Microbiological

Kidney Int, 1975 Aug, 8(2), 88 - 97
Selective deficiency of thymus-derived lymphocytes in experimental pyelonephritis; Miller T et al.; Pyelonephritis was induced in experimental animals derived of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes by adult thymectomy and serial sublethal irradiation . In this model T lymphocytes were reduced to less than 1% of normal adjudged by the in vitro Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness of lymphoid cells from deprived animals compared with control animals . Pathologic, bacteriologic and immunologic aspects of renal infection were studied in the T cell-deprived animals during the acute, resolving and chronic stages of pyelonephritis . The experiments have shown that the ablation of lymphocytes did not appreciably alter the course of the disease.

J Hyg (Lond), 1975 Aug, 75(1), 87 - 90
Contamination of fluids from a hospital pharmacy; Joynson DH et al.; An investigation into the cause of bacterial contamination of bottles of noninjectable water has been reported . A method of monitoring such bottles has also been described . The roles played by autoclave spray-cooling water and inadequate bottle seals in the contamination of fluids have been examined . Possible methods of reducing the risk of contamination are discussed and the design of an improved method of closure of sterile bottled fluids is stressed . Bacteriological examination is shown to be a more accurate index of the true rate of contamination than measurement of dye concentrations of bottle contents.

Med J Zambia, 1975 Aug-Sep, 9(4), 102 - 4
Two gram single dose amoxycillin in treatment of gonococcal and other urethritides; Nwokolo U; In a trial of 2 grams oral single dose of amoxycillin on 70 patients with acute gonococcal urethritis, 64 patients had full bacteriological cure, 4 patients were lost to follow up and presumed cured, two patients, still had gonococcal urethritis one week after treatment but one admitted to re-exposure and subsequently recovered with a second 2 gram single dose of "amoxil" . Among 30 patients with non gonococcal Urethritis (N.G.U.) treated similarly, a fairly good response was obtained in those patients in whom Staph . Aureas was absent from the urethral discharge . However single dose therapy was considered unsuitable for non gonococcal urethritis.

Scand J Respir Dis, 1975 Aug, 56(2), 103 - 8
Susceptibility of newborn and adult guinea pigs to Mycobacterium intracellulare and M . kansasii; Lorian V et al.; Six groups of guinea pigs, each consisting of 30 3-month-old and 20 7-day-old animals, received intraperitoneal inoculations with one of four strains of Mycobacterium intracellulare or one of two strains of M . kansasii . Three similar control groups received either an intraperitoneal injection of M . tuberculosis, no injection, or a sterile injection . Guinea pigs were sacrificed at 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 90 days . Lungs, spleen, liver and peritoneal fluid were cultured . Lungs were also examined histologically for inflammatory response . All the guinea pigs sacrificed within 20 days after inoculation showed positive cultures at nearly all sites . Thirty days after inoculation significantly more of the young guinea pigs had positive cultures, and the distribution of mycobacteria in their tissues was wider than was observed with the adult animals . At 90 days, the bacteriological results were similar for both groups . This histological findings were generally similar for both age groups, although acute reactions persisted longer in the young animals . All guinea pigs injected with M . tuberculosis died spontaneously within 90 days after inoculation and showed positive cultures at all sites . The results of the present study indicate that young guinea pigs are more susceptible to M . intracellulare and M . kansasii than are adult animals and should be preferred to old animals for diagnostic inoculations.

Minerva Ginecol, 1975 Aug, 27(8), 648 - 58
{Clinical study of a new preparation with antiseptic and antiphlogistic action on the female genital tract}; Brich M et al.; PIP: 55 patients aged 20-68 with various forms of genital tract infection or diseases, such as vaginitis or cervicitis, were treated for 12 days with Agena, an antiseptic and antiinflammatory preparation containing benzalkonium chloride and nonoxynol-9 . Disappearance or regression of symptoms was noted in all cases, and no side effects were reported . Gynecological examination and bacteriological tests showed evidence of the efficacy and tolerability of the product .

Am J Med Technol, 1975 Aug, 41(8), 299 - 306
Evaluation of bacteriological transport systems; Ederer GM et al.; Seven commercially manufactured bacteriological transport systems, including Culturette, Trans-Cul (with Stuart and Amies), Handiswab, Securline (with Amies and Amies without charcoal) and Culture Caddy, were evaluated to determine whether these systems were capable of maintaining the viability and constant numbers of mixtures of hardy, fastidious and anaerobic organisms over 72 hours at 25C and 4C . The results of the study indicated that if specimens are maintained in transport systems at 25C they should be cultured at four hours to minimize loss of viability and to assure accurate quantitation . No one transport system excelled over the other for maintenance of cultures at room temperature . Most organisms survived well in all of the transport systems for 72 hours when refrigerated.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Jul 15, 100(14), 745 - 51
Mastitis; a survey on the inter-dependence of the quarters of a cow; Grootenhuis G; This survey shows the dependence of the diagnosis "non-specific mastitis" on the method and interpretation of laboratory examination . Failures in bacteriological diagnosis will often lead to quarters being incorrectly diagnosed as being affected by "non-specific mastitis" . The main aim of this survey was to study the interdependence of the quarters of cows with regard to laboratory results on mastitis . This survey shows that the criteria "high cell number" and "bacteriologically positive" in quarters have no random distribution . The number of cows with nil or four quarters positive is significantly higher than with a random distribution . Genetical difference in susceptibility could be the cause of the phenomenon . But this survey shows that non-genetical factors as age and difference between herds in level of mastitis are largely involved . It seems impossible in a field survey to estimate the genetical share in the high coincidence of the mastitis criteria within cows . In mathematical statistical analysis of the results in quarter-samples, with the aim to compare two groups of cows, the number of elements to compare is the number of cows and not the number of quarters . Because of the coincidence of mastitis symptoms in individual cows, the possibility for statistical evaluation of quarter results is restricted.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1975 Jul 15, 100(14), 752 - 7
Auto-immune hemolytic anemia in two horses; Lokhorst HM et al.; Two cases of Auto-immune hemolytic anemia (AHA) in the horse are described . The pathogenesis of AHA in man is related to the findings in the horses . Besides from routine hematological and biochemical investigations specific data were obtained from the erythrocyte osmotic fragility test, the Coombs test, the serum haptoglobulin level and the cold agglutinin test . The first patient, a six month old Dutch standardbred colt, probably suffered from an acute attack of cold-induced hemoglobinuria with severe anemia and acronecrosis of the tops of both ears and of several parts of the skin that had been in close contact with the cold floor . The second patient, a nine years old Friesian mare, showed a type of AHA resembling the acute hemolyte type of cold agglutinin disease in man . This patient had a clear septicemic picture, extensive bacteriological examination, however, was negative.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Jul 11, 100(28), 1501 - 3
{Late results of nephropexy for nephroptosis according to a new indication schema}; Ludwig G et al.; A new schema for indicating operative treatment of nephroptosis is suggested . It was validated by an analysis of late results of 37 patients: 32 were completely free of symptoms, three still had the same symptoms but previously present pyelonephritis had healed . Two patients without long-term antibiotic treatment still had complaints and positive bacteriological findings . Non of the patients had haematuria . In two hypertensives the blood pressure had become normal.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 318 - 27
{Bacteriological investigations and animal experiments with Mycobacterium ulcerans (Tübingen 1971) (author's transl)}; Ullmann U et al.; In 1972 we reported the first isolation of M . ulcerans in Germany and in 1973 we reviewed the epidemiology, clinical features and therapy of Buruli ulcer (6, 7) . Initial isolation was done from swabs of the edge of the ulcer on Loewenstein-Jensen medium at 30-33 degrees C . Subcultures showed poor growth at 37 degrees C, and none at 22 degrees C or 42 degrees C or on Loewenstein-Jensen medium without glycerine . No acylamidase or lipolytic activity was detectable and the organisms were catalase positive, triphenyltetrazolium chloride reduction positive, nitrate reduction negative and nicotinic acid production positive (Table 2) . Possibly our strain is a nicotinic acid positive variant, as is the strain described by RUNYON et al . (16) . (The bacteriological characteristics are summarized in Table 2) . Our strain was sensitive to dihydrostreptomycin, cycloserine, viomycin, rifampicin and a riminophenacin derivate (Lampren), but was resistent to isoniazid, para-aminosalicyclic acid, ethionamid and ethambutol (Table 3) . White mice and rats but no guinea pigs are susceptible to infection with M . ulcerans . Injection into the foot pad is preferable to intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection (Table 4) . After such an injection of material from our patient, signs of disease appeared in the following order: 1 . foot pad swelling; 2 . redness and oedema of the whole leg; 3 . ulceration of the dorsum of foot (fig . 1) with fluctuant, gross oedema of the subcutaneous tissue and loss of hair; 4 . atrophy and contraction of the infected extremity with the development of further ulceration on the abdomen and tail . In the two months following an injection of a standard suspension of M . ulcerans the animals developed such gross oedema of the subcutaneous tissues of the abdomen that its progression could be followed by regular weighing (fig . 2) . By the end of the two months, the total body weight was double that of control uninfected animals.

J Urol Nephrol (Paris), 1975 Jul-Aug, 81(7-8), 515 - 22
{Long-term results of conservative surgery for bilateral renal tuberculosis (author's transl)}; Stoica MS; Long term results of conservative surgery for bilateral renal tuberculosis treated medically should be examined periodically (clinically, bacteriologically and radiologically) in order to detect early any possible changes in the renal or ureteric lesions, since surgery is sometimes of great benefit in particular in the case of a single kidney . Conservative and reparative operations are essential procedures which must be adapted to each individual case after careful study and only when covered by adequate treatment.

J Urol Nephrol (Paris), 1975 Jul-Aug, 81(7-8), 497 - 514
{Vesico-renal reflux in adults (author's transl)}; Heritier P et al.; This article is based on an analysis of 88 cases of vesico-renal reflux, 43 primary and 45 secundary ones . The author consider successively the clinical, bacteriological, radiological and endoscopical facts and their relations to the different types of reflux . They emphasize the frequency and the gravity of the primary reflux in adults and its probable connection with the genesis of the non-obstructive pyelonephrities and the unilateral renal atrophies . Its noxioness is primarily connected with the infection . The secundary reflux, however, even infected, is relatively well tolerated in adults . In case of primary vesico-renal reflux the therapeutical conduct has to be extremely well suited . A surgical correction should only be considered if the kidney has satisfactorily maintained its fonction and if the tonicity of the excreting ways is still good enough . In case of secundary reflux, the therapeutical conduct depends first of all on the etiology . In the group of primary reflux 11 patients derived benefit from ureteral reimplantation; whereas in the group of secundary reflux only 5 patients were submitted to an operation . The method applied was that of Paquin.

Sci Total Environ, 1975 Jul, 4(2), 165 - 75
A probabilistic model of bathing beach safety; Fuhs OW; An improved mathematical model for bathing beach safety is proposed . It is derived by joining the probability of infection from a given dose (Poisson distribution and the probability of acquiring such a dose (lognormal distribution) . Even in the absence of better clinical and epidemiological data, the model permits an assessment of relative risk from certain hazards and the design of more meaningful bacteriological standards for individual beaches.

J Wildl Dis, 1975 Jul, 11(3), 431 - 6
Serologic observations during an outbreak of rat borne plague in the San Francisco Bay area of California; Hudson BW et al.; Results of a serologic study of a plaque outbreak among rats (Rattus norvegicus) and associated wild rodents are presented . Bacteriologic and serologic evidence points toward mutual exchange of fleas and plaque infection between the intermingled rat and wild rodent populations . Results emphasize the value of serologic methods for epizootiologic studies of plague in North American rat populations.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Jul 1, 122(5), 589 - 92
Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum . Relationship of maternal factors and delivery room practices to effective control measures; Pierog S et al.; Gonococcal opthalmia (proved by cultures) occurred in 11 infants delivered at the Jewish Hospital and Medical Center of Brookly (JHMCB) during a three and one-half-year period . Two more infant had conjunctivitis with presumptive evidence of gonococci (Gram stain of eye discharge) . Silver nitrate was instilled in the eyes of the neonates by registered nurses . Maternal histories of these infants showed lack of prenatal care in ten, history of gonorrhea in pregnancy in three, and positive serology (STS) in two; ten of the mothers were unmarried . The over-all incidence of gonorrhea at the JHMCB prenatal clinic screening program is very low (0.02 per cent) . Prevention of neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia depends on: vigorous screening of mothers at delivery as well as during prenatal visits, careful attention to instillation of silver nitrate in the neonates' eyes, development of serologic tests for gonorrhea, and improved bacteriologic methods for culturing the organism.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1975 Jul-Sep, 24(3), 155 - 8
{Long-term study of the effect of successive surveys on tuberculosis endemia}; Lupsa M et al.; A whole rural population of 16359 subjects was followed for a period of 24 years . This period of 24 years is well divided from the viewpoint of the succesive systematic detection three intervals being selected, as follows: a) the stage of usual anti-tuberculous assistance; b) the stage of scientific experimentation consisting in 3 radiophotographic detections repeated every two years and the annual control of groups with high risk, between 1960--1965, completed by integral biological detection in children (every year) and bacteriological controls . The population controls were followed by the diagnosis; c) the stage of discontinuing the experiment when current antituberculous assistance was resumed, between 1966 and 1974 . All cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis, that have been recorded through all the methods of investigation over a period of 24 years in all these localities are correlated, on the one hand to one another, and on the other hand with objective documents obtained during the period of intensive control of the population over the 6-years interval . Thus the limits appear more correctly, within which this natural history of the disease can be detected through various types of population control, as well as some practical consequences for the improvement of the technique and of the control methodology in the future.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Jul, 232(2-3), 227 - 31
{Early bacteriological diagnosis of infections after osteosynthesis (author's transl)}; Fasol P et al.; Postoperative infections after osteosynthesis belong to the most serious complications in traumatology . Efforts to prevent this danger by routine antibiotic prophylaxis are mainly rejected nowadays . Instead, it is studies whether infections can be diagnosed by bacteriological culture of secretions from Redon drains in patients with osteosynthesis for the purpose of starting an early specific antibiotic therapy . Bacteria were cultured from secretions of wounds in 11.3% of samples from 177 patients . Staph . aureus was found most frequently and was responsible for most of the postoperative infections (Tab . 1).

Prakt Anaesth, 1975 Jun, 10(3), 125 - 35
{A bacteriological study of the air in a surgical intensive care unit (author's transl)}; Heeg P et al.; The air in a surgical intensive care unit was analysed with the view of ascertaining the influence on the bacterial content of the air of such medical and nursing procedures as intubation, X-ray examination, bladder washout, massage, physiotherapy, bedmaking . By means of a Casella slit sampler, placed in the middle of the room, it was established that the activities mentioned above caused the bacterial count to rise by 35-310 percent above the hourly determined normal level . In some cases the count did not return to normal until 30 minutes later . Simultaneous determinations of the dust content of the air by means of a Royco particle counter showed fairly close correlation between changes in the number of particles (over 5 mu) and in the number of bacteria in the air . Petri plates exposed near the patient showed a definite relationship between medical or nursing activities involving that particular patient and the number of bacteria deposited on the plate . Continuous disinfection of the air by air-conditioning - cum-ultraviolet ray equipment succeeded in reducing the average bacterial count by 50 per cent although the figures varied in different parts of the ward.

J Pediatr, 1975 Jun, 86(6), 942 - 8
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the newborn period; Adler SM et al.; Determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in capillary blood can be of value in identifying neonates with infection . The normal values for the method described here range from 1 mm/l hour at 12 hours of age to 17 mm/l hour at 14 days of age . Most noninfected neonates with moderate to severe RDS or with other serious illness had values well within the normal range . Infected patients had marked elevations, and the majority of values returned to normal with clinical improvement . Coombs-positive ABO hemolytic disease was also responsible for elevated values . In about half of the infected patients the rise was not seen until 24 to 48 hours after clinical symptoms first appeared . The ESR can be useful in the nursery as a preliminary step in the laboratory evaluation of the sick neonate . Serial determinations may be of aid in identifying the infected infant when the results of bacteriologic cultures are obscured by antibiotic therapy.

Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1975 Jun, 42(6), 409 - 16
{Lymphoblast transformation test in osteoarticular tuberculosis}; David-Chausse J et al.; Bacteriological proof of an osteoarticular tuberculous lesion is difficult to obtain, notably in Pott's disease . The authors, on the basis of earlier work in the field of pulmonary pathology, wished to assess the value of the lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of this disease . Old tuberculin from the Pasteur Institute and LP48 tuberoulin were used at different concentrations . Out of 10 tuberculous patients (8 with Pott's disease and 2 with white tumours), 9 had positive tests, of which 7 were strongly positive ; the average transformation value was 13 percent . This positiveness was a function of the condition of the patient, of the extent of the lesions, and of the treatment . Of the 25 control patients affected by an infectious, nonmicrobial or other osteoarticular process, 17 gave negative results in the test, and 8 were positive, two of whom had high values . The average transformation value was 4 percent . From this study it seems that a negative result in the LTT is a valuable argument against the diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculois ; a weak positive result indicates tuberculin hypersensitivity without absolutely defining evolution of tuberculois ; a strongly positive test may be encountered in hyperergic states connected with prolonged infectious conditions in bones or joints.

Int Surg, 1975 Jun-Jul, 60(6-7), 341 - 2
Histopathology and bacteriology of postinfusion phlebitis; Ghidyal SK et al.; Veins from patients with postinfusion phlebitis showed three types of histopathologic changes--mild, moderate and severe . Severe change was usually associated with thrombus formation . Bacterial culture of tips of devices used in infusion yielded only 10% of positive cultures . This supports the view that postinfusion phlebitis is probably due to an irritating foreign body type reaction rather than infection.

Thorax, 1975 Jun, 30(3), 316 - 25
Idiopathic progressive pulmonary fibrosis; Davies D et al.; Five patients with progressive fibrotic lung disease are described . The dominant symptom was slowly increasing dyspnoea, and cough and sputum were not prominent . Marked weight loss was also a feature . There was severe restrictive impairment of ventilation with normal arterial gas tensions . The changes were confined to the upper parts of the lung in some but others had more generalized disease . The duration has varied so far from two to 17 years . The lung changes are considered to be due to dense progressive fibrosis . Necropsy in two confirmed this . Histologically there was monotonous fibrosis with lymphoid collections and secondary bronchiectasis, a picture similar to that found in association with ankylosing spondylitis . None of these patients had joint disease . Tuberculosis was excluded as a cause by exhaustive bacteriological tests and the failure of chemotherapy to stop deterioration . All other recognized types of infective and non-infective progressive lung fibrosis were also excluded, and this is not considered to be a variant of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis . Though these patients have many features in common they do not necessarily have the same pathogenesis . They are presented as an encouragement to further study.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1975 Jun, 23(6), 464 - 9
{Quantitative evaluation and homeostasis of alveolar macrophage populations}; Masse R et al.; The rat's alveolar macrophage population is a biological constant which significantly varies according to the season, the strain and the bacteriological state,in healthy animals . The percent rate of excreted macrophages remains constant in spite of the physiological changes of the total population variation . This rate is close to 3,5 % . So, the variations of the population are due to the changes in cell arrival . The possible different sources of alveolar macrophages are analysed and evaluated . The direct monocyte source is not sufficient to insure the stability of this population . Division of intra alveolar macrophage enables homeostasis . In pathological conditions, variations of cell populations result from two effects : reduction of excretion, positive or negative changes in cellular influx.

Tubercle, 1975 Jun, 56(2), 81 - 96
Controlled trial of 6- and 9-month regimens of daily and intermittent streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong; Acquiescent renal infection; The relationship between bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma with Escherichia coli and the establishment of pathologic lesions has been investigate experimentally . Infection was established in one kidney and the bacteriologic, pathologic and immunologic features of infection were compared in the pyelonephritic and contralateral unmanipulated kidney . Whereas active bacterial infection was associated with pathologic changes in the pyelonephritic kidney, a poor correlation was found between bacterial growth and the gross pathology and histopathologic changes in the contralateral kidney . The conclusion from these studies is that infection of the kidney is not always associated with pathologic changes . The term "acquiescent infection" has been used to describe this host-parasite relationship in which active, persistent, bacterial infection is not associated with pathologic lesions . Evidence is presented that bacteria in the contralateral unmanipulated kidney are present in the renal parenchyma and that bacterial proliferation can be induced following renal trauma . Activation of infection and bacterial proliferation did not always result in histopathologic damage to the kidney and was not associated with an increase in serum antibody.

Ann Surg, 1975 Jun, 181(6), 819 - 22
Quantitative bacterial analysis of comparative wound irrigations; Hamer ML et al.; It is a biologic fact that all open wounds contain bacteria and remain contaminated with varying levels of bacteria until successful wound closure has been accomplished . The sine qua non in the management of the contaminated wound has been and remains adequate sharp debridement . In a standardized experimental model, three methods of irrigation were compared employing quantitative bacteriology of tissue to evaluate their effectiveness at decreasing bacterial levels and reducing wound infection . The pulsating jet lavate was found to be significantly better than gravity flow irrigation or wound irrigation with a bulb syringe . These data on tissue biopsies support previous reports using surface and wound exudate cultures.

Am J Hosp Pharm, 1975 Jun, 32(6), 599 - 605
Topical treatment of the burn patient; Lunan HN; The pathophysiology, classification and bacteriology of burns are discussed, as well as treatment of burns with silver nitrate, silver sulfadizine, silver allantoinate, mafenide acetate, furazolium chloride, povidone-iodine complex, antibiotics, antiproteolytics, fibrinolytics, Pseudomonas vaccine and antiglobulins.

J Periodontol, 1975 Jun, 46(6), 368 - 74
Early periodontal disease in the Syrian hamster; Miller WA et al.; An investigation into periodontal disease in the Syrian Golden hamster was conducted over a period of six months . With the periodontitis-producing Diet 2000 only mild destruction of the periodontium was observed . The interproximal area between M1 and M2 may be a better area for analysis of early periodontal disease in the Syrian Golden hamster, as it more nearly approaches the human situation than does the mesial surface of M1 . On the whole the hamster may not be a good model species for studying periodontal disease on morphological grounds, despite its excellence in terms of bacteriology and ease and cheapness of animal maintenance . Other animal models are discussed.

Br J Anaesth, 1975 Jun, 47(6), 719 - 22
A critical look at chemical disinfection of anaesthetic apparatus; George RH; Studies were carried out to test the efficacy of disinfection of a previously contaminated corrugated anaesthetic tube and reservoir bag . Bacteriological swabs and sampling with broth were evaluated as methods of detecting contamination . Gross contamination was detected by broth sampling on occasions when swabbing failed to reveal contamination . The presence of up to 18% by volume of residual air within the apparatus was detected . A method of ensuring elimination of all air is described and studies showed that disinfection was then complete.

J Dairy Res, 1975 Jun, 42(2), 277 - 83
Proteolysis detection in milk . IV . Starch-gel electrophoresis and formol titration; Juffs HS; Starch-gel electrophoresis (SGE) and formol titration methods for detecting proteolysis in cold-stored raw milk have been studied to establish their value as quality indices . When examined by SGE, the first evidence of proteolysis in raw milks stored at 5 degrees C was the formation of para-k-casein . However, this fraction could not be detected on the starch gels until the total bacterial count (TBC) exceeded 10-minus 7/ml . The SGE method appeared more reliable than the previously discussed tyrosine value method . Formol titration did not appear to have any application in the screening of cold-stored raw milks with TBC less than 10-minus 7/ml, but would detect some milks of poorer bacteriological quality.

Am J Surg, 1975 Jun, 129(6), 629 - 31
Bacteriology of the gallbladder bile in normal subjects; Csendes A et al.; A bacteriologic analysis of the gallbladder bile in eighty patients who underwent operation was performed in a prospective study . In all twenty patients with a normal gallbladder as assessed by oral cholecystography and intraoperative palpation, cultured were negative . Among patients with chronic cholecystitis only 30 per cent had positive bile cultures and this rose to 47 per cent among patients with acute cholecystitis.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Jun, (6), 128 - 32
{Isolation of the causative agent of tularemia from Siberian lemmings in Eastern Taymyr}; Egorova LS et al.; The authors present the results of bacteriological and serological study for tularemia of 498 lemmings caught in Taimyr . Positive results were revealed in 4 out of 98 sera examined in the indirect hemagglutination test . In carrying out 67 biological tests on albino mice there were isolated for the first time in the Soviet Union 6 cultures of the causative agent of tularemia from the spleen of lemmings . By morphological, cultural and virulent properties the cultures obtained failed to differ from those isolated in other regions of the Soviet Union, and, consequently, we referred to the holoarctic race . Thus, it was established by the authors (both serologically and bacteriologically) that there existed tundra foci of tularemia.

S Afr Med J, 1975 May 17, 49(21), 859 - 63
Virus particles and gastro-enteritis in Black and White Children in Rhodesia; Cruickshank JG et al.; Stools from Black and White children with gastroenteritis and from controls were investigated for potentially pathogenic agents by conventional virological and bacteriological methods and by electron microscopy . Isolations were obtained in 30 percent of cases but electron microscopy more than doubled the number of agents found . Orbiviruses were present in 40 percent of all cases, often in combination with other organisms . There was no difference between the Black and White groups.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1975 May, 111(5), 641 - 6
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Oklahoma, 1965 to 1973; Snider DE Jr; Three hundred seventy cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were reported to the Oklahoma State Department of Health between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1973 . The annual number of cases reported showed no tendency to decrease with time . A greater proportion of cases reported in recent years had bacteriologic confirmation . When compared to the distribution of all newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis in the population, a greater proportion of newly diagnosed cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurred in nonwhites . This was especially true to tuberculous meningitis, tuberculous lymphadenitis, and miliary tuberculosis . Possible reasons for the failure of the number of newly reported cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis to decrease in recent years are presented.

Z Erkr Atmungsorgane, 1975 May, 143(2), 91 - 6
{Combined mass X-ray examinations of the respiratory tract (author's transl)}; Brasch C et al.; 2908 persons were investigated by mass chest x-ray combined with mass x-ray of the paranasal sinuses to find respiratory tract diseases . In 412 persons a sinusitis was diagnosed . 212 persons had a positive history, that is headache, cough and/or bronchial secretions, the other 200 persons had a negative history . 91 persons with a negative history and 21 persons with apositive history showed spontaneous remissions . The results of the bacteriological tests and antibiogramms corresponded with the preceding reports . In the investigated population groups a high percentage of new undetected cases of sinusitis was found one year after their previous treatment needing a new treatment . The frequency of undetected sinusitis in adults is often underestimated . Mass chest x-ray examinations should be combined with x-ray examinations of the paranasal sinuses.

J Biomed Mater Res, 1975 May, 9(3), 285 - 301
Modified collagen membrane as a skin substitute: preliminary studies; Tavis MJ et al.; Modified collagen membrane when compared to autograft, homograft, heterograft and silicone polymer membrane, demonstrated a superior adherence on split and full-thickness surfaces, but proved to be an inferior covering for granulating surfaces . Water vapor transport was found to be adequate and adaptable to modification . It was found to be permeable to most commonly used topical antibiotics, and no significant antigenicity could be demonstrated . In a controlled animal burn study, modified collagen membrane proved superior to homograft and heterograft in regard to mortality, time to grafting, bacteriology and autograft take . These studies provide a background for further laboratory and clinical studies now in progress.

J Laryngol Otol, 1975 May, 89(5), 505 - 11
Leprosy of the upper respiratory tract . A clinical bacteriological, histopathological and histochemical study of twenty cases; Yassin A et al.; Twenty cases clinically diagnosed as leprosy were thoroughly examined for E.N.T . lesions . These lesions were subjected to bacteriological, histopathological and histochemical studies . The results have been tabulated and discussed with special stress on some findings which are of help in diagnosing the disease.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1975 May, 79(5), 803 - 11
Topical tetracycline and rifampicin therapy of endemic trachoma in Tunisia; Dawson CR et al.; PIP: In this study, the authors compared topically applied tetracycline or rifampicin ointment with boric acid ointment administered for 10 weeks for its effect on endemic trachoma . 234 children with active disease were included in the treatment study . Those with the active disease were divided into 2 groups containing equal numbers each of the 3 intensity categories . Then each group was assigned to 1 of 3 treatment categories . Medication was administered twice daily over a single 3-hour class period and a 70-day course of follow-up therapy with 1% tetracycline was provided once daily for all the children 25 weeks after completion of the initial treatment . 62 (26.5%) had severe trachoma and 133 (56.8%) had trachoma of moderate intensity . In March 1972, 5 weeks after treatment completion, the trachoma in the 2 groups treated with antibiotics was less severe compared with the boric acid group . However, by June 1972, only the tetracycline group had less active trachoma than the boric acid treated group . By this time, also, the 3 groups were equally improved . Following the 2nd course of tetracycline treatment 25-35 weeks after the initial trial, there were no differences in any of the groups . 2 courses of therapy, therefore, were no more advantageous than 1 . In Giemsa-stained smears prior to treatment, the prevalence of positive smears for Chlamydia agent were similar in the 3 groups; following treatment, prevalence had dropped to 7% overall and then after retreatment, there were rarely any cases in any of the treated groups . While the 2 antibodies were significantly better than boric acid, rifampicin did not seem to offer any significant advantages over tetracycline . The prevalence of trachoma agent appeared to change more readily than the clinical disease . Clearly the pattern of disease intensity and microbial infection displayed a seasonal cycle thatmust be considered when evaluating antibiotic treatment efficacy . The prevalence of trachoma decreases with age and that, along with the seasonality, contribute to the disease intensity . In this study, treatment did alter the disease temporarily but did not affect its course in the long run since environmental factors which originally produced the disease had not changed . Only communitywide chemotherapy would have a significant effect . However, antibiotic treatment is necessary to reduce the occurrence of later complications .

Arch Otolaryngol, 1975 May, 101(5), 278 - 86
Chronic middle ear effusions . Immunochemical and bacteriological investigations; Liu YS et al.; Middle ear effusions from 100 patients (ages 6 months to 10 years) with serous otitis media were examined . The IgA, IgG, and lysozyme were demonstrated at a higher level in the effusions than the corresponding sera, indicating local production . The mucoid type contained higher level of immunoglobulins and lysozyme compared to serous type effusions . Bacteria were found in 77 percent of the effusions by means of a smear, and 52 percent yielded positive bacterial culture . The incidence of positive culture in effusions of the patients less than 6 years of age was 60 percent, while the group older than 6 years old was 32%, and the group over 8 was only 22 percent . Bacterial recovery rate was inversely related to the dramatic increase with age of IgA and IgG and lysozyme levels in effusions.

J Infect Dis, 1975 May, 131 Suppl, S51 - 6
Fatal undiagnosed tuberculosis in hospitalized patients; Rosenthal T et al.; Thirty-seven cases of active tuberculosis were misdiagnosed in Chaim Sheba Medical Center in the years 1964-1974 . The diagnosis was made only after death . Twenty-one patients were over 60 years of age . Eleven had hematological disorders, and 12 received steroids (sometimes with immunosuppressive or cytotoxic drugs) . Misdiagnosis of miliary tuberculosis is a growing problem and demands special attention . The postmortem examination must be systematic and must include bacteriological and histological studies for establishment of the correct diagnosis.

Ann Sclavo, 1975 May-Jun, 17(3), 354 - 84
{Practical importance of quantitative bacteriology in pneumology . Preliminary studies}; Corda M; Some ascertained the utility of the quantitative bacteriology in pneumology especially for the diagnosis of acute bronchopulmonary infections . Miles and Mizra technique lightly changed as analytically here described is suitable for counts of viable bacteria in sputum after liquefaction by N-acetyl-l-cisteine . Some researches prove that the technique is convenient for the control of chronic bronchopulmonary infections too with some restrictions . Quantitative tests are important to ascertain aetiological function of the bacteria in sputum and in bronchial secretions . Particularly 10(7)-10(9) coliforms per ml of sputum are likely pathogenic . The observation of the early quantitative changes of bacteria in sputum during antibiotic treatments is suitable for in vivo tests of microbial sensitivity to drugs and is preferable to the usual in vitro antibiograms.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1975 May, 160(3), 268 - 85
{Biolgical problems of a manmade small lake (author's transl)}; Tiefenbrunner F et al.; In connection with an intensive hygienic supervision of public bathing facilities and the attempts to draw up a law on bathing hygiene, the lack of contamination standards for small lakes available to the public for bathing was particularly conspicuous . In addition to the current chemical and bacteriological routine examinations, a small bathing lake with a surface area of 3000 square metres containing about 7000 m3 of water and which has been in existence for over 10 years was objected to extensive biological investigations during the months July to September . The results of the analysis show a relatively constant hydrogen ion concentration (pH 8.2), small variations in electrolytic conductivity and 8 German degrees of hardness . The mean phosphourus level was 60 mug/L . the orthophosphate levels ranged between 5.2 and 18.5 mug/L . Oxygen saturation during the entire summer months was more than 100% . Altogether, 49 different kinds of phytoplankton- and 12 kinds of zooplancton-organisms were identified . The total biological mass of phytoplancton organisms was between 8.5 and 16 mg fresh weight per litre, bacterial biomass varied between 4.5 and 9.5 mg/l . Particularly striking for summer conditions was the high proportion of Cyclotella- and Synedra species among the phytoplancton mass, while the algal-bloom producing Microcystis flos aquae attained a maximum proportion of 15% . In spite of the great variety of its forms, green algae were present in small numbers only . The comparison of the described findings with the trophic-systems of HUTCHINSON, NYGAARD and RAWSON indicated an eutrophic type of lake; classification according to the types of the various saprobic systems of NAUMANN, KOLKWITZ and LIEBMANN yielded a predominantly beta-mesosaprobic type of lake . The investigations described show, however, that this is probably a lake rich in nutrients, but that there is a relatively stable biological equilibrium and that, consequently, there is no further threat of progressive eutrophism . Special hygienic parameters, contamination due to visitors and phytoplancton production will be reported in a second communication.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1975 May 1, 122(1), 31 - 3
Perinatal infection and vaginal flora; Beargie R et al.; Vaginal cultures were obtained from 1, 083 mothers on admission to the labor floor . The additional bacteriologic information gained from this survey was not sufficient to warrant continued use of the admission vaginal culture as a screening procedure.

Med J Aust, 1975 Apr 26, 1(17), 525 - 7
Prostaglandin F2alpha given by continuous transcervical extra-amniotic infusion combined with intravenous oxytocin infusion for therapeutic termination of mid-trimester pregnancies; Waldron KW et al.; Prostaglandin F2alpha administered by continuous transcervical extra-amniotic infusion, and supplemented with oxytocin, given intravenously, to induce therapeutic abortion during the second trimester in 50 cases . This method was successful in all cases and has the advantages of being technically simple and requiring only a small dose of prostaglandin . The main hazard is intrauterine infection, which can be prevented by preliminary bacteriological investigation of the cervix and appropriate prophylactic antibiotic therapy . Prostaglandins are not yet available in Australia for general medical use . Our experience with prostaglandin F2alpha administered in the manner described indicates that it has an important part to play in gynaecological therapy.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1975 Apr, 83(2), 65 - 70
Differentiation between Pseudomonas cepacia and Pseudomonas pseudomallei in clinical bacteriology; Bremmelgaard A; If only conventional laboratory tests are used, the widely occurring species Pseudomonas cepacia may, due to its variability, sometimes be difficult to differentiate from the dangerous pathogen Pseudomonas pseudomallei . In a comparative study using fresh isolates it is shown that animal inoculation seems to be a useful additional method in the differentiation . Also the determination of the ability to utilize selected carbon sources such as starch, hydroxybenzoate and uracil is helpful in reaching a correct identification.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1975 Apr, 11(3), 245 - 52
{Intravenous administration of doxycycline vibravenös in childhood--clinical and pharmacokinetic problems}; Weingartner L et al.; The paper describes special advantages of doxycycline, especially also in comparison with other tetracyclines, the possbile side-effects of the preparation, and the various ways of application-under special consideration of the pathogenetic spectrum . Pharmacokinetic examination were carried out in eight permature babies, nine new-born, eight normal babies, and in two groups of school children, comprising 7 and 8 test persons each . During these examinations, the serum levels after 1, 6, 10, and 24 hours were evaluated . The values found showed levels in the range of bacteriologic efficiency as far as premature babies and new-born - after 24 hours and with 0.6 gamma/ml - were concerned . In older babies and school children, the values had decreased, after a single application, within 24 hours to 0.2 to 0.15 gamma/ml . However, it has been possible to achieve final values of about 1.5 gamma by applying the preparation twice, i . e . 2 x 2 mg/kg body-weight, within 24 hours . The complete course of elimination of Vibravenos was determined in 8 school children by blood sample taking after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes as well as after 1, 3, 6 hours . The values found herein were calculated by means of computer analyses . Half-life of doxycyclin in infantile individuals is subject to rather strong variations . Therefore, a higher dose than usual so far is recommended, viz 6 MG/KG B.W . as initial dose and 3 mg/kg b.w . as maintenance dose.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1975 Apr, 63(4), 324 - 6
Concomitant acute lupus erythematosus and primary pneumococcal peritonitis; Shesol BF et al.; The acute surgical abdomen, a synonym for peritonitis requiring surgical intervention, can be mimicked by lupus peritonitis and, in children, by pneumococcal peritonitis . The former is best treated by systemic steroids and, the latter by penicillin; neither is well served by surgical intervention . We have reported here a young woman with the concomitant occurrence of both conditions . If peritoneal tap and immediate bacteriologic gram staining of recovered aspirate were carried out in patients with a history of acute lupus, such similar cases could be detected preoperatively . An attempt at antibiotic treatment could then be instituted as a first measure.

Surgery, 1975 Apr, 77(4), 569 - 76
Effect of three proteinaceous foreign materials on infected and subinfected wound models; Georgiade NG et al.; A model was devised to determine the effects of several foreign bodies (microcrystalline collagen hemostat (MCCH), blood clot, catgut suture) on S . aureus wound contamination and wound infection . In a subinfected wound model, MCCH, when compared with the other foreign bodies, showed an increase in the number of wounds classified as "contaminated," but 84 percent of these wounds yielded bacterial counts below the level accepted for biologically significant wound infection (10 to the 5th power bacteria per gram tissue) . The number of "infected" wounds was not significantly greater than the number found in the uninoculated control group . In the infected wound model, all groups of inoculated animals showed significant infections . The severity of the wound infection was unaffected by the presence of catgut suture, clotted blood, or MCCH . Higher levels were not seen for the MCCH animals than for the inoculated control animals . We did not see in these experimental wound studies with MCCH a significant aggravation of wound contamination or wound infection during the 48 hour period following inoculation with varying dose levels of S . aureus . Further studies would be necessary to determine the possible bacteriological response after 48 hours.

J Fam Pract, 1975 Apr, 2(2), 135 - 9
Office bacteriology in children; Menachof LW; Office bacteriological procedures can be a valuable part of a physician's diagnostic armamentarium when utilized within the framework of sound clinical judgment . This is particularily true in children, where infectious diseases represent the major portion of illness . The techniques are simple and inexpensive . The expertise necessary is rapidly and easily acquired . The results can be gratifying and serve as a stimulant for greater involvement in this technique.

Pediatrics, 1975 Apr, 55(4), 526 - 30
Hemophilus meningitis: comparison of H . influenzae and H . parainfluenzae; Bachman DS; Eleven cases of Hemophilus meningitis seen in the last year are reported . Three were H . parainfluenzae and eight were H . influenzae . The number of patients is small but probably indicates that there is little difference in the clinical or laboratory data in meningitis caused by these two organisms . The children with H . parainfluenzae tended to be less anemic and had more normal admission spinal fluid sugars and proteins, but this was probably because these patients were older and had shorter prodromes . As more cases of H . parainfluenzae meningitis are noted, it seems likely that there will not be any difference in the clinical or laboratory data . Two of the three cases of H . parainfluenzae meningitis had the complication of ataxia secondary to severe bilateral vestibular deficits . Finally, it should be noted that these two organisms will not be distinguished by routine bacteriological studies, and that differentiation must be carried out by an experimental laboratory.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1975 Apr-Jun, 24(2), 93 - 6
{Radiophotographic and simultaneous bacteriological detection in an industrial group}; Strautiu R et al.; After carrying out a complex investigation of the workers of a confections factory the authors detected 2 new cases of tuberculosis (0,5 0/00), with the aid of radiophotography and another 2 cases (3,4 per 1000 subjects examined) by bacteriological investigation of the subjects that coughed . These last 2 cases were detected between those that had a normal thoracic aspect on the radiophotographic film alone . The observation of the authors allows to conclude that a bacteriological investigation of the suspects following radiophotography is not sufficient and that this type of investigation should be extended to certain groups of the population that show broncho-pulmonary symptoms . The association of the two methods, in well-defined technical and organisational conditions will allow for a significant increase of the efficiency of systematic examinations for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Med J Aust, 1975 Mar 29, 1(13), 413 - 5
Topical use of silver sulphadiazine and chlorhexidine in the prevention of infection in thermal injuries; Clarke AM; The control of sepsis in burn wounds has long been the unrealized ideal of surgeons . This has been most nearly achieved by topical applications of silver sulphadiazine and chlorhexidine cream . An account is given of its probable mode of action and the method of application, together with an anlysis of the bacteriological results in 809 patients from December, 1969, to March, 1974.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1975 Mar 15, 166(6), 604 - 6
An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers; Campbell SG et al.; Actinobacillosis developed in a group of 52 Holstein-Friesian replacement heifers . They were confined to 4 pens in a barn . Cervical abscesses were first observed by the owner in 1 heifer a month after the heifers were fed chopped haylage that was particularly dry, tough, and stemmy . During the weeks that followed, morbidity reached 73% in heifers given the feed . Calves up to 4 months old were not given the haylage and did not develop the disease . Standard bacteriologic methods were used to identify Actinobacillus lignieresii from exudate of abscesses . A biopsy of superficial granulomatous tissue of the lips revealed fibers thought to be of plant origin . Affected cattle recovered in 3 to 6 months . The lesions of 3 cattle given sodium iodide intravenously and of 4 given streptomycin regressed sooner than those given penicillin or no treatment.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 1(3), 279 - 88
Passive transfer of immunity into leprosy patients by transfusion of lymphocytes and by transfusion of Lawrence's transfer factor; Saha K et al.; About 1,200 million viable lymphocytes from normal but lepromin- and tuberculin-positive human beings were transfused in four patients of lepromatous and one of tuberculoid leprosy three times at monthly intervals . Three patients of lepromatous leprosy suffered from erythema modosum, whereas the other two developed severe reaction whenever put on the smallest dose of dapsone . In one patient of lepromatous leprosy, minimal improvement or none was observed, whereas in the remaining three cases of lepromatous and one of tuberculoid leprosy, clinical, bacteriological, as well as histological improvement occurred . Two of the five patients started to tolerate the dapsone during the period of study . The present study indicates that immunotherapy might have a definite role in the management of the disease especially in cases with erythema nodosum . Lawrence factor, prepared from leucocytes of normal donors, was transfused three times into four lepromatous leprosy patients who were intolerant to anti-leprosy drugs . The donors were healthy but were tuberculin and lepromin (Mitsuda) positive . The clinical, histological, bacteriological (morphological index), and immunological assessments of the patients were performed before and 5 months after starting the immunotherapy . In two patients conversion of Mitsuda reaction occurred, but there was no appreciable improvement in the clinical, histologic, and bacteriologic status of these patients.

J Chir (Paris), 1975 Mar, 109(3), 293 - 306
{Physiopathological and anatomo-clinical study of peritoneal irrigation in generalized acute peritonitis}; Parneix M et al.; The objects of peritoneal wash-out and the conditions of its efficacy in acute generalised peritonitis were first defined . The authors then report the results of their physio-pathological research . The rules of intra-peritoneal wash-out then laid down . They suggest a method of wash-out perfectly adapted to the infected peritoneum . Study of the washings provides valuable information . The appearance, bacteriology and rate of wash-out, lead one to define criteria of prognosis which are useful and reliable for later treatment . These criteria may be grouped in a triad which are of value in addition to the clinical signs . The pathological consequences are then discussed . In the immediate post-operative period, there is no noxious effect on intestinal sutures, which can be attributed to the wash-out in this series of 20 cases . In the long-term, the absence of adhesions with restitutio ad integrum of the peritoneal cavity, was noted in 4 patients, and verified later by operation . The physiopathological basis and criteria of efficacy suggest that peritoneal wash-out should be used more often in modern treatment.

Comput Programs Biomed, 1975 Mar, 4(3), 144 - 57
The BACTLAB system - a data system for bacteriological routine; Bergqvist F et al.; An implemented version of a data system for routine bacteriology is described which uses punch cards to capture all administrative data and OMR (optical mark recognition) documents for the bacteriological findings: diagnosis, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, phage type etc . The output includes reports for the customers and report lists for the laboratory, as well as surveys over findings of pertinent bacteria produced twice each month . In addition bills are produced at regular intervals, both for hospitals and for private patients . All results are stored on magnetic tape in order to make later analysis possible . The system has also been adapted for use in a research project for the study of postoperative infections.

Br J Surg, 1975 Mar, 62(3), 231 - 3
Flatulent dyspepsia in patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy; Kingston RD et al.; The incidence of flatulent dyspepsia and its relationship to gallbladder function has been studied in 100 consecutive patients with gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy . Thirty-three per cent of patients suffered significant flatulent dyspepsia of whom 80 per cent were cured or improved by operation . In 15 patients gastric function was studied pre- and postoperatively and it was noted that there was no difference in gastric emptying times between patients with flatulent dyspepsia who were cured by operation and those who remained symptomatic . Bacteriological studies on gallbladder bile from 39 patients suggested that infection within the gallbladder may be a factor in the causation of flatulent dyspepsia.

Ann Thorac Surg, 1975 Mar, 19(3), 254 - 60
Transbronchial catheterization of pulmonary abscesses; Connors JP et al.; A major indication for bronchoscopy in patients with pulmonary abscess is the need to establish adequate drainage . Often, associated bronchial swelling precludes direct entry into the cavity with standard suctioning devices . Satisfactory drainage may require numerous bronchoscopic procedures, prolonging hospitalization and subjecting the patient to the complications of pyogenic pulmonary abscess . We have recently adopted the technique of passing angiography catheters through the rigid bronchoscope into the abscess cavity, thereby facilitating the bacteriological diagnosis and drainage of the cavity.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1975 Mar, 111(3), 357 - 60
Mycobacterium simiae infection in the United States . A case report and discussion of the organism; Krasnow I et al.; The clinical and bacteriologic features of a case of mycobacteriosis in which Mycobacterium simiae was thought to be the causative agent are presented . The unique features of this organism, includeing its positive niacin reaction and photochromogenicity, which may lead to confusion with other mycobacterial species, are duscussed.

Transplant Proc, 1975 Mar, 7(1), 99 - 102
Corticosteroids in clinical and experimental lung transplantation; Veith FJ et al.; Lung allograft rejection can usually be diagnosed by the appearance of infiltrates on plain chest roentgenograms when these are interpreted in the light of other clinical and bacteriologic information . Large pulsed intravenous doses of methylprednisolone were usually effective in reversing lung allograft rejection that occurred in immunosuppressed dogs . In 10 of 15 animals the presence of moderate to severe rejection and its effective reversal with treatment were documented with roentgenograms and histologic sections . This ability to reverse the manifestations of lung allograft rejection, when they occur, has helped in the management of human lung allograft recipients.

J Trop Med Hyg, 1975 Mar, 78(3), 50 - 3
A comparative evaluation of the treatment of typhoid fevers with co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol in Egypt; Hassan A et al.; Seventy-two patients with bacteriologically proven enteric fever were treated with either co-trimoxazole (41 cases) or chloramphenicol (31 cases) . C0-trimoxazole was found to be superior to chloramphenicol in relieving the toxaemia . The average number of days required for patients to become afebrile was 5-5 days in the co-trimoxazole group and 4-5 days in the chloramphenicol group . The cure rate was 97 per cent in each of the treatment groups . There occurred two relapses in the co-trimoxazole group and four relapses in the chloramphenicol group . No side effects of the co-trimoxazole were detected during the study . Co-trimoxazole can be considered as a good alternative to chloramphenicol in the treatment of the enteric fevers.

Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1975 Mar, 54(3), 198 - 201
{Tuberculosis of the middle ear and tympanoplasty (author's transl)}; Munzel M et al.; The clinical picture of tuberculous otitis media is described . Nowadays the desease usually appears as a infection of the mucous membrane . The problems concerning the diagnosis of this specific infection by histological or bacteriological methods are discussed . Special questions about the performance of a tympanoplasty in a tuberculous otitis media are considered.

Br Med J, 1975 Feb 15, 1(5954), 370 - 1
Pericarditis, pleural effusion, and pneumonitis with transient mitochondrial antibodies; Guardia J et al.; Four women with fever, arthromyalgias, pericarditis, pleural effusion, high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and lymphopenia had mitochondrial antibodies in the serum in the absence of antinuclear antibody . Their illness lasted 5-12 weeks and the antibody test results became negative on remission . Absence of specific bacteriological findings, normal antistreptolysin O titres, resistance to antibiotics, and good response to steroids suggested that these cases represented a milder and less persistent form of the syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus described by German authors.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1975 Feb 14, 100(7), 278 - 84, 296
{The role of laparoscopy in pulmonary disease (author's transl)}; Brugger E et al.; Laparoscopy demonstrated sarcoidosis in 79 of 94 proven cases . In addition, it made it possible to assess the involvement of intraabdominal organs which cannot be judged clinically or biochemically and may not be parallel to changes in the thoracic X-ray . Extensive liver sarcoidosis was revealed in 12 and required treatment independent of other organ manifestations . Miliary exudative or cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis in 15 cases revealed gross non-specific changes in one, miliary foci of the liver surface in 13 and coarse nodular infiltration in one . In each case the visual findings were confirmed histologically in the liver biopsy, in 11 before the bacteriological results were known, which retrospectively were positive in only 9 instances . Laparoscopy is, therefore, an important and relatively sparing test, also in confirmation of pulmonary disease (sarcoidosis, certain forms of tuberculosis).

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1975 Feb 1, 30(3), 95 - 9
{Bacteriuria--findings in diabetics}; Schauer VJ et al.; The frequency of bacteriuria in 2.058 unselected diabetics obtained with the help of microscopic slides was 9.67% . Here women (n=1,325) with 13.5% have an essentially higher share of constant bacteriuria (number of germs more than 10(5)/ml) than men (n=733) with 2.4% . In very old men older than 75 years a clear increase to 14.6% could be proved . A relation between duration of diabetes and frequency of bacteriuria could not be ascertained . On the other hand there existed a dependence on the form of therapy of diabetes . A constant bacteriuria was present in dietetically led diabetics at 7.3%, in those persons treated with oral antidiabetics at 10.2%, in diabetics treated with insulin at 13.8% . The slide culture is clearly superior to the hitherto still used bacteriological and biochemical methods and is recommended particularly for screening tests.

Am J Vet Res, 1975 Feb, 36(2), 217 - 21
A field trial, using killed-Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine to protect against chicken respiratory mycoplasmosis; Hayatsu E et al.; In a field trial with chickens, the efficacy of killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine against respiratory mycoplasmosis was determined . Broiler chickens were vaccinated by aerosol administration at 3, 14, and 25 days of age, and observations were made of survival rate, body weight gain ratio, macroscopic lesion grade of airsacculitis, isolation of organisms, serologic test results, histopathologic changes, and clinical signs . Inhalation of the vaccinal aerosol did not influence livability and body weight gain ratios . In the control group, M gallisepticum, M synoviae, or both, wereisolated in 6 of 10 chickens at age 84 days and in 1 of 10 chickens at age 134 days . In all of the vaccinated groups (10 broilers each), however, results of bacteriologic cultural examination during the observation period were negative . The killed M gallisepticum vaccine also suppressed increase of antibody titers in the tube agglutination and the hemagglutination-inhibition tests at different intervals . Both the histopathologic changes and the clinical signs appeared minimal in the vaccinated group.

Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, 1975 Feb, 30(2), 154 - 6
{Bacteriological studies of removable splints and dentures}; Spranger H; The risk of germ contamination through already used dental replacement cannot or only with difficulties be solved by disinfection . As to new dental replacements, which may constitute a germ vehicle between the dental laboratory and the dental office, specific consequences can be drawn . It is tried to explain where contamination may start so that such contamination can be prevented.

Appl Microbiol, 1975 Feb, 29(2), 255 - 9
Proficiency test specimens for water bacteriology; Cada RL; A procedure for the preparation and distribution of simulated water specimens for coliform density testing is described . Lyophilization of Escherichia coli in a cooked meat-glucose supporting substrate provides stable samples which may be distributed to participants in a proficiency testing program . Logarithmic conversion of the data allows statistical evaluation of the results for inter- and intralaboratory variation . Comparisons between the most probable number and membrane filter techniques indicate no significant difference in the accuracy of these techniques, although the membrane filter technique is more precise.

Aust Vet J, 1975 Feb, 51(2), 57 - 63
The serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis: an evaluation of the complement fixation, serum agglutination and rose bengal tests; Alton GG et al.; In a collaborative investigation in which 4 laboratories took part, the Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and 4 different Complement Fixation (CFT) techniques were evaluated in selected cattle for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis, by comparing the results they gave with the bacteriological examination of a selection of lymph nodes taken from the same animals at slaughter . The RBT correctly classified all but 1 of 79 culture-positive cattle, but was more often positive in culture-negative animals than the other tests . The RBT may be most useful as a screen test . 11% of the culture-positive cattle had SAT titres below 100 iu and almost 4% of them had less than 30 iu . However, the SAT was more effective in cattle vaccinated with the 45/20 vaccine . The CFT, in 1 of 4 techniques used, identified all of the culture-positive cattle at a serum dilution of 1/4 or above and was considered to be far superior to the SAT as a diagnostic test, except perhaps in cattle vaccinated with the 45/20 vaccine.

Vet Med (Praha), 1975 Feb, 20(02), 101 - 12
{Effect of fatigue in slaugher rabbits on the quality of their meat}; Gilka J; The organoleptic properties, bacteriological picture, and some chemical characteristics of meat (M longissimus dorsi) were compared in slaughter rabbits exposed to physical exertion and rabbits used for control . Some organoleptic deviations did occur, particularly in meat colour; however, they were very small, and storage with cooling treatment for five days removed them completely . In the trials the bacteriological examination gave negative results, and no distribution of germs into meat and organs was observed in the test rabbits . Chemical examination did not reveal any appreciable deterioration of the characteristics of meat in rabbits slaughtered after physical exertion . It can be derived from these findings that the meat quality of fatigued rabbits slaughtered without rest is not significantly decreased if the animals do not show signs of clinical fatigue; hence they can be slaughtered after transportation without rest.

Br J Vener Dis, 1975 Feb, 51(1), 28 - 30
Indirect fluorescence test for the detection of anti-gonoccocal antibodies; Wilkinson AE; (1) An indirect fluorescence test for the detection of anti-gonococcal antibody is described . (2) Positive results at a serum dilution of 1 in 16 or above were obtained with sera from 20 per cent . of males and 61 per cent . of females with bacteriologically proven gonorrhoea . 3-8 per cent . of presumed false positive results were given by sera from patients presumed not to have gonorrhoea . (3) In different groups of sera, tests for IgM anti-gonococcal antibody were positive in 32 per cent . of those from males but in only 43 per cent . of those from females with positive cultures.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1975 Jan, 111(1), 102 - 4
Absence of bacteremia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy; Kane RC et al.; Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 43 consecutive afebrile patients with lung cancer . Blood cultures were drawn before the procedure, immediately afterward, and 30 min later . Although bacteria were isolated from all bronchoscopic washings and the majority of translaryngeal aspirates cultured, all blood cultures were bacteriologically sterile . No fever or evidence of infection developed in any patient within 24 hours after the procedure.

Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am, 1975, 3(2), 139 - 47
{Dermatoses caused by atypical mycobacteria}; Kaminsky CA et al.; The authors discuss the main characteristics which enable a differential diagnosis to be made between the dermatoses due to atypical mycobacteria . Persistent bacteriological and epidemiologic studies are likely to result in a solution to the challenging problem presented by the conditions under consideration.

Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am, 1975, 3(1), 29 - 36
{Histoid variety of lepromatous leprosy}; Bopp C et al.; Three cases of the so-called "histoid variety" of lepromatous leprosy are reported . This variety has definite clinical features, associated with characteristic histological and bacteriological findings . Some of the features presented by our patients are similar to those described originally by Wade, especially the resistance to treatment . Considering the discrepancies existing among the authors that studied the subject, our opinion is that further studies should be done in order to elucidate the controverted points.

Acta Chir Acad Sci Hung, 1975, 16(2), 155 - 63
{Bacteriological studies in gallbladder and bile duct diseases}; Ujvary GY et al.; In 373 hospitalized patients with bacteriologically positive bile samples, the aetiology was clarified by laboratory methods in 80% of clinically verified gallbladder and biliary duct infections and in 15.5% of diseases related to the biliary duct . The relationship between anacidity and biliary duct infection and the high incidence of biliary duct infections at advanced age are pointed out . About 90% of the cultures yielded intestinal bacteria and in more than 50% of the bile samples, E . coli was present.

Poumon Coeur, 1975, 31(6), 323 - 8
{Pleural puncture needle biopsy}; Battesti JP; Two hundred and thirty patients with pleurisy had pleural biopsy done by Castelain needle . This examination was positive in 85.7% of cases in tuberculous pleurisies and in 50% of cases in neoplastic pleurisies . The yield of needle pleural biopsy is higher in these two cases than in bacteriology and pleural cytology . The low rate of incidents and accidents (5.5%) widens the scope of needle pleural biopsy in non purulent pleurisy.

Polim Med, 1975, 5(4), 339 - 47
{Study of polyolefine plastics for the manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators}; Robalewski AM et al.; The resistance of several kinds of polyethylenes and polyproylenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation was studied . Polypropylene Polypro J-600 articles were shown to be unfit for sterilization using isotope sources with low-power dosages, and the use of electron accelerator was found to enable their radiation sterilization.

Polim Med, 1975, 5(4), 329 - 38
{Resistance of polysterenes and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation}; Robalewski AM et al.; The results of the study on the resistance of certain home-made polystyrenes to sterilizing doses of accelerated electron radiation are shown . The properties of studied materials were found to undergo no changes after sterilization and one-year's storage which, in a majority of cases, qualifies them suitable for manufacture of medical and bacteriological equipment to be sterilized in electron accelerators . One of the materials under study - type KM polystyrene with increased impact resistance - was found to be relatively unstable in its commercial form before irradiation . The styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, although completely radiation resistant within the examined dosage range, requires special caution because of free actylonitrile found in extracts.

Padiatr Padol, 1975, 10(2), 176 - 83
{Epidemiologic and bronchologic aspects of chronic bronchitis in childhood (author's transl)}; Dietzsch HJ et al.; After establishing a suitable definition of chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood in the G.D.R . in 1969 corresponding epidemiologic studies carried out in school beginners and school children in Dresden revealed a prevalence rate of 1,64% to 3,06% for this disease . The analysis of bronchologic examinations of 274 children performed at the Pediatric Clinic of the Medical Academy Dresden during the last four years showed a deforming bronchitis as the most frequent finding in the bronchogram of 51% of the patients . Malformations of the tracheobronchial tree could be demonstrated in 16% of the children examined . The frequency of bronchiectases was at a very low level (9%) and showed a regression by the half as compared with former results . The results of bacteriological examinations of the bronchial secretion, quantitative analyses of the immune globulins in the serum and the bronchial secretion and the alpha-1-antitrypsin are discussed as causative factors for chronic and relapsing bronchitis in childhood . For assessing the prognosis of deforming bronchitis 220 children had a bronchologic follow-up examination in four bronchologic centers for children in the G.D.R . after a one or several years' dispensary treatment . An improvement or a normalisation of the findings could be demonstrated by means of the bronchogram in 62% of these patients, whereas a deterioration or a transition to bronchiectases was observed in only 22% of the patients.

Curr Med Res Opin, 1975, 3(2), 77 - 82
Flucloxacillin in the treatment of infectious conditions in children; Price JD et al.; A multi-centre study was carried out in 107 children with skin and soft-tissue infections (46) or upper respiratory tract infections (61) to assess the effectivness of flucloxacillin (125 mg . q.d.s . for 5 days) . Swabs were taken from the lesion sites before and after treatment for bacteriological assessment and sensitivity of the isolated organisms . The clinical success rate achieved was 93% in skin and soft-tissue infections and 94% in upper respiratory tract infections and these results correlate closely with the bacteriological findings . The main causative organism in the skin and soft-tissue infections was Staph . aureus which was resistant to benzyl penicillin and to ampicillin in all but 2 cases . All strains proved sensitive to flucloxacillin . Minimal side-effects were reported and the syrup presentation was well accepted.

Arch Dermatol Forsch, 1975, 252(1), 1 - 10
The histoid variety of lepromatous leprosy; Bopp C et al.; Three cases of the so-called "histoid variety" of lepromatous leprosy are reported . This variety has definite clinical features, associated with characteristic histological and bacteriological findings . Some of the features presented by our patients are similar to those described originally by Wade, especially the resistance to treatment . Considering the discrepancies existing among the authors which studied the subject, our opinion is that further studies should be done in order to elucidate the controversial points,

Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1975 Jan, 42(1), 35 - 43
{Needle puncture of the intervertebral disk foci in the bacteriological diagnosis of infectious spondylodiscitis . Technic and results}; Seignon B et al.; Clinical, laboratory, and radiological data do not make possible a certain diagnosis of infectious spondylitis: errors are thus possible, even frequent, and are harmful to the patient . In order to ensure a certain diagnosis and to avoid exploratory surgery as far as possible, the authors propose systematic needle puncture of the inververtebral disk--a technique that is simple and inoffensive to carry out in all disks below T4, and that, in a series of 18 cases, gave a success rate of 2 out of 3 (11 positive results) . The technique, the results and the factors essential for success are described and analysed.

J Chir (Paris), 1975 Jan, 109(1), 23 - 36
{Anatomopathological aspects and treatment of sternitis and sternochondritis after cardiac surgery}; Lemerle JP et al.; The authors report their experience of the treatment of sternitis on a surgical unit . They analyse here 23 case records out of 31 cases of sternitis treated on their unit . Out of these 23, there were 3 deaths (13 p . 100) and 16 cures (69,5 p . 100) with an average follow up of 20 months . The solutions adopted, including extremely wide exposure and, in some cases, removal of infected bone, are justified by the fact that these patients were admitted from other surgical units . The diagnosis was facilitated by the fact this unit includes a clinical bacteriology research unit . The authors make no apologies for using very classical surgical methods and attempt to demonstrate that these extreme cases require radical surgery . Their original contribution consists of the rational use of antibiotics, but the surgical solution is pre-eminent.

Scand J Gastroenterol, 1975, 10(2), 145 - 53
Mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and absorption in intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoir; Philipson B et al.; Six patients who had undergone proctocolectomy and been provided with intra-abdominal ileostomy reservoirs were studied in intervals during the 24 postoperative months . The studies included the mucosal morphology, bacteriology, and the local absorption in the reservoir . The results showed that the mucous membrane of the terminal ileal segment used for construction of the reservoir underwent morphological changes characterized by an increased cell turnover and a shortening of the villi . These changes in morphological structure took place rather promptly after construction of the reservoir . No indications for a continuously progressing process could be found . The brushborder was intact and no cellular lesions were discovered . Soon after construction the reservoir was inhabited by a microbial flora which held an intermediate position between the flora of effluent from conventional ileostomies and normal faeces . The flora remained rather stable in the reservoir . In spite of the new microbial ecology and the morphological changes, the reservoir mucous membrane did retain absorptive capacity for D-xylose and phenylalanine.

Am J Cardiol, 1975 Jan, 35(1), 72 - 9
Hemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis: review of 23 cases; Elster SK et al.; A case of bacterial endocarditis caused by Hemophilus aphrophilus is described, and 22 previously reported cases are reviewed . Eleven patients died and 12 survived; comparison of these two groups reveals that the patients who died were in the older population . The male/female ratio was 3.6:1 . The organism was difficult to identify but had a wide range of in vitro bacteriologic sensitivities . This type of endocarditis is frequently associated with emboli and congestive heart failure; each occurred in 9 of 11 fatal cases and 3 of 12 nonfatal cases . Among the nonfatal cases, two patients had both emboli and congestive heart failure, requiring aortic valve replacement despite their precarious clinical condition . Initial drug therapy before results of antibiotic sensitivity tests are known should consist of penicillin combined with streptomycin . When emboli or congestive heart failure appears in Hemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis, early surgical intervention with valve replacement is indicated.

Langenbecks Arch Chir, 1975, Suppl, 447 - 50
{Quantitative bacteriological evaluation of intraoperative peritoneal lavage in animal experiment}; Meissner F et al.; In a model experiment with albino rats the effectiveness of intraoperative peritoneal lavage has been tested by means of defined lethal staphylococus aureus infections . A positive result can only be expected, if intraperitoneal lavage is started immediately after bacterial contamination . In this can a 10% decrease in the total number of germs be expected . If the lavage is done up to 15 or 30 min after the germ application the efficiency rate declines to less than 1% . In addition bacteraemia could be proved already 15 min after germ application . These results clearly show the limits of peritoneal lavage with physiological saline.

Pol Arch Weter, 1975, 17(4), 589 - 98
{Goblet cells in spontaneous colibacteriosis in pigs}; Preibisch J et al.; This work is a part of the studies on the intestinal barrier undertaken to cast some more light on the pathogenesis of colibacteriosis in pigs . The objective of the work was to investigate the goblet cells in the intestines of pigs ill with spontaneous colibacteriosis in the form of oedema disease and gastrointestinal form . The investigations were carried out on 26 pigs segregated into 3 groups: I group -- typical oedema disease (12 pigs), II group -- colibacteriosis in the gastrointestinal form (8 pigs), III group -- healthy controls (6 pigs) . The segregation into the first two groups was based on the clinical, pathological and bacteriological criteria . In all the animals, the number of the goblet cells was counted in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon . The results, analysed statistically, showed that in spontaneous colibacteriosis (oedema disease as well as the gastrointestinal form) a slight decrease of the number of the goblet cells was observed . In oedema disease, this decrease is significant only in the epithelium of the jejunal villi and in that of the colon, in the gastrointestinal form -- in the duodenal and jejunal villi . It results from the present investigations that the goblet cells, as one of the factors of the intestinal barrier, are not liable to such changes in spontaneous colibacteriosis as to explain or cast light on the pathogenesis of this disease.

Neoplasma, 1975, 22(3), 323 - 8
Evaluation of the usefulness of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (NBT test) for detection of bacterial infection in cancer patients; Jedrezejczak WW et al.; False positivity of the NBT test in neoplastic diseases described by some authose may be a limitation in the use of the test for infection screening in cancer patients . For explaining this problem studies were performed in a group of 30 patients with various untreated malignancies without infection and in 20 of these with bacteriologically confirmed infections . The obtained results were compared with those in groups of normal persons without and with infection . Slightly modified Park method for spontaneous and stimulated NBT test was used . No significant differences between patients of both groups without infection were found . The increase in positivity of the test in presence of infection was lower in cancer patients than in normal subjects, however, it was non-significant . We did not observe any false-positive results in our patients, though one case of false negativity in myeloma is described separately . It is concluded that neoplastic disease does not cause, as such positivity of the NBT test . Because of similar response of NBT test to presence of infection, the NBT test is recognized as very useful for infection screening in cancer patients similarly as in normal persons.

Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser, 1975, 11(1), 431 - 5
Use of transfer factor in patients with depressed cellular immunity and chronic infection; Rocklin RE; Two patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and a defect in cellular immunity received a single injection of dialysable transfer factor from Candida-positive donors in an effort to reconstitute immunologic function . The transfer of cellular hypersensitivity was successful in one of the two patients and was monitored by skin tests and MIF production; however, the effect was temporary and did not change the clinical course of the patient's infection . The other patient did not respond eitherimmunologically or clinically to transfer factor at this time, although she did respond subsequently to repeated doses of transfer factor and amphotericin B therapy (Pabst and Swanson: Brit . med . J . 2:442, 1972) . In another instance transfer factor from tuberculin-positive donors was used successfully to eradicate an infection in a patient with progressive primary tuberculosis and an acquired defect in cellular immunity . The patient had not responded clinically or bacteriologically after 7 1/2 months of antituberculous therapy, although the organism was shown to be sensitive in vitro to the drugs she was receiving . She received 6 doses of dialysable transfer factor over a 3-month period and during this time she responded clinically, bacteriologically and roentgenographically.

Klin Padiatr, 1975 Jan, 187(1), 37 - 44
{Problems of disinfection of breathing apparatus (author's transl)}; Lang VO et al.; Report on the problems of disinfection of breathing apparatus . As a new means of avoiding bacterial contamination of the humidified and warmed inhaled gas mixture for 48 hours Rivanol in solution 1:1000-1:5000 is recommended as humidifier . For this, however, only those breathing systems are suited which work on the evaporation principle, not on atomizers or spraying . The good bacteriologic results are explained by the certain inhibition of bacteria by Rivanol in the humidifying fluid . It is understood that--in addition--there must be regular (every 24 hours) disinfection of tubes and the valves which ought to be as simple as possible . As humidifying fluid only sterile water, possibly fresh tap water, are recommended.

Nephron, 1975, 15(2), 87 - 97
The bacteriological quality of hemodialysis solution as related to several environmental factors; Lauer J et al.; The bacterial concentrations of the municipal water increased by more than 39-fold when subjected to reverse osmosis; then decreased by greater than 200-fold within the reservoir and water supply system of the hemodialysis center . The bacterial concentrations of dialysate solutions in contact with proportioning single-pass artificial kidney machines were as low or lower than the water from the hemodialysis center system (less than 10 CFU/100 ml.) . The complete opposite was observed in the recirculating single-pass artificial kidney machines where bacterial concentrations in the dialysate solution reached levels greater than 1.0 X 10(6) CFU/100 ml.

Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, 1975 Jan, 68(1), 11 - 7
{Biopsy of the pericardium . Diagnostic value in subacute and chronic pericarditis, apropos of 70 cases}; Loire R et al.; The aetiology of pericarditis is often difficult to assess . To try to clear up this problem, a pericardial biopsy through a left lateral thoracotomy was performed in 70 cases in which the cause could not be established by the usual means (including pericardial paracenthesis in 32 cases) . They included either subacute pericarditis, dry or with effusion (biopsy being undertaken as an average 45 days after the clinical onset), or chronic pericarditis with effusion . Tuberculosis was thus demonstrated in 14 cases (8 of which were aged more than 60 years), inaugural pericardial tumours in 8 and suppuration in 3 cases . Microscopical examination gave support to pathogenic hypotheses concerning cholesterol pericarditis (5 cases) and multi-recurrent pericartitides (6 cases) . By elimination with a high probability) of tuberculosis and tumours, it demonstrated definitely the diagnosis of post-radiotherapy pericarditis with effusion (4 cases) pericarditis with normal serous membrane (4 cases) and "idiopathic" forms (23 cases of common sclerogenous subacute inflammation) . The inocuity of this method, its more accurate results than those obtained by cytological and bacteriological examination of the pericardial fluid obtained by paracenthesis, should induce to consider this procedure more often in the cases of pericarditis when the aetiology remains doubtful; not to mention the benefit derived from surgical drainage which results in a quicker and more complete cure than repeated paracentheses of chronic and subacute pericardial effusions.

Health Lab Sci, 1975 Jan, 12(1), 12 - 5
Simulated proficiency test specimens in enteric bacteriology; Cada RL; A procedure for proficiency test sample preparation in enteric bacteriology is described and evaluated . Research indicates that a mixture of cooked meat and glucose provides an appropriate supporting substrate for simulation of clinical specimens . Mixed cultures of enteric bacteria were added to the substrate, the mixture lyophilized, and distributed to participating laboratories for testing . This procedure permits an assessment of the isolation capabilities of laboratory media, as well as identification skills.

Ann Sclavo, 1975 Jan-Feb, 17(1), 84 - 101
{Epidemiological and bacteriological study on the outbreak of gastroenteritis due to Escherichia coli 0111:B4 which occured in hospital environment}; Braga A et al.; The Authors report the results of the bacteriological researches carried out during an outbreak of gastroenteritis from E . coli O111:B4 having concerned, in 6 months, 40 infants of the pediatric ward at Legnano's Hospital . The researches clearly demonstrate the need for a strict control, particularly in the pediatric and neonatal wards, so as to make possible a swift identification of the gastroenteric syndromes due to E . coli strains which cause enteritis . The gravity of the symptomatology, the likelihood of the infections's spreading within the hospital and the considerable resistance to antibiotics of the strains in question are all factors which make this type of infection one particularly to be feared in hospitals.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1975, 15(5), 307 - 13
Effect of mineral acids on iron bacteria; Barbic FF et al.; The oxidative ability of Thiobacillus ferroxidans in the presence of different concentrations of H2SO4, HC1, HNO3, and their mixtures was investigated . Bacteriological oxidation of FeSO4 is expressed as a function of time and acid concentration . For each acid and for their mixtures lethal concentrations for T . ferroxidans were found experimentally . On the basis of the lethal concentration for each acid separately the lethal concentrations of their mixtures were computed and it was found that they are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser, 1975, 11(1), 391 - 6
The use of stem-cell grafts in combined immune deficiencies; Dicke KA et al.; In 10 cases of CID, acute GVH reaction could be avoided by the use of small numbers of purified stem-cell concentrates . In 3 cases treated with stem cells from nonidentical donors, moderate delayed GVH reaction occurred . Death occurred from complicating infections . Bacteriologic decontamination is recommended as an additional precaution for future cases . This recommendation is supported by findings in germfree, as well as in specifically decontaminated, mice grafted with allogeneic marrow following x-irradiation in which mortality does not occur even after conventionalization after a limited period.

Padiatr Padol, 1975, 10(3), 276 - 81
{On a case of purulent pericarditis in a young child caused by mycobacterium rhodochrous.}; Handrick W et al.; M . rhodochrous was cultivated from the blood of a 2 1/2 year-old child with purulent pericarditis and is regarded as the causative agent . The process was successfully treated by chemotherapy and surgical measures . The problems of bacteriological diagnostics are discussed in detail with particular reference to the taxonomical differentiation of these agents and the treatment of their infections.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1975 Jan-Mar, 24(1), 19 - 22
{Pneumological consultation practice in an anti-tuberculosis dispensary}; Teodoru R et al.; The authors present six years experience in connection with the diagnosis and the medical assistance of non-tuberculous broncho-pneumopathies in an anti-tuberculous dispensary . The data presented include 3600 cases with various diseases of which acute pneumopathies represent 11%, chronic bronchitis 14%, and broncho-pulmonary suppurations 9% . It is estimated that such an office of pneumological consultations within an anti-tuberculous dispensary is efficient and can, in the majority of the cases, make a correct diagnosis and provide corresponding dispensarization . This is conditioned by the existence of a nucleus for radiological, bacteriological and functional investigation.

Clin Orthop, 1975, (107), 11 - 24
Synovial fluid analysis; Yehia SR et al.; Synovial fluid analysis plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of various forms of arthritis . The results of macroscopic, biochemical, bacteriological, and microscopic techniques of evaluating synovial fluid must be correlated to establish the diagnosis of each of the various forms of arthritis . The principle of polarized microscopy as applied to the differential diagnosis of crystalline arthritis is currently of special interest.

Indian J Med Res, 1974 Nov, 62(11), 1782 - 6
Compatibility of oral contraceptive with anti-tubercular chemotherapy in female pulmonary tuberculosis patients; Mehrotra ML et al.; PIP: The compatibility of oral contraceptives with antitubercular chemotherapy and the effect of the contraceptives on regression of the tubercular lesions were studied in 100 16-40 year old female patients with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis . Each patient was living with her husband and had 1 or more living children . Antitubercular treatment was given similarly to all . Half of the patients were also given Ovulen therapy . Of the 100 who started, 41 of those using Ovulen and 42 of the others completed the investigation . A patient in each group died of tuberculosis during the study . The overall antitubercular efficacy was similar in the 2 groups at the end of 1 year . Side effects from the oral contraceptive were minimal and caused no withdrawals . Menstrual abnormalities were improved in those taking the Ovulen . Weight gain was about twice as much and hemoglobin increased 3 times as much in the oral contraceptive users . A pregnancy occurred in the group taking the contraceptive; there were 4 pregnancies in the other group . Some early increases in blood pressures were found in the contraceptive users . It is concluded that oral contraceptives in female tuberculosis patients are compatible with antituberculosis drugs . Also, overall progress was improved by the therapy and a greater sense of well-being expressed .

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1974 Jul, 34(7), 525 - 39
{Clinical experiences with the copper-T-intrauterine device (author's transl)}; Zielske F et al.; PIP: In cooperation with the Population Council, New York, 463 women had a copper-T intrauterine device inserted between August 1970 and March 1973 . Maximum period of use was 32 months, but IUDs were normally replaced after 2 years of use . Results were calculated using the Life Table Method, comparing the whole collective with nulliparae, miltiparae, women with regular or irregular menstrual cycles, and single or married women . The pregnancy rate in all women was 2.5/100 women/17 months (Pearl Index 1.6), or .9/100 women/12 months . 6 women became pregnant with the IUD in place; of these, 4 had therapeutic abortions because of the presence of the IUD, 1 had a normal pregnancy and gave birth to a healthy baby, and 1 was lost to follwo-up . Expulsion rate was 4.2/100 women/17 months, and the removal rate for all reasons (bleeding, pain, inflammation, childbearing, personal reasons) was .4/100 women/17 months . 60% of patients continued with this method after 1 year . Frequency of spotting, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual cycle changes are evaluated, and results of bacteriological, cytological, and histological studies are reported .

Trop Doct, 1973 Jul, 3(3), 123 - 7
Epidemiological aspects of acute pelvic inflammatory disease in Uganda; Grech ES et al.; PIP: The frequency of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a major gynecological problem in Uganda, has been largely attributed to the prevalence of gonorrheal infection, although other etiological factors must be considered . This paper analyzes some of the epidemiological aspects of the disease, using data from a prospective and comprehensive study of a series of 86 patients with acute PID admitted to the gynecological ward at Mulago in a 3-month period . A matched control of 100 patients admitted for conditions other than pelvic infection was used for comparison . 59% of the patients were between 20 and 29 years old (Table 1) and 74% were married (only 23 of these did not share their husbands with other wives or concubines) (Table 2) . There was a high rate of sterility among the patients, averaging 25.6%, compared to 15% in the control group . Ther was an average of 2.89 pregnancies per parous patient, compared to 3.76 in the control group . Rate of pregnancy wastage was 28.6%, 50% of which were due to abortions . Table 4 shows that sexual activity starts at an early age (14 or earlier) among the local population . Most of the subjects belonged to lower socioeconomic class . Gonococal infection, the commonest etiological factor, was confirmed by bacteriological examination in 33 patients (38.3%) . The incidence of PID in developing countries can be reduced through preventive measures and better midwifery services . Health education on venereal diseases, sex and family life should be aimed at a younger age . Expansion of maternity services in the rural areas should also help reduce the incidence .

Obstet Gynecol, 1973 Mar, 41(3), 397 - 403
Puerperal tubal ligation morbidity, histology and bacteriology; Laros RK Jr et al.; PIP: To assess the relationship of morbidity to the time interval between delivery and puerperal tubal ligation, 76 women were studied after receiving a tubal ligation . The women were divided into 4 subgroups relating to the time interval of the tubal ligation after delivery from 12-108 hours . Morbidity was defined as (1) puerperal morbidity: a temperature of 100.4 degrees F which occurs on any 2 of the first 10 post-partum days, and (2) other morbidity: a temperature of greater than 100 degrees F on any 1 of the first 10 post-partum days . Endometrial and tubal specimens were taken and tested for the presence of bacteria . In addition, tubal specimens were tested for salpingitis, edema, and perivascular infiltrate . There was no correlation between the time interval and post-operative morbidity . Positive endometrial cultures were found in 39.5% of the patients involved, and positive tubal cultures in 28.9%, which showed no correlation with time delay . There was significantly less histologic salpingitis in cases done within 36 hours after delivery . There was a correlation between salpingitis and positive tubal cultures . Post-operative morbidity did not correlate with either abnormal tubal histology or positive tubal cultures .

Lancet, 1971 Dec 11, 2(7737), 1276 - 8
Disinfection of the umbilicus for abdominal surgery; Sellers J et al.; Bacteriological investigation of the adult umbilicus showed that it is much more profusely colonised by bacteria than the rest of the abdominal skin . Routine preoperative treatment with alcoholic chlorhexidine solution did not disinfect the umbilicus satisfactorily . Better results were achieved by disinfection with povidone iodine followed by alcoholic chlorhexidine.

Isr J Med Sci, 1971 Feb, 7(2), 280 - 7
The pattern of female genital tuberculosis in Ibadan; Ojo OA et al.; PIP: 82 cases of female genital tuberculosis encountered over the 1957-1968 period in the University College Hospital of Ibadan, Nigeria were examined . There were 11,896 gynecological admissions over this time period . 18 of the 82 patients gave a previous history of tuberculosis . The most common presenting symptom was infertility, followed closely by amenorrhea . Histological findings was the primary basis of the diagnosis of genital tuberculosis . Bacteriological confirmation was obtained in only 13% of the patients . The incidence of tuberculosis of the cervix (20.8%) and vagina (5%) was much higher than has been reported in other published series . All patients, except defaulters and those referred to their own physicians, were treated with 3 standard antituberculous drugs (streptomycin, paraaminosalicylic acid and isoniazid) . Response to therapy was variable . Of the 71 patients treated, 46 had negative endometrial biopsies after periods of treatment varying from 3-24 months . Although endometrial biopsy revealed no evidence of tuberculosis in these patients, only very few of those presenting with amenorrhea had a return of their menses . There was not a single case of intrauterine pregnancy . 1 patient was admitted with ruptured tubal pregnancy after she had received chemotherapy for 12 months .

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1970 Nov 15, 108(6), 989 - 90
Lochia and menstrual patterns in women with postpartum IUCD insertions; Hingorani V et al.; PIP: 185 postpartum women were inserted with 30-mm Lippes loops on the third or fourth postpartum day to determine the effects of lochia and menstrual patterns . 100 postpartum without IUDs were used as a control group . Hemoglobin and bacteriological studies were done periodically in both groups and amount of lochial discharge and menstrual patterns were recorded . The period of lochia averaged 31.2 days in the study group and 23.3 days in the control group . The amount of lochia was excessive in 40% of the study group as compared with 11% of the controls, and menorrhagia was more often seen in the study group (20% and 7%, respectively) . No difference in hemoglobin levels or bacterial count was noted .

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1968 Aug 1, 101(7), 979 - 90
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in an indigent population . An estimate of its incidence and relationship to methods of contraception; Wright NH; PIP: This study of a largely indigent, 90% negro population was made at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, in 1965 . 902 first episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were diagnosed clinically . 478 were termed definite and 424 possible . All calculations were based on the definite cases . The attack rate was 9.6 cases per 1000 woman-years, age 15-44, in the base population of 50,000 . Highest rates were in the 20-24 age group with a rapid decline to age 30 . The proportion of never-married women decreased with age . Of the 478 definite cases 148 (31%) occurred within one year of a pregnancy termination . 108 of these returned for family planning and 90-95% accepted a birth control method . Those choosing IUD had a 5 times greater risk than others of developing PID in the first postpartum year . Most of these cases were mild and treated with the IUD in place . Although gonococcal etiology has been reported elsewhere as the most frequent cause, bacteriological studies are not recorded .

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1966 Sep 1, 96(1), 119 - 26
The intrauterine device: a bacteriologic study of the endometrial cavity; Mishell DR Jr et al.; PIP: Bacterial and histologic studies were performed on endometrium obtained by 2 methods in 2 different groups of patients wearing the IUD . The first group consisted of 75 patients schedules to have elective vaginal hysterectomies in association with culporrhaphy for symptomatic uterine and vaginal relaxation . The second group was made up of 253 patients who elected to use the IUD as a contraceptive . Cultures were obtained transfundally after hysterectomy in the first group and transcervically in the second . The incidence of sterile endometrial cultures was significantly greater when the transfundal method was employed . Using this method of obtaining cultures, it was found that positive endometrial cultures were obtained from all uteri in which the IUD had been inserted within the previous 24-hour period . The incidence of positive endometrial cultures rapidly diminished at the time after insertion increased, so that after 1 month had elapsed since insertion of the IUD, all the endometrial cavities examined were sterile . The results of the study confirm the statements of others that the occurrence of clinical infection of the upper genital tract in patients having the IUD with nylon threads protruding into the vagina is usually due to an unrelated cause such as coital infection . Even when the threads passes through contaminated endocervical mucus, sterile cultures were obtained from the portion of the threads within the endometrial cavity as well as from the loop itself . author's modified

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