Infect Immun, 1982 May, 36(2), 531 - 4 Energy metabolism of the contagious equine metritis bacterium; Lindmark DG et al.; The energy metabolism of the English E-CMO strain of contagious equine metritis bacterium was studied in whole cells and cell extracts . This bacterium appears to have an active Krebs cycle and probably obtains energy by oxidative phosphorylation since glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathways appear to be absent . These conclusions are based on the findings that {U-14C}glucose incorporation by this bacterium is below the level of detection, and that respiration is stimulated by Krebs cycle intermediates (i.e., malate, citrate, and succinate), but not by glucose, fructose, maltose, or sucrose . Furthermore, support comes from the fact that enzymes generally associated with the Krebs cycle and electron transport (i.e., malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase, malate dehydrogenase {decarboxylating}, cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, NADH dehydrogenase, and catalase) were detected . Those enzymes normally associated with glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathways (i.e., hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose biphosphate aldolase, glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphate acetyl transferase, acetate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase) were below the level of detection. Dis Colon Rectum, 1982 May-Jun, 25(4), 368 - 70 Actinomycetoma masquerading as an abdominal neoplasm; Thompson JR et al.; Despite the fact that infection accompanying actinomycotic organisms is relatively rare, the possibility of such infection should be kept in mind because the organism is known to be commensal in the oral cavity, lungs, and intestinal tract . Abdominal lesions may mimic a neoplasm in many ways--physical findings, clinical course, and roentgenographic changes . Since the bacterium is anaerobic and difficult to grow on culture, one may have to rely on histologic confirmation for diagnosis . The infection can usually be eradicated by large doses of antibiotic (penicillin) over an extended period of time. J Bacteriol, 1982 May, 150(2), 905 - 15 Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic membranes and chlorosomes from the green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus; Feick RG et al.; A method was developed which allows the isolation and purification of cytoplasmic membranes and chlorosomes from cells of Chloroflexus aurantiacus grown under different light conditions . The dipolar ionic detergent Deriphat (0.08%) and a sodium iodide gradient centrifugation were used in isolating cytoplasmic membranes . Chlorosomes were prepared with 0.16% of the dipolar ionic detergent Miranol and purified by a sucrose gradient centrifugation . Cytoplasmic membrane fractions prepared from either high- (3,000 W m-2), medium-(200 W m-2) or low- (7 W m-2) light-grown cells had near infrared absorption bands at 866, 808, and 755 nm in a constant characteristic absorbance ratio of 6:3.8:1 . In all cytoplasmic membrane preparations, the amount of bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a) per cytochrome, the amount of Bchl a per reaction center, and reaction center per milligram of cytoplasmic membrane protein was found to be constant . No Bchl c was present . Five respiratory enzyme activities have been measured in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of denatured cytoplasmic membrane showed many bands, but a major polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 8,000 . In contrast, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified chlorosomes did not contain the 8,000-molecular-weight band but revealed only three distinct protein bands with molecular weights of 15,000, 12,000, and 6,000 . Isolated chlorosomes contained Bchl c and a small, yet constant, amount of Bchl a (absorbing at 790 nm) in a molar ratio of 25:1 . The data indicated that the components of the photosynthetic apparatus in the cytoplasmic membrane of Chloroflexus aurantiacus remained constant and only the amount of antenna Bchl c varied with light conditions. J Bacteriol, 1982 May, 150(2), 471 - 82 Interconversion and uptake of nucleotides, nucleosides, and purine bases by the marine bacterium MB22; Foret M et al.; Whole cells and isolated membranes of the marine bacterium MB22 converted nucleotides present in the external medium rapidly into nucleosides and then into bases . Nucleosides and purine bases formed were taken up by distinct transport systems . We found a high-affinity common transport system for adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine, with a Km of 40 nM . This system was inhibited noncompetitively by purine nucleosides . In addition, two transport systems for nucleosides were present: one for guanosine with a Km of 0.8 microM and another one for inosine and adenosine with a Km of 1.4 microM . The nucleoside transport systems exhibited both mixed and noncompetitive inhibition by different nucleosides other than those translocated; purine and pyrimidine bases had no effect . The transport of nucleosides and purine bases was inhibited by dinitrophenol or azide, thus suggesting that transport is energy dependent . Inside the cell all of the substrates were converted mainly into guanosine, xanthine, and uric acid, but also anabolic products, such as nucleotides and nucleic acids, could be found. J Virol, 1982 May, 42(2), 547 - 57 Construction of a cloned library of the EcoRI fragments from the human cytomegalovirus genome (strain AD169); Tamashiro JC et al.; The DNA genome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169 is 158 x 10(6) Mr . Cleavage of the HCMV DNA with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI yields 35 major fragments ranging in size from 0.54 x 10(6) Mr . We have constructed a cloned library of the EcoRI fragments of this strain of HCMV, using the plasmid pACYC184 and the recipient bacterium Escherichia coli strain HB101 RecA- . The viral origin of the cloned inserts was determined by hybridization to viral DNA . The fragments were characterized further by digestion with other restriction enzymes . Several clones were obtained which contained sequences spanning the junction between the long (L) and short (S) components of the viral DNA sequences . These clones differed in molecular weight by multiples of 0.3 x 10(6) to 0.4 x 10(6) Mr . The variability found in the clones was also reflected in the genome . Each clone containing a junction sequence hybridized to a series of bands on Southern filters of EcoRI-digested HCMV DNA . This "ladder effect" provided evidence for a region of heterogeneity within the L-S junction. Am J Clin Pathol, 1982 May, 77(5), 601 - 5 Localization of Legionella pneumophila in tissue using FITC-conjugated specific antibody and a background stain; Lowry BS et al.; Lightly staining formalin-fixed or fresh tissue with Gram's crystal violet obviates interfering nonspecific fluorescence by acting as a metachromatic stain in ultraviolet light . Against the easily recognized background of tissues and cells fluorescein isothiocyanate-tagged Legionella pneumophila antibodies can then identify this bacterium in or on individual cells . This procedure can be run at room temperature in two hours and has the potential for further widespread applicability. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 1982 Apr 22, 215(1198), 1 - 18 The Leeuwenhoek Lecture, 1981 . The biochemical and genetic approach to the study of bioenergetics with the use of Escherichia coli: progress and prospects; Gibson F; How the 'energy currency' of the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is produced consequent upon the oxidation of foodstuffs (oxidative phosphorylation) is, despite prolonged research, still a matter of debate and the molecular mechanism of the process is unknown . It appears that the problem of oxidative phosphorylation can be approached with the aid of the biochemical genetics of the bacterium Escherichia coli . The ease of manipulation of bacteria and definitive results obtained by this approach have been invaluable in solving other major biochemical problems . Mutants affected in oxidative phosphorylation have been isolated and characterized by genetic and biochemical techniques . These 'unc' mutants are affected in the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) multiprotein complex which is part of the cell membrane and responsible for the terminal stages of ATP synthesis . Seven distinct genes concerned with oxidative phosphorylation have been characterized in E . coli and shown to be part of an operon . The relationships between the different classes of unc genes and the various components of the ATPase have been established . Information about the assembly of the ATP synthesizing complex in the cell membrane has also been obtained and the stage set for further studies on the assembly, control and function of the ATP synthesizing system. J Biol Chem, 1982 Apr 10, 257(7), 3379 - 81 Reduction of cytochromes b6 and f in isolated plastoquinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase driven by photochemical reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides; Prince RC et al.; Photochemical reaction centers isolated from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides are able to donate electrons to cytochromes b6 and f in the plastoquinol,-platocyanin oxidoreductase isolated from spinach chloroplasts . The reduction reactions occur only after the second single turnover flash, in a reaction which is sensitive to inhibitors of the reactions in the chloroplast membranes . When all the components of the b6f complex are oxidized prior to activation, both cytochromes b6 and f are reduced after the second flash . If cytochrome f is reduced prior to activation, cytochrome b6 is still reduced after the second flash, but as the potential is lowered so that the Rieske iron-sulfur cluster is reduced prior to activation, the reduction of cytochrome b6 fails . The b6f complex thus functions in such a way that a two-electron redox couple, probably a quinone, is capable of reducing both cytochrome b6 and cytochrome f, the latter via the Rieske iron-sulfur cluster, in a coupled reaction where both electrons must leave the two-electron carrier . Cytochrome b6 is thus reduced in a manner analogous to "oxidant-induced reduction." J Bacteriol, 1982 Apr, 150(1), 348 - 57 Structure of the regular surface layer of Aquaspirillum serpens MW5; Stewart M et al.; The structure of the regular surface layer of Aquaspirillum serpens MW5 has been investigated by electon microscopy supplemented by computer image processing and least-squares analysis . The layer has a ribbed appearance, both on the bacterium and in isolated, negatively stained fragments . However, detailed analysis indicated that the layer was composed of two hexagonal sheets having p6mm symmetry and a = 16 nm . One sheet was staggered by one half repeat along a (1,0) line of the p6nm lattice relative to the second so that, in projection, the pattern of the composite layer was a translational moire, characterized by a series of ribs spaced 16 nm apart . The ribbed layer had cmm symmetry with a = 32 nm and b = 18.5 nm . Analysis of this pattern indicated that the two p6nm hexagonal sheets were unevenly stained, and this was confirmed by using least-squares methods to simulate the observed pattern by combining two hexagonal patterns . The general structure of the layer was consistent with a role as a selective and protective barrier on the cell surface. J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Apr, 15(4), 720 - 2 Pneumonia and bacteremia caused by a previously undescribed Moraxella-like bacterium; Goetz MB et al.; Immunocompromised patients are frequently subject to unusual infections . We recently treated a renal allograft recipient for pneumonia due to a hitherto undescribed Moraxella-like bacterium which most closely resembles M-5 . M-5 has previously been associated in humans only with dog bites and wound infections . The patient responded well to treatment with aminoglycosides and cephalosporins . Susceptibility to these drugs was demonstrated in vitro by a broth dilution technique . On the basis of the known ability of Moraxella species to colonize the oropharynx and the patient's lack of animal exposure, we propose that our patient's illness was secondary to aspiration of colonized oropharyngeal contents. J Periodontol, 1982 Apr, 53(4), 231 - 8 An analysis of peripheral blood and salivary polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, circulating immune complex levels and oral status in patients with inflammatory bowel disease; Lamster IB et al.; In an earlier case report, we described a 28-year-old man with active Crohn's disease and rapidly progressive alveolar bone loss, who presented with enhanced peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity as assessed by phagocytosis and lysis of a target bacterium . To assess the significance of this finding, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from thirty patients with active or inactive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were examined for spontaneous and stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity . Analysis revealed the PMN from active IBD patients displayed greater metabolic activity than PMN from inactive IBD patients, which in turn were more active than PMN from normal subjects . Since circulating immune complex (CIC) levels might be of importance in the in vivo activation of PMN, analysis of serum CIC levels via polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation was carried out . This indicated that active IBD patients had higher levels of CIC activity then inactive IBD patients . Ten of these patients were evaluated for spontaneous HMS activity by salivary PMN . As compared to controls, comparable numbers of salivary PMN from IBD patients displayed an average of 45% less activity than control salivary PMN . Analysis of the oral status of 10 IBD patients referred to the Peter Bent Brigham Dental Clinic indicated that two patients had overt oral pathoses apparently attributable to IBD . These two patients also had the highest CIC levels observed in the 30 serum samples tested. J Bacteriol, 1982 Apr, 150(1), 46 - 51 Carbon dioxide assimilation by Thiobacillus novellus under nutrient-limited mixotrophic conditions; Perez RC et al.; The contribution of CO2 to cell material synthesis in Thiobacillus novellus under nutrient-limited conditions was estimated by comparing 14CO2 uptake rates of steady-state autotrophic cultures with that of heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultures at a given dilution rate . Under heterotrophic conditions, some 13% of the cell carbon was derived from CO2; this is similar to the usual anaplerotic CO2 fixation in batch cultures of heterotrophic bacteria . Under mixotrophic conditions, the contribution of CO2 to cell material synthesis increased with increasing S2O3 2- -to-glucose ratio in the medium inflow; at a ratio of 10, ca . 32% of the cell carbon was synthesized from CO2 . We speculate that the use of CO2 as carbon source, even when the glucose provided is sufficient to fulfill the biosynthetic needs, may augment the growth rate of the bacterium under such nutrient-limited conditions and could therefore be of survival value in nature . Some of the CO2 assimilated was excreted into the medium as organic compounds under all growth conditions, but in large amounts only in autotrophic environments as very low dilution rates. Am J Physiol, 1982 Apr, 242(4), G360 - 3 Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin: its effect on motility of the small intestine; Mathias JR et al.; Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin is a low-molecular-weight substance that has been shown to induce the active secretion of fluid and electrolytes in the small intestine . In this study, we have characterized the effects of purified E . coli heat-stable toxin (ST, strain 18D, serotype 042:K86:H37) on the motility of rabbit small intestine by using myoelectric recording techniques . Substances, such as cholera toxin, that activate the adenylate cyclase-cAMP system induced predominantly migrating action-potential complex activity . E . coli ST, a toxin that activates the guanylate cyclase-cGMP system, was infused into isolated in vivo ileal loops of New Zealand White rabbits . Inactivated toxin was also studied by exposing the ST to 1 mM dithiothreitol for 90 min . Active E . coli ST induced only repetitive bursts of action potentials . When the toxin was inactivated with dithiothreitol, no alteration in myoelectric activity was observed . We speculate that repetitive bursts of action-potential activity may represent a virulent factor of the bacterium, altering motor activity to slow transit and allowing for bacterial proliferation and invasion. J Bacteriol, 1982 Apr, 150(1), 410 - 3 Construction of a hybrid plasmid capable of replication in the bacterium Escherichia coli and the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans; Sherman LA et al.; A hybrid plasmid was constructed between the 5.3-megadalton plasmid (pUH24) of Anacystis nidulans R2 and the Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 . This was accomplished by adding a transposon to pBR322 and transforming this DNA into A . nidulans . One resultant hybrid, pLS103, had a molecular weight of 6.8 x 10(6), replicated in both organisms, had unique sites for two restriction endonucleases, conferred ampicillin resistance on both organisms, and could be used as a cloning vector in A . nidulans. Infect Immun, 1982 Mar, 35(3), 943 - 6 Virulence conversion of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by passage in guinea pigs and embryonated eggs; Elliott JA et al.; When virulent Legionella pneumophila is passaged on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar, it remains virulent for guinea pigs and embryonated hen eggs for two passages . However, by the fifth passage the cultures become avirulent for guinea pigs . Flagella were not produced by L . pneumophila on the first passage on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar . In contrast, 12 passages on charcoal-yeast extract agar did not result in the reduction of virulence or the loss of flagella of L . pneumophila . Growth in supplemented yeast extract broth or on Norit-A-filtered supplemented yeast extract agar also did not result in a reduction of the virulence of L . pneumophila . However, L . pneumophila did not produce flagella when grown on these two media . Thus, it appears that the production of flagella is not required for the virulence of L . pneumophila when administered by the intraperitoneal route of infection . A virulent flagellated form of L . pneumophila was recovered by passing an avirulent form six times in guinea pigs . When avirulent L . pneumophila was passaged 12 times in embryonated eggs, a nonflagellated form of the bacterium was recovered which had an increased virulence for guinea pigs and embryonated eggs . However, virulent forms were not recovered by passage of avirulent forms on commonly used laboratory media . These results support the suggestion that a suitable host is required for the selection of the virulent form of L . pneumophila from avirulent cultures. J Bacteriol, 1982 Mar, 149(3), 852 - 63 Nutrition and carbon metabolism of Methanococcus voltae; Whitman WB et al.; Methanococcus voltae is a heterotrophic, H2-oxidizing methanogenic bacterium . In complex medium, this bacterium has a doubling time of 1.2 h at its temperature optimum of 38 degrees C . In defined medium, optimal growth is obtained with 0.75 mM isoleucine, 0.75 mM leucine, 2.5 mM acetate, 5 mM NH4Cl, 84 mM MgSO4, 0.4 M NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 10 microM Fe2O3, and 0.2 microM NiCl2 . In addition, pantothenate, sodium selenate, and cobalt stimulate growth . Optimal growth is obtained between pH 6.0 and 7.0 with either H2 or formate as the electron donor . The volatile fatty acids 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate can substitute for isoleucine and leucine, respectively . Cellular carbon is derived from acetate (31%), isoleucine (22%), leucine (25%), and carbon dioxide (23%) . The amino acids and fatty acids are incorporated almost exclusively into protein . A comparison of the incorporation of U-14C-amino acids and 1-14C-fatty acids indicated that the fatty acids are degraded during incorporation into cell protein . The distribution of carbon from the amino acids suggests that acetyl coenzyme A is not a major intermediate in the degradation of these compounds . Thus, M . voltae may convert isoleucine and leucine to other amino acids by a unique mechanism . The lipid carbon is derived largely from acetate . Thus, the isoprenoid lipids are synthesized de novo from acetate rather than by degradation of leucine . The carbon in the nucleic acids is derived from carbon dioxide (45%), the C-1 of acetate (25%), the C-2 of acetate (22%), and isoleucine and leucine (7%) . This labeling pattern is consistent with known biochemical pathways. J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Mar, 128(Pt 3), 639 - 50 Control mechanisms governing the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis for hela cells: modulation by cyclic nucleotides, prostaglandins and calcium; Ward ME et al.; Chlamydia trachomatis causes common infections of the eyes and genital tract in man . The mechanism by which this obligate intracellular bacterium is taken into epithelial cells is unclear . The results described here support the concept that chlamydial infections of HeLa cells is under bidirectional cyclic nucleotide control, with guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) acting as a stimulator, and adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) as an inhibitor . Treatment of the HeLa cells with the divalent cation ionophore A23187, with carbamoylcholine, or with prostaglandins known to increase the concentration of endogenous cGMP, also increased host cell susceptibility to chlamydial infection . Cyclic GMP was only effective if added at or before chlamydial inoculation, suggesting that its main effect was on chlamydial uptake . The stimulatory effect of cGMP, but nt antagonism, by cAMP, was abolished if the cells were first treated with any of four different inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, suggesting a critical role for endogenous prostaglandin synthesis . Centrifugation of chlamydiae on to host cells was followed by a rapid increase in the mobility of Ca2+ across the cell membrane . The interrelationships of these observations and the possibility that chlamydiae and other intracellular pathogens might evoke alterations in host cell prostaglandin and cyclic nucleotide concentrations to aid their own uptake are discussed. Biokhimiia, 1982 Mar, 47(3), 355 - 60 {Low potential c-type cytochrome of Thiocapsa roseopersicina}; Korsunskii OF et al.; The low potential c-type cytochrome from the phototrophic purple sulphur bacterium Thiocapsa roseopersicina, strain BBS was isolated in electrophoretically homogeneous state . The bulk of the cytochrome (approximately 90%) after disruption of the cells remained in the membrane fraction . The absorption spectrum of the cytochrome was characterized by the maxima at 420, 523 and 552 nm in the reduced state and at 408 nm in the oxidized one . The cytochrome interacted with CO in the reduced state . The molecular weight of the cytochrome is 50 000 . The cytochrome contains great amounts of phenylalanine, leucine, valine, aspartic and glutamic acids and can be reduced by dithionite but not by cysteine, sulfide or ascorbate . Besides, the cytochrome can also be reduced by NAD(P)H in the presence of NAD(P)-reductases of T . roseopersicina, when ferredoxin of Spirulina platensis or benzyl viologen are added to the reaction mixture . The cytochrome can act as an electron donor (acceptor) for T . roseopersicina hydrogenase. J Biol Chem, 1982 Feb 10, 257(3), 1189 - 95 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the biosynthesis by Microbacterium ammoniaphilum of L-glutamate selectively enriched with carbon-13; Walker TE et al.; 13C NMR of isotopically enriched metabolites has been used to study the metabolism of Microbacterium ammoniaphilum, a bacterium which excretes large quantities of L-glutamic acid into the medium . Biosynthesis from 90% {1-13C}glucose results in relatively high specificity of the label, with {2,4-13C2}glutamate as the major product . The predominant biosynthetic pathway for synthesis of glutamate from glucose was determined to be the Embden Meyerhof glycolytic pathway followed by P-enolpyruvate carboxylase and the first third of the Krebs cycle . Different metabolic pathways are associated with different correlations in the enrichment of the carbons, reflected in the spectrum as different 13C-13C scalar multiplet intensities . Hence, intensity and 13C-13C multiplet analysis allows quantitation of the pathways involved . Although blockage of the Krebs cycle at the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase step is the basis for the accumulation of glutamate, significant Krebs cycle activity was found in glucose grown cells, and extensive Krebs cycle activity in cells metabolizing {1-13C}acetate . In addition to the observation of the expected metabolites, the disaccharide alpha, alpha-trehalose and alpha, beta-glucosylamine were identified from the 13C NMR spectra. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1982 Feb, 28(1), 21 - 6 The presence of glutamate mutase in a methanol-utilizing bacterium, Protaminobacter ruber; Ueda S et al.; Cell-free extracts of a facultative methylotroph and strict aerobe, Protaminobacter ruber, could catalyze formation of beta-methylaspartate from glutamate . beta-Methylaspartate formed was further converted to mesaconate . From these results, it was found that the cells of P . ruber contained a sequential reaction system of glutamate mutase and beta-methylaspartase . The level of glutamate mutase activity was almost constant throughout the period of cultivation . When P . ruber was grown on several non-one-carbon compounds in addition to methanol as a sole carbon source, the activity of glutamate mutase was not markedly affected by the kinds of carbon sources. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Feb, 91(2), 725 - 30 Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetases in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides; Maruyama K; Two short-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetases were extracted from the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, and partially purified by column chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 and DEAE-cellulose . One enzyme activated propionate, valerate, acrylate, butyrate, and acetate, and was designated as propionyl-CoA synthetase, since the highest activity and lowest Km value (0.6 mM) were observed with propionate . The other enzyme activated acetate, propionate and acrylate . It showed the highest activity and lowest Km value (0.37 mM) for acetate, and was identified as acetyl-CoA synthetase {EC 6.2.1.1}. Biophys J, 1982 Feb, 37(2), 539 - 51 An x-ray absorption study of the iron site in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers; Bunker G et al.; Measurements were made of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the iron site in photosynthetic reaction centers from the bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . Forms with two quinones, two quinones with added o-phenanthroline, and one quinone were studied . Only the two forms containing two quinones maintained their integrity and were analyzed . The spectra show directly that the added o-phenanthroline does not chelate the iron atom . Further analysis indicates that the iron is octahedrally coordinated by nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms located at various distances, with the average value of about 2.14 A . The analysis suggests that most of the ligands are nitrogens and that three of the nitrogen ligands belong to histidine rings . This interpretation accounts for several unusual features of the EXAFS spectrum . We speculate that the quinones are bound to the histidine rings in some manner . Qualitative features of the absorption edge spectra also are discussed and are related to the Fe-ligand distance. Biophys J, 1982 Feb, 37(2), 523 - 38 The electronic structure of Fe2+ in reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . II . Extended x-ray fine structure studies; Eisenberger P et al.; Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies were performed on reaction centers (RC) of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26 . RC containing two, one, and no quinones (2Q, 1Q, 0Q) samples were studied . The average ligand distance of the first coordination shell was determined to be 2.10 +/- 0.02 A with a more distant shell at 4.14 +/- 0.05 A . The Fe2+ site in RC was found to have a very large structural disorder parameter, from which a spread in ligand distance per iron site of approximately +/- 0.1 A was deduced . The most likely coordination number of the first shell is six, with a mixture of oxygens and nitrogens as ligands . The edge absorption results are consistent with the Fe2+ being in distorted octahedral environment . The EXAFS spectra of the 2Q and 1Q samples with and without O-phenanthroline were found to be the same . This indicates that either the secondary quinone and o-phenanthroline do not bind to Fe2+ or that they replace an equivalent ligand . The 0Q sample showed a 12% decrease in the EXAFS amplitude, which was restored upon addition of o-phenanthroline . These results can be explained by either a loss of a ligand or a severe conformational change when the primary quinone was removed. J Bacteriol, 1982 Feb, 149(2), 708 - 17 Nitrogenase from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata: purification and molecular properties; Hallenbeck PC et al.; Nitrogenase proteins were isolated from cultures of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas capsulata grown on a limiting amount of ammonia . Under these conditions, the nitrogenase N2ase A was active in vivo, and nitrogenase activity in vitro was not dependent upon manganese and the activating factor . The nitrogenase proteins were also isolated from nitrogen-limited cultures in which the in vivo nitrogenase activity had been stopped by an ammonia shock . This nitrogenase activity, N2ase R, showed an in vitro requirement for manganese and the activating factor for maximal activity . The Mo-Fe protein (dinitrogenase) was composed of two dissimilar subunits with molecular weights of 55,000 and 59,500; the Fe protein (dinitrogenase reductase), from either type of culture, was composed of a single subunit (molecular weight), 33,500) . The metal and acid labile sulfur contents of both nitrogenase proteins were similar to those found for previously isolated nitrogenases . The Fe proteins from both N2ase A and N2ase R contained phosphate and ribose, 2 mol of each per mol of N2ase R Fe protein and about 1 mol of each per mol of N2ase A Fe protein . The greatest difference between the two types of Fe protein was that the N2ase R Fe protein contained about 1 mol per mol of an adenine-like molecule, whereas the N2ase A Fe protein content of this compound was insignificant . These results are compared with various models previously presented for the short-term regulation of nitrogenase activity in the photosynthetic bacteria. Biophys J, 1982 Feb, 37(2), 465 - 73 Photoelectric currents across planar bilayer membranes containing bacterial reaction centers . Response under conditions of single electron turnover; Packham NK et al.; Light-induced electric current and potential responses have been measured across planar phospholipid membranes containing reaction centers from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . Under conditions in which the reaction centers are restricted to a single electron turnover, the responses can be correlated with the light-induced electron transfer reactions associated with the reaction center . The results indicate that electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll dimer to the primary ubiquinone molecule, and from ferrocytochrome c to the oxidized dimer occur in series across the planar membrane . Electron transfer from the primary to secondary ubiquinone molecule is not electrogenic. Biochemistry, 1982 Jan 5, 21(1), 82 - 8 Phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent fructose phosphotransferase system of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: purification and physicochemical and immunochemical characterization of a membrane-associated enzyme I; Brouwer M et al.; The phosphotransferase system (PTS) of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides consists of a component located in the cytoplasmic membrane and a membrane-associated enzyme called "soluble factor" (SF) {Saier, M . H., Feucht, B . U., & Roseman, S . (1971) J . Biol . Chem . 246, 7819--7821} . SF has been partially purified by a combination of hydrophobic interaction and ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography . SF is similar to Escherichia coli enzyme I in its molecular characteristics and enzymatic properties . It has a molecular weight of 85 000 and readily dimerizes . Phosphoenolpyruvate and Mg2+ stabilize the dimer . The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate and becomes phosphorylated in the process . The phosphoryl group is subsequently transferred to fructose in the presence of R . sphaeroides membranes . SF substitutes for E . coli enzyme I in fructose or glucose phosphorylation with E . coli enzyme II and HPr . The activities of SF with the R . sphaeroides PTS and the E . coli PTS reside on structurally distinct molecules as shown by their response to limited proteolytic digestion and by immunochemical studies . The activity of SF with the E . coli PTS arises during the isolation procedure and is most likely due to the removal of HPr-like protein from SF. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1982, 29(3), 181 - 5 Methylated nucleic acid bases in Mycobacterium and mycobacteriophage DNA; Somogyi PA et al.; Methylated bases of the DNA of two mycobacteria (Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis var . butyricum) and two mycobacteriophages (Phage phlei and Phage butyricum) have been studied . In both the bacterial and the phage DNAs 5-methyl-cytosine and 6-methyl-aminopurine could be detected . Using L-(methyl-H3)-methionine as methyl donor not only the methylated bases of bacterium and phage DNA proved to be radioactive, but also the non-methylated purine residues and thymine . Possible pathways of this phenomenon are discussed. J Virol, 1982 Jan, 41(1), 345 - 7 Genetic analysis of bacteriophage T4 transducing bacteriophages; Young KK et al.; Mutations in the genes for nuclear disruption (ndd), endonuclease IV (denB), and the D1 region of the T4 genome are essential for converting bacteriophage T4 into a generalized transducing phage . These mutations gave rise to a very low frequency of transduction, about 10(-8) per infected bacterium . The addition of an rII mutation raised the transduction frequency about 20-fold . An additional 100-fold increase in the transduction frequency was observed with mutations in genes 42, 56, and alc . High-frequency generalized transduction by T4 results from the cumulative effect of these mutations. Differentiation, 1982, 21(2), 71 - 8 Localization of surface structures during procaryotic differentiation: role of cell division in Caulobacter crescentus; Huguenel ED et al.; Asymmetric cell division in Caulobacter crescentus produces two cell types, a stalked cell and a new swarmer cell, with characteristics surface structures . We have examined the role of the cell cycle in the differentiation of these two cells using adsorption of bacteriophage phi LC72, the assembly of the polar flagellum, and stalk formation as assays for changes in surface morphology . Previous studies of this aquatic bacterium {17,25} have suggested that the replicating chromosome acts as a "clock' in timing the formation of the flagellar filament at one pole of the new swarmer cell . the analysis of conditional cell cycle mutants presented here extends these results by showing that DNA synthesis is also required for adsorption of phage phi LC72 and, more importantly, they also suggest that a late cell division step is involved in determining the spatial pattern in which the phage receptors and flagella are assembled . We propose that this cell division step is required for formation of "organizational' centers which direct the assembly of surface structures at the new cell poles, and for the polarity reversal in assembly that accompanies swarmer cell to stalked cell development. Mikrobiologiia, 1982 Jan-Feb, 51(1), 156 - 60 {Effect of Fe3+ ions on Thiobacillus ferrooxidans oxidation of ferrous oxide at various temperatures}; Kovalenko TV et al.; The inhibition of the rate of ferrous iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans with ferric ions was shown to depend on their concentration, the temperature of the medium, and the phase of the cultural growth . Ferrous iron oxidation was inhibited with ferric ions both at low (below 1.0 g/l) and high (ca . 10 g/l) concentrations, the process being temperature dependent: the rate of inhibition decreased with a fall of the temperature . The bacterium was most sensitive to unfavourable Fe3+ concentrations at 8-26 degrees C during the lag phase; Fe2+ oxidation was inhibited during the exponential phase of growth only at 26 degrees C . The Ki for Fe3+ at 27, 10 and 5 degrees C were 3.09-3.39, 11.4-22.8 and 46.0 g/l Fe3+, respectively . Therefore, the affinity of the enzyme for the inhibitor Fe3+ decreases with a fall of the temperature. Folia Parasitol (Praha), 1982, 29(1), 79 - 83 The role of Hydrotaea armipes Fall . (Diptera, Muscidae) in the transmission of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis; Dusbabek F et al.; The tests to isolate the IBK causative agent Moraxella bovis from the flies Hydrotaea armipes Fall., captured while feeding on tears in the eye region of infected calves, have failed . Many successful isolations of Branhamella catarrhalis from the digestive tract of the flies and the smears taken from the eyes of the infected calves indicate that this agent is acquired by the flies while sucking tears from the eyes of the sick animals . A similar transmission is presumed by the authors with Moraxella bovis . In experiment this bacterium survives on the body surface of Hydrotaea armipes for 14 hours, in the digestive tract for 15 hours and even longer. J Clin Invest, 1982 Jan, 69(1), 85 - 98 A quantitative analysis of the interactions of antipneumococcal antibody and complement in experimental pneumococcal bacteremia; Brown EJ et al.; The mechanism of protection of type-specific antipneumococcal antibody and complement in bacteremia was investigated with purified rabbit antibody and a guinea pig model of pneumococcal bacteremia . IgG and IgM were isolated from the sera of rabbits immunized with type 7 pneumococci (Pn), and their binding to Pn was quantitated . The number of antibody-binding sites on the pnuemococcal capsule was also determined . Pn were incubated with various amounts of the immunoglobulin preparations before intravenous injection into nonimmune guinea pigs . Whereas 120 molecules of IgM per Pn were sufficient to enhance bloodstream clearance of Pn, 1,400 molecules of IgG per bacterium were required to produce this effect . As the amount of either IgG or IgM added to the Pn was increased, the rate of bloodstream clearance accelerated . In striking contrast, greater than 1,000 molecules of IgM had no effect on the rate of clearance in C4-deficient guinea pigs, which cannot activate complement via the classic pathway . Similarly, 5,000 molecules of IgG had only minimal effect in C4-deficient guinea pigs, and 24,000 molecules of IgG had no effect in guinea pigs depleted of complement by cobra venom factor . Thus, the in vivo opsonic effects of both IgG and IgM anticapsular antibody are mediated via their ability to activate complement . IgG anti-pneumococcal cell wall antibody, raised by intravenous injection of rabbits with unencapsulated Pn, had no effect on the rate of bloodstream clearance of Pn or on the polymorphonuclear leukocyte killing of type 7 Pn in an in vitro bacterial assay . Because the opsonic effects of anticapsular antibody required complement activation, the ability of anticell wall IgG to activate complement was compared with the two classes of anticapsular antibody . As judged by depletion of C3 and C4 from guinea pig serum, as well as by the fixation of radiolabeled C3 to Pn, IgM anticapsular antibody was the best complement activator . However, anticell wall IgG was somewhat more active than anticapsular IgG in each of these tests of complement activation and fixation . When equivalent amounts of C3 were fixed to Pn by each of the three antibodies, Pn sensitized with IgG and IgM anticapsular antibodies caused immune adherence, whereas Pn sensitized with anticell wall IgG did not . This may explain the failure of anticell wall antibody of mediate complement-dependent phagocytosis of Pn in vivo or in vitro . Although anticell wall IgG is capable of activating complement and fixing C3 to Pn, it is not opsonic; the most likely reason is that the nonopsonic antibody mediates C3 deposition in sites on the Pn that cannot interact efficiently with phagocytic cell C3 receptors. Z Erkr Atmungsorgane, 1982, 158(1-2), 149 - 54 {Prognosis and treatment of tuberculosis in the pre-chemotherapeutical era}; Tetzner W; After discovery of the agent, treatment of tuberculosis was carried out in a variety of ways, the main forms of approach including: 1 . Direct action on the bacterium-failed . 2 . Influencing the organism by rest and irradiation therapy . 3 . Surgical intervention for cavity destruction . 4 . Improvement of social conditions . Before surgical intervention was practiced on a large scale prospects for bacteria-excreting patients were very poor, two thirds of them dying within the first 3 years . Where de-bacillization was successful, more than 75 per cent of patients survived 10 years . Nevertheless, none of the forms of treatment had any decisive influence on the tuberculosis situation as a whole. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1982, 33, 32 - 6 Hydrophobic interaction--a mechanism of bacterial binding; Magnusson KE; Hydrophobic interaction or the hydrophobic effect is a chemical reaction between two or more substances or particles in an aqueous phase with elimination of the water associated with each of the particles . A gain in free energy results, since the state of separate particles surrounded by water is more energy requiring than the bound state . Low surface tension, solubility in organic solvents, hydrophobicity and attractive van der Waals interaction are often used as synonyms of hydrophobic interaction . The liability to hydrophobic interaction of bacteria and animal cells can be assessed in several ways, including contact angel measurements, engulfment at solidification fronts, critical surface tension of binding or desorption, aqueous polymer two-phase partitioning and hydrophobic interaction chromatography . In general, hydrophobic surface properties of bacteria seem to promote their association with different animal cells, comprising interactions enhanced by envelope mutations (S leads to R), immunoglobulins (IgG) or lectins (fimbriae), although the interacting structures on the bacterium and the animal counterpart are structurally distinct in each reaction. Arch Oral Biol, 1982, 27(4), 319 - 24 Differences in lymphoproliferative responses to the bacterium Actinomyces viscosus in various mammalian species; Chen P et al.; A water-soluble extract of Actinomyces viscosus (AVS) was tested for its capacity to induce DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from man, monkeys, mice and guinea pigs . The results indicated that the AVS induced an in-vitro lymphoproliferative response, as assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation, in mouse-spleen cells, in the majority of human peripheral blood samples tested and in macaque monkey spleen cells . The AVS also elicited a blastogenic response from spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized with A . viscosus . The AVS did not elicit a lymphoproliferative response from human-cord blood cells, monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes, or peripheral blood and spleen lymphocytes from non-immunized guinea pigs . Thus there was a difference in the ability of A . viscosus to induce DNA synthesis in lymphocytes from the different animal species tested. DNA, 1982, 1(4), 329 - 33 Cloning and expression of Treponema pallidum protein antigens in Escherichia coli; Stamm LV et al.; Difficulties in culturing the bacterium Treponema pallidum have greatly hindered syphilis research . Recently, several laboratories have accomplished the expression of T . pallidum antigens in Escherichia coli . It is anticipated that treponemal antigens produced by recombinant DNA technology will provide new tools for investigating the pathogenesis and immunobiology of T . pallidum infection. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl, 1982, 7, 9 - 20 Renin synthesis and gene cloning; Morris BJ et al.; 1 . The present study describes the biosynthesis and gene cloning of mouse submandibular gland renin . 2 . After translation of mRNA coding for renin a Mr 46 000 protein is produced (preprorenin) . However, rapid removal of the 'pre' segment from the nascent chain would account for the fact that in pulse-chase and continuous labelling experiments the largest renin-immunoreactive protein seen was of Mr 44 500, pI 6.4 (determined by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis) . This 'prorenin' was rapidly converted to a Mr 40 000, pI 6.2 species and then more slowly to forms of Mr 35 500, pI 5.6 and Mr 34 000, pI 5.4, which correspond in Mr and pI to renin isolated in pure form from mouse submandibular glands . 3 . Colonies of the bacterium Escherichia coli strain RRI, containing plasmid pBR322 into which mouse submandibular gland cDNA had been inserted at the PstI site, were screened with affinity-purified anti-renin . Of 500 colonies, two were found that reacted positively with the antibody . These contained protein that could be immunoprecipitated with anti-renin and cDNA which was capable of inter-colony hybridization and which had a HinfI restriction site in each case. Int J Biochem, 1982, 14(11), 1019 - 23 Characterisation of the electron transport chain of an obligate methylotroph, strain 4025; Vrdoljak M et al.; 1 . The obligate methanol-utilising bacterium strain 4025 contains cytochromes b and c . Cytochrome a is never present . 2 . The soluble cytochrome c is similar to that from other methylotrophs in reacting (slowly) with carbon monoxide and it can be separated into two types, differing markedly in their isoelectric points . 3 . Some of the cytochrome b reacts rapidly with carbon monoxide and is thus the likely cytochrome oxidase (cytochrome o) . 4 . The partially purified, NAD+-independent methanol dehydrogenase is similar to such enzymes from the other methanol-utilising bacteria in respect of its prosthetic group, dependence on ammonia or methylamine for activity and its wide substrate specificity . 5 . The fluorescence seen in colonies of this organism is probably due to a flavin derivative . 6 . This study of electron transport components does not shed any light on the unusually high copper requirement shown by this methylotroph. Infection, 1982, 10(4), 209 - 14 Rapid identification of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli by a receptor-specific particle agglutination test; Svenson SB et al.; Most (greater than 90%) Escherichia coli strains isolated from children with acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis exhibit a specific type of filamentous protein appendage known as P-fimbriae . These fimbriae enable the bacterium to adhere to human uroepithelial cells by the specific recognition of and binding to a particular class of glycosphingolipids correlated to the human P-blood group antigens . In this paper a new method for the rapid and reliable identification of such P-fimbriated pyelonephritogenic bacteria is described . The method is based on particles to which the minimal glycoside receptor structure recognized by P-fimbriae is attached . Mixing these receptor-containing particles with P-fimbriated bacteria results in a strong and immediate agglutination reaction . The specificity and sensitivity of this new particle agglutination test proved to be superior to the haemagglutination assay previously used. J Biol Chem, 1981 Dec 10, 256(23), 12589 - 95 Localization of myxobacterial hemagglutinin in the periplasmic space and on the cell surface of Myxococcus xanthus during developmental aggregation; Nelson DR et al.; During the period of developmental aggregation which precedes fruiting body formation, the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus produces a large amount of a lectin called myxobacterial hemagglutinin (MBHA) . Sequential cell washing, osmotic shock, and disruption of developmental cells showed that as much as 90% of the total hemagglutinating activity can be recovered in the wash and shock fractions . Analysis of the wash and shock fluids by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that these fractions are enriched in MBHA . MBHA was detected on the surface of developmental cells but not vegetative cells by immunofluorescent staining procedures . The fluorescence was localized in distinct patches which were usually located at one or both of the cell poles, although patches of fluorescence could also be seen at additional sites as well . The presence of MBHA on the cell surface was also detected by electron microscopy of developmental cells stained with ferritin-conjugated antibody . Most of the cells showed distinct patches of ferritin staining at one or both of the cell poles; nonpolar staining, which was also observed, was always accompanied by membrane protuberances . The amino acid sequence of the NH2 terminus of MBHA was determined and found to be extremely hydrophobic, suggesting that it may function as a nonprocessed signal for transmembrane transport . The site-specific localization of MBHA at the cell poles suggests that it may function in end-to-end cellular interactions during aggregation. Am J Clin Pathol, 1981 Dec, 76(6), 816 - 8 Legionnaires' disease in Vermont . 1972-1976; Gerber JE et al.; One hundred four autopsy cases with previously diagnosed pneumonitis were examined for evidence of Legionnaires' disease . The peak epidemic months of July, August, and September in the five years before the 1977 Vermont epidemic were chosen for study . The bacterium, Legionella pneumophila (serogroup 1) was demonstrated in lung tissue by direct immunofluorescence and the Dieterle silver impregnation stain . There was no clustering of Legionnaires' disease in any one year., The clinical presentation and pulmonary pathology were similar to that of Legionnaires' disease previously reported in Vermont . Seven out of 104 cases were identified as previously undiagnosed Legionnaire's disease . In this time frame, it can be concluded that the disease has been endemic in Vermont. Clin Exp Immunol, 1981 Dec, 46(3), 633 - 9 The role of TG lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity in patients with periodontal disease; Ivanyi L et al.; Blood mononuclear cell suspensions from patients with a severe form of periodontal disease failed to respond by in vitro stimulation to a sonicate from the oral bacterium, Veillonella alcalescens . The proliferative response could be restored by the depletion of TG cells by rosetting with IgG-coated ox erythrocytes and by reconstitution of the cell suspension with 10% plastic-adherent monocytes . Small but statistically significant restoration of the Veillonella response was also achieved by the addition of indomethacin or mefenamic acid to unfractionated cell cultures, indicating only a minor role of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis in the expression of suppressor cells . Since the in vitro response to an unrelated antigen PPD had been found unimpaired, the described TG-cell-mediated suppression of the Veillonella response is apparently antigen-specific. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1981 Dec, 52(6), 591 - 3 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans infection in the oral cavity; Peel MM et al.; An abscess that developed following the extraction of periodontally involved teeth persisted after surgical drainage and ampicillin therapy . Subsequent culture of pus from this abscess gave a pure growth of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans which was resistant to ampicillin . Surgical drainage and the use of appropriate antibiotic therapy cleared the infection . The identification of A . actinomycetemcomitans and the types of infection it causes are described . The probable mechanism of infection by the bacterium is discussed . A case that illustrates the importance of the microbiologic examination of pus from dental abscesses is reported. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Dec, 78(12), 7393 - 7 Swainsonine: an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing; Elbein AD et al.; Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, inhibits the processing of asparagine-linked glycoproteins in both cell-free extracts and animal cells in culture . Thus, in a liver particulate enzyme preparation, swainsonine at 0.1-1.0 microM inhibited the mannosidase that releases {3H}mannose from a high mannose glycopeptide but only slightly inhibited the release of glucose from a glucose-labeled glycopeptide . MDCK and Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture incorporate {2-3H}mannose and {6-3H}glucosamine into both high mannose and complex types of oligosaccharides . When these cells were incubated with swainsonine and then labeled with mannose or glucosamine, there was a dramatic decrease in the amount of label in the complex type of glycopeptide and a substantial increase in the radioactivity in the high mannose type . This change was monitored by the increase in radioactivity that became susceptible to digestion by endoglucosaminidase H with increasing concentrations of swainosine . The endoglucosaminidase H-released oligosaccharide(s) from swainsonine-treated cells was larger and more homogeneous than that from controls and eluted from Bio-Gel P-4 at the position of Man9GlcNAc . Several tissue culture cell lines were grown in the presence of swainsonine to determine its effect on cell surface glycoproteins . Cells grown in the alkaloid showed an increased capacity to bind Escherichia coli B886, a bacterium that binds to high mannose glycoproteins . These cells also showed an increasing binding of {3H}concanavalin A. J Virol, 1981 Nov, 40(2), 403 - 10 Partial replication of UV-irradiated T4 bacteriophage DNA results in amplification of specific genetic areas; Ling SK et al.; Upon infection of Escherichia coli with bromodeoxyuridine-labeled t4 phage that had received 10 lethal hits of UV irradiation, a sizable amount of phage DNA was synthesized (approximately 36 phage equivalent units of DNA per infected bacterium), although very little multiplicity reactivation occurs . This progeny DNA was isolated and analyzed . This DNA was biased in its genetic representation, as shown by hybridization to cloned segments of the T4 genome immobilized on nitrocellulose filters . Preferentially amplified areas corresponded to regions containing origins of T4 DNA replication . The size of the progeny DNA increased with time after infection, possibly due to recombination between partial replicas and nonreplicated subunits or due to the gradual overcoming of the UV damage . As the size of the progeny DNA increased, all of the genes were more equally represented, resulting in a decrease in the genetic bias . Amplification of specific genetic areas was also observed upon infection with UV-irradiated, nonbromodeoxyuridine-substituted (light) phage . However, the genetic bias observed in this case was not as great as that observed with bromodeoxyuridine-substituted phage . This is most likely due to the higher efficiency of multiplicity reactivation of the light phage. J Bacteriol, 1981 Nov, 148(2), 435 - 42 Ammonium and methylammonium transport by the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii; Gordon JK et al.; Azotobacter vinelandii, grown with NH4+ as nitrogen source, was shown to possess an active transport system which can take up NH4+ against a concentration gradient of 58-fold . The properties of the NH4+ uptake system were investigated with the NH4+ analog CH3NH3+ . The use of this analog was justified on the basis of the conclusion that the uptake of NH4+ and CH3NH3 involves a common binding site, as shown by the competitive inhibition of CH3NH3+ uptake by NH4+ (Ki approximately 3 microM) . A Lineweaver-Burk plot for CH3NH3+ uptake revealed a biphasic curve, suggesting the existence of two CH3NH3+ (NH4+) uptake systems with apparent Km's for CH3NH3+ equal to 61 microM and 661 microM . The uptake of CH3NH3+ was inhibited by arsenate, as well as by cyanide or carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, indicating that phosphate bond energy is required. Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Nov-Dec, 50(6), 985 - 91 {Effect of phenobarbital on the luminescence system of luminous bacteria}; Vysotskii ES et al.; The effect of phenobarbital on the luminescent system of Beneckea harveyi was studied . The inhibition of luminescence with phenobarbital was shown to be due to a disorder in the synthesis of an aldehyde factor, the endogenous substrate of bacterial luciferase . Upon the action of phenobarbital, the bacterium acquires the properties of "aldehyde" mutants, i . e . their luminescence is stimulated with exogenous decyl aldehyde . The luminescence of the cells was also stimulated with long-chain aldehydes, fatty acids and their analogues: apparently, the aldehyde factor is formed via incorporation of an oxygen atom into the terminal methyl of a saturated fatty acid or its analogue . Phenobarbital has no effect on the bacterial growth; however, it increases the content of luciferase in the culture . The results suggest that phenobarbital is not a direct inductor of luciferase synthesis . Possibly, the stimulating action of phenobarbital involves the inhibition of synthesis of the aldehyde factor and, consequently, an increase in the concentration of intermediate products of its synthesis. Science, 1981 Oct 16, 214(4518), 337 - 9 Phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli is under transcriptional control; Eisenstein BI; An operon fusion of the lac genes to those required for synthesis of type 1 fimbriae (pili) has been achieved in a K12 strain of Escherichia coli lysogenized by the bacteriophage mu d (Ap4, lac) . Synthesis of beta-galactosidase, therefore, reflected pil gene transcription and was used as a probe of fimbrial regulation . Expression of the operon fusion was found to oscillate, demonstrating that phase variation between fimbriate and nonfimbriate states is under transcriptional control . The transition rates from fimbriate to nonfimbriate were 1.05 X 10(-3) per bacterium per generation and from nonfimbriate to fimbriate, 3.12 X 10(-3) per bacterium per generation. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Oct, 42(10), 1735 - 7 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitation of immunoglobulin G bound to Escherichia coli; Mueller R et al.; Two strains of Escherichia coli were opsonized by incubation in heat-inactivated bovine blood serum and in whey . The opsonized bacteria were then immobilized by complexing with anti-bovine antibodies previously coated to walls of polystyrene tubes . The amount of bovine immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the immobilized complex was then determined by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using peroxidase as enzyme . Thus, a direct measurement of one class of opsonic substances on the surface of the organisms was determined . The sensitivity for measurement of IgG ranged from nanograms to micrograms . After incubation in blood serum, 500-fold more IgG was found on the surface of the serum-resistant strain . The amount of IgG absorbed from whey in each instance was much less than that absorbed from serum . The number of bound molecules per bacterium ranged between 2,000 and 2,000,000, depending on both the strain and the serum. Can J Comp Med, 1981 Oct, 45(4), 388 - 91 Electron microscopy of a spiral-shaped bacterium in the blood and bone marrow of a rhinoceros iguana; Simpson CF et al.; Spiral shaped bacteria present in blood smears and bone marrow of a sick rhinoceros iguana were examined by light and electron microscopy . The organisms averaged 10 micron in length and had at least three spiral turns . The cell contained nuclear areas, vacuoles and ribosomes, except at the poles where there was a virtual absence of organelles . The bacterium was found by a cell membrane, cell wall and enveloping sheath . "Blebs" were present with regularity on the cell surface . About 14 flagella were present at each pole, and at these sites there was a specialized thickening of the cell membrane . Organisms were present within a phagocytic vacuole of macrophages in the blood and bone marrow, and often these engulfed organisms were degenerated . The taxonomic position of the bacterium is unknown. J Bacteriol, 1981 Oct, 148(1), 308 - 14 Dissociation and reassembly of Escherichia coli type 1 pili; Eshdat Y et al.; Escherichia coli type 1 pili, which mediate the mannose-sensitive adherence of the bacterium to eucaryotic cells, are comprised of very stable arrays of pilin protein subunits (molecular weight, approximately 17,000) . Previous methods for the dissociation of pili caused their irreversible denaturation . We have found that incubation of pili in saturated guanidine hydrochloride at 37 degrees C led to their complete dissociation, as evidenced by nephelometry and electron microscopy . Gel chromatography of the dissociated pili on a Sepharose CL-6B column in the presence of saturated guanidine hydrochloride yielded a single protein peak with a molecular weight corresponding to that of pilin . Dialysis of this peak against 5 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (pH 8.0) and rechromatography in the same buffer afforded a major protein peak, probably consisting of pilin dimers . About 25% of the protein in this peak bound to a mannan-sepharose column and could be eluted with methyl alpha-D-mannoside . The pilin dimer gave a single protein band upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (molecular weight, 16,600) or 10 M urea and penetrated completely into 7% gels in the absence of denaturants . Reassembly of the pilin dimers into pili was achieved upon dialysis against the tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer containing 5 mM MgCl2, as observed by electron microscopy . Thus, the conditions used allow renaturation of the dissociated subunits and may aid in further studies of the structure-function relationship of pili. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Sep 18, 677(1), 146 - 52 Purification and immunological studies of glutathione reductase from rat liver . Evidence for an antigenic determinant at the nucleotide-binding domain of the enzyme; Carlberg I et al.; Glutathione reductase has been purified to homogeneity by a method which is an improvement of an earlier procedure (Carlberg, I . and Mannervik, B . (1975) J . Biol . Chem . 250, 5475-5480) . The new steps in the purification scheme include affinity chromatography on 2',5' ADP-Sepharose 4B . Antibodies to glutathione reductase from rat liver were raised in rabbits and used for analysis of the enzyme by quantitative 'rocket' immunoelectrophoresis . Glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes, porcine erythrocytes, and calf-liver gave precipitin lines showing partial identity with the rat liver enzyme in Ouchterlony double diffusion experiments . Enzyme from spinach, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum did not give precipitates with the antibodies to the enzyme from rat liver . Titration of glutathione reductase from the different sources with antibodies confirmed the cross-reactivity of the mammalian enzymes; the human enzyme giving the strongest heterologous reaction . No reaction was observed with the enzyme from spinach, yeast, and Rhodospirillum rubrum . NADPH, NADP+, and 2',5' ADP were found to inhibit the interaction between antibodies and glutathione reductase from rat liver and human erythrocytes . NADH, glutathione, or glutathione disulfide did not protect the enzyme from reacting with the antibodies . It is concluded that glutathione reductase has an antigenic binding site for the antibodies at the pyridine nucleotide-binding site of the enzyme molecule. J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 1032 - 9 Semiaerobic induction of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis in the green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus; Sprague SG et al.; Comparison of Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl cells by freeze-fracture electron microscopy showed that cell shape and dimensions did not depend on oxygen tension or light intensity during growth . The major morphological difference between cells cultured anaerobically in the light and aerobically in the dark was the absence of chlorosomes in aerobically grown cells . C . aurantiacus cells cultured aerobically in the dark began bacteriochlorophyll synthesis immediately when shifted to either phototrophic or semiaerobic conditions . Cells adapting to phototrophic conditions grew to the same density and synthesized as much bacteriochlorophyll as nonadapting phototrophic cultures grown at the same light intensity . Cells adapting to reduced oxygen tension (semiaerobic conditions) in the dark entered an 8- to 12-h growth lag during which the bacteriochlorophyll content increased significantly . Despite variations in the initial bacteriochlorophyll content and in the length of the growth lag, the amounts of bacteriochlorophyll a and c were constant at the end of the semiaerobic growth lag . At later times during adaptation to semiaerobic conditions, after growth resumed, variations in the ratio of bacteriochlorophyll c/bacteriochlorophyll a were observed and suggested independent regulation of the two bacteriochlorophylls. J Bacteriol, 1981 Sep, 147(3), 1021 - 31 Isolation and development of chlorosomes in the green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus; Sprague SG et al.; Freeze-fracture electron microscopy was used to study further the changes in chlorosome structure during the development of the photosynthetic apparatus in Chloroflexus aurantiacus J-10-fl . During development, in response to decreased light intensity or lower oxygen tension, the number of chlorosomes per cell increased . The same conditions also led to a general thickening of chlorosomes but did not affect their length or width . The thickening of the chlorosomes paralleled increases in the bacteriochlorophyll c/bacteriochlorophyll a ratio . Semiaerobic induction of the photosynthetic apparatus did not produce a synchronous assembly of chlorosomes in all cells of a given culture . Even adjacent cells of a single filament showed great variations in the rate and extent of response . Parallel appearance of (i) approximately 5-nm particles (in a lattice configuration) in the membrane attachment site, (ii) the crystalline baseplate material (with a periodicity of approximately 6 nm) adjacent to the membrane attachment site, and (iii) the chlorosome envelope layer preceded addition of longitudinally oriented, rodlike elements (diameter, congruent to 6 m) to the chlorosome core . It is estimated that each chlorosome can funnel energy into approximately 100 reaction centers . Chlorosomes could be isolated by a simple density gradient procedure only from cells grown at low light intensity . A bacteriochlorophyll a species absorbing at 790 nm was associated with isolated chlorosomes . Lithium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of chlorosomes showed only a few low-molecular-weight polypeptides (less than 15,000). Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Aug 17, 676(2), 226 - 9 Crystallization of a derivative of a new coenzyme, methoxatin; Forrest HS et al.; A new compound, derived from a parent compound to which we have given the trivial name, methoxatin, has been isolated from a methanol-oxidizing bacterium, and crystallized . Its chemical structure was determined by X-ray crystallography . Methoxatin is implicated as a coenzyme in the oxidation of substrate alcohols . This report describes the purification and crystallization of the derivative, acetonyl methoxatin. Eur J Biochem, 1981 Aug, 118(1), 113 - 8 Energy conservation in the terminal region of the respiratory chain of the methylotrophic bacterium Methylophilus methylotrophus; Dawson MJ et al.; Reduced + CO minus reduced difference spectra of respiratory membranes prepared from methanol-limited cultures of Methylophilus methylotrophus confirm the presence of three CO-binding cytochromes i.e . cytochromes aa3, o and cco . The kinetics of cyanide inhibition indicate that the respiratory chain of this organism is branched at the level of cytochrome c to two major terminal oxidases, viz . cytochromes aa3 and o; cytochrome cco is probably not a physiologically significant oxidase . Determination of proton and charge translocation stoichiometries (leads to H+/O and leads to K+/O quotients) during oxidation of ascorbate-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine shows that the terminal oxidase system of this organism exhibits a net inward translocation of 2e-, but no net proton translocation, when a pair of electrons are passed from cytochrome c to oxygen . The use of appropriate concentrations of cyanide to selectively inhibit cytochrome o indicates that the overall translocation stoichiometries are achieved by the two oxidases, aa3 and o, functioning similarly . These and other results suggest that methanol oxidase is organised as a simple redox arm with the methanol oxidation site and oxygen consumption site(s) on the periplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the inner membrane respectively. Eur J Biochem, 1981 Aug, 118(1), 53 - 9 An NAD-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M; Shuto H et al.; An NAD-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase of Zoolgoea ramigera I-16-M was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity . In contrast to the D(-)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA-specific NADP-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase from the same bacterium {Saito, T . et al (1977) Arch . Microbiol . 114, 211 - 217}, the purified enzyme was strictly stereospecific to L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and was active not only with NAD+ but also with NADP+, although NADP+ was less effective than NAD+ as coenzyme . The enzyme showed a pH optimum at 6.3 for the reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA and at 8.0 for the oxidation of L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA . In the reduction reaction, Km values for acetoacetyl-Coa and NADH were 8.8 microM and 6.5 microM, respectively, and in the oxidation reaction, Km values for L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and DNA+ were 7.0 microM and 32 microM, respectively . Among various 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs tested, L(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and L(+)-3-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA were the most active substrates . Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis from acetyl-CoA, by a system reconstituted from purified preparations of 3-oxothiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA reductase and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthase, was observed when the NADP-linked but not the NAD-linked reductase was used . These findings indicate that the NAD-linked acetoacetyl-CoA reductase is not directly involved in the biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1981 Aug, 78(8), 5212 - 5 Obligately barophilic bacterium from the Mariana trench; Yayanos AA et al.; An amphipod (Hirondellea gigas) was retrieved with decompression in an insulated trap from an ocean depth of 10,476 m . Bacterial isolates were obtained from the dead and cold animal by using silica gel medium incubated at 1000 bars (1 bar = 10(5) Pa) and 2 degrees C . The isolate designated MT41 was found to be obligately barophilic and did not grow at a pressure close to that of 380 bars found at average depths of the sea . The optimal generation time of about 25 hr was at 2 degrees C and 690 bars . The generation time at 2 degrees C and 1,035 bars, a pressure close to that at the depth of origin, was about 33 hr . Among the conclusions are: (i) pressure is an important determinant of zonation along the water column of the sea; (ii) some obligately barophilic bacteria survive decompressions; (iii) the pressure of optimal growth at 2 degrees C appears to be less than the pressure at the depth of origin and may be diagnostic for the depth of origin; (iv) rates of reproduction are slow yet significant and an order of magnitude greater than previously thought; and (v) much of deep-sea microbiology may have been done with spurious deep-sea organisms due to warming of samples. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jul, 147(1), 161 - 9 Localization of dehydrogenases, reductases, and electron transfer components in the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas; Odom JM et al.; Various dehydrogenases, reductases, and electron transfer proteins involved in respiratory sulfate reduction by Desulfovibrio gigas have been localized with respect to the periplasmic space, membrane, and cytoplasm . This species was grown on a lactate-sulfate medium, and the distribution of enzyme activities and concentrations of electron transfer components were determined in intact cells, cell fractions prepared with a French press, and lysozyme spheroplasts . A significant fraction of formate dehydrogenase was demonstrated to be localized in the periplasmic space in addition to hydrogenase and some c-type cytochrome . Cytochrome b, menaquinone, fumarate reductase, and nitrite reductase were largely localized on the cytoplasmic membrane . Fumarate reductase was situated on the inner aspect on the membrane, and the nitrite reductase appeared to be transmembraneous . Adenylylsulfate reductase, bisulfite reductase (desulfoviridin), pyruvate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase activities were localized in the cytoplasm . Significant amounts of hydrogenase and c-type cytochromes were also detected in the cytoplasm . Growth of D . gigas on a formate-sulfate medium containing acetate resulted in a 10-fold increase in membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase and a doubling of c-type cytochromes . Growth on fumarate with formate resulted in an additional increase in b-type cytochrome compared with lactate-sulfate-grown cells. Phys Med Biol, 1981 Jul, 26(4), 613 - 21 Effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on bacterial growth rate; Aarholt E et al.; A large number of cultures of the bacterium E . coli have been grown in weak alternating magnetic fields of square waveform, at frequencies of 50 Hz and 16.66 Hz . Control cultures were simultaneously grown under ambient conditions identical except for the almost complete absence of any magnetic field . The mean generation time (MGT) for a culture subjected to alternating magnetic fields is significantly reduced by comparison with that for the control cultures . Application of the F-ratio test indicates a probability of less than one in two million that the effects observed are due to chance . A marked threshold effect is observed, along with strong indications of periodicity in the graph of MGT against magnetic field strength . Within the limits of experimental error, these effects correspond to integral changes in the number of magnetic flux quanta linking an individual bacterial cell during the process of division. Biokhimiia, 1981 Jul, 46(7), 1155 - 66 {Role of cofactors in membrane potential generation by Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores incorporated in a teflon filter}; Smirnova IA et al.; The chromatophores of the bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum were incorporated into a Teflon filter impregnated with a decane solution of phospholipids and the light-induced electric potential difference (delta psi) between the aqueous phases separated by the filter was measured . The generation of delta psi in such a system at continuous light requires the presence of cofactors, i . e . artificial electron donors and acceptors . These cofactors provide for a steady-state flow of e by regenerating the reduced form of the photo-oxidized reaction center bacteriochlorophyll and by reoxidizing the photo-reduced quinone acceptor of the reaction center . The most efficient donors are the reduced forms of nitrogen-containing redox mediators, e . g . TMPD, DAD, PMS, DCPIP and methylene blue, while p-benzoquinones with E07' approximately greater than 150 mV are practically inactive . The oxidized forms of nitrogen-containing mediators and a wide variety of p-quinones with E07' down to -220 mV can be used as electron acceptors . Using inhibitor analysis and compounds with different E0' it is shown that the cofactors donate electrons immediately to the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll and accept them from a low potential deprotonated form of the primary acceptor QI, substituting the secondary acceptor QII . The inability of hydrophilic sulfonate-substituted quinones to act as acceptors suggests that QI cannot be localized on the outer surface of the chromatophores. J Bacteriol, 1981 Jul, 147(1), 110 - 7 High-frequency chromosome transfer in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides promoted by broad-host-range plasmid RP1 carrying mercury transposon Tn501; Pemberton JM et al.; Insertion of the mercury resistance transposon Tn501 into broad-host-range plasmid RP1 greatly enhanced the ability of this plasmid to promote chromosome transfer in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides . Compared with the wild-type RP1, which produced less than 10(-8) recombinants per donor cell, RP1::Tn501 produced between 10(-3) and 10(-7) recombinants per donor cell depending upon the marker selected . Plasmid RP1::Tn501 promoted polarized transfer of the chromosome from one or perhaps two origins on the chromosome, giving rise to two linkage groups . All of the biosynthetic and antibiotic resistance genes that have been mapped, including those involved in photosynthesis, occur on one or another of these linkage groups. Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Jul-Aug, 50(4), 607 - 12 {The glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase system in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides}; Sakhno ON et al.; The phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, strain 2R, can assimilate ammonium by means of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase . A higher activity of glutamine synthetase is displayed by cells grown in the medium with glutamate or in the atmosphere of molecular nitrogen . The activity of glutamate synthase also rises when cells grow in the atmosphere of N2 . However, in contrast to glutamine synthetase, the activity of glutamate synthase does not decrease in the presence of considerable NH4+ amounts . The glutamine synthetase of R . sphaeroides is modified by adenylylation/deadenylylation . In the presence of nitrogenase in R . sphaeroides, the glutamine synthetase is found mainly in the deadenylylation state . Methionine sulfone, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, partly restores the activity of nitrogenase in the presence of ammonium, and prevents adenylylation of glutamine synthetase. Int J Zoonoses, 1981 Jun, 8(1), 26 - 32 The parasites obtained and bacteria isolated from house rats (Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758) caught in human habitations in Ibadan, Nigeria; Akinboade OA et al.; A total of 169 house rats were killed in different households distributed within five localities of Ibadan . A wide range of parasites were encountered . The flea, Ceratophylus fasciatus was the commonest ectoparasite found . Trichostrongylus columbriformis eggs were the commonest nematode and Hymenolepis diminuta the only cestode . Escherichia coli was the commonest bacterium found . The incidence of helminthiasis, especially H . diminuta, was generally high among rats trapped in the villages and the indigenous areas of the city . One hundred and twenty eight (128) of the rats possessed Trypanosoma lewisi infection, seventy one (71) had Anaplasma marginale while fifty seven (57) had Babesia microti infection . The public health importance of some of the parasites found is discussed. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 1981 Jun, 2(3), 201 - 13 Contagious equine metritis: antibody response of experimentally infected pony mares; Rommel FA et al.; Intrauterine inoculation of pony mares with the bacterium that is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM) resulted in clinical disease . A humoral immune response could be detected by agglutination and complement fixation (CF), and in some cases precipitating antibody was found by immunodiffusion tests . Agglutinating antibody was the most reliable serological indicator of overt infection and was detected in 8 ot 28 mares after initial intrauterine inoculation of 3-4 x 10(5) bacteria . Seventy percent of mares given a second inoculation and all mares given a third inoculation of 3-4 x 10(5) bacteria produced detectable agglutinating antibody . Only two of five mares given the third inoculation developed detectable complement-fixing antibody . Only one mare showed evidence of reinfection after a second or third intrauterine inoculation . All of the mares given a single intrauterine inoculum of greater than or equal to 8 x 10(8) bacteria produced agglutinating antibody 10 to 30 days postinoculation (DPI) and 86% gave a positive CF test 10 to 20 DPI . Only mares with an agglutination titer of 320 or more produced precipitating antibody . Sera were considered positive in agglutination tests if they were reactive at a dilution of greater than 4 and positive in CF tests if they were reactive at a dilution of 4 or greater. J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Jun, 89(6), 1787 - 92 Ferredoxin excreted from photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum: purification and properties; Hiura H et al.; When the photoheterotroph, Rhodospirillum rubrum, was grown in the light, ferredoxin was excreted from the cells in a significant amount, as well as hydrogenase . The extracellular ferredoxin was purified to a homogeneous state . The molecular weight was approximately 9,000, and the oxidation-reduction mid-potential was -0.29 V (N=1) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C . The amino acid composition was different from those of the intracellular ferredoxins, which were already known . The contents of non-heme iron and acid-labile sulfur were 10.6 and 7.9 mol/mol protein, respectively . The extracellular hydrogenase catalyzed the evolution of hydrogen gas from the ferredoxin in the reduced form . The Km for the ferredoxin was 4.1 micro M, one-seven hundredth as low as that for methyl viologen . There is a possibility that hydrogenase here were functional for evolution of hydrogen gas outside the cells. Mikrobiologiia, 1981 May-Jun, 50(3), 528 - 35 {Microstructure of pea nodules infected with a neomycin-resistant mutant of nodule bacteria}; Iakovleva ZM; The neomycin-resistance mutation of pea nodule bacteria does not interfere with the formation of infection threads when the bacterium inoculates the host plant, or with the axial differentiation of the nodular tissue . At the same time, intracellular neomycin-resistant nodule bacteria do not acquire the bacteroid structure . Once the bacterium is incorporated into the cytoplasm of the host cell, it loses the peribacteroid membrane and undergoes lysis . Therefore, the neomycin-resistant pea nodule bacterium realizes the initial infection stage (including the formation of infection threads), but is defective in the subsequent stages . Hence, the described stages of plant infection are determined by independent properties of the bacterium. Eur J Biochem, 1981 May, 116(1), 191 - 7 31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of energy transduction in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides; Nicolay K et al.; 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of th phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides reveal the presence of inorganic phosphate, sugar phosphates and two non-identified P,P1-diesterified pyrophosphate compounds . Due to the presence of paramagnetic cations the resonances of these compounds can only be detected after repeated washing of the bacterial cells with a buffer, containing EDTA plus excess Mg2+ . Washing with Mg2+-free EDTA buffer deteriorates the structural integrity of the membranes of Rps . sphaeroides . This is indicated by the appearance of an extra resonance peak in the spectra of these cells in a region where the phospholipids absorb and by a fivefold increase in proton permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of Rps . sphaeroides under these conditions . Upon illumination of the cell suspension in the NMR tube the generation of a transmembrane pH gradient can be inferred from the shift in the resonances of extracellular and intracellular inorganic phosphate . Intracellular inorganic phosphate shows one homogeneous resonance peak upon illumination . This demonstrates that the mixing system, which has been developed for this application, functions efficiently . The magnitude of the light-dependent pH difference is 0.8 at the external pH 6 . The width at half height of the internal inorganic phosphate peak is essentially independent of internal pH from pH 5--8, remains unchanged upon addition of uncoupler and is inversely proportional to the number of EDTA washings applied . These observations indicate that the inorganic phosphate NMR peak width is predominantly determined by the presence of a residual amount of paramagnetic cations, rather than by a broad distribution of internal pH values over the cells . Ionophores have an effect on the light-dependent pH-gradient in accordance with the chemiosmotic theory: valinomycin increases, and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone decreases, the magnitude of this gradient. J Cell Biol, 1981 May, 89(2), 346 - 56 Video image processing greatly enhances contrast, quality, and speed in polarization-based microscopy; Inoue S; Video cameras with contrast and black level controls can yield polarized light and differential interference contrast microscope images with unprecedented image quality, resolution, and recording speed . The theoretical basis and practical aspects of video polarization and differential interference contrast microscopy are discussed and several applications in cell biology are illustrated . These include: birefringence of cortical structures and beating cilia in Stentor, birefringence of rotating flagella on a single bacterium, growth and morphogenesis of echinoderm skeletal spicules in culture, ciliary and electrical activity in a balancing organ of a nudibranch snail, and acrosomal reaction in activated sperm. J Clin Microbiol, 1981 May, 13(5), 865 - 9 Amino acid requirements for Legionella pneumophila growth; Tesh MJ et al.; The amino acids L-arginine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine, L-methionine, L-serine, L-threonine, and L-valine were essential for the growth of Legionella pneumophila in a chemically defined medium . A partial requirement for L-cysteine (or L-cystine) was also observed . A minimal medium containing only the eight required amino acids supported the growth of this bacterium only if the medium was supplemented with L-glutamic acid . This latter compound was the only amino acid capable of stimulating growth in the eight-amino acid medium. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Apr 23, 664(1), 156 - 73 Novel polar lipids from the methanogen Methanospirillum hungatei GP1; Kushwaha SC et al.; The methanogenic bacterium Methanospirillum hungatei GP1 has been shown to contain two unusual phosphoglycolipids (phosphoglycolipid I and phosphoglycolipid II) that account for 64% (by wt.) of the total cellular lipids . These lipids are derivatives of the dibiphytanyldiglycerol tetraether . One of the free hydroxyls of this tetraether is esterified with glycerophosphoric acid and the other is linked glycosidically to a disaccharide with structure alpha-Glcp-(1 leads to 2)-beta Gal phi in phosphoglycolipid I and beta-Gal phi-(1 leads to 6)-beta Gal phi in phosphoglycolipid II . Smaller amounts of the sn-2,3-diphytanylglycerol analog of phosphatidylglycerol and diglycosyldiphytanylglycerol ethers (DGD-I and DGD-II) containing the same disaccharide residues as in phosphoglycolipid I and phosphoglycolipid II, respectively, were identified, together with very small amounts of diglycosyldibiphytanyldiglycerol tetraethers (DGT-I and DGT-II) containing the same disaccharide residues as in phosphoglycolipid I and phosphoglycolipid II, respectively . A biosynthetic pathway involving head-to-head condensation of phosphatidylglycerol with DGD-I or DGD-II to form phosphoglycolipid I or phosphoglycolipid II, respectively, is proposed. Nature, 1981 Apr 9, 290(5806), 523 - 6 Direct role of the himA gene product in phage lambda integration; Miller HI et al.; The integration of phage lambda into the Escherichia coli chromosome is accomplished by a site-specific recombination between two unique DNA sequences (attB on the bacterial genome and attP on the phage; reviewed in refs 2, 3) and requires proteins encoded by both the bacterium and the phage . Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that bacterial strains mutant in the himA gene, located at 38 min on the E . coli map, are defective in the activity of the host-encoded component . They are, moreover, defective for the growth of bacteriophage Mu, for precise excision of transposable antibiotic resistance determinants and for the synthesis of the lambda int gene product . We now show that the himA gene product (phimA) is not solely a regulator of genes involved in integration but is one of two host polypeptides required for integrative recombination. Am J Surg, 1981 Apr, 141(4), 423 - 9 Legionnaires' disease in renal transplant patients; Marshall W et al.; Legionnaires disease, which is commonly manifested as pneumonia, was only recently recognized to be a bacterial infection . Diagnosis can be difficult because Gram's stain does not readily stain the bacterium in pulmonary secretions, the organism is not readily cultured, and legionellae is not affected by many commonly used antibiotics . In a retrospective review of all of our transplant patients, we identified 14 cases of Legionnaires' disease after 101 renal transplants . The patients characteristically had high fever, polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, dyspnea and an unproductive cough accompanied by radiographic changes of consolidating pneumonia . Legionnaires' disease can be diagnosed by direct immunofluorescent antibody staining, culture on special media or increases in serum titers of legionella antibodies in surviving patients . Since the recognition of Legionnaires' disease in 1977, we have successfully treated seven renal transplant patients using erythromycin with or without rifampin. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Mar 26, 653(1), 61 - 8 The chromosome structure and the cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus . Isolation and analysis of envelope-free nucleoids; Iba H et al.; Envelope-free nucleoids were isolated from an asymmetrically dividing bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus . In the nucleoid fraction, most of the DNA and nascent RNA in the cell and about 2% of the total cellular proteins were recovered . The sedimentation coefficient of the nucleoid was constant (1260 S) during the G1 period of the swarmer cell cycle and increased to 1940 S during the S period . Since both replicating (S period) and non-replicating (G1 period) chromosomes had a similar superhelical concentration, the increase in the sedimentation coefficient was simply explained by duplication of the nucleoid structure . The duplicated nucleoid was shown to segregate prior to the cell division . The pulse-labeled proteins recovered in the nucleoid fraction contained several stage-specific species, most of which were detected at the beginning of S period. Biochem J, 1981 Mar 15, 194(3), 679 - 84 Bacterial conversion of phenylalanine and aromatic carboxylic acids into dihydrodiols; Wegst W et al.; Strain E of chloridazon-degrading bacteria, when grown on L-phenylalanine accumulates cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyphenylalanine . In experiments with resting cells and during growth the bacterium converts the aromatic carboxylic acids phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate and phenyl-lactate into the corresponding cis-2,3-dihydrodiol compounds . The amino acids L-phenylalanine, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine and t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine were also transformed into dihydrodiols . All seven dihydrodiols, thus obtained, were characterized both by conventional analytical techniques and by the ability to serve as substrates for a cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1981 Mar 12, 635(1), 1 - 12 The primary charge separation, cytochrome oxidation and triplet formation in preparations from the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii; Swarthoff T et al.; Flash-induced absorbance changes were measured in intact cells and subcellular preparations of the green photosynthetic bacterium Prosthecochloris aestuarii . In Complex I, a membrane vesicle preparation, photooxidation of the primary electron donor, P-840, and of cytochrome c-553 was observed . Flash excitation of the photosystem pigment complex caused in addition the generation of a bacteriochlorophyll a triplet . Triplet formation was the only reaction observed after flash excitation in the reaction center pigment-protein complex . The triplet had a lifetime of 90 microseconds at 295 K and of 165 microseconds at 120 K . The amount of triplet formed in a flash increased upon cooling from 295 to 120 K from 0.2 and 0.5 per reaction center to 0.45 and nearly 1 per reaction center in the photosystem pigment and reaction center pigment-protein complex, respectively . Measurements of absorbance changes in the near infrared in the reaction center pigment-protein complex indicate that the triplet is formed in the reaction center and that the reaction center bacteriochlorophyll a triplet is that of P-840 . Formation of a carotenoid triplet did not occur in our preparations . Illumination with continuous light at 295 K of the reaction center pigment-protein complex produced a stable charge separation (with oxidation of P-840 and cytochrome c-553) in each reaction center, but with a low efficiency . This low efficiency, and the high yield of triplet formation is probably due to damage of the electron transport chain at the acceptor side of the reaction center of the reaction center pigment-protein complex . The halftime for cytochrome c-553 oxidation in Complex I and the photosystem pigment complex was 90 microseconds at 295 K; below 220 K no cytochrome oxidation occurred . At 120 K P-840+ was rereduced with a halftime of 20 ms, presumably by a back reaction with a reduced acceptor. Mikrobiologiia, 1981 Mar-Apr, 50(2), 378 - 85 {Comparative characteristics of the Bdellovibrio strains isolated from river water and sewage}; Afinogenova AV et al.; The morphology, the host ranges, the resistance to pteridine and the nucleotide composition of DNA were compared in 12 newly isolated and 10 collection strains of Bdellovibrio . The significance of properties used for the taxonomy of these organisms was evaluated . The host ranges of Bdellovibrio strains are heterogeneous with respect to the taxonomy of host bacteria . The specificity of the parasite depends to a significant degree on the host bacterium in which it grows . All the strains including Bd . starrii which was described earlier as a pteridine resistant species are sensitive to pteridine . Therefore, such properties as the host range action and the response to pteridine cannot be used for diagnostics of Bdellovibrio species . The strains were found to be very heterogeneous with regard to the nucleotide composition of the DNA . Eight out of the 12 newly isolated strains were assigned to the species Bd, bacteriovorus. Can J Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 27(3), 358 - 63 Effect of growth at low Na+ concentrations on the capacity of a marine bacterium to establish ion gradients and transport alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; Gow JA et al.; Cells of a histidine-auxotrophic, streptomycin-resistant mutant of marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 were grown at or near the lowest concentration of Na+ permitting growth (30-33 mM Na+) . When suspended in solutions containing 10 mMKCl and either 30, 100, or 300 mM NaCl, the intracellular to extracellular K+ ratios were similar to those obtained with cells of the parent organism grown at more nearly optimum Na+ concentrations, whereas the Na+ ratios were somewhat larger . Cells of the parent organism grown at 32 mM Na+ transported alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) at only one-third the rate and to less than one-quarter of the extent of cells grown at 130 mM Na+ even when the NaCl concentration during transport was raised to optimum levels . The Km for uptake of AIB by cells grown at 32 and 130 mM Na+ was the same but the Vmax was higher for cells grown at 130 mM . The Vmax for cells grown at both concentrations of Na+ increased as the Na+ concentration in the uptake medium increased . It was concluded that none of the observations made could account for the fact that both parent and mutant of A . haloplanktis grow at 30-32 mM Na+ only after a very long lag period, and then grow at near normal rates once logarithmic growth begins despite the fact that the osmotic pressure of the medium is very low. Arch Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 129(1), 72 - 80 Arthrobacter P1, a fast growing versatile methylotroph with amine oxidase as a key enzyme in the metabolism of methylated amines; Levering PR et al.; A facultative methylotrophic bacterium was isolated from enrichment cultures containing methylamine as the sole carbon source . It was tentatively identified as an Arthrobacter species . Extracts of cells grown on methylamine or ethylamine contained high levels of amine oxidase (E.C . 1.4.3) activity . Glucose- or choline-grown cells lacked this enzyme . Oxidation of primary amines by the enzyme resulted in the formation of H2O2; as a consequence high levels of catalase were present in methylamine- and ethylamine-grown cells . The significance of catalase in vivo was demonstrated by addition of 20 mM aminotriazole (a catalase inhibitor) to exponentially growing cells . This completely blocked growth on methylamine whereas growth on glucose was hardly affected . Cytochemical studies showed that methylamine-dependent H2O2 production mainly occurred on invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane . Assimilation of formaldehyde which is generated during methylamine oxidation was by the FBP variant of the RuMP cycle of formaldehyde fixation . The absence of NAD-dependent formaldehyde and formate dehydrogenases indicated the operation of a non-linear oxidation sequence for formaldehyde via hexulose phosphate synthase . Enzyme profiles of the organism grown on various substrates suggested that the synthesis of amine oxidase, catalase and the enzymes of the RuMP cycle is not under coordinate control. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 41(3), 826 - 8 Syntrophic association of a butyrate-degrading bacterium and methanosarcina enriched from bovine rumen fluid; McInerney MJ et al.; An anaerobic butyrate-degrading bacterium, morphologically similar to Syntrophomonas wolfei, was isolated in coculture with Desulfovibrio strain G11 from an enrichment of bovine rumen fluid . A Methanosarcina species was the major H2-using organism in the enrichment . The results are discussed in relationship to the absence of Methanospirillum hungatei, the H2-using methanogen usually found in association with S . wolfei, and the finding of Methanosarcina rather than Methanobrevibacter ruminantium as the major H2-using bacterium in the enrichments . The finding of butyrate degraders in the rumen suggests that, if the retention time of the rumen contents becomes more prolonged, butyrate and longer-chained fatty acids might be significantly degraded. J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Mar, 123(Pt 1), 129 - 41 The maintenance of Plasmid-containing organisms in populations of Escherichia coli; Helling RB et al.; Populations of Escherichia coli containing a small non-conjugative plasmid were grown in carbon-limited continuous culture . For all plasmids tested the presence of the plasmid lowered the growth rate of the host bacterium, and the proportion of plasmid-containing organisms in the total population declined initially . However, periodically, adaptive changes occurred in plasmid-containing organisms which increased their growth rate . This resulted in oscillations in the proportion of plasmid-containing organisms, and the delayed loss of the plasmid from the population. Br J Haematol, 1981 Mar, 47(3), 453 - 60 Origin of anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) and Tn agglutinins in man and in White Leghorn chicks; Springer GF et al.; Interest in anti-Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antibodies has increased because of their significance in detection of and their possible interaction with human adenocarcinoma . The origin of anti-T, which all humans possess, has not been ascertained . We determined here that anti-T and -Tn agglutinins could readily be induced via the physiological intestinal route by an enteric bacterium, E . coli O86, which possesses T and Tn activities . One dose of live E . coli O86 given in the drinking water to germfree chicks, who had no anti-T and -Tn antibodies, resulted, in all birds, in formation of saline agglutinating anti-T and -Tn antibodies as well as those detectable only by indirect agglutination . Antibody specificity was confirmed by adsorption on and elution from homologous human erythrocytes and for anti-T also by haemagglutination inhibition . In contrast, control chicks raised under ordinary conditions did have anti-T and -Tn prior to feeding E . coli O86 . In humans, six diarrhoeic and five healthy infants and the majority of 13 adults investigated were fed killed rather than live E . coli O86 . All infants, but one, suffering from diarrhoea showed a significant increase (greater than or equal to 4-fold) in anti-T and/or anti-Tn antibodies; in some, these antibodies were elicited de novo . All four adults with intestinal lesions had a significant increase of anti-T and/or -Tn subsequent to ingestion of E . coli O86, as did five of nine healthy adults, but to a lesser extent . These findings support the immune nature of demonstrable levels of anti-T and -Tn. J Bacteriol, 1981 Mar, 145(3), 1154 - 66 In vivo intermembrane transfer of phospholipids in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides; Cain BD et al.; The kinetics of accumulation of phospholipids into the intracytoplasmic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides have been examined . We have previously demonstrated that accumulation of phospholipids in the intracytoplasmic membrane is discontinuous with respect to the cell cycle . In this study we demonstrated a sevenfold increase in the rate of phospholipid incorporation into the intracytoplasmic membrane concurrent with the onset of cell division . Pulse-chase labeling studies revealed that the increase in the rate of phospholipid accumulation into the intracytoplasmic membrane results from the transfer of phospholipid from a site other than the intracytoplasmic membrane, and that the transfer of phospholipid, rather than synthesis of phospholipid, is most likely subject to cell cycle-specific regulation . The rates of synthesis of the individual phospholipid species (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyglycerol, and an unknown phospholipid) remained constant with respect to one another throughout the cell cycle . Similarly, each of these phospholipid species appeared to be transferred simultaneously to the intracytoplasmic membrane . We also present preliminary kinetic evidence which suggested that phosphatidylethanolamine may be converted to phosphatidycholine within the intracytoplasmic membrane. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1981 Mar, 105(3), 130 - 7 Sporadic Legionnaires' disease . A pathologic study of 23 fatal cases; Weisenburger DD et al.; Twenty-three fatal sporadic cases of serogroup 1 Legionella pneumophila pneumonia have been analyzed . Bilateral consolidating fibrinopurulent pneumonia was evident in most cases . In four leukopenic immunosuppressed subjects, and acute fibrinoserous pneumonia with a remarkable lack on inflammation was present . The bacterium was found at extrathoracic sites in 27% of the cases . Involvement of the spleen (25%), bone marrow (13%), and kidneys (4.5%) suggests that hematogenous spread of the infection is not uncommon . Involvement of the hilar lymph nodes in 44% of the cases, and multiple peripheral lymph nodes in one case, suggest that lymphatic vessels may also be an important pathway of dissemination . We concluded that systemic spread of L pneumophila is not uncommon in seriously ill patients and we believe that some of the unusual extrathoracic manifestations of this disease may be related to bacteremia. J Virol, 1981 Mar, 37(3), 916 - 21 Colicin activity and abortive infection of T5 bacteriophage in Escherichia coli (ColIb); Duckworth DH et al.; We performed three types of experiments to test the hypothesis that abortive infection of T5 bacteriophage in Escherichia coli (ColIb+) is due to internally released colicin . (i) We measured the sensitivity of cells to colicin under a variety of conditions and then looked at the plating efficiency of T5 in ColIb+ cells under these same conditions . Cells grown at 42 degrees C or with hexanol had a reduced sensitivity to externally added colicin and an increased efficiency for T5 when the ColIb plasmid was present in the infected cells . Phage growth was far from normal, however . (ii) We measured the colicin sensitivity of a mutant bacterium that grew T5 normally even in the presence of the ColIb plasmid and measured the plating efficiency of T5 on another mutant that was colicin tolerant . Here again, the correlation between colicin activity and inhibition of phage replication was not complete . (iii) We looked for colicin-negative plasmid mutants and tested the ability of cells containing these plasmids to support the growth of T5 . These experiments used Tn5, a kanamycin resistance transposon, as the mutagen . All possible combinations of colicin production and phage inhibition were found, including mutants that produced no colicin but still inhibited phage production. J Exp Med, 1981 Feb 1, 153(2), 398 - 406 Interaction of the legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) with human phagocytes . II . Antibody promotes binding of L . pneumophila to monocytes but does not inhibit intracellular multiplication; Horwitz MA et al.; In an accompanying paper (13), we reported that human polymorphonuclear leukocytes kill only a limited proportion (0.5 log) of an inoculum of Legionella pneumophila (Philadelphia 1 strain) in the presence of human anti-L . pneumophila antibody and complement . We now report on the effect of anti-L . pneumophila antibody on L . pneumophila-monocyte interaction . The studies were carried out under antibiotic-free conditions . Monocytes bind more than three times as many viable L . pneumophila bacteria in the presence of both antibody and complement than in the presence of complement alone . Monocytes requires both antibody and complement to kill any L . pneumophila: however, even then, monocytes kill only a limited proportion (0.25 log) of an inoculum . The surviving bacteria multiply several logs in the monocytes and multiply as rapidly as when the bacteria enter monocytes in the absence of antibody . These findings suggest that humoral immunity may not be an effective host defense against L . pneumophila . Consequently, a vaccine that resulted only in antibody production against the Legionnaires' disease bacterium may not be efficacious. Am J Vet Res, 1981 Feb, 42(2), 266 - 70 Canine parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine immunogenicity; Chladek DW et al.; The immunogenicity and safety of 3 serials of a canine parainfluenza (CPI) virus-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated . Each serial was used to vaccinate 10 dogs with single doses given intranasally . The 30 vaccinated and 10 nonvaccinated controls dogs were challenge exposed with aerosols of virulent CPI virus and B bronchiseptica at 18 days and at 21 days, respectively, after vaccination . After challenge exposure, none of the 30 vaccinated dogs had clinical signs of disease; however, 9 of the 10 nonvaccinated dogs developed coughing problems . The CPI virus was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from nonvaccinated dogs on an average of 5.1 days after challenge exposure, but was not isolated from any of the specimens obtained from the vaccinated dogs . Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs up to 18 days after challenge exposure . The erythrocyte sedimentation rates and total leukocyte counts for control dogs were generally increased, in contrast to those for the vaccinated groups . Dogs showed a primary serologic response to CPI virus and B bronchiseptica after vaccination and an anamnestic response to the bacterium after challenge exposure . Adverse local or systemic reactions attributable to the bivalent vaccine were not observed in the vaccinated dogs. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1981 Jan 1, 106(1), 9 - 24 {Contagious equine metritis 1977 (CEM) . A review (author's transl)}; ter Laak EA; The properties of the bacterium, symptoms, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, therapy, control, prevention and epizootiology of contagious equine metritis 1977 (CEM) are reviewed . This disease was previously diagnosed in most of the countries surrounding the Netherlands, but has not been reported so far in the Netherlands . On the analogy of the serum adopted in other countries, a code of practice was developed to prevent and control this disease when it is diagnosed. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 1981, 27(5), 439 - 47 Regulation of vitamin B12 and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis in a facultative methylotroph, Protaminobacter ruber; Sato K et al.; The regulation of vitamin B12 and bacteriochlorophyll formation was studied in a facultative methylotroph, Protaminobacter ruber, classified as a non-photosynthetic bacterium . Vitamin B12 was formed at an almost constant level under various cultivation conditions, while bacteriochlorophyll synthesis was drastically influenced by the growth conditions . Addition of B12 and hemin to the medium and the change of culture conditions from light to darkness in the early growth phases stimulated the pigment synthesis, but no pigment was formed under the continuous illumination and the addition of chloramphenicol inhibited the pigment formation . delta-ALA synthase and delta-ALA dehydratase activities were demonstrated in P . ruber . delta-ALA synthase formation was induced when cultures were transferred from light to dark conditions, which promoted the bacteriochlorophyll formation . Bacteriochlorophyll-protein complex had an absorption maximum at 870 nm and a very small peak at 800 nm. Acta Biol Med Ger, 1981, 40(2), 137 - 46 Multiplicity of 3-hexulosephosphate synthase from bacterium MB 58 . 2 . Generation of complex kinetic characteristics; Muller R et al.; 3-hexulosephosphate synthase (HPS) from the facultative methanol-utilizing Bacterium MB 58 exhibits a complex kinetic behaviour characterized by intermediary plateau regions . This feature could be related to the existence of multiple enzyme forms . With the aid of gel chromatography or isoelectric focusing purified HPS has partially been separated into