Microbial

Eur J Biochem, 1977 Oct 17, 80(1), 143 - 51
The regulation of glutamate metabolism in Candida utilis . Evidence for two interconvertible forms of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase; Hemmings BA et al.; An earlier observation from this laboratory (J . Gen . Microbiol . 64, 423--427) that NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity is modulated by rapid inactivation has been extended to show that this mechanism is completely reversible . Changes in properties of the enzyme accompany inactivation and two different forms active (a) and inactive (b) of the enzyme with distinctive properties have been isolated . Incubation of the inactive enzyme with magnesium in vitro produced a rapid increase of activity; this was accompanied by a change in the properties of the enzyme to those of the a form . This control mechanism of enzyme interconversion appears widespread among yeasts . Its probable role in modulating glutamate synthesis and degration is discussed.

Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Sep 3, 117(5), 461 - 76
Autopsy of an Egyptian mummy (Nakht--ROM I).
{Etiology of acute diarrheal diseases}
Ortega Verdecia BP.

The microbiologic, clinical and epidemiologic aspects of the main biologic agents producing acute diarrheic diseases are reviewed . Some considerations related to the origin of these affections are presented.

J Clin Pathol, 1977 Sep, 30(9), 788 - 99
Training of pathologists in countries belonging to the European Economic Community; Rinsler MG; The regulations and procedures for the training and assessment of pathologists engaged in morbid anatomy and histology, medical microbiology, haematology, and clinical chemistry in the countries of the European Economic Community are reviewed . Differences in the terminology used in the description of pathological disciplines are noted . Suggestions are made by which harmonisation of training, which is an EEC objective, could be achieved.

Parazitologiia, 1977 Sep-Oct, 11(5), 446 - 52
{Species composition and population dynamics of fleas on the small suslik in stable foci of plague on the Ergenin ridge}; Gerasimova NG et al.; The paper presents results of investigations of fleas from Citellus pygmaeus obtained during epizootological surveys in 1972-1974 (the Ergenin ridge, Kalmyk ASSR) . The most high number of the main species of fleas of C . pygmaeus was observed in the first year of epizootic on the background of great abundance of the host (over 30 specimens per 1 hectare) . In the following years the decrease in the number of C . pygmaeus was accompanied by the fall in the fleas number . The distribution of different species of fleas in a microbiotope is uneven in various periods . In all periods in nests fleas of N . setosa were dominant while fleas of C . tesquorum were most abundant on the host . In burrows there was noted a change of dominant species: in the period of intensive epizootic of 1972 they were Ct . pollex and C . tesquorum, in 1973 during a slump of epizootic--C . tesquorum and N . setosa and in 1974 when epizootic was not discovered at all--N . setosa.

Int Dent J, 1977 Sep, 27(3), 279 - 83
International aspects of oral microbiology; Kelstrup J; It appears that the bacteria of the mouth are remarkably similar throughout the world . There are differences, but they are mostly of a quantitative rather than a qualitative nature . Although much is yet to be learned on the regulation of the oral ecosystems, these quantitative fluctuations to a large extent seem to be induced by different dietary patterns: the food exerting a strong selective pressure on the oral microbiota.

Laryngoscope, 1977 Sep, 87(9 Pt 1), 1472 - 8
The microbiology of chronic middle ear effusions in children; Healy GB et al.; Serous otitis media is the most common cause of hearing loss in childhood . Traditionally, this entity has been felt to be a sterile process . This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of infected middle ear fluid in patients with asymptomatic middle ear effusions . The external auditory canal, nasopharynx and middle ear fluids of 57 patients undergoing myringotomy were cultured . Of 57 patients, 26 had positive cultures; 67% of patients less than 36 months of age had positive culture, with a bacterial flora closely resembling that of acute otitis media . Further investigation is required to determine the significance of such infection together with the optimum therapy for chronic effusions of the middle ear in young children.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Aug, 23(8), 988 - 93
Effect of rj1rj1 (non-nodulating) soybeans on nodulation of near isogenic Rj1Rj1 plants in nutrient culture; Eskew DL et al.; An earlier proposal (Can . J . Microbiol . 7: 851; 1961) that rj1rj1 (non-nodulating) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) excrete a substance that inhibits nodulation of Rj1 Rj1 (nodulating) plants was tested . Using near isogenic lines (isolines) of "Clark" and "Harosoy" soybeans, we consistently found nonsignificant reduction in nodule number and acetylene reduction per Rj1Rj1 plant grown in association with their rj1rj1 counterparts: these results suggest that a nodulation inhibitor is not associated with the rj1 gene . Reducing the number of plants grown in each pot produced significant (P = 0.05) reductions in nodule number per Rj1Rj1 plant, and resembled the observations of the earlier report . On this basis, we suggest that the reported inhibition of nodulation was due to a failure to detoxify or remove an inhibitor (possibly nitrate) already present in the nutrient solution . Both Clark isolines removed nitrate from their nutrient solutions at similar rates . Harosoy rj1rj1 plants removed nitrate at a significantly (P - 0.05) slower rate than Harosoy Rj1Rj1 plants, but the differences were not correlated (P = 0.05) with the small observed decreases in nodulation . These differences in nitrate uptake were highly correlated (P = 0.01) with reduced dry weight per Harosoy rj1rj1 plant.

J Dent Res, 1977 Aug, 56(8), 967 - 70
Proteolipid and bone matrix calcification in vitro; Ennever J et al.; Proteolipid was demonstrated to contain the nucleator of bone matrix calcification, in vitro . Crude phospholipid extracted from bone matrix was fractionated by gel filtration . A single, protein-containing fraction induced apatite crystallization in a metastable calcium phosphate solution . The fraction was identified as proteolipid . The result supports the validity of a microbiologic analogue for vertebrate calcification.

Pathology, 1977 Jul, 9(3), 207 - 12
Assessment of workload in the microbiology laboratory; Ackerman VP et al.; Workload measurement is necessary for laboratory management and planning . Adaptation of the College of American Pathologists' scheme to the requirements of a large clinical microbiology laboratory is described . Our method of applying basic work values is simpler and the calculation of workload is easily adapted to take account of alterations in laboratory method . The resulting system of workload measurement can be instituted without undue effort.

J Reprod Med, 1977 Jul, 19(1), 8 - 12
Unrecognized amnionitis and prematurity: a preliminary report; Bobitt JR et al.; Quantitative amniotic fluid cultures were performed on 12 patients delivered of premature infants (10-premature labor, 2-premature rupture of membranes) . Specimens from patients in premature labor were obtained at the time of amniotomy via transcervical needle aspiration or intrauterine catheter . Of the seven patients with colony counts greater than 1,000 per ml, two mothers and four neonates had clinical evidence of infection . Blood cultures from two infants and one mother and cerebrospinal fluid cultures from one newborn infant were positive for the same organism isolated from amniotic fluid . Anearobic bacteria were the predominant isolates in four specimens and included Bacteriodes species in two . In contrast, the five mothers and infants associated with counts of less than 1,000 per ml exhibited no infectious morbidity . Three had no bacterial growth from amniotic fluid, and factors commonly associated with prematurity were recognized in four . These clinical and microbiologic observations suggest that current methods of evaluating patients with premature labor and delivery are incomplete, and the role of unrecognized amnionitis should be reevaluated.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 914 - 6
{Statistical data of the blood cultures of the years 1975-1976 at the Hospital of Verona (author's transl)}; Mortani E et al.; Data are presented of the blood cultures done by the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Hospital of Verona . Of 1882 cultures, 288 (15%) were positive; the number of isolates was greater in cultures from Intensive Care and Medicine units.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 773 - 5
{The examination of cerebro-spinal fluid in the viroses of the central nervous system (author's transl)}; Bonomi U; The general outlines for the isolation of viruses from the cerebro-spinal fluid are described . It is suggested to associate to the virus cultivation of the cerebrospinal fluid even the cultivation from other pathological materials as faringeal swabs and stools and the search for antibodies in the blood serum . Researches of viruses in cerebro-spinal fluid done by the Service of Microbiology of the Hospital of Verona have given in 55 cases examined during the year 1976 2 positive isolates; in both mumps virus has been isolated.

Cancer Treat Rep, 1977 Jul, 61(4), 597 - 601
Microbiologic assays of cancer chemotherapeutic agents; Mehta BM et al.; Among various assay methods available for the study of drug distribution kinetics in cancer chemotherapy, a method that determines the drug in its active form is the most desirable . The microbiologic assay method, with its rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedures, fulfills such a requirement . Besides the two commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside, microbiologic assays are available for other chemotherapeutic agents, such as 6-mercaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, actinomycin D, adriamycin, and daunorubicin . Assays have been developed for citrovorum factor and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in the presence of high levels of methotrexate . With the introduction of combination chemotherapy, microbiologic assay methods using resistant mutants, sensitive to a single drug but resistant (either due to mutation or due to culture conditions) to all other drugs involved in the combination, could well be the most efficient for the study of distribution kinetics . Several such assay methods employed in our laboratory are discussed.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 610 - 21
{Quality control in microbiology (author's transl)}; Lamanna A; The microbiology quality control importance is emphasized and some particular problems that quality control presents in microbiology are also indicated . There are two types of microbiology quality control as well as for hematology and chemical chemistry: collective quality control, between more laboratories, and individual quality control, in the sphere of each laboratory . A.M.O.I . (Associazione Microbiologi Ospedalieri Italiani) and I.S.V.T . (Istituto Sieroterapico Vaccinogeno Toscano) Sclavo collaborating, have organized a collective quality control between laboratories of different hospitals during the year 1974 and 1975 . The results of this control are reported . Although preliminary, they indicate practical importance of microbiology control . During 1975, in fact, the pathogens isolated have been in high percentage than 1976 . At last, the future quality control's program aiming at methods's standardization and technical, methodical instructions is indicated.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 588 - 609
{A computerized system for clinical microbiology (author's transl)}; Schito GC; A system of microbiology reporting by computer which is simple to operate and provides accurate, rapid reporting of laboratory results with provisions for permanent data storage, retrieval and other programs, is described . The system provides on efficient and reliable day-to-day service and readily accessible data for retrospective research . A brief note on the computer element of the system is also given.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 579 - 87
{Requisition, reply forms and data recording (author's transl)}; Fiorucci GC et al.; A system for the automatic handling of laboratory data is described with particular reference to the microbiology module . The system is based on "real time" operation which permits acquisition of data as soon as they are generated; computation as soon as the necessary elements became available, production and storage of results as soon as computed.

Stomatol DDR, 1977 Jul, 27(7), 421 - 4
{Comparative studies on the bacteriostatic effect of "Grisaldon" and "Cholinesalicylate gel"}; Frohlich M et al.; The authors present a choline salicylate gel at present on trial and compare it, by means of microbiologic studies, with Grisaldon as to composition, consistency and bacteriostatic properties . Choline salicylate showed a good bacteriostatic effect . As to Grisaldon, the conditions are considerably less favorable due to the poor solubility of acetylsalicylic acid.

J Bacteriol, 1977 Jul, 131(1), 201 - 7
Chemotaxis toward amino acids by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus; LaMarre AG et al.; Chemotaxis toward amino acids by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorous strain UKi2 was studied by the capillary technique of Adler (J . Gen . Microbiol . 74:77-91, 1973) . Chemotaxis was shown to be optimal when the capillaries were incubated at between 15 and 40 degrees C for 30 min; the optimal pH was between 7.0 and 8.2 . The chemotactic response was proportional to the density of the suspension of bdellovibrios up to a density of 10(8) cells/ml . B . bacteriovorus was attracted to L-asparagine, L-cysteine, L-glutamine, glycine, L-histidine, L-lysine, and L-threonine . The possible roles of chemotaxis in the life of B . bacteriovorus are discussed.

Am J Med Technol, 1977 May, 43(5), 411 - 6
A comparative study of CLEP scores between MT and MLT students; Johnston V et al.; CLEP subject examinations for the areas of clinical chemistry, microbiology, hematology and immunohematology were administered to medical technology (MT) and medical laboratory technician (MLT) students . Test scores were analyzed and showed that MT students scored from 25% to 48% higher than MLT students . Mean percentile ranks were compared with college courses completed; these indicated that additional upper division academic courses raised the mean percentile rank . Results indicate that the Microbiology Category Examination evaluates general microbiology rather than clinical microbiology . Data in this study support the use of the CLEP examinations to measure cognitive knowledge of MLTs for upward mobility, thereby eliminating duplication of course content.

J Gerontol, 1977 May, 32(3), 258 - 78
Pathological changes during aging in barrier-reared Fischer 344 male rats; Coleman GL et al.; Pathology, microbiology, and selected serum chemistries were evaluated in 144 male Fischer rats from 4 to 33 mo of age . The rats were reared and maintained under barrier conditions, which successfully excluded the introduction of major infectious disease agents throughout the entire study, including Mycoplasma pulmonis . A wide variety of pathology was found and tabulated, and many lesions were found to increase in severity and incidence with age . There was a high correlation of renal disease severity with increasing age, while alpha-1 globulin and cholesterol increased.

Can J Microbiol, 1977 Apr, 23(4), 426 - 33
Response of soil microbiota to selected herbicide treatments; Roslycky EB; Recommended concentrations of paraquat alone and its combination with each of linuron, diuron, atrazine, simazine, and simazine plus diuron exerted little effect on total populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in Fox sandy loam under laboratory and simulated field conditions in 66 and 77 days, respectively . Respiration of the total microbiota in soil suspension was afeected by the combinations as well as individual herbicides in various concentrations . Yet, the inhibition of the O2 uptake by any of these herbicides, including some extreme concentrations, was not permanent, indicating adaptation, or suppression of specific organisms . Only linuron in concentrations up to 20 microng/ml stimulated respiration of the soil.

Am J Med, 1977 Apr, 62(4), 581 - 7
Pulmonary infiltrates and fever in patients with hematologic malignancy: assessment of transbronchial biopsy; Pennington JE et al.; Pulmonary infiltrates associated with fever are frequently encountered in patients with acute leukemia or lymphoma; In this prospective series, we analyze 47 such episodes in 43 patients . Overall mortality was 45 per cent in patients with infiltrates and somewhat higher when they also had neutropenia (55 per cent) or acute leukemia (67 per cent) . Pulmonary infiltrates could be categorized into three roentgenographic patterns: local consolidation (55 per cent); cavitary disease (13 per cent) and diffuse interstitial disease (32 percent) . The exact etiology of the infiltrates could not be predicted by roentgenographic study . Microbiologic or histopathologic diagnosis was established during life in 57 per cent of the patients, with infection most commonly encountered . Twenty-one patients underwent lung biopsy procedures . Biopsy specimens were frequently diagnostic (n = 17) and often dictated therapeutic changes (n = 12) . Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope was utilized in 14 patients during the latter part of this study; diagnoses were obtained in nine patients . Morbidity was minimal with this procedure, and the need for thoracotomy was diminished when it was available.

Biomedicine, 1977 Apr, 26(2), 86 - 97
Human cytomegalovirus: a review of developments between 1970 and 1976 . Part II . Experimental developments; Michelson-Fiske S; Over the last 6 years, our knowledge of the basic characteristics of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been greatly enhanced, especially as concerns the microbiology of this virus . DNA relatedness studies show that there is 80% homology between different strains, regardless of their origin . Studies on the relationships between HCMV and host-cell metabolism reveal that it induces both a virus specific and a cellular DNA polymerase, stimulates ribosomal RNA, induces early protein synthesis and results in the liberation of "intrinsic" interferon . The sequence of appearance of virus-specific antigens, as well as the presence of virus-induced IgG-Fc receptors has been described . New morphological aspects of the virus itself, as well as of the lesions which it provokes, have been observed . Last, but perhaps most important, evidence is accumulating in favor of the oncogenic potential of this virus . These basic aspects of HCMV are presented and discussed herein, along with the effects of various drugs and supra-optimal temperature on the virus and the possibility of preparing a vaccine against it.

Cancer, 1977 Apr, 39(4), 1430 - 4
Bleomycin serum pharmacokinetics as determined by a radioimmunoassay and a microbiologic assay in a patient with compromised renal function; Crooke ST et al.; Serum and plasma bleomycin concentrations were determined in a patient with renal dysfunction at two creatinine clearances . The results obtained with a new radioimmunoassay and the microbiologic assay were compared . It was shown: 1) that the clearance of bleomycin from the blood is markedly retarded in severe renal dysfunction, 2) that clearance of bleomycin varies with creatinine clearance, 3) that bleomycin is probably not dialyzable, 4) that determinations on serum and plasma were equivalent, and 5) that the radioimmunoassay and microbiologic assays gave equivalent results (P less than 0.001).

Cancer, 1977 Mar, 39(3), 1345 - 9
Fever, neutropenia and malignancy: a clinical syndrome in evolution; Pennington JE; During a 12-month period, 43 consecutive episodes of new fever in neutropenic cancer patients were evaluated . A two-drug combination of cephalothin, gentamicin or carbenicillin was used empirically for each episode . Overall mortality for this series was 28% . Microbiologic documentation of infection occurred in only nine of 43 episodes but a probable site of infection was observed in 14 others . The lungs were the most common site of infection and pneumonia was associated with a 100% fatal outcome . Despite the large number of febrile episodes with no infectious isolates, response to empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics was common (n = 23) and was associated with 4% mortality compared to 55% mortality in episodes with no response . Superinfection occurred only in patients treated with antibiotics longer than 7 days (4 of 30) . Bone marrow recovery was associated with lower mortality but was not essential for survival . The routine use of empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics for all unexplained febrile episodes in neutropenic cancer patients has led to an increased frequency of culture-negative episodes . Care must be taken to avoid over-use of these empiric drugs.

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1977 Mar-Apr, 52(2), 171 - 80
{Tissular alterations and defence reactions in cymothoids parasited teleosteans (Crustacea - Isopoda - blood sucking) (author's transl)}; Romestand B et al.; Some tissual alterations of the parasitic microbiotope are shown in fishes harbouring Cymothoidae (blood-sucking Isopods) . These alterations consist mainly in a hypertrophied epidermis and a deeply disturbed conjunctive tissue; moreover, it can be observed an important production of mucus on the tegument surface and a rush of blood cells (lymphocytes, eosenophilic granulated cells) and of cells of histiocytary origin (giant multinucleated cells).

Invest Urol, 1977 Mar, 14(5), 361 - 5
Effects of crush and devascularizing injuries to the proximal ureter . An experimental study; Brodsky SL et al.; Crush and devascularizing injuries were performed on proximal canine ureters . The pathogenesis of the reaction to these injuries was evaluated by using microbiologic, physiologic, radiologic, biophysical, histologic, and anatomic techniques . The results indicated that within 12 weeks after crush injuries lasting up to 60 min, renal function fully returned and radiologic demonstration of the crush area resolved, even through other radiologic and pathologic changes persisted in hte crushed ureters . The pathophsiologic results of devascularizing injuries that did not resolve spontaneously tended to progress more rapidly and case more serious renal impairment than any of the crush injuries . Devascularizing injuries that resolved tended to be benign in their effect.

Arch Dermatol, 1977 Mar, 113(3), 297 - 301
Shortage of full-time faculty in dermatology; Wheeler CE Jr et al.; A persistent shortage of full-time faculty exists in dermatology . Despite the addition of 124 new full-time faculty since 1971 through 1972, 136 training programs in 1974 through 1975 were actively seeking 88 new full-time faculty and believed they needed 243 . With a net gain of 30 new faculty a year, it will take 2.93 years to add 88 new faculty that are being actively sought and 5.16 years to add 155 more that are urgently needed . During this eight years, demand for new faculty will increase, so that figures of need may remain essentially unchanged in 1982 through 1983 and between 1971 through 1972 and 1974 through 1975 . Expertise that was most needed was in immunology, electron microscopy, histopathology, microbiology, and biochemistry; many accept faculty in any area or with no special training . Measures should be taken to attract and retain more dermatologists in full-time academic positions.

Am J Med, 1977 Mar, 62(3), 409 - 12
Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection; Arroyo JC et al.; Disseminated Nocardia caviae infection occurs only rarely . To date, two cases have been recorded in the literature . We describe a third case of systemic N . caviae infection in a compromised host and compare it with the first two cases . Postmortem, microbiologic and antibiotic sensitivity data are included.

Invest Urol, 1977 Mar, 14(5), 366 - 8
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors and chemically induced bladder tumors in mice; Lamm DL et al.; Recent immunologic and microbiologic evidence suggests that urothelial tumors may be caused by "C" type oncogenic viruses . Such viruses may exert their oncogenic potential in responce to stimulation by known chemical carcinogens . By means of a unique enzyme, reverse transcriptase, these viruses are able to incorporate genetic information into that of the host, and can thereby be transmitted vertically from generation to generation . An evaluation of the specific antiviral agents dimethylbenzyldemethl-rifampicin and streptovaricin-comples, which inhibit the enzyme reverse transcriptase, revealed no depay in the induction of bladder tumors by the chemical carcinogen, 2-formylamino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl) thiazole (FANFT) in C3H mice . This observation suggests that the reproduction and release of virus may not be essential in the malignant transformation of bladder epithelial cells, but does not preclude the possiblity that inherited viral genetic information may be involved in the oncogenesis of bladder tumors.

Biochem J, 1977 Feb 1, 161(2), 419 - 24
The isolation of minimally degraded hyaluronate from rat skin; Mathieson JM et al.; Hyaluronate was isolated quantitatively from fresh rat skin by homogenization in an Edebo {J . Biochem . Microbiol . Technol . Eng . 2, (1960) 453-479} press, extraction with buffered saline, selective elution from DEAE-cellulose, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 . Traces of a protein contaminant remained.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Feb, 33(2), 406 - 26
In situ morphology of the gut microbiota of wood-eating termites {Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki}; Breznak JA et al.; Light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the in situ morphology of the gut microbiota of Reticulitermes flavipes and Caoptotermes formosanus . Laboratory-maintained termites were used and, for R . flavipes, specimens were also prepared immediately after collection from a natural infestation . The latter endeavor enabled a study of different castes and developmental stages of R . flavipes and revealed differences in the microbiota of field versus laboratory specimens . The termite paunch microbiota consisted of an abundance of morphologically diverse bacteria and protozoa . Thirteen bacterial morphotypes in the paunch were described in detail: seven were observed only in R . flavipes, three were observed only in C . formosanus, and three were common to both termite species . The paunch epithelium was densely colonized by bacteria, many of which possessed holdfast elements that secured them tightly to this tissue and to other bacterial cells . Besides bacteria, the protozoan Pyrsonympha vertens adhered to the paunch epithelium of R . flavipes by means of an attachment organelle . Cuplike indentations were present on the paunch epithelial surface and were sites of bacterial aggregation . Ultrastructural features of cups suggested their involvement in ion absorption . In addition to the paunch, the midgut was also colonized by bacteria that were situated between epithelial microvilli . Results suggest that bacteria are an integral part of the gut ecosystem.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1977 Feb, 67(2), 149 - 58
Economic impact of a computer-based centralized organization in a clinical laboratory; Nussbaum B et al.; The Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, has explored various management of organizational approaches over the past seven years . The Centralized Processing Area supported by a computerized information system has evolved from these efforts . Despite a decrease in U.W . hospital usage since 1968-69, laboratory volume has steadily increased . The cost of these services is shown in relation both to three successive management systems and to the impact of inflation on laboratory costs . Chemistry and hematology costs per procedure, including administration and computer costs, are compared with microbiology cost per procedure, where the management system was not used . There is growing acceptance of the intangible benefits of computerization in the laboratory . Economic benefits are often presumed but have not been proven . Favorable economic effects of the Centralized Processing Area together with the computerized information system are demonstrated.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1977 Jan 15, 170(2), 212 - 5
Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency in foals; Perryman LE et al.; Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency was diagnosed in 5 foals, on the basis of reduced serum immunoglobulin M concentrations (more than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean) . All 5 foals had clinical signs or lesions involving the respiratory tract . Lkebsiella sp was isolated from joint fluids, bronchial lymph nodes, or tracheal washings from the 3 foals in which such samples were available for microbiologic evaluation.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1977, 163(1), 31 - 4
{Inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin in seeds of the broad bean (Vicia faba) (author's transl)}; Ortanderl H et al.; Several inhibitors for trypsin and chymotrypsin were detected in seeds of Vicia faba by isoelectric focussing . Their isoelectric points are at pH 8.5 (main peak with shoulder), at pH 9.1 (minor peak with shoulder) and in the range of pH 9.1-6.4 (several minor peaks with significant lower activities) . From the mixture of inhibitors obtained by affinity chromatography on carrier bound trypsin, three inhibitors were isolated by preparative electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel . On electrophoresis these inhibitors behaved uniformly at pH 9.2 and at pH 4.0 . Their molecular weights are about 6000 daltons . The amount of basic amino acids is high, while methionine and isoleucine are absent . Beside of trypsin and chymotrypsin some serine proteinases of microbiol origin are inhibited . The thermal stability is quite high . The Vicia inhibitors therefore differ significantly from the Phaseolus inhibitors in several properties.

Arch Surg, 1977 Jan, 112(1k0), 79 - 81
Tuberculous infection in a vascular prosthesis: a case of aortic graft infection resulting from disseminated tuberculosis; Wright RA et al.; Insertion of an aortic prosthetic bypass graft in a patient with untreated disseminated tuberculosis resulted in graft infection with formation of a pseudoaneurysm . Microbiologic cultures implicated Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent, and a subsequent review of the literature indicated this report to be the first clinical demonstration of the susceptibility of vascular prosthesis to M tuberculosis infection to our knowledge.

Arkh Patol, 1977, 39(2), 3 - 10
{Methodologic basis for studying the morphology of infectious processes}; Voino-Iasenetskii MV; The present survey emphasizes the need for further study of pathological anatomy of infectious diseases . Particular attention should be given to the dynamics of development and causes of morphological alterations . Such investigations aimed at shedding a new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, should elucidate biological properties of the causative agent and special features of reactive processes occuring in the diseased organism . They must be multi-disciplinary in character and include the efforts of physicians, microbiologists and other experts . Some investigations are critically surveyed, some methodological problems are discussed.

Nurs Res, 1977 JAN-FEB, 26(1), 34 - 41
A systems approach to the development and evaluation of a minicourse for nurses; Griggs BM; An autotutorial, audiovisual minicourse was designed to: 1) inform nurses and other hospital personnel to handle effectively problems associated with contamination and decontamination of respiratory therapy equipment according to the best procedures currently availabel, 2) investigate how different instructional methods are related to student achievement, and 3) determine an effective approach for implementing this educational modality . The subjects-137 allied health students, predominantly nurses, enrolled in introductory microbiology in the Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, during the Spring Quarter 1974-were randomly placed in four treatment groups: 1-programmed instruction (PI), 2-audiovisual (AV), 3-AV-PI combined, 4-no exposure to the mini-course-control group . Achievement was measured by comparing pre- and posttest scores on a subject matter achievement test . An analysis of variance revealed that not all treatment population means were equal . Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference Test showed that all three groups exposed to one or both methods of the minicourse scored higher than the control group, with the AV-PI group scoring highest.

J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Dec, 77(3), 359 - 67
Quality control of the isolation rate of pathogens in medical microbiology laboratories; Tillett HE et al.; Two statistical analyses are suggested to compare the success rates in isolating and identifying pathogenic organisms from specimens achieved by different laboratories participating in a quality control scheme . An example is given in which the analyses are applied to 25 laboratories that received 30 simulated specimens.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1976 Dec, 66(6), 1019 - 24
Pulmonary infection with Allescheria boydii; Alture-Werber E et al.; Allescheria boydii, the most common fungus isolated from North American maduromycosis, is a well-described pathogen . Reports of its isolation from sites other than the extremities are rare . Only ten cases of pulmonary infection are recorded in the literature . Of these, two are primary infections, and eight are secondary . An eleventh case is reported . Although there are some elements in the patient's history that indicate that this infection is secondary, the authors regard the infection a primary one . A pathologic and microbiologic compendium of all 11 cases is presented.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Dec, 163(5-6), 536 - 9
Comparison of three culture media for the detection of aflatoxin forming strains of Aspergillus flavus in bread; Reiss J; The suitability of the media of Hara et al . (4) Bothast and Fennell (2) and Reiss (5) for the detection of aflatoxin forming Aspergillus flavus in bread was tested in comparison . The first two media allowed the most precise identification of this mold who was among eight common bread molds the sole producer of aflatoxins (as confirmed by thin-layer chromatography) . Because of its simple mode of preparation and handling the "Aspergillus differential medium" (ADM) of Bothast and Fennell (2) is recommended for routine screening tests in bread microbiology.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1976 Nov, 59(6), 1197 - 203
Problems of sampling and analytical methods; Horwitz W; The need for acceptable, reliable, and practical methods of analysis, chemical, physical, and biological, by the Food Standards Program of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization is leading to cooperation by those organizations with the resources and experience to supply them . Methods should be shown to be workable and practicable and then validated in a properly designed international collaborative study for the efficient utilization of the time and effort of participating organizations and laboratories . The methods to be subjected to interlaboratory collaborative study should be clearly written so that the method itself is being tested without unauthorized variations . Satisfactory reference standard materials are often an essential part of the method . Uniform, international methods which have been developed through interlaboratory collaborative studies are applicable to the areas of microbiology and toxicology, as well as chemistry.

Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1976 Sep-Oct, 12(5), 650 - 3
{Microbiologic transformation of microcrystalline cortisone acetate into prednisone}; Koshcheenko KA et al.; The process of transformation of microcystalline acetate cortisone by two mycobacteria (Mycobacterium album and Mycobacterium globiforme) has been studied . Optimal conditions for the process have been established: amount of biomass of both cultures, concentration of the initial substrate and required concentration of the surfactant--antifoamsilane . The anzymic activity of the cultures reaches maximum if the following three requirements are met: utilization of cells separated from the medium, substrate in the microcrystalline state and surfactant of the antifoamsilane type.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1976 Aug, 29(8), 829 - 32
125I-Radioimmunoassay of amikacin and comparison with a microbioassay; Stevens P et al.; A radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed using 125I-amikacin . Amikacin was iodinated by a modified BOLTON and HUNTER method . Dextran-charcoal was used to separate bound from free drug . The standard curve was linear on a logit-log plot in the range of 0.5 ng to 4 ng amikacin per tube . There was no cross-reactivity of amikacin antisera to the amino-glycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and sisomicin but a 70% cross-reaction was observed with kanamycin, the compound from which amikacin is synthetically derived . Correlation of the RIA with a microbioassay for the determination of serum amikacin levels in 18 patient samples was excellent (r = 0.94) . This new RIA technique is more sensitive, rapid, versatile, and less costly than the RIA using 3H-amikacin, and is far more sensitive and faster than microbioassay.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Aug, 134 Suppl, S200 - 5
Pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin; Federspil P et al.; The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in inner ear fluids, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and the compartments of the eye were studied and compared in guinea pigs . The concentrations of antibiotic were determined by microbiologic methods and were confirmed by the use of 14C-labeled gentamicin . Retention was clearly demonstrated in perilymph, in which the half-lives of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were 12, 11, and 10 hr, respectively . The concentrations of drug in perilymph were symmetrical and were many times higher than the concentrations of antibiotic in the brain . There was no difference between the concentration of drug in endolymph and that in perilymph . A linear relation between concentrations in the perilymph and the dosage of gentamicin was ascertained . Long-term treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetics of the three antibiotics in the inner ear . However, increased levels of drug in the inner ear in animals with uremia and in some animals with otitis media explained the increased ototoxicity that occurs in treatment of these two conditions . Suboccipital puncture and diuresis did not change the concentrations of aminoglycoside antibiotics in the inner ear . Antibiotics applied locally in the middle ear had high degrees of ototoxicity.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1976 Aug, 66(2), 401 - 6
A regional quality control program in microbiology . I . Administrative aspects; Black WA et al.; Conventional proficiency testing programs in microbiology using recognizable materials yield limited information . To assess overall laboratory competence in the handling of routine clinical material, other methods are needed . This report describes the use of "blind," simulated clinical specimens in a regional quality control program . Details of the administration, including technics, costs, logistics, and limitations, are presented.

Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Aug, 26(4), 670 - 3
Nutritional idiosyncrasies of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus); Warner RG et al.; The golden hamster has a compartmentalized stomach consisting of a forestomach and a glandular stomach . The forestomach is lined with keratinized epithelium and contains an active microbiol population capable of significant cellulolytic activity . This organ is not essential for life and is the first entrance point for swallowed feed . The hamster, while having a protein requirement like that of the rat, utilizes protein much differently . It ranks soybean meal above a fish protein concentrate and does not utilize added crystalline essential amino acids as such . Acceptance of the hamster as a nutritional surrogate of the rat seems unwarranted.

Proc R Soc Med, 1976 Aug, 69(8), 611 - 5
President's address . The etiology of multiple sclerosis; Dick G; PIP: The disease multiple sclerosis (MS) presents problems to the morbid anatomist, the histopathologist, the chemical pathologist, microbiologist, immunologist, and the clinician . The pathology is characterized by patches of demyelination scattered throughout the central nervous system which in the later stages undergo gliosis . The earliest lesions appear to be represented by the penetration of lymphocytes from the blood stream into the brain . At this time there is no diagnostic test, but the majority of patients have an increased level of IgG in the CSF and the presence of oligoclonal bands supports the diagnosis . There is nothing truly pathognomonic in the CSF findings . MS is one of the commonest causes of crippling diseases of adults and is most likely the commonest disease of the central nervous system in adults of 20-50 years . The age of onset peaks at about 30-40 years and is slightly earlier in females than in males . 10% of MS patients have another member of their family affected, but the disease is familial not hereditary . Recent surveys have shown that patients with MS have higher frequencies of some of the histocompatibility genes than have controls . The disease is more prevalent in the northern hemisphere . There is no evidence that the disease occurs in epidemics . An attempt has been made to put together the various factors which may be involved in the etiology of MS . It appears that the geographical distribution of MS is related to the consumption of animal fats which are deficient in unsaturated fatty acids . Consequently, MS is common in Western Europe and North America where the consumption of animal fat is high and uncommon in Asia, Southern Europe, Black Africa, and Japan . There also appears to be a negative correlation between the geographical distribution of MS and that of breastfeeding; areas where breastfeeding is common are also associated with a low intake of animal fats . The question that arises is whether it could be possible that breastfeeding is associated with the development of normal myelin which is not vulnerable to the initiating trauma of MS, while those fed on cow's milk have an inferior type of myelin which is susceptible to damage . This possible explanation will be tested .

Am J Clin Pathol, 1976 Jul, 66(1), 255 - 61
Results of the College of American Pathologists mycobacterial surveys, 1973; Sommers HM; Results of the College of American Pathologists Surveys showed a significant improvement of participant performances between 1972 and 1973 . Participants in the Special Mycobacterial Survey did much better in speciating mycobacteria than did those in the Comprehensive Microbiology Survey . It is likely that many of the participants in the Comprehensive Microbiology Survey were unaware of their option to select the extent to which they offer service and were evaluated.

Fortschr Med, 1976 Jun 10, 94(17), 1012 - 8
{Diagnostic strategy in diarrhea}; Classen M et al.; Planning the strategy in diagnosis of diarrhea some questions need to be answered: 1 . Do the complaints in question fulfill the defined criteria of diarrhea? 2 . Is it an acute diarrhea of infectious origin requiring fast microbiologic diagnosis? 3 . Is it a chronic diarrhea? A) Do anamnestic findings and present status induce a certain suspected diagnosis, as in hyperthyreoidism, drugs, intestinal resections? B) Is a complete stepwise diagnostic planning needed as in Crohn's disease, insufficiency of the pancreas, non tropical sprue? Diagnostic measures have to be taken into consideration according to the answers given.

J Clin Pathol, 1976 Jun, 29(6), 553 - 60
Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports . 2 . Evaluation and comparison with a manual system, and comparison of two manual systems; Goodwin CS; A manual system of microbiology reporting with a National Cash Register (NCR) form with printed names of bacteria and antiboitics required less time to compose reports than a previous manual system that involved rubber stamps and handwriting on plain report sheets . The NCR report cost 10-28 pence and, compared with a computer system, it had the advantages of simplicity and familarity, and reports were not delayed by machine breakdown, operator error, or data being incorrectly submitted . A computer reporting system for microbiology resulted in more accurate reports costing 17-97 pence each, faster and more accurate filing and recall of reports, and a greater range of analyses of reports that was valued particularly by the control-of-infection staff . Composition of computer-readable reports by technicians on Port-a-punch cards took longer than composing NCR reports . Enquiries for past results were more quickly answered from computer printouts of reports and a day book in alphabetical order.

J Infect Dis, 1976 Jun, 133(6), 642 - 7
Protein binding and concentrations of cephaloridine and cefazolin in serum and interstitial fluid of dogs; Waterman NG et al.; Percentages of free and protein-bound cefazolin and cephaloridine in serum and interstitial fluid of dogs were determined by ultrafiltration and microbiologic assay . The percentages of cephaloridine and cefazolin bound to protein in serum were 10% and 80%, respectively . In interstitial fluid accumulating within tissue-embedded polypropylene capsules, 29% of cefazolin was bound to protein, and cephaloridine was unbound . Both antibiotics rapidly penetrated the interstitial fluid and attained measurable levels 5 min after intravenous administration . Levels of total cefazolin in the interstitial fluid were generally higher than those of cephaloridine; however, concentrations of free cephaloridine in the fluid exceeded the levels of free cefazolin after the first 15 min . Binding of anitbiotics by serum proteins does not restrict such agents to the intravascular space, since a highly protein-bound compound has been shown to penetrate interstitial fluid as readily as one that is minimally bound . It should be noted, however, that this penetration may be due primarily to the slow rate of binding of cefazolin to serum proteins.

Am J Surg, 1976 Jun, 131(6), 727 - 9
Comparison of coarse mesh gauze with biologic dressings on granulating wounds; Levine NS et al.; Twenty patients with large area granulating wounds were selected for the study . On each patient, a small area of uniform appearance was divided into four subareas, and each subarea was randomly assigned treatment with a single 24 hour application of cadaver allograft, fresh porcine xenograft, formalinized xenograft, or "wet-to-dry" applications of coarse mesh gauze changed three times daily . At 24 hours, all four areas were uncovered . The subareas were ranked in terms of appearance on a best, second best, third best, and worst scale by experienced paramedical personnel who were not told which area received which treatment . Contact sponge quantitative microbiology was performed on each subarea before and after treatment on seventeen of the twenty patients . The results of these rankings suggest that coarse mesh gauze, changed three times daily, was significantly better at improving wound appearance than any of the biologic dressings . Among the biologic dressings, formalinized xenograft was significantly the worst . There was no significant difference between cadaver allograft and porcine xenograft . Analysis of quantitative cultures was limited by the problems of applying statistical methods to series of paired cultures in which initial values are quite different . Within the framework of such limitations and our 24 hour study, there was not significant change in surface colonization when either coarse mesh gauze or biologic dressings were used.

Am J Surg, 1976 Jun, 131(6), 730 - 3
Quantitative microbiology: its application to hand injuries; Marshall KA et al.; Quantitative microbiologic analysis of civilian hand injuries has been accomplished in thirty-four patients . Most traumatic soft tissue injuries exhibited an insignificant level of contamination . The number of bacteria recovered from most of those wounds was comparable to that encountered in clean elective surgical hand cases . We now view most civilian hand wounds as clean wounds carrying a very low risk of infection . Our patients with traumatic hand injuries are considered candidates for immediate reconstruction, which includes vascular, bony, or neural repair as well as immediate implantation of Silastic rods in preparation for subsequent tendon grafting.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 May, 234(4), 554 - 65
{Electronic data processing system for clinical microbiology}; Kayser FH et al.; A computerized clinical microbiology data storage and retrieval system, which was introduced at the Institute of Medical Microbiology 14 month ago, is described . This institute has to perform routine diagnostic microbiology for hospitals in the Kanton of Zuerich including the university hospital . In addition, it serves as a public health laboratory for Zuerich and adjacent districts . Patient and physician data are entered into a data station IBM 3741 and stored on discettes . Each afternoon, these data are printed on special report forms, which then are transferred to the diagnostic laboratories . After completion of the investigation, a copy of this form containing the results is sent to the physician . Every two weeks, the information stored on the discettes are converted onto the magnetic tape "discette" . In addition, the original report form, containing the codified results and the fees, are read by an optic reader, which transfers the information onto the tape "report" . Both tapes then serve the computer to print the accounts as well as to summarize the results monthly in form of the medical statistics . These provide valuable information to enhance patient care . All data are stored in a cumalative microbiology data bank for later retrieval.

Hum Pathol, 1976 May, 7(3), 297 - 307
Specimen collection and transport; Matsen JM et al.; The approach to the collection and transport of meaningful and accurate microbiologic specimens depends upon the nature of the suspected infectious entity and upon the location of the pathogenic process, as well as the possession of appropriate instrumentation and containers . New information and newly developed collection-transport materials have improved the potential for the successful collection and isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms.

Lab Anim Sci, 1976 Apr, 26(2 Pt 2), 320 - 8
Current experience using the laboratory rat in aging studies; Hollander CF; The breeding and maintenance conditions for 2 strains of inbred rats, the WAG/Rij and BN/Bi rats, were described . The survival characteristics of these 2 strains were compared with those of 2 other experiments in which rats were kept for longevity studies under different environmental conditions of microbiologic status and diet . Data were provided on the rate and types of spontaneous tumors found in these 2 rat strains . It can be concluded that in order to obtain rats of good quality and in sufficient numbers for aging studies, breeding and raising the animals under strict SPF conditions is warranted . It is also necessary to maintain them under "clean conventional" conditions for long-term studies.

J Reprod Med, 1976 Apr, 16(4), 171 - 8
Fimbrial microbiopsy; Brosens IA et al.; Microbiopsies from the fimbrial surface were obtained from 70 women to determine the percentage of ciliated cells . The following observations were made: 1 . There is a close correlation between the percentages of ciliated cells in each of the two oviducts; 2 . The percentages of ciliated cells in normal, fertile women vary between 54 and 70 with no apparent variation between the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle; 3 . The percentage of ciliated cells is reduced in hypoestrogenic amenorrhea, during pregnancy and during steroid contraception; 4 . Ovarian endometriosis without tubal involvement is usually not associated with fimbrial reciliation, but sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease can be associated with deciliation of the fimbrial surface; 5 . Two cases are reported in which the fimbrial surface showed extreme deciliation in association with sqamous metaplasia of the epithelium, possibly indicating defective ovum transport over the fimbrial surface.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Apr 1, 124(7), 769 - 87
Puerperal infection in the antibiotic era; Gibbs RS et al.; Developments in etiology and treatment of puerperal infection in the last 20 years are reviewed . Emphasis is placed upon predisposing factors, microbiology and antibiotics, unusual sources of severe infection, special complications, and prophylactic antibiotics.

Klin Padiatr, 1976 Mar, 188(2), 146 - 51
{Comparison of the phenylalanine determination by ion exchange column chromatography and the guthrietest in treated phenylketonuric children (author's transl)}; Weber HP et al.; Simultaneous measurements of phenylalanine by ion exchange column chromatography and microbiologal inhibition test according to Guthrie were performed on 22 treated children with phenylketonuria within two years . The results coincide in 40,3% (229 of 569 estimations), in 15,8% the real phenylalanine concentration by the method of Guthrie were overestimated, in 43,9% underestimated . Bacterial inhibition assay is successful in routine screening of phenylketonuria in the newborn, but not suitable for dietary control of phenylketonuria.

Bull Schweiz Akad Med Wiss, 1976 Mar, 31(4-6), 327 - 34
Immunological aspects of infantile protein-calorie malnutrition; Schopper K et al.; Children with protein calorie malnutrition have impaired immune functions . Immunoglobulin levels are low in children with severe protein deprivation, but are not affected in moderate or borderline protein malnutrition . Specific antibody response is either normal or reduced depending on the antigen used . Involution of the thymus dependent lymphatic system and severe impairment of the cell-mediated immune reactions are prominent features in children with kwashiorkor . Furthermore, in vitro granulocyte dysfunction in those children has been demonstrated as far as chemotaxis, microbiocidal activity and quantitative leucocyte iodination is concerned . There is a delayed chemotactic response in the early incubation intervals; there is decreased killing of S . aureus, E . coli and C . albicans after 60 minutes of incubation, and there is less iodination by phagocytising granulocytes of kwashiorkor children than in control experiments, indicating an impairment of the myeloperoxidase-peroxide-iodide mediated killing system . The possible clinical implications of these in vitro findings are briefly discussed.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1976 Mar-Apr, 85(2 Suppl 25 Pt 2), 63 - 5
Pathogenesis of middle ear effusions; Paparella MM; Detailed morphological and physiological studies are necessary as a basis for understanding normal, near normal and abnormal conditions of the middle ear cleft . Animal and human studies are essential . Animal studies provide a means of controlling and isolating variables . Herein we describe methods of producing acute and chronic middle ear effusions in animals . An animal model has also been developed for purulent otitis media . Corollary comprehensive studies are underway in humans . A multidisciplinary effort including pathology, microbiology, immunology, histochemistry, etc., yields interesting information which helps explain the pathogenesis of these common clinical problems.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1976 Mar, 161(5-6), 540 - 4
{A rapid technique for isolation of Escherichia coli type I in food (author's transl)}; Kaferstein FK et al.; A rapid isolation method for E . coli Type I is being presented: A 4-6 hours resuscitation period at 24 +/- 3 degrees C is immediately followed by the 44 +/- 0.1 degrees C incubation period . Using this method the result can be read off after 24 hours, in exceptional cases after 48 hours . This technique enables the demonstration of an hygienic parameter important for food microbiology within a short time . Examinations will now be started in the Federal Health Office with the aim for defining E . coli-standards for various foods . It is planed to recommend these standards to the federal health authorities for including them in appropriate food regulations.

Hum Pathol, 1976 Mar, 7(2), 141 - 9
Diagnostic tissue microbiology methods; Brewer NS et al.; Tissue specimens, when processed properly, may yield important microbiologic information . Various techniques have evolved for specimen collection and transport, processing of tissue specimens, and demonstration of organisms by staining histologic material that enhance the identification of infectious agents . Careful attention to these details may yield diagnostic information that might otherwise be missed.

Compr Ther, 1976 Feb, 2(2), 47 - 52
The changing ecology of bacterial infections in children; Neu HC; There is continued change in the organisms involved in commonly encountered infections . Although the major organisms have changed less in pediatric than in medical or surgical infections, the advances in neonatology and the chemotherapy of leukemia have resulted in cases in which infection with once uncommon organisms is now commonplace . Perhaps more disheartening has been the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics . Since resistance patterns are so much a reflection of antibiotic usage patterns in an institution, each pediatrician must be aware of the species of bacteria and the resistance patterns of the bacteria isolated in his hospital, particularly in neonatal, intensive care, and burn areas where there is the highest use of antibiotics . Close interaction of pediatrician, diagnostic microbiology laboratory, and hospital epidemiologist can provide early clues to possible bacteria involved in infection, as well as suspected antibiotic resistance patterns.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {A}, 1976 Jan, 84(1), 1 - 8
Cytophotometric studies of the DNA, nucleic acid and protein content of liver cell nuclei from patients with virus hepatitis; Ranek L; Cytophotometric studies of the DNA, nucleic acid and protein content of liver cell nuclei from patients with virus hepatitis . Acta path . microbiol . scand . Sect . A, 84: 1-8, 1976 . With a view to investigating some of the causes why the size of liver cell nuclei increase in virus hepatitis, the nuclear size and the nuclear contents of DNA, nucleic acid and protein were measured by cytophotometry . The liver cell nuclei could be grouped in classes according to their contents of DNA, nucleic acid, and protein and, as in control livers, diploid nuclei were always most frequent . Nuclei with intermediate DNA values, probably S-phase nuclei, were more frequent in hepatitis livers than in controls . The average size of nuclei from patients with hepatitis was significantly larger than that from controls, whereas the DNA content was the same . A significant, positive correlation between nucleic acid content, protein content and nuclear area was found . The high correlation between nuclear protein content and nuclear size simultaneously with the increased nuclear size during hepatitis is assumed to reflect an increased nuclear function.

Ann Ist Super Sanita, 1976, 12(2-3), 218 - 32
{Legal aspects of mineral waters}; Callipo C; The Author takes up the subject of the report in order to carry out a comprehensive legal recognition of the mineral water regulations in Italy and emphasizes that in this field the results of scientific conclusions, or rather of the various scientific branches (medical hydrology, microbiology, chemics, hydrogeology, medical clinics, pharmacology, etc.) supply a cognitive support to the legislator and the substantial contents to the legal standards . He therefore illustrates the two main outlines of the rules, i.e . the hygienic sanitary one and the mineral one: such lay-out is subsequently related to the implementation of the Regions on one hand and to the enforcement of CEE-rules on the other . This has led to the fact that the hygienic-sanitary legislation was confirmed to the State while the mineral one was transferred to the Regions . After having shown up contrasts and expressed the necessity of clearness and uniformity of rules and criteria, the Author connects these requirements mainly with the implementation of hygienic-sanitary surveillance and consequently with the evaluation of the banal bacterical contents under the point of view of merit--i.e . the rules should include the probative results of science--as well as from a point of view of coordinated allotments of competence by the various organisms.

Folia Parasitol (Praha), 1976, 23(3), 243 - 9
Dynamics of the natural focus of Tahyna virus in southern Moravia and species succession of its vectors, the mosquitoes of the genus Aedes; Danielova V et al.; The paper deals with the occurrence of Aedes mosquitoes in southern Moravia and with Tahyna virus infection rates for them in 1972; a comparison of the data from previous years reveals the dynamics of the natural focus under long-term study . A total of 13,204 mosquitoes of the genus Aedes was processed in 122 tests, resulting in 17 Tahyna virus strains isolates . As concerns the valence of the natural focus, the most important was the inundated forest in the Drnholec locality . Infection rates for the mosquitoes were also determined in various microbiotopes of the said locality . A . cinereus, from which Tahyna virus was first isolated in the summer of 1972, was much more numerous than in the preceding seasons studied, indicating its important role as vector of Tahyna virus . The cell line of Aedes albopictus was demonstrated to be susceptible enough for virus detection from mosquitoes collected in the field.

Dermatologica, 1976, 152(1), 1 - 7
{Vesiculo-bullous erythrasma of the feet (author's transl)}; Grigoriu D et al.; 7 Cases of vesiculo-bullous erythrasma of the feet are reported . Wood's light, microbiology and histology permit to separate this entity from dysidrotic eczema and dermatophytosis.

Mutat Res, 1976 Jan, 34(1), 55 - 68
Fate of thymine-containing dimers in the deoxyribonucleic acid of ultraviolet-irradiated mutator T1 Escherichia coli transductants; Sideropoulos AS; In order to determine whether a relationship generally exists between the mutator property (mutT1) and repair of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation damaged DNA, we performed spontaneous mutation rate and UV-survival determinations without and with acriflavin (4 mug/ml) in P1 phage mediated mut T1 Escherichia coli transductants . The strains constructed were assumed to be coisogenic except for the mutator factor . The mutT1 uvrA, uvrB or exrA transductants had mutation rates similar to the donor strain . Double mutants containing mutT1 and uvrB or exrA had the same level of UV survival as the parent with the same mutator phenotype . Mutator strains were normal for host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated phage T1, and phage lambda was UV-inducible . The fate of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of mutT1 transductants was investigated . Dark repair of pyrimidine dimers is equally acriflavin sensitive in the nonmutator and mutator Hcr+ strains . During incubation in the dark, dimers were excised to the same extent from the DNA of the HCR+ mutator and nonmutator transductants, but remained in the DNA of the HCR- MUTANT . A preliminary report of these studies was presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Scoeity of Microbiology, Boston, 1970.

N Z Med J, 1975 Dec 24, 82(554), 410 - 3
Present and future of isolation systems in Auckland; {Gill repartition of two Monogenea: Diplectanum aequans (Wagener 1857) et al.; Lambert A, Maillard C.

The close observation of the gill habitat of two Monogeneans Diplectanum aequans (Wagener 1857) Diesing 1858 and Diplectanum laubieri Lambert and Maillard 1974 shows the microbiotopes of these two simultaneous parasites of the Sea-bass: Dicentrarchus labrax . The authors propose to study the distribution of the Monogeneans with references to three theoretic axes in the gill chambers . For the Diplectanum, the populations spread on each of these axes according to preferential gradients.

Fortschr Med, 1975 Oct 9, 93(28), 1332 - 6
{Early identification of cancer through vaginal cytology in a venereal disease clinic}; Rogosaroff-Fricke R et al.; 100 women, routinely and regularly examined in a venereal disease clinic, have been investigated using Papanicolaou smears of the uterine cervix for . 1 . Papanicolaou group, 2 . trichomonas infection, 3 . assessment of vaginal microbiology . A group III was determined in 11, a group IV/V in 2 women . Trichomonas vaginalis was present in 60% of the cases . Only 9% of the smears showed normal Doderlein bacteria; 91% contained mixed bacteria . The findings are compared with a control group and are discussed in the light of epidemiologic studies indicating the close role of certain factors in the sexual life for the development of cervical cancer . The necessity to regard this population as a high risk group in general cytological screening has been stressed, especially to the advantage of the adolescent and young females in this group.

Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 1975 Oct, 1(2), 75 - 84
Cholelithiasis--areview of 130 cases; Ashraft SA et al.; One hundred and thirty cases of cholelithiasis were studied in the surgical wards of the Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dacca . Geographical distribution, pattern of clinical features, results of biochemical, microbiolgical, histopathological and other investigations have been recorded.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1975 Sep-Oct, 84(5 Pt 1), 624 - 6
The problem of the open safety pin; Marsh BR; The open safety pin lodged in the stomach or esophagus presents a challenge to surgical judgment and technical skill . Most foreign bodies causing trouble lodge in the esophagus . Once in the stomach, uneventful passage can be expected in 80 to 90% of cases . Active intervention is reserved for those where intestinal performation is likely or where there is failure to progress . We have used the fiberesophagoscope to remove three open safety pins from the stomachs of two patients whose symptoms and threat of perforation required intervention . The microbiopsy forceps was used successfully to retrieve the open pins, but a newly developed grasping forceps for use with the fiberesophagoscope now provides a more secure hold on such foreign bodies . Rigid instruments retain their value for selected cases, but the flexible equipment now provides an important advance in the management of the open safety pin in the stomach.

Fortschr Med, 1975 Aug 14, 93(22-23), 1047 - 50
{Local cryosurgical management of colonic and rectal cancer}; Langer S et al.; Complex experimental investigations created the basis for cryosurgical treatment of colon and rectum cancer . 27 patients were chosen for cryotherapy according to strict indication . Especially developed instruments and technique are presented . A three year-follow up-study shows 19 patients alive, most of them without recurrence or troubles . Immediately after starting with cryosurgical treatment patients recover remarkably . In collaboration with the Dept . of Microbiology (Rhein.-Westfal . Techn . Hochschule Aachen) the possibility of a special cryoimmunological response is investigated.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 Jul, 25(7a), 1137 - 40
{Analytical methods I}; Hajdu P; The most frequently used methods such as spectrophotometry, fluorometry, etc., for the analysis of drugs in biological fluids are compiled . The usefulness of quantitative chromatographical procedures is also mentioned . Reliability criteria of these assays are extensively discussed and some results are compared to those found by other methods like labelling and microbiology.

Can J Microbiol, 1975 Jul, 21(7), 980 - 3
Continuous non-destructive determination of nitrogenase activity in microbiol cultures; LaRue TA et al.; The dinitrogen fixing enzyme nitrogenase (nitrogen:(acceptor) oxidoreductase)(EC 1.7.99.2) is monitored by its ability to reduce acetylene to ethylene . Low, non-inhibitory concentrations of acetylene (approximately 10(-7)mol/litre) are mixed with the gas flow aerating microbiol cultures, and acetylene and ethylene in the effluent gas are determined by gas chromatography . The procedure is safe, simple and carried out in situ without disturbing the growing culture . Transient changes in nitrogenase activity are easily detected . The technique may be automated.

J Med Educ, 1975 Jul, 50(7), 667 - 71
A pair comparison study of the relevance of nine basic science courses; Spilman EL et al.; A judgment of the relevance of nine basic sciences courses was tested by the pair comparison method . The test groups consisted of first-, second-, third-, and fourth-year medical students; interns and residents; basic sciences faculty; and clinical faculty . The data obtained from all groups proved to be consistent . Three strata of relevance were detected . Physiology, pathology, and pharmacology comprised the stratum of maximum relevance . The anatomy sciences (gross anatomy, histology, cell biology, and embryology) formed a stratum of lowest relevancy . The comparative relevancy of biochemisty and microbiology fell between the two extremes . Two approaches for making the anatomy disciplines more relevant are discussed.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1975 Jun, 8(2), 188 - 99
Trachoma organisms: technical advances in laboratory diagnosis; Kuo CC et al.; New knowledge of the microbiology and immunology of Chlamydia is reviewed . New serological and isolation methods for diagnosis of Trachoma infection are described . Results of studies of ocular and genital Trachoma infection utilizing these new techniques are presented.

J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 88(2), 218 - 22
Microbiodies in methanol-grown Candida boidinii; Sahm H et al.; Intracellular structures were observed in Candida boidinii grown in a medium containing methanol as the sole source of carbon and energy; these structures were absent in the same organism grown in the presence of glucose or ethanol . These substrate-specific structures are ultrastructurally similar to microbodies . Studies with sphaeroplast and a mutant lacking alcohol-oxidase activity indicate that the alcohol may be located in these microbodies.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 1(6), 495 - 9
Growth potential of cottonseed culture media for various clinically significant aerobic bacteria; Slifkin M et al.; Enzymatic hydrolysates of various cottonseed flours were prepared with the proteolytic enzymes bromelain, HT-200, Pronase, and trypsin . The growth of various aerobic bacteria of clinical significance in these hydrolysates was compared to that obtained with a standard casein-soybean peptone culture medium, Trypticase soy . The generation times of the majority of bacteria grown in the bromelain cottonseed flour hydrolysate were shorter than that obtained with the standard control broth . A bromelain cottonseed flour hydrolysate agar preparation supported the growth of the bacteria comparably to that of the casein-soybean agar substrate . All the bacterial colonies were larger on the bromelain cottonseed flour hydrolysate blood agar medium than those grown on the control agar . The peptones derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed flour are sufficient to promote the rapid and luxuriant growth of a wide spectrum of aerobic bacteria without the addition of peptone from other sources . It is suggested that cottonseed flour peptones be utilized as a nutrient source in general-purpose media for the clinical microbiology laboratory.

Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1975 May-Aug, 7(2), 56 - 60
{Effect of rotting corn straw on the development of bacteria of the Azotobacter group}; Soriano S et al.; The effects of the addition of ground maize straw, nitrogen compounds, ground lucern and water to soils incubated at 30 degrees C in Erlenmeyer flasks, on Azotobacter chroococcum growth have been studied . The results showed that the highest number of Azotobacter in soils treated with different percentage of ground maize straw without addition of nitrogen compounds and with water at 100% field capacity appeared as soon as the 5th day, reaching a maximun on the 20th day when the following numbers of bacteria were observed: control, 1,5 times 20(6); straw 1% 30 times 10(6), 2%, 33 times 10(6) and 4%, 77 times 10(6) per gram of air dried soil . This enables us to assume that the anaerobic decomposition of straw (cellulose and hemicellulose principally) in nature leads to the indirect utilization of its energy for a high asymbiotic microbiogical soil fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1975 May 1, 122(1), 21 - 4
Comparison of results of microbiologic and radioisotopic assays for serum vitamin B12 during pregnancy; Green R et al.; The serum vitamin B12 level falls progressively during pregnancy, when measured either by microbiologic assay or by a radioisotope dilution technique . The concentration of the vitamin assayed by radioisotope dilution was consistently higher than the value obtained by microbiologic assay . This discrepancy was greatest in early pregnancy and decreased as the duration of pregnancy increased . These results add further evidence to the hypothesis that changes in serum binders for vitamin B12 are of major significance in the pathogenesis of the observed fall in serum levels of the vitamin during pregnancy.

Acta Cytol, 1975 May-Jun, 19(3), 235 - 43
Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis: cytologic and histopathologic manifestations; Roberts TH et al.; (1) Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis is a benign, apparently self-limited or reversible morphologic entity characterized histologically by subepithelial cervicovaginal collections of lymphocytes of varying maturity admixed with phagocytic and non-phagocytic reticulum cells . By mechanical abrasion or spontaneous ulceration, these heterogeneous cellular elements mirroring an imprint of a hyperplastic lymph node have been observed with regular frequency in routine gynecologic material . (2) From analysis of 170 patients with this lesion over the past 11.5 years, the typical presentation evolves as that of an asymptomatic postmenopausal women in her sixth decade with a normal appearing cervix . Significant variability in age and functional status is encountered however . (3) No unifying or definitive endocrinologic, microbiologic, traumatic, or systemic disease associated factors can be implicated in the genesis of chronic lymphocytic cervicitis . (4) The differential diagnostic features distinguishing chronic lymphocytic cervicitis from endometrial stromal cells, bare nuclei, small cell epithelial lesions, and leukemia/lymphoma are discussed . (5)The importance of cautious appraisal of the biologic or diagnostic significance of any heterogenous lymphocytic and reticulum cell infiltration in histologic or cytologic material from the cervix or vagina is emphasized.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1975 Apr 1, 166(7), 678 - 81
An epizootic of bovine cysticercosis; Slonka GF et al.; In March, 1973, a large feedlot near Phoenix, AZ, reported an increased incidence of bovine cysticercosis . Approximately 10% of cattle sent to slaughter from January to April, 1973, were infected with the cysticercus stage of Taenia saginata . One employee who worked at the feed mill and loaded hay in the fields was also found to be infected with T saginata . Recommendations for control of similar epizootics included educating employees about mode of transmission and improved personal hygiene, the inauguration of a surveillance program that included examination of employees prior to employment and periodically thereafter, maintenance of animal source and destination records, restriction of unauthorized personnel to critical areas, and periodic microbiologic assay of water supply.

Bull Med Libr Assoc, 1975 Apr, 63(2), 209 - 15
Science-specialty literatures their legendary contemporary polarity, based on the transmission of information between generations; Windsor DA; Each of fifteen scientific specialty fields was represented by a journal and the percent of "legendary" papers (those with at least one reference twenty-five or more years old) was calculated for each field . Non-legendary papers were designated as "contemporary" . A historical divergence was uncovered when the highly legendary field, physiology, was compared with the highly contemporary field, microbiology, both fields being moderately contemporary in 1922 . The legendary contemporary field characteristics of a field are useful for estimating libraries' requirements for back holdings and for appraising literature searches.

Surgery, 1975 Mar, 77(3), 403 - 18
The surgical amphitheatre, history of its origins, functions, and fate; Wangensteen OH et al.; The Surgical Amphitheatre, patterned after the earlier model of Anatomists, came into being in the 17th century and served the purpose of teaching the anatomy of operation to surgeons, but without hospital connections . A great decline of student and visitor interest in viewing operations attended disappearance of the gambler's risk of operations, followed at the turn of this century by a lesser interest of medical students in attending surgical lectures, a circumstance that provoked consternation in the ranks of surgical teachers . The demise of the surgical amphitheatre as a suitable site for surgical teaching and viewing operations marked the beginnings of a gradual decline of influence of surgery in medical school faculties . Acceptance by reluctant surgeons of the inescapable microbiologic principle that silence of the entire Operating Team is mandatory, when operations are in process, will obviously erode further usefulness of the operating arena for instruction of medical students . Over the past decade, the current sharpened focus upon dispersion of medical care has served to de-emphasize in our medical faculties the post-World War II stress upon research for medicine's advance . A gradual decrease of student interest in surgery has occasioned medical faculties to question the justification of continuing surgery as a major curricular discipline for undergraduate medical students . Surgeons need to cultivate the intimate teacher-student relationship reflected in the practices of Pierre Louis and William Osler . A critical reassessment by professors of surgery of their teaching responsibilities should serve to indicate to medical students and their faculties that surgery has much important and useful information to impart, and that their professors are ready, prepared, and anxious to meet the challenge.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1975 Mar, 11(2), 103 - 11
Aminoglycosides from the clinical microbiologist's viewpoint; Schoenknecht FD; The author is discussing the aminoglycosides from the clinical microbiologists viewpoint . It is both an review of the literature and a personal attempt to put into perspective some of his own experience with these agents and reports in the literature . He is discussing the influence of the culture media composition of the outcome of susceptibility tests with these agents as well as the problems of bacterial resistance . Furthermore the topic of rapid and reasonably accurate serum drug level determination . Finally he gives some brief comments to the question of synergism or antagonism with other mainly penicillin type antibiotics.

J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Mar, 1(3), 318 - 23
Diagnosis of Herpesvirus hominis infections in a general hospital laboratory; Hanna L et al.; There is a greatly increased interest in Herpesvirus hominis infections especially those of type 2 associated with genital lesions or neonatal disease . Physicians are eager to confirm the clinical impression with a specific virologic diagnosis such as isolation of the agent and its typing, and type-specific antibody responses . Procedures are reviewed here which permit such studies in general microbiology laboratories equipped for simple cell culture and immunofluorescence . This paper recounts experience with several laboratory methods and evaluates their efficiency and practicability in a general laboratory . Virus isolation was optimal if specimens were obtained from visible lesions early in their evolution and it often provided a specific diagnosis, including typing of the isolate by immunofluorescence, within 24 to 48 h . Estimation of serum antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 by indirect immunofluorescence was more sensitive and perhaps also more specific than by microneutralization test . A pilot study of herpes simplex virus antibody titers in mothers and in the cord blood of the offspring suggested the need to evaluate a possible protective role of high titer antibody in the fetus.

Clin Obstet Gynecol, 1975 Mar, 18(1), 153 - 60
New developments in the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhea; Kellogg DS Jr; Various laboratory technologies have been developed to aid in diagnosing gonorrhea . Transport of viable specimens to the laboratory and the cultivation of N . gonorrhoeae on selective media are among the most effective diagnostic procedures in clinical microbiology . Several sensitive serologic procedures have been developed for detecting antibodies to N . gonorrhoeae.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1975 Feb, 63(2), 281 - 3
Templates for inoculation and microscopic observation of micro cell cultures; Dennis J et al.; Simple, inexpensive plastic templates have been devised to aid in proper identification of cell cultures in microtiter plates during inoculation and microscopic observation . These have resulted in greater accuracy in performing and reading tests and in a saving of the microbiologists' time.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1975 Feb, 63(2), 269 - 75
Training and organization for pathology in Britain . The role of chemical pathologists; Baron DN; In Britain, the term "clinical pathology" indicates the discipline of pathology applied to patients, whereas "chemical pathology" refers to pathology in its chemical and biochemical aspects, both as a basic science and for patient care . The initial training of a chemical pathologist is usually in general pathology, in metabolic medicine, or in research . This training continues solely in chemical pathology, and the specialist qualification, namely Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists, is taken at about 32 years of age . Training is similar in the other disciplines of pathology, and a pathologist usually achieves a senior permanent appointment by the age of 34 years . By national policy, pathology laboratories, each with departments of chemical pathology, hematology, histopathology, and microbiology, are centered in about 250 District General Hospitals . The chemical pathology section ideally includes both a medical consultant and an equivalent non-medical scientist . These ideals are unlikely to be reached because of pathologists usually include laboratory supervision, clinical liaison, teaching, and research . Many chemical pathologists also have specific clinical consultant activities, such as overseeing a Metabolic Unit.

Vet Med Nauki, 1975, 12(6), 114 - 9
{Experience in the sanation of a pedigreed poultry farm pullorum disease}; Ivanov P et al.; A trial was carried out for the sanitation of three elite flocks of a total of 3578 chickens on a pedigree poultry farm applying the method of eliminating the infected birds . These were detected with the use of the whole-serum agglutination reaction (after Huddleson) and the tube agglutination reaction (after Wright) . No means whatever were used to control the disease . Routine microbiologic methods were employed, however, to examine the eggs, embryos, and chicks obtained from these flocks . Thorough disinfection on the premises including all equipment as well as deratization were conducted after each investigation and elimination of infected birds.

Bibl Haematol, 1975, (40), 775 - 8
Biohazards in the field of microbiology; Oya A; Eighty cases of laboratory infection observed in our institute during 25 years were summarized . They were mostly research workers . Cases include not only manifestation of disease but also incidence of allergic responses . Causal agents were viral 22, rickettsial 14, bacterial or fungi 33, and toxin 11 . Air contamination was considered to be the main cause of the above biohazard . Therefore, most of those accidents must be avoided by careful installation of the laboratory . Special attention should be given in laboratories where field specimens are treated and experimental animals housed . It was pointed out that most of the autopsy halls in Japan are little equipped to protect biohazard.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1975, 266, 25 - 34
Virulence of Rickettsia prowazeki for head lice; Murray ES et al.; Wild head lice were obtained by combing out adult and instar lice from the uncut hair of school children . Normal body lice were selected from a colony of rabbit-adapted body lice obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture and maintained in the Department of Microbiology for more than 10 yr . Thirty-nine head lice and 60 body lice were fed on a rabbit that had been injected intravenously with a 10% suspension of a yolk sac pool from eggs heavily infected with the Ankara strain of virulent R . prowazeki . Five days after infection, 33 body lice and 16 head lice had survived and were feeding on a volunteer . Between Days 5 and 9, 13 head lice were dead or moribund and all of them were positive by IF for R . prowazeki . The three surviving head lice were also positive . Tests on the 33 body lice showed that 22 were positive for R . prowazeki, including four of the five body lice that survived until Day 15 . In summary, head lice can be readily infected with R . prowazeki and disseminate virulent R . prowazeki organisms in their feces . Thus, theoretically, head lice appear to be highly potential as transmitters of R . prowazeki under optimal epidemiologic circumstances.

Int J Fertil, 1975, 20(1), 55 - 60
Microbiopsy of the fallopian tube as a method for clinical investigation of tubal function in infertility; Brosens IA et al.; Microbiopsy of the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube may prove to be a valuable method for investigating the tubal pick-up and transport mechanism in infertility patients . Counting of the percentage of ciliated cells on semithin sections shows that in normal fertile women a percentage of such cells is present that is higher than in abnormal conditions such as peritubal adhesions, ectopic pregnancy and amenorrhoea following prolonged progestogen treatment . It is also suggested that ultrastructural examination of the biopsy may provide additional valuable information.

J Pediatr, 1974 Oct, 85(4), 472 - 7
Greater frequency of viral respiratory infections in asthmatic children as compared with their nonasthmatic siblings; Minor TE et al.; A longitudinal clincal and microbiologic surveillance was conducted from October to May, 1971-72, on 16 children with infectious asthma and 15 of their nonasthmatic siblings . Asthmatic children experienced a significantly greater frequency of viral respiratory infections than did nonasthmatic ones (5.1 vs . 3.8 per subject) . This increased incidence appeared to be largely the result of a greater number of rhinovirus infections . While respiratory infections of identical etiology that occurred concurrently in an asthmatic and his sibling were equivalent in severity, illnesses were longer (but not significantly so) in asthmatic children.

Bull World Health Organ, 1968, 38(2), 159 - 88
Nature and extent of penicillin side-reactions, with particular reference to fatalities from anaphylactic shock; Idsoe O et al.; PIP: An appraisal is made of toxic, microbiogenic, and allergic side effects occurring in man as a result of large amounts of penicillin increasingly used in medical and veterinary practice . The allergic reactions constitute the most common and significant side effects of penicillin . The major antigenic determinant in penicillin allergy, the penicilloyl group derived from the penicillanic acid nucleus, is common to all penicillins and explains, at least in part, the cross-reactivity of man to any penicillin derivative or preparation . Available data do not permit conclusions as to the true frequency of allergic reactions to penicillin which are reported to vary from 0.7-10% in different studies in different countries . Among the side effects, the anaphylactic type may occur in about 0.015-0.004% with a fatality rate from shock of 0.0015-0.002% among treated patients . There is no convincing evidence that the frequency of allergic side effects to penicillin has increased in the last 10 years in relation to the increasing, worldwide use of penicillin . Persons in contact with penicillin may respond by producing antibodies, the presence of which can be determined by immunological procedures, and these are believed to be partly responsible for sudden penicillin side reactions . Routine prospective skin testing prior to penicillin administration cannot, however, be generally advocated at present but, in special instances, it can be undertaken in cooperation with specialists and competent laboratories . The present investigation includes a study of 151 anaphylactic fatalities reported to have followed penicillin administration . Of these persons, 14% had evidence of previous allergies of some kind, 70% had received penicillin previously, and 1/3 of these had already experienced prior sudden allergic reactions . In most of these fatal cases, the symptoms leading to death occurred within 15 minutes . An Expert Committee of the World Health Organization has emphasized that most anaphylactic fatalities can be prevented by measures to reduce penicillin sensitization environmentally in the population on the 1 hand, and by the preparedness of doctors on the other . (author's modified)

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