Arch Chir Neerl, 1976, 28(2), 91 - 9 Combinations of antimicrobial agents . III . The in vitro sensitivity of 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 12 strains of proteus species ot sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole), polymyxins and combinations of co-trimoxazole and polymyxins; Kuipers JS; The sensitivity of 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and of 12 strains of Proteus species to co-trimoxazole, polymyxins and combinations of co-trimoxazole and polymyxins was determined by disc and tray methods . It was found that all strains were sensitive to the combinations of co-trimoxazole and polymyxins . The disc study of the strains of Ps . aeruginosa revealed a typical image with many strains . The tray study gave a typical image with two strains of Proteus species . The two images are briefly discussed . The synergistic action of co-trimoxazole and polymyxins may well offer therapeutic possibilities. Chemotherapy, 1976, 22(6), 346 - 52 In vitro studies with sisomicin and gentamicin; Shadomy S et al.; Sisomicin and gentamicin were tested in vitro against 222 clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria using the ICS agar dilution procedure . The two drugs were comparable in terms of overall activity although statistical analyses of the data revealed significant differences in their activity against several genera . Sisomicin was significantly more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p less than 0.001), Proteus mirabilis (p less than 0.005), and Escherichia coli (p less than 0.01); gentamicin was significantly more active against Klebsiella (p less than 0.001) . In most instances, 4.0 mug/ml of either drug was inhibitory for 90% or more of the isolates of each genus tested. Urologe A, 1976 Jan, 15(1), 44 - 7 {The application of Actihaemyl in chronically inflamed and dystrophic urinary bladder (author's transl)}; Truss F et al.; The effect of automated continuous irrigation treatment with Actihaemyl on bacterial growth in the infected urinary bladder was tested using an experimental model . The result was that instillation alone of this preparation promoted growth of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the infected bladder . With simultaneous application of Framycetinsulfate or Kanamycin the growth of Pr . mirabilis and Ps . aeruginosa was totally suppressed in the "urine", and the growth of E . coli extensively low . At the same time there was a clear reduction in the bacterial count in the coagulum that served as a substitute bladder wall . Thus a urinary tract infection is a contraindication for local treatment with Actihaemyl of a tropically disturbed urinary bladder inasmuch as an effective antibiotic is not added to the instillate . With the latter combination, however, a therapeutic trial is justified in chronic, inflammatory, dystrophic bladders. Rev Cubana Med Trop, 1976 Jan-Apr, 28(1), 45 - 51 {Microbiological analysis of vindolinina (an alkaloid isolated from Catharanthus roseus) and some of its structural changes}; Rojas Hernandez NM et al.; Bacteriostatic properties of vindolinina (an alkaloid isolated from Catharanthus roseus that has an ester group within its molecule) as well as of its alkaline-hydrolysis product (vindolininic acid) crystallized as chlorhydrate, and of the product of its reduction with lithium and aluminum hydrides (vindolininol) are compared . Several strains of bacteria pathogenic to man (Proteus, Escherichia, Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas) cultured in nutritive-agar dishes containing disks and incubated at 37 degrees C were used and results were assessed 24 hours later . Data obtained show that bacterial growth inhibition is closely related to the structure of the compound as well as to its type of grouping. Egypt J Bilharz, 1976, 3(2), 233 - 7 Invitro studies of the effect of Bilharcid on urinary tract bacterial pathogens; Mitkis FA et al.; The antimicrobial effect of an antibilharzial drug "Bilharcid" was tested, in vitro, against 51 different strains of bacterial species frequently causing urinary tract infection namely E . coli, Staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella, Ps . pyocyanea and Proteus vulgaris . In addition, the drug was tested against one strain of each of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A . B and C . Minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of the drug for each organism, and its bactericidal concentration were determined . The amount of the drug excreted in urine of patients receiving labelled Bilharcid Sb 124, after 2, 6, 8 and 10 hr . of administration was determined . In this work, the amount of bilharcid excreted in urine/ml urine is below its M.I.C . for most bacterial species, examined. IARC Sci Publ, 1976, (14), 261 - 6 Microbial formation of nitrosopyrrolidine from nitrosoproline; Kawabata T et al.; The fate of orally administered NPro was determined in rats . Unchanged NPro could be recovered in the urine, while NPy was detected in the faeces of two of three rats tested . After successive administration of NPro to the same rats, their intestinal contents were inoculated into media containing NPro to test for NPy formation . Decarboxylation of NPro occurred in the faeces cultures from those rats whose faeces had contained NPy . When the faeces from 10 mice were inoculated into the NPro media, all gave negative reactions for NPro decarboxylation . However, when the faeces of eight rats and those of 15 rabbits were tested, two rats and one rabbit exhibited NPy formation . L-Pro and NPro decarboxylase reactions were tested on 24 strains of bacteria and three strains each of E . coli and Proteus mirabilis isolated from rat intestines . It was found that seven bacteria gave a positive reaction with L-pro decarboxylation, while only two species, both belonging to Pseudomonas, could decarboxylate NPro. Infection, 1976, 4(3), 159 - 65 {The liver concentration of cephradin and cephacetril and their elimination in the bile}; Maroske D et al.; Liver biopsies and serum samples were collected after intravenous application of 2 g cephradin (n = 13) or 2 g cephacetril (n = 11) during surgery . There was no difference in the serum levels of cephradin and cephacetril . 30 min . after i.v . application of cephradin the liver tissue concentration was 72.62 mcg/g . 30 min . after i.v . cephacetril the liver tissue concentration was 5.83 mcg/g . The quotient of liver tissue concentration to serum concentration for cephradin was between 0.36 and 0.83, and for cephacetril between 0.02 and 0.16 . The excretion of cephradin and cephacetril in human bile was studied by collecting bile samples from the common bile duct via T-tube drainage (n = 17) . Cholecystomized patients were given 2 g of antibiotics intravenously . Serum levels of cephradin were 263 mcg/ml 5 min after application, and 22 mcg/ml after 240 min . Serum levels of cephradin were 263 mcg/ml 5 min after application, and 22 mcg/ml after 240 min . Serum levels of cephacetril were 193 mcg/ml 5 min after application, and 27 mcg/ml after 240 min . The highest levels of cephradin in the bile were found 75 min after injection at a concentration of 86.4 mcg/ml; the highest level for cephacetril was 21.8 mcg/ml at 15 min . In patients with hyperbilirubinaemia cephradin reached a mean maximum concentration of 29.6 mcg/ml in bile samples, in comparison to 117.4 mcg/ml in normal patients, while no difference was seen with cephacetril . After intravenous administration of 2 g cephradin biliary concentration are achieved which may be sufficiently high to be effective not only against the very sensitive gram-positive organisms, but also against most strains of E . coli, Klebsiella and indol-negative Proteus . Cephradin is effective in the treatment of cholangitis and intrahepatic abscesses, as was observed in 18 patients . A free bile-flow is essential. Infection, 1976, 4(2), 11 - 15 {Bacteriological studies in outpatients with acute urinary tract infections with particular reference to the resistance spectrum (author's transl)}; Knothe H et al.; Bacteriological investigation of urinary samples from 1,926 non-hospitalised patients with documented or suspected acute urinary tract infection revealed organisms pathogenic for the urinary tract in 56.4% of the patients, who came from various parts of West Germany . Prevalent pathogens were E . coli (69%) and Proteus mirabilis (14%) . E . coli and P . mirabilis demonstrated a low rate of resistance against ampicillin, the cephalosporines, gentamicin, tobramycin, and also against nitrofurantoin, nalidixine acid and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole . The situation was more unfavourable in the case of Klebsiella and indolpositive Proteus species however, there being a noticeably high proportion of strains resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin. Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(42), 676 - 8 {Clinical trial of the antibacterial combination sulfamoxole/trimethoprin (CN 3123) . Fifth communication: Comparison of two double-blind studies with CN 3123 undertaken for demonstration of its efficacy (author's transl)}; Nijssen J et al.; Two double-blind trials which, independently, revealed the same conclusion that there is no significant difference between the therapeutic effect of N1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)-sulfanilamide (sulfamoxole) and 2,4-diamino-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzyl)-pyrimidine (trimethoprim) (CN 3123, Neven, Supristol) and a reference preparation, were compared with each other in respect of rating the therapeutic result . The authors discuss the greater occurrence of Proteus pathogens at one trial centre, and its bearing on the rating of the therapeutic effect. Arzneimittelforschung, 1976, 26(1), 87 - 9 {In vitro effect of cephacetril and colistin combinations on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus Strains (author's transl)}; Daschner F; In 14 out of 43 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains (33%) the combination cephacetril-colistin showed a synergistic, in 11 strains (25%) an additive effect . In Proteus strains no synergistic action was found . The combination was more likely to be synergistic or additive in strains requiring higher minimal inhibitory concentrations of cephacetril and colistin . Most highly resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were synergistically inhibited by concentrations of both drugs, which can easily be obtained in serum by usual clinical doses. Curr Med Res Opin, 1976, 4(2), 170 - 6 Clinical experience with indanyl carbenicillin in urinary tract infections; Giamarellou E et al.; A trial was carried out in 30 patients to assess the effectiveness of indanyl carbenicillin in acute or chronic urinary tract infections, many of which were complicated by a pathological urological or medical condition . In all patients, infection was due to a single species of pathogen: E . coli (19), Proteus (6), and Pseudomonas (5) . Oral doses of 1 g indanyl carbenicillin were given 6-hourly for an average of 10 days . Results showed a clinical and bacteriological cure in 13 (43.8%) patients . In 6 patients, although there was initial clinical improvement, the pathogen developed resistance during therapy . In 7 patients, there was super-infection with another organism . Four patients were withdrawn early in treatment because of side-effects, mainly gastrointestinal in origin . Indanyl carbenicillin proved very effective in eradicating all strains of Proteus and Pseudomonas and 12 (70.6%) of the 17 strains of E . coli in patients completing the full course of treatment. Jpn J Antibiot, 1976 Jan, 29(1), 11 - 6 {Experience in use of amoxicillin for treatment of acute cystitis (author's transl)}; Unno R et al.; Seventeen cases of acute simple cystitis were treated by oral administration of amoxicillin at a daily dose of 1.0 g (250 mg X 4 in a day) for consecutive 7 days, and the following results were obtained . 1 . Amoxicillin was remarkably effective in 11 of total 17 cases, effective in 2, slightly effective in 2 and non-effective in 2 . 2 . In terms of effect against isolated bacteria, amoxicillin was remarkably effective against 6 of 11 strains of E . coli, effective against 2, slightly effective against 2 and non-effective against 1, remarkably effective against 2 of 3 strains of Proteus mirabilis and non-effective against 1, and remarkably effective against one strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis . 3 . There was no severe side effect specially to be mentioned. Chemotherapy, 1976, 22(1), 12 - 8 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis by sulfonamides and trimethoprim; Daschner F; The hypothesis that defective cell wall synthesis seems to represent a final common pathway of drug-induced injury either within the bacterial cell or on its surface was supported by two different findings: (1) sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, either alone or in combination, induced morphological findings in various Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis strains identical to those found after incubation with so-called cell-wall-active antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) and (2) cell-wall-defective bacteria (L forms, spheroblasts) were resistant to sulfonamides and/or trimethoprim as compared to their normal bacterial cells. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1976 Jan, 65(1), 74 - 80 The periurethral aerobic bacterial flora in healthy boys and girls; Bollgren I et al.; The present study was undertaken to provide information about the presence of bacterial flora in the periurethral region of healthy children and its variation with age and sex . It was intended as a basis for subsequent studies in individuals prone to urinary tract infection . Quantitative methods were used for bacteria sampling and culture . The study included 394 girls and 305 boys from birth to 16 years . During the first few weeks of life a massive aerobic bacterial flora (E . coli, enterococci, staphylococci) was established in the periurethral region of both sexes . The colonization with E . coli and enterococci began to diminish already during the first year of life and became very scanty after the age of 5 years . In newborns E . coli colonization was dense in boys and scanty in girls . Later E . coli was the dominating gram-negative species in girls of all age groups . In boys E . coli dominated during the first half year of life, later Proteus was as common as E . coli; staphylococci did not change very much . Urine samples from healthy school-children contained very few gram-negative bacteria; even when collected without preceding cleansing . The results suggest that there might be a local defence mechanism maturing during the first year of life, eventually protecting the exposed area from colonization with gram-negatives and enterococci. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1976 Jan, 13(1), 59 - 64 {Enzymatic quick determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics in serum}; Lode H et al.; The therapeutic range of aminoglycoside antibiotics is relatively narrow; therefore short-term controls of serum concentrations can be recommended, particularly for high-dosage therapy and for renal insufficiency . For the aminoglycosides Amicacin, Gentamycin, Sisomicin and Tobramycin an enzymatic quick-determination test within 2 hrs is being described, which is based on the pH-deviation of a medium containing urea by hydrolytic activity of proteus mirabilis-bacteriae . In more than 180 measurements of patients' sera as well as of sera with known concentrations the method was tried out and compared with the conventional agar diffusion procedure . In strict compliance with the methodical directions, reproducable results could be achieved at any time within the range of1.0-30.0mug/ml; the number of faults in the quick-determination test was with +/- 8.4% about the same as in the agar diffusion test . In comparison with other microbiological or biochemical quick-procedures, the simplicity of the described method must be emphasized, thus it can be performed, too, in non-bacteriological laboratories. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1976, 16(1), 9 - 26 Characterization of a stable spheroplast type L-form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 as cell envelope mutant . II . Electronmicroscopic investigations; Gumpert J et al.; The ultrastructural analysis of a stable spheroplast type L-form of Proteus mirabilis D 52 revealed characteristic alterations in the organization of the cell envelope including defective changes in the cell envelope structure as for instance the loss of a coherent murein layer, the loss of some components in the outer cell wall layer, the formation of small membraneous vesicles at the tips of loose extensions of the cell wall, a decrease in associations and bindings between wall and membrane, an extension of the periplasmic space, an increase in membrane defects, as well as a disturbed cell division causing unusual modes of multiplication and the formation of various intracellular structures like membrane complexes, characteristic sheet-like membraneous bodies, typical inclusion bodies, and defective phage structures, which all could not be observed in normal rod-shaped cells . The results of these investigations and of those given in a previous paper (Gumpert and Taubeneck 1975) show, that the stable spheroplast type L-form LD 52 B must be considered as a true cell envelope mutant in which the biosynthesis and structure of the cell envelope is altered genetically by one or several mutations whereas the main biochemical activities are the same like those of the parent bacterium . The profound alterations in the cell envelope system, however, lead to some changes in the whole cell organization, which apparently in turn cause disorders even in metabolic and biosynthetic processes not directly involved in the biosynthesis of the cell envelope. Arch Chir Neerl, 1976, 28(1), 33 - 41 Combinations of antimicrobial agents: II . The in vitro sensitivity of 52 strains of proteus species to sulphafurazole, polymyxins and combinations of sulphafurazole and polymyxins; Kuipers JS; The sensitivity of 52 strains of Proteus species to sulphafurazole, polymyxins and the combinations of sulphafurazole and polymyxins was determined by means of discs and trays . It was found that 2 and 6 strains, respectively, were sensitive to discs containing 100 mug sulphafurazole and 300 mug polymyxin B, respectively, 41 strains were sensitive to the combination of discs containing 100 mug sulphafurazole and 50 mug colistin, respectively, and 38 strains were sensitive to the combination of discs containing 100 mug sulphafurazole and 300 mug polymyxin B, respectively . The tray method proved that 2 and 5 strains were sensitive to 25 and 200 mug sulphafurazole, respectively, and that 1, 2 and 3 strains were sensitive to 25, 50 and 100 mug polymyxin B, respectively . Also 41 strains were sensitive to the combination of 100 mug sulphafurazole and 25 mug colistin and 38 strains were sensitive to the combination of 25 mug sulphafurazole and 6.3 mug polymyxin B . There was good agreement between the results of the disc and of the tray studies . The synergism between sulphonamides and polymyxins may offer therapeutic possibilities. Antibiotiki, 1976 Jan, 21(1), 57 - 62 {Comparative study of the antibiotic sensitivity of Proteus hauseri bacteria belonging to different serological groups}; Agaeva RA; Sensitivity to 9 antibiotics of 1040 strains of Proteus belonging to the serological groups 03, 05, 06, 07, 010, 011, 013, 023, 024, 026, 027, 028 and 030 was studied . It was found that the above strains were sensitive and highly sensitive to the aminoglycosides and streptomycin, slightly sensitive to levomycetin and resistant to tetracyclines, erythromycin and penicillin . All the strains were polyresistant and 99.6 per cent of them were resistant to 4--9 antibiotics . Ten types of resistance were found . Proteus strains with the resistance type PETOtCht were most common . No relation between the occurrence of the strains of various serological groups and the character and level of their resistance to the antibiotics was found. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1975 Dec 6, 105(49), 1354 - 6 {Urinary infections following bladder catheterization}; Guignard JP et al.; The incidence and the prophylaxis of urinary tract infection following bladder catheterization have been studied in 142 patients admitted for voiding cystourethrography (VCU) . 71 children received a prophylactic treatment of 2 mg/kg nitrofurantoin daily for 4 days, while 71 received no treatment following bladder catheterization . Bacteriologic examination of the urine 4-9 days after catheterization showed significant bacteriuria in 5 untreated children . The germs responsible were E . coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella . None of the treated patients presented with significant bacteriuria . It is concluded that the incidence of significant bacteriuria after a VCU is not inconsiderable, that this urinary tract infection is often asymptomatic, and that the prophylactic administration of a disinfectant is justified. Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1975 Dec, 126(4), 511 - 4 {Modification of the lysine-iron agar (author's transl)}; Wauters G; The addition of L-phenylalanine to the lysine-iron agar described by Edwards and Fife }1} allows a more valuable screening of the Proteus group based on its deamination properties . Some minor modifications of the indicator and thiosulfate content lead to improve and earlier recording of the results. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1975 Dec, 233(4), 505 - 30 {Expansion phenomena of Proteus cultures . I . The swarming expansion (author's transl)}; Sturdza SA; The expansion of Proteus cultures on nutrient agar plates is in general attributed to negative chemotaxis with regard to a metabolic product of the culture itself . The initial latency of several hours is assumed to be the time necessary for the production and imbibition of the nutrient with the incriminated metabolite . In the present paper it will be shown that independent of this delayed expansion (expansion with initial latency) there also exists an immediate expansion that takes place when the seeded material is young (less than 12-24 hours) and rich in invasive filaments . The reaction also occurs after washing the seeded material in fresh broth . It is therefore independent of the presence of a metabolite whose production and diffusion in the nutrient substrate would have necessitated some time . It is not a question of reaction to a chemical substance but, as demonstrated experimentally, of a response to tactile stimuli . Marked thigmotaxis induced centrifugal penetration of invading filaments at the edge of the seeded droplet, between the superficial film of the suspension fluid and the surface of the nutrient agar . Heading towards the narrowest capillary spaces, groups of bacilli form, immediately after seeding, protrusions that emboss the outer contour of the droplet ("protuberances" Fig . 2, 3, 15) . These protuberances continue outwards until they detach themselves from the central agglomeration . The independent bacterial "shoals" (Fig . 5, 6, 10) swarm chaotically around the seeded droplet . The total lack of orientation has been checked by numerous procedures used for recording the direction of a movement; one of this consists in recording the pathways in a latex film on agar plates (Fig . 1) . This swarming phase may last 15 to 30 minutes . As the random movements in a contrary direction compensate one another, the chaotic migration of the microbial shoals would contribute little to expansion of the colony, if gradual disruption of the bacterial groups would not interfere in the meantime . Isolated individuals detached from the shoals become immobile from the moment in which they separate from the bacterial group they belonged to ("immunobilization reaction") . Therefore the migrating shoals function as organs of dissemination of the bacteria in the surrounding medium (Fig . 11) . (see article). Jpn J Antibiot, 1975 Dec, 28(6), 778 - 84 {Therapeutic effect of sulfobenzyl-penicillin (SB-PC) on the concentration of SB-PC in human bile (author's transl)}; Takahira Y et al.; Sulfobenzyl-penicillin (SB-PC) is currently being investigated for use in man . The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of SB-PC on Salmonella typhosa and biliary excretion of SB-PC in disease of the biliary tract . 1) Clinically, typhoid carriers without cholelithiasis were initiated with 4.0 g/day of SB-PC . Stool and bile became negative for Salmonella typhosa 14 days after initial treatment . 2) In typhoid carriers with cholelithiasis, Salmonella typhosa were not isolated from bile, wall of the gallbladder and surface of gallstone, but were isolated from nuclei of gallstones . The treatment of typhoid carriers with cholelithiasis may belong to a most difficult problem . 3) Biliary excretion of SB-PC in the patient given a single dose of 2.0 g/day im . was markedly dependent on characteristics of the patient, situation of external drainage and volume of bile excretion . High concentration in bile in some patient was 298 mug/ml at 3 hours after administration . 4) In intravenous administration of single dose of 6.0 g . maximum concentration in bile was about 2,000 mug/ml at 2 hours after administration and bactericidal concentration was obtained for resistant bacteria (Pseudomonas, Proteus, etc.) in biliary infection . 5) As side effects, pain and redness were infrequent after im . administration . Toxicity was not experienced in the patients injected intravenously. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Dec, (12), 54 - 61 {Detection, quantitative calculation and identification of bacteria of the Proteus genus in objects of the environment}; Kalina GP et al.; The author suggests a complex of nutrient media which aid in detection, quantitative recording and identification of bacteria belonging to Proteus genus and also of the species included into this genus, as well as of the biochemically similar bacteria . The complex of the media constitutes a complete cycle of study: the first stage-fluid enrichment medium, the second stage-isolation and preliminary identification on a hard differential medium with a narrow directed action, and the third stage-determination of the reference of the isolated culture by 9 signs in three integrated media. J Bacteriol, 1975 Dec, 124(3), 1148 - 52 Phospholipase D activity of gram-negative bacteria; Cole R et al.; A phospholipase hydrolyzing cardiolipin to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidyl glycerol was characterized in gram-negative bacteria but was absent in preparations of gram-positive bacteria, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and rat liver mitochondria . In cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonase aeruginosa, this cardiolipin-hydrolyzing enzyme had similar pH and Mg2+ requirements and displayed a specificity which excluded phosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine as substrates. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Nov 24, 141(2), 147 - 61 DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis . III.Survival, dimer excision, and UV reactivation in comparison with Escherichia coli K12; Hofemeister J et al.; Measurements of UV sensitivity of wildtype cells (wt) and UV senistive mutants of E . coli and P . mirabilis suggest that the increased sensitivity of P . mirabilis (wt) is due either to incomplete repair of DNA lesions or to additive lethality probably as a result of UV induction of defective phage(s) present in P . mitabilis (Taubeneck, 1967) . Direct estimates of the rate of pyrimidine dimer excision and a comparison of the UV reactivation capacity of E . coli and P . mirabilis for the temperate phages lambda and pi 1, respectively, support this conclusion. Antibiotiki, 1975 Nov, 20(11), 1038 - 41 {Clinical morphological picture of the mucosa of the middle ear in experimental chronic otitis media in rabbits treated with combined antibiotic aerosol preparations}; Khodzhamkulyev ShK et al.; An new method of treating chronic purulent middle otitis with combined aerosol drugs (oxycyclosol, polysol, levovinylsol, vinysol) was developed at the USSR Research Institute on Antibiotics and tested experimentally on 20 Shinshilla rabbits . A 0.3 ml volume of microbial suspensition: Staphylococcus (group I), Ps . aeruginosa (group II), Proteus vulgaris (group III) and mixed microbial flora (group IV) were administered into the cavities of the middle ear of the rabbits from both sides . The acute process was made chronic by using decreased daily food ration and repeated putting of the rabbit extremeties into cool water . After that the rabbits were subjected to treatment with the above drugs for a week . Damages in the drum cavity mucosa with dystrophy, necrosis and cell separation were observed in the control (not treated) animals . Analogous changes were found also in the auditory tube . Signs of necrosis followed by decomposition were detected in the bone tissue . Only some thickening of the mucosa and bone wall of the drum cavity in the ears and single lymphoid and plasmic cells were recorded in the rabbits subjected to the treatment with the aerosol drugs. Antibiotiki, 1975 Nov, 20(11), 1035 - 8 {Isolation of Mycoplasma from the urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis}; Kochemasova ZN et al.; Bacteriological analysis of urine of 150 patients with chronic pyelonephritis was performed . As a result mycoplasma was isolated from urine of 25 patients . Mycoplasma and Coli bacteria or Proteus were isolated simultaneously from urine of 10 patients . Biochemical properties and sensitivity to antibiotics of 9 isolates were studied . The data provided recommendation of the urine analysis for the presence of mycoplasma. Arch Dis Child, 1975 Nov, 50(11), 899 - 901 Sex-related incidence in proteus infection of the urinary tract in childhood; Saxena SR et al.; Over a 2-year period 80% of children found to have significant Proteus bacteriuria were boys . The organism was isolated from the prepuce in 30% of normal boys and 32% of those with balanitis . Proteus urinary tract infection should be carefully confirmed and proved cases thoroughly investigated. Arzneimittelforschung, 1975 Nov, 25(11), 1692 - 5 {Synergism of colistin and sulfonamide in proteus species (author's transl)}; Kunz HH; In agar diffusion testing of Proteus mirabilis strains sensitive to sulfonamide a synergistic effect of colistine (C) and sulfonamide (S) was demonstrated . By quantitative evaluation these results were confirmed in 100 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 100 strains of indol-positive Proteus spp . using broth dilution method . Combining 1 part C with 10 parts S the mean increase in sulfonamide sensitivity was enhanced fourfold . Increasing the inoculum sensitivity of Proteus against the combination of C and S was still found to range within therapeutic blood levels . Therefore in treatment of Proteus infection the positive synergistic effect of C+S should be taken into consideration. J Clin Microbiol, 1975 Nov, 2(5), 459 - 60 Selective medium for growth of Proteus; Xilinas ME et al.; A medium containing heart infusion agar supplemented with bile salts, lithium chloride, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium citrate was developed for the selective growth of Proteus. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Nov, 28(11), 912 - 9 In vitro activity of ticarcillin, carbenicillin and ampicillin against some gram-negative bacilli; Legakis NJ et al.; alpha-Carboxy-3-thienylmethyl penicillin (ticarcillin) is a relatively new semisynthetic penicillin which is more active than carbenillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Among the strains tested, those isolated from the respiratory tract showed an increased susceptibility to carbenicillin and ticarcillin . As with carbenicillin, synergistic activity against P . aeruginosa could be demonstrated with ticarcillin in combination with gentamicin . Like other penicillins, the antibacterial activity was influenced by the inoculum size . The antibacterial activity of ticarcillin showed the compound to be almost equally active with carbenicillin and ampicillin against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella aerogenes, but less active than acrbenicillin and ampicillin against indole-negative Proteus strains . Regarding the indole-positive Proteus species, at relatively low antibiotic concentrations the proportion of strains sensitive to ticarcillin was greater than to carbenicillin or ampicillin whereas at relatively high antibiotic concentrations the converse was the case . It is interesting to note that a high proportion of strains of E . coli and K . aerogenes were resistant to the three penicillins even at a concentration of 200 mug/ml, while 70% of Proteus strains were inhibited by these drugs at the same concentration . Disc susceptibility tests with ticarcillin were carried out according to BAUER-KIRBY method. Vopr Med Khim, 1975 Nov-Dec, 21(6), 613 - 7 {Impairments of lipid metabolism in liver, kidney and heart tissues of mice infected with Proteus vulgaris}; Orlova LG et al.; Intraperitoneal administration of Proteus vulgaris living culture of various age (12 hrs and one day) caused impairments in lipid metabolism in mice liver, kidney and heart tissues . The one day-old culture was more toxic . The impairment in lipid metabolism was manifested as distinct increase in cholesterol content in liver tissue and kidney and a decrease in phospholipid content in liver, kidney and heart tissues . These changes were accompanied by an increase in content of sialic acids in liver tissue. Acta Physiol Scand, 1975 Nov, 95(3), 270 - 85 Inhibition of induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus by membrane stabilizing drugs; Josefsson JO et al.; The effect of membrane stabilizing drugs on cation induced pinocytosis was studied in Amoeba proteus . Initially the presence of local anesthetic drugs during a pinocytosis cycle had a stimulating effect on channel formation, however, the capacity to develop pinocytotic channels was reversibly inhibited after a period of treatment with these drugs . Imipramine, vinblastine and the phenothiazines had effects similar to local anaesthetics . The local anesthetics inhibited pinocytosis in the following order: dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than bupivacaine greater than lidocaine greater than procaine, and the phenothiazines: thioridazine greater than prochlorperazine greater chlorpromazine greater than prometazine . Pinocytosis, when induced by Na+ or tris, was more affected by the drugs and by calcium binding agents than pinocytosis induced by K+ . After pretreatment with inhibitory concentration of dibucaine (3 x 10(-4) M) the depolarization of the membrane and the conductance increase during pinocytosis were normal, while the increase of oxygen uptake during the pincoytosis cycle was abolished . Addition of Ca++ before, during or after dibucaine treatment decreased the effect of the drug . Conversely, in dibucaine-treated cells, cation induced pinocytosis was less inhibited by Ca++ than pinocytosis in normal cells . Addition of EGTA to the inducing solutions potentiated the inhibitory effect of the drug . It is suggested that these drugs release Ca++ from the cell surface and at higher concentration or after prolonged incubation time interfere with a Ca++ mechanism which couples the membrane and contractile systems in the cytoplasm. Arch Microbiol, 1975 Oct 27, 105(2), 135 - 42 Reduction of tetrathionate, trithionate and thiosulphate, and oxidation of sulphide in proteus mirabilis; Oltmann LF et al.; The reductase catalyzing the reduction of tetrathionate and thiosulphate in Proteus mirabilis is also concerned with the reduction of trithionate and the oxidation of sulphide . Tetrathionate is reduced to thiosulphate, thiosulphate to sulphite and sulphide, and trithionate is reduced to thiosulphate plus sulphite . The oxidation of sulphide in cell-free extracts proceeds most likely to polysulphanes or to elemental sulphur, depending on the conditions . The kinetics of the reduction of tetrathionate imply a simultaneous interaction of tetrathionate and thiosulphate on the reductase molecule . The reduction of tetrathionate is activated by thiosulphate causing a non-linear progress of this reaction . On the other hand the reduction of thiosulphate is completely blocked until tetrathionate has been depleted . The order of reduction in a mixture of thiosulphate and trithionate is imputed by the enzymatic constants of the reductase for both substrates . Therefore in cell-free extracts thiosulphate is reduced prior to trithionate and afterwards, when thiosulphate has been exhausted, trithionate and the produced thiosulphate are reduced simultaneously . Fast growing cells, however, reduce trithionate first since their intracellular redox potential is insufficiently low to permit the reduction of any thiosulphate. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Oct 22, 140(4), 289 - 302 Properties of plasmids produced by recombination between R factors of groups J and FII; Hedges RW et al.; Recombinant plasmids have been produced both by transduction of genetic material from FIIR factors into Proteus mirabilis strains carrying plasmids of group J and by insertion of a transposon conferring streptomycin and trimethoprim resistances into a J group R factor . The transposon-carrying derivative and one of the transductants were shown to be members of group J whereas another transductant was shown to be compatible with members of this group . This recombinant plasmid was able to eliminate but not to be eliminable by R factors of group FII . A model for the origin of this anomalous compatibility characteristic is presented based on the assumption that the recombinant plasmid carries part but not all of a complex of binding sites for the repressor of replication {Uhlin and Nordstrom (1975)}. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Oct 20, 405(2), 292 - 305 Involvement of tyrosine residues in the protomer-protomer interaction of Proteus mirabilis flagella as studied by spectroscopic methods, chemical modification and aggregation experiments; Schalch W et al.; Using spectrophotometrical titration, chemical modification, and ultraviolet difference spectral methods, the existence of at least two distinct tyrosine groups in the isolated flagellin of Proteus mirabilis flagella has been established . Three of the five flagellin tyrosines are buried in the protein matrix, whereas the other two seem to lie on the protein surface accessible to perturbants . Also about two tyrosine residues, presumably the latter ones exposed to the environment, can be nitrated with tetranitromethane in the monomeric flagellin with a concomitant loss of the polymerization ability after about one tyrosine per mol flagellin has been nitrated . Nitrated flagellin, homogeneous with respect to molecular weight, degree of nitration and isoelectric point, could be isolated and characterized . On the other hand, it could be shown that in the polymeric flagellum the phenolic groups of all five tyrosine residues are inaccessible to perturbing and modifying reagents . It seems, therefore, that the integrity of the phenolic groups is necessary for the proper folding and aggregation of the flagellin subunits to form the stable helical flagella. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Oct 15, 58(2), 627 - 9 Identification of ribitol phosphate as a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis, Strain D52; Gmeiner J; A polyol was released from the lipopolysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis, strain D52, during alkaline hydrolysis and its phosphate ester was isolated after acid hydrolysis . This polyol has been identified as ribitol by comparison of the free polyol, its phosphate ester and its anhydro derivative formed after acid treatment with authentic xylitol, D- and L-arabitol, ribitol and their corresponding derivatives on paper and gas-liquid chromatography. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Oct 15, 58(2), 621 - 6 The isolation of two different lipopolysaccharide fractions from various Proteus mirabilis strains; Gmeiner J; Four distinct Proteus mirabilis strains were extracted by the phenol/water procedure . After ultracentrifugation of the dialyzed water phase, the pelleted lipopolysaccharide was purified and analyzed . The sugar composition of this lipopolysaccharide fraction I was similar for all four strains, containing only small amounts of strain-specific constituents . A second lipopolysaccharide fraction was isolated from the supernatant above (termed L1 fraction) after removal of nucleic acids . DEAE-cellulose chromatography indicated that this material is not a polysaccharide but rather a water-soluble lipopolysaccharide containing strain-specific constituents such as uronic acids, amino acids, amino sugars, neutral sugars, ethanolamine and phosphate, depending on the strain from which lipopolysaccharide II was isolated. Pathology, 1975 Oct, 7(4), 293 - 7 Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria from urine; Hendry PI et al.; Bacteria isolated from the urine of 400 hospital inpatients and 483 outpatients were identified and the in vitro sensitivity of these organisms against 12 antibacterial agents currently used in the treatment of urinary tract infections was determined . There was little difference in the distribution of organisms between the two groups . Escherichia coli was predominant, accounting for 58% of the inpatients and 66% of the outpatients . Klebsiella was present in 15% of the inpatients as against 7% in the outpatients . Proteus mirabilis 9% inpatients and 8% outpatients and Enterococcus, 7% inpatients and 5% outpatients made up most of the remainder . The different organisms showed varying sensitivity patterns to the antibiotics tested . The commonly used antibiotics with the broadest spectrum were cephalexin and cotrimoxazole. J Clin Pathol, 1975 Oct, 28(10), 788 - 92 An evaluation of two methods of bacteriocine typing of organisms of the genus Proteus; Al-Jumaili IJ; An assessment of two simple methods of typing Proteus isolates using bacteriocines is described . The methods chosen were those of Cradock-Watson and Al-Jumaili . It has been shown that the use of liquid bacteriocine preparations is more satisfactory than methods involving proteocine production in solid media . For example, no non-typable isolates were encountered and a large number of strains were demonstrated . This method is therefore proposed for use in a routine diagnostic laboratory. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek, 1975 Oct, 115(10), 76 - 80 {Clinical x-ray characteristics of acute suppurative destructions of the lungs of a nonstaphylococcal nature in children}; Sergeev VM et al.; The authors conducted complex clinico-roentgenological and immuno-bacteriological studies in 63 children, aged from 14 days to 14 years, with acute suppurative destructions of the lung, complicated with the development of pyothorax . As a result of these investigations, it was found that clinico-roentgenological symptomatics in children with acute suppurative destructions of the lung of the non-staphylococcal nature (Proteus, pyocyanic bacillus and others) show evident peculiarities and differ from typical manifestations of staphylococcal destruction of the l,ng in children . Complex clinico-roentgenological and immuno-bacteriological studies in children with the mentioned pathology enabled the authors to differentiate an infective nature of the disease. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1975 Oct, 28(10), 804 - 8 Antibacterial activity of combinations of cefazolin and semisynthetic penicillins; Okubo T et al.; The antibacterial activity of cephalosporin (CS) and semisynthetic penicillins was studied using CS-resistant strains of Escherichia freundii and Proteus morganii . A synergistic growth inhibitory action toward these microorganisms was demonstrated by a qualitative method and confirmed by a quantitative determination. Antibiotiki, 1975 Oct, 20(10), 941 - 5 {Some data from studying and using aminoglycoside antibiotics in reconstructive surgery}; Vasina TA et al.; Effectiveness of antibacterial drugs from the group of aminoglycoside antibiotics,i.e . kanamycin, gentamycin and tobramycin with respect to the main causative agents of surgical infections, i.e . Staphylococcus, Coli bacteria, Proteus and Ps . aeruginosa was shown . The highest activity against Ps . aeruginosa was registered to tobramycin . The aminoglycoside antibiotics were satisfactorily absorbed after their intramuscular administration providing therapeutic levels of the antibiotics in the blood . For instance, administration of gentamycin in a dose of 80 mg and tobramycin in a dose of 50 mg 1-2 times a day provided the blood levels higher than the minimun inhibitory concentrations for most strains of gramnegative flora including Ps . aeruginosa . The use of the above drugs in theraphy and prophylaxis of infections caused by Ps . aeruginosa is expedient. Am J Vet Res, 1975 Oct, 36(10), 1533 - 5 Attempted reversal of oxytetracycline resistance of Proteus mirabilis by EDTA-tromethamine lavage in experimentally induced canine and feline cystitis; Wooley RE et al.; An attempt was made to reverse the antibiotic resistance of Proteus mirabilis used to induce experimental cystitis in cats and dogs . Results of in vitro studies on an oxytetracycline-resistant strain of P mirabilis, utilizing standard plate counts, indicated the organism became susceptible to oxytetracycline when it was treated with a solution of EDTA-tromethamine . In vivo experiments were conducted with cats and dogs in which 50% of the experimentally infected animals were treated with bladder lavage twice daily with EDTA-tromethamine solution and 50% with tromethamine buffer alone; all were given standard doses of oxytetracycline . Results of bacteriologic cultural examinations of urinary samples and urinalyses done each day, at the end of the experiments, indicated all animals had cystitis . Thus, although the organism's resistance to oxytetracycline was changed by EDTA-tromethamine in vitro, change in bacterial resistance did not occur in vivo in cats and dogs during clinical treatment. J Bacteriol, 1975 Oct, 124(1), 570 - 2 Cholesterol incorporation into bacterial membranes; Razin S; The wall-covered bacteria Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Bacillus megaterium, and Proteus mirabilis incorporated exogenous cholesterol into their cytoplasmic membrane in quantities resembling those incorporated by sterol-nonrequiring mycoplasmas . Cholesterol incorporation into the outer membrane of P . mirabilis was much more restricted than into the cytoplasmic membrane. J Clin Pathol, 1975 Oct, 28(10), 784 - 7 Bacteriocine typing of Proteus; Al-Jumaili IJ; A method of typing isolates of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris is described based on the sensitivity of the organisms to bacteriocine . Twelve standard proteocine producing strains were selected from a large number of isolates tested, and from these liquid proteocine preparations were prepared . The sensitivities of 1805 isolates to these 12 preparations were then determined and none was found to be untypable . From the results a bacteriocine typing system has been developed. Antibiotiki, 1975 Oct, 20(10), 911 - 7 {Use of lincomycin, methicillin and ristomycin in the nutrient media for isolating pathogenic intestinal microorganisms}; Givental NI et al.; Elective-differentiating solid nutrient media for simultaneous isolation of Vibrioes, Salmonella and Shigella were developed . Antibiotics active against grampostive microflora and dry bile salts inhibiting the growth of Proteus were used as the inhibitors of the growth of the accompanying microflora . The medium was lincomycin and the bile salts may be prepared in a dry form. Lancet, 1975 Sep 27, 2(7935), 570 - 2 Micrococcal urinary-tract infections in young women; Sellin M et al.; In a prospective study in young women, novobiocin-resistant subgroup-3 micrococci were the second commonest cause, after Escherichia coli; of acute urinary infections . Proteus mirabilis was the only other causative organism . Symptoms, pyuria, or possible aetiological factors were the same in micrococcal and coliform infections . The infecting micrococcus "biotype" was only rarely found among the normal flora of the genitourinary tract of young women, though other micrococci and staphylococci were commonly present . Evidently, the infecting micrococci are selectively pathogenic in the urinary tract . Micrococcal infections, like coliform infections; commonly followed sexual intercourse, but there was no evidence that the micrococci were sexually transmitted . The infecting biotype was rarely found in the male urethra or prepuce. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Sep 15, 57(2), 411 - 4 Amino-acid composition of the covalent rigid-layer lipoprotein in cell walls of Proteus mirabilis; Gruss P et al.; Cell walls of Proteus mirabilis in the stationary phase of growth contain a lipoprotein in covalent linkage to peptidoglycan and probably also in free form in the outer membrane . The protein moiety of this lipoprotein is composed of about 50 amino acids and has an approximate molecular weight of 5500 . The Proteus lipoprotein has glycine and phenylalanine as specific components which are not present in lipoproteins of other enteric bacteria . Treatment of the peptidoglycan-lipoprotein complex of Proteus with trypsin leaves lysine as the only lipoprotein amino acid attached to the peptidoglycan . This suggests that in P . mirabilis, as in Escherichia coli, the lipoprotein is linked to the peptidoglycan by its C-terminal lysine residue. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 1975 Sep, 125(1), 154 - 63 New thoughts concerning xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X-P); Gammill S et al.; A clinical and roentgenographic analysis of 13 patients with pathologically proved xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X-P) has demonstrated that many previously accepted truisms associated with this disease may not be valid . As a result of this study it is suggested that X-P: 1 . Does have a prominant female distribution . 2 . May arise relatively acutely . 3 . Can be associated with a well-functioning kidney . 4 . May destroy the kidney and collecting system . 5 . Does not demonstrate neovascularity . 6 . Can be distinguished angiographically from hypernephroma . 7 . May be associated with diabetes . Other important facts were again observed: 1 . X-P is still often associated with staghorn calculi and urinary tract obstruction . 2 . Proteus mirabilis is the main offending organism. Xenobiotica, 1975 Sep, 5(9), 563 - 71 Reduction of azo food dyes in cultures of Proteus vulgaris; Dubin P et al.; 1 . Rates of reduction of a number of azo food dyes were measured in anaerobic cultures of Proteus vulgaris . The rates of colour loss were found to be zero order under conditions in which the concentration of viable cells remained constant . 2 . A significant increase in the rate of reduction followed the onset of cell mortality . 3 . The zero-order rates correlate with the redox potentials of the dyes . A mechanism consistent with these observations involes an extracellular non-enzymic reducing agent which acts as an electron shuttle between dye and cellular reducing enzymes. J Bacteriol, 1975 Sep, 123(3), 1013 - 34 Transition of R factor NR1 in Proteus mirabilis: molecular structure and replication of NR1 deoxyribonucleic acid; Perlman D et al.; The structure of R factor NR1 DNA in Proteus mirabilis has been studied by using the techniques of CsCl density gradient centrifugation, sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, and electron microscopy . It has been shown that the nontransitioned form of NR1 DNA isolated from P . mirabilis cultured in drug-free medium is a37-mum circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with a density of 1.712 g/ml in a neutral CsCl gradient . This circular molecule is a composite structure consisting of a 29-mum resistance transfer factor containing the tetracycline-resistance genes (RTF-TC) and an 8-mum r-determinants component conferring resistance to chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin/spectinomycin, and the sulfonamides . There are one to two copies of NR1 per chromosome equivalent of DNA in exponential-phase cells cultured in Penassay broth . After growth of PM15/NR1 in medium containing 100 mug of CM per ml, the density of the NR1 DNA increased from 1.712 g/ml to approximately 1.718 g/ml and the proportion of NR1 DNA relative to the chromosome is amplified about 10-fold . The changes in R factor DNA structure which accompany this phenomenon (termed the transition) have been studied . DNA density profiles of the transitioned NR1 DNA consist of a 1.718 g/ml band which is skewed toward the less dense side . The transitioned NR1 DNA consists of molecules containing the RTF-TC element attached to multiple copies of r-determinants DNA (poly-r-determinant R factors) and multimeric and monomeric autonomous r-determinants structures . Poly-r-determinant R factors have a density intermediate between the basic composite structure (1.712 g/ml) and r-determinants DNA (1.718 g/ml) . These species presumably account for the skewing of the 1.718-g/ml DNA band toward the less dense side . When transitioned cells are subsequently cultured in drug-free medium, poly-r-determinant R factors and autonomous poly-r-determinants undergo dissociation to form smaller structures containing fewer copies of r-determinants . This process continues until, after prolonged growth in drug-free medium the NR1 DNA returns to the nontransitioned state which consists of an RTF-TC and a single copy of r-determinants. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1975 Sep, 58(5), 998 - 1000 Determination of ammonia inhibition in fabric impregnated with antimicrobials; Wilson FH et al.; A new method is described for determining the presence or absence of ammonia produced by urealytic microorganisms, using fabric which has been treated with an antimicrobial . Circular disks of fabric treated with various concentrations of an antimicrobial are placed in the bottoms of snap-on lid petri dishes . Nutrient medium containing urea, an indicator, and a dilution of an overnight culture of Proteus mirabilis is applied to the fabric disks . The lids are snapped on and the dishes are incubated at 37 degrees C . By examination of the fabric disks at regular intervals of time for a color change from white to red, one may determine whether the concentration of antimicrobial in the fabric is sufficient to inhibit the production of ammonia by a urealytic microorganism. J Biol Chem, 1975 Aug 25, 250(16), 6228 - 31 Crystallographic studies on L-asparaginase from Proteus vulgaris . II . Symmetry and location of the tetrameric molecule; Lee B et al.; Analyses of the x-ray diffraction intensity data by the Patterson synthesis and rotation function techniques show that the true space group of the monoclinic crystals of L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) from Proteus vulgaris is P21, that the molecular centers lie at x = 0.054, y = 0, z = 0.256, and its symmetry related positions, and that the tetramer molecules possess three approximate, mutually perpendicular 2-fold rotational symmetries, the axes of which run along the directions of the crystallographic a*-, b-, and c-axes . In addition, an investigation of the molecular packing arrangement in the crystal indicates that the tetramer molecules possess an approximately regular tetrahedral subunit structure. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Aug 5, 139(2), 93 - 101 Extensive segments of the Escherichia coli K12 chromosome in Proteus mirabilis diploids; Wohlhieter JA et al.; Various Escherichia coli K12 Hfr donors transfer at low frequency portions of the E . coli genome to Proteus mirabilis . By remating such Proteus hybrids with the same or a different E . coli Hfr strain, other genetic characters could be added to yield diploid Proteus hybrids which contained more than 30 percent of the E . coli genome . The extent of the E . coli genetic material in these unstable Proteus diploid hybrids included segments with the following selected markers: gal, lac, ara, mel, mtl, and malA . Unselected markers known to map throughout this region of the chromosome were also detected in these hybrids . Among the markers expressed in Proteus hybrids with the E . coli malA region was the receptor site for coliphage lambda . Although plaques were not seen, lambda was adsorbed by the Proteus hybrids . Examination of DNA from the various Proteus hybrids by CsCl density gradient centrifugation showed a satellite component of E . coli DNA with a size that corresponded to the extent of the E . coli genome present as determined by genetic analysis. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1975 Aug, (8), 53 - 9 {Etiology of acute suppurative destructive pneumonias in children}; Sergeev VM et al.; Clinical, immunological and bacteriological studies were carried out in 63 children with the so-called staphylococcus destruction of the lungs . It was shown that in some of the cases destructive process in the lungs, along with the pathogenic staphylococcus, could be caused by the Gram negative bacteria (Proteus, Bac . pyocyaneus, etc.) . It was found that in children of different age groups the titre of antistaphylococcus antibodies up to 0.5 AU/ml was normal and pointed to the absence of any inflammatory disease of staphylococcus etiology; a titre of 2 AU/ml - and overcould be considered as diagnostic . In connection with bacterial poly-etiology of acute destruction of the lungs in children it is suggested that it should be designated as "acute purulent destructive pneumonia" . The importance of immuno-bacteriological studies in children with diseases with the mentioned pathology is emphasized; these examinations permit to choose proper complex therapy. J Protozool, 1975 Aug, 22(3), 402 - 5 Selective effects of enucleation and transfer of heterologous nuclei on cytoplasmic organelles in Amoeba proteus; Jeon KW; The ultrastructural changes in the cytoplasm of lethal hybrids obtained by nuclear transplantation between different strains of Amoeba proteus were compared with those of enucleated amebae . It was found that, whereas the Golgi complex and glycocalyx degenerated first in enucleated cells, mitochondria and endosymbiotes became abnormal first in the hybrids . The selective effects are attributed to the presence of nucleic acids in the mitochondria and endosymbiotes and hence to the different interactions they would have with the nuclear genome. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 89(2), 299 - 309 Transduction of a Proteus vulgaris strain by a Proteus mirabilis bacteriophage; Coetzee JN; Only Proteus vulgaris strain PV127 out of many P . vulgaris, P . morganii and Providence strains was transduced to kanamycin resistance by high-frequency transducing variants, 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, of phage 5006M, a general transducing phage for P . mirabilis strain PM5006 . The phages adsorbed poorly to strain PV127 and did not form plaques . The transduction frequency of PV127 by these phages was 5 x 10(-8)/p.f.u . adsorbed . Phage 5006M increased the transduction frequencies . Abortive transductants were not detected . Transductants segregated kanamycin-sensitive clones at high frequency and this, together with data from the inactivation of transducing activity of lysates by ultraviolet irradiation, indicated that transduction was by lysogenization . The general transducing property of the phages was not expressed in transductions to auxotrophs of PV127 . Transductants (type I) resulting from low multiplicities of phage input adsorbed phage to the same extent as PV127 . This suggested a defect in the transducing particles (or host) because single phage 5006M infection converted strain PM5006 to non-adsorption of homologous phage . Type I transductants did not liberate phage, suggesting a defective phage maturation function . Transductants (type II) which arose from higher multiplicities of phage input did not adsorb phage, indicating possible heterogeneity among transducing particles . Phage derived from type II transductants adsorbed poorly to PV127 and transduced it to kanamycin resistance at frequencies similar to those of phages 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, ruling out host-controlled modification as a cause of the low transduction frequencies . This phage transduced PM5006 to antibiotic resistance at high frequencies but generalized transduction was again not detected . It was suggested that general transduction could be performed by particles which, due to a different composition and/or mode of chromosomal integration, made material they carried susceptible to host-cell modification. Can J Microbiol, 1975 Aug, 21(8), 1166 - 71 Effective selection of Proteus mirabilis clones producing mirabilicin D-52; Tikhonenko AS et al.; From a defective-lysogenic Proteus mirabilis strain we isolated several clones differing in the pattern of their growth on agar plates . Using electron microscopy we have shown some of the selected clones to be efficient in producing mirabilicin D-52 after UV induction, while other clones produced defective mirabilicin polysheaths and polycores . Clones producing polysheaths and polycores can be detected electron microscopically only, since these defective particles are biologically inactive. Br J Dermatol, 1975 Aug, 93(2), 191 - 9 Physiological and environmental control of Gram negative bacteria on skin; McBride ME et al.; The relative importance of the environment versus the physiology of the host in the control of Gram negative bacteria on skin has been examined by two experimental designs . (I) The changes in incidence of Gram negative carriage from three skin sites in a climate controlled chamber at 35 degrees C and 90% humidity for 64 h were determined . Following 2 weeks of tetracycline treatment the above experiment was repeated . High temperatures and humidity increased the overall frequency of isolation of Gram negative bacteria although there were individual differences . This effect was reversed 24 h after a return to the natural environment . Tetracycline inhibited the increase in isolation of Gram negative organisms in six subjects, enhanced it in three and had no effect on one subject . Gram negative populations were less than 10 colony forming units/cm2 of skin in most instances but ranged up to 10,000/cm2 skin . No residual effect occurred after return to natural environment and at no time was there a loss of normal flora . (2) Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inoculated on normal skin of ten volunteers and survival determined during a 24 h period . Viability was lost between 2 and 6 h on most subjects as compared to 24 h or longer for K . Pneumoniae and P . vulgaris on an inert surface and between 8 and 24 h for Ps . aeruginosa . It was concluded that extremes of environment can affect Gram negative skin carriage but under normal conditions in healthy individuals there is evidence of physiological control of Gram negative flora. Jpn J Antibiot, 1975 Aug, 28(4), 584 - 94 {The fundamental and clinical studies on PT-122M (doxycycline) in the otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)}; Iwasawa T; As the results of laboratory and clinical investigation with a new tetracycline derivate, PT-122M (doxycycline) was performed with the results which may lead to the following conclusions . 1) In vitro antibacterial activity: The minimal inhibitory concentration of doxycycline (DOTC) was measured by an agar plate dilution method . The MIC of DOTC against 60 strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus isolated from otorrhoea was distributed over a range of 0.2 approximately 1.56 mcg/ml and 12.5 approximately 50 mcg/ml . Furthermore, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae was 3.13 to 100 mcg/ml . 2) Concentration in blood: The blood level of DOTC in healthy adults who were given 100 mg of DOTC intravenous reached maximum of 1.97 mcg/ml on the average 15 minutes after injection . Even at 12 hours after intravenous injection clinically effective serum DOTC concentration of 0.47 mcg/ml was still demonstrable . 3) Clinical results: PT-122M (DOCT) was intravenously injected into 30 cases with typical infection in the field of otorhinolaryngology . It was excellent in 15 cases, good in 10 cases, fair in 3 cases, and poor in 2 cases . When the cases in which it was excellent and good were considered together, good results were obtained in 25 cases, a ratio of effectiveness being 83 per cent . 4) Side effect: The comparative examination of hepatic function, electrolyte and auditory acuity before and after injection showed no significant disturbance . No side effect was shown with the intravenous injection. J Bacteriol, 1975 Aug, 123(2), 771 - 4 Systematic difference in the methylation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; Tanaka T et al.; A survey of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms was performed to compare the distributionof N6-methylated adenine . It was found that (i) all the gram-positive strains tested, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus megaterium, contain neither N6-monomethyl adenine (m6A) nor N6-dimethyladenine (m26A) in 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) . In the case of S . aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, strains which are clinically resistant to erythromycin contain m26A . (ii) The gram-negative strains Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae all contain m6A but not m23A in 23S rRNA . These observations suggest the existence of at least one systematic structural difference between the ribosomes of the two classes of bacteria . Because of the demonstrated relationship between N6-dimethylation of adenine in 23S rRNA and clinical resistance to macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics in staphylococci and streptococci, the observed systematic differences found in rRNA methylation combined with greater cellular permeability may be related to the relatively greater efficacy of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B-type antibiotics in treating infections caused by gram-positive organisms. Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Jul 12, 113(1), 29 - 31 Comparative activity of tobramycin and gentamicin against Pseudomonas, Proteus and Providencia species; Ducan IB et al.; Tobramycin is a new antibiotic resembling gentamicin . We measured the minimal inhibitory concentrations of these two antibiotics against five bacterial species that cause hospital-acquired infections and are resistant to many presently available antibiotics . The organisms tested were 500 strains of Pseudomones aeruginosa, 100 strains of each of Proteus rettgeri and Pr . morganii, 50 strains of Pr . vulgaris and 250 strains of Providencia stuartii . Tobramycin was 2 to 4 times more active than gentamicin against Ps . aeruginosa; all except 6 of 70 strains resistant to 4 mug/ml of gentamicin were sensitive to 4 mug/ml of tobramycin . The two antibiotics showed a similar degree of activity against the other four species . Tobramycin promises to be of particular value in the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. Mol Gen Genet, 1975 Jul 10, 138(4), 281 - 91 Accumulation of replicating bacterial plasmid DNA during thymine limitation or hydroxyurea treatment; Perlman D et al.; The rate of DNA chain elongation of a thymine auxotroph of Proteus mirabilis harboring an R factor was reduced by either thymine limitation or treatment with hydroxyurea . Using CsCl density gradient centrifugation, sedimentation in sucrose gradients, and electron microscopy, it has been shown that the fraction of total R factor DNA which is in the process of replication is greatly increased when the rate of DNA chain elongation is reduced while the initiation of plasmid replication continues at the normal rate . This makes possible the isolation and characterization of replicating plasmid DNA . Electron microscopy revealed that replicating R factor DNA consists of double-branched (theta type) circular molecules. Microsc Acta, 1975 Jul, 77(2), 129 - 41 On the nature of hyaline zones in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus; Korohoda W et al.; Investigations with the Nomarski DIC (differential interferece contrast) microscope and the electron microscope on the nature of hyaline zones in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus revealed that these regions represent pure ground cytoplasm . Differences between specimens 1) treated with 2% ethanol, 2) released from high hydrostatic pressure or 3) preincubated at 35 degrees C for 30 minutes could not be observed . Only dying cells undergoing lysis contained a watery solution within the zones of hyaline appearance . The existence of a so-called cell surface complex composed of the plasma membrane and an electron dense filamentous layer of groundplasm was demonstrated by the electron microscopical analysis of narcotized and pre-heated amoebae . This complex corresponds morphologically to the cell surface complexes in tissue cells . Hence it seems possible that the cell surface complex of amoebae is also responsible for changes of the cell shape and movements of the cell membrane . Observations with the DIC microscope also revealed the existence of two types of hyaline caps in A . proteus: in pseudopodia extending during normal locomotion the hyaline cap consists of pure ground cytoplasm, whereas in specimens showing fountain-like streaming the cap is built up by a large vacuole containing a watery fluid. An Esp Pediatr, 1975 Jul, 8 suppl 3, 3 - 10 {Bacteriology and serology of pyelonephritis in children (author's transl)}; Baquero F et al.; A short review is made on the bacterial pathogenicity factors related with urinary-tract invasion and renal damage in pyelonephritis . Microbiological findings obtained after a revision of 14,181 quantitative cultures carried our in the last nine years on children under 7 years old are discussed . "E . coli" is implicated in almost a half of positive cultures; "K pneumoniae" seems to be specially related with urinary infections of premature and newborn infants (20-30% of the bacterial positivities in both groups) . "Proteus" and "Pseudomonas" have more etiological weight in older children . True hospital epidemics of urinary infections have been non observed . As serological test, the o-agglutination of homologous strain (technique of Karmierczac et al.) was used in order to determine the site of infection . A rather close correlation between positivity of serologic test and renal involvement is showed. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1975 Jul, 64(4), 581 - 6 The sex variable in childhood urinary-tract infection; Bahna SL et al.; Sex differences in childhood urinary-tract infection have been looked for by reviewing the medical records of all patients who were admitted to one medical centre during a certain time period . There were 240 patients; 26 males and 214 females, all under 14 years of age . The disease in boys-as compared with that in girls-was found to be characterized by an earlier onset, a shorter delay in diagnosis, and a shorter duration; but a higher frequency of malformations, a greater number of rehospitalizations, and a greater need for surgical intervention . Proteus infection was found more frequently in boys, while Enterococcus and Staphylococcus were more frequent in girls . The initial symptomatology did not show any significant sex difference except in late childhood where the non-specific symptoms were more common in females . No sex difference was noted with respect to the frequency of vesico-ureteric reflux or of bacteriuria without pyuria . It seems that the sex variable in this disease is worth considering in dealing with individual patients as well as in presenting data on a series of patients. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1975 Jul, 112(1), 7 - 16 The pulmonary response to a bacteremic challenge; Harrow EM et al.; The pulmonary response to a bacteremic challenge was studied in a mouse model . The distribution of intravenously injected radiotracer-labeled Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood was examined at 0, 5 30, 60, and 240 min . Pulmonary killing of these organisms was studied at 0, 30, and 240 min; 0.8 plus or minus 0.1 per cent of the P . mirabilis and 1.5 plus or minus 0.2 per cent of the S . aureus remained within the lungs after 4 hours . Although only 2.2 plus or minus 0.2 per cent of the P . mirabilis organisms were alive, 33.8 plus or minus 8.8 per cent of the staphylococci remained viable after this period . Light and electron micographs verified that polymorphonuclear leukocytes phagocytized these bacteria . The defense mechanisms of the lung against bloodborne and airborne bacterial infection are functionally, as well as morphologically, distinct. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 1975 Jul, 149(3), 731 - 5 Decrease in ribosomal density of Proteus mirabilis exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin or cephalothin; Lorian V et al.; The finding of reduced ribosomal densities at lower concentrations than those required to stop growth or cause visible defects in the cell wall is in contrast to the current view that the initial lesion produced by penicillins or cephalosporins is a defect in murein synthesis (11) . This reduction in ribosomal density could be a primary or secondary effect and might be due to a decreased rate of growth, which has been shown to be associated with a lower ribosome frequency (12, 13) or to less stable ribosomes which disintegrated either spontaneously or as a result of the fixation procedures . The possibility that the decrease in ribosomal frequency was due to dilution (influx of liquid through a defective cell wall and/or cytoplasmic membrane, or efflux of ribosomes) remains, but no gross defect in cell wall was seen in more than 50 sections of cells showing reductions in ribosomal frequency . These findings suggest that an effect on ribosomes may antecede an effect on the cell wall. J Bacteriol, 1975 Jul, 123(1), 56 - 68 Transition of the R factor NR1 and Proteus mirabilis: level of drug resistance of nontransitioned and transitioned cells; Hashimoto H et al.; When Proteus mirabilis harboring the R factor NR1 is cultured in Penassay broth containing 100 mug of chloramphenicol (CM) per ml, there is an amplification in the number of copies of the r-determinants per cell . Under these conditions, R factors harboring multiple tandem sequences of r-determinants are formed . Autonomous poly-f-determinants consisting of multiple copies of r-determinants are also formed . This phenomenon has been referred to as the "transition" . Transitioned cells have considerably higher levels of resistance to CM and streptomycin (SM), but not to tetracycline (TC), than do nontransitioned cells and grow more rapidly in medium containing either CM or SM . There is essentially no difference in growth rates between transitioned and nontransitioned cells in drug-free medium . The higher level of resistance of transitioned cells to SM has made it possible to investigate the mechanism of the transition . Using replica plating, it has been possible to isolate spontaneously occurring transitioned cells from a nontransitioned population which appear to outgrow the nontransitioned cells during growth in medium containing 100 mug of CM per ml . If transiitoned cells are subsequently cultured in drug-free medium, the cells return gradually to the nontransitioned state, which has been referred to as the "back-transition was monitored by examining the level of resisitance of the cells to SM . In both situations the cell populations were found to be heterogeneous, consisting of a mixture of nontransitioned and transitioned cells . Under the conditions of our experiments, the transition appeared to be due to the more rapid growth of a minor fraction of spontaneously occurring transitioned cells which outgrew the remainder of cells in the population . To obtain the transition, the drug resistance gene must reside on the r-determinants component of the R factor . The transition did not take place when the cells were cultured in medium containing high concentrations of TC . This indicates that the TC resistance genes reside on the resistance transfer factor component of the R factor, which is in agreement with physical studies on R factor deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol, 1975 Jul, 123(1), 278 - 86 Variation in expression of sex factor genes in the Proteus-Providencia group relative to Escherichia coli; Baumberg S et al.; Several instances of anomalous expression of genes introduced from Escherichia coli K-12 into Proteus mirabilis have been described . It is shown here that control of sex pilus synthesis directed by the F-like R factor R1 and its depressed derivatives R1-16 (O-C) and R1-19 (i-minus) is also anomalous in P . mirabilis . Piliation in cells bearing the depressed plasmids is expressed at a lower level than in E . coli K-12, and repression is absent in R1-carrying cells . Preliminary results show a similar effect in Providencia . In Proteus morganii, a similarly reduced level of piliation in R1-16-+ or R1-19-+ cultures is observed, but an intermediate level of repression occurs in R1-+ cultures . Less extensive data suggest that expression of the sex factor genes of an R factor of the N incompatibility group differs far less between E . coli and P . mirabilis hosts . Possible bases for these effects are discussed. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1975 Jul, 54(7), 604 - 11 {Detection of split products of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM during chronic otitis media (author's transl)}; Kastenbauer ER et al.; Proteolytic enzymes such as pepsine or papaine are able to split IgG antibodies into large fragments in vitro . These immunoglobulin fragments (IgG, IgA, IgM) were now detected in vivo from the purulent secretions of cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media and radical mastoid cavities . During chronic otitis media the intact immunoglobulins are split due to the proteolytic activity of neutral proteinases . These fragments were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by means of various immunological procedures . After the immunoelectrophoretic separation of the purulent middle-ear-secretions and after diffusion against anti-IgG-, anti-IgA- and anti-IgM- serum double precipitate lines could be observed especially in middle-ear-secretion with a bacterial flora of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanea) and of the proteus-providencia-group . This was the first proof of the presence of split products of the immunoglobulins . The exact demonstration of these split products could be carried out by gel-filtration and fractionation of the intact and split immunoglobulins . During chronic otitis media intact immunoglobulins are split by leucocytic and extracellular bacterial proteinases into fragments of different molecular weight . The most malignant extracellular proteinases with the greatest proteolytic activity against intact immunoglobulins are the bacterial proteinases of pseudomonas aeruginosa . These proteinases can not be inhibited by the other serum proteinaseinhibitors except for alpha-2-macroglobulin of the human blood serum . This inhibitor has a very high molecular weight so that we can not find it in a higher concentration in the middle-ear-secretion . We can liberate this inhibitor by injuring the blood vessels during a tympanoplasty . In this way we get an inhibitory effect against these proteinases and combined with an appropriate antibiotic therapy we can cure a chronic otitis media. Z Naturforsch {C}, 1975 Jul-Aug, 30(4), 551 - 2 Neuraminidase treatment enhances the lysolecithin induced intercellular adhesion of amoeba proteus; Ray PK et al.; Egg lysolecithin induces intercellular adhesion of Amoeba proteus . Pre-treatment of cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) increases the adhesive property of cells as was evidenced in their formation of larger cell aggregates than controls . A possible role of VCN exposed receptor sites in cellular adhesion is suggested. Eur J Biochem, 1975 Jul 1, 55(2), 465 - 73 D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase in the bacterial form and L-form of Proteus mirabilis; Martin HH et al.; Membranes of the bacterial form and the stable and unstable L-forms of Proteus mirabilis contain LD and DD-carboxypeptidase . The DD-carboxypeptidase is inhibited non-competitively by penicillin G . The enzyme of the bacterial form is highly penicillin-sensitive (Ki - 4 X 10(-9) M penicillin G) . Inhibition is only partly reversible by treatment with penicillinase or by dialysis against buffer . In contrast, the DD-carboxypeptidase of the unstable L-form, grown in the presence of penicillin, is 175-fold less penicillin-sensitive (Ki = 7 X 10(7) M penicillin G) . Inhibition is completely reversed by penicillinase or dialysis . After inhibition by penicillin and subsequent reactivation the penicillin sensitivity of the bacterial DD-carboxtpeptidase is similar to the sensitivity of the enzyme of the unstable L-form . The hypothesis is proposed that P . mirabilis contains two DD-carboxypeptidases of different penicillin sensitivity and with different mechanisms of penicillin binding . Peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell walls of the unstable L-form is probably carried out with the help of only one DD-carboxypeptidase, viz . the completely reactivatable enzyme with the lower penicillin sensitivity. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 Jun 24, 391(2), 494 - 503 The tryptophanase from Proteus rettgeri, improved purification and properties of crystalline holotryptophanase; Yoshida H et al.; The inducible tryptophanase (L-tryptophan indole-lyase (deaminating) EC 4.1.99.1) was crystallized in holoenzyme from the cell extract of Proteus rettgeri . The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate fractionation, heat treatment at 60 degrees C, DEAE-Sephadex and hydroxylapatite column chromatographies . Crystallization was performed by the addition of ammonium sulfate to the purified enzyme solution containing 20% (v/v) glycerol, 0.1 mM pyridoxal phosphate and 10 mM mercaptoethanol . The crystallized enzyme was yellow and showed absorption maxima at 340 and 420 nm . The crystalline holotryptophanase preparation was homogeneous by the criteria of ultracentrifugation and disc gel electrophoresis . The molecular weight of the enzyme was calculated as approx . 222 000 . The amount of pyridoxal phosphate bound to the enzyme was determined to be 4 mol per mol of the enzyme . The enzyme is composed of four subunits of identical molecular size (mol . wt 55 000) and irreversibly dissociates into these subunits in the presence of a high concentration of sodium dodecylsulfate or guanidine hydrochloride . The NH2-terminal amino acid of the enzyme was identified as alanine. Lancet, 1975 Jun 21, 1(7921), 1355 - 7 Infection caused by Proteus mirabilis strains with transferrable gentamicin-resistance factors; Datta N; During a period of 10 weeks, four patients in one hospital became infected with gentamicin-resistant Proteus mirabilis . In two of them septicaemia associated with indwelling catheters developed, one had urinary tract and wound infections, and in the fourth patient the organism was isolated from a superficial wound . The P . mirabilis strains showed multiple drug resistance . Strains form the first three patients were apparently identical and were sensitive to tobramycin . Their gentamicin resistance was not transferable to Escherichia coli K12, but could be transferred to another strain of P . mirablilis (PM13-3) . The fourth strain was resistant to tobramycin; its gentamicin/tobramycin resistance was transferable to E . coli K12. Can Med Assoc J, 1975 Jun 14, 112(13 Spec No), 91 - 5 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in chronic bronchitis; Jordan GW et al.; Authenic tracheobronchial secretions/exudates (TBSE) were aspirated under direct vision via a sterile catheter passed through a fiberoptic bronchoscope from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by chronic bronchitis . TBSE, saliva and blood were obtained during long-term administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and were assayed for drug content . Before and during treatment TBSE were cultured qualitatively and quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas and viruses . Treatment with TMP-SMX was associated with a decrease in the recovery of Hemophilus influenzae, H . parainfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis; however, little effect was observed on the typically nonpathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria of the upper respiratory tract . TMP was found in saliva at concentrations greater than in serum . Both TMP and SMX entered TBSE in absolute and relative concentrations sufficient to take advantage of the potential for synergy against susceptible microorganisms . Patient tolerance of TMP-SMX was generally good and several patients reported a decrease in production of sputum during treatment. Trop Geogr Med, 1975 Jun, 27(2), 143 - 50 Clinical observations of scrub typhus on Penghu (the Pescadores Islands); Fang RC et al.; Between May and September 1973, 68 cases of scrub typhus in Chinese military personnel on the Pescadores Islands were studied . The common symptoms and signs were fever, chills, headache, eschar, myalgia, and lymph node enlargement . Most eschars were located in the axilla, waist, groin and genitals, and neck . These lesions were painless and not noticed by the patients themselves . Regional lymph node enlargement at the site of eschar drainage was common . Relative bradycardia with fever was observed in 40%, a skin rash in 35% of the patients . Leucopenia was noted more frequently in the febrile than in the convalescent stage, but more than half of the patients had a normal count . Lymphocytosis was prominent, especially during the convalescent period . An acceleration of ESR was noted . Instead of depression of the erythroid series in the marrow which was reported previously, 47% of examined patients were found to have erythroid hyperplasia . Two patients showed marked hypocellularity of the marrow in the acute febrile stage; later on became normocellular . Albuminuria was present in 15 and BUN increased in 12 patients . Elevation of serum bilirubin and SGOT was also noted . Biologic false positive VDRL tests were observed in nine patients . In 30 tests elevation of Proteus OX-K titres between 1:160 and 1:640 was noted . A geometric mean OX-K titre rise in the patients is presented; the mean titre reached a peak in the third week of illness, and then fell off . Most of the patients were treated with tetracycline 500 mg every six hours for about nine days . The fever usually subsided within 36 hours . Complications or mortality were not encountered. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1975 Jun, 140(6), 941 - 5 Experience with detailed surveillance of nosocomial infection; Mulholland SG et al.; Infection rates have been determined in a 332 bed university hospital using an efficient surveillance program . This computerized program analyzed, summarized and returned infection reports in six days . The efficiency rate of this system was 80 per cent as determined by prevalence survey . The mean nosocomial infection rate for the 12 month study period was 10.8 per cent . Neurology, medicine, neurosurgery, surgery and urology ahd the highest attack rates . Urinary tract infections composed 44 per cent of the total and predominated on seven of the 11 services . Escherichia coli predominated in infections of the urinary tract, surgical wounds and blood and ranked third in respiratory infections . Escherichia coli, klebsiella, pseudomonas and proteus mirabilis accounted for 61 per cent of the isolates . There is a need for efficient reporting of hospital infections to establish effective preventives. Arch Intern Med, 1975 Jun, 135(6), 835 - 7 Transient bacteremia associated with barium enema; Le Frock J et al.; A group of 175 patients had barium enema . Pour-plate blood cultures were obtained immediately before and after the procedure and 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes later . Bacteremia was demonstrable in 20 (11.4%) patients . In some, blood cultures were positive for as long as 15 minutes after barium enema; all were negative at 30 minutes . Among the bacteria associated with the 20 episodes of bacteremia were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, enterococci, Proteus morganii, Bacteroides, and Veillonella . The incidence of bacteremia among patients with ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, rectal polyps, colonic or rectal carcinoma, nonspecific diarrhea, or other lower intestinal tract disorders was not much different from patients free of rectosigmoid disease . The results of this study suggest that a history of recent barium enema may be important in patients who have endocarditis. Appl Microbiol, 1975 Jun, 29(6), 726 - 8 Arylamidase activity of Salmonella species; Sheahan JP et al.; Arylamidase activity in cell extracts of sonically cell treated suspensions of 23 Salmonella strains, including 12 strains of S . typhimurium, was investigated . All cultures hydrolyzed five of nine different neutral and basic substrates . Activity against aspartyl-, cystyl- histidinyl-, and isoleucyl-beta-naphylamide was negligible . Alanyl-beta-naphthylamide was the preferred substrate for the Salmonella species; however, specific activities ranged widely . Of several gram-negative organisms surveyed, all except Proteus vulgaris hydrolyzed alanyl-beta-naphthylamide at the fastest rate . The most preferred substrate for the Proteus culture was glycyl-beta-naphthylamide . No relationship could be shown between virulence and arylamidase activity for the Salmonella strains. Surgery, 1975 Jun, 77(6), 780 - 5 The varying sensitivity to antibacterial agents of micro-organisms in pure vs . mixed cultures; Linn BS et al.; In this study the disc sensitivities of five organisms growing in pure cultures (Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans) were first determined against each of seven antibacterial agents (penicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, silver nitrate, Sulfamylon, and Betadine) . Then the sensitivity of each organism growing in combination with one of the others (10 combinations) was tested against each of the same antibacterials . Significantly increased and decreased sensitivities were found in 30 percent of the cultures with decreases largely predominating . Total obliteration of all sensitivity occurred 10 percent of the time . The changes in sensitivity were not distributed randomly but rather were associated more with particular agents and organisms . Sulfamylon, was associated with decreases 70 percent of the time with sensitivity obliteration in 50 percent of the tests . Streptococcus led all the organisms, being associated with decreases in half of the tests . It is possible that mixed-culture sensitivities could provide the most valid information when mixed infections exist, since they more closely simulate the real clinical situation . Therefore it is suggested that both mixed and pure culture sensitivity testing be done for all mixed infections. J Cell Biol, 1975 Jun, 65(3), 631 - 45 The fate and origin of the nuclear envelope during and after mitosis in Amoeba proteus . I . Synthesis and behavior of phospholipids of the nuclear envelope during the cell life cycle; Maruta H et al.; The synthesis and behavior of Amoeba proteus nuclear envelope (NE) phospholipids were studied . Most NE phospholipid synthesis occurs during G2 and little during mitosis or S . (A . proteus has no G1 phase) . Autoradiographic observations after implantation of {3-H} choline nuclei into unlabeled cells reveal little turnover of NE phospholipid during interphase but during mitosis all the label is dispersed through the cytoplasm . Beginning at telophase all the label is dispersed through the cytoplasm . Beginning at telophase all the NE phospholipid label returns to the daughter NEs . This observation, along with the finding that no NE phospholipid synthesis occurs during mitosis or S, indicates that no de novo NE phospholipid production is required for newly forming NEs . Similarlyemetine, at concentrations that inhibit 97 percent of protein synthesis, does not prevent the post mitotic formation of NEs, suggesting that previously manufactured proteins are used in making new NEs . If a nucleus containing labeled NE phospholipids is transplanted into an unlabeled nucleate cell and the cell is allowed to grow and divide, the resultant four nuclei are equally labeled . This finding supports, but does not prove (see next paragraph), the conclusion that there probably is no continuity of the A . proteus NE during mitosis . When a phospholipid-labeled nucleus is implanted into a cell in mitosis, the grafted nucleus is not induced to enter mitosis . There is, however, a marked increase in the turnover of that nucleus's NE phospholipids with no apparent breakdown of the NE; this indicated that the mitotic cytoplasm possesses a factor that stimulates NE phospholipid exchange with the cytoplasm . That enhanced turnover is not accompanied by visible structural alteration makes less certain the earlier conclusion that no NE continuity exists during mitosis . Perhaps the most important finding in this study is that there are present, at restricted times in the cell cycle, factors capable of inducing accelerated exchange of structural components without microscopically detectable disruptions of structure. Acta Physiol Scand, 1975 Jun, 94(2), 278 - 88 Membrane potential and conductance during pinocytosis induced in Amoeba proteus with alkali metal ions; Josefsson JO et al.; An investigation of the relationship between the polarized state of the membrane and the onset and the intensity of pinocytosis was made in Amoeba proteus . Membrane potential and input resistance was in all instances found to decrease in approximate proportion to the number of channels when pinocytosis was induced by a variety of alkali metal ions at varying pH . Channels began to appear when the membrane was depolarized to -30 mV by the inducer of pinocytosis . With all inducers the maximum pinocytosis was encountered at membrane potentials close to zero . No positive potentials were recorded when the chloride salts of the inducing cations were used . At high concentrations of alkali ions a transient increase of the chloride permeability caused short-lasting hyperolarizations of the membrane . Inhibition of pinocytosis by Ca++ was accompanied by an increase of input resistance and membrane potential . The selectivity of the membrane to different alkali metal ions observed as changes in pinocytosis intensity, membrane potential and input resistance was found to vary with the concentration of the inducer and with the Ca++ concentration of the extracellular solution . Displacement of membrane bound Ca++ appeared to decrease the field strength of charged groups in the membrane altering its selectivity among alkali cations . The formation of pinocytotic channels is suggested to require translocation of Ca++ from the membrane into the cell and would therefore be closely related to the electrical properties of the amoeba. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1975 May 23, 391(1), 240 - 8 Allantoin racemase: a new enzyme from Pseudomonas species; Van der Drift L et al.; 1 . Allantoin racemase is a novel enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of S(+)-and R(minus)-allantoin into the racemate . 2 . The enzyme is present in Pseudomonas testosteroni, Pseudomonas putida and five biotypes of Pseudomonas fluorescens, but absent in a number of other Pseudomonas species . 3 . The enzyme of Ps . testosteroni was purified 133-fold and exposes optimal activity at pH 8.0-8.2 and 50 degrees C . The enzyme is stable on heating for 15 min at 70 degrees C . 4 . The enzyme appeared to be specific for the optical isomers of allantoin and no cofactors are involved in the reaction . 5 . The optical aspecificity of allantoinase of Proteus rettgeri was reaffirmed. Cell Differ, 1975 May, 4(2), 79 - 86 Amoeba proteus: the nuclear periphery; Leeson TS et al.; This study extends previous work on the nuclear envelope and associated structures . It illustrates that the cylindrical structures of the honeycomb lattice are not attached to the nuclear envelope, although generally perpendicular and closely apposed to it, and that there is a complex arrangement of fibrillar material between the cylinders of the lattice . The relationship of nuclear helices to these structures is described and the possible mode of their transfer from nucleus to cytoplasm is discussed. J Exp Zool, 1975 May, 192(2), 265 - 70 Microfibrillar structures in the nucleus and cytoplasm of amoeba proteus; Leeson TS et al.; The presence of microfibrillar structures in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus has been described after glutaraldehyde and osmium fixation . The possible roles of cytoplasmic microfibrils in the contraction process of amoeba and nuclear microfibrils in the formation of the honeycomb nuclear lamina are discussed. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol, 1975 May-Jun, 11(3), 478 - 9 {Bactericidal properties of volatile fractions of garlic phytoncids}; Borukh IF et al.; Changes in the bactericidal effect of volatile fractions of garlic were examined during storage . B . coli communis, Proteus vulgaris and Staph . pyogenes aureus 209 were used as test-organisms . Bactericidal properties of volatile fractions of garlic phytoncids were most pronounced prior to storage . During storage they reduced . At higher temperature (16 degrees) the decline in the bactericidal properties was much more significant than at low temperature of storage (2 degrees). J Bacteriol, 1975 May, 122(2), 764 - 75 Electron microscope heteroduplex studies of sequence relations among bacterial plasmids: identification and mapping of the insertion sequences IS1 and IS2 in F and R plasmids; Hu S et al.; Heteroduplex experiments between the plasmid R6 and one strand of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a lambda phage carrying the insertion sequence IS1 show that IS1 occurs on R6 at the two previously mapped junctions of resistance transfer factor (RTF) DNA with R-determinant DNA . From previous heteroduplex experiments, it then follows that IS1 occurs at the same junctions in R6-5, R100-1, and R1 plasmids . Heteroduplex experiments with the DNA from a lambda phage carrying the insertion sequence IS2 show that one copy of IS2 occurs in R6, R6-5, and R100-1 (but not R1) at a point within the RTF with coordinates 67.5 TO 68.9 kilobase units (kb) . In an accompanying paper, Ptashne and Cohen (1975) show that the insertion sequence IS3 occurs on R6 and R6-5 . R100-25, a traC mutant, differs from its parent R100-1 only in that it contains an additional copy of IS1 inserted within the tra gene region of 82.1 kb . R100-31, atraX, TC-s mutant of R100-1, is deleted in R100-1 sequences starting at one of the IS3 termini (46.9 kb) and extending with RTF to 61.0 kb . Heteroduplex studies of F plasmids with the DNA of a lambda phage bearing insertion sequence IS2 show that the sequence of F with coordinates 16.3-17.6F is IS2 . The occurrence of IS1 at the two junctions of R-determinant DNA and RTF DNA in R plasmids provides a structural basis to explain the mechanism of the previously observed formation of molecules containing one RTF unit and several tandem copies of the R-determinant unit, when R plasmids in Proteus mirabilis are grown in the presence of antibiotics, and the segregation of an R plasmid into an RTF unit and an R-determinant unit . In general, correlation of our results with previous studies shows that insertion sequences play a role in a variety of F- and R-related intra- and intermolecular recombination phenomena. Nord Vet Med, 1975 May, 27(5), 285 - 95 Otitis externa in the dog -- a clinical and microbiological study; Krogh HV et al.; The effect on canine otitis externa of a topical preparation composed of Fucidin, Framycetin, Nystatin, and Prednisolone was evaluated in a clinical trial comprising 235 dog ears . Cases caused by parasites or foreign bodies and cases requiring systemic therapy were excluded . Swabs from these and an additional 434 affected ears were examined bacteriologically and the sensitivity to antibiotics of the bacteria isolated determined . The infection most frequently diagnosed was staphylococci plus yeasts (29 % of total material) followed by pure yeast-infections (19 %) and pure staphylococcus infections (16 %) . Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Proteus mirabilis were found in 7 % of the ears, while no organisms could be isolated from 22 % . Sensitivity tests showed a satisfactory in vitro effect of Neomycin (Framycetin) on most of the bacteria commonly isolated, and a very good effect of Fucidin on the staphylococci . Approximately 91 % of the ears treated were clinically cured or improved very considerably; the relation between clinical response and type of infection is shown diagrammatically in Fig . 1 . It was confirmed that infections with Ps . aeruginosa represent a special problem; the results of post-treatment sensitivity tests seem to suggest, however, that a longer or more intense course of treatment than the one used in the trial (two weeks) would provide the answer to this. J Protozool, 1975 May, 22(2), 286 - 92 Contractility of glycerinated Amoeba proteus and Chaos-chaos; Rinaldi R et al.; Immediate contact with large volumes of cold 50% (v/v) buffered glycerol preserved typical ameboid shape of Chaos chaos and Amoeba proteus with no visible distortions . These technics allowed determination of the contraction sites in these glycerinated models upon applications of ATP-Ca-Mg-solutions . The ectoplasmic tube was the main site of contraction . Preliminary EM investigations revealed thick and thin filaments, associated with the ectoplasmic tube near the plasma-lemma, which appeared to be the basis for the contractility of the ectoplasmic tube . There was no predominant contraction of the pseudopodial tips or the endoplasm in these models . The changes of volume were as much as 50%, and in some cases were not accompanied by any change in the length of the ameba; however, lengthwise contractions of the ectoplasmic tube in some amebae occurred to as much as 25% . The data substantiate a basic requirement of the ectoplasmic tube contraction theory of ameboid locomotion. Antibiotiki, 1975 May, 20(5), 445 - 51 {Microflora of the pus of lactation mastitis patients and its sensitivity to a series of antibiotics}; Gaufberg VV et al.; The etiological picture of lactation mastitis and sensitivity of its causative agent to some antibiotics were studied . Mostly microbial associations were isolated from the patients . Pathogenic staphylococci typed mainly by the phages of group I predominated among the isolates . In addition the strains of Proteus, Pseudomonas, E . coli and others were isolated from the pus of the mastitis cases . Sensitivity of the microflora to some antibiotics was studied . It was found that most of the causative agents of the postnatal mastitis possessed multiple resistance . They were mainly resistant to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, oleandomycin and sensitive to oxacillin, methicillin, kanamycin and rifampicin . It was shown that during the patients stay under tha stationary conditions the postoperative wound were infected for the second time with hospital microbial strains. Tsitologiia, 1975 Apr, 17(4), 474 - 7 {Change of the hereditary properties of Amoeba proteus during micrurgic intervention at the time of mitosis (metaphase ane early anaphase)}; Kalinina LV et al.; Studies have been made on viability and hereditary properties of the progeny of amoebae after micrurgical coercions (sectioning of cells, suction of cytoplasm) during metaphase and early anaphase . The progeny of the fragments as well as of the cells with the reduced bulk of the cytoplasm exhibits unusual methionine resistance . Possible mechanism of the observed phenomemon are discussed. Jpn J Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 19(2), 123 - 31 Comparative studies on generalized transducing bacteriophages of Proteus mirabilis, phim and pi1; Nakamura M et al.; Comparative studies were made on the generalized transducing bacteriophages of Proteus mirabilis phim (Nakaya and Rownd), pi1(Bohme), and a clear plaque-forming mutant phim-c, derived from phim . Electron microscopic observations revealed that these phages were morphologically identical, indicating that they belonged to the group C of Bradley's classification, or to the type C1 of Ackermann's classification . Phages phim and pi1 formed characteristic turbid plaques different from each other, and the plaques of pi1 were smaller in size than those of phim . The plaques of phage phim-c were clear and also were the largest in size among those studied . Average latent periods of phim and pi1 were 70 and 60 min, respectively . Average burst size was found to be 30 and 10 plaque-forming units per infected cell for phim and pi1, respectively . It was confirmed by cross neutralization tests that phim and pi1 differed serologically from each other . The host range of the two phages also differed, and phage phim was more sensitive to heat than pi1 . These results indicate that phages phim and pi1 are different types of phages . Majority of the properties of phage phim-c were nearly identical with those of phage phim except that the multiplication of phim-c was more strongly inhibited by methylene blue than that of phim and pi1 . Phage phim-c is considered to be a clear mutant of phim. Br J Urol, 1975 Apr, 47(2), 117 - 24 The natural history of renal and ureteric calculi; Marshall V et al.; In a prolonged follow-up of a series of 416 patients at The London Hospital Stone Clinic it was found that recurrence could still occur even as long as 10 years after the first stone, though this risk decrease slowly year by year . Recurrence is seldom related to hypercalciuria or urinary infection except when infection is caused by or associated with B . proteus in women . Claims for the value of any form of therapy for stone disease must be evaluated against the background of the natural history of lithiasis. J Gen Microbiol, 1975 Apr, 87(2), 301 - 11 R factors from Proteus mirabilis and P . vulgaris; Hedges RW; Eighty-nine R factors were transmitted by conjugation to Escherichia coli K12 from isolates of Proteus hauseri (P . mirabilis plus P vulgaris) . More than half were non-selftranmissible . The remainder included plasmids assigned to the previously defined groups FII,A-C complex, J, N and P, as well as some not belonging to any knwon compatibility groups . R factors from strains isolated in India, Thailand and Japan carried plasmids whose inheritance was extremely unstable in E . coli K12 . All belonged to a new compatibility group, V. Med Klin, 1975 Mar 28, 70(13), 566 - 8 {Studies to the in-vitro-effectiveness of Spectacillin (author's transl)}; Martin H; In this study the sensibility of important disease germs of a clinical and an ambulatory test material has been investigated to the substances "Epicillin" and "Ampicillin" . Thereby could be found that 67% (43%) of the E . coli and 55% (36%) of the proteus type, as well as 96% (96%) of the enterococcus type of the ambulatory (clinical) test material were sensitive to Epicillin and Ampicillin . Staphylococcus not producing penicillinase, were well-sensitive, while staphylococcus producing penicillinase, contrarily showed to be insensitive . Salmonellae proved to be well-sensitive up to 97%, and the rest left was limited sensitive . The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) resulted in favourable findings for enterococcus, staphylococcus aureus and salmonellae; at a corresponding sensibility the same is valid for E . coli and the proteus . The investigations carried out in-vitro, reveal an equal effectiveness of Epicillin and Ampicillin. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi, 1975 Mar, 8(1), 1 - 11 Evaluation of antibacterial activities of cephalosporin antibiotics: cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, and cephalexin; Hsieh WC et al.; The antibacterial activities of 4 cephalosporin antibiotics, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin and cephalexin, against 330 isolates of bacteria from patients at National Taiwan University Hospital, were determined by an agar plate dilution technique . Cephalosporins possess strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria except Enterococci . Staphylococcus aureus is the most susceptible among the organisms tested . More than 90% of Staphylococcus aureus strains are suppressed by cefazolin, cephaloridine and cephalothin at the concentrations of 3.13 mug/ml or less, except that 49.1% are suppressed by cephalexin . The relative potency of cephalosporins against Staphylococcus aureus in decreasing order is cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cephalexin . The gram-negative bacilli, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis are less susceptible to cephalosporins than the gram-positive cocci . Among the cephalosporins, cefazolin is the most active against the gram-negative pathogens tested . The relative potency of antibacterial activity of cephalosporins against E . coli in decreasing order is cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, and cephalothin . One hour after the intramuscular injection of 500 mg of cefazolin, the maximum concentration of 33.3 mug/ml is reached in the serum . The sufficient high levels are sustained for 8 hours . Very high concentrations of cefazolin are also found in the urine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm, 1975 Mar, 11(2), 132 - 44 Aminopenicillins - clinical pharmacology and use in disease states; Neu HC; Ampicillin introduced in 1961 has been administered in the treatment of diverse infections by both oral and parenteral means . Oral infections of the upper airways such as otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia have responded with high success rates since the microorganisms involved have remained sensitive to ampicillin . Similarly, o