Bacteriological

Acta Radiol Suppl, 1978, 358, 23 - 44
Pathology of so-called leg weakness in the pig; Reiland S; The morphologic background of the poorly defined clinical entity called leg weakness in pigs was determined . Two hundred and thirty skeletons of breeding pigs slaughtered because of leg weakness were studied . Macroscopic, radiologic, bacteriologic and histologic examinations were performed . Three main types of pathologic changes were found and defined: Osteochondrosis, osteoarthrosis and arthritis . Distribution of the changes and their interrelationship were studied as well as age, sex and breed incidence . It was concluded that osteochondrosis is the most important cause of leg weakness . In adolescent animals, manifestations of osteochondrosis were seen in joints and growth plates of almost all individuals . A high frequency of osteoarthrosis, higher with increasing age, was also found . In most animals osteoarthrosis seemed to be secondary to osteochondrosis . However, primary osteoarthrosis of the hock joint similar to spavin in the horse was found . This lesion occurred already in young animals . Chronic proliferative arthritis and discospondylitis were frequent . Suppurative arthritis and osteomyelitis due to pyemia were also common findings . Inflammatory changes were seen as complications to osteochondrosis . Arthritis was secondary to osteochondrosis in importance as the cause of leg weakness in the pig.

Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac, 1978, 79(5), 351 - 62
{Recurrent infectious parotiditis in the child (author's transl)}; Deffez JP et al.; On the basis of 18 cases of recurrent parotiditis in the child, the authors offer the current review of this condition: clinical features, radiological features, bacteriological features, course . They emphasize the importance of precise technique during sialography, which must include straight and lateral films . The progress of this condition is characterised by recurrences . These may be avoided by prolonged and appropriate antibiotic therapy . The improvement which takes place at puberty is of etiopathogenic significance . Bucco-dental septis, constantly present, is one of the causes favourising infectious parotiditis in child.

Ann Rech Vet, 1978, 9(1), 129 - 52
{Diarrhea of the newborn animal: nature and mechanism of action of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in the calf and piglet}; Dubourguier HC et al.; The present knowledge of the enteropathogenic characteristics of Escherichia coli (adhesion and toxinogenesis) is reviewed in the calf, and compared with piglet data . A pathogenic model of E . coli diarrhoea in the calf is proposed, taking into account the electromyographic, bacteriologic and physiologic data.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1978 Jan-Mar, 27(1), 37 - 40
{Immediate and late results of the use of "3 + 6" regimens in the routine treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis}; Didilescu C et al.; An assessment is carried out of the results obtained in the Constantza County after over 2 years of application of the "3 + 6" regimens (INH + RMP and INH + SM + EMB) in a group of 119 patients with initially bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis . The standard regimens applied were not replaced with other regimens . The dynamics of negativation in cultures confirmed that over 50% of the patients had become negative after the first month of treatment . For practical purposes negativation was completed before 3 months in all the cases . The only two failures were recorded in the first three months after the treatment was ended . No re-positivation was noted in the second year of the follow-up . A stable resolution was achieved in 98% of the patients.

Cornell Vet, 1978 Jan, 68 Suppl 7, 224 - 34
The diagnostic laboratory and its relationship to practitioners . Diagnostic laboratory professional staff.
{Physical education for spina bifida children in special schools for the physically handicapped (primary school)}
Strohkendl H, Schule K.

With a rate of 0.5-1/1,000 of the total number of births in West Germany, spina bifida is next to cerebral paresis one of the most frequent congenital defects . Altogether, fifty places in special schools are needed per one million of inhabitants for spina bifida children . The loss of physical unctions is comparable to that in the case of paraplegia . The variety of medical and psychological problems makes the cooperation of highly different branches of study indispensible in a rehabilitation team (neurosurgeon, neuropediatrician, urologist, orthopaedist, pediatrician, educator, social worker, physical therapist) . Each team member must be informed about the complete rehabilitation plan . These children's shortage of environmental experience is mainly due to their backwardness as regards motoric development, which cannot be recovered by means of individual physical therapy alone . On the other hand, additional, specifically selected and organised physical education makes possible the necessary mobility and social experiences . By giving the children exercises suitable for their ages it is hoped to achieve a late maturation and stabilization of the personality . In choosing the exercises it is first of all necessary to go back to the so-called fundamental activities like climbing, hanging by one's hands, sliding, pushing oneself up off the ground, swinging or throwing and catching, before going on to wheel-chair sports . Wheel-chair sport promises a varied selection for group exercises (games) and for everyday use . Using the wheel-chair as sports equipment, it is possible for persons with other types of locomotive handicaps to be integrated into the group . For physical education in special schools the pupils whould be arranged into groups according to their ability in order to keep the groups as homogenous and the children's chances as equal as possible . The most important teaching criteria are in this case: the creation of a happy atmosphere, a high degree of clarity, the fulfilment of individual inclinations, the encouragement of independence, the development of community life and the fulfilment of everyday tasks . In swimming, the spina bifida child differs from the normal child in his greater initial fear and in the existence of contractions, a scoliosis, hyperlordosis or -kyphosis due to the resultant instability of the water . Because of this, specifically oriented swim- and work-aids must be used . The didactic procedure is then the same as in the case of normal children . After the child's familiarity with and safety in the water is assured, one can proceed to individual swimming techniques and in a few cases to sport swimming . Bacteriological examination of the water did not yield any results which could cause objection on the grounds of hygiene.

Int Surg, 1978 Jan, 63(1), 7 - 9
Prosthetic materials and wound healing . Critical evaluation of six different materials; Arnaud JP et al.; Six different materials (three mesh and three cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in 180 rats . Macroscopic, bacteriologic, mechanical and histologic criteria were used to investigate tolerance and resistance of the foreign material . Findings demonstrate the superiority of mesh over cloth materials.

Acta Leprol, 1978 Jan-Mar, (70), 3 - 21
Isolation of M . leprae using semi-synthetic solid agar medium; Murohashi T et al.; The primary isolation of M . leprae from leprous nodules was carried out using agar slant prepared by solidifying the basic compositions of M-Y series to confirm the reproducibility of the preliminary studies . Results revealed that L-Feb-75 strain represented thin membraneous growth from about 20th week and it crept up the culture tube wall at about 30th week of incubation at 37 degrees C . L-Jun-75 strain, on the other hand, exhibited numerous, white and rough colonies of submiliary size on various places of the lustreless, thin membraneous structure at the inoculation site . Thus, it was clearly demonstrated again that M . leprae could be isolated very well on the surface of agar slant of M-Y series . It is very interesting bacteriologically to note that L-Feb-75 strain formed wrinkled thin pellicle floating on the surface of liquid medium . Further, the fact that L-Jun-75 strain was isolated from a leprous nodule preserved for more than 3 months at -20 degrees C was very suggestive indicating a standard for the preservation conditions of pathological materials for at least 3 months from removal to cultivation without destroying the viability of M . leprae contained.

Ann Anesthesiol Fr, 1978, 19(11-12), 903 - 7
{Results of noxythiolin use in acute peritonitis}; Migliori G et al.; The authors present a series of 30 cases of acute supra- and inframesocolic peritonitis which, in addition to the treatment of their organic causes, benefitted from medical treatment by noxythioline, used as a peritoneal lavage, an irrigation with aspiration, or an instillation . A marked amelioration in the postoperative course was noted, particularly in those cases with infra-mesocolic peritonitis, with the absence of adhesions and suppurative collections on reintervention, and a rapid return to negativity of the positive bacteriological investigations performed systematically on the pe ritoneal fluid and on the drainage.

Z Gesamte Inn Med, 1977 Dec 15, 32(24), 690 - 2
{Influence of the mode of collection on the result of blood cultures}; Kunze M et al.; In a prospective study of 133 patients with suspicion of a septic process the influence of the withdrawal modus on the bacteriologic result was examined using an open blood culture system . For patients without pretreatment with antibiotics or without high temperature the "one time" withdrawal of the blood culture should be preferred to the "multi-time" method . A multi-time withdrawal showed similar and better evidence quotas with patients without fever and under influence of antibiotics . The result depends on the number of blood cultures for each patient . If there is presupposed a minimum of 2 positive blood cultures for each patient as indication of a septic process, a 83 per cent indication quota is attained with 12 one-time blood cultures, a 70 per cent indication quota with 8 blood cultures, and a 53 per cent indication quota with 4 blood cultures . In multi-time withdrawal the comparable indication quotas are 55, 45 resp . 32 per cent.

S Afr Med J, 1977 Dec 10, 52(25), 1019 - 24
Pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised patient; Benatar SR; A diagnostic approach to pulmonary complications in the immunocompromised patient is outlined . The importance of early lung biopsy in selected patients is emphasized and the various techniques available are discussed . Successful early diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections ia a challenge for the clinician, bacteriologist and pathologist, and requires these close collaboration.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1977 Dec, 145(6), 882 - 4
Wound infection following cesarean section; Stage AH et al.; To investigate a high incidence of wound infections occurring in patients following cesarean section at a 650 bed charity hospital in Louisiana, a bacteriologic investigation was carried out . In this study, cultures were made at multiple sites prior to operation . An attempt was made to identify those bacteria that were predominately responsible for wound infection and their source, whether from the patient herself or from a nosocomial origin . The patients were divided into three groups depending on the degree of postoperative morbidity that followed . The bacterial flora in each group was relatively the same . Other factors were more significant in predicting those patients in whom postoperative morbidity occurred.

J Urol, 1977 Dec, 118(6), 912 - 5
Acute renal carbuncle; Klein DL et al.; A renal carbuncle (cortical abscess) is an important and treatable consideration in the differential diagnosis of renal mass lesions . Diagnosis is accomplished using a combination of clinical, urographic, arteriographic and ultrasonographic findings . Ultrasound is an accurate and less invasive alternative to arteriography . Needle aspiration of the abscess contents may give a bacteriologic diagnosis . Non-surgical treatment with antibiotics alone may be curative . Five cases are presented, and clinical and radiologic features are reviewed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig B}, 1977 Dec, 165(5-6), 381 - 92
{Hygienic and bacteriological comparative studies in 50 hospitals . VI . The efficacy of a hospital-hygienic instruction regarding 6 hospitals.}; Dunkelberg H et al.; The efficacy of hospital hygienic measures was checked in six hospitals . The programme was started by determining the effective state . Subsequently a two-day extension course for the training and instruction of the responsible personnel in charge (physicians, nurses and administrative staff) in the essential problems of hospital hygiene was held . The next measure consisted in giving advice in the preparation of hygiene plans which had to make allowance for the prevailing personal and constructional situation as well as for the hospital equipment . The hygiene plans represented the written concept of the measures to be implemented . Then enquiries, local inspections as well as hygienic-bacteriological ambient analyses were carried out to determine the hygienic situation in the hospital after adoption of the measures and the findings were compared with the situation preceding the initiation of the hygienic programme . The results show that the proposed improvements were mostly realised as far as such administrative measures as the procurement of disinfectant dispensers, throwaway towels and suitable disinfectants were concerned . The instructions given for the implementation of suitable methods of application were complied with to a lesser extent . Moreover, considerable improvements were achieved with regard to the operation and efficiency of the sterilizers . On the whole, the present study demonstrates that suitable measures largely reduce the extensive gaps in information on the part of the staff on hospital hygiene and that the resulting intensification of efforts can greatly contribute towards an improvement of the overall hygiene in hospitals.

Tubercle, 1977 Dec, 58(4), 181 - 5
A bacteriology and treatment summary form for use in patients with tuberculosis; Schonell M; A summary form for recording bacteriology results and treatment regimens is a concise method for recording essential information in patients with tuberculosis.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 34(6), 637 - 9
Value of the K+ salt of carageenan as an agar substitute in routine bacteriological media; Lines AD; The K+ salt of carageenan has no distinct advantages as a gelling agent, but it compared favorably with agar in most of the media tested . The difficulty involved in the preparation of blood plates and the results obtained with this medium prohibit its complete acceptance as a substitute for agar in routine solid media . However, it could be a suitable substitute for agar in all other routine bacteriological media.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Dec, 6(6), 591 - 7
Canine brucellosis: bacteriological and serological investigation of naturally infected dogs in Mexico City; Flores-Castro R et al.; Bacteriological investigation of canine brucellosis in Mexico City revealed a high rate (11.8%) of Brucella canis infection in a sampling of 59 stray dogs . When conservative criteria were employed in the interpretation of serological test results, there was general agreement between the serological and bacteriological findings; however, some animals with localized male genital tract infections could not be judged as infected solely by serological tests . All Mexican field isolates were identified as B . canis; however, some diversity was observed as regards nitrate reduction, growth in the presence of basic fuchsine, and the degree of mucoidness . The seemingly high prevalence of B . canis infection in Mexico City dogs suggests the need for further inquiry into the possible public health significance.

Obstet Gynecol, 1977 Dec, 50(6), 670 - 3
Necrotizing fasciitis in postpartum patients . A report of four cases; Golde S et al.; Necrotizing fascitis is a rare but rapidly progressive soft tissue infection not previously reported in an obstetric patient . Since cure is dependent on rapid recognition and early surgical intervention, 4 cases are reported herein, the bacteriology discussed, and the literature reviewed.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1977 Dec, 25(10), 711 - 21
{The detection of bacterial antigens by counter-immunoelectrophoresis in N . meningitidis, H . influenzae serotype b, S . pneumoniae infections . Diagnostic value and evolutive aspect (in 216 cases) (author's transl)}; Geslin P et al.; Using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) the authors have assayed for soluble bacterial S . pneumoniae, N meningitidis group A, B, C . H . influenzae type b antigens, biological fluids in 216 patients (meningitis: 136; pneumonia: 76; miscellaneous: 4) during 16 months . Because of heterogeneous recruiting (the bacteriology was carried out by different laboratories) the increase in aetiological diagnosis given by CIE is only statistically valid for the bacteriologic negative group when blind antibiotic therapy had already been given . In this group, CIE makes a notable increase in diagnosis of 22,1 % +/- 10,1 in meningitis and 25,5% +/- 12,7 in pneumonia . Various physiopathological aspects are considered concerning soluble bacterial antigens detection during the course of the disease . This method seems very useful and accurate; and therefore should be used in every microbiologic laboratory.

Fortschr Med, 1977 Nov 24, 95(44), 2653 - 6, 2670
{Effect of menstrual hygiene (tampons vs pads) and of the form of contraception on pH and bacterial infection of the vagina}; Loch EG et al.; PIP: In menstrual hygiene, vaginal tampons are preferred . Supposedly intravaginal application causes discharge . Healthy women using pads as well as tampons were examined before, during, and after menstruation . During 2 menstrual cycles, vaginal pH was measured, and bacteriological and mycological cultures were set up . The results indicated no changes of cervical vaginal secretion, nor was the pH changed . Taking the used contraceptive method into consideration, IUDs and oral contraceptives caused most of the bacterial discharge and the expected shifting to alkaline pH . No increase of vaginal fungus was noted . The use of intravaginal tampons for menstrual bleeding therefore had no ill effects .

Arch Orthop Unfallchir, 1977 Nov 21, 90(1), 1 - 14
Sepsis rates in hip replacement surgery with special reference to the use of ultra clean air; Freeman MA et al.; A study is reported of sepsis rates in 836 total hip replacements carried out in various physical environments including ultra-clean air . In a further sutdy the bacteriology of the air around the wound and of the wound itself was investigated during the course of 32 joint replacement operations with and without ultra-clean air . Bacteriological contamination of the air was markedly reduced by the use of ultra-clean air but the wounds themselves were no cleaner than with conventional air conditioning provided that unsterile personel were kept at least Imetri away from the sterile area . The sepsis rate was high at the outset of the study (when a physically apalling theatre was in use, the operative technique was novel and prophylactic antibiotics were not employed) . Thereafter it fell and remained unchanged in spite of the introduction of ultra-clean air . We conclude that the efficacy of techniques amiced at sterilizing the air around the wound may now be unprovable in view of the low sepsis rates which can be obtained in a conventional environment . Our results do however show that unsterile personel should not be allowed to approach within Imetri of the sterile area, whatever venitlation is employed.

Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Nov 19, 117(10), 1169 - 71
Bordetella pertussis in the National Capital Region: prevalent serotype and immunization status of patients; Rossier E et al.; Over a 2-year period 67 strains of Bordetella pertussis were identified in 231 single specimens of nasopharyngeal secretions submitted from patients suspected to have whooping cough in the National Capital Region; 89.5% of the identifications were made by culture . Serotype 1,3 was predominant . At least 75% of the patients with bacteriologically confirmed whooping cough had not been fully immunized . There was no evidence that adenoviruses or other viruses played any important etiologic role in the 204 cases of whooping cough or whooping cough syndrome studied virologically.

Chest, 1977 Nov, 72(5), 605 - 9
Respiratory failure in pulmonary tuberculosis; Agarwal MK et al.; Of 852 patients admitted to Cook County Hospital with bacteriologically-proved pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 suffered respiratory failure . Of these 16, 5 died and 11 recovered . On follow-up, the survivors demonstrated significant improvement in oxygenation, but continued to show a severe restrictive ventilatory defect . Our patients, unlike those in previous reports, did not show airway obstruction . The principles of management are the same as for other pulmonary patients . Arterial blood gas analyses should be done on patients with advanced tuberculosis so that abnormalities of gas exchange will not be missed.

Am J Med Sci, 1977 Nov-Dec, 274(3), 325 - 8
Pleural effusion: a rare manifestation of acute pulmonary blastomycosis; Jay SJ et al.; A 47-year-old woman presented with cough, pleuritic chest pain and fever of three weeks duration . Although the patient lived in an area where blastomycosis is endemic, this diagnosis was not initially considered owing to the presence of consolidation and a large pleural effusion on the initial chest roentgenogram . Cultures of sputa, bronchial washings and pleural fluid documented the presence of pleuropulmonary infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis . Therapy with amphotericin B was associated with rapid clinical, roentgenographic and bacteriologic resolution of both pleural and parenchymal lung disease.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977 Nov, 239(3), 419 - 23
Leptospirae: their place in the systematics; Parnas J; The morphology and electron-microscopic anatomy of Leptospirae, the lack of the presence of leptospiral phages (and probably of bacteriocins), and the absence of phagocytosis as a defence mechanism in leptospirosis, indicate the non-bacteriologie character of this genus . Leptospirae form an evolutionary intermediate bridge between the worlds of bacteria and protozoa . In "Bergey's Manual" they are assigned to the world of bacteria for practical reasons; but it seems to be reasonable to stress more largely the "bacteriological" and "protozoologic" markers of Leptospirae, in the subsequent 9th edition of this Manual.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1977 Nov, 30(11), 911 - 5
{Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436, S-6437) in dermatology (author's transl)}; Okita K et al.; S-6436 or S-6437 was orally administered to 30 patients with bacterial infections including some patients with secondary infections . The following results were obtained: 21 patients had excellent effect, good 5, fair 2 and poor 2 . The effectiveness was 86.7% . One gram (potency)/day of sustained release cephalexin was given to most of the patients divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner . This b.i.d . regimen was popular among outpatients as well . Staph . aureus isolated from 73.3% of the patients disappeared . Overall bacteriological effectiveness was 72.2% . In only 2 patients, side effects were observed . One had a mild pain in stomach and the other had aggravation of itching in complication of eczema . No abnormalities in laboratory studies which were conducted in some patients were found.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Nov, (11), 90 - 4
{Results of treatment of dysentery patients with streptomycin-dependent vaccine in comparison with other methods of treatment}; Iushchuk ND et al.; Comparative study of various methods of treatment was carried out on 777 patients suffering from acute dysentery with a bacteriologically confirmed diagnosis . To assess the therapeutic efficacy, along with consideration of clinical signs of the disease, immunoglobulin level was examined in the blood and coprofiltrates; also the state of reparative processes in the mucosa was appreciated by the histological examination of the biopsy material . Results of the work carried out indicated the inexpediency of the treatment of this disease with a combination of levomycetin and phthalazol . The use of live streptomycin-dependent dysentery vaccine was indicated in protracted torpid dysentery and was of no avail in acute form of the disease . A good therapeutic effect was observed with the application of pathogenetic therapy alone.

J Urol, 1977 Nov, 118(5), 787 - 8
Antibody-coated bacteria in the ejaculate: a possible test for prostatitis; Riedasch G et al.; An immunofluorescence technique was used to study antibody coating of bacteria in ejaculates from 14 healthy individuals and 51 patients with complaints compatible with the diagnosis of prostatitis . Quantitative bacteriological cultures in the ejaculate were positive in 2 healthy individuals (14%) and in 25 patients with prostatic symptoms (49%) . Antibody-coated bacteria could be demonstrated in 25 patients with prostatic symptoms (49%), 8 of whom had negative bacterial cultures, but in none of the healthy individuals . All 5 patients with epididymitis had antibody-caoted bacteria in the ejaculate . The 13 patients with antibody-coated bacteria in the ejaculate were given antibiotic treatment and the bacteria disappeared in 8 cases . The results document the presence of a (presumably local) immune response in bacterial prostatitis . Antibody coating of bacteria in the ejaculate seems to be helpful in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis.

Vopr Virusol, 1977 Nov-Dec, (6), 716 - 24
{Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection}; Dreizin RS et al.; Rhinoviruses (RV) are the etiological factors of not only acute respiratory diseases of the common cold type but also of acute and chronic diseases of otorhinolaryngological organs . Virological and bacteriological examinations of patients with chronic pneumonia in the stages of exacerbation and incomplete remission revealed a high degree of the infection activity . Virus-bacterial associations were frequently found . RV were isolated from the lower respiratory tract (bronchopulmonary secrete, biopsy materials) . The association of RV with the involvement of the lower respiratory tract in patients with chronic pneumonia was demonstrated . Rhinoviremia was detected in one child dying with acute respiratory disease . The results of studies on some factors of specific and nonspecific immunity in patients with chronic pneumonia are presented.

Acta Chir Belg, 1977 Nov-Dec, 76(6), 575 - 82
{Can we define "histological tolerance" of the abdominal wall after the implantation of various prosthetic materials?}; Arnaud JP et al.; This experimental work is a comparative trial in the rat of 6 inert prostheses (3 permeable and 3 non-permeable) that are regularly used in man for the repair of large abdominal wall defects . This is performed in both aseptic and septic conditions . Serial macroscopic and bacteriological observations were done . Quantitative histological criteria were defined to characterize the resistance and biological tolerance to the material . This shows that: 1 . the width of the cellular reaction, the number of giant, inflammatory, fibroblastic cells confirms the superiority of meshes whatever the implantation conditions; 2 . the proportion of fibroblasts to inflammatory cells is a histological expression of the solidity of the repair and of the biological tolerance to the material (Acta chir . belg., 1977, 76, 575-582).

Med Klin, 1977 Oct 28, 72(43), 1814 - 7
{BCG-osteomyelitis and BCG-arthritis after vaccination with BCG (author's transl)}; Bachmann HJ et al.; After vaccination with BCG (type Goeteborg) in the newborn period two children developed a BCG-osteomyelitis 12 and 19 months respectively later . The symptoms were only small . X-ray showed bone lesions in the distal metaphysis of the femur . The bacteriological examination demonstrated BCG-etiology . Disturbances of growth or of joint motility are seldom; they are possible, if the bone lesions are severe and if the diagnosis is late . In these cases the treatment must be intensive.

Br J Surg, 1977 Oct, 64(10), 729 - 32
The role of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of wound infection following abdominal surgery; Psaila JV et al.; A randomized controlled trial has been performed to assess the value of plastic wound drapes in the prevention of surgical wound infection . One hundred and forty-four patients undergoing abdominal surgery were allocated to one of three groups; a control group (A) in which standard cloth towels were applied to the abdominal wound, group B in which an adhesive plastic drape was added and group C in which a plastic ring protector was inserted into the wound . There were 26 cases (18 per cent) of wound infection . The wound infection rate in the plastic drape groups did not differ significantly from that in the control group . Bacteriological culture from a wound swab taken at operation was positive in 32 per cent of the cases . The presence of a plastic wound drape did not influence the positive culture rate . In 68 per cent of wounds which became infected the operative swab was positive as compared with 24 per cent in those not developing a wound infection . Thirteen of the 33 patients (39 per cent) with a positive wound swab subsequently developed a wound infection . In 10 of these 13 cases of infection the operative swab permitted an accurate prediction of the organism responsible for the subsequent infection.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 6(4), 435 - 6
Group VE-2 (Chromobacterium typhiflavum) bacteremia; Pien FD; Group VE-2 (Chromobacterium typhiflavum) bacteremia occurred in a severely traumatized, post-neurosurgical patient . A discussion of the clinical occurrence of the organism, bacteriological characteristics, and antibiotic sensitivities is presented.

Helv Chir Acta, 1977 Oct, 44(4), 561 - 4
{Septicemia in the intensive care of severely injured patients}; Lerf B et al.; In surgical intensive care septicaemia, confirmed by bacteriological culture, was found in 46 out of 1143 severely injured patients . Source of this complication was infection of the respiratory tract in 43%, intraabdominal infection in 17%, and a septic wound in 15% . Mortality was 50% . Early diagnosis (fever, increase of leucocytes and toxic signs in differential blood count, thrombocythemia, decrease of anorganic phosphate), prophylaxis, and treatment are discussed.

Br J Dis Chest, 1977 Oct, 71(4), 277 - 84
Anaerobic bacteriology of chronic bronchial disease . With a refined method of sampling bronchial secretions; Gardiner IT et al.; A refined bronchoscopic method of sampling bronchial secretions is presented . The results show that this gives higher yields of aerobic pathogens than examination of expectorated sputum and the method also avoids pharyngeal contamination in suspected cases of anaerobic lung infection . Our results indicate that anaerobic organisms do not play a major role in causing sputum purulence in patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma or with less florid degrees of bronchiectasis . Anaerobic infections did not appear to occur as often as suggested by some reports from the United States.

Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1977 Oct-Dec, 45(4), 369 - 72
Fine needle aspiration of lymph nodes in leprosy . A study of bacteriologic and morphologic indices; Kaur S et al.; Lymph node aspiration was performed from the inguinal group of lymph nodes in 16 patients having lepromatous or borderline leprosy . In the same group of patients impression smears of excised lymph node and slit smears of the skin were also studied . This study made it obvious that the aspiration biopsy technic gave similar information regarding the Bacteriologic (BI) and Morphologic Indices (MI) as the impression smears of excised lymph nodes . The technic of aspiration being simple and nontraumatic is recommended for the follow-up of patients on antileprosy drugs and in reactional phases.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1977 Oct, 116(4), 779 - 83
Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi:two case reports; Tellis CJ et al.; Two cases of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi are presented . One represents the first case report of Mycobacterium xenopi isolated from surgically resected lung tissue in the United States . The epidemiologic, bacteriologic, and clinical aspects of the disease are presented.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Oct, 6(4), 396 - 9
Microscopic and bacteriological comparison of paired sputa and transtracheal aspirates; Geckler RW et al.; Ninety-six sputum specimens from patiens with pneumonia were microscopically screened for leukocytes and buccal squamous epithelial (BSE) cells . Cultures of these specimens were compared with cultures of paired transtracheal aspirates (TTA) . Agreement between sputa with less than 25 BSE cells per 100X field and TTA was good (79%) . Only 27% of the specimens with greater than 25 BSE cells per 100X field agreed with TTA . Sixty-six of the sputa were of group 5 quality, i.e., greater than 25 leukocytes and less than 10 BSE cells per 100X field . A potential pathogen growing in one of these specimens was 94% predictive of growth in the TTA . If a group 5 sputum was negative for a potential pathogen, there was a 45% chance that a fastidious organism had been overgrown or overlooked . The presence of definite lower tract secretions in group 5 sputa as determined by visualizing bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages did not significantly increase the diagnostic value of these specimens . Microscopic screening of sputum before culture with rejection of selected specimens can increase the value of sputum in determining the etiology of bacterial pneumonia.

Clin Plast Surg, 1977 Oct, 4(4), 537 - 46
The treatment of burned children; Monafo WW et al.; Burn shock in infants and children is satisfactorily treated by the initial intravenous administration of balanced hypertonic sodium solutions; monitoring of plasma sodium and/or osmolarity permits necessary adjustment of the sodium concentration of administered fluids . This approach has been safe . Its principal advantage is in minimizing acute gains in body weight, which may be alarming otherwise, especially in children . Clinical and bacteriological data are presented indicating that cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream is a highly efficient topical antiseptic agent for both major and minor burn wounds and that it has low toxicity . Cerium nitrate-silver sulfadiazine cream can be readily employed in any clinical setting.

South Med J, 1977 Oct, 70 Suppl 1, 46 - 8
Antibiotic and bacteriologic considerations in open fractures; Patzakis MJ et al.; A prospective study involving 581 open fracture wounds was conducted to evaluate the antibiotic and bacteriologic considerations in the treatment of open fractures . Multiple cultures were taken of each wound, and each wound had formal surgical irrigation and debridement . An organism was present in at least one of the multiple cultures in 62.1% of the cases . Open fractures should be considered as contaminated wounds, and antibiotics are given for treatment rather than prophylaxis.

Lancet, 1977 Oct 1, 2(8040), 684 - 6
Unexplained acute fever after a hot bath; Atterholm I et al.; An outbreak of repeated chills, fever, respiratory-tract symptoms, and muscle pain, starting 4 h after a hot bath, involved 56 persons, nearly all of whom lived in an area supplied with water from the same source . The symptoms lasted for 6--15 h . A polymorphonuclear leucocytosis was a feature of the illness . The causal agent, which has not yet been identified, was found to enter the body by inhalation . Bacteriological and chemical studies and investigation of the water for endotoxins and algae revealed nothing unusual.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1977 Sep 10, 107(36), 1254 - 7
{Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) with respirators in home nursing}; Angehrn U et al.; 29 patients using a home respirator have been studied . Management of the respirator and inhalation were correct in 86% . Bacteriologic contamination in home treatment poses few problems . Blood gases and spirometric lung function tests do not demonstrate amelioration but show stabilization in long term treatment . Costs are high . Nevertheless, this treatment is indicated in certain carefully selected patients . Follow-up checks are essential.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1977 Sep, 84(9), 701 - 4
The bacteriology of the cervix and uterus; Sparks RA et al.; Fifty hysterectomy specimens were studied by a multiple biopsy technique to determine the normal bacteriological flora of the uterine cavity and cervical canal . All the uterine cavities and 23 of the cervical canals were sterile . The lower half of the other 27 cervical canals contained organisms similar to those found in the vaginal vault.

Johns Hopkins Med J, 1977 Sep, 141(3), 104 - 11
The bacteriology of pneumococcal otitis media; Austrian R et al.; The bacteriologic findings of 1205 episodes of pneumococcal otitis media are analyzed . Capsular types 6, 14, 19 and 23 have been found to account for more than half the initial and subsequent infections of the middle ear . Initial infection has been shown to be related to age, and recurrent infection with pneumococci of heterologous capsular types has been found to occur most often within six months of the initial attack . Nasopharyngeal carriage of the pneumococcal types most frequently causing otitis media may occur without causing infection, may antedate infection by as long as 13 months and may persist after infection for as long as 30 months . Recurrence of infection with a given capsular type has been identified following intervening infection with one or more heterologous capsular types . Simultaneous infection of the middle ear with two pneumococcal capsular types has been observed in 1% of the infections studied . The potential, but as yet unestablished, value of prophylactic vaccination against pneumococcal otitis media is considered.

Rev Asoc Argent Microbiol, 1977 Sep-Dec, 9(3), 101 - 8
{Experimental infection of goats with Brucella ovis . Bacteriological serological and histopathological studies}; Garcia-Carbrillo C et al.; The susceptibility of adult male goats to Brucella ovis infection was studied . Fifteen goats and fifteen rams both of ages ranging from 22 to 34 months were inoculated conjunctivally with 10(9) cells of B . ovis strain recently isolated from a case of ram epididymitis . Five goats and five rams were killed 78 days after inoculation and similar groups were killed at two month intervals thereafter . B . ovis was recovered from semen of a male goat, 33 and 61 days after inoculation . The five goats sacrificed 78 days after inoculation contained Brucella in their organs . The semen and the tissues of the two other groups remained culturally negative throughout the observation period . Seven cultures were obtained from the semen of 14 rams used comparatively as inoculated controls . Epididymitis was clinically observed only in one male goat although under six presented macroscopic lesions . Seven rams out of the 15 inoculated showed clinical symptoms of epididymitis . Antibodies detectable by complement fixation and immunodiffusion disappeared 80 days after inoculation in goats, while rams reacted during the 189 days period of observation . It is concluded that the B . ovis infection in male goats is transient and the role that they may play in the epizootiology of the disease is negligible.

Ann Hum Biol, 1977 Sep, 4(5), 489 - 92
ABO blood groups and cholera; Barua D et al.; The ABO blood group of 87 bacteriologically proven cases of cholera and 33 bacteriologically negative cholera-like diarrhoea cases was determined . When compared with the normal blood group distribution in the population of the Philippines of the same racial group to which the patients belonged, a relatively larger number of cases were found to occur in individuals of group O and a lesser number in those of group A . A plea is made for further studies on these lines to explain the host susceptibility in cholera and other acute enterotoxigenic diarrhoeas.

Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Aug 20, 117(4), 341 - 5
Leukocyte transfusions for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections associated with granulocytopenia; Curtis JE et al.; The role of leukocyte transfusions in the prevention and treatment of infections in adults with granulocytopenia was investigated . Leukocytes were obtained from healthy volunteers by continuous-flow centrifugation . Histocompatibility antigen (HLA)-matched leukocytes were used to assess the prophylactic value of leukocyte transfusions . Seven patients with acute myelogenous leukemia received HLA-matched leukocytes during the period of maximal granulocytopenia associated with initial remission induction therapy; 20 concurrently treated patients who did not receive leukocyte transfusions were the control group . The patients receiving HLA-matched leukocytes had significantly fewer (P = 0.043) infectious episodes (not bacteriologically proven) during the study period, and remission occurred in 5 of the 7, compared with 10 of the 20 controls . In addition, 52 series of two or more ABO-compatible transfusions were given to 50 patients with proven infection or elevated temperature presumed due to infection and a granulocyte count of less than 0.5 X 10(9)/L . Response, indicated by a decrease in temperature, occurred in 23 patients . Leukocyte transfusions thus have an important adjuvant role in the management of patients with severe granulocytopenia.

Lancet, 1977 Aug 13, 2(8033), 345 - 7
Difficulties in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis . Evaluation of antibiotic pretreatment and causes of admission to hospital; Romer FK; In 104 patients with bacterial meningitis admitted to departments of general medicine, the diagnosis before admission and the effect of previous antibiotic treatment were studied . Antibiotic therapy begun before admission in 30 patients did not affect the ability to make a bacteriological diagnosis . The duration of illness before admission was longer in the treated than in the untreated group . About 50% of the patients were admitted with diagnoses other than meningitis, although half these patients had distinct meningeal signs on arrival at hospital . In the whole series, 76% had meningeal signs on arrival . On the other hand, 95% of 108 patients with lymphocytic meningitis were admitted with a diagnosis of meningitis . The only significant clinical finding in the wrongly diagnosed group was a temperature higher than 40 degrees C on admission to hospital . The diagnosis before admission was not related to the treatment given . The findings illustrate the difficulties of diagnosing bacterial meningitis in the home.

Med J Zambia, 1977 Aug-Sep, 11(4), 99 - 103
Treatment of acute pelvic infections with alphacillin (pivampicillin Hcl); Grech ES et al.; Fifty patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease were treated with Alphacillin (Pivampicillin Hcl) . The total daily dose consisted of 1050mg, given in three divided doses . Treatment was continued for six days . Full bacteriological investigations were performed . Therapy was continued so long as the condition of the patient improved . In case of failure change to other antibiotics or surgery were considered . The clinical response to Alphacillin was considered successful in 92% of patients . A significant observation in the trial was the low rate of residual pelvic pathology especially in patients with Acute/Chronic pelvic infection . The drug was found to be free from complications or any serious side effects . Mild epigastric discomfort was noticed in only 3 patients.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1977 Aug, 125(8), 800 - 1
{Mixed tuberculous and pneumococcal meningitis after splenectomy (author's transl)}; Kuczewski E; A 16 year old boy, splenectomized at the age of 11 years, after an accident, died of a recurring pyogen meningitis . The bacteriologic diagnosis of the CSF culture revealed a mixed pneumococcal-tuberculous infection . Splenectomy is discussed with regard to a disturbed immediated and delayed immunresponse.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1977 Aug 1, 128(7), 777 - 81
Methods for quantitative vaginal flora studies; Onderdonk AB et al.; Quantitative bacteriology of the vaginal flora was performed with two techniques: One was a quantitative loop of vaginal secretions and the second was duplicate swabs of the vaginal fornix with one swab for bacteriologic studies and the second to determine specimen weight . Both sampling methods were evaluated for accuracy in weight or volume measurements . Comparison of the two methods in eight volunteers showed reasonably good correlation although the duplicate swab technique gave somewhat higher mean counts and more bacterial species . Advantages and limitations of these methods for quantitative vaginal flora studies are discussed.

J Clin Microbiol, 1977 Aug, 6(2), 154 - 60
Pertussis outbreak in Austin and Travis County, Texas, 1975; Field LH et al.; An outbreak of bacteriologically proven pertussis occurred in Austin and Travis County, Texas, over a 7-month period in 1975 . Eighty persons were cultured for pertussis in our laboratory . A total of 62% of specimens from 34 individuals with suspected pertussis was positive for Bordetella pertussis . Diagnosis of acute cases by both culture and fluorescent antibody was attempted, and the correlation of the methods is given . Analyses of cases by age, sex, immunization status, and antibiotic treatment prior to culture are included in this report . Two asymptomatic, culture-positive adults were found.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Aug, (8), 11 - 6
{Comparative characteristics of the epidemiology of intestinal coli infection caused by 2d-category Escherichia and of Sonne dysentery}; Belikova-Aldakova VD et al.; The authors present the results of a comparative study of Sonne dysentery and of the intestinal coli infection 0124 and 0151; significant differences in their epidemiology shown were chiefly caused by a different degree of pathogenicity of the causative agents of these diseases . A low degree of escherichia pathogenicity, and, in this connection, dependence of the character of the infection manifestation on the dose of the causative agent indicated food factor of the infection spread to be necessary for the origination of the clinically expressed disease . Epidemiological observations and bacteriological data showed that in diseases of escherichia etiology only those persons who had clinical manifestations of the disease could serve as epidemiologically significant sources of infection . In this connection prophylaxis of the mentioned affection should be primarily based on the intensification of the general sanitary measures.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Jul 15, 119(28), 955 - 8
{The significance of intraoperative bacteriological findings in operations on the gallbladder and biliary tract (author's transl)}; Eggert A et al.; The symptomless bacterial contamination of the biliary tree is apt to be the origin of general or local postoperative complications . The present retrospective study of 369 bilary operations with intraoperative bacteriologica investigations yielded the following results: septic wound complications were found in 9% of the cases with bacteriocholia against 3.5% in the cases with abacterial bile . In geriatric patients with complicated gallstone disease the bacterial contamination of the bile exceeds 50% of all cases . The importance of an adequate antibiotic treatment for this group, starting intraoperatively, is stressed.

J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris), 1977 Jul-Aug, 6(5), 673 - 82
{Non-specific fetal infections: possibilities and value of early diagnosis}; Colette C et al.; Notes of 4,000 obstetric and neo-natal cases have been analysed . The role of non-specific fetal infection (which means excluding syphilis, toxoplasmosis and German measles) has been defined with the backing of histopathological, bacteriological and clinical findings . Its role in perinatal mortality and neo-natal morbidity has been outlined . Possibilities for prevention of the condition are suggested, dealing with premature rupture of the membranes and clear-cut maternal infection . "At risk of infection" is the term that has been defined for neonates by studying carefully obstetrical clinical parameters where they are isolated or associated with other conditions but relatively innocuous . When the condition has been defined in particular cases, intensive supervision of the children at risk must be carried out so that as a result of bacteriological findings therapy can be started earlier, better adjusted to the condition and promising a better prognosis.

Am J Gastroenterol, 1977 Jul, 68(1), 51 - 5
Biliary bacteriology based on intraoperative bile cultures; Delikaris PG et al.; This paper presents a study of bile cultures taken during 174 operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract . Twenty-six per cent of the cultures were positive . Septic complications developed in 33.3% in this group . Since septic complications must be the result of intraoperative contamination from the infected bile, an argument is presented for prophylactic preoperative antibiotic administration as well as for routine culture of the bile at time of surgery.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Jul, (7), 120 - 3
{Neutrophil damage index (NDI test) and leukocytosis response in the diagnosis of scleroma}; Izraitel' NA et al.; Clinical, bacteriologica and serological study was carried out in 57 patients with various forms of scleroma . In the same patients and also in 35 donors and 10 persons suffering from other ENT diseases a study was made of the allergy test (the NDI test) and the leukocytolysis test . Various microbial preparations were approbated, specificity of phenolen was studied . A possibility of using the mentioned allergy test in the capacity of an auxillary method in laboratory diagnosis of scleroma was demonstrated.

Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 1977 Jul, 37(7), 625 - 38
{The primary isolated ovarian abscess . Clinical and bacteriological observations and a new pathogenetic hypothesis (author's transl)}; Egger H et al.; 42 of 86 patients with suppurated ovaries had primary isolated ovarian abscesses (PIOA), 44 secondary tubo-ovarian abscesses (STOA) . Parts of ectopic endometrium in the abscess wall could be identified by serial sections in 23 PIOA . With Berlin-blue-staining was a special phenomenon in 28 of 42 PIOA demonstrated: a basal layer of hemosiderophages underlying the abscess membrane . Thus in 36 of 42 PIOA the histogenesis out of cystic ovarian endometriosis or other pathologic ovarian hematomas is assured . The PIOA is a typical major complication of ovarian hematomas, especially in cases of ovarian endometriosis caused by vaginal aplasia (gynatresia) . Concomitant salpingitis in PIOA is therefore often better explained as secondary descending infection from pelveoperitonitis . Before laparotomy it is extremely difficult to diagnose PIOA on a clinical basis only . More than laboratory data helps this special consideration if an inflammatory adnexal mass could be or not the result of an ascending infection and if an ovarian endometriosis could exist . Besides the abscesses out of cystic ovarian endometriosis PIOA were observed after hysterectomies and complicated appendectomies possible due to the infection of traumatic ovarian hematomas . The only curative therapy for PIOA is surgery--as soon as possible . Antibiotics are poorly helpful . However the inefficacy of antibiotics usually gives the final indication for laparotomy . Knowing the usual etiology of PIOA out of pathologic (endometriotic) ovarian hematomas we have new guidelines in other clinical problems also: Thus every ovarian endometriosis has to be cured--hormonally or surgically; evacuation of endometriotic cysts during pelvic endoscopy is not a sufficient therapy, for the endometrium would be left in the ovary . During operations provocation of traumatic hematomas of the adnexa should be avoided.

South Med J, 1977 Jul, 70(7), 823 - 6
Endocarditis treated with clindamycin: relapse and liver dysfunction; Hinthorn DR et al.; Clindamycin was used to treat six patients with endocarditis because of allergy to penicillin in five, and an unfavorable clinical response to methicillin in one . Only one patient had an uneventful cure with clindamycin . Two had hepatotoxicity which resolved rapidly after clindamycin was stopped . Two patients, one of whom had an aortic prosthesis, had completed four to six weeks of clindamycin therapy when clinical relapse occurred and blood cultures were again positive for a clindamycin-sensitive isolate . A fifth patient had peptostreptococcal endocarditis . Despite a favorable initial clinical and bacteriologic response, blood cultures taken on the 20th day of therapy again grew the Peptostreptococcus . This relapse pathogen had become resistant to clindamycin and was 100-fold less sensitive than the initial isolate . The few conditions in which clindamycin is indicated for therapy of bacterial endocarditis are outlined.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 634 - 42
{The "natural history" of bacterial meningitis in the interpretation of cerebrospinal fluid parameters (author's transl)}; Rigoli E et al.; The "natural history" of bacterial meningitis, although today a hypothetical event, must be essential reference to interpret the various cerebro-spinal fluid parameters, either in diagnosis or in monitoring . The Authors give first a synopsis of the normal cerebro-spinal fluid . They divide the natural history of bacterial meningitis into five stages, describing the variations in the main parameters (macroscopical, bacteriological, humoral and cytological) . The Authors point out also the new bacteriological pathology of leptomeningitis arising from inadeguate therapy: 1) a flare-up of meningitis of form L and 2) bacterial meningitis of "decapitate" type . In 2) the Authors stress the importance in the laboratory of differential diagnosis from aseptic or viral meningitis.

Lepr India, 1977 Jul, 49(3), 372 - 86
A comparison of low and conventional dosages of dapsone in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy; Iyer CG et al.; A therapeutic trial using two dosages of Dapsone with a schedule of administration of the drug once a week was undertaken at the Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chingleput . Adult males with active lepromatous leprosy who were either previously untreated, or who had no specific treatment for at least three months immediately prior to their inclusion into this study, were the subjects of this trial . Two dosages, viz., 10 mg . per kg . body weight/week, and 3.3 mg . per kg . body weight/week, were employed in this trial . It was found that Dapsone administered orally as a single dose once a week was therapeutically effective in most of the patients, and improvement, clinical or bacteriological, was directly related to the duration of treatment, irrespective of the dosage of Dapsone . Blood levels of Dapsone in these patients were in general commensurate with the dose of the drug in either group . No adverse effects on any of the visceral functions were encountered during the prolonged use of this schedule of treatment with Dapsone.

J Wildl Dis, 1977 Jul, 13(3), 313 - 22
Organochlorine poisoning of ring-billed gulls in southern Ontario; Sileo L et al.; Clinical, necropsy, bacteriologic, parasitologic, histopathologic, toxicologic and animal inoculation studies suggest that organochlorine (PBC, dieldrin and DDE) poisoning was an important factor in causing deaths of free-flying ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in southern Ontario in 1969 and 1973 . The brains of gulls dying with clinical signs of neurologic involvement, and dead gulls with no other apparent cause of death, contained organochlorine residues of significantly greater levels than those found in healthy gulls shot for comparison.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 Jul-Aug, 19(4), 651 - 9
{Bacteriological examination of cerebro-spinal fluid: suggested techniques (author's transl)}; Scardellato U et al.; The Authors are considering the various tests used in the bacteriological examination of the cerebro-spinal fluid and thence to try to find a simple reliable method of which they recommend the PAR-test must be an indispensable part . In the appendix they are suggesting some quick additional diagnostic test.

Rev Biol Trop, 1977 Jul, 25(1), 101 - 7
{Bacteriological study of bivalves from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica . I . Condition of the mollusk recently collected}; Fernandez B et al.; During the first six months of 1970 we collected 16 lots of the bivalve Anadara tuberculosa from two areas within the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica . These were examined bacteriologically and the coliform levels found in all of them were such that they had to be graded as not satisfactory for human consumption, according to generally accepted norms . The source of these coliforms is attributed to the sewage discharge of the city of Puntarenas into its estuary.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1977 Jul, 3 Suppl B, 129 - 35
Clinical evaluation of pivmecillinam in acute simple cystitis: a comparative study with amoxycillin by a randomized double-blind technique; Ishigami J; The comparative efficacy of pivmecillinam and amoxycillin in 243 patients with acute simple cystitis was determined in a randomized double-blind trial . Pivmecillinam was found to be significantly more effective on both clinical and bacteriological grounds . The superiority of pivmecillinam was primarily due to its efficacy in infections due to ampicillin resistant Escherichia coli . Fewer side effects were reported in patients who received pivmecillinam.

Surgery, 1977 Jul, 82(1), 133 - 40
Quantitative bacteriology and pathology of the lung in experimental Pseudomonas pneumonia treated with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP); Tilson MD et al.; Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pre-sure (PEEP) is widely used to treat ventilatory failure complicating pulmonary infection . The present experiment was carried out to test the hypothesis that PEEP is beneficial in an experimental model of canine pneumonia studied for 24 hours . Sixteen mongrel dogs were assigned to ventilation with either zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) or 10 cm H2O PEEP . Pneumonia was induced in half of each group by intratracheal inoculation with Pseudomonas . Tissues for quantitative bacteriology and pathology were obtained at the time of death at 24 hours . Three of four infected-ZEEP dogs died before 24 hours . The geometrical mean of quantitative bacterial counts from infected-ZEEP lobes was 2.0 X 10(6) (+/-3.9) (organisms/gm of tissue), while the mean of the infected-PEEP lobes was 1.7 X 10(4) (+/-3.6) (p less than 0.05) . Semiquantitative pathology scores indicated greater injury to the ZEEP-infected than to the PEEP-infected lungs . Quantitative bacteriology and microscopic evidence of parenchymal injury were positively correlated . Thus PEEP-treated animals had lower quantitative bacterial counts, less microscopic pulmonary damage, and improved survival . The advantage conferred by PEEP may be due to facilitation of local mechanisms of pulmonary defense against infection, to increased systemic resistance to sepsis, or to both.

Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1977 Jul-Sep, 45(3), 241 - 7
Cellular immunity in patients with leprosy . Circulating T lymphocytes and their response to PHA in leprosy; Kaklamanis E et al.; The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from polar lepromatous (LL), borderline lepromatous (BL) and borderline tuberculoid (BT) patients to transform in vitro in the presence of phytohemagglutinin was found to be significantly reduced . A significant reduction in the percentage and absolute number of T lymphocytes was observed in LL cases . In BL cases the number of T lymphocytes was decreased, but the reduction was proportional to the reduction in the total lymphocyte population was observed only in bacteriologically positive cases.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1977 Jul, 44(1), 113 - 24
Scanning microscopic evaluation of canal débridement as compared to present methods; Dupont AA et al.; Ninety-one samples of root canal contents were obtained from thirty-one teeth . The paper point samples were evaluated for exudate, subjected to bacteriologic analysis, and/or examined with the scanning electron microscope . A comparison was made between the presence or absence of exudate, positive and negative cultures, and the presence or absence of contaminants as examined under the SEM . All three methods of evaluation showed some degree of correlationmscanning electron microscopy appears to be a more sensitive test for canal status.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1977 Jul-Sep, 26(3), 151 - 60
{Clinical, radiological and bacteriological study of pulmonary tuberculosis with bacteria showing drug resistance}; Albu A et al.; The authors have investigated two groups of patients of young age suffering from tuberculosis with germs showing primary resistance to chemotherapeutic agents (61 cases), and with germs displaying sensitivity to these agents (64 cases) . The following conclusions have been reached: tuberculosis with germs showing primary drug resistance did not display onset modalities, clinically and radiologically, that differed significantly from other types of tuberculosis; sputum conversion is more slow in patients with resistant germs than in those with sensitive germs in the first two months of treatment, but following application of the treatment according to the data resulting from the antibiogram, this differences quickly disappeared . The presence of a smaller number of complete recoveries and of a surplus of doubtful recoveries can be explained in the same way in this group of patients: the final results are similar in both groups of patients, evidencing that the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis due to germs showing parimary drug resistance does not give rise to particular problems.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1977 Jul, 116(1), 3 - 8
Results at 5 years of a controlled comparison of a 6-month and a standard 18-month regimen of chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis; Ethambutol plus isoniazid compared with rifampicin plus isoniazid in antituberculosis continuation treatment; Patients with bacteriologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis were treated initially for an average of three and a half months with isoniazid, rifampicin, and ethambutol and then a total of one year's treatment was completed with either rifampicin plus isoniazid (R+I) or with ethambutol plus isoniazid (E+I) . 63 patients in each continuation group were followed up for at least one year, and no relapses occurred . Continuation treatment with E+I was as effective and acceptable as that with R+I and was much less costly.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1977 Jun, 125(6), 649 - 54
{Laryngeal complications in newborns following intratracheal intubation (author's transl)}; Venzmer J et al.; Histological and bacteriological findings in comparison to clinical data concerning intubation for 38 dead premature infants and newborns were studied to elucidate conditions complicating intratrachial intubation at the laryngeal level . The larynx was intact in 3 cases . Slight lesions of mucosa (epithelabrasion, hemorrhage) were found in 13, moderately severe lesions (necrosis of epithelium, ulcers, pseudomembranes) in 11, and severe lesions (deep necrosis, perichondritis with sceletisation) in 10 cases . 1 case showed a stage of regeneration . The narrow passage between the two processus vocales is a site of predilection for tubus-induced lesions, the epithelium bein immediately adjacent to the cartilage . Successful bacteriological demonstration of the infectious agent correlated with the rising degree of mucosal lesions, and increasing duration of intubation . 3 cases, however, already had severe lesions after short-time-intubation . Formal and causal pathogenesis are described . Essential causes are: trauma of intubation, irritation by the tubus in situ, duration of intubation, and infection . Regenerative power of the infantile laryngeal mucosa is strong . Permanent lesions may occur as scarred stenosis . Careful indication, accurate and careful technology of intubation, choice of the smallest possible diameter of tubus, good care for the tubus, and generous prophylaxis against infections are to be demanded.

J Pediatr Surg, 1977 Jun, 12(3), 303 - 7
Transtracheal drainage of lung abscesses in children; Groff DB et al.; Experience with three patients with primary lung abscesses indicates that transtracheal catheter drainage of lung abscesses is a safe and beneficial procedure in childhood . The ability to drain abscesses not easily reached percutaneously will promote emptying and collapse of the abscess and provide bacteriological information which will enable the physician to select the correct antibiotics.

Gut, 1977 Jun, 18(6), 480 - 3
Intestinal perfusion studies in tropical sprue . 2 . Movement of water and electrolytes; Hellier MD et al.; Jejunal absorption of sodium and water has been investigated in 10 normal Indians and 11 patients with chronic tropical sprue . Normal saline and solutions containing amino acids and dipeptides were studied . In both groups little absorption of sodium and water from normal saline was seen . Mean water and sodium absorption from the free amino acid or dipeptide solutions showed no significant difference between the groups and was similar to absorption from normal saline . These results differ from data obtained in normal English subjects where at these concentrations significant stimulation of sodium and water absorption was seen . In a proportion of subjects in both groups net secretion was observed . However, no correlation was seen between mucosal histology or luminal bacteriology and sodium or water movement . These findings in patients with chronic tropical sprue are similar to findings in normal Indians and suggest that jejunal handling of sodium and water is abnormal when compared with normal English subjects, but that the mucosa is not in a secretory phase as seen in certain other diarrhoeal states or in the acute early phase of sprue.

Ann Intern Med, 1977 Jun, 86(6), 799 - 802
Treatment of tuberculosis by the nonpulmonary physician; Byrd RB et al.; Because tuberculosis is currently being treated in many instances by the nonpulmonary physician, an evaluation of the skill with which he performs in this capacity was made . A group of 130 patients who had been treated by such physicians was analyzed, using generally accepted criteria for appropriate therapy . Seventy-three of the group were found to have been treated inappropriately . The use of isoniazid in those likely to be resistant to that drug, the use of a single drug in bacteriologically positive disease, and inadequate or excessive drug dosages were among the more common errors . Two thirds of the physicians caring for these patients were internal medicine specialists, half of them board certified . Increased education efforts in regard to this disease at all levels of training must be made.

Vet Med (Praha), 1977 Jun, 22(6), 357 - 62
{Veterinary and sanitary expertise in the USSR on the intoxication of animals with carbamate pesticides}; Makarov VA et al.; Pigs, sheep and rabbits were given carbamates per os . The animals were slaughtered one to thirty days after application . The examination of the slaughtered animals and meat was supplemented by determining the residues of carbamates in the meat and by physico-chemical, bio-chemical and bacteriological examinations . In the case of sevin, TMTD and/or zineb intoxication, pigs and sheep may be slaughtered after 20 to 30 days and rabbits seven to 12 days after intoxication . Meat containing sevin, TMTD and/or zineb may not be used for human consumption . After long-term storage of meat in freezing units and two-hour boiling the substance in the meat is not destroyed . From the veterinary and hygienic aspect the meat of the intoxicated animals may be used only after a complex examination.

Br J Exp Pathol, 1977 Jun, 58(3), 251 - 4
Enteric flora of normal laboratory guinea-pigs; McLean AJ et al.; The bowel flora of guinea-pigs was studied using non-selective cultural conditions and conditions highly selective for Escherichia coli organisma . No E . coli were cultured from adult or juvenile bowel content . Parallel studies showed that culture media supported the growth of small numbers of reference E . coli "seeded" into them along with bowel content . It is concluded that normal adult laboratory guinea-pigs may be bacteriologically equivalent to the NCS strain of "E . coli-free" mice.

Am J Surg, 1977 Jun, 133(6), 655 - 7
Improving cholecystectomy; Corlette MB et al.; Bacteriologic study of bile in 100 patients undergoing cholecystectomy for various manifestations of choletithiasis yielded 36 per cent positive cultures, with greater frequency in older individuals and those with acute cholecystitis and common duct stone; these results are comparable to those in previous studies and reaffirm the septicity of the bile . Incidence of wound infection, averanging 10 per cent in published series of cholecystectomies, was 0.5 per cent in 200 patients in whom a water-impermeable wound drape was sewn to the peritoneum to prevent contamination by potentially infected bile . This result, in patients with an infectious risk comparable to that in other series, establishes the value of meticulous wound isolation in preventing wound infection.

J Pediatr, 1977 Jun, 90(6), 990 - 2
Diagnosis of neonatal bacteremia by a microblood culture technique . A preliminary report; Mangurten HH et al.; A method is described for obtaining blood by heel-stick from high-risk neonatal infants for bacteriologic studies . Results of culture of blood collected by heel-sick are compared to those of simultaneously drawn blood from a peripheral vein . The data obtained suggest that this method may be a useful adjunct in the close surveillance for bacteremia in high-risk neonates.

Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot, 1977 Jun, 63(4), 361 - 72
{Combination of methylmethacrylate (acrylic cement) and antibiotics . Bacteriologic and mechanical study}; Fischer LP et al.; The authors report the results of a study about the association of acrylic cement with antibiotics . Three cements have been tested: Simplex, CMW, Palacos, with 14 different antibiotics . A series of experiments has been carried out in three phases: a macroscopic study of the polymerisation of the mixture; in vitro bacteriological studies; and mechanical studies (trials of resistance to traction, flexion, shock measuring the modulus of elasticity and hardness) . In vivo bacteriological testings have been carried out on 10 patients . It has come out from this study that the polymerisation of cement, usually does not destroy antibiotics which remain active and that the mechanical properties of cement are modified in sundry manners . All additions of tested antibiotics modifie mechanical properties by about 25 p . 100 but some additions seem to be preferable . Improvements must still be made and confirmed by this type of research.

N Z Med J, 1977 May 25, 85(588), 420 - 3
Towards an accurate measurement of dietary fibre; Holloway WD et al.; A method of acid and neutral detergent extraction of food has been used to measure the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of a number of New Zealand foods . Foods can be classified as those high or relatively high in hemicellulose and those high or relatively high in cellulose and lignin . The accurate determination of this fibre content is of importance in understanding the physical, chemical and bacteriological effects of various fibre components in preventing or causing disease.

JAMA, 1977 May 16, 237(20), 2207 - 8
Acute bacteremia in asplenic renal transplant patients; Schroter GP et al.; Four cases of overwhelming bacteremia were observed in asplenic renal transplant patients 12 to 20 months after transplantation . The bacteriologic findings and presentation of these infections are characteristic of post-splenectomy sepsis reported in nontransplant patients . It is suggested that the absence of the spleen, more than immunosuppression with azathioprine and prednisone, predisposes to these late, uncommon infections after transplantation.

Acta Chir Belg, 1977 May-Jun, 76(3), 329 - 32
Complications following cava catheterization; Raguse T et al.; The employment of cava catheterization in intensive care and emergency-treatment has dramatically increased . On the basis of our patients in the Surgical Clinics of the RWTH Aachen risks and complications of the central venous catheterization are explained . Six hundred and eighty-four cases have been examined--categorized according to the method of insertion and according to the technique . In a small randomized study, 60 cava catheters were individually examined bacteriologically.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1977 May, 115(5), 743 - 9
Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using fluorescence microscopic examination of gastric washings; Laven GT; In a clinical setting where malnutrition and far-advanced tuberculosis are common, experience with fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings was evaluated in 536 specimens . These specimens were obtained from 191 Haitian children whose illness was difficult to diagnose . Using the culture of gastric washings as a disease indicator, the prevalence of positive specimens was 24 per cent . The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value were 58 per cent, 95 per cent, and 81 per cent, respectively . The agreement (J statistic) was +53 per cent . Combining the results of several series showed no differences in the sensitivity and specificity between fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings and fluorescence microscopic examination of sputum specimens . Among 49 children with positive fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings, pulmonary tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 85 per cent . Positive fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings was more frequent among children with far-advanced and miliary disease than children with less severe disease . The sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence microscopy of gastric washings make it a useful diagnostic tool in childhood tuberculosis, particularly in the presence of negative cutaneous reaction to purified protein derivative, extensive disease, or severe malnutrition.

Arch Dermatol, 1977 May, 113(5), 642 - 3
Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to nocardia brasiliensis; Zecler E et al.; A farmer had chaining lymphocutaneous granuloma on the right hand and arm . Clinically the syndrome seemed typical for sporotrichosis . Bacteriological examination revealed Nocardia brasiliensis as the only etiologic agent . Since 1920, eight similar cases of sporotrichoid nocardiosis have been reported from various parts of the world . To our knowledge, isolation of N brasiliensis has not been reported previously in this geographical area.

Chest, 1977 May, 71(5), 583 - 6
Short-duration treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; Pilheu JA; In this study, pulmonary tuberculosis was treated on an ambulatory basis, with the patients engaging in their usual activities and with a shortened period of chemotherapy . During the first year of the study, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were randomly included in one of the following two groups: (1) group 1 received isoniazid (5 to 6 mg/kg of body weight), ethambutol (25 mg/kg), and rifampin (rifampicin, 10 mg/kg) daily for a total of six months; and (2) group 2 received the same therapy as group 1, but treatment was continued for a further six months with only isoniazid (5 mg/kg three days per week) . At the beginning of the second year of the study, all subsequent patients included in the study were placed into group 1 . Of the 163 patients who started the study, 136 patients (99 from group 1 and 37 from group 2) completed the treatment and converted their bacteriologic findings . There was one relapse in group 1 . Adverse reactions were observed in six patients, but they did not have to interrupt treatment.

Klin Padiatr, 1977 May, 189(3), 261 - 4
{Non-rheumatic carditis . A diagnostic study in a period of 11 years (author's transl)}; Netz H et al.; 23 paediatric cases of non-rheumatic carditis seen in the period between 1965 and 1976 are reviewed . Neonatal carditis is very letal, but the prognosis improves with increasing age . Males and females are equally affected . There is a rise in frequency since 1971 . 9 of the 23 cases ended letally . In further 9 cases congenital heart lesions occurred simultaneously, 3 of which were ventricle septal defects . The most important diagnostic feature is the cardiac enlargement (94% of our cases) . Other important signs and symptoms are dyspnoea at rest tachycardia and fever . The ECG changes (89%) are non-specific . Very often, it is not possible to classify the disease into endo-, myo- or pericarditis; the term "carditis" is, therefore, preferred . Virological and bacteriological findings were found in only 35% of the cases.

Ann Sclavo, 1977 May-Jun, 19(3), 429 - 36
{Bacterial pollution in the hospital and bacteriological control of the hospitalier staff (author's transl)}; Gattai A et al.; The Authors report the results of the researches made in their Hospital, about the bacteriological control of some departments and services, and of the staff that works there . After pointing out the scanty presence of pathogeneus germs in their hospitalier place, they augur a constant and repeated prophylactic sanitary control, whether of the structures, or the hospitalier staff, to avoid the possibility of diffusion of these germs in persons, already predisposed, since suffering from the most various diseases.

Stomatol DDR, 1977 May, 27(5), 283 - 90
{Bacteriological control of surgical hand disinfection by means of selected agents}; Schumann D et al.; Three techniques of surgical hand disinfection (use of Fesia-cito, utilization of a Wofasteril-alcohol-water mixture and a modified Furbringer-Ahlfeld method) were verified with regard to the reduction in the bacterial count of the non-infected day-hand . The Wofasteril-alcohol-water mixture caused a 99.8% reduction in the bacterial count on the right hand, and a 99.9% reduction on the left hand . The data obtained with Fesia-cito were 80.2% and 66.6% respectively . With the modified Furbringer-Ahlfeld method the reduction in the bacterial count was 96.9% and 98.6% respectively . The authors emphasize the claim for the principle of non-infection in the field of maxillofacial surgery and recommended to exercise reserve in regard to the routine use of Fesia-cito for surgical hand disinfection.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl, 1977 May-Jun, 86(3 Pt 3 Suppl 39), 1 - 16
Diffuse otitis externa: clinical and microbiologic findings in the course of a multicenter study on a new otic solution; Cassisi N et al.; This report reviews the literature on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and bacteriology of diffuse otitis externa . Four departments of otolaryngology undertook identical studies of these factors, as well as the efficacy and safety of two similar antibiotic-corticosteroid formulations; one a suspension and the other a clear solution . A total of 239 patients, or 283 ears, were studied, utilizing objective clinical as well as correlative bacteriologic criteria . A high degree of clinical and bacteriologic efficacy was demonstrated by the medications irrespective of the formulation, infecting organism, patient's age, length of disease history, severity, or geographic location . There was no statistical difference between either formulation, both achieving a clinical efficacy rate of 97% and a bacteriologic efficacy rate of 83% . Drug related side effects occurred in 1.9% of the patients given the solution and in 1.1% of those given the suspension.

Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 1977 Apr 20, 216(1), 369 - 473
{The reactions of human middle ear mucous membrane (author's transl)}; Arnold W; Healthy middle ear mucous membrane of newborns differs from the respiratory mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, in that it lacks a mucociliary epithelial pattern and because it has an absence of cells responsible for immunological resistance . Irritations over a short period of time and intensity cause a mucous membrane edema, which leaves behind, when the irritation disappeares, no permanent morphological changes in the structure of the mucous membrane . Severe irritations over a long period of time cause a characteristic change in the epithelium and submucosa: the single layered flat epithelium is replaced by respiratory epithelium; in the submucosa a proliferation of the connective tissue occurs simultaneously with the development of a local immunologically potent, cellular defense system . The actively secretive epithelial cells serve as the means whereby the antibodies are transported to the surface of the mucous membrane . Whereas at the time of mucous membrane edema, serum components (transsudate) are the primary source of the resulting "serotympanum", an increase in viscosity of the mucous allows one to recognize the active secretive work of the metaplastic epithelium . The biochemical composition of the various effusions givens a direct a direct indication of their origin: it is, however, no key to the cause! Only in the case of purulent secretions is it possible to recognize the cause by cellular or bacteriological identification . The same is valid for the norphological changes of the middle ear mucous membrane since the membrane will generally react in a similar manner, even though the types of irritation differ . When the stimulus which brought about the proliferation of the mucous membrane since the membrane will generally react in a similar manner, even though the types of irritation differ . When the stimulus which brought about the proliferation of the mucous membrane and the epithelial metaplasy disappears, the active production of mucous stops . However, a regression to the original condition does not take place: the mucous membrane remains ready to react!

Z Rechtsmed, 1977 Apr 18, 79(3), 205 - 15
{Additional post-mortem examination techniques to detect patho-morphological findings of nose and throat in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (author's transl)}; Althoff H; To detect histopathological findings in nose and throat . These methods are especially advisable in cases of sudden infant death syndrome, as it could be proved, that in 25 of 30 in this manner examined cases there were inflammatory processes of different extent up to necrotic rhinitis . The morphological findings as well as the accompanying information of anamnesis and the bacteriological findings are discussed . We consider, it advisable, to make use of the described additional investigational methods.

Nouv Presse Med, 1977 Apr 16, 6(16), 1355 - 8
{Anatomic and bacteriological study of surgically extracted valves in patients with bacterial endocarditis}; Christol D et al.; We studied 64 cases of bacterial endocarditis which required heart surgery for hemodynamic defects and/or failure of the antibiotic therapy . We performed a bacteriologic and histologic investigation of the removed valves . The organisms were evidenced through culture and specific stainings . According to the different organisms we evaluated the best duration of antibiotic therapy to achieved sterilization, and suggest a helpful medical and surgical treatment for the bacterial endocarditis.

Immun Infekt, 1977 Apr, 5(2), 66 - 73
{Ways to an efficient and practicable hospital hygiene from the point of view of a hospital hygienist (author's transl)}; Langmaack H et al.; Hospitalepidemiology means surveillance, prevention andocntrol of nosocomial infections . Trying to succeed he has to search for possiblities which are both practical as well as efficient: 1 . The infection control nurse (one for 300 beds), 2 . a bacteriological labor is for the epidemiologist, which is able to perform routine control on certain areas in the hospital (kitchen, sterilisation etc.), 3 . encironmental examinations if necessary to find sources and for teaching purposes, 4 . training of hospital personal in prevention, recognizing nosocomial infections, performing methods of desinfections etc., 5 . trying to cooperate with the clinician in chemotherapy (selection of antibiotics, prophylaxis etc.), 6 . to develop a programm to collect datas about nosocomial infections by a computer and to analyse those datas afterwards, 7 . collaborativ work in a infection control commitee.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1977 Apr, 15(4), 194 - 8
Clinical evaluation of intravenous minocycline; Rogers JH et al.; 24 patients with severe infections were treated with intravenous minocycline 100 mg every 12 hours . Average blood levels were within therapeutic ranges during the first 12 hours after the initial dose . Determination of efficacy of therapy in 23 of the patients who were evaluable showed that clinical and bacteriological results were satisfactory in 20 patients, unsatisfactory in 2, and questionable in 1 . One patient developed a fatal secondary infection which may have been related to prior therapy with minocycline . No toxicities or side-effects were observed.

Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic, 1977 Apr, 44(4), 253 - 62
{Nontuberculous infectious osteoarthritis in adults (excluding spondylodiscitis) in rheumatology}; Queneau P et al.; Analysis of twenty five personal observations of septic osteoarthritis compared with information from the literature led the authors to the following conclusions: 1) Diagnosis of septic osteo-arthritis must be considered when confronted with a picture of acute or subacute arthritis generally inflamed with variable fever, raised sedimentation rates and frequently polymorph neutrophilia, above all especially if there are particular antecedents (local trauma or intra-articular injection, conditions which favor infections: diabetes, alcoholism, impaired immunity, corticosteroid therapy or various therapeutic immuno-suppresives) . 2) It may be established on absolute criteria (isolation of the organism at the site of the lesions) or, in the absence of direct bacteriological evidence, by a body of evidence amongst which 4 arguments are of particular value: identification of a pathogenic organism in one or more blood cultures and/or at the site of a closed infection, postive serology and particularly elevation of the antistaphylolysine titres, rapid-onset radiological changes of destruction and/or reconstruction . plus hypercellularity of the fluid greater than 100,000 cells/mm3 . 3) Medical treatment sometimes includes local treatment (joint aspiration, local injection of antibiotics) and in all cases immobilisation during the acute phase and systemic antibiotics . The latter will vary according to the organism responsible and its sensitivity . It seems useful to continue this for twelve weeks at the minimum in the normal form, initially making use of the combination of 2 antibiotics and preferably using continuous perfusion and/or intramuscular routes during the first half of treatment . 4) The consistently good results of such medical treatment seem to limit considerably the place of surgery for which the indications have become rare during the acute phase and even more so at later stages.

Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, 1977 Apr, 115(2), 159 - 67
{Secondary intervention after hip prosthesis (author's transl)}; Suezawa Y et al.; From 1965-1975 in the orthopedical Univ . Clinic Balgrist, Zurich, there were 177 reoperations after total hip prostheses necessary . In 91 replacements the interval between first and second operation was an average of 4.1 years, in 67 prosthesis-removements 2.1 years . The follow-up showed a relationship between bacteriological culture taken before and during operation and clinical results . The decision to change or remove the prostheses should be made on the positive or negative bacteriological results.

Pediatrics, 1977 Apr, 59(4), 623 - 5
Erythromycin prophylaxis for pertussis; Altemeir WA et al.; A neonate admitted to the newborn nursery was found to have bacteriologically proven Bordetella pertussis whooping cough, and two of seven infants exposed to this child became infected . Erythromycin administration to the seven infants apparently prevented further infection as well as the appearance of clinical disease in the two infected infants . This limited experience supports previous reports of the efficacy of erythromycin in preventing B . pertussis infection and disease in susceptible children.

Immun Infekt, 1977 Apr, 5(2), 62 - 5
{Change of germs in several wards of hospital during the last twenty years under the therapy with antibiotics (author's transl)}; Alexander M; Statistical examinations concerning the change of germs and their resistance against antibiotics during the last twenty years were performed . The examinations dealed with the material of a bacteriological institute, the material of a department for nephrology and extracorporal dialysis, the material of a center for reanimation, and the material of an urological clinic.

Nord Vet Med, 1977 Apr-May, 29(4-5), 221 - 6
An epizootic of Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8 infection in swine; Saitanu K et al.; Eight strains of mycobacteria isolated from tuberculous lymph nodes of swine were identified as Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8 . The infected swine were borne in a large breeding herd and as 8 weeks old piglets distributed to a number of farms for fattening . Autopsy material from the breeding herd, incriminated as the primary source of M . intracellulare, serotype 8 infection, has not been available for bacteriological examination, but none of a number of sows slaughtered showed any visible lesions . The organism, however, was isolated from sawdust-bedding and dust collected in pigpens . Eight samples of water collected from the well and several pipelines and taps of the automatic watering system in the infected pigpens all turned out negative . Results of medical examination of 7 farmworkers from farm G excluded the possibility of a human source of infection . Altogether 799 out of about 2000 piglets raised at farm G . and distributed for fattening to 7 different farms were detained for tuberculosis-like lesions when slaughtered some three months later . In none of the seven farms did spread of the infection occur, and despite no special measures of segregation and disinfection were taken, the M . intracellulare infection left the premises with the last pig from farm G . Neither in sow herd G . animal to animal infection seemed important . Following a rigid practice of cleaning and disinfection of the sow pens in between each litter, the infection which apparently had persisted in the environment for about nine months, disappeared and the sow herd could be saved.

Virologie, 1977 Apr-Jun, 28(2), 95 - 101
The role of some viruses in acute pneumonias in adults; Campeanu A et al.; Virological and bacteriological investigations were performed in 85 patients with acute pneumonias and virus isolation or serological evidence of virus infection were obtained in 37.6% of the cases . Influenza A2 and B viruses were incriminated in 14.1% of the patients; parainfluenza viruses in 7% and adenoviruses in 17.2% of the cases . Coxsackie virus was isolated from one patient's blood, and poliovirus 3 was recovered in 3 cases . In 5 cases associated virus infections were detected.

C R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 1977 Mar 28, 284(13), 1227 - 30
{Correlation between the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolysis and bacterial pollution in superficial waters}; Finance C et al.; A study on the determination of the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolysis in different samples of water from the hydrographic basin of Lorraine, has led us to propose a new way of expressing the spontaneous bacteriolytic power: PBSG . Its utilization has permitted us to establish correlations between the intensity of spontaneous bacteriolytic power and the degree of bacteriological pollution found in different places in the two rivers, the Moselle and the Meurthe . A very strong correlation has been shown between the rate of global spontaneous bacteriolysis after 6 days and the number of coliforms in the water.

Med J Aust, 1977 Mar 26, 1(13), 444 - 5
Pseudomonas maltophilia infection in an abattoir worker; Dyte PH et al.; A case of infection with Pseudomonas maltophilia is described . The clinical record and bacteriological findings are reported, and the possible aetiology is discussed.

Helv Chir Acta, 1977 Mar, 44(1-2), 231 - 4
{Subhepatic abscess after cholecystectomy with coagulation active substance}; Roth B et al.; 4 cases of postoperative subhepatic abscess formation after cholecystectomy are reported, where absorbable hemostatic agents for control of bleeding had been used . The etiology of these complications is discussed . The use of local hemostyptica is strongly disadvised in all possibly bacteriologically contaminated procedures.

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr Grenzgeb, 1977 Mar, 45(3), 168 - 86
{Acute hemisyndrome in childhood (author's transl)}; Eggers C; Neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood may be due to congenital or acquired changes in cerebral vessels . Among the congenital vascular malformations, which very rarely become manifest already in children, the arteriovenous angiomata and saccular aneurysms are relatively the most common (in childhood about 4-8% manifest, 1-2% of all diseases) . Venous angiomata, micro-angiomata and congenital dissecting aneurysms are very rare . But acquired thrombotic blocks of cerebral arteries are of greater importance as causes of acute neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood . Most often they have an inflammatory or traumatic cause, often the cause is unknown . Rare diseases only very recently described as arterial blocks of cerebral vessels are fibromuscular dysplasia and Moya-Moya-disease, the etiology of which is not yet fully understood . The prognosis of these diseases is generally unfavorable, but the focal signs in migraine as visual, sensory, aphasic and motoric defector irritative signs are as a rule reversible . In order to establish, where possible, the cause of acute neurologic hemisyndromes in childhood, early angiography may-classic migraine accompagnee types excepted-help . But also modern biochemical, immunologic, virologic, serologic, bacteriologic, clotting analytic and, possibly, histologic and histochemical techniques should be employed with particular attention to fat metabolism and to auto-immune disease.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1977 Mar-Apr, 70(2), 125 - 31
{Skin ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans in Cameroon . II . Bacteriological study}; Boisvert H; Nine stains of Mycobacterium ulcerans isolated in Kamerun, in Congo and in France, were compared with six reference strains found in Zaire, Australia and Mexico and M . intracellulare, M . simiae, M . paratuberculosis . These fiveteen strains constitutets an species whose typical features were: the difficult and slow growth at the optimum temperature of 30 degrees C, the biochemical tests and the sensitivity to rifampin, streptomycin, kanamycin, viomycin, cycloserin and probably capreomycin . In mice inoculated by the intravenous route, M . ulcerans gives ulcerations of external teguments and sometimes, internal lesions.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1977 Mar, (3), 52 - 6
{Pyocyaneus infection of burn wounds}; Kolker II et al.; Materials of clinico-bacteriological study of 302 patients with thermal burns of different severity pointed to a considerable elevation of the incidence of Ps . aeruginosa isolation (in cultures) from burn wounds; the last few years it was found in about 50% of the cases . The greater frequency of Ps . aeruginosa detection correlated with the increase of the severity of the affection . By using Soviet set of 17 type agglutinating sera it was possible to type almost 90% of the Ps . aeruginosa cultures isolated from the wounds; a marked prevalence (over 70% of the strains) of cultures belonging to the serological group II was revealed . Patients admitted to the burn centre at early periods after the trauma displayed infection of the wound with the Ps . aeruginosa strain of the II serological group.

Tubercle, 1977 Mar, 58(1), 1 - 8
Trial of two intermittent short-course regimens (78 doses) in the initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; Differential tuberculin test for mycobacterial infection in children; A composite antigen prepared from strains of M . avium, M . intracellulare and M . scrofulaceum has been used in addition to PPD in differential skin tests, principally on children investigated for mycobacterial cervical adenitis . The tests were uniformly successful in 12 cases bacteriologically positive for opportunist mycobacteria and gave unequivocal positive or negative results in 30 cases awaiting diagnosis.

Am J Surg, 1977 Mar, 133(3), 338 - 45
Critical evaluation of prosthetic materials in repair of abdominal wall hernias: new criteria of tolerance and resistance; Arnaud JP et al.; Six different materials (3 mesh and 3 cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in 180 rats after implantation through musculature and peritoneum . Serial macroscopic and bacteriologic investigations were done, and bursting strength of the wound was determined in all groups at intervals with an original device . Histologic criteria were used to characterize the resistance of the wound and the tolerance of the host to the foreign material . Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated: (1) after postoperative day 15, the resistance of the wound was similar for each material tested; (2) during this early period mesh materials exhibited more resistance to bursting pressures than cloth materials; (3) the incorporation of mesh material was constant, whereas encystment or extrusion was always observed after implantation of cloth material; (4) no infection occurred with mesh material, but significant bacteria were found in 18 per cent of cloth material implantations; (5) the extent of the cellular reaction, the enumeration of giant, inflammatory, and fibroblastic cells showed the superiority of mesh materials; and (6) the ratio of fibroblasts to inflammatory cells reflected closely the mechanical resistance and tolerance of the foreign material.

Med Klin, 1977 Feb 18, 72(7), 258 - 60
{HBs-antigen induced extrahepatic immune-complex disease (author's transl)}; Baenkler HW et al.; A 62-year old patient was hospitalized with fever, polyarthritis and exanthema . All bacteriological, virological and biochemical findings were normal . The immunological analysis showed initially the HBs-antigen in the serum . No irregular antibody was found . Chemotherapy was failing, but application of corticosteroids was followed by a dramatic improvement . Nine weeks after the onset of the disease the patient was healthy again . Antibodies against HBs-antigen were found 3 months later . The data suggest an immune-complex disease like serum sickness based on an infection with hepatitis-B-virus without involvement of the liver.

Fortschr Med, 1977 Feb 10, 95(6), 382 - 4
{Clinical experiences with terracortril ointment and cream}; Schimpf A; The results of a clinical trial using a new preparation of Terracortril ointment and Terracortril cream without preservatives are reported . Apart from oxytetracycline 30 mg/g and 10 mg hydrocortisone alcohol/g, each drug contains polymyxin B 10,000 I.U./g . Of a total of 85 patients with primary and secondary pyodermias, 41 were completely or almost completely cured after application of ointment or cream respectively, 13 were largely, and 31 cases satisfactorily improved (see tables 1 and 2) . The bacteriological findings are discussed . No skin irritations such as contact dermatitis were observed.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1977 Feb, 70(2), 83 - 92
{Surgical removal of cast calculi using extensive longitudinal nephrotomy}; Adolphs HD et al.; The results of the operative treatment of 21 large longitudinal nephrotomies on account of the existence of cast calculi of the renal calyx are reported and discussed . In complete cast calculi with participation of the whole renal pelvis and all renal calyces this operation method leads to satisfactory results . Of the 12 cases (57-1%) with ideal postoperative morphological findings 83-3% became bacteriologically sterile; according to our opinion the lesion of the parenchyma due to operation is to be accounted for . In stone formations which do not fill all the calyces and yet in many cases in literature are called cast calculi, a pyelotomy or resection of the renal pole may by all means be the therapy of choice.

An Esp Pediatr, 1977 Feb, 10(2), 159 - 66
{Bone scanning in the diagnosis of infection bone disease (author's transl)}; Figueras G et al.; Authors report their experience in bone scanning in patients with a diagnosis of osteomyelitis . Classical X-Ray and bacteriologic studies are of poor diagnostic value in cases early diagnosed and treated . Bone scanning is certainly a valuable alternative, but since gammagraphic pictures are not specific, they must be interpreted together with the clinical and analytical date.

J Dairy Res, 1977 Feb, 44(1), 25 - 45
A method of diagnosing intramammary infection in dairy cows for large experiments; Griffin TK et al.; Diagnosis of microbial infections in the udders of cows in commercial dairy farms for large experiments cannot be without error . Limitations of sampling method and routine prevent collection of the necessary information for sure diagnosis . However, with an organized method of repeated bacteriological examinations using consistent and proven methods of aseptic sampling the errors were shown to be very low . A method based on bacteriological tests on aseptic milk samples was used in 32 herds (approximately 2000 cows) for a 3-year period . This is described and examined in terms of other criteria to validate its use in experimental work . With this method it was not difficult to differentiate between those quarters which regularly shed pathogens and those which did not . Other evidence indicated that it was reasonable to assume that this classification accurately distinguished between infected and uninfected quarters . The errors using this method were quite small: when measuring the state of infection of all quarters in the herds the errors did not exceed 1% . Some small modifications to the method described are suggested to improve further its diagnostic accuracy.

J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1977 Feb, 59(1), 2 - 7
Acute osteomyelitis in children; Mollan RA et al.; A number of problems in the treatment of acute osteomyelitis have remained unresolved in recent years . The clinical experience of ninety-three patients with proven acute haematogenous osteomyelitis is presented to help resolve these problems . Analysis of the clinical features, the operative, bacteriological and haematological findings is made and discussed in detail . Eighteen patients had continuing bone infection and recommendations are made as to how diagnosis and management might have been improved . Surgery is considered to be an essential part of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of this disease . A combination of cloxacillin and fusidic acid is recommended at the antibiotic treatment.

Anaesth Intensive Care, 1977 Feb, 5(1), 56 - 9
An evaluation of preoperative methods of preventing postoperative pulmonary complications; Wheatley IC et al.; The effectiveness of three current regimes of preoperative respiratory care in reducing postoperative respiratory complications following herniorrhaphy was studied prospectively . No smoking for five days plus intensive physiotherapy, five days no smoking, and routine hospital admission two days preoperatively were the regimes . Clinical, bacteriological, chest X-ray, blood gas and respiratory function test data were the criteria for assessment . The same surgical and anaesthetic team performed each operation . No statistical difference between the groups for pulmonary complications was noted . A significant correlation was found between the preoperative vital capacity and arterial pO2; also between the preoperative forced expiratory volume in one second-vital capacity ratio with the postoperative arterial pO2.

Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb, 1977 Feb, 115(1), 26 - 34
{Diagnostic and therapeutic value of rachitomy (author's transl)}; Munzinger B; Between October 1968-1973, 16 rachitomies were carried out in 14 patients at the Univ . of Orthop . Hospital Balgrist in Zurich . The casuistic indicates the necessity for diagnostic surgery, particularly because tuberculous spondylitis cannot be differentiated radiologically from other nonspecific processes . Rachitomy together with histologic and bacteriologic examinations of precisely removed specimens makes a dependable diagnosis possible and permits therapeutic accommodation of the procedures to the individual case as 15 out of 16 of our cases indicate . The direct therapeutic possibilities and the diagnostic accuracy document, in our opinion, the superiority of rachitomy over exploratory puncture . Following-up control examinations up to four years following the operation confirm the success of surgery as evaluated by the subjective freedom of complaints and satisfactory results.

An Esp Pediatr, 1977 Feb, 10(2), 152 - 8
{Infectious complications of parenteral nutrition in infants (author's transl)}; Ruiz Moreno M et al.; Infectious complications found in twenty five infants with parenteral nutrition secondary to gastrointestinal problems are presented . The mean age was of 3.5 months, being mean duration of treatment 39 days/infant and mean weight increment of 19.3 g./day . In two infants a central catheter was used and peripheric veins in the rest using the three elemental nutrients . Clinical, analytic and bacteriologic studies were made during parenteral nutrition . Hemocultives, five of nutrients rests and in four catheters were positive . Three of septicemias were in direct relation with parenteral nutrition, two via central catheter and one by peripheric vein . Finally some rules to avoid infectious complications are pointed out.

Ophthalmic Surg, 1977 Feb, 8(1), 23 - 4
Clinical safety of corneal storage media; Mishler KE et al.; A study of the bacteriological safety of McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) media was undertaken . Twenty-five consecutive cultures of M-K media with a standard penicillin-streptomycin additive were performed at the time of keratoplasty . All cultures were negative, confirming the clinical safety of this media.

J Infect Dis, 1977 Feb, 135(2), 275 - 80
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients at a hospital in Dacca; Sack DA et al.; Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli, a significant cause of acute, watery, cholera-like diarrhea, were isolated from 23 of 65 patients with diarrhea in whom no other enteric pathogens were found during one week (November 1974) at the Cholera Research Hospital, Dacca, Bangladesh . Diarrhea associated with enterotoxigenic strains of E . coli occurred primarily in adults but affected persons of all age groups and could not be distinguished from cholera or from other cholera-like diarrhea on clinical grounds . Routine bacteriologic methods were inadequate for identification of enterotoxigenic E . coli as the etiologic agent of the diarrhea . The enterotoxigenic E . coli, producing heat-stable and/or heat-labile enterotoxin, were detected by use of assays in the Y1 adrenal cell, the Chinese hamster ovary cell, the rabbit ileal loop, and the infant mouse . The two tissue culture assays yielded comparable results in tests with 640 (193 positive, 447 negative) of 643 isolates of E . coli . The results of this study support the idea that enterotoxigenic E . coli play a significant role as pathogens in the etiology of acute watery diarrhea.

Sem Hop, 1977 Jan 23, 53(4), 215 - 8
{Current place of the Pneumococcus in infectious pathology}; Fourrier A et al.; This work regroups an important number of acute pneumococcal infections with septicemia, which recalls that these infections are of current importance, owing to their frequency and poor prognosis . Present diagnositc, clinical, radiological and bacteriological methods are discussed and criticised . An important, but not exclusive place, is reserved for routine blood culture . Finally, the authors discuss future prospects of acute pneumococcal infections, mainly diagnostic and prophylactic.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1977 Jan 21, 102(3), 77 - 81
{Desquamating intersitial pneumonia (author's transl)}; Meili U et al.; A rare case of desquamating interstitial pneumonia, in a 15-year-old boy, is reported . Symptoms consisted of dry cough, progressive dyspnoea and chest pain . The chest X-ray revealed bilateral basal opacities . There were hypoxaemia and restrictive ventilatory changes . Bacteriological, virological and serological tests were all negative . An open lung biopsy established the diagnosis and corticosteroids were given as the drug of first choice . Other drugs, such as cytostatic ones, should only be given if steroids are ineffective . Arterial blood gases proved to be the most sensitive indicator of improvement, while the chest X-ray remained abnormal for several months.

Fortschr Med, 1977 Jan 13, 95(2), 79 - 84
{Smallpox vaccine, then and now . From the "cow lymphe" to the cell-culture vaccine}; Hochstein-Mintzel V; There have been few changes in the preparation of smallpox vaccine since Eduard Jenner described his method of preventive inoculation in 1798 . Jenner's vaccine, "the matter", was maintained in man by arm to arm passage . The only major achievement in production methods was the introduction of an animal host for virus propagation . The skin of living calves or sheep was inoculated with seed virus and the "pulp" harvested three to four days later . The disadvantages of this procedure are evident: massive bacterial contamination in spite of rigorous cleanliness and excessive amounts of undesired tissue debris in the crude material to be used for vaccine production . In spite of these obvious disadvantages the method is still in use all over the world . Advances in tissue culture techniques have led to the production of all modern vaccines for use in animals and in the human from this substrate with low initial content of foreign protein and of primary sterility . The only exception today is conventional smallpox vaccine . Sporadic attempts to produce smallpox vaccine in tissue culture have been recently and successfully made in England, Holland and Yugoslavia . The Bavarian State Institute of Vaccination has adopted Vaccinia strain Elstree to primary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts . The virus propagation in roller bottles permits the economical production of a high titered vaccine with a stability equal to that of calf origin . The cell culture harvest is bacteriologically steril and has a minimal content of foreign protein . Within the past two years this cell culture vaccine has totally replaced the old "calf lymph" . Vaccination takes are equal, complications have so far not come to our attention.

Can Med Assoc J, 1977 Jan 8, 116(1), 48 - 50
Patients' compliance with follow-up after treatment of gonococcal urethritis; Mitchell RW et al.; By means of telephone tracing 96% follow-up was achieved in men treated for gonococcal urethritis . A large proportion (34.8%) of patients required one or more calls before follow-up could be obtained . Frequency of sexual re-exposure, proportion with persistent gonorrhea or reinfection, and interval between initial therapy and follow-up were greater in those who required telephone contact for follow-up than in the group who returned for follow-up . Failure to reappear for follow-up does not imply either bacteriologic cure or disappearance of symptoms . Control of gonococcal infection still depends largely upon aggressive methods of case finding, appropriate therapy and careful follow-up.

Acta Orthop Scand, 1977, 48(3), 283 - 90
Osteomylelitis of the spine; Collert S; A study of a series of 82 cases of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine has shown that the clinical features at the initial stage of the disease often present such a varied picture that the correct diagnosis may easily be overlooked for a long time . Once radiographic changes are demonstrated, the primary consideration in differential diagnosis is tuberculous spondylitis . Bacteriological verification by needle biopsy or surgical exploration is recommended in order to institute an adequate antibiotic therapy . Surgical evacuation is advocated in cases with extensive vertebral destruction . The majority of patients recovered within 1 year from the onset of illness . In slightly more than half of the cases the spinal lesions healed with spontaneous interbody fusion . This tendency was most pronounced in cases of cervical and upper thoracic involvement . No deaths occurred as a result of the spinal disease.

Bull Pan Am Health Organ, 1977, 11(2), 131 - 9
Isolation of serotype hardjo and other leptospirae from armadillos in Argentina; Myers DM et al.; A serologic, bacteriologic, and histopathologic examination for leptospires was carried out on 89 armadillos (Chaetophractus villosus) from Argentina . Forty-seven per cent of the serum samples yielded positive results when tested by microscopic-agglutination . Predominant agglutination reactions were to the Hebdomadis and Bataviae serogroups . A total of 15 Leptospira isolations (from 16.8 per cent of the animals tested) were obtained from kidney tisse . Nine of the isolates were identified as belonging to the Bataviae group serotypes argentiniensis, paidjan, or bataviae; three other isolates proved to be the Canicola group serotype canicola; two others were Leptospira biflexa strains; and the last isolate was found to be serotype hardjo of the Hebdomadis group . The latter finding represents the first isolation of serotype hardjo from this animal species . Histopathologic examination of kidneys from 11 of the animals yielding pathogenic leptospires permitted a diagnosis of interstitial nephritis . This intersitial nephritis, presenting the characteristic picture of lymphoid infiltration, appeared intense in two animals, moderate in five others, and only slight in the remaining four . These histopathologic findings of chronic nephritis, combined with the high positive serologic and cultural isolation rates, suggest that the armadillo is an important natural reservoir-host for pathogenic leptospirae.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1977, 17(4), 277 - 81
Effects of different compounds of metals and of their mixtures on the growth and survival of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans; Barbic FF; The iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in the presence of different concentrations of metals as sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, and in some other compounds . The bacteriological oxidation of ferro-ions develops in all solutions in nearly the same way, with the only difference that, as the ion concentration increases, the beginning of measurable oxidation is postponed, i.e., with ion concentration increasing, the lag-phase expands . When salts are mixed in different proportions, the toxic concentration of such a mixture corresponds, in a defined way, to the total of salts, i.e., of their ions.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1977 Jan, 11(1), 45 - 60
{The mycological and bacteriological flora of cigarettes and its relation to human throat culture and inhalation air}; Kustimur S et al.; In our research we studied the mycological and bacteriological flora of both filtered and non-filtered Turkish cigarettes . We also studied by bacteriologic and mycologic methods, the specimens taken from throath of healthy people of varied ages who smoke and who do not smoke, and the flora of inhalation air from different area.

J Chir (Paris), 1977, 113(1), 85 - 100
{Resistance and biological tolerance of six "inert" parietal protheses . Experimental and critical study (author's transl)}; Arnaud JP et al.; Six different materials (3 mesh and 3 cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in rats . 490 animals, distributed among four experimental groups, were implanted with one of the different prostheses through musculature and peritoneum . Serial macroscopic and bacteriological investigations were done . Using an original device, bursting strength of the wound was determined in all groups at intervals . Histological criteria were used to characterize the resistance of the wound and the tolerance of the host to foreign material . Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that: 1) after the 15th post-operative day, the resistance of the wound was similar for each material tested; 2) during this early period mesh materials exhibited more resistance to bursting pressures than cloth materials; 3) the incorporation of mesh material was constant whereas encystment or extrusion was always observed after implantation of cloth material; 4) no infection occurred with mesh material but significant bacteria were found in 18 p . 100 of cloth material implantations; 5) the extent of the cellular reaction, the enumeration of giant, inflammatory cells and fibroblasts showed superiority of mesh material; 6) the ratio of fibroblasts/inflammatory cells reflected closely the mechanical resistance and tolerance of the foreign material.

J Int Med Res, 1977, 5(1), 61 - 4
An assessment of the bacteriological activity of Locabiotal (Fusafungine) --a non-systemic antibiotic; Haler D; Various tests were performed to establish the bacteriological potency of Locabiotal, an aerosol for local application to the nose and throat containing fusafungine . Using impregnated filter paper on a plate of solid sensitivity media considerable inhibition of the growth of common pathogens was shown . Plates of nasal swabs from adults and buccal swabs from children showed similar inhibition . Further tests after the application of the spray to the nose and throat indicated that inhibition lasts for at least eight hours.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 379 - 91
Treatment of chronic suppurated otitis with fosfomycin; Sole Puyo JM et al.; A group of 24 patients with suppurated chronic processes of the medial ear have been treated with fosfomycin . All the cases were studied bacteriologically, isolating in the pus or exudates pathogenic bacterial flora, in which P . aeruginosa (40%) of the isolations) and S . aureus (23%) predominated . The sensitiveness of the strains isolated to fosfomycin was 94% . The results obtained were 21 clinical cures accompanied by the sterility of the exudates and 3 failures, which represents 87.5% success and 12.5% failures . These results are considered very satisfactory in view of the complexity and chronicity of the processes treated . It is also pointed out that fosfomycin totally lacks ototoxicity, being, therefore, a suitable antibiotic for treating chronic infectious processes of the ear.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 348 - 57
Treatment of respiratory infections with fosfomycin; Menendez A et al.; Evaluation was made of the clinical-bacteriological results of treatment with fosfomycin on a group of 27 patients with infectious respiratory pathology . The group is made up of patients with respiratory infections diagnosed as pneumonias, bronchopneumonias, acute bronchitis and chronic bronchopneumopathies . The doses of fosfomycin used varied between 4 and 12 g/day, administered during a period of 1 or 2 weeks . The results of the treatment expressed in clinical and bacteriological parameters have been successful in 15 and 21 cases for their bacteriological response and their clinical response respectively.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 337 - 41
Fosfomycin in treatment of respiratory bacterial infections; Bonora V et al.; A study was made of 40 patients suffering from clinically and bacteriologically demonstrated bacterial respiratory infections which were all treated with fosfomycin as the only antibiotic . Studies were made of the sensitivity of the isolated organisms and control of the eradicated and selected organisms . Analytical controls were performed on all patients before, during and after treatment . The average dose employed was 60 mg/kg/day, divided into four doses and administered parenterally . The duration of the treatment fluctuated between 6 and 11 days in 87% of the cases . A clinical and bacteriological evaluation was made of the results . The clinical response was satisfactory in 75% of the cases, partial in 7.5% and poor in 17.5% . The bacteriological evolution was satisfactory in 62.5%, partial in 12.5% and poor in 20% . It was not possible to control the evolution in 15% of the patients . The concentrations of the antibiotic were determined in the sputum of 6 patients and fluctuated between 0.6 and 12.9 mug/ml . In no case could any significant disorders be attributed to the antibiotic.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 315 - 23
Acute infantile pneumonopathies treated with fosfomycin; Llorens J et al.; Reference is made to the results obtained in 24 children, from 11 months to 12 years, affected with acute pneumopathies and treated with fosfomycin with a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day . In all cases a clinical, radiological, biological and bacteriological study was carried out . At the same time, levels of fosfomycin in plasma and sputum were checked every 5 days during the course of treatment . In the 4 cases of pleurisy the level of antibiotic in the pleural liquid was also checked . The concentration of fosfomycin in the sputum gives very variable results with average values oscillating between 16.5 and 23.4% of the plasmatic level respectively at the beginning and end of treatment, a cumulative effect of the antibiotic being observed . Concentration in pleural liquid oscillates between 39 and 50% . The clinical, radiological and biological evolution has been favourable iin 21 cases, unfavourable in two cases and in one case treatment had to be suspended because of the apparition of a cutaneous necrosis . Apart from this case no notable toxic effects were observed . Children do not support intramuscular injections very well and intravenous injections often cause phlebitis.

Chemotherapy, 1977, 23 Suppl 1, 293 - 300
Treatment of acute and subacute gonococcal urethritis with fosfomycin; Lopez-Gracia J; 70 patients, 69 male and 1 female, 23 suffering from subacute gonococcal urethritis and the other 47 suffering from acute gonococcal urethritis, have been treated with fosfomycin with the intramuscular method . The treatment was planned as follows: (1) in 12 patients a total dose of 4 g (2g/4h) was tried with 11 bacteriological and clinical cures (92%) and 1 failure; (2) in another 43 patients a single dose of 4 g was tried (2 g in each buttock), with 37 cures (86%) and 6 failures; (3) finally, in another group of 15 patients with subacute gonococcal urethritis, fosfomycin was administered at the rate of 2g/8h for 2 days, clinical and bacteriological cures being achieved in all patients (100%) . The failures, a total of 7, are patients with subacute gonococcal urethritis who were given a single dose of 4 g.

Rev Gastroenterol Mex, 1977 Jan-Apr, 42(1), 36 - 40
{Liver actinomycosis . Report of a case}; Ramirez Sanchez C et al.; A case of liver actinomycosis is presented . It was diagnosed 15 days after the patient had undergone appendicectomy . Emphasis is made concerning the diagnostic difficulties in the clinical, radiological and bacteriological areas . In the present paper note is made of the low frequency of this disease in Mexico . In this case it was possible arrive at a definitive diagnosis only after the histopathological study of material obtained in a needle liver biopsy which demonstrated the sulfur granules that are characteristic of the lesion . Information is given concerning the clinical and surgical evolution as well as therapeutic management . The case is illustrated with representative roentgenograms and a microphotograph of the lesion.

Bull Prosthet Res . 1977 Fall;:16-57.
Controlled environment treatment for limb surgery and trauma (a preliminary report); Burgess EM et al.; This paper demonstrates a new approach to postsurgical and post-traumatic wound management in the lower limbs . Our own results of 20 below-knee amputations are documented . A less detailed report is then given of experience with an additional 20 amputees: this second group includes experience not only here at Seattle but at five other centers in the United States . The same method for wound management and for control of edema was employed in all cases . The method, Controlled Environment Treatment (CET), uses filtered air as a dressing medium, with a control console to maintain the pressure, constant or varying, according to a preset program . Temperature and humidity are also controllable, as is gas composition . The limb, together with its controlled environment, is contained with a pliable, transparent, treatment bag, which permits inspection and palpation of the wound site without disturbing the bacteriologically sterile air within the chamber . A special seal reduces air leakage yet avoids constriction of the limb . This CET system was originally developed by the Department of Health and Social Security, Biomechanical Research and Development Unit, Roehampton, England . Subsequent developments are also noted of an improved Mark II CET Unit and of simpler, related, management systems for conditions not requiring sterile environments.

Ann Nutr Aliment, 1977, 31(4-6), 977 - 89
Aflatoxin and encephalopathy with fatty degeneration of viscera (Reye); Dvorackova I et al.; In the past 5 years we have observed 27 children at the age from 3 days to 8 years who died on the encephalic syndrome with fatty degeneration of the viscera (Reye) . According to the morphological changes in the liver and to the clinical course, we have divided our cases into 3 groups . In the first group there were 20 children who died within 2-10 days after the first symptoms of the disease appeared . In their liver diffuse fatty degeneration was found . In the second group there were 3 children who died within 1-2 months after the acute onset of the disease . In their liver fibrosis with bile duct proliferation and steatosis were found . In the third group there were 4 children who died within 2-4 months after the first symptoms . Their liver showed cirrhosis . The bacteriological and virological investigations in all cases were negative, but in the most of them direct contacts with viral infections were proved . In the liver specimens of the children in all 3 groups the presence of aflatoxin B1 chromatographically and spectrophotometrically was found . The source of the intoxication in 5 cases was aflatoxin contaminated milk food . Our observations of 2 - 3 - days old newborns with the morphological changes similar to that of Reye's syndrome seems to support our hypothesis about the possibility of the intrauterine intoxication . We suggest that aflatoxin represents an important factor in the etiology of this syndrome and a high risk for human health.

Arch Inst Pasteur Alger, 1977, 52, 55 - 70
{Prospective survey on the organization and supervision of the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a screening system in Algeria}; Boulahbal F et al.; A prospective investigation was conducted in the western region of Algiers in 1974 in order to compare the effectiveness of the different methods of bacteriological diagnosis, the operational efficiency of its centralisation or decentralisation, and to evaluate the various methods of supervision . The results obtained favored the decentralisation of the microscopy centers at the peripheral level with permanent supervision by a regional or central laboratory.

Infection, 1977, 5(3), 132 - 6
Usefulness of transtracheal puncture and aspiration in the bacteriological diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis; Schmerber-Vereerstraeten J et al.; Transtracheal puncture enables two samples of bronchial secretions to be taken-the product of transtracheal aspiration and simultaneously expectorated sputum (obtained in 71% of the cases)-for the purpose of testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cases of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis . Two groups of patients were studied: Group I: 100 patients who were poor expectorators and who all underwent transtracheal puncture; Group II (Control): 100 patients who expectorated well or who had been given gastric lavages immediately on admission . Laboratroy analyses revealed M . tuberculosis in at least one of the samples obtained from each of the 200 patients . The authors compare the efficiency of the methods used within each group and between the two groups . Samples obtained by transtracheal aspiration and simultaneous expectoration (75% of positive results) more often contained M . tuberculosis than the other Group I samples (64% of total positive results; 64% of positive results for spontaneous sputa, 65% for gastric fluids), and as often as the Group II samples (76% of total positive results), particularly the expectoration samples (78% of positive results) . Simultaneously expectorated sputum more frequently contained M . tuberculosis (82% of positive results) than transtracheal aspiration (69% of positive results) . Transtracheal puncture and/or simultaneous expectoration were the only examinations revealing M . tuberculosis in 34 patients in Group I . Non-specific bacteriological findings are not relevant . However, the authors point out that this technique is not always innocuous (although no serious complications were observed in this series), and that transtracheal puncture must always be carried out by physicians trained in the technique.

Zentralbl Gynakol, 1977, 99(14), 880 - 3
{Clinical, bacteriological and histological studies following several years of IUD use for contraception}; Wolke P et al.; PIP: Investigated were clinical, bacteriological, and histological examinations of 108 women who had used IUDs for 2 years . Examinations were performed on both IUD and endometrium . Applied was the transcervical technique under sterile conditions . There were pathological findings in 4 women, from the clinical view . From the bacteriological view, numerous germs of varying kinds were found in the same patient . Facultative pathological germs as they exist in the cervix were predominant . It was termed infection only if the same germ was found in the total material . This concerned 6% of the women . Histologically, findings were adequate . Genuine inflammations were observed in only 6% of the examined patients .

Respiration, 1977, 34(4), 220 - 31
{Quantitative bacteriology of sputum and bronchial secretions in patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)}; Puchelle E et al.; The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of the quantitative bacteriological analysis of sputum and bronchial secretions has been studied in patients with chronic bronchitis . Sputum produced during bronchial toilet showed a significant higher bacterial numeration than that produced by physiotherapy but the bacterial species identified were identical . No significant variations were observed between the qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic flora of bronchial secretions collected by bronchoscopy from different segments of the airways . Comparison of microbial counts on sputum specimens collected at different periods of the day and at weekly intervals over several weeks revealed that the sputum of clinically stable chronic bronchitic patients contain a relatively constant and potentially pathogenic bacterial flora . The emergence of a superinfection was emphasized by the parallel increase of the leukocytic and bacterial numeration of sputum.

Curr Med Res Opin, 1977, 4(8), 544 - 54
Treatment of acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract; Nadkarni MS et al.; An open comparative study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of 4 antibiotic regimens in eradicating acute bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract . Patients in each treatment group had similar physical parameters, severity of disease and bacterial pathogens, and were treated for 10 days with either erythromycin estolate, erythromycin stearate, ampicillin or oxytetracycline in the recommended dosage . Each patient was reviewed daily by physical examination and the bacteriological findings from throat swab and salivary washings . The results showed that erythromycin stearate produced more rapid bacterial eradication and clinical resolution of symptoms and fever than with the other antibiotic preparations, and was well tolerated by most patients.

Antibiotiki, 1977, 22(2), 184 - 8
{Carbenicillin in the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial pneumonias}; Zamotaev IP et al.; A total of 50 patients suffering from acute and chronic bacterial pneumonia were treated with sodium carbenicillin . The bacteriological analysis of the sputum showed that Str . pneumoniae predominated in the monoculture or its association with other bacteria . Connection of the results of the bacteriological analysis with the clinical efficiency of the therapy was studied . When carbenicillin was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 1 gm, its therepeutic effect was maintained in the blood for 4 to 6 hours . A satisfactory clinical effect was registered in 41 out of 50 patients treated with carbenicillin in a daily dose 4--6 gm for 8--10 days . No toxic effect of carbenicillin on the parenchimatous organs and peripheral blood was noted.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1977, 237(2-3), 415 - 23
Rapid surface colony counts determination with three new miniaturised techniques; Malik KA; Three different miniaturised methods for the rapid surface viable counting are described . The methods were tried in parallel to seven different existing methods (Table 1) for viable counts and were found to be easier, quicker and insome cases more accurate . The techniques require about 10% of the material and time needed for conventional spread-plates method and the results were in no way inferior to that (Table 1 and 2) . Mini agar discs were cut aseptically with an especially designed stainless steel agar disc cutter (25 mm internal and 28 mm external diameter, Fig . 1b) or with a test tube of similar diameter . The area of the resulted mini-agar-disc of 25 mm diameter was kept such (about 1/10th of the normal plate) that the ratio of the colony-bearing area to the inoculm remained the same as on big plates in spread-plate-method (Table 2) . In normal Petri dishes (about 90 mm diameter) up to seven mini agar discs were possible to cut . Each small agar disc was seperated from the other mini-disc by a distance of at least 6 mm (Fig . 1a) . The empty place around the disc was still enlarged during over drying of the plates and during incubation . This created complete isolation from the neighbouring disc . For micro-determination of surface viable counts 10 micronl from each dilution was delivered on a well-dired mini-disc with a piston micropipette . The inoculm was immediately spread on the whole mini-disc with a specially designed flame sterilizable platinum-Mini-spreader (Fig . 2a) . No spinning of the plate was needed . Alternatively the dropping pipette and spreader was replaced by a calibrated platinum wire Loop-spreader (Fig . 2b) . A loop of 3 mm internal diameter made from a platinum-iridium wire of 0.75 mm thickness proved most useful and carried a drop of 10 micronl . Differences especially in surface tension of various diluting fluids did not influence to drop of this size and no recalibration was needed for water and nutrient broth . The loop was further shaped to Loop-spreader form . From each bacterial suspension 10 micronl were carried and spread on each mini-disc . The method is useful for pathogenic organisms as the loop can readily be flame sterilized . For routine purposes where only approximate numbers of bacteria need to be known a still rapid semiquantitative method was deviced making use of a calibrated stainless steel Stamping-disc (Fig . 2c) . A disc of 25mm diameter and 1 mm thickness delivered approximateyl 10 microlitres of supensions and was found to be most useful to stamp seven dilutions on a single plate . In collections and bacteriology laboratories where by conventional methods large number of plates are to be plated and counted the presented techniques could prove most convenient, rapid and economical.

J Pediatr, 1977 Jan, 90(1), 99 - 102
Outbreak of meningitis in a newborn intensive care unit caused by a single Escherichia coli K1 serotype; Headings DL et al.; Three cases of meningitis that occurred during a nine-day period in a newborn intensive care unit were caused by a single E . coli serotype 07:K1:H- . A single organism outbreak was suspected when the three spinal fluid isolates all possessed the same two unusual bacteriologic and biochemical characteristics: nonmotile and ornithine negative . Culture surveillance identified eight infants colonized with the same strain of E . coli; three of these infants are described . Clusters of cases of E . coli meningitis in newborn intensive care units should be evaluated and managed as potential outbreaks.

Acta Odontol Scand, 1977, 35(6), 275 - 80
Effect of a Ca(OH)2 solution and a chlorhexidine based detergent on the microbial activity of human carious teeth; Forsten L et al.; Occlusar carious lesions from human molars, preserved in continuous humidity after extraction, were removed using conventional clinical techniques . Bacteriological samples were taken after rinsing the cavity with water only, after experimentally infecting the cavity and after treating uninfected cavities either with a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution or with a chlorhexidine based detergent . The samples were cultivated on blood agar plates aerobically and anaerobically . Cavities rinsed with water only showed very sparce bacterial growth . After experimental infection the growth was significant, but decreased radically after treatment with the test materials . In order to describe the effect of the two test materials on the microbial enzyme activity in infected dentin, cryostat sections of 10 micrometer were prepared from undermineralized carious dentin fragments excavated from freshly extracted human teeth . Conventional histochemical techniques were applied to demonstrate the aminopeptidase activity in the sections using N-L-leucyl-2-naphthylamide as a substrate . The aminopeptidase activity of carious dentin was inhibited totally with the Ca(OH)2 solution, whereas the chlorhexidine based detergent had no effect on the enzyme activity.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1977 Jan-Mar, 26(1), 35 - 8
{Immediate results of strictly supervised, intermittent treatment with rifampicin and ethambutol in patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis}; Josefovics F et al.; Of the 118 patients suffering from chronic pulmonary tuberculosis, living within the district of the Tirgu Mures Tuberculosis Dispensary, 100 accepted a strictly surveyed treatment and of these 90 continued for at least 6 months . The present paper reports on the immediate radiologic and bacteriological results and the factors influencing them . The following conclusions were drawn: 1) A 2/7 Rifampicin/Etambutol strictly supervised treatment is the most efficient method for neutralizing chronic bacillary sources . 2) The age and origin of the patients, the duration and extent of the pulmonary process, duration of the treatment and associated diseases are the factors that furnish the prognosis of the expected results . 3) Apart from the very good results obtained the method cannot solve all chronic cases and the classical antiepidemic measures must be applied in continuation.

Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd Zentralbl, 1977, 65(7), 757 - 61
{Bacteriological findings in Redon drains in maxillofacial surgery}; Schade K et al.; In 58 operations to the jaws, face, and neck, the exudate was withdrawn by Redaon drainage and subsequently examined bacteriologically . The authors report data on the type of causative agent involved and on the level of bacterial contamination, which are related to the process of healing.

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique, 1977, 25(4), 315 - 34
{Laboratory methods used for the screening and the control of sexually transmitted diseases (author's transl)}; Antal GM et al.; The most currently used methods by laboratories for the screening of sexually transmitted diseases were reviewed by the authors and their comparative reliability and sensitiivity examined . The authors endeavoured to give guidance to physicians and bacteriologists in the choice of available techniques as regards collection sites, transport of specimens, choice of transport media, serological tests for syphilis screening and diagnostic methods for urethritis or non-gonococcal vaginitis.

World Health Stat Rep, 1977, 30(1), 2 - 38
{Global review of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the world (1961-1971)}; Bulla A; The main objective of gathering available world-wide information on tuberculosis is to present an overall picture of how tuberculosis infection, morbidity and mortality, can be reflected today and to suggest the necessity to improve international epidemiological statistical intelligence . The highest levels of tuberculosis infection in the world (i.e . 60-80% in children 14 years old) may be found in eastern Asia, Oceania and in several areas in Africa . Considerable differences still do exist between the highest and lowest prevalence level within each continent . The ratio between the highest and lowest prevalence level of infection is varying from 1 to 2 in the Americas, to 1 to 10 in Europe . While, in general, in developed countries the annual infection rate reached 0.5% (1969-1972), in developing countries, annual infection rates of 2% or more were reported . The decrease of the annual infection rate in developed countries is, in general, 10% each year, whereas in the developing part of the world the fall in the rates has been slower or the level even remained constant for the last ten years . The information concerning tuberculosis morbidity is sometimes incomplete or inconsistent because of the lack of standard criteria for diagnosing and reporting tuberculosis . Although the bacteriological confirmation of tuberculosis cases has an important bearing on the recording system, official reports are particularly deficient in this respect . Estimating the total number of newly registered tuberculosis cases, one may say that more than 3.8 million, and approximately 4 million cases could have occurred 1967 and 1971 respectively . The prevalence of tuberculosis cases can be estimated to be around 6-8 in 1967 and 8 million cases in 1971 . The highest incidence rates reported in 1971 were in Asia, Oceania and in some African countries (i.e . 250-523 per 100000 population) . In Europe and America, tuberculosis incidence did not exceed a level of 200 per 100000 population . The average tuberculosis incidence rate for 1971 in the world may be estimated to be 111.5 per 100000 population (111.4 in 1967).

J Rheumatol, 1977 Summer, 4(2), 118 - 28
Experimental E . coli arthritis in the rabbit . A model of infectious and post-infectious inflammatory synovitis; Schurman DJ et al.; Rabbit knee joints challenged with E . coli 06 underwent a self-limited infection lasting several weeks followed by a prolonged post-infectious inflammatory arthritis . The E . coli used did not possess collagenolytic activity nor did a variety of common aerobic clinical isolates . Articular cartilage destruction occurred by two basically different mechanisms: u) direct invasion of pannus at the juxtaarticular margins, and 2) fibrillation in cartilage to cartilage contact areas . Weekly measurement of intra-articular pH and temperature were correlated with bacteriologic findings and groww and microscopic pathologic events.

NIHAE Bull, 1977, 10(4), 259 - 69
Planning and organization of the C . S . S . D; Nagpal AK et al.; "Central Sterile Supply Department" is a service which caters to the needs of a hospital or a group of hospitals, for the supply of sterilized material . It aims at centralizing the activities of receipt, cleaning, assembly, sterilization, storage and distribution of reliably sterilized material from a central department, where bacteriologically safe sterilization practice is conducted under controlled conditions, adequate managerial and technical supervision and minimum cost . This article aims at describing the planning considerations and principles of organization of a Central Sterile Supply Department . It is hoped that the information thus contained will assist the Hospital Administrators to plan and organize such facilities in their hospitals.

Dev Biol Stand, 1976 Dec 13-15, 37, 251 - 3
Production and control of live oral poliovirus vaccine in WI-38 human diploid cells; Stones PB; Production of live poliomyelitis vaccine in human diploid cells WI-38 can be carried out successfully on a continuous basis . Starting at the 8th population doubling level it is possible to produce 128 ampoules, each containing 1 ml of cell suspension at the 16th level . Each of these cell seed ampoules will yield 85 bottles each with a surface area of 1400 sq . cm at the production level (P29) together with 85 Roux bottle cultures which act as controls . A further passage from the control cells yields a sufficient supply of cells for karyology, tumourigenicity and other tests . Virus yields of the Sabin strains are rather lower than those obtained in primary monkey kidney cells, but this is compensated for by the very much lower reject rate . Karyological characterisation is undoubtedly the most demanding of the testing procedures both in time and expertise . Other tests for contamination, other than bacteriological have yielded uniformly negative results . There is urgent need for standardization of the assay systems used in different laboratories and there is perhaps a case for the use of reference vaccine produced in homogeneic cells.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1976 Dec 10, 118(50), 1623 - 30
{Basic features of diphtheria (author's transl)}; Stroder J; The basic features of diphtheria, especially clinical aspects, differential diagnosis and therapy are set out insofar as they are important for the general practitioner . The doctor, not the bacteriologist, must make the diagnosis . Serotherapy must be begun as rapidly as possible, and in adequate dosage . The patients must be carefully watched over in the interests of early detection of possible complications . Rest in bed is required in every case for at least 3 to 4 weeks, longer if possible . Even mild "localized" forms can lead to toxic damage during the course or subsequently . In infants, diphtheria may run its course as the well-defined clinical picture of "diphtheria intoxication" of infants.

Can Med Assoc J, 1976 Dec 4, 115(11), 1099 - 100
Urethral response to latex and Silastic catheters; Bruce AW et al.; The reaction of the urethral mucosa to latex and Silastic catheters was compared in two groups of patients undergoing prostatectomy . The bacteriologic response in the two groups differed little; however, Silastic catheters produced less cellular reaction than latex catheters.

Arch Dis Child, 1976 Dec, 51(12), 979 - 81
Childhood actinomycosis . Report of 3 recent cases; Drake DP et al.; Three cases of childhood actinomycosis are reported, 2 with the commonest presentation of cervicofacial abscess and the third with a rarely reported superficial chest wall abscess . The importance of prompt bacteriological diagnosis and adequate treatment with surgical drainage and chemotherapy is stressed . Though in adults males are affected more frequently than females, the sexes are probably equally affected in childhood.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Dec 1, 101(23), 1306 - 13
{Studies on the bacteriological features of fresh meat . III . Effects of transport (author's transl)}; Mulder SJ et al.; The bacteriological changes appearing on transport of legs of beef, pork carcases and parts of cattle and pigs were studied . Meat from three slaughter-houses was examined . Of the meat of each slaughter-house, specimens transported over a short distance, over a long distance or by the butcher's own vehicle were studied . The transported meat was found to be contaminated by bacteria which had developed on (other) meat . The hygienic condition of the meat-van obviously is a factor in the transfer of bacteria to legs and carcases; this was not observed where the parts were concerned . The effect of bacterial contamination was that the decrease in stability was most marked in meat showing low bacterial counts . The season during which the meat was transported and the temperature reached during transport were not found to have any appreciable effect on the increase in bacterial counts . Nor were any marked differences observed between slaughter-houses or the various transports to butcher's shops . On the other hand, there was a relatively marked increase in bacterial counts on a particular transport route on which the meat had to travel for periods varying from five to six hours.

Nord Vet Med, 1976 Dec, 28(12), 577 - 84
The occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis in Denmark; Flagstad A et al.; The clinical and pathologic findings in a case of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in a 1-year-old male cat are described . The cat had been sick for about 3 weeks and presented itself clinically with depression, anorexia, dehydration, mild icterus and acites and a temperature of 39.5 degrees C . The sedimentation rate was elevated to 80 mm/30 min . An exploratory laparotomy was performed and ascitic fluid, found to be bacteriologically sterile, was collected . Pathologically, lesions involved both abdominal and thoracic serious membranes and viscera, especially the liver . They ranged from acute, focal necrosis or fibrino-necrotic changes to proliferative inflammation mainly characterized by infiltration with mononuclear cells . An identical disease was produced experimentally by intraperitoneal inoculation of ascitic fluid from the clinical case into 2 healthy cats . This is the first published report of the occurrence of FIP in Scandinavia.

Am J Med, 1976 Dec, 61(6), 946 - 51
Tuberculous pseudotumors of the liver; Zipser RD et al.; A 35 year old man presented with fever, weight loss and adenopathy . The clinical presentation, laboratory studies, liver scan and laparotomy all suggested metastatic carcinoma . Bacteriologic and pathologic studies established a diagnosis of macronodular tuberculosis isolated to the liver . Response to antituberculous drug therapy was rapid . Review of the literature revealed this case to be a rare example of tuberculous pseudotumors of the liver.

Urology, 1976 Dec, 8(6), 563 - 6
Asymptomatic bacteriospermia . Cause of infertility in men; Dahlberg B; The causes of male infertility are still poorly understood, and asymptomatic bacteriospermia in the male can cause infertility . A new method was evaluated for examination of bacteriologic cultures of semen specimens . Treatment of the male shows successful results with pregnancies following.

Trop Geogr Med, 1976 Dec, 28(4), 323 - 8
Complement components in children with protein-calorie malnutrition; Olusi SO et al.; Complement components of C1-C9 were estimated in children with protein-calorie malnutrition . The diagnosis of kwashiorkor and marasmus were based on clinical examination, anthropometric measurements and on biochemical estimations . The children were examined clinically and bacteriologically for any evidence of infection . All the complement components except C4 and C5 were significantly lower in children with protein-calorie malnutrition: of all the complement components C3 and C9 were the most severely depressed . C5 was the only complement component that was significantly higher in malnourished children than in normal children . Malnourished children with C-reactive protein in their serum had significantly lower values of C3 and C9 and higher values of C5 than malnourished children without C-reactive protein in their serum . During refeeding C3 was the first complement to show a significant rise . This was followed by C9 . There was a fall in C5 concentration while there was no change in C4 concentration . The roles of infection, malnutrition and C-reactive protein on complement depletion are discussed.

Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1976 Dec, 42(6), 810 - 6
The microbiologic approach in endodontics; Kaufman AY et al.; The results of an investigation of the microbiologic flora of gangrenous teeth are presented . The rationale of the concept of the microbiologic approach is discussed . A possible explanation for the small differences in the success of endodontically treated teeth obturated after positive and negative bacteriologic cultures is suggested.

Tubercle, 1976 Dec, 57(4), 235 - 49
A study of two twice-weekly and once-weekly continuation regimen of tuberculosis chemotherapy, including a comparison of two durations of treatment . 1 . First report: the results at 18 months.
{Bone marrow's histopathology in tuberculosis of the hematopoietic organs (author's transl)}
Tulliez M.

Through the reports of the literature, the histopathologic lesions of the bone marrow in tuberculosis of the hematopoietic organs are analysed . Whether the lesions are typical or not, it is necessary to have a bacteriologic proof of tuberculosis . Near these lesions, bone marrow's cellularity is often greater or lower, reticular fibers are often increased and sometimes reticulin fibrosis is marked . Other necrosis and granulomatous inflammation are discussed . Contribution of macrophage is described . The relationships between tuberculosis and hematologic diseases are reported.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Dec, 37(12), 1511 - 3
Bacteriologic cultural examination of the lower respiratory tract of laboratory dogs; Pecora DV; During lung transplantation experiments, the lower respiratory tracts of dogs were examined by bacteriologic cultural technique pre- and postoperatively . Three methods were used to obtain culture material: transtracheal aspiration, lung puncture, and lung biopsy collection . Both before and after operation, infections were commonplace . Antibiotics given at the time of operation tended to suppress infection.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1976 Dec, 7(4), 513 - 7
Tuberculosis in Indonesia: recent studies on detection and drug susceptibility of mycobacteria in Jakarta; Joseph SW et al.; Sputum specimens from more than 1000 Indonesian tuberculosis suspects were examined by bacteriologic culture, and by bright field and fluorescence microscopy . Two hundred twenty had positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and of these 68% were positive by fluorescence microscopy . Agreement between culture, both negative and positive, and fluorescence microscopy was 87% . Sensitivity to antituberculous drugs was performed in 209 isolates . Significant resistance to isoniazid, para-amino salicylic acid, and streptomycin was found i.e . 65 (31%), 19 (19%), 54 (26%), respectively . Fluorescence microscopy was a useful method for rapid microscopic confirmation of tuberculosis and was especially valuable in detecting difficult-to-culture organisms.

Langenbecks Arch Chir, 1976 Nov 15, 342, 383 - 91
{Hospital infection during postoperative intensive care (author's transl)}; Kalmar P et al.; Since 1970 all postoperative bacteriological findings recorded in surgical patients have been analyzed and compared with the postoperative course . There are also regular checks of bacterial invasion in the operating suites and in the intensive care units . By such means as systems of double lock for personnel and equipment, regular surface disinfection, frequent hand disinfection, cleaning of the respirators with antiseptics, etc., the authors have been able to reduce the incidence of hospital infection very drastically . These measures also almost eliminated cross-infections in patients on long-term ventilation and complications with long-term indwelling catheters.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1976 Nov 1, 169(9), 915 - 9
Pulmonary tuberculosis in a sulfur-crested cockatoo; Peavy GM et al.; An adult, female sulfur-crested cockatoo (Kakatoe sp) was examined because of dyspnea associated with hemoptysis . On radiographic examination there was a large cystic pulmonary mass that, on aspiration, was found to contain thick sanguineous fluid . Ziehl-Neelsen staining of aspirate smears revealed numerous acid-fast organisms . Gross necropsy and microscopic findings suggested a diagnosis of tuberculosis, with primary focus of infection in the pulmonary tissues . Bacteriologic isolation and typing confirmed a diagnosis of tuberculosis and established Mycobacterium avium as the etiologic agent.

Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1976 Nov, 236(2-3), 205 - 14
{Robert Koch's unpublished and unfinished experiments on sheep-pox (author's transl)}; Museteanu C et al.; The archives of the Robert Koch Institute include a casket with preparations and handwritten notes by Robert Koch (Fig . 1) . He made these preparations during his time as a rural doctor between October of 1878 and September of 1880 . They refer to an outbreak of sheep-pox at Rackwitz, a place near his practice at Wollstein (Fig . 2) . This work has not been published; we know of it from one of Robert Koch's private letters (11) . To reconstruct his working scheme and reasoning, we consulted particularly his reports on rinderpest experiments which he began in 1896 (6) . The preparations from this casket which had been stained with Bismarck brown (according to Weigert) date back to a period when Robert Koch developed the foundations of bacteriology and they are evidence of his preparedness to accept new operational procedures (1, 2, 3) . Thus, we have to assume that these preparations were to serve as evidence of a bacteriological etiology of sheep-pox . A wrong conclusion as to associations between the superinfection present and etiology of the disease (7) was ruled out by maintaining his own postulate . Simultaneously with this preparation work, Robert Koch performed animal experiments (11) . His experience from these studies was utilized later on in his rinderpest experiments (6) . On account of his confrontation with viral disease - which had its starting point in his unpublished work on sheep-pox - Robert Koch stated his postulate to be valid in the same manner as if bacteriological etiology had been demonstrated (4,6) . The importance of these preparations is also seen in the interpretation of viral tissue damage, i.e . increase of macrophages and plasma cells with subsequent necrosis (9) characteristic of vira infection (Figs . 3, 4).

Exp Hematol, 1976 Nov, 4(6), 329 - 38
Contribution of granulocytopenia to endotoxin sensitivity of mice irradiated or undergoing graft-versus-host reaction; Walker RI et al.; Animals compromised by irradiation or graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) are highly sensitive to endotoxin (ET) . In order to determine the causes of the increased sensitivity of compromised mice, we studied alterations of hepatic (central) and bloodborne (peripheral) ET clearance processes . We observed that increased sensitivity to ET, as determined by mortality, occurred shortly after irradiation and correlated with granulocytopenia nd thrombocytopenia rather than with impairment of liver function . The involvement of granulocytes in ET clearance was indicated by injection of 51Cr-ET suspended in whole blood . By comparison with clearance of ET injected with saline or plasma, greater amounts of 51Cr-ET were sequestered in peripheral organs than in the liver . Similar results were obtained when Cr-ET in whole blood was perfused through a rat liver . ET clearance was enhanced 50% over that seen in M-199, plasma, or platelet-rich plasma . It was also found that intestinal ET contributes to mortality of granulocytopenic-thrombocytopenic mice . This was supported by the observation that bacteriologically decontaminated, irradiated animals were eight times more resistant to challenge with ET than were conventional animals . Thus, an important aspect of increased sensitivity to ET, in comprised mice, is defective peripheral clearance.

Br Med J, 1976 Oct 30, 2(6043), 1033 - 4
Amoxycillin in treatment of typhoid fever in patients with haematological contraindications to chloramphenicol; Afifi AM et al.; Thirty adults with proved typhoid fever were treated with amoxycillin 1 g six-hourly by mouth for an average of 14 days because of haematological contraindications to chloramphenicol . Eighteen patients were Egyptian men with the Mediterranean variety of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and an enzyme activity in the red cells fanging from 0 to 3%, and 12 patients had a history of severe but reversible myelosuppression after eight to 12 days' treatment with chloramphenicol 1-5-2 g daily . The clinical and bacteriological responses in this group of patients were compared with those of 30 haematologically normal patients of comparable age and sex treated with chloramphenicol . The results showed that amoxycillin is an effective alternative to chloramphenicol for treating typhoid fever in patients with haematological contraindications to chloramphenicol.

Nouv Presse Med, 1976 Oct 23, 5(35), 2303 - 6
{Intralymphatic B.C.G . infusions . Preliminary results (40 cases)}; Abbes M et al.; A new route of administration for BCG aimed at stimulating immunity in cancer patients is presented . 40 patients received an intra-lymphatic infusion of BCG and in 20 lymphnode dissection was carried out for bacteriological and histological study . Details of technique and the results are given with regard to the effects of BCG on pelvic and pre-vertebral nodes after injection via a foot vessel.

Med J Aust, 1976 Oct 9, 2(15), 571 - 2
Terminal exacerbation of chronic melioidosis in New South Wales; Saltos N et al.; A fatal case of melioidosis, thought to be the third recorded from New South Wales, is presented . Infection probably occurred in Queensland . The patients presented with a subcutaneous abscess complicated by pyaemia, extensive lung involvement and septicaemic shock . The diagnosis was bacteriologically confirmed shortly before death, by isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from blood, pus swabs and tracheal aspirates . There is a need for greater awareness of this disease in persons who have resided in South-East Asia and in North-Eastern Australia.

Pediatrics, 1976 Oct, 58(4), 526 - 31
Epiglottitis: incidence of extraepiglottic infection: report of 72 cases and review of the literature; Molteni RA; A review of 72 cases of epiglottitis seen at the Children's Hospital of Denver was undertaken to determine the incidence of extraepiglottic and septic foci in this disease . A parallel review of the literature was also undertaken . The clinical, bacteriologic, laboratory, and radiologic findings of this patient population are described . A 25% incidence of both pneumonia and cervical lymphadenitis was found to be associated with this illness . Exudative tonsillitis and otitis media were the only other complications, although they were infrequently noted . No cases of septic arthritis or meningitis were encountered, although 50% of these patients were recognized as bacteremic . A low incidence of septic complications (eight cases of meningitis and one case of periarticular abscess) is noted in a review of the literature . Recommendations for antibiotic management and definition of the population at risk for septic complications are given.

J Hyg (Lond), 1976 Oct, 77(2), 263 - 6
An appraisal of sewage pollution along a section of the Natal coast after the introduction of submarine outfalls; Livingstone DJ; A bacteriological survey on the distribution and occurrence of coliforms and pathogenic indicators of pollution within the surf-zone and near-shore waters along a section of the Natal coast before the use of submarine outfalls with reported previously . In that report more than half the beaches in the region were found to be of Class IV or III quality . After the submarine outfalls became operational, ten further sampling runs were made . A considerable improvement in the sea-water quality was apparent, most of the beaches being regarded to Class II or I, notably in the bathing areas.

Lepr India, 1976 Oct, 48(4 Suppl), 819 - 24
Case detection through school surveys in Greater Bombay; Koticha KK; Of the 55,502 students examined 214 were found to be suffering from leprosy, the case-detection rate being 3.9 per 1000 . Age of the students showed no relation to the occurrence of leprosy . Sex of the student was significant . Leprosy was more common among the male students . Leprosy rate amongst Tamil and Urdu speaking students was significanlty more than amongst Marathi and other language groups . 98% of cases were tuberculoid, 2% cases intermediate and nil lepromatous . 4% of cases were bacteriologically positive . Over 99% of cases were without deformity 86% of cases were in early stages . In a significant number of leprosy cases the single lesion (presumably initial lesion) was on the covered parts of the body.

Lepr India, 1976 Oct, 48(4 Suppl), 718 - 21
Experience with the combination of clofazimine (Lamprene) and long-term steroid therapy in the treatment of leprosy; Hogerzeil LM; A study was undertaken in 14 patients and 20 controls to find out if Lamprene can prevent a flare-up of the infection with Myco . leprae in patients who are on long-term steroid therapy on account of persistent reaction or neuritis . All patients were lepromatus (LL) . The average duration of treatment was 21 months for the patients on Lamprene combined with steroids and 22 months for the patients on Lamprene only . There was no significant difference between the two groups in the reduction of either the MI (morphological index) or BI (bacteriological index) . It appears that long-term steroids therapy has no adverse effect on the bacteriological decline in lepromatous patients provided that they are treated with Lamprene at the same time.

Aust Vet J, 1976 Oct, 52(10), 458 - 61
A pathological and bacteriological study of the mammary glands of beef cows in north Queensland; Sobari S et al.; Pathological and bacteriological studies were made of a total of 507 udders from slaughtered beef cows originating from various locations in northern Queensland . Incidence of supernumerary tests was 28%, their distribution being caudal (80%), intercalary (8%), ramal (5%) and anterior 1%; 6% had both caudal and intercalary teats . They were seen most frequency in British breed and British-Brahman crossbreds (each 29%) and less frequently in Brahmans (22%) . Gross lesions were found in 11.4% of cows; these lesions comprised cysts (2.8%), leech infestation (1.0%), mastitis (0.6%), teat occlusionsion (3.9%), papillomatosis (1.2%), cutaneous horns (0.4%), teat fistulas (0.4%), teat trauma (0.6%) and udder fibrosis (0.6%) . Mastitis was obviously low in occurrence, while leech infestation and teat occlusion were relatively frequent in cows from one area . Bacteriological examination of single quarters in 364 cows, revealed infection in 154 (42.3%) . A total of 199 isolations were made of which 3.5% were recognised mastitis pathogens . Pathological conditions were found, and bacterial isolations were made more frequently in aged than in mature or young cows.

Comput Programs Biomed, 1976 Oct, 6(3), 178 - 86
A computer system for handling data from bacterial sensitivity testing; Midtvedt T et al.; A computer system for handling data collected from antibiotic sensitivity testing of clinical bacterial isolates is described . The system allows a rapid handling of the information collected, supplying the ward and laboratory with cummulative data on each patient . The bacteriologist and the clinician are thus suitably armed when creating a rational antibiotic therapy.

HNO, 1976 Oct, 24(10), 336 - 8
{Tuberculosis of peripheral lymph nodes (author's transl)}; Kindler U et al.; The diagnosis and therapy of tuberculosis involving peripheral lymph nodes is discussed in a series of thirthy patients . Diagnosis is best made by both bacteriological and histologic study . Therapy is best effected by combining medical tuberculostatics with operative intervention . Epithelioid cell or proliferative forms of lymph node tuberculosis best respond to medical management.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Oct 1, 101(19), 1084 - 92
{Mycobacterial intestinal disease in woodpigeons (Columbia palumbus) (author's transl)}; Van der Schaaf A et al.; During and shortly after the second world war, an infection bearing a resemblance to avian tuberculosis was observed in woodpigeons in Denmark and Great Britain . These birds had been found dead or been shot . The patogenic agent, however, could not be isolated by the usual methods . In the Netherlands, the disease was also detected in woodpigeons and occasionally in psittacine birds . The histological changes bore a resemblance to those observed in Johne's disease . Detailed bacteriological and experimental studies showed that there were two different infections . One agent was a mycobacterium of the species, which could not be grown on the usual culture media for M . tuberculosis, whereas it could on the media used in the culture of M . paratuberculosis, particularly Smith's medium . The bacterium also soon becomes rough on this culture medium . As a result, differentiation of serological types by Schaefer's method failed . The other type of mycobacterium (which indeed causes a similar form of intestinal disease) could be readily cultured and was identified as M . avium type 2 . The former mycobacterium is still nameless in point of fact but is sometimes wrongly referred to as Mycobacterium columbae . This rod was not found to be pathogenic for the domesticated pigeon (Columba livia), not even when intestinal mucosa containing large numbers of bacteria and obtained from a diseases woodpigeon which had died recently, was inoculated orally in recently hatched specimens of the domesticated pigeon . To account for the appearance of tuberculosis in native woodpigeons, it is suggested that low plasma transferrin levels could result in marked susceptibility to infections such as tuberculosis and trichomoniasis.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Oct 1, 101(19), 1073 - 8
{Inflammation of the tail in swine . Slaughter-house findings during 1972, 1973, and 1974 (author's transl)}; Meijer P et al.; In the Public Salughter-House of Utrecht, a percentage increase in the number of pigs with inflammation of the tail, which had or had not healed, was observed during the period from 1972 to 1974 inclusive . The most common secondary symptoms of inflammation consisted in embolic pneumonia, osteomyelitis of the vertebrae and abscess formation in other parts of the body, particularly the semimebranosus muscles . Osteomyelitis was found to be the most common complication in pigs in which the inflammation of the tail had healed, whereas this usually consisted in embolic pneumonia in those cases in which the inflammation of the tail had not healed . The bacteriological examination carried out in accordance with the Meat Inspection Regulations was positive in 21.7 per cent, 13.5 per cent of the cases respectively in 1972, 1973 and 1974 . Micro-organisms were isolated much more frequently from the kidney than they were from the spleen and meat . There was no relationship between the presence of inflammation of the tail and climatological conditions during the fattening period . The losses at slaughter from inflammation of the tail in the Netherlands are estimated at 3-4 million guilders per annum.

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd, 1976 Oct, 169(4), 462 - 7
{Bacteriological results from conjunctival swabs and anterior chamber aspiration of corneal donors (author's transl)}; Zirm M et al.; Bacteriological investigation of possible cornea donors' conjunctiva and aqueous humor were performed . The results show the importance of antibiotic prophylaxis before keratoplasty.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1976 Oct-Dec, 25(4), 237 - 44
{Influence of tobacco smoking on the development of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis}; Ionescu J et al.; The present investigation was designed to the study, in rabbits, of morphologic and enzymatic pulmonary alterations produced by tobacco smoke and the course of tuberculosis under these conditions . The histologic examination revealed muciparous hyperplasia and pavementing metaplasia of the bronchic epithelium, accompanied by interstitial cellular reactions, reticulin, fibrilogenesis, atelectasis, emphysema and marked debility of the animals . In the animals treated with tobacco smoke the tuberculous lesions were very extensive and had an exudative-necrotic character . Under the influence of chemotherapy, applied during three months, reorganization of the lesions was reduced in comparison to the controls and an intense bacteriological activity persisted.

Avian Dis, 1976 Oct-Dec, 20(4), 756 - 60
Avian cell cultures grown in an open system (dishes) without CO2 incubator, and their use for virus cultivation; Cho BR; An organic buffer, N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), in a culture medium made it possible to culture chick embryo fibroblast (CEF), duck embryo fibroblast (DEF), and chick kidney (CK) cells in an open system (dishes) under incubation in a bacteriological incubator, requiring no CO2 incubation . CEF, DEF, and CK cells cultured with this system were suitable for cultivation of avain viruses such as Newcastle disease virus, CELO virus, Marek's disease virus, and turkey herpesvirus.

Langenbecks Arch Chir, 1976 Sep 23, 341(3), 161 - 73
{Aerodynamic analysis of a new sterile operating enclosure, and comparative bacteriologic testing between a conventional operating theatre and a sterile enclosure during sham operations (author's transl)}; Hell K et al.; An aerodynamic and bacteriological evaluation of a new sterile operating enclosure has been undertaken, comparing it with a conventional operating theatre under sham operating conditions with or without coincident use of either a surgical helmet or surgical face mask . Statistical analysis of these studies show the bacterial level in the sterile enclosure at the wound site is significantly lower than in ordinary operating theatre conditions whereas the use of a helmet with evacuating ducts effects these findings insignificantly.

JAMA, 1976 Sep 20, 236(12), 1359 - 64
Gonorrhea in preschool- and school-aged children . Report of the prepubertal gonorrhea cooperative study group; Nelson JD et al.; Single-dose antibiotic therapy was evaluated in 108 episodes of culture-confirmed, uncomplicated gonorrhea in 100 prepubertal children . There were 15 boys and 85 girls between 14 months and 14 years of age . Penicillin G procaine, 100,000 units/kg intramuscularly, was compared with amoxicillin trihydrate, 50 mg/kg orally . Probenecid, 25 mg/kg, was given simultaneously . Both drugs provided prompt bacteriological and clinical response . Multiple episodes of gonorrhea, presumably caused by reexposure, occurred in six girls . Oral and anal cultures were negative in all of 47 Costa Rican cases but were commonly positive in US children . Anal cultures yielded gonococci in 52% of girls and 25% of boys, and oral cultures were positive in 18% and 13%, respectively . In three instances, rectal cultures confirmed the diagnosis when vaginal cultures were negative . Gonorrhea should be considered in every child with vaginal or urethral discharge . Single-dose penicillin-probenecid or amoxicillin-probenecid treatment is curative.

Heart Lung, 1976 Sep-Oct, 5(5), 781 - 3
Intra-abdominal sepsis; Holliday RL; Intra-abdominal sepsis remains one of the major challenges to the surgeon . With a proper appreciation of the bacteriology and pathophysiology involved and an awareness of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, hopefully, mortality and morbidity rates can be reduced.

Arch Otolaryngol, 1976 Sep, 102(9), 558 - 60
Mycobacterium fortuitum mastoiditis; Austin WK et al.; Improved techniques of bacteriologic identification have led to increasing recognition of the clinical significance of the atypical or anomymous mycobacteria . Mycobacterium fortuitum, included in group IV of Runyon's classification because of its characteristic rapid growth, is widespread in nature as a saprophyte . Its facultative pathogenicity has received increasing attention in the literature recently with reports of a number of isolated infections, epidemics, and deaths . We report a case of mastoiditis due to M fortuitum and discuss the pathogenesis and treatment . This is the first known report of the organism causing otolaryngologic disease.

Arch Otolaryngol, 1976 Sep, 102(9), 542 - 6
When the weeping stopped: an otologist views otorrhea and gentamicin; Gyde MC; Gentamicin sulfate ophthalmic solution, 0.3%, was used ototopically in the treatment of 300 patients with otorrhea associated with acute and chronic ear conditions and to obtain a preoperative "dry state" in 93 cases in which surgical operation was indicated . Bacterial cultures, antibiograms, and audiometric tests were conducted before, during, and after ototopical therapy . Gentamicin-susceptible pathogens were isolated in all cases . A totally "dry state", after three weeks of therapy, was considered evidence of clinical success . Administration of gentamicin was by means of a wick or at the rate of 0.3 to 0.4 ml twice daily . Clinical success was observed in 271 cases . There were no signs of ototoxicity and only one reported instance of skin reaction . This simple, inexpensive treatment is particularly adaptable to situations in which specialized bacteriological testing facilities are unavailable and a broad-spectrum antibiotic is indicated.

Vet Med (Praha), 1976 Sep, 21(9), 513 - 9
{Milking without additional hand stripping and health status of the mammary gland}; Renda V et al.; A field trial was performed in two half-sib first-calver groups of the Bohemiam Spotted breed . Each group included thirteen animals, studied for the effect of milking without additional hand stripping on the health condition of the mammary gland for a period of one lactation . The indices of an udder health condition were not affected at an appreciable level of statistical significance (the clinical and bacteriological picture, the positivity of the Mastitis test - NK, the content of milk cellular elements, milk chloride ion content, lactose content, and the value of the chlorine-sugar number . The unstripped udder halves showed a slight increase of the irritation index (by 0.1), milk cellular element content (by 33 000 per per 1 ml), chloride ion content (by 0.81 mmol 1+-1), and chlorine-sugar number (by 0.03) . However, the mentioned increase did not exceed the limits of the physiological ranges of the parameters under study - hence it cannot be treated as a sign of udder alteration due to milking without additional hand stripping.

Tubercle, 1976 Sep, 57(3), 177 - 80
Retreatment of drug-sensitive relapses of pulmonary tuberculosis following chemotherapy with standard drugs; Santha T et al.; Forty-four tuberculous patients who relapsed with strains sensitive to the initial drugs they had received, namely streptomycin and isoniazid, were retreated with the same drugs for a year . One died of tuberculosis, and two had treatment changed for unfavourable response . All the other 41 showed a bacteriological response, and all but one were culture-negative at 1 year or when last assessed.

Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1976 Sep, 55(9), 707 - 10
{Diphtheria in the area of antibiotics (author's transl)}; Meyer zum Gottesberge A et al.; In Dusseldorf repeated incidences of severe membranous angina were observed, several cases of which had a fatal outcome . Though the bacteriological proof could only be firnished in one case, in the rest of the cases there was also the strong suspicion of diphtheria . To guarantee the final diagnosis, it is necessary, to make the throat swab before the antibiotic therapy begins since only a single dosis of penicillin jeopardises the demonstration of the infection agent . It must urgently be minded of the necessity, that in cases of suspicion a diphtheria antitoxin should be given in good time, not waiting for the bacteriological clarification, since already a whole generation of physicians from their personal experience is no longer up to date on the clinical picture of diphtheria.

Z Erkr Atmungsorgane, 1976 Aug, 146(2), 145 - 52
{Effectivity of intermittent RMP/EMB treatment in patients with chronic pulmonary tuberculosis (author's transl)}; Frenzel I et al.; 59 patients with far advanced chronic pulmonary tuberculosis were treated, after a three months daily period of RMP/EMB and a third drug, with RMP 1.2 g and EMB 50 mg/kg twice weekly for the following 9 months and there after with EMB 50 mg/kg twice weekly for another 12 months . Sputumconversion was achieved in all patients within four months . Except for one bacteriological relapse during the 10th month of therapy all patients were TB-negative up to the end of at least four years (4-6 1/2 years) after onset of treatment . In nearly 78% of the patients the treatment was fully accepted and well tolerated during the first year . 8 patients had systemic reactions due to RMP between the 7th and 12th month . Only in 5 patients RMP had to be substituted by another drug . The regimen has proved to be highly effective, well acceptable and tolerable . It could be administered fully supervised.

HNO, 1976 Aug, 24(8), 265 - 7
{Hazards associated with artificial humidification in tracheotomized patients (author's transl)}; Grehn M et al.; Bacteriological testing in tracheotomized patients has shown that infection can be avoided when only sterilized water is used for post-surgical humidification and is disinfected at least every two days . In so doing, water condensation can be avoided by the use of concomitant tube heating . Conclusions indicate that humidifers which utilize water evaporation are more useful in patient care than ultra-sonic nebulizers.

Arch Dis Child, 1976 Aug, 51(8), 569 - 75
Coliform meningitis in the newborn; Heckmatt JZ; Thirty-six patients with coliform meningitis in the 15-year period 1960-1974 are reported . Only 9 patients survived unscathed though the other 5 survivors were not seriously affected . During the septicaemic phase of the illness the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), though positive on culture, may be otherwise normal . Meningitis can ensue even when the patient is receiving antibiotics to which the organism is sensitive and the possible disadvantages of using a nondiffusible antibiotic must be appreciated . The CSF in Esch . coli meningitis can be persistently haemorrhagic which may cause difficulties in the initial diagnosis . It must be emphasized that infective illness in the newborn is often nonspecific in its presentation and that repeated bacteriological investigations are essential in neonates who are unwell.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1976 Aug, 66(2), 407 - 15
A regional quality control program in microbiology . II . Advantages of simulated clinical specimens; Black WA et al.; A regional quality control program was established using simulated clinical specimens introduced into the routine workload of participating laboratories in such a way that they were not detected as quality control specimens . Comparison of performance between these specimens and lyophilized cultures showed that additional information was obtainable with the former . In particular, it was observed that common pathogens such as Escherichia coli are poorly identified in clinical material . The examination of urines was inferior to examination of other types of specimens . The implications of these findings for the practice of diagnostic bacteriology are discussed.

Am J Med Technol, 1976 Aug, 42(8), 277 - 8
Positive controls for fungal detection in tissue sections; Elias JM et al.; Lyophilized Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Aspergillus fumigatus are rehydrated, evenly dispersed, and made into smears using a bacteriological loop and alcohol-cleaned slides . Smears are air dried for 15 minutes, fixed in concentrated formaldehyde fumes for 30 minutes, postfixed for one hour in ten per cent buffered formaldehyde, and stored at room temperature . These preparations are used as positive controls for the Grocott stain as recommended for confirmation of fungi detected in tissue sections.

Postgrad Med J, 1976 Aug, 52(610), 497 - 500
Pneumococcal antigen in pneumonia . A post-mortem study with the histological and bacteriological findings; El-Refaie M et al.; Pneumococcal capsular antigens can be detected in lung tissue by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis even when, following antibiotics, post-mortem bacterilogy suggests that Escherichia coli has replaced pneumococci . The results suggest that antipneumococcal therapy would benefit at least 55% of patients critically ill with lung infection and that the potentially toxic drugs directed at coliform bacteria may be unnecessary.

N Z Med J, 1976 Jul 14, 84(567), 6 - 8
Developing or normocellular bacterial meningitis; Fimlt AM et al.; Occult, normocellular bacterial meningitis is described in two cases, and additional records of similar cases reviewed . It is considered necessary to perform bacteriological cultures of all cerebrospinal fluids investigated for possible infective conditions even if of normal cell count, biochemistry, and naked eye appearance.

Bronchopneumologie, 1976 Jul-Aug, 26(4), 324 - 30
Open lung biopsy as a diagnostic adjuvant in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases; Swierenga J et al.; In a survey of the possible means of establishing a diagnosis in diffuse pulmonary diseases, the usefulness of the open lung biopsy technique is discussed in more detail . In the opinion of the writers the open biopsy offers advantages over the other biopsy methods since: 1) a greater number of and more extensive biopsies can be taken; 2) the hazard of complications is slighter; 3) differences in biopsy specimens, for example, from the upper lobe and the lower lobe can be studied; 4) multiple biopsy specimens permit the carrying out of many examinations such as virological examination, bacteriological examination, histochemical examination, electron microscopic examination and immunofluorescence examination . The method under discussion carries no risk . There was no mortality in this series . The hazard of complications is slight and certainly slighter than in other methods; our experience has shown that it is slighter than in other methods of biopsying the lung.

Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis, 1976 Jul-Sep, 44(3), 332 - 9
Peripheral vascular deficit in leprosy; Kaur S et al.; There is considerable controversy regarding the frequency and significance of vascular lesions in leprosy . Thirty-five patients of leprosy under 40 years of age, without any local and systemic arterial disease, with normal looking hands and feet, were subjected to brachial arteriography . One patient also had posterior tibial arteriography . Diagnosis of leprosy was confirmed by bacteriologic and histopathologic technics . Biopsy material was studied from the area of radiographic abnormality, similar material was obtained from nine matched control subjects at autopsy . Skin thermometry and reflex vasodilatation were studied in eight cases . Various fractions of serum lipids and cholesterol were estimated in all patients and found to be within normal range . Arteriographic abnormalities such as occlusion, narrowing, tortuosity, dilatation, poststenotic dilatation, irregularity and incomplete filling of the lumen by radio-opaque material, were seen in more than two vessels in 50% of the arteriograms in wrist and palm; digital vessels showed abnormality in 75% to 94% of cases . The ulnar artery was more frequently involved (74%) than the radial (50%) . Superficial and deep palmar arches were equally affected . Increased vascularity in hypothenar eminence area was seen in three arteriograms . Marked increase in arcuate vessels was noted in 60% of patients . Some arcuate vessels were serving as collaterals . Histologically, all grades of vessels including capilaries showed changes in nearly half of the patients . Reflex vasodilatation was lost in three patients of dimorphous leprosy, and impaired or absent in three of five patients of lepromatous leprosy . There was no predilection for any form of leprosy to show arterial changes more than others . This study clearly demonstrates that the vascular involvement in leprosy is very frequent and must be playing an important role in causing mutilations and deformities of hands and feet.

Clin Radiol, 1976 Jul, 27(3), 365 - 70
Peripheral arteriographic studies in leprosy; Wahi PL et al.; There is a considerable controversy regarding the frequency and significance of vascular lesions in leprosy . Twenty-six cases of leprosy below the age of 40 years, without any local or systemic arterial disease and normal looking hands were subjected to brachial arteriography . One patient had posterior tibial arteriography also . The diagnosis of leprosy was confirmed by histology or bacteriological staining techniques . Biopsy material was studied from the involved areas and similar material was obtained from nine matched control subjects at autopsy . Skin thermometry and reflex vasodilatation was studied in eight cases . Arteriographic abnormalities such as occlusion, narrowing, tortuosity, dilatation, irregularity and incomplete filling were seen in more than two vessels in the hand in 50%, and in the digits in 75% of the cases . The ulnar artery was more frequently involved than the radial . Superficial and deep palmar arches were equally affected . Marked increase in arcuate vessels was noticed in nearly three-quarters of the patients, and in some, arcuate vessles were serving as collaterals . Histologically all sizes of vessles, including the capillaries, showed changes in nearly half the cases . Reflex vasodilation was lost in three cases of dimorphous leprosy and impaired or absent in three out of five cases of lepromatous leprosy . There was no predilection for any form of leprosy to show arterial changes more than the other . This study clearly demonstrates that the arterial involvement in leprosy is very frequent and must be playing an important role in causing mutilation and deformities of hands and feet.

Cornell Vet, 1976 Jul, 66(3), 347 - 52
A serological and bacteriological survey of canine brucellosis in Mexico; Flores-Castro R et al.; Using agglutination procedures, 203 human and 500 dog sera collected in Mexico City were tested for canine brucellosis . Blood samples from the 500 dogs also were cultured for Brucella canis (B . canis) . Positive agglutination titers (1:100 or greater) were found in 27 (13.3%) of the human and 140 (28.0%) of the dog sera tested . B . canis was isolated from the blood of eight dogs . The disease was experimentally produced in susceptible dogs by inoculation with one of the isolated strains.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1976 Jul, 124(7), 551 - 6
{Bacteriological aspects of preparation, storage and transport of milk formulas (author's transl)}; Irle U et al.; 1 . It was shown that special apparatus for cleaning milkbottles makes additional desinfection unnecessary with regard to bacteriological and hygienic aspects . -- 2 . Milk-bottles should be processed centrally for safety reasons . Special basket-containers facilitate a more economic washing process, transport and storage of the bottles . -- 3 . Physiologically optimal milk formulas, as available today, should be prepared and filled into bottles in the ward where they are needed, immediately before use, to guarantee bacteriologically optimal conditions . -- 4 . With appropriate organization within a clinic it should be possible to store special dietary formulas which have been prepared centrally, not in the wards, over the required time without the risk of bacterial contamination . The need for regular and systemic bacteriological checks is emphasized.

Scott Med J, 1976 Jul, 21(3), 111 - 7
The natural history of bacterial colonization of the newborn in a maternity hospital (Part II); Kerr MM et al.; The object of this study was to determine the sources from which the newborn infant derives his bacterial flora during the first 5 days after birth . Detailed bacteriological data was obtained from 193 mothers antenatally and during labour, and from their infants on the day of birth and on Day 5 . Organisms were typed by appropriate methods and the 193 mother-baby pairs declared to be a 'match' or a 'non-match' according as to whether or not identical bacteria were isolated from both members of the pair . Weekly swabs from hands and noses of staff were taken throughout the 12 months of the study . Swabs were also taken from the environment and air samples from different areas in the hospital . In approximately one third of infants the colonizing bacteria are derived from their mothers, in over 70 per cent of instances from the mother's rectum . The mother's birth canal is not a common source of bacteria and there is no direct relationship with the noses or hands of staff . Artificial feeds are not a source of the colonizing bacteria . The overall distribution of the bacterial species in the infants differed from that found in the hospital environment but this does, none the less, constitute a reservoir of bacteria which is being continually replenished from human sources . Pathogens such as Staph, aureus and Strep . pyogenes are no longer commonly found in newborn infants in the modern maternity hospital, but the need for continual vigilance and an efficient bacteriological service in all maternity units has been in no way diminished.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 Jul, 37(7), 803 - 5
Bacteriologic and vaccination studies in a field epizootic of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in calves; Arora AK et al.; Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) was enzootic in the beef cattle herds at Dixon Springs Agricultural Center, University of Illinois . The development of nonhemolytic and hemolytic Moraxella bovis flora in the eyes of 48 calves in a closed cow-calf herd was monitored from late May to October, 1972 . The incidence of clinical IBK was recorded each week . In late May, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 26% of calf eyes . The peak incidence of IBK was observed in early September, with 26% of the eyes affected . At that time, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 10% of the eyes, and hemolytic M bovis from 58% . By late October, nonhemolytic M bovis was isolated from 25% of the eyes, and hemolytic M bovis from only 4% . In an attempt to increase the resistance of ocular tissue, 19 calves were vaccinated in each third eyelid with 0.5 ml of an autogenous M bovis bacterin in late May . Vaccination did not provide practical protection against the establishment of hemolytic M bovis in the eyes nor the development of clinical IBK . However, at the peak incidence of IBK, hemolytic M bovis was isolated from the eyes of 48% of vaccinated calves and 73% of nonvaccinated calves; clinical IBK was present in 21% of the eyes of vaccinated calves and 29% of nonvaccinated calves . In evaluating the in vitro proteolytic potential of M bovis isolates, 83 hemolytic and 5 nonhemolytic isolates peptonized litmus milk; 176 nonhemolytic isolates did not peptonize litmus milk . Hemolytic M bovis isolates were more pathogenic for mice than were nonhemolytic isolates . Of 60 mice, 53 (88%) died in 1 to 3 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of hemolytic isolates; 8 of 32 (25%) mice died in 5 to 15 hours after inoculation of nonhemolytic isolates . Hemolytic M bovis isolates produced testicular swelling and scrotal necrosis after inoculation into the scrotal sac of rabbits; nonhemolytic isolates produced only mild transient testicular swelling.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1976 Jul, 143(1), 6 - 8
The role of clean air in wound infection acquired during operation; McLauchlan J et al.; A wound isolator was used to perform 109 total arthroplasties of the hip, while 108 similar operations were done in a plenum ventilated operating room . Extensive bacteriologic studies of all patients were carried out before, during and after operation . Despite sterility of the air around the wound in the isolator group of patients, two major wound infections occurred in each of the two groups . Five minor wound infections occurred in the isolator and three in the nonisolator group of patients . All wound infections appeared to be secondarily acquired . No evidence was obtained to indicate that primary wound infection occurred during operation . The need for ultraclean air in operating rooms is deemed to be less urgent than the need to prevent secondary infection after operation.

J Urol, 1976 Jul, 116(1), 83 - 4
Concentrating ability after antireflux operation; Uehling DT et al.; Children undergoing surgical correction of reflux require short-term and long-term assessment of the functional, bacteriological and radiologic results . In short-term assessment concentrating ability may be a more sensitive indicator of benefit or harm than creatinine clearance . There were no cases of persistent reflux and a 7 per cent obstruction rate in 59 ureteral reimplantations in 36 children.

Ann Sclavo, 1976 Jul-Aug, 18(4), 615 - 22
{Study on biochemical activity of many strains of Pseudomonas isolated from various morbid forms (author's transl)}; Ioli A et al.; The AA . refer the results of a series of bacteriological proofs on many strains of Ps . aeruginosa isolated in Messina (Italy) from various pathological matters . The proofs permit a classification of the strains as Ps . aeruginosa (91.66%) and Ps . putida (8.34%).

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Jul, 32(1), 21 - 7
Spiral plate count method for the examination of raw and pasteurized milk; Donnelly CB et al.; The spiral plate count method (SPLPC) was compared with the standard plate count (SPC) method by examining 201 samples of raw and pasteurized milk . Although the means of the two methods differed significantly at alpha = 0.01,the difference was less than 10% and was not considered to be of any practical importance . The pooled replicate variances of both methods were less than 0.003, indicating good agreement between duplicate plates, with the variance of the SPLPC slightly less than that of the SPC . We believe this study indicates that the SPLPC could be substituted for the SPC in the bacteriological examination of milk.

Lab Anim, 1976 Jul, 10(3), 189 - 94
Enteritis in a conventional rabbit colony; Kruijt BC; Necrotic typhlitis, often accompanied with necrotic liver foci, was frequently observed in a conventional rabbit colony during the years 1965-1969 . Although different serotypes of Escherichia coli could be cultured from the diseased caeca, many cases occurred from which no Escherichia coli could be isolated . Assuming that the disease might be bacteriological in origin, tetracycline was administered, and mortality decreased . The prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli strains makes application of an alternative therapy desirable.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Pneumoftiziol, 1976 Jul-Sep, 25(3), 143 - 6
{Aspects of integral anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in 15 rural medical stations of the Constanţa district}; Didilescu C et al.; The study of aspects of integration of chemotherapy during the initial stages of the anti-tuberculous treatment, carried out in 15 rural medical circumscriptions in the Constantza and mpedgidia anti-tuberculous dispensaries, has demonstrated the applicability of standardized chemotherapy schemes at the level of general practice network . The personnel working in the frame of this network showed considerable interest and preoccupation with the optimal achievement of the strictly supervised treatment . The results of bacteriological controls (direct BK examination and cultures), indicated that in 97,4% of the cases these results are maintained negative in patients that could be evaluated . An assessment of this action revealed that the indices showing the incorporation of patients in the strictly supervised treatment as well as the regularity of the administration have been very good.

Rev Ig Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol Pneumoftiziol Bacteriol Virusol Parazitol Epidemiol, 1976 Jul-Sep, 21(3), 163 - 7
{Clinical syndrome of convulsive cough of adenoviral etiology in a children's collective}; Grobnicu M et al.; Bacteriological, viral and serological investigators were carried out in a community with 100 prescholar children (Kindergarden), 34 of whom presented a clinical syndrome of whooping cough, in order to establish the bacteriologic or viral etiology of the syndrome . The etiologic role of organisms of the Bordetella, B . pertussis and B . parapertussis was invalidated by the bacteriologic and serological tests . Viral and serological tests, performed to demonstrate the participation of viral agents in the causation of this clinical syndrome, established an adenoviral diagnosis in 13 (43.3%) of the 30 children . Adenovirus type 6 was isolated and there was a significant increase in the titers of antibodies to adenoviruses.

Br J Dis Chest, 1976 Jul, 70(3), 195 - 205
Tuberculosis after corticosteroid therapy; Sahn SA et al.; Fourteen episodes of reactivation of tuberculosis after corticosteroid administration are reported . In most a disease impairing the host defences was present and four were taking additional immunosuppressants . The most common presenting symptoms were productive cough and malaise . Bacteriological diagnosis required bronchoscopy in three cases . Response to antituberculosis therapy was good . Five of the 14 episodes manifested dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis with four occurring in patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants . No prolongation of sputum conversion time was noted in the patients . The published effects of corticosteroids on the tuberculous state are reviewed . Because INH administration may cause liver damage in a small minority of patients, a reassessment is required of the need for INH chemoprophylaxis when corticosteroids are used in patients with healed tuberculosis.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Jul, 114(1), 73 - 8
Should fiberoptic bronchoscopy aspirates be cultured?
Bartlett JG, Alexander J, Mayhew J, Sullivan-Sigler N, Gorbach SL.
The reliability of fiberoptic bronchoscopy as a method to study the bacteriology of the lower respiratory tract was tested . The procedure used was suction aspiration through the inner channel after topical anesthesia with lidocaine . To detect contamination by oropharyngeal bacteria, the aspirates were cultured in patients with no evidence of active infection, comparison was made with results of transtracheal aspiration cultures, and the aspirate was tested for the presence of an oral dye marker . Results with all 3 methods of analysis indicated contamination with oropharyngeal bacteria that were presumably introduced during instrumentation through the upper airways . An additional factor studied was the effect of topical anesthetics . Analysis of aspirates showed that as much as 96 per cent of the specimen was anesthetic solution . Lidocaine also proved toxic to lower respiratory tract pathogens, although there were significant differences between bacterial species . It was concluded that fiberoptic bronchoscopy as performed in this study does not reliably reflect the bacteriology of the lower respiratory tract.

Sem Hop, 1976 Jun 23, 52(24), 1435 - 40
{Thoracic and abdominal actinomycoses . Anatomo-pathologic study of 5 cases}; Vorhauer W et al.; The authors report 5 cases and study the thoracic and abdominal lesions of actinomycosis . This is a rare bacterial disease but not exceptional, discovered usually by chance on operative specimen on autopsy . The clinical and bacteriological diagnosis is very difficult although the lesions are characteristic . Thus it is always necessary to carry out biopsy and seek sulphur granules in the actinomycotic follicle . The differential diagnosis is usually easy with granulomycoses, but it is sometimes more difficult to distinguish the disease from nocardioses.

Fortschr Med, 1976 Jun 3, 94(16), 977 - 80
{Syncillin in bacterial skin diseases}; Suschke HJ; A multicentric open clinical trial was carried out by 8 practising specialists in dermatology or paediatrics in patients with bacterial skin diseases who were subjected to a systemic therapy with Syncillin (=Azidocillin) . The Syncillin presentation for adults and schoolchildren was tablets of 750 mg each, and sachets of 125 mg or 250 mg for infants . The duration of treatment was 10 days . The parameters analyzed were bacteriological findings and the clinical course of disease . 71 (=74%) of the 96 patients included in this study were considered as cured, 21 (=22%) as improved and 4 patients (=4%) as unchanged . Bacterial identification was still positive in 10 cases after the termination of treatment . However, this did not preclude the assessments of ""cured'' (3 cases) or ""improved'' (7 cases) . The tolerance of the preparation was considered as ""very good'' or ""good'' in 91 and as ""poor'' in 5 patients . The most common side effects were nausea and diarrhoea . Exanthema was observed in 2 cases . None of these side effects, however, made a discontinuation of medication necessary . The era of rational and well-directed chemotherapy enables good therapeutic approach also to bacterial skin diseases.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1976 Jun 1, 101(11), 594 - 8
{A study on the bacteriological aspect of fresh beef . II . Effect of storage of carcases in slaughter-houses (author's transl)}; Mulder SJ et al.; Beef carcases were stored in the chilling rooms of seven slaughter-houses for periods varying from ten to thirteen days and bacteriologically examined at regular intervals . At best, the bacteriological state of the carcases continued to be acceptable for nearly two weeks; under adverse conditions, it was acceptable for barely a week . The bacteriological keeping qualities were markedly affected by the temperature and, if to a far less extent, by contamination during slaughter and loss of weight due to evaporation . The importance of these factors as well as that of the method adopted in sampling is stressed.

Radiologe, 1976 Jun, 16(6), 231 - 9
{Urogenital-tuberculosis: pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, roentgenologic pathology, staging and remarks for differential diagnosis (author's transl)}; Elke M et al.; The diagnostic tactics in the clarification of urogenital tuberculosis are referred to the changes for the individual examinations mentioned . Some tables show the results of radiological investigations on 200 patients with proved renal tuberculosis, the extend of the triple staging proposed by us being specified . In addition to expositions on the radiopathology of urogenital tuberculosis, the differential diagnosis is indicated, its focus lying in the comparsion of 118 patients with clinical-bacteriological and/or histologically confirmed non-specific chronic pyelonephritis . The comparison of patients from two 3-year groups 1959-1961 and 1971-1973 as well as between natives and foreigners shows a change in the clinical radiological picture of renal tuberculosis.

Tubercle, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 131 - 6
A tuberculosis treatment survey in Singapore: results at five-years; Chew CH; A National Tuberculosis Treatment Survey was instituted in the Republic of Singapore in 1969 with the aim of evaluating the Tuberculosis Treatment Services in Singapore . This five-year follow-up study of the 1969 survey was based on the assessment of the first 1000 consecutive patients who were registered for treatment during the year . Two hundred and forty-six cases were excluded for various reasons, leaving 754 cases for analysis . At the end of 5 years, only 2 (0.3%) were culture positive, 677 (89.8%) were culture negative, 48 cases (6.4%) had died from tuberculosis and 27 cases (3.6%) were lost . The most notable factor which influenced bacteriological positivity was lack of co-operation leading to interruption of chemotherapy . It is concluded that with an efficient organisation highly satisfactory results can be achieved by routine treatment services and prolonged observation of adequately treated patient is not necessary.

Pediatrics, 1976 Jun, 57(6), 839 - 53
The hematology of bacterial infections in premature infants; Zipursky A et al.; A series of premature infants was studied for the presence of bacterial infection . On the basis of clinical evidence and bacteriological studies, they were divided into three groups in which sepsis was considered to be proven, possible, or unlikely . Band neutrophil counts were elevated most frequently in the "sepsis-proven" group and the elevation occurred usually within 24 hours of onset of signs of disease . Qualitative changes in neutrophils (Dohle bodies, toxic granulation, and vacuolization) were more frequent in the sepsis-proven group and, together with the band count, provided valuable techniques for the diagnosis of bacterial infections . Thrombocytopenia occurred frequently in the sepsis-proven group and seemed to result from increased utilization or destruction of platelets rather than failure of production . In such cases, evidence of intravascular coagulation was minimal and it was concluded that thrombocytopenia had resulted from a direct effect of the bacteria or its products on platelets and/or endothelium.

Obstet Gynecol, 1976 Jun, 47(6), 665 - 70
T-tube suction drainage and/or prophylactic antibiotics . A randomized study of 451 hysterectomies; Swartz WH et al.; The technics of T-tube suction drainage of the retroperitoneal space and of prophylactic antibiotics were evaluated each alone and then in combination in a randomized study of 451 private patients undergoing abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy . As compared with results in a control group, suction drainage alone and prophylactic antibiotics alone were equally effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative pelvic infection and febrile morbidity . When the two technics were used in combination, there was further reduction in the incidence of pelvic infection and febrile morbidity . However, these results were not statistically different from those of either technic alone . Date are presented to indicate that hysterectomy is performed in a bacteriologically contaminated operative field and that a contaminated fluid collection routinely accumulates in the retroperitoneal space . It is therefore suggested that hysterectomy be managed as a potentially infected surgical wound.

Aust Vet J, 1976 Jun, 52(6), 261 - 6
The use of supplementary tests in the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis; Mylrea PJ et al.; Comparative tests were carried out on serum samples using the Rose Bengal test (RBT), the complement fixation test (CFT), the antibovine globulin test (ABGT) by tube, plate and rapid variants, the mercaptoethanol test (MET) and the dithiothreitol test (DTT) . Forty cows, from which Br . abortus had been recovered, gave strong reactions in all tests except for 2 cows in the SAT and 3 cows in the DTT Another group of 405 cows had not yielded Br . abortus on limited bacteriological examination . There was good correlation between the results of the CFT, RBT, tube ABGT, rapid ABGT and, to a lesser extent, the MET in cows with a CF titre greater than or equal to 16 or less than 4 . In cows with CF titres of 8 the correlation was not as good while cows with a CF titre of 4 gave a wide range of reactions in these supplementary tests . A plate variant of the ABGT gave titres which were generally lower, by about 1 dilution, than those in the tube procedure . The results of the rapid ABGT correlated well with the results of the tube ABGT and the CFT in samples of high and low titre but not as well in samples of intermediate titre . The DTT gave titres which were usually lower than the corresponding MET titre . On the basis of the results obtained, tentative standards for the interpretation of the ABGT (tube) and MET were defined . It was concluded that these tests could be used to elucidate the status of a proportion of the cows which gave inconclusive results in the CFT.

Tubercle, 1976 Jun, 57(2), 105 - 13
A comparative study of daily followed by twice- or once-weekly regimens of ethambutol and rifampicin in the retreatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: second report; Treatment of the gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome; Ninety-eight patients with the gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome were prospectively treated with penicillin G, at least 10 million units intravenously per day, followed by ampicillin, 2.0 g orally per day, to complete at least 10 days of treatment (33 patients); ampicillin, 3.5 g orally plus probenecid 1.0 g, followed by ampicillin, 2.0 g per day orally for at least 7 days (29 patients); lower doses of parenteral penicillin G (20 patients); oral tetracycline (6 patients); parenteral cephalosporins (5 patients); and other regimens (5 patients) . The response to treatment was equally rapid and complete in each group . At least 90% of the patients in each group had subjective improvement and defervescence within 2 days, and all patients followed for at least 2 weeks achieved complete clinical and bacteriologic cure . Patients with purulent synovial effusions improved significantly more slowly than patients with nonpurulent effusions or with no effusions, regardless of which treatment was used.

West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res, 1976 Jun, 3(1), 31 - 7
Clinical trial of pivampicillin hydrochloride (alphacillin) in gonorrhoea; Alausa KO et al.; Pivampicillin, a new derivative of ampicillin, which has been found to give higher blood levels than corresponding doses of oral ampicillin has been tried in the treatment of 40 consecutive cases of uncomplicated gonorrhoea . 37 (92.5%) patients had bacteriological cure while the combined bacteriological and clinical curate rate was 85% . Few minor adverse reactions were recorded during therapy . It is concluded that pivampicillin is effective in the treatment of gonorrhoea but its efficacy could be further enhanced by the addition of probenecid . The economic importance and convenience of the single dose therapy, particularly in developing countries are briefly discussed.

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1976 Jun, 70(2), 165 - 79
A bacteriological study of the intestinal mucosa and luminal fluid of adults with acute diarrhoea; Jarumilinta R et al.; Bacteriological studies of jejunal mucosal biopsy specimens and contents were performed on 22 hospitalized adult patients with acute diarrhoea and 24 control normal subjects . None of the washed homogenates of the mucosal specimens were sterile and only one fluid specimen obtained from a control subject was sterile . A definite enteric pathogen was found in only five of the 22 diarrhoea patients . There was no qualitative difference in the bacterial profile of the jejunal mucosa and contents of the diarrhoea patients from that of the control subjects, but there were significant quantitative differences for some bacterial categories . In the control as well as diarrhoea subjects, there was no qualitative difference in the bacterial profile of the jejunal mucosa from that of the fluid, but there were significant quantitative differences for some bacterial categories . The significance of the findings is discussed.

Clin Orthop, 1976 Jun, (117), 221 - 40
The pathology of the joint tissues and its clinical relevance in prosthesis failure; Mirra JM et al.; Thirty-four hip and knee total arthroplasty failures due to infection, loosening, intractable pain and dislocation were examined for synovial and capsular tissue debris . Simiquantitative assessments were made for metal polyethylene, acrylic and cellular debris and inflammation . The most important finding was that in the amounts normally shed into joints, debris particles do not appear to stimulate a polymorphonuclear response . The magnitude of this response correlates best with clinical and/or bacteriological evidence of infection . The quantity of acrylic particles could be correlated with clinical evidence of loosening . Since the correlation between infection and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, debris particles, and the reasons for failure is high, frozen section may aid the surgeon in determining the methods and timing of revision operations.

Rofo, 1976 Jun, 124(6), 516 - 9
{Moyamoya syndrome of tuberculous cerebral arteritis}; Stoeter P et al.; A 55-year old woman, suffering from bacteriologically proven tuberculous meningitis showed the angiographic signs typical of tuberculous arteritis: stenosis of the supraclinoid portion of the carotid syphon on the right stenosis of the basilar artery, multiple peripheral occulsions of mediumsize vessels and mild, internal hydrocephalus . As a rarity there was an unusual collateral supply through the basal Moyamoya net which supplied the occluded right middle branch; there was a transtentorial anastomosis of the left meningeal branch of the vertebral artery which supplied the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery in an orthograde manner . The developmental mechanism and radiological findings of this rare collateral system due to tuberculous meningoarteritis is discussed.

Lancet, 1976 May 15, 1(7968), 1065 - 7
Protection by pertussis vaccine . Little cause for concern; Preston NW; It was estimated from a survey of 418 children aged three weeks to twelve years with bacteriologically confirmed whooping-cough that about 95% of vaccinated children are protected by current vaccine . Protection could be increased even further by the greater use of adsorbed rather than plain vaccine and by closer adherence to a vaccination schedule . The lower incidence of infection, resulting from widespread acceptance of this highly effective vaccine, would also greatly reduce the exposure of infants who are too young to be immunished themselves; and eradication ow whooping-cough would be in sight.

Am J Vet Res, 1976 May, 37(5), 493 - 5
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: experimental induction of infection in calves with mycoplasmas and Moraxella bovis; Pugh GW et al.; Eyes of 14 calves were exposed by conjunctival instillation to cultures of either Mycoplasma conjunctivae (6 calves) or Acholeplasma laidlawii (8 calves) . Calves were observed for clinical signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), and eyes were examined for the test organisms by bacteriologic cultural technique for 60 days . Acholeplasma laidlawii became established in the eyes of 5 of 8 calves; M conjunctivae became established in the eyes of 4 of 6 calves . On day 28, eyes of 9 of the 14 calves were exposed by conjunctival instillation to Moraxella bovis, and all developed IBK . Five calves exposed to Moraxenjunctivae or A laidlawii, but not to Mor bovis, did not develop IBK . Four calves not exposed to M conjunctivae or A laidlawii, but exposed to Mor bovis, developed IBK . Mycoplasmas do not have a major role in IBK, but might produce ancillary effects similar to those of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, wind, ultraviolet radiation, dust, and other irritants.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1976 May, (5), 104 - 6
{The role of the water factor in the spread of dysentery on river vessels}; Ioirish AN et al.; Results of epidemiological and statistical analysis of the indices of dysentery morbidity and bacteriological examination of drinking water pointed to the significant role of the water factor in the spread of dysentery on the river vessels.

Ateneo Parmense Acta Biomed, 1976 May-Jun, 47(3), 249 - 71
{Researches on the water quality of the river Po and its tributaries between Cremona and Casalmaggiore . I . materials and methods (author's transl)}; Bellelli E et al.; During 1971 a research program about the status of pollution of the river Po and its tributaries was started by six Institutes of Hygiene altogether (Turin, Pavia, Milan, Parma, Modena and Ferrara Universities) with the Institute for Water Research of C.N.R . and Hydrographic Office of Magistracy of the Po . The role of the Parma University Hygiene Institute was to study the water qualities of the river Po between Cremona and Casalmaggiore and of two right side tributaries, Arda-Ongina and Taro . The hydrogeographical characteristics of the examined reach are reported in the present note, with special reference to the hydrological conditions, basin area, inhabitants and industrial typology . The sampling stations were placed upstream and downstream Cremona town, near Casalmaggiore and at the mouth of Arda-Ongina and Taro . Moreover the methods, for chemical and bacteriological analysis are reported.

Practitioner, 1976 Apr, 216(1294), 455 - 60
A comparative study of talampicillin and ampicillin in general practice; Jaffe G et al.; Talampicillin hydrochloride, the phthalidyl ester of ampicillin, when given in a dosage containing the equivalent of 125 mg of ampicillin four times daily for six days to general practice patients, has proved to be as effective, both clinically and bacteriologically, as 250 mg of ampicillin given four times daily for six days . Although the over-all incidence of side-effects was similar with both preparations, diarrhoea was significantly reduced in talampicillin-treated patients . Possible reasons for this are discussed . Talampicillin therefore offers certain advantages over ampicillin in producing effectiveness equivalent to that of ampicillin at a lower dosage level with a reduced incidence of diarrhoea.

Am J Med Technol, 1976 Apr, 42(4), 124 - 9
Contract method of individualized instruction applied to clinical bacteriology; Conwell MJ; An experiment using individualized instruction in clinical bacteriology in a medical technology hospital program is described . Individualized instruction is reviewed as well as the Duluth contract method which was used . The results of this experiment were favorable and the study concludes that students would profit if individualized instruction were used in a medical technology clinical program.

J Reprod Med, 1976 Apr, 16(4), 159 - 62
Salpingitis: a frequent response to intrauterin contraception; Smith MR et al.; PIP: Histologic specimens from both IUD-wearing and non-IUD-wearing women undergoing translaparoscopic tubal sterilization were examined for inflammatory changes . Among 1500 non-IUD wearers salpingitis was noted histologically in 10, less than 1% . At laparoscopy 3 of these had signs of old gonococcal infection, including peritubal adhesions . In 1 case perihepatic adhesions were observed . In 49 patients undergoing simultaneous IUD removal and sterilization, 23 (47%) had chronic salpingitis histologically similar to the inflammatory response previously reported in the endometrium among IUD wearers . The majority of IUDs were Dalkon shields, a reflection of IUD use in the Seattle community . Infectious morbidity did not complicate the poststerilization convalescence . Bacteriological investigation gave negative results . It seems likely that chronic nonbacterial tubal inflammation explains some of the symptoms commonly associated with the IUD . This study also lends histologic support to the theory that decrea sed host resistance to bacterial infection is an explanation for IUD-rel ated inflammatory morbidity .

Can J Ophthalmol, 1976 Apr, 11(2), 126 - 9
Bacteriology of the socket in patients with prostheses; Miller SD et al.; Fifty-two unilaterally enucleated patients were studied for symptoms, signs, and actual presence of bacteria in the socket and fellow eye . The majority (85%) of asymptomatic sockets were found to have a mixed culture of pathogenic organisms . Sockets had a significantly (P = .001) greater frequency of pathogenic organisms than the fellow eye . Cross contamination does not appear frequently but is a definite possibility . We recommend culture and treatment of the asymptomatic socket before surgery on the remaining eye.

Am Rev Respir Dis, 1976 Apr, 113(4), 419 - 25
A continuing survey of primary drug resistance in tuberculosis, 1961 to 1968 . A U.S . Public Health Service cooperative study; Doster B et al.; From 1961 through 1968 the incidence of primary drug resistance was monitored among patients admitted to 22 participating hospitals . The patients were believed to have newly diagnosed, previously untreated, bacteriologically proved pulmonary tuberculosis . During the study period the level of primary resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, and para-aminosalicylic acid remained very low; there was no indication that primary resistance to these drugs was increasing . Investigation of patient histories revealed that a significant proportion of persons initially believed to have been previously untreated actually had received prior chemotherapy . Resistance rates to both isoniazid and streptomycin were significantly higher among younger patients than among older patients . No relationship was found between race or sex and primary resistance rates . The low incidence of drug resistance found in this survey suggests that disease caused by virulent resistant organisms occurs infrequently.

Lepr India, 1976 Apr, 48(2), 119 - 31
Acid-fast bacillary positivity in asymptomatic individuals in leprosy endemic villages around Jhalda in West Bengal; Chatterjee BR et al.; Three general surveys of a village population of 7000 in a highly endemic area in Purulia District, West Bengal, have included clinical examination and earlobe skin snip examinations . Multiple between-survey follow-up examinations have also been conducted of both bacillary positives and cases . In the general population 5.8% of the individuals showed bacteriological positivity with a concentration technique for AFB without showing clinical signs of infection . During two years of observation clinical leprosy was diagnosed in 13.6% of bacillary positives, in 4.8% of nuclear family contacts of clinical cases and 2.3% of the rest of the general population of the villages.

Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {B}, 1976 Apr, 84(2), 69 - 74
Flaming of biopsy specimens for bacteriological culture: surface sterilization and effect on bacteria in the underlying tissue; Nielsen ML; The effect of flaming (i.e . dipping biopsy specimens in alcohol and igniting them by drawing them rapidly through an open flame) on the reduction of bacterial surface contamination and on true bacterial concentrations in underlying tissue was investigated in different sizes of liver biopsy specimens in an experimental model suitable for quantitative and statistical calculations . Different degrees of surface contamination and of bacterial concentrations in underlying tissue were examined after a varying number of flaming procedures, the study comprising a total of 400 biopsy specimens . The flaming procedure repeated three times was able to eradicate a surface contamination of up to 10(4) E . coli per biopsy specimen, whereas a contamination of 10(6) E . coli per biopsy specimen was reduced to only 10(3) E . coli . Undesirable reduction in the true bacterial concentrations in tissue did not invalidate the method from a quantitative bacteriological point of view, since the median reduction in bacteria per gram tissue in biopsy specimens of 1 cm3 size did not exceed a factor of 3 after three repeated flamings . It is concluded that in regard to surface sterilization the method is unreliable as a routine in postmortem bacteriological studies.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1976 Apr, 31(4), 509 - 13
Substitute for agar in solid media for common usages in microbiology; Watson N et al.; The potassium salt of carrageenan was found to be an adequate replacement for agar in solid bacteriological media . The common microbial genetic techniques, such as purifying colonies by streaking, replication tests, and titration of cultures, were carried out sucessfully with a number of mutant strains of Escherichia coli.

Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1976 Apr, 81(4), 707 - 15
Subacute thyroiditis . Eleven cases with histological confirmation and thyrotrophic response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone; Lebacq EG et al.; Eleven cases are reported of subacute thyroiditis with histopathological study; there were 9 females and 2 males . Bacteriological studies were inconclusive . Different stages of pathological involvement were observed at the same time in all patients . The clinical course followed the classical pattern in most cases: hyperthyroid-like, hypothyroid-like phase and recovery . Blood TSH assessment before and after TRH stimulation revealed an early phase of depression unresponsive to TRH, followed by high levels with marked stimulation; during the first phase, radioiodine uptake was low, but was enhanced by exogenous TSH administration; accordingly the low uptake seems to be due to low TSH levels and not to complete destruction of the thyroid gland . Failure of TSH levels to rise after TRH stimulation is typical of this stage of the disease . Although the final outcome is not yet predictable in some patients, definitive myxoedema appears to be probable in two cases.

Lancet, 1976 Mar 27, 1(7961), 668 - 9
Breath-hydrogen test for small-intestinal bacterial colonisation; Metz G et al.; Breath-hydrogen production after oral glucose administration was examined in patients suspected of having small-intestinal colonisation and compared with the 14C-glycine-cholate breath test (14C-G.C.) and with bacteriological examination of the small intestine . Of 17 patients, 12 had bacteriological evidence of small-intestinal colonisation . Each breath test showed 8 of the 12 patients to be colonised, but only 5 patients gave positive results with both tests . Nevertheless, using both tests only 1 patients out of 12 with small-intestinal colonisation would have been missed . There were no false-positive results in the 5 bacteriologically normal patients when the breath-hydrogen test was used . It is concluded that simultaneous use of these two relatively simple breath tests may improve the indirect diagnosis of small-intestinal colonisation.

Am J Epidemiol, 1976 Mar, 103(3), 251 - 60
Hospital-acquired infections . I . Surveillance in a university hospital; Wenzel RP et al.; A new system of surveillance is described for detecting hospital-aquired infections . Surveillance begins on the ward where a weekly review of the nursing care plan (Kardex) is used to select high risk patients (approximately 65% of the total population) for a subsequent chart review . A nurse-epidemiologist required 16-25 hr per week to perform surveillance and 4 more hr to organize line listings of infected patients . The Kardex review was 82 to 94 percent accurate in detecting nosocomial infections when compared to prospective reviews of the charts of all hospitalized patients . The new surveillance method was more accurate than a system based on weekly chart reviews of all patients receiving systemic antibiotics and/or of all patients with fever (temperature less than or equal to 37.8 C orally) . In addition, it was more accurate and offered advantages over a system in which surveillance depended primarily on the bacteriology laboratory . Over a 12-month period 1154 hospital-acquired infections were identified for a 7% annual infection rate . Data from ongoing surveillance are used to record accurate infection rates by service, to define the risk of various hospital procedures, and to monitor for common source outbreaks of infection.

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1976 Mar-Apr, 85(2 Suppl 25 Pt 2), 15 - 7
Classification of middle ear effusions; Senturia BH; Proper use of terminology and classification of various categories of effusion throughout the world is necessary if we are to obtain dissemination of pertinent scientific and clinical information and to make progress in understanding and eradicating this widespread group of diseases . The general term, middle ear effusion, and the categories serous, mucoid, and purulent are suggested to describe collections of fluid in the middle ear; the use of other descriptive terms should be influenced by the nature of the clinical, cytologic, bacteriologic, histopathologic and chemical findings in the fluid and lining membrane of the middle ear.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1976 Mar-Apr, 33(2), 323 - 34
{Sinusitis in the child . Evaluation and indication for surgical treatment}; Shubich I et al.; Sinusitis in children is a frequent problem in pediatric otorhinolaryngology . Medical treatment is often incomplete or inadequate, creating the need for proper surgical therapy . In a 3 year period (1972-1975), at the E.N.T . Dept . of the "Hospital Infantil de Mexico", a total of 51 patients, from 2 to 16 years age, underwent sinus surgery . The clinical diagnosis was completed with radiological and bacteriological studies . Chronic ethmoidal-maxillary and maxillary sinusitis were the most frequent types seen . Besides, considering E.N.T . sphere, other problems were present, mostly: tonsilloadenoiditis, important rhinoseptal deformity, and chronic otitis media . Also, dental caries, anemia, secondary to malnutrition and intestinal parasitosis, were additional frequent medical problems, among others . Allergic rhinosinusitis was suspected in at least 50% of them and clinically diagnosed in 15% . Bilateral nasoantral windows (antrostomy), and unilateral Caldwell-Luc procedure, were the surgical procedures most frequently performed . Adenoamygdalectomy, septorhinoplasty and mastoidectomy, were other frequent E.N.T . procedures . A total of 57% of the patients showed positive surgical findings at the time of sinus surgery; this is coincident with the work of other authors . Results of surgical and complementary medical management showed 39% of recovery rate . A high percentage of patients (31%), were lost to follow-up after initial surgery . The point of necessary conservative sinus surgery in children, is stressed in this paper.

South Med J, 1976 Mar, 69(3), 273 - 7
Retrospective critical review and analysis of bilateral staged pulmonary resections for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; Dross VP; A critical retrospective analysis of 14 cases of bilateral staged pulmonary resections for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is described . Lobectomies with or without segmentectomies were the preferred procedures . The four positive cases had mostly cavitary disease (85%) with positive bacteriologic culture from the specimens (75%) . The ten negative cases had less cavitary disease (65%) with negative bacteriologic culture of the specimens (90%) . Positive residual bacteriologic specimen activity (10%) of the negative group favors the surgical removal of residual disease, despite the fact that 45% have no culture or bacterial stain obtained . Negative residual bacteriologic specimen activity (25%) of the positive group indicates the limitations of inadequate surgery . Thus the indications of surgery may gradually reestablish their own crieteria in this era of massive chemotherapy.

Pediatrics, 1976 Mar, 57(3), 311 - 20
Anaerobic infections in children: a prospective study; Dunkle LM et al.; The prevalence and significance of anaerobic infections in patients at St . Louis Children's Hospital were studied prospectively for a one-year period . Blood, selected body fluids, and aspirates obtained from abscesses or areas of cellulitis were cultured using special anaerobic collection and processing techniques . Infected peritoneal fluid from patients with gastrointestinal disease yielded a large proportion of all anaerobic isolates . The types of organisms isolated were common inhabitants of the intestinal tract . Anaerobic organisms were recovered from only 0.75% of all blood cultures; anaerobic bacteremia accounted for 5.8% of all clinically significant bacteremic episodes (8.7% in the neonatal period and 4.8% in children over 1 month of age) . Serious anaerobic infections occurred more frequently in the compromised host or in newborn infants than in otherwise healthy children . Since anaerobic organisms cause a small proportion of infectious diseases in a general pediatric population, the cost of refined bacteriologic techniques for the isolation and identification of these organisms is not warranted in most community hospitals . However, such a program should be available in selected tertiary care centers to aid in the management of certain high-risk patients.

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