A study was made of the morphofunctional status and local defence of the gastrointestinal tract in 122 children aged 4 months to 6 years, suffering from food intolerance showed up by atopic dermatitis in 52 children and by chronic diarrhea in 70 children . Based on the allergological anamnesis, scarification cutaneous tests with food allergens, detection of antibodies to food antigens (RAST, HAIT) food allergy was revealed in all the children . Chronic gastroduodenitis was identified in all the children suffering from atopic dermatitis and in 95% of the children with chronic diarrhea . It should be mentioned that one-third of that group had a graver illness--diffuse duodenitis with sub-atrophy of the villi . The allergic genesis of the impairment of the gastroduodenal mucosa was confirmed . It was more remarkable in atopic dermatitis (tissue eosinophilia and high content of IgE-plasmacytes in the duodenal mucosa) . The decrease of local immune defence of the mucous membrane, lactase deficiency, elevated growth of microorganisms in the duodenal contents promote the rise of intestinal barrier permeability for food antigens and enhancement of sensitization.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1992 Jan-Feb, 20(1), 28 - 34
IgG subclass deficiencies and recurrent pyogenic infections, unresponsiveness against bacterial polysaccharide antigens; Kuijpers TW et al.; In patients suffering from recurrent or chronic infections with encapsulated bacteria the humoral immune disorder of IgG subclass deficiencies is common (about 20%), yet insufficiently diagnosed because of the nonspecific symptomatology and the often unaffected levels of total immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes . IgG subclass deficiency is correctly diagnosed by measurement of all four IgG subclasses . The IgG2-subclass deficiency is most frequent, often together with decreased IgG4- and/or IgA-levels . The IgG2-subclass deficiency is associated with a diminished immune response to (bacterial capsular) polysaccharide antigens . Although the anti-polysaccharide response is generally believed to be IgG2-restricted, a causal relationship between a decrease in IgG2 and disease is obscure . First, the precise meaning and contribution of IgG2 to the opsonization of encapsulated microorganisms is incompletely known . Second, several healthy individuals completely lack one or more isotype/subclasses due to (pseudo-) deletions of the genes, but still produce protective antibody titers in the residual Ig isotype or subclass . Third, young children mount protective titers of specific IgG1 antibodies against polysaccharides, whereas IgG2-subclass deficient children are prone to infection by encapsulated bacteria . In sum, decreases in IgG2 subclass levels may be merely epiphenomenal in a large group of patients who do not respond effectively to (bacterial) polysaccharides . New directions of investigation in order to obtain insight in the prevalence and pathogenesis of IgG subclass deficiencies are discussed.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1992, 24(3), 387 - 9
Hilar lymphadenopathy associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection; Haugen O et al.; A 27-year-old man with an acute Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and hilar lymph node involvement is reported . Further investigation gave no evidence of sarcoidosis or other known cause of enlarged hilar nodes . Serological tests proved an acute infection with C . pneumoniae Thus, an infection with C . pneumoniae may lead to enlargement of the hilar lymph nodes, and infection with this microorganism should be included in the differential diagnostic considerations in patients with hilar lymphadenopathy.

Nahrung, 1992, 36(3), 228 - 38
{Kinetics of thermal killing of microorganisms in egg yolk}; Mohr KH et al.; Egg yolk is relating to its germ content and enzyme activity only restricted storable . Unpasteurized egg yolk get spoiled between a few hours and days . The rapid spoilage can be reduced by a pasteurization and following cold storage . The storage stability of egg yolk can be increased by additives, e.g . salt or saccharose . Kinetic results of the thermal microorganisms destruction in the egg yolk with and without stabilizing additives are presented in this article . It will be shown that the evaluation method from REICHART gives representative results for mixed cultures, too . A further evaluation method by a differential equation will be demonstrated and discussed.

Clin Prev Dent, 1992 Jan-Feb, 14(1), 5 - 9
Effects of a two-phase oil-water mouthwash on halitosis; Yaegaki K et al.; Many oral microorganisms possess hydrophobic outer surfaces . A two-phase, oil-water mouthwash has, therefore, recently been developed to remove such oral microorganisms . The oil phase consists of olive oil and other essential oils . The aqueous phase includes cetylpyridinium chloride, which is a disinfectant that promotes the adhesion of microorganisms to oil droplets . This study determined the effects of this mouthwash on the production of volatile sulfide in vivo and in vitro . Neither rinsing with water nor brushing teeth decreased the concentration of sulfide in mouth air at 3.5 h after treatment . A reduction of only 30% of sulfide was observed when a commercial mouthwash was used . However, this study demonstrated that use of the two-phase mouthwash led to approximately 80% reduction of sulfide . Furthermore, volatile sulfide and 2-ketobutyrate productions from methionine in a saliva putrefaction system were completely inhibited by the two-phase mouthwash; and consumption of methionine was decreased by 65 percent . It is concluded that the two-phase mouthwash strongly inhibits the production of volatile sulfide.

Adv Enzyme Regul, 1992, 32, 133 - 48
The regulatory protein of liver glucokinase; van Schaftingen E et al.; Fructose, sorbitol and D-glyceraldehyde stimulate the rate of glucose phosphorylation in isolated hepatocytes . This effect is mediated by fructose 1-phosphate, which releases the inhibition exerted by a regulatory protein on liver glucokinase . In the presence of fructose 6-phosphate, the regulatory protein binds to, and inhibits, liver glucokinase . Fructose 1-phosphate antagonizes this inhibition by causing dissociation of the glucokinase-regulatory protein complex . Both phosphate esters act by binding to the regulatory protein, and by presumably causing changes in its conformation . The regulatory protein behaves as a fully competitive inhibitor . It inhibits liver glucokinase from various species, and rat islet glucokinase, but has no effect on hexokinases from mammalian tissues or from yeast, or on glucokinase from microorganisms . Kinetic studies indicate that the regulatory protein binds to glucokinase at a site distinct from the catalytic site . Several phosphate esters, mainly polyol-phosphates, were found to mimick the effect of fructose 6-phosphate . The most potent is sorbitol 6-phosphate, suggesting that fructose 6-phosphate is recognized by the regulatory protein in its open-chain configuration . Other phosphate esters and Pi have a fructose 1-phosphate-like effect . The stimulatory effect of fructose on glucose phosphorylation is observed not only in isolated hepatocytes but also in the livers of anesthetized rats . This suggests that fructose could be a nutritional signal causing an increase in the hepatic glucose uptake.

J Basic Microbiol, 1992, 32(6), 415 - 22
Coagulation autolysis in microorganisms and its relation to coagulase production; Zaslavskaya PL et al.; The phenomenon of coagulation autolysis was observed in two model microorganisms, i.e., a bacterial culture and an imperfect fungus . It was characterized by impairment of the cell membranes, followed by condensation and dehydration of the cytoplasm and long-term preservation of the cells in the form of coagulated cytoplasm . In this respect, it was similar to coagulation necrosis of human tissues . The autolysis in the microorganisms was accompanied by increase of their coagulase activity, the substrate specificity of the enzyme rather broad . The coagulase activity of the microorganisms was detected during the culture period between the lag-phase and the exponential growth phase, i.e., the phase of their active growth . It served as a signal to induce biosynthesis of peptidohydrolase and cleavage of proteins . We believe that the phenomenon of coagulation autolysis in these microorganisms is rather typical and can be considered as an adaptative reaction, inducing a cascade of events from synthesis of coagulase to overproduction of peptidohydrolases with proteolytic activity.

Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr, 1992, 2(4), 359 - 81
Initiation of replication in mammalian chromosomes; Hamlin JL; Mammalian origins of replication are scattered at about 100-kb intervals along each chromosomal DNA fiber . It is not known whether origins are genetically defined sequences analogous to those that control initiation of replication in microorganisms . Since the advent of recombinant DNA techniques, it has become possible to search for origins in defined chromosomal domains . A variety of methods have suggested that nascent chains initiate at preferred locations on the chromosome, but there is some disagreement as to how precisely defined these initiation sites are.

ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec, 1992, 54(4), 211 - 4
Microorganism transport in the human endolymphatic duct; Danckwardt-Lilliestrom N et al.; There are indications that endolymphatic sac (ES) may be an immunologically active part of the inner ear . So far, no microorganisms or foreign substances have been localized in this area under 'normal' conditions . Only a limited number of human specimens, including the entire endolymphatic duct (ED) and ES, have been collected and analyzed from cadavers or surgical biopsy specimens . In this study, 6 human ED and ES collected from cadavers and at surgery were analyzed by light and electron microscopy . This was done in order to investigate if microorganisms may normally be drained at this route into the ES . Some microorganisms (Mycoplasma pneumoniae) were found in the lumen and subepithelial tissue of 1 human ED . These observations suggest that microorganisms may also be locally processed and disposed at the level of the ED . These results add further evidence as to the immunodefensive role of the human ES.

Drugs Exp Clin Res, 1992, 18(6), 217 - 24
New hydroxybenanomicins produced by Actinomadura; Kondo S et al.; A soil microorganism, Actinomadura sp . MH193-16F4, produces an antifungal antibiotic benanomicin A and several related compounds . Among them, benanomicin A is the best candidate as a chemotherapeutic agent in terms of antifungal activity, toxicity and water-solubility . Three novel hydroxyl congeners, 3'-hydroxybenanomicin A, 7-hydroxybenanomicin A and 7-hydroxybenanomicinone have been isolated from the culture broth of the MH193-16F4 strain or its mutant . Interestingly, 3'-hydroxy-benanomicin A was as effective as benanomicin A, but the 7-hydroxy congeners were inactive . The inactive congeners differ from benanomicin A and 3'-hydroxyenanomicin A in their conformational structures at C-5 and C-6.

Vet Res Commun, 1992, 16(4), 311 - 5
The effect of long-term exposure to phosphamidon on the ruminal microorganisms and circulating carboxylesterase of Bubalus bubalis; Awal MA et al.; The effect of long-term exposure to the organophosphate insecticide phosphamidon on the ruminal microorganisms and serum carboxylesterase of buffalo calves was investigated . Oral administration of phosphamidon in doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg per day for 120 days caused significant inactivation of carboxylesterase activity (16-32%) without eliciting any intoxicating signs apart from mild intermittent diarrhoea in the animals receiving the higher dose . The higher dose also produced a significant reduction in the total number of rumen protozoa (16-24%) . However, the insecticide had no discernible effect on the total bacterial count or pH of the rumen liquor.

J Int Med Res, 1992, 20 Suppl 1, 44A - 52A
Treatment of lower respiratory tract infections with sultamicillin; Tageldin MA et al.; Oral tablets containing 375 mg sultamicillin were used to treat 30 adult patients of either sex suffering from lower respiratory tract infections . The dose used was one tablet every 12 h for 22 cases and one tablet every 8 h for eight cases . The duration of therapy varied between 5 and 14 days (mean 8.6 days) . The therapeutic response was rated as cure in 23 (76.6%) patients, with complete disappearance of pretreatment signs and symptoms, and as improvement in seven (23.3%) patients, with amelioration of the pretreatment manifestations . All 52 microorganisms isolated before treatment were eradicated . No adverse effects were reported in 25 (83.3%) patients, whereas the remaining five (16.7%) patients reported mild loose stools with normal bowel motion . There were no abnormal changes in blood count and liver and renal functions following sultamicillin treatment.

Arkh Patol, 1992, 54(5), 18 - 24
{Interaction of indigenous parietal microorganisms with cells of the digestive tract mucosa}; Baibekov IM et al.; By means of light, electron microscopy and stereomorphometry the interaction of microorganisms (MO) and cells of the mouth, stomach and gut mucous membrane was studied in different pathologic conditions on clinic and experimental material . No penetration was noted of MO into cells of the keratinized squamous epithelium, they were present in intercellular spaces . In the stomach, MO as a rule interact with mucocytes altering their surface . Spirillum-like MO sometimes penetrate into the parietal cells . In the small bowel MO may penetrate the cells causing lysis of apical membranes and photocytosis changing the microvilli structure . MO may enter the goblet cells during the secretion . They may settle in the cell cytoplasm without causing its alteration . In crypts, near Paneth cells, MO were subjected to lysis . The peculiarities of MO interaction with cells depend on their structural-functional status.

Adv Biophys, 1992, 28, 81 - 133
Mechanisms for gene conversion and homologous recombination: the double-strand break repair model and the successive half crossing-over model; Kobayashi I; Two mechanisms for gene conversion and homologous recombination were discussed . (1) The double-strand break repair model . A double-strand break is expanded to a gap, which is then repaired by copying a homologous sequence . The gene conversion is often accompanied by crossing-over of the flanking sequences . We obtained evidence for this model in Red pathway of bacteriophage lambda and RecE pathway of E . coli . (2) The successive half crossing-over model . Half crossing-over leaves one recombinant duplex and one or two end(s) out of two parental duplexes . The resulting ends are, in turn, recombinogenic . Successive rounds of the half crossing-over mechanism explains why apparent plasmid gene conversion in RecF pathway of E . coli is not accompanied by crossing-over . This model can explain chromosomal gene conversion if we assume that the donor is first replicated . Gene conversion during mating-type switching in yeast, antigenic variation in unicellular microorganisms, and chromosomal gene conversion in mammalian somatic cells are explained by this model . Distinguishing between these two mechanisms is important in understanding recombination in yeast and mammalian cells and also in its application to gene targeting.

Autoimmunity, 1992, 13(1), 3 - 9
A perspective on human autoimmune thyroid disease: is there an abnormality of the target cell which predisposes to the disorder?
Volpe R.
It has been suggested recently that autoimmunity could be regarded as a physiological response of the normal immune system to autoantigens caught up in an inflammatory response to viral or bacterial antigen expressed in the target tissue . Other theories to explain autoimmunity include molecular mimicry whereby a viral or microbial hapten similar to an autoantigen initiates the production of autoantibodies that cross react with an autoantigen, with a subsequent immune response reacting with autologous cell structures which are homologous with the particular microorganism . There has also been a suggestion that there may be a genetic abnormality of the target cell which is necessary for the initiation of autoimmune thyroid disease . The present review examines these proposals and provides evidence against an antigen-driven origin for autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) . Currently, there is no valid evidence for viral involvement, and likewise the evidence for molecular mimicry as an initiating factor does not hold up to scrutiny . While a genetic abnormality of the thyrocyte may be important in certain animal models of AITD, in the human there is no evidence for such an abnormality . Evidence that AITD is derived from a disturbance of immunoregulatory mechanisms has been documented elsewhere and would appear to be the most appropriate explanation for these disorders . The immunoregulatory disturbance itself may be related to an abnormality of the mechanism of specific antigen (i.e . normal autoantigen) presentation to appropriately induce T lymphocytes and that theory will require further illumination.

Arch Gynecol Obstet, 1992, 252(1), 21 - 4
Pregnancy with an intrauterine device in situ and preterm delivery; Chaim W et al.; We determined the prevalence of preterm delivery in a population of women who conceived with an IUD in situ and compared the results with those in a group of women without any contraceptive method . The study group consisted of 16 women who conceived with a copper IUD in situ . The control group comprised 48 women matched for age, gravidity and parity . The prevalence of preterm delivery was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (18.7% (3/16) vs 2% (1/48)), respectively . (P = 0.045, Fisher's exact test.)

PIP: Obstetrician-gynecologists compared data on 16 multiparous women who became pregnant while using an in situ copper-releasing IUD for at least months prior to conception with data on 48 women matched for age, gravity, and parity . Both cases and controls delivered at the Soroka Medical Center of Kupat Holim in Beer-Sheva in the Negev desert of southern Israel . IUD use before removal during pregnancy ranged from 3-39 months (mean, 15.5 months) . Cases were significantly more likely to experience preterm delivery than were controls (18.7% vs . 2%; odds ratio = 10.84; p = .045) . Research indicates that an increased risk of intrauterine infection is associated with the first 3-4 months of IUD use and that such an infection is linked to preterm labor and delivery . Further, the IUD threads may be the mechanism through which microorganisms enter the uterus . This case control study's findings showed an increased risk of preterm delivery with IUD use, suggesting that, based on findings of other studies, intrauterine infection may be responsible for the increased risk . Therefore, the Israeli researchers recommend that physicians remove the IUD as soon as possible in pregnant women who want to continue their pregnancy .

Am J Ind Med, 1992, 22(2), 163 - 84
Respiratory disorders and atopy in cotton, wool, and other textile mill workers in Denmark; Sigsgaard T et al.; A cross-sectional study of respiratory disorders and atopy in Danish textile industry workers was conducted to survey respiratory symptoms throughout the textile industry, to estimate the association of these disorders with atopy, and to study dose-response relationships within the cotton industry . Workers at cotton mills, a wool mill, and a man-made fiber (MMF) mill were examined . Four hundred nine (90%) of the 445 workers participated in this survey, i.e., 253, 62, and 94 workers at the cotton mills, the wool mill, and the MMF mill, respectively . An interview designed to assess the prevalence of common respiratory and allergic symptoms was given to all workers willing to participate, and blood samples were drawn . Lung function measurements determined a baseline FEV1, FVC and the change in FEV1 and FVC during work hours on a Monday . The working environment was examined for dust, bacteria, endotoxins, and molds, and the exposure was estimated for each participant . The mean personal samples of airborne respirable dust and respirable endotoxin were highest in the cotton industry, i.e., 0.17-0.50 mg/m3 and 9.0-126 ng/m3 respectively, whereas mold spores were found in the highest concentrations in the wool mill: 280-791 colony-forming units (cfu)/m3 . Only small concentrations of microorganisms were found in the MMF mill . The mean change in FEV1% and FVC% was greatest among atopic individuals in both cotton and wool industry and other textile industries although the differences were not significant . FEV1% and FVC% in the cotton workers were significantly associated with the cumulative exposure to respirable endotoxin . Byssinosis was diagnosed only in the cotton industry . We found a dose-response relationship between endotoxin exposure and byssinosis, and a significant association between A-1-A serum concentrations less than or equal to 35 mumol/liter and byssinosis, a finding we are further evaluating in subsequent studies.

Adv Exp Med Biol, 1992, 319, 105 - 12
Cytokine activation of killer cells in mycobacterial immunity; Blanchard DK; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) is an ubiquitous soil contaminant that rarely causes disseminated disease in adults, regardless of immunological status . In AIDS patients, however, this microorganism invades virtually every tissue and organ, and most conventional chemotherapeutic agents are usually ineffective against MAI . We report here that monocytes, in which MAI has established an intracellular parasitic stage, appear to be under the control of natural killer (NK) cells . Autologous large granular lymphocytes (LGL), purified from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), were capable of efficiently lysing MAI-infected monocytes in a 5 hr 51Cr-release assay . More importantly, interleukin 2 (IL-2) was able to activate the LGL to a high degree of lysis of infected monocytes . Additionally, 3 to 4 days of incubation of LGL with MAI resulted in the induction of killer cells capable of killing bacterially-infected monocytes, as well as tumor cells . Northern blot analysis of RNA from MAI-stimulated LGL revealed specific messages for both IL-2 receptor proteins (p55 and p70) . Thus, MAI can directly activate killer cells, which may therefore play a role in containment of MAI infection by lysis of parasitized monocytes before the bacteria can multiply and spread to other sites.

Vet Q, 1992, 14(3), 110 - 8
Risks connected with the use of conventional and genetically engineered vaccines; Kimman TG; A review is given of real and potential risks connected with the use of conventional and genetically engineered live and dead vaccines . Special attention is given to live carrier vaccines expressing one or more heterologous genes of other microorganisms . Because most carrier vaccines are still in an experimental phase, there is only limited experience with the risks of carrier vaccines . There are three potential risks of live carrier vaccines which will be discussed: 1 . Changes in cell, tissue, of host tropism, and virulence of the carrier through the incorporation of foreign genes . 2 . Exchange of genetic information with other vaccine or wild-type strains of the carrier organism . 3 . Spread in the environment . Only limited experimental data are available on changes in biological behaviour of microorganisms through the incorporation of foreign genes . For example, there are indications that vaccinia virus carrying the attachment protein G of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replicates better in lungs of mice than vaccinia virus carrying other genes of RSV . Poxviruses carry genes that probably determine their replication in different hosts . Exchange of such host tropism genes might alter their host spectrum . Recombination between herpesvirus vaccine or wild-type strains may lead to the appearance of virulent strains with of without heterologous genes . Before carrier vaccines are applied, these risks must be thoroughly evaluated case-by-case . Potential methods for the design of safe carrier vaccines are discussed.

Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc, 1992, 103, 199 - 209
The Jeremiah Metzger Lecture . Microbial defenses against killing by phagocytes; Mandell GL et al.; Phagocytes are a key feature of defense against microorganisms . Phagocyte function is a complex system with many intricately involved components . Each of these components provides microorganisms with a target for countermeasures against phagocytes . We have discussed examples and purported mechanisms for microbial defenses against the steps involved in killing by phagocytes . Understanding the interplay of these host and pathogen factors leads to a better understanding of both normal host defenses and pathogenesis of disease.

Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol, 1992, 20(2-4), 565 - 73
A preclinical screening test for modified hemoglobin to bridge the gap between animal safety studies and use in human; Chang TM et al.; The infusion of large amount of modified hemoglobin as blood substitute can potentially result in hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions, antibody-antigen reactions and others . Animal safety studies are important . However, response in animals may not be the same as in human . Before injecting into human, we may need to use an in-vitro screening procedure . One approach is based on testing the effects of modified Hb on complement activation (C3a) of human plasma . This paper describes this screening test . It also discusses how this may potentially be used . For instance using this to test for contamination from trace membrane fragments with blood group antigen or lipids, antibody-antigen complexes, endotoxin, trace fragments of microorganisms, residual amounts of some polymers, emulsifying agents, and organic solvents . There is also the possibility of obtaining plasma from a very large human population and analyse each of these to study the epidemiology of adverse reactions in different groups and types of patients.

Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 1992 Jan, 10(1), 29 - 31
{Sepsis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with AIDS}; Mattar S et al.; BACKGROUND: Techniques for detecting mycobacteria in blood can be a good alternative for diagnosing tuberculosis in acquired-immunodeficiency syndrome patients (AIDS) . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis, and four controls with AIDS and without tuberculosis were studied . The diagnosis of mycobacteremia was made by the identification of the microorganisms in blood . The method used was a lysis-centrifugation with subsequent stain or culture identification in different media (agar Lowenstein-Jensen, M7H9, M7H11, brain-heart infusion and Sauton broth) . RESULTS: In one case, direct staining of sample was positive . The culture results were positive in all 11 patients with tuberculosis and in none of the controls . M7H11 was the media that allows the fastest detection . CONCLUSIONS: This technique can be a good alternative method for tuberculosis diagnosis in AIDS patients . Is easy to perform, relatively fast an with diagnostic performance . It also could be of interest in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

Drugs, 1992 Jan, 43(1), 111 - 22
Interferon gamma-1b . A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in chronic granulomatous disease; Todd PA et al.; Chronic granulomatous disease is a group of rare x-linked or autosomal genetic disorders of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase system involved in host defence against various microorganisms . It is manifested by a common phenotype consisting of recurrent serious, life-threatening infection and granuloma formation . Following the finding that interferon gamma-1b (IFN gamma-1b) can potentiate phagocyte activity in some other disease states as well as restoring defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase system activity in at least some patients with chronic granulomatous disease, a large-scale placebo-controlled trial was undertaken with IFN gamma-1b in patients with chronic granulomatous disease . Long term treatment with a therapeutic dosage of IFN gamma-1b produced a significant reduction in the incidence of serious clinical events necessitating hospitalisation . The relative risk of serious infection and the number of days in hospital were each reduced by about two-thirds, and the mean duration of hospital stay by about one-third in those who did experience infection . The greatest therapeutic benefit was found in patients aged less than 10 years, but all patients were improved regardless of age, sex, use of prophylactic antibiotics or genetic pattern of inheritance . The drug was well tolerated with the commonest adverse effects (e.g . fever, headache, chills, injection site erythema) usually being mild, transient, and relieved by symptomatic treatment . IFN gamma-1b therefore provides an effective and well tolerated therapy for patients with chronic granulomatous disease, offering an important clinical advance in the treatment of this rare genetic disorder by improving the prognosis of its serious and life-threatening infectious sequelae.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1992 Jan, 58(1), 194 - 200
Degradation of 2-methylbenzoic acid by Pseudomonas cepacia MB2; Higson FK et al.; We report the isolation of Pseudomonas cepacia MB2, believed to be the first microorganism to utilize 2-methylbenzoic acid as the sole carbon source . Its growth range included all mono- and dimethylbenzoates (with the exception of 2,5- and 2,6-dimethylbenzoates) and 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoate (but not 4- or 5-chloro-2-methylbenzoate) but not chlorobenzoates lacking a methyl group . 2-Chlorobenzoate, 3-chlorobenzoate, and 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-dichlorobenzoates inhibited growth of MB2 on 2-methylbenzoate as a result of cometabolism to the corresponding chlorinated catechols which blocked the key enzyme catechol 2,3-dioxygenase . A metapyrocatechase-negative mutant, MB2-G5, showed accumulation of dimethylcatechols from 2,3- and 3,4-dimethylbenzoates, and phenols were detected in resting-cell transformation extracts bearing the same substitution pattern as the original substrate, presumably following thermal degradation of the intermediate dihydrodiol . 2-Methylphenol was also found in extracts of the mutant cells with 2-methylbenzoate . These observations suggested a major route of methylbenzoate metabolism to be dioxygenation to a carboxy-hydrodiol which then forms a catechol derivative . In addition, the methyl group of 2-methylbenzoate was oxidized to isobenzofuranone (by cells of MB2-G5) and to phthalate (by cells of a separate mutant that could not utilize phthalate, MB2-D2) . This pathway also generated a chlorinated isobenzofuranone from 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoate.

J Clin Microbiol, 1992 Jan, 30(1), 54 - 8
Rapid detection of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy material by polymerase chain reaction; Hammar M et al.; By using primers based on the sequence of a species-specific antigen of Helicobacter pylori (P . O'Toole, S.M . Logan, M . Kostrzynska . T . Wadstrom, and T.J . Trust, J . Bacteriol . 173:505-513, 1991), a protocol was established for detection of this microorganism in gastric biopsy samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . A single primer pair was used to specifically amplify a 298-bp sequence in a rapid two-step PCR . The primers exhibited the same specificity in PCR as that which we reported for the species-specific gene probe on which they were based . The sensitivity of the method was 20 copies of the target sequence, or 70 bacterial cells, under the lysis conditions used for patient-derived material . When amplification was performed for a saturating number of cycles, visual examination of ethidium bromide-stained gels successfully detected all samples subsequently judged to be positive by Southern hybridization of the gel with a probe specific for the PCR product . The bacterium could be detected in gastric biopsy samples from patients with various gastric diseases, including samples from which the bacterium could not be cultured . Only 9 of 19 patients who tested positive by PCR of gastric biopsy material were positive when a saliva sample was analyzed . Protocols for sample handling which minimized the risk of contamination while maximizing the sensitivity of the reaction were established . The results support a role for PCR in the rapid identification of H . pylori in clinical samples.

Biodegradation, 1992, 3(2-3), 137 - 46
Molecular methods for environmental monitoring and containment of genetically engineered microorganisms; Atlas RM; Plans to introduce genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment has led to concerns over safety and has raised questions about how to detect and to contain such microorganisms . Specific gene sequences, such as lacZ, have been inserted into genetically engineered microorganisms to permit their phenotypic detection . Molecular methods have been developed based upon recovery of DNA from environmental samples and gene probe hybridization to specific diagnostic gene sequences for the specific detection of genetically engineered microorganisms . DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction has been applied to enhance detection sensitivity so that single gene targets can be detected . Detection of messenger RNA has permitted the monitoring of gene expression in the environment . The use of reporter genes, such as the lux gene for bioluminescence, likewise has permitted the observation of gene expression . Conditional lethal constructs have been developed as models for containment of genetically engineered microorganisms . Suicide vectors, based upon the hok gene have been developed as model containment systems.

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1992 Jan, 36(4), 530 - 4
Fatty acid impurities in alginate influence the phenol tolerance of immobilized Escherichia coli; Diefenbach R et al.; A short time after the immobilization of Escherichia coli in calcium alginate substantial modifications of the fatty acid patterns of the cells were observed . This effect could be related to lipid impurities in the commercial alginate product used, which could be taken up, at least in part by the microorganisms . The impurities were mainly free fatty acids but sterols were also detected . Immobilization of the cells in alginate material extracted by chloroform or ethanol decreased the tolerance of the cells to phenol as compared with cells immobilized in raw alginate . This effect was diminished if the immobilized cells were exogenously supplied with palmitic acid, which is the main constituent of the fatty acids extracted from alginate . These results indicate that not only fatty acids but also other ingredients of commercial alginate have physiological effects on cells entrapped in this gel material.

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1992 Jan, 36(4), 431 - 5
Optimum culture conditions for the epoxidation of cis-propenylphosphonate to fosfomycin by Cellvibrio gilvus; Aisaka K et al.; Approximately 470 strains of various microorganisms were tested for their ability to epoxidize cis-propenylphosphonate (PPOH) to (-)-cis-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonate (fosfomycin, FOM) . Cellvibrio gilvus KY 3412 was selected as the best strain . To obtain higher activity, FOM-resistant strains were derived by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis . Mutant KY 3413, showing ten times higher FOM resistance, was selected . The conditions for the conversion of PPOH to FOM during the cultivation of the mutant were optimized . The addition of both cobalt and vanadium ions to the culture medium greatly stimulated the conversion . Furthermore, when the pH was maintained at pH 8.0 during cultivation, the highest conversion was attained . The molar conversion yield of FOM was inversely dependent on the initial concentration of PPOH, that is, conversions of 100% at less than 0.05% PPOH and of 40% at 0.5% PPOH were attained after 5 days cultivation.

Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 1992 Jan-Mar, 34(1), 7 - 10
{Sensitivity and specificity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections}; Guerra-Infante F et al.; We analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) for the diagnosis of infection by Chlamydia trachomatis . Fifty seven samples were studied, 25 of them were from cervix and 32 were from bronchial aspiration, resulting 29 positive by immunofluorescence in McCoy cells and only 16 in MPM . The sensitivity and specificity for MPM were 55% and 96% respectively . We concluded that McCoy cells are the election cells for the diagnosis of Chlamydia infection . However, the MPM can be useful in the recuperation of this microorganism, if no other method is available.

J Clin Lab Immunol, 1992, 38(2), 95 - 101
Oral polyvalent vaccine (Buccalin Berna) administration activates selected T-cell subsets and regulates the expression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte membrane molecules; Fattorossi A et al.; Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIS) still represent a major clinical problem during influenza outbreaks . The virus-induced impairment of the immune system favors the entry of opportunistic microorganisms into respiratory tract mucosa . A useful strategy to reduce ARIS is to provide at risk subjects an orally administrable polyvalent vaccine (OPV) comprised of bacteria strains recognised as the major ones responsible for ARIS . For the present study, the main circulating leukocyte populations of a group of healthy subjects receiving OPV were monitored as a marker of immune response . Subjects were investigated immediately before taking OPV (day 0) and 10,20, and 30 days later . Data show that T lymphocytes were induced to enhance the expression of class II MHC molecules, whilst a consistent number of CD4+ lymphocytes lost L-selectin, both phenomena indicating an activation status . OPV administration also modulated important molecules on the membrane of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, namely CD11b and CD16, strongly suggesting an activation of these cells and an enhancement of their defensive capacities . Finally, OPV was found to be able to increase the titer of serum antibodies specific for bacteria strains contained in the vaccine preparation in a portion of individuals . We conclude that OPV is able to consistently influence important immune functions and suggest that this property may be of relevance in preventing ARIS . Also, the present data may help to further our understanding of the mechanisms of OPV activity.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1992, 87 Suppl 5, 35 - 41
V-region-related and -unrelated immunosuppression accompanying infections; Arala-Chaves M et al.; This paper discusses current evidence for the relationship between polyclonal lymphocyte activation, specific immunosuppression with decreased resistance, and autoimmune pathology, that are all often found associated with infections by a variety of virus, bacteria and parasites . The central question of class determination of immune effector activities is considered in the context of the cellular targets for nonspecific mitogenic activities associated with infection . A model is presented to integrate these findings: mitogens produced by the microorganism or the infected cells are preferentially active on CD5 B cells; the resulting over-production of IL-10 will tend to bias all immune activities into a Th2-mode of effector functions, with high titers of polyclonal antibodies and little or no production of gamma IFN and other "inflammatory" lymphokines that often mediate resistance . In turn, these conditions allow for parasite persistence and the corresponding long-term disregulation of self-directed immune reactivities, resulting in autoimmunity in the chronic phase . This model would predict that selective immunization with the mitogenic principles involved in deregulation, could stand better chances than strategies of vaccination based on immunopotentiation against other, functionally neutral antigenic epitopes . It is argued, however, that the complexity of immune responses and their regulation, together with our ignorance on the genetic controls of class-determination, offer poor prospects for a scientifically-based, rational development of vaccines in the near future . It is suggested that empirically-based and technologically developed vaccines might succeed, while basic scientific approaches are reinforced and given the time to provide a better understanding of those processes.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1992, 87 Suppl 5, 11 - 21
Coevolution of hosts and microorganisms: an analysis of the involvement of cytokines in host-parasite interactions; Williams O et al.; Parasites may employ particular strategies of eluding an immune response by taking advantage of those mechanisms that normally guarantee immunological self-tolerance . Much in the way as it occurs during the establishment of self-tolerance, live pathogens may induce clonal deletion, functional inactivation (anergy) and immunosuppression . At this latter level, it appears that certain pathogens produce immunosuppressive cytokine-like mediators or provoke the host to secrete cytokines that will compromise the anti-parasite immune response . It appears that immune responses that preferentially involve T helper 1 cells (secretors of interleukin-2-and interferon-gamma) tend to be protective, whereas T helper 2 cells (secretors of IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10), a population that antagonizes T helper cells, mediate disease susceptibility and are involved in immunopathological reactions . Cytokines produced by T helper 2 cells mediate many symptoms of infection, including eosinophilia, mastocytosis, hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and elevated IgE levels . Administration of IL-2 and IFN-gamma has beneficial effects in many infections mediated by viruses, bacteria, and protozoa . The use of live vaccinia virus might be an avenue for the treatment of or the vaccination against infection . We have found that a vaccinia virus expressing the gene for human IL-2, though attenuated, precipitates autoimmune disease in immunodeficient, athymic mice . Thus, although T helper 1 cytokines may have desired immunostimulatory properties, they also may lead to unwarranted autoaggressive responses.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1992, 40(5-6), 319 - 24
Purification and some properties of hemagglutinin from Beauveria bassiana; Peczynska-Czoch W et al.; A novel hemagglutinin produced by insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana was isolated from mycelium of the stationary growing microorganism and purified by adsorption on carboxymethyl cellulose followed by separation on Spherogel TSK--phenyl 5 PW column using high performance liquid chromatography . The purified hemagglutinin was homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing . Its molecular weight was estimated to be around 25,000, isoelectric point was found at pH 8.6 +/- 0.2 . Amino acid composition of purified B . bassiana hemagglutinin was determined by HPLC fluorometric analysis of o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives of protein hydrolysate . Purified hemagglutinin agglutinated some animal and all human erythrocytes independently of blood group ABO phenotype . The observed hemagglutination is not inhibited by glucose/mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, galactose, L-fucose and sialic acid.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1992, 40(5-6), 313 - 7
Hemagglutinins of Beauveria bassiana strains: the effect of growth conditions on their production; Peczynska-Czoch W et al.; Forty strains of Beauveria bassiana were screened for their ability to produce hemagglutinins . It has been found that majority of mycelial extracts but not cultural broth display non specific hemagglutinating activity toward animal and human type AB and A, B, O erythrocytes when microorganisms are cultivated on rich in amino acids media supplemented with saccharose . The formation of hemagglutinins in mycelia is strongly dependent on composition of medium and associated with a production of extracellular lipases, chitinases and amylases . No monosaccharide binding specificity of obtained hemagglutinins toward glucose/mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose, L-fucose and sialic acid was observed.

Agressologie, 1992, 33 Spec No 3, 127 - 30
{Biomaterials and infection in dental and maxillofacial surgery}; Muster D; Based on metals, polymers, ceramics, carbons or natural products, biomaterials represent an essential contribution to the repair or reconstruction of the hard or soft tissues of the dental and maxillofacial area . In order to avoid unsuccessful results these materials should realize a satisfactory tissue integration without bacterial colonization able to compromise the tissue-biomaterial finalized cooperation . The evolution of the science and technology of biomaterials should allow to get tissue toxicity-free materials which also inhibit microorganisms adherence, the infectability becoming a criteria as important as the biocompatibility itself.

Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Karlovy Univerzity Hradci Kralove, 1992, 35(3), 241 - 6
Reactive oxygen metabolites in inflammation; Kovarova H et al.; The functions of professional phagocytes depending on oxygen are briefly discussed . After appropriate stimulation, membrane-bound enzyme systems are activated--phospholipase C, protein-kinase C and NADPH-oxidase complex--and superoxide anion is produced . This process is called respiratory burst and is essential for killing of microorganisms but it may cause tissue damage and inflammation . The influence of superoxide anion on metabolism is reviewed . More attention is paid to modulating effects of superoxide anion in connection with the development inflammatory process.

Respiration, 1992, 59 Suppl 3, 14 - 8
Macrophage activation by OM-85 BV; Mauel J; Peritoneal or bone-marrow-derived murine macrophages were exposed for 24 h in vitro to dilutions of the bacterial extract OM-85 BV, in the presence or absence of other added compounds {macrophage-activating factor (MAF), recombinant murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)} . Various metabolic responses and functional activities were then measured . Glucose oxidation through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway was markedly stimulated in OM-85 BV-treated macrophages compared to control macrophages . Similarly, OM-85 BV primed macrophages for superoxide production upon triggering by phorbol myristate acetate . Both effects were further enhanced by simultaneous treatment of the cells with MAF with OM-85 BV . The bacterial extract also induced macrophages to release large amounts of nitrite (a marker of the activated state) . As regards functional responses, coincubation with MAF and OM-85 BV activated macrophages to destroy target cells as well as intracellular microorganisms; in the latter case, similar results were obtained when MAF was replaced by IFN-gamma . In all these tests, the possibility that the observed effects were due to contamination of the bacterial extracts by endotoxin could be excluded . The above results indicate that OM-85 BV induces metabolic and functional properties in macrophages that are characteristic of the activated state and are important for host defence.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1992 Jan-Feb, 28(1), 152 - 5
{Comparison of a stat method of analysis of microorganisms for the presence of site-specific restriction endonuclease activity}; Repin VE et al.; Sensitivity of several express-methods used for detection of bacterial endonucleases was compared . The most sensitive method is that employing Triton X-100.

Life Sci, 1992, 50(16), 1179 - 87
An opioid growth factor regulates the replication of microorganisms; Zagon IS et al.; An opioid growth factor (OGF), {Met5}-enkephalin, interacts with the zeta (zeta) opioid receptor to modulate development of eukaryotes . We have found that {Met5}-enkephalin, an endogenous opioid peptide serves to inhibit the growth of S . aureus . This effect on growth involves cell proliferative events and is under tonic control, since potent opioid antagonists accelerate cell replication . Both the OGF and zeta opioid receptor were associated with these microorganisms . Other opioid receptors (mu, delta and kappa) were not detected . OGF also controlled the growth of other bacteria: P . aeruginosa and S . marcesans . These results indicate that OGF and its receptor, known to be important in the regulation of mammalian development, also function in the growth of simple unicellular organisms . We suggest that the endogenous opioid system related to growth originated billions of years ago.

Chest, 1992 Jan, 101(1), 109 - 14
Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) in BAL fluid distinguishes farmers with allergic alveolitis from farmers with asymptomatic alveolitis; Larsson K et al.; Pulmonary function measurements, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and analyses of precipitating antibodies in blood were performed in 12 farmers wtih no symptoms from the airways and 12 farmers who were admitted to the hospital due to acute symptoms of alveolitis (all nonsmokers) . In addition, a bronchial methacholine provocation test was performed in the asymptomatic farmers . In 11 of the 12 symptomatic farmers but in none of the asymptomatic farmers, precipitating antibodies against one or more of the microorganisms which usually occur in a farmer's environment were found . In the farmers with symptomatic alveolitis, a restrictive impairment of pulmonary function was found, while pulmonary function was normal in all asymptomatic farmers . Findings in the BAL fluid showed increased concentrations of total cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils and elevated levels of albumin, fibronectin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme in asymptomatic farmers compared with our own reference group . The same analyses in BAL fluid from the symptomatic farmers revealed a further increase in all parameters compared with the asymptomatic farmers . The BAL fluid from asymptomatic farmers had normal levels of hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan) and procollagen 3 N-terminal peptide, while these levels were significantly increased in the symptomatic group . We conclude that inflammation in the alveolar space and signs of activation of alveolar macrophages are present in farmers regardless of respiratory symptoms, although these findings are more pronounced in the presence of symptoms of acute alveolitis; however, the findings of impaired pulmonary function and the occurrence of precipitins and elevated levels of hyaluronic acid and procollagen 3 N-terminal peptide in BAL fluid were exclusively found in the farmers with airways symptoms . We postulate the hyaluronic acid, due to its pronounced ability to immobilize water, may be of importance in the development of the pulmonary function impairment observed in farmer's lung disease.

Braz Dent J, 1992, 3(1), 25 - 31
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Brazilian insulin-dependent individuals with diabetes mellitus; Feitosa AC et al.; The prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in subgingival plaque specimens from 26 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients, 11-25 years of age, was determined between January 1987 and December 1989 . One hundred and thirty subgingival plaque samples were collected with sterile periodontal curettes . The specimens were weighted, diluted, inoculated on trypticase-soy-serum-bacitracin-vancomycin agar medium (TSBV) and incubated under microacrophilic conditions . Aa was isolated from 2.3% of healthy periodontal areas in these patients, while the microorganism was found in 12.5% of the sites with gingivitis and in 2.6% of the periodontal pockets examined . Although biochemical tests used for the characterization of Aa strains showed homogeneous results, different biotypes were isolated from one or more periodontal sites in the same patient.

Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, 1992, (2), 90 - 6
{The comparative characteristics of the biological and immunomodulating activities of enzyme preparations of microbial origin}; Dobrotina NA et al.; A number of enzyme preparations of microbial origin such as immunomodulators and immunostimulators have been studied in vitro according to reactions of rosette technique of cell (ROC) active and general, adhesion, activation of a complement and also the spontaneous activity and phagocytosis of neutrophils have been determined . The enzyme preparations of microbial origin have been shown to be capable of causing immunomodulation and of influencing the specific and nonspecific immune response . Unlike the enzymes of animal origin the enzymes of microbial origin are effective in smaller concentrations . The studied preparations modulate the immune response differently according to ROC, adhesion . Each of preparations has specific features of biological activity--bacterio-stationary in reaction to a certain group of microorganisms and some specific features of reaction with cell and levels of immune reactions.

Ciba Found Symp, 1992, 171, 88 - 106; discussion 106-12
Genes for polyketide secondary metabolic pathways in microorganisms and plants; Hopwood DA et al.; Recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the isolation, sequencing and functional analysis of genes encoding synthases that catalyse the formation of several classes of polyketides . The structures of the genes and their protein products differ strikingly in the various examples . For Streptomyces aromatic polyketides, exemplified by granaticin and tetracenomycin, the synthases correspond to Type II (bacterial and plant) fatty acid synthases in consisting of distinct proteins for such processes as condensation, acyl carrier function and ketoreduction . In contrast, for actinomycete macrolides such as erythromycin, similar catalytic functions are performed by a set of multifunctional proteins resembling Type I (animal) fatty acid synthases, but with every step in chain-building being catalysed by a different enzymic domain . Penicillium patulum has a simple Type I synthase for 6-methylsalicylic acid . For plant chalcones and stilbenes, a single small polypeptide acts as a condensing enzyme for carbon chain-building and may be unrelated to any of the other polyketide and fatty acid synthases . Thus, although these systems share a common general mechanism of chain assembly, they must differ in the ways that synthase 'programming' has evolved to determine chain length, choice of chain starter and extender units, and handling of successive keto groups during chain assembly, and so control the great diversity of possible chemical products.

Ciba Found Symp, 1992, 171, 3 - 16; discussion 16-23
Microbial secondary metabolism: a new theoretical frontier for academia, a new opportunity for industry; Demain AL; Microbial secondary metabolites are the low molecular mass products of secondary metabolism . They include antibiotics, pigments, toxins, effectors of ecological competition and symbiosis, pheromones, enzyme inhibitors, immunomodulating agents, receptor antagonists and agonists, pesticides, antitumour agents and growth promoters of animals and plants . They have a major effect on the health, nutrition and economics of our society . They have unusual structures and their formation is regulated by nutrients, growth rate, feedback control, enzyme inactivation and induction . Regulation is influenced by unique low molecular mass compounds, transfer RNA, sigma factors and gene products formed during post-exponential development . The synthases of secondary metabolism are often coded by clustered genes on chromosomal DNA and infrequently on plasmid DNA . The pathways of secondary metabolism are still not understood to a great degree and thus provide a new frontier for basic investigations of enzymology, control and differentiation . Cloning and expression of genes in industrial microorganisms offer new opportunities for strain improvement and discovery . Microbial metabolites have already established themselves as coccidiostats, immunosuppressants, antihelminthic agents, herbicides and cholesterol-reducing drugs . Great potential exists for the discovery of antiviral, antiparasitic, antitumour and pharmacological compounds and new agricultural products . The future for natural products is bright indeed.

Ciba Found Symp, 1992, 171, 215 - 25; discussion 225-35
Useful functions of microbial metabolites; Nisbet LJ; The mood-enhancing effects of fungi and their medicinal properties have been recognized for centuries . Ergot was initially used by midwives to speed childbirth in the Middle Ages . More recently their pharmacological action on dopamine receptors has been exploited to treat post-partum bleeding, migraine, Parkinson's disease and senile dementia . Further indications of the potential value of microbial metabolites are exemplified by the discovery and development of cyclosporin, to treat organ rejection, and mevinolin, a cholesterol-lowering drug . Such discoveries are not unexpected because we have known for some time that fungi regulate morphogenesis, differentiation and sexuality via hormonal molecules, ranging from peptides through to steroidal molecules similar in structure to human sex hormones . A combination of the power of molecular biology to design screens based on isolated disease mechanisms with the chemical inventiveness of microorganisms is providing numerous new pharmacophores for drug development.

Rev Cubana Enferm, 1992 Jan-Jun, 8(1), 36 - 42
{The use of the direct method for the diagnosis of Gardnerella vaginalis vaginitis}; Rivero Rodriguez C et al.; A study was carried out on 200 patients divided in two groups of 100, labeled 1 and 2 . They underwent vaginal secretion tests by the direct method in order to assess its appropriateness for Gardnerella vaginalis presumptive diagnosis . This study was related with patients' symptoms, such as leukorrhea and fetidity prevailing in Group 1 and lower abdomen pain prevailing in Group 2, as well as the proportions of germs isolated and the association with this symptom for defining the microorganism role in the occurrence of so-called unspecific vaginitis; Group 1 had 100% of positive plates and Group 2 had 55%, who were given adequate treatment for the couple with further confirmation of the results which were effective in 96.7% of the cases . No relation could be seen between IUD and the presence of germ, since it is likely that its existence was not taken into account on inserting IUD.

Arch Histol Cytol, 1992, 55 Suppl, 105 - 13
Scanning electron microscopic observations of the immunodefensive systems with special reference to the surface morphology of the non-lymphoid cells; Fujita T et al.; This paper reviews scanning electron microscopic observations of cellular elements forming various lymphoid organs . The reticular cells in the secondary lymphoid organs are stellate, smooth-surfaced forms extending slender processes to comprise a three-dimensional network . The reticular fibers are usually covered by reticular cell processes, though they are naked in certain regions . Other types of reticular cells are observed in certain places: the "retothelial" type in the lymphatic sinus of the lymph nodes, and the "follicular dendritic" type in the germinal center of various lymphoid organs . The thymic epithelial cells are divided into two main types: stellate cells which form a three-dimensional meshwork throughout the thymus parenchyma; and large vacuolated cells located in the medulla . A continuous single layer consisting of the processes of the stellate epithelial cells separates the parenchyma from the connective tissues of the capsule, septa and vessels . The M cells in the epithelium of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) are cells with numerous irregular microprojections on the luminal surface . They often attach microorganisms to the luminal surface, reflecting their functions of antigen transport into the underlying lymphoid tissue . Lymphocytes of various shapes often cluster in the intercellular spaces under the M cells, a phenomenon believed to indicate direct stimulation of lymphocytes by certain transported substances . Macrophages are amoeboid cells independent of and unable to transform into reticular and endothelial cells, at variance with prerequisites of the reticulo-endothelial system concept . Multiple features of macrophages probably reflect the presence of the subpopulations as well as the phases of their activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Immunol Res, 1992, 11(3-4), 273 - 82
Receptors for IgA on phagocytic cells; Shen L; IgA receptors have been detected on monocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and eosinophils, and on phagocytic cells at mucosal sites . These receptors bind both secretory and serum forms of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and require the Ca2 region of the IgA molecule for ligand recognition . Monocytes and PMNs modulate their expression of the IgA receptor upon treatment with cytokines, such as granulocyto-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and lipopolysaccharide . Purified IgA receptors appear as heavily glycosylated molecules with an average molecular weight of 60 kD, dropping to 32 and 36 kD upon treatment with N-glycanase . The cDNA sequence encoding the IgA receptor has been determined by expression cloning, and predicts that the receptor consists of two Ig-like extracellular domaines, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail of 41 residues . Ligation of IgA receptors on phagocytic cells by multivalent IgA complexes induces a variety of responses, including superoxide generation, release of inflammatory mediators, phagocytosis, and killing of various pathogenic microorganisms . Thus the apparent role of these receptors is to amplify the protective effects of the IgA antibody, a function of potential importance to mucosal defense.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1992, 41(3-4), 179 - 86
Isolation and screening of glucose oxidase producing microorganisms from natural sources; Fiedurek J et al.; Among 1486 mould strains isolated from natural sources (screened for extracellular glucose oxidase) only 119 (Aspergillus and Penicillium) showed this enzyme activity . As the best glucose oxidase producer, A . niger 0-1 was isolated from decaying tree . The dynamics of glucose oxidase synthesis in A . niger 0-1 during its culture by submerged method show that the intracellular activity of this enzyme is 10-times higher than its extracellular level . Some properties of the crude glucose oxidase preparation, isolated from the postculture liquids by lyophilization, were examined.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1992, 41(1-2), 57 - 64
A rapid agar-diffusion test for quantifying the toxic effects of copper on microorganisms; Rozycki H; The rapid agar diffusion test for quantifying the toxic effects of copper on microorganisms was elaborated . The assay was run in standard Petri dishes containing Czapek Solution Agar (Difco) . Immediately after inoculation with the organism tested 3.2 mm diameter wells were punched in the agar . Wells were filled (20 microliters) with distilled water (control) and a range of solutions containing 128 to 4096 ppm Cu2+ (as CuSO4) . After incubation (2-5 days, 26 degrees C) the diameters of Cu-inhibition zones were measured . Cu-sensitivity indices (ICu's) were calculated according to the formula: ICu = a2/(3.2-b), where: a--slope of the linear regression equation: log {Cu} (x)--inhibition zone diameter (y), b--intercept of the same equation . Additionally for characterization of Cu-sensitivity of the organism tested the predicted highest non-inhibitory Cu concentration (10c) was calculated, where: c = (3.2-b)/a . Both ICu's and adjusted average diameters of Cu-inhibition zones characterized well the Cu-sensitivity in organisms tested, as indicated by the statistical analyses . ICu's correlated very well (negative correlation) with 50% effective doses (Ed50's) of Cu2+ for mycelial growth of Cylindrocarpon destructans . The applicability of the elaborated assay in ecotoxicological studies was discussed.

Arkh Patol, 1992, 54(5), 35 - 40
{Treatment and staining of smears and sections for detection of microorganisms}; Tsinzerling AV; Detection of bacteria in smears and sections is necessary for a proper diagnosis of infectious diseases . Main methods of staining for a light- and luminescent microscopy and prescriptions of the dye preparation are presented.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1991 Dec 15, 116(24), 1237 - 44
{Towards a better health status in pig farming}; Akkermans JP; The Dutch pig-farming industry is on the verge of sweeping changes due to national and European legislation and changes towards a buyers market . An improved health-status is a necessity . Such improvements must fall in line with changes in the industry . This paper presents the characteristics of primary, secondary and tertiary infectious disease, and methods by which improvements can be achieved . These are: stamping out; systematic vaccinations; systematic pre-medications; improved husbandry; in-line production; breeding for improved disease-resistance; the SPF system; and Early Medicated Weaning . In the Dutch pig-farming industry the number of farms will decrease to approx . 10,000 . These farms will be organised in vertically integrated production systems . In conclusion: improvement of the national pig-health status is acquired through vertically integrated production systems under improved husbandry conditions . Particular infectious microorganisms will be banned through EEC regulations; other diseases will be minimised by vaccination . Selection for disease-resistance will contribute to some extent to an improved health-status in the future.

J Periodontol, 1991 Dec, 62(12), 792 - 8
The gingival immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in juvenile periodontitis; Hall ER et al.; The established and advanced lesions of juvenile periodontitis-localized form (JP) are predominated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells . Local immune processes may participate in protective or immunopathologic roles in the pathogenesis of this disease . Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) is implicated as a primary etiologic agent in JP . An in vitro gingival explant culture system was utilized to study the specificity of immunoglobulins produced by diseased JP tissues . A dot-immunobinding assay demonstrated that 46% of the supernatant fluids (SF) from explant cultures of diseased tissues (n = 39) were positive for the presence of antibody to A.a . Y4, while 61% of autologous JP sera (n = 39) tested positive . For rapidly progressive (RP) and adult periodontitis (AP) SF, 50% and 40% were positive for A.a . Y4, respectively . Seventeen percent of SF from healthy tissue were positive for A.a . Y4 . There was no significant difference between JP SF reactivities to A.a . Y4 when compared to reactivities of SF from AP and RP patients . Only 10% of JP SF were positive for Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, a non-oral control microorganism . The de novo biosynthesis of antibody in JP tissue, reactive with A.a . Y4, was demonstrated with Staph Protein A isolated 14C-labeled IgG (SPAG) and the use of a dot-immunobinding assay and autoradiography . The in vitro gingival tissue explant culture system described provides a useful model for the study of the synthesis and specificity of localized immunoglobulins produced by diseased tissues of JP patients.

FEBS Lett, 1991 Dec 2, 294(1-2), 109 - 12
Striking structural and functional similarities suggest that intestinal sucrase-isomaltase, human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase and Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase are derived from a common ancestral gene; Naim HY et al.; Sequence comparison of the primary structure of the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase (GAM) with GAMs in different microorganisms did not reveal significant similarities . By contrast, striking similarities were, surprisingly, found with 3 mammalian secretory and integral membrane proteins: the 2 subunits of intestinal brush border sucrase-isomaltase and human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase . The similarities among these proteins are found as clusters of up to 8 amino acids and distributed all over the protein sequences . The major sequence differences are found in the N-terminal regions accounting, probably, for the different cellular locations of these proteins . The high level of similarities between sucrase, isomaltase, Sch . occidentalis GAM and human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase suggest that these proteins are derived from the same ancestral gene . To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes similarities between a yeast secretory protein and mammalian secretory and integral membrane proteins.

Am J Clin Nutr, 1991 Dec, 54(6 Suppl), 1214S - 1220S
Reduced bactericidal activity in neutrophils from scorbutic animals and the effect of ascorbic acid on these target bacteria in vivo and in vitro; Goldschmidt MC; Actinomycetes, involved in oral and periodontal diseases, cause serious infections in immunocompromised hosts . Severely scorbutic guinea pig leukocytes killed only 12% of phagocytosed actinomycetes, had distorted nuclear morphology, had 16 times less ascorbate, and had no chemotactic responses in vitro . Ascorbate reversed these indices and also prevented nitrosamine formation by oral organisms . Degranulating leukocytes release lactoferrin and ascorbate that chelate iron, essential for microorganisms . Ascorbic acid, 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline were bactericidal to several bacterial pathogens at millimolar concentrations . Iron alone reversed this effect . In in vivo experiments an Actinomyces viscosus monoflora was implanted in rhesus monkeys . Plaque and serum samples showed decreased (by six orders of magnitude) bacterial counts and decreased actinomycete antibody titers in animals given 1 g ascorbate/d . Removing ascorbate returned counts and titers to preascorbate concentrations . Fifteen marmosets, receiving twice daily topical applications of ascorbate or water, had comparatively lower gingival, calculus, and plaque indices and only slightly lowered actinomycete counts.

Hepatology, 1991 Dec, 14(6), 994 - 9
Autoantibody against dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, the E3 subunit of the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes: significance for primary biliary cirrhosis; Maeda T et al.; Autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis recognize mitochondrial 2-oxacid dehydrogenase complexes, particularly the E2 subunits . Reactivity with the E3 subunit, common to each of the enzyme complexes, was sought by immunoblotting, with sera screened at 1:100 instead of the conventional 1:1,000 dilution . This was found in 11 of 29 sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis but also in 10 of 40 sera from normal subjects . Two-dimensional immunoblotting and immunoblotting on purified enzymes established that the reactivity was actually with E3 rather than with another component of the 2-oxoacid enzymes of similar molecular weight . Purified antibodies to E3 eluted from an affinity column did not cross-react with other components of the 2-oxoacid enzyme complexes . The antibodies to E3 did not react with the Escherichia coli or yeast E3 subunits, suggesting that they are not stimulated by immune responses against microorganisms . Thus the proposal that reactivity to the shared E3 subunit of the 2-oxoacid enzyme complexes could initiate primary biliary cirrhosis is not reflected at the antibody level.

Infect Immun, 1991 Dec, 59(12), 4505 - 10
Heparin protects human endothelial cells infected by Rickettsia rickettsii; Silverman DJ et al.; Routine culture of endothelial cells currently includes the use of heparin, which significantly reduces cell doubling time and increases cell population size . Heparin protects cultured arterial endothelial cells from damage by toxic oxygen metabolites produced by the action of xanthine and xanthine oxidase . Because of our hypothesis implicating free radicals in cell injury caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, we have carried out a series of experiments to examine the effects of heparin on injury to endothelial cells infected by this microorganism . These studies showed that heparin does not inhibit replication of R . rickettsii in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells . Furthermore, heparin appears to exhibit a protective effect on the infected host cell as measured by (i) reduced plaque size, (ii) increased longevity of the cell monolayer, (iii) reduction in the amount of lactic dehydrogenase released from infected cells, and (iv) reduction in the levels of intracellular peroxides formed in infected cells . Electron microscopic studies also show a significant reduction in dilatation of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of the infected cells in the presence of heparin . These observations appear to lend additional support to involvement of an oxidative mechanism in human endothelial cell injury caused by R . rickettsii.

Scanning Microsc, 1991 Dec, 5(4), 1037 - 62; discussion 1062-3
The scanning electron microscope: how valuable in the evaluation of small bowel mucosal pathology in chronic childhood diarrhea?
Poley JR.
Data are presented on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on small intestinal biopsies of children with chronic diarrhea . In particular, there were 230 patients aged 3 months to 13 years with the following diagnoses: chronic nonspecific diarrhea, cow's milk protein intolerance, soy protein intolerance, giardiasis, cystic fibrosis, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, isolated lactase deficiency, isolated sucrase-isomaltase lactase deficiency, microvillus inclusion disease, rotavirus enteritis, protracted diarrhea of infancy, chylomicron retention disease, visceral myopathy and villous asthenia . Examination of biopsied intestinal mucosa by SEM has yielded important new information and insights on structural pathology and ultrastructural topography . Many of the observed changes helped to better understand the pathophysiology of some of the diarrheal disorders . SEM was also able to detect new features such as mycoplasma-like microorganisms and the absence of the glycocalyx . To adequately assess small bowel mucosal pathology at the ultrastructural level, scanning electron microscopy is an indispensable tool.

Newsl Int Acad Periodontol, 1991 Dec, 1(2), 13 - 6
The effects of various agents on root surfaces (a scanning electron microscopy study); Balos K et al.; In periodontitis, root surface alterations have been observed in the cementum due to the presence of toxic substances mainly endotoxins of various microorganisms . Elimination of endotoxins from diseased root surfaces by root planing and demineralisation procedures seem to be essential for new attachment procedures . In this study the effects of citric acid and tetracycline HCl on periodontally involved root surfaces which had been scaled and root planed were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy . Our results showed that scaled, root planed and citric acid treated surfaces were relatively even with many dentinal tubules . The planed and tetracycline HCl treated root surfaces, however showed an irregular cemental surface with some debris, whilst the control surfaces found to be irregular with a considerable amount of debris.

Curr Opin Dent, 1991 Dec, 1(6), 737 - 43
Microbiologic and pathologic aspects of endodontics; Baumgartner JC; Oral microorganisms, either directly or indirectly, produce the majority of cases of pulpal and periapical disease . Because microorganisms play such an important role in the pathogenesis of pulpal and periapical disease, a fundamental understanding of the disease process is important . Culture studies have identified infections of endodontic origin as being polymicrobial and predominantly anaerobic . Although several species of bacteria have been associated with infections of endodontic origin, there is no absolute correlation with signs and symptoms . The use of immunologic studies in addition to traditional microbiologic studies provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of pulpal and periapical disease.

Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1991 Dec, 59(4), 605 - 12
Inhibition of complement activity in murine leprosy; Rojas-Espinosa O et al.; NIH mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) show a marked depression in their levels of hemolytic complement that is proportional to the degree of infection . The defect affects more the activation of complement through the classical pathway (CPW) than the activation of complement through the alternative pathway . Although this low activity of CPW-complement may be due to different causes (complement consumption by the infecting microorganism, lack of biosynthesis of complement components, or the presence of complement inhibitory factors), our results seem to support the last possibility . The generation of factors in the infected animals that inhibit the autologous activity of complement as the infection goes on reduces the risk of complement-mediated tissue damage and prolongs the survival time of the host, a wise strategy on the part of the MLM to assure its own survival as a parasite.

Immun Infekt, 1991 Dec, 19(6), 179 - 85
{Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)}; Seelig R et al.; The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA . More than 2000 different clinical specimens were analyzed by this assay . The efficiency of two different methods for processing the DNA from biological material was analyzed . DNA amplification was done according to standard protocols by amplifying a segment of 402 bp of the 65 kD mycobacterial gene, electrophoretic separation of the amplification product followed by Southern transfer and hybridization with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific probe or by a semi-nested amplification procedure in which the initial amplification product was reamplified by a second round with a Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific primer . The specificity of primers and probe for mycobacterial DNA was proven by testing 70 of class-I microorganisms, as well as 20 different strains and own isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 67 strains of 25 different MOTTs . Some of the amplification products were sequenced . The clinical relevance of the results and the sensitivity of the PCR method were confirmed by simultaneous quantitative bacterial culture from the same clinical specimens . The results of conventional culture method received after 8 to 10 weeks culture time correlated with the results from PCR obtained within 12 hours in 95.4% in the semi-nested amplification procedure . The discrepancy of 4.6% was caused by positive results of PCR and negative cultures which might be due to the higher sensitivity of PCR compared to culture technique . The results show that PCR may be used for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens . The specificity can be regarded as largely proven, advantages are velocity and sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Curr Opin Immunol, 1991 Dec, 3(6), 924 - 9
Heat shock proteins in immunopathology; Res PC et al.; In recent years, studies have suggested that autoimmunity and/or immunopathology may sometimes result from the immune response to heat shock proteins of autologous cells and microorganisms . Focusing on the T-cell mediated responses, we review the latest literature on this issue with regard to three hypothetical concepts of immunopathology in which heat shock proteins might play a role.

Anthropol Anz, 1991 Dec, 49(4), 341 - 53
Seasonal effects on fetal selection related to AB0 blood groups of mother and child; Miura T et al.; An association of AB0 blood groups and month of birth was examined in two groups, students and newborns in Tokyo . Among 4919 students born mainly in the 1960s, an apparent seasonal variation was shown in births of blood group B students . Among 3592 newborns at an obstetric clinic in the 1980s seasonal variation was also observed in all four blood groups . The ratio of 0 group to A group newborns (0/A ratio) from 0 mothers was lower than that from A mothers among the 0 and A pairs contrary to the expected effects of 0-A incompatibility . The 0/A ratio was apparently different by season and the 0/A ratio from 0 mothers was significantly lower than that from A mothers among those born during August-January . It is assumed that an association of birth season with AB0 blood group may be caused by some seasonally and secularly changing environmental "infertility factors" such as infectious microorganism which may have some common components with a particular blood group substance respectively and induce a loss of embryos selectively at a particular season.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 57(12), 3529 - 34
Polymerase chain reaction-gene probe detection of microorganisms by using filter-concentrated samples; Bej AK et al.; To detect low levels of microorganisms in environmental samples by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-gene probe detection, samples were concentrated by filtration . Fluoropore (Millipore Corp.) filters were compatible with PCR DNA amplification, whereas various other filters including nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate filters inhibited PCR amplification . By concentrating cells on Fluoropore filters and releasing the DNA by freeze-thaw cycling, PCR DNA amplification could be performed without removing the filter . Concentration with Fluoropore FHLP and FGLP filters permitted the detection of single cells of microorganisms in 100-ml samples by PCR-gene probes.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Dec, 29(12), 2798 - 804
Rickettsiae and Borrelia burgdorferi in ixodid ticks; Magnarelli LA et al.; Nymphs and adults of hard-bodied ticks were collected in Connecticut and tested by direct and indirect immunofluorescence staining methods for rickettsiae and Borrelia burgdorferi . Of the 609 Ixodes dammini ticks examined, 59 (9.7%) harbored rickettsialike microorganisms in hemocytes (blood cells) . These bacteria reacted with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to Ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to Ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of canine ehrlichiosis . Prevalence of infection ranged from 6.8 to 12.7% for males and females, respectively . Although the specific identities of the hemocytic rickettsialike organisms are unknown, they share antigens with ehrlichiae . Electron microscopy revealed rickettsiae in ovarian tissues of I . dammini that also had infected hemocytes . Rickettsialike organisms were also observed in the hemocytes of 5 (6.9%) of 73 Dermacentor variabilis ticks . In analyses for B . burgdorferi, 146 (23.7%) of 617 I . dammini ticks harbored these spirochetes in midguts . Hemocytic rickettsialike microorganisms coexisted with B . burgdorferi in 36 (6.7%) of the 537 nymphs and adults of I . dammini examined . I . dammini, with its broad host range, has the potential to acquire multiple microorganisms.

Am J Surg Pathol, 1991 Dec, 15(12), 1181 - 7
Spindle cell pseudotumor due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Positive staining of mycobacteria for cytoskeleton filaments; Umlas J et al.; A rare spindle-cell pseudotumor caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) that mimics a mesenchymal tumor, was recently reported (7,14) . We report on three such pseudotumors in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), two involving lymph nodes and one involving the bone marrow . In the course of investigating the first-encountered example of this tumor for evidence of smooth-muscle origin of the spindle cells, it was noted that these cells stained positively for desmin by immunoperoxidase techniques (IPX), as did a variety of other cytoskeleton filaments of all sizes . Electron microscopic examination of one of these lesions revealed spindle cells containing lysosomes and large numbers of microorganisms compatible with MAI but no filaments or organelles suggestive of smooth-muscle cells . Further studies revealed that the typical lesions produced by MAI in patients with AIDS, namely aggregates of histiocytes or individual histiocytes laden with organisms, rather than the expansile spindle-cell pseudotumor, also strain strongly for cytoskeleton filaments, as do M . tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae . Awareness of the existence of this unusual manifestation of MAI infection in AIDS patients and its desmin positivity can avoid misdiagnosis of a primary or metastatic smooth-muscle neoplasm . The cell of origin appears to be the histiocyte.

Am J Surg, 1991 Dec, 162(6), 615 - 8; discussion 618-9
Are blood cultures effective in the evaluation of fever in perioperative patients?
Theuer CP, Bongard FS, Klein SR.
Blood cultures are routinely performed as part of the evaluation of fever in the perioperative period . Results of 364 blood culture vials representing 108 consecutive febrile events (temperature greater than or equal to 101.5 degrees F) in 72 patients on adult surgical services without evidence of sepsis in a metropolitan hospital were prospectively studied . Eighty-nine percent of patients had undergone an operation prior to the febrile episode . Microorganisms were isolated in blood culture vials from 9 of 108 patient febrile events . Of these blood cultures, five were positive (contained pathogens), and four represented contaminants . Two of five positive blood cultures occurred in patients with an identifiable source of bacteremia . The cost of processing all blood culture vials was $13,992, which amounted to $2,798 spent to identify each of the five patients with positive blood cultures . Blood culture vials were more likely to be positive if blood was drawn during postoperative days 4 through 10, as opposed to days 1 through 3, or if it was drawn from patients with factors depressing immune function or who had indwelling devices . Neither the magnitude of the absolute leukocyte count nor the maximum temperature at the time of phlebotomy predicted a positive blood culture . The use of resin vials produced sterile cultures in the 10 vials submitted . In no case did a positive blood culture have a measurable effect on reducing patient morbidity or mortality.

Oral Microbiol Immunol, 1991 Dec, 6(6), 341 - 9
Salivary IgA responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis in the cynomolgus monkey . 1 . Total IgA and IgA antibody levels to P . gingivalis; Blanchard SB et al.; Porphyromonas gingivalis has been associated with the subgingival plaque of advancing disease lesions in various types of periodontitis . Additionally, this species of oral microorganism has been found to increase dramatically in ligature-induced periodontitis in nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis) and has recently been shown to induce progressing disease when implanted into the subgingival plaque in this animal model . Although systemic antibody responses have been demonstrated to P . gingivalis in both human and nonhuman primate with periodontitis, no information is available on the oral secretory IgA antibody response to this bacteria . This report describes the methods for reproducible collection of salivary secretions from cynomolgus monkeys and the development of methods for analyzing salivary IgA levels and specific IgA antibody in the saliva reactive with P . gingivalis . Purification of monkey salivary IgA allowed quantification of IgA using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Estimation of total IgA levels in saliva showed approximately a 20% greater level of IgA in whole versus parotid saliva from a group of 13 monkeys, with a 2-3 fold variation in levels among this group of animals . Naturally occurring salivary IgA antibody to P . gingivalis, as measured by ELISA, were routinely detectable but low in whole saliva; however, many of the parotid saliva specimens collected exhibited negligible levels of antibody to this microorganism . The IgA antibody in whole saliva showed nearly an 18-fold variation among the samples from the monkeys . Correlational analyses indicated that, although there was a positive relationship between antibody levels in whole and parotid saliva, the majority of natural IgA antibody in whole saliva appears to be derived from other sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Trends Biotechnol, 1991 Dec, 9(12), 409 - 14
Lichen-forming fungi: potential sources of novel metabolites; Crittenden PD et al.; The challenge for today's pharmaceutical industry lies in the discovery and development of new, pharmacologically active molecules . Metabolites produced by microorganisms, and fungi in particular, are a resource for which the therapeutic potential has been recognized, but one that remains largely unexplored and unexploited . Approximately 20% of all known fungal species are obligate symbionts in lichens; this major group of fungi has been long neglected by mycologists, and overlooked by industry.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1991 Nov 15, 199(10), 1282 - 7
General principles of retrovirus immunodetection tests; Hardy WD Jr; Because infecting retroviruses contain protein and glycoprotein antigenic determinants that can be readily distinguished from host cell determinants, the development of immunologic detection systems, immunodetection tests, or immunoassays capable of identifying antigens of some retroviruses (oncoretroviruses) in blood, body fluids, or cells is possible . Conversely, detection of antibodies produced by animals against some infecting retroviruses can also be used to identify current infections of lentiretroviruses and some oncoretroviruses . Studies of various microorganisms by various immunodetection systems indicate that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot (western blot) analysis, followed by sensitive but less specific ELISA and agglutination assays, and finally by even less sensitive but very specific isolation in culture and double immunodiffusion techniques . The first test used routinely for clinical detection of any retrovirus was the immunofluorescent antibody test, introduced in 1972, for detection of FeLV infection in pet cats . Since then, tests for human retroviruses, the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2 and the human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) have been introduced for routine use in human medicine . Recently, retroviral tests for a second feline retrovirus, the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) have been introduced in veterinary medicine . General principles of sensitivity, specificity, true-positive and -negative rates, false-positive and -negative rates, and positive and negative predictive values apply to all methods used for detection of retroviral infections.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1991 Nov 15, 199(10), 1327 - 35
Development of the immunofluorescent antibody test for detection of feline leukemia virus infection in cats; Hardy WD Jr et al.; Studies of the immunodetection of various microorganisms by various assay systems indicated that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot analysis (western blot), followed by sensitive but less specific ELISA and agglutination assays and, finally, by even less sensitive but very specific virus isolation and double immunodiffusion techniques . The first test for the clinical detection of FeLV infection in pet cats was the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test, which was introduced in 1972 . The FeLV test is used for detection for FeLV infection and not as a test for leukemia or any other feline disease . The IFA test was compared with an immunodiffusion (ID) test and with tissue culture isolation (TCI) of the virus in 26 cats to establish a standard for FeLV tests . Excellent correlation was observed between the IFA and the ID tests (100%).

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax, 1991 Nov 19, 80(47), 1312 - 7
{Judicious use of biological tests in rheumatology}; Aeschlimann A et al.; Among the numerous biologic and immunologic complementary tests the clinician has at his disposal some that document inflammation (ESR, c-reactive protein, complement components, electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic profiles) are not specific while others that permit etiologic classification (rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, genetics of the histocompatibility system, serologic test for microorganisms) are specific but not necessarily related to activity or disease process . None of these tests has absolute diagnostic power . It is therefore important to know their relative clinical significance in order to avoid unnecessary and costly investigations whose interpretation may pose more problems than solve questions.

J Biol Chem, 1991 Nov 15, 266(32), 21434 - 8
Molecular cloning and analysis of a cDNA coding for chorismate synthase from the higher plant Corydalis sempervirens Pers; Schaller A et al.; Chorismate synthase catalyzes the last common step in the biosynthesis of the three aromatic amino acids in microorganisms and plants . We have cloned a cDNA for this enzyme from the higher plant Corydalis sempervirens . This is the first chorismate synthase cDNA from a eukaryotic organism . The nucleotide sequence was determined and the identity of the cDNA was confirmed by the amino acid sequence of tryptic peptides obtained from purified chorismate synthase . The homology to the two known bacterial sequences is about 48% . The cDNA contains an open reading frame of 1341 base pairs, encoding a protein of 447 amino acids . This protein with a molecular mass of 48,100 daltons resembles a chorismate synthase precursor targeted for chloroplast import . Multiple sites of polyadenylation were observed in chorismate synthase mRNAs.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1991 Nov 11, 19(21), 6027 - 31
A random sequencing approach for placing markers on the physical map of Mycoplasma genitalium; Peterson SN et al.; A physical map of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome has been prepared using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis . This report details recent efforts made to add markers or specific loci to this map in the absence of any mutants or system of genetic exchange . A total of 44 random clones were partially sequenced . Computer analysis was performed in an attempt to identify homologies with genes already recorded in the DNA sequence database . Clones with a large extent of homology to genes from other microorganisms have been assigned to specific loci on the M . genitalium map by hybridization to selected restriction digests . The additional data has facilitated an updated version of the physical map, and verified this random sequencing method as a useful mapping procedure as well as offering new insight into the physiological processes of this fastidious organism.

Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, 1991 Nov-Dec, 25(6), 42 - 5
{Biocatalysis using immobilized cells or enzymes as a method of water and air purification in habitable enclosed environment}; Lebedeva TE et al.; This paper shows that the method of water and air purification using immobilized cells and enzymes can be applied in regenerative life support systems in a habitable enclosed environment . This method is based on selective and adaptive functions of enzymic systems of microorganisms to assimilate organic components of the medium to be eliminated . Advantages of biocatalysis are low energy requirements and mild temperatures of purification leading to practically complete elimination of the substrate . Due to immobilization, cells and enzymes constitute an independent component which can be added to any continuously operating system of purification without generating a specific interface which is crucially important in microgravity . This allows the process of purification to be controllable . The resulting water and air meet biological requirements because they are formed under the influence of living organisms as in natural biogeocenoses . The production of ecologically pure water and air is highly important for long-duration space missions, especially for flights to Mars.

Infect Immun, 1991 Nov, 59(11), 4168 - 72
Extracellular release of reactive oxygen species from human neutrophils upon interaction with Escherichia coli strains causing renal scarring; Mundi H et al.; The production of reactive oxygen metabolites by neutrophils plays a key role in the host defense against invading microorganisms and in tissue damage resulting from infection . In the present study we measured the ability of different uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains to induce generation of oxygen metabolites upon interaction with human neutrophils . The strains were selected to represent two groups of patients with recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis: one with renal scars (12 strains) and one without renal scarring (11 strains) . The majority of strains (from both groups) induced a pronounced neutrophil respiratory burst activity . When the intracellular and extracellular oxidative responses were measured separately, it was found that the response induced by nonscarring strains was primarily of intracellular (intraphagosomal) origin, whereas a proportionally larger fraction of the response induced by the scarring strains was extracellular . Since reactive oxygen products are toxic to the renal tissue, this release can be of importance in the development of renal scars.

J Invest Dermatol, 1991 Nov, 97(5), 751 - 5
Gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction in dermatology; Schadendorf D et al.; The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another new powerful technique in molecular biology that has begun to open new perspectives in modern science and also in dermatology . This brief report will therefore elucidate the general principles of the polymerase chain reaction, as well as its limitations and possible pitfalls . Furthermore an overview will be provided on the impact of PCR on molecular biologic approaches in oncology, immunology, and human genetics . The use of the method as a tool to detect microorganisms particularly viruses and bacteria, in cutaneous tissue and it potential other future applications are described as well . Because PCR is automated and is being more and more established in routine laboratories, physicians and scientists should be familiar with the basic principles and potential uses of this methodology.

Environ Health Perspect, 1991 Nov, 95, 99 - 100
Sick-building syndrome; Stolwijk JA; The sick-building syndrome (SBS) is defined as the occurrence of an excessive number of subjective complaints by the occupants of a building . These complaints include headache, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, lethargy, inability to concentrate, objectionable odors, and less frequently, nausea, dizziness, chest tightness, etc . These complaints will always be reported by a fraction of the occupants of any building if a questionnaire is administered that asks the respondent to recall any subjective symptoms they remember having had in the last 2 weeks or or over some period of time . It is often considered that SBS symptom reports have a minimum prevalence of about 15 to 20% for a 2-week recall period . SBS symptoms reported by 30% or more of occupants are indicative of conditions in the building environment that warrant attention . It is not often that a clear, single cause is responsible for the excess symptom reports . The following factors, often in combinations, are seen to contribute to SBS: outdoor air supply that is inadequate, ventilation distribution or effectiveness that is inadequate, the presence of temporary or long-term sources of contaminants such as tobacco smoke, adhesives, composite materials such as chipboard, and the growth of microorganisms in the HVAC equipment or in carpets or other furnishings . Depending on which causes contribute, the condition may be intermittent or even temporary . Psychosocial factors such as labor-management relations and satisfaction or dissatisfaction with other factors in the work environment can have a profound influence on the level of response of the occupants to their environment . Although hard data are difficult to collect, it is likely that productivity in the office environment is sensitive to conditions causing SBS.

J Parodontol, 1991 Nov, 10(4), 381 - 7
{In vitro bacteriocidal activity of 5 oral antiseptics against the principal microorganisms implicated in oral disease}; Luc J et al.; Bactericidal activities of five mouthrinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride, hexetidine or chlorhexidine have been tested in vitro, against the main microorganisms involved in buccal affections . Mouthrinses containing hexetidine or chlorhexidine are effective, but chlorhexidine activity appears more extensive and homogeneous.

Biofizika, 1991 Nov-Dec, 36(6), 1030 - 6
{Use of the principle of reverse problems for detecting processes, occurring in cells suspended in culture . I . Distribution in the exponential growth phase of the age component of the cell population by its dynamic characteristics}; Kazarian LS et al.; A mathematical model of age distribution in the suspension culture was verified . This model used the principle of reverse problems and allowed determination of age distribution from the cell numbers dynamics in the population . The verification was based on the complex non-destructive measurement of the microorganism parameters, which allowed simultaneous determination of the cell population dynamics and the distribution of cells according to their projection areas . The experiments were carried out on E . coli culture.

J Prosthet Dent, 1991 Nov, 66(5), 709 - 14
Tarnish of dental alloys by oral microorganisms; Vaidyanathan TK et al.; Five dental alloys, on exposure to blood and chocolate media with and without inoculated microorganisms, showed varying degrees of tarnish . The results indicated a composition-dependent tarnish behavior of alloys in microorganism-inoculated media, indicating a potential role for the oral microorganisms in inducing clinically observed tarnish of dental alloys . Actinomyces viscosus and periodontal pocket specimens show a similarity in their activity to induce tarnish in base metal-containing dental alloys.

J Invertebr Pathol, 1991 Nov, 58(3), 436 - 43
Cytoplasmic incompatibility in Drosophila populations: influence of assortative mating on symbiont distribution; O'Neill SL; Cytoplasmic incompatibility is known to occur between strains of both Drosophila simulans and D . melanogaster . Incompatibility is associated with the infection of Drosophila with microorganismal endosymbionts . This paper reports survey work conducted on strains of D . simulans and D . melanogaster from diverse geographical locations finding that infected populations are relatively rare and scattered in their distribution . The distribution of infected populations of D . simulans appears to be at odds with deterministic models predicting the rapid spread of the infection through uninfected populations . Examination of isofemale lines from four localities in California where populations appear to be polymorphic for the infection failed to find evidence for consistent assortative mating preferences between infected and uninfected populations that may explain the basis for the observed polymorphism.

J Invertebr Pathol, 1991 Nov, 58(3), 381 - 6
Chlamydia-like organisms in digestive and duct cells of mussels from the Basque coast; Cajaraville MP et al.; Chlamydia-like organisms have been detected in digestive cells and duct cells of the digestive gland of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, collected from the Basque coast . The organisms appeared as basophilic inclusion bodies within digestive cells and consisted of elongate initial reticulate bodies and previously undescribed condensed forms, interpreted as intermediate bodies . Of the 414 mussels examined by light microscopy, 5.31% showed this type of infection . A second type of chlamydia-like organism was found in nonciliated duct cells . The microorganisms were found mostly free in duct cells and large elongate reticulate bodies, intermediate condensing forms, and fully condensed elementary bodies were clearly distinguished . No serious histopathological or ultrastructural changes were observed in host cells but evidences of a possible localized metabolic damage within infected digestive cells is presented.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 57(11), 3278 - 86
Frankia genus-specific characterization by polymerase chain reaction; Simonet P et al.; The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an in vitro procedure for primer-directed enzymatic amplification of specific template nucleic acid sequences . In order to determine whether a given actinomycete isolated from an actinorhiza (nodule) belongs to the genus Frankia or is a contaminant, we have developed a test based on the PCR . Primers complementary to sequences of two DNA regions corresponding to the nif genes (nifH and nifD) and the rRNA genes (16S and 23S) were specifically chosen to differentially amplify DNAs from Frankia strains but not those from other microorganisms . A series of positive and negative controls were set up by using universal or selective primers resulting in a discriminant amplification, which could be detected after agarose gel electrophoresis . In the nif region, degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify a target common to all the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms tested, while another set of primers amplified a target with a high specificity for Frankia strains . In the rRNA gene region, universal and specific primers were characterized and tested with DNAs from a wide range of microorganisms . The efficiency of this rapid and sensitive PCR assay was tested with an isolate obtained from Alnus nepalensis nodules, confirming results obtained by nodulation tests.

Res Vet Sci, 1991 Nov, 51(3), 239 - 45
Surface markers on bovine fetal lymphocytes and immunoglobulin synthesis in a congenital infection related to epizootic bovine abortion; Spezialetti R et al.; Immunological parameters were studied among 23 late-term bovine fetuses . Epizootic bovine abortion (EBA) disease was induced in fetuses by feeding Ornithodoros coriaceus ticks on pregnant heifers . A spirochaete-like microorganism was detected in the blood of diseased fetuses and in inapparent natural infections in some abattoir-collected fetuses . Fetuses were classified according to stages of disease: EBA diseased (n = 10), EBA infected (n = 7) and normal (n = 6) . Using flow cytometry, the presence of surface immunoglobulins (sIg) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptors were used to detect B and T lymphocytes, respectively . In peripheral blood of normal fetuses, most lymphocytes were identified as T or B cells, whereas about 20 per cent of lymphocytes in EBA diseased fetuses did not reveal the sIg or PNA receptor markers (null cells) . Size and shape analyses by flow cytometry detected a population of enlarged lymphocytes in the EBA diseased fetuses . The numbers of cells bearing determinants reactive with monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine T cells (B26A and B29A) and B cells (TH21A) were considerably less than those expressing the PNA receptor and sIg . These results suggested that the monoclonal antibodies were binding to differentiation antigens which were not consistently expressed on the fetal cells . Radio-immunodiffusion was used to measure bovine IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 in fetal serum . The quantities of immunoglobulins were markedly increased in animals infected with the spirochaete-like organism (groups 1 and 2) and were assumed to result from fetal antibody synthesis.

Immunopharmacology, 1991 Nov-Dec, 22(3), 165 - 73
Immune response to the Lyme spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi affected by ethanol consumption; Pavia CS et al.; Rats fed excessive amounts of ethanol developed marked hematologic and immunologic changes . These included a reversal of the normal lymphocyte to granulocyte ratio in the peripheral blood, lower spleen and lymph node weights and a greatly reduced capacity to express normal cell mediated immune functions, based on poor lymphocyte reactivity in vivo, and in vitro to T and B cell mitogens and borrelial antigens shortly after primary immunization with the bacterial spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi . Further evidence for impaired immune function caused by ethanol was based on little or no antibody response against Borrelia in rats following in vivo sensitization with B . burgdorferi incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant . These findings provide substantial direct evidence strengthening the notion that high levels of ethanol ingestion adversely affect the host immune system and can interfere with the immune response to microorganisms.

Vet Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 29(3-4), 349 - 60
The isolation of multiple strains of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae from individual pneumonic sheep lungs; Ionas G et al.; The heterogeneity of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae isolates from the lungs of sheep with chronic non-progressive pneumonia (CNP) from the same flock raised the possibility that multiple isolates derived from one lung were not all identical . To test this hypothesis, thirty isolates were obtained from each of six pneumonic sheep lungs at slaughter . Four lungs had relatively severe lesions and from each of these, three or four strains of M . ovipneumonia, distinguishable by REA and in most cases by SDS-PAGE, were detected . From the lungs of each of two sheep with mild lesions, two strains of M . ovipneumoniae were detected . Four isolates from one lung were further examined by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) using many restriction endonucleases . Those which differed with EcoRI also differed when other restriction endonucleases were used . However, partial digests occurred mainly with those restriction endonucleases which recognise cytosine-rich sequences . The presence of multiple strains of one species of microorganism in individual lesions is an unusual concept which may not be limited to one disease or to one host.

Biomaterials, 1991 Nov, 12(9), 841 - 7
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate and of polyhydroxybutyrate reinforced with hydroxyapatite; Doyle C et al.; Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a polyester made by many microorganisms under conditions of nitrogen deficiency, and is produced commercially in bulk by biotechnology . It has been suggested that PHB-based materials (copolymers and composites) could be suitable for medical applications and may be biodegradable . This paper presents some findings regarding the degradation and biological properties of polyhydroxybutyrate and composites reinforced with particulate hydroxyapatite . It has been established that the strength and stiffness of these materials reduce on in-vitro environment exposure in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C for periods up to 4 months, and that the degradation rate is a function of composition and processing conditions . It has also been demonstrated that materials based on PHB produce a consistent favourable bone tissue adaptation response with no evidence of an undesirable chronic inflammatory response after implantation periods up to 12 months . Bone is rapidly formed close to the material and subsequently becomes highly organized, with up to 80% of the implant surface lying in direct apposition to new bone . The materials showed no conclusive evidence of extensive structural breakdown in vivo during the implantation period of the study.

Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1991 Nov, 115(11), 1137 - 40
Disseminated pneumocystosis without pulmonary involvement during prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine therapy in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; DeRoux SJ et al.; Pneumocystosis, the most common opportunistic infection associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is usually restricted to the lungs and results in severe bilateral pneumonia, which is fatal unless vigorously treated . Rare cases have been reported in which involvement of other organs or disseminated disease occurred in addition to the pulmonary lesions . Pentamidine, an efficient drug used intravenously for the treatment of pulmonary pneumocystosis, has also recently been used in aerosolized form for the prevention of Pneumocystis infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . In the present case, widely disseminated, though symptomless, pneumocystosis developed in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive individual treated prophylactically with aerosolized pentamidine . Despite heavy multiorgan infection with Pneumocystis carinii, the lungs revealed no microorganisms or characteristic inflammatory lesions . This case indicates that aerosolized pentamidine, while efficient against the pulmonary infection, may not produce fungicidal blood levels sufficient for the prevention of disseminated pneumocystosis.

Rev Infect Dis, 1991 Nov-Dec, 13(6), 1061 - 5
Bacteria and viruses induce production of interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute meningitis: a study of 57 cases and review; Chonmaitree T et al.; The CSF of 57 infants and children with bacterial or enterovirus meningitis was analyzed for the presence of interferon (IFN) . CSF was collected when the diagnosis of meningitis was made; a bacterium or enterovirus was isolated in all cases . IFN was detectable in CSF in 24% of cases of bacterial meningitis and in 75% of cases of viral meningitis . Titers of IFN were generally lower in cases of bacterial meningitis . Neither the presence of IFN nor the level of IFN titers correlated with the patient's age or number of white blood cells or mononuclear cells in the CSF . Coxsackievirus induced production of IFN more consistently and in higher titers than did echovirus . None of 35 control patients had detectable IFN in CSF . A literature review and our data indicate that the presence of IFN in CSF suggests infection of the CNS but does not differentiate bacterial from viral infection . The finding of IFN in the CSF of children with bacterial meningitis supports evidence that bacteria and other nonviral microorganisms induce IFN production . The protective role of IFN in nonviral infections deserves further investigation.

Plant Mol Biol, 1991 Nov, 17(5), 1023 - 44
A nuclear gene with many introns encoding ammonium-inducible chloroplastic NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase(s) in Chlorella sorokiniana; Cock JM et al.; Chlorella sorokiniana possesses ammonium-inducible, chloroplastic, NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP-GDH) homo- or heterohexamers composed of alpha- and/or beta-subunits which were previously shown to derive from precursor protein(s) of identical size . From the present studies, data are consistent with these two subunits being encoded by a single nuclear gene . The NADP-GDH gene is greater than 7 kb in length due to the presence of at least 21 introns, an unusually large number for a eukaryotic microorganism . The exons, identified by comparison with sequences of NADP-GDH cDNA clones, include a region which is highly conserved among NADP-GDH genes . This region in the C . sorokiniana gene is 77% and 73% identical to the corresponding regions in the Escherichia coli and Neurospora crassa NADP-GDH genes, respectively . Seventeen independent NADP-GDH cDNA clones were analyzed by restriction mapping and partial sequencing, and no differences were detected among them . The longest cDNA was fused in frame with lacZ in a Bluescript vector and was expressed in E . coli as NADP-GDH antigen . During a 240 min induction period, under conditions in which both types of subunits were synthesized, only a single (2.2 kb) NADP-GDH mRNA band was detected on northern blots using cDNA probes from the highly conserved and 3'-untranslated regions . Collectively, these results are consistent with a single mRNA encoding a precursor-protein which is differentially processed to yield either an alpha- or beta-subunit.

J Pharm Pharmacol, 1991 Nov, 43(11), 766 - 73
Decrease of gastrointestinal mucosal damage by salicyluric acid compared with salicylic acid in rabbits; Nakamura J et al.; The gastrointestinal mucosal damage following the oral administration of salicylic acid or salicyluric acid was examined in rabbits using a scanning electron microscope . Six and 24 h after treatment with salicylic acid, morphological changes of gastric mucosa were recognized . In rabbits treated with salicyluric acid, however, severe damage in the gastric mucosa was not found after 24 h compared with the treatment with salicylic acid . Following the treatment with salicylic acid, some mucosal damage in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was observed after 24 h . The surface character of the duodenal, jejunal, ileal, caecal and colonic mucosa were almost identical compared with the control following the treatment with salicyluric acid . It was reported that salicyluric acid is metabolized to salicylic acid by the intestinal microorganisms . From these results, it was suggested that prodrugs utilizing the metabolism of salicyluric acid to salicylic acid by intestinal microorganisms may be useful in reducing gastrointestinal mucosal damage.

J Forensic Sci, 1991 Nov, 36(6), 1633 - 48
Validation studies on the analysis of the HLA DQ alpha locus using the polymerase chain reaction; Comey CT et al.; A series of experiments has been performed to evaluate typing of the HLA DQ alpha gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the gene and subsequent hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes . These experiments were designed to evaluate DQ alpha typing for analysis of evidentiary specimens . Bloodstains were exposed to a variety of conditions and environmental insults . These conditions included exposure to many different types of substrates, various microorganisms that could be encountered in evidentiary stains, sunlight, and a variety of chemical contaminants . Varying amounts of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were amplified to test the sensitivity of DQ alpha typing . The sensitivity of the PCR technique raises the concern that DNA from sources other than the evidentiary material could be detected . A series of experiments was done to evaluate the question of DNA contamination . Purified DNA samples with different DQ alpha types were mixed in different ratios to determine the ratio at which it could not be determined whether an allele was from the sample or the contaminant . Samples were exposed to a variety of situations that could lead to contamination, such as extensive handling and exposure to coughing or sweaty clothing, to other wet bloodstains, and to saliva . The DQ alpha types were determined from 469 individuals from three sample populations (Caucasian, black, and Hispanic), and the genotype frequencies were compared with frequencies previously reported by others . DNA samples from old cases {which had previously been analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing of variable number of tandem repeat sequences} were typed . All samples that were excluded by DQ alpha typing were also excluded by RFLP analysis, and all samples that were included by RFLP analysis were included by DQ alpha typing . Finally, the problem of allele dropout, or the failure to detect particular alleles, was noted and alleviated by performing the typing under appropriate conditions . The results of these validation experiments indicate that typing of the DQ alpha gene by PCR and detection of specific alleles can be accomplished, when the typing is done using proper protocols, without producing false positive or false negative results.

Res Immunol, 1991 Nov-Dec, 142(9), 829 - 39
Systemic antibody responses to oral microorganisms in the cynomolgus monkey: development of methodology and longitudinal responses during ligature-induced disease; Ebersole JL et al.; Systemic antibody responses to oral microorganisms were studied during ligature-induced periodontal disease in a non-human primate (Nhp) model . Methodology was developed using ELISA techniques to assess total IgG and IgM levels in the serum from the Nhp . In addition, an ELISA was developed utilizing affinity-purified anti-human isotype reagents to detect Nhp serum antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum . Results showed that the anti-human reagents detected IgG and IgM from Macaca fascicularis with an efficiency of 25-35% and 50-60%, respectively . Following ligation, groups of Nhp were treated with an immunomodulator ("Thymopentin", TP5) or placebo to examine the effect of the T-cell stimulating agent on periodontitis and host responses . No differences were noted in total serum IgG and IgM levels for individual Nhp or between groups when baseline, ligation and treatment intervals were compared . However, following ligation, 8/12 Nhp exhibited significant increases in IgG and/or IgM antibody to P . gingivalis that were coincident with increases in the percentage of this microorganism in the subgingival plaque from the ligated sites . During the treatment phase, the antibody levels in the placebo group continued to increase, while the levels in the TP5-treated group stabilized . The findings in this study indicate that the emergence of a microorganism in the subgingival plaque (P . gingivalis) during the conversion from gingivitis to progressing periodontitis in the Nhp, elicits a systemic antibody response that is specific for the microorganism.

J Clin Microbiol, 1991 Nov, 29(11), 2554 - 8
Slot immunoblot assay for detection and quantitation of periodontal disease-associated microorganisms in dental plaque; van Poperin N et al.; A rapid method for qualitative and quantitative detection of specific oral microorganisms from subgingival dental plaque is described . Plaque samples were suspended in phosphate-buffered saline containing protease inhibitors and 0.5% formaldehyde, briefly sonicated to disperse bacterial aggregates, and applied to nitrocellulose membranes in a slot blot manifold . Subsequent incubations with species-specific rabbit antibody and anti-rabbit antibody-alkaline phosphatase conjugate and development with BCIP-NBT substrate resulted in an easily discernible, permanent stain being deposited at the sample application site . Comparison with known concentrations of pure, cultured microorganisms applied to the same membranes permitted qualitative or semiquantitative plaque characterization by visual inspection . Analysis of the blots with a computer-linked flatbed scanner provided quantitative data on microbial content . The reproducibility of the results (standard error of the mean, less than 10%) obtained with slot immunoblotting greatly exceeded that of the results obtained with immunofluorescence analysis (standard error of the mean, greater than 57%) . Because it is versatile, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, permanent, and relatively inexpensive, slot immunoblotting lends itself to use in large-scale investigations for the detection and quantitation of specific microbial species.

Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 1991 Nov, 17(4), 859 - 70
Infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis; Inman RD; The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis has been a long-standing hypothesis and in recent years is being examined with greater sophistication and scientific rigor . Synovitis may result indirectly from infection by the deposition of circulating immune complexes, by molecular mimicry, by in situ antigen deposition, or by arthritogenic toxins . Of candidate pathogens, recent interest has focused on mycobacterial HSP, EBV, and parvovirus B19 . There is circumstantial evidence to support a link between each of these microorganisms and RA but presently all fall short of definitive proof of causality . It is anticipated that clearer answers may be forthcoming on this perplexing and intriguing question with the application of molecular biologic techniques to the study of synovial tissues.

J Bacteriol, 1991 Nov, 173(21), 7059 - 62
Unique modification of adenine in genomic DNA of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp . strain NIBB 1067; Zehr JP et al.; The genomic DNA of the marine nonheterocystous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp . strain NIBB 1067 was found to be highly resistant to DNA restriction endonucleases . The DNA was digested extensively by the restriction enzyme DpnI, which requires adenine methylation for activity . The DNA composition, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was found to be 69% AT . Surprisingly, it was found that a modified adenine which was not methylated at the usual N6 position was present and made up 4.7 mol% of the nucleosides in Trichodesmium DNA (15 mol% of deoxyadenosine) . In order for adenine residues to be modified at this many positions, there must be many modifying enzymes or at least one of the modifying enzymes must have a degenerate recognition site . The reason(s) for this extensive methylation has not yet been determined but may have implications for the ecological success of this microorganism in nature.

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