J Cell Sci, 1979 Jun, 37, 217 - 29 Morphological alterations in the mitochondria of Amoeba proteus induced by uncoupling agents; Smith RA et al.; Ultrastructural changes in mitochondrial morphology were observed in amoebae exposed to the uncoupling agents dinitrophernol (DNP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), and m-chlorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (CCCP) . These alterations occurred with rapidity and were present before whole-cell activity changes could be detected . They included changes in profile shape and overall dimensions, matrix density changes, and alterations to the cristal membranes, so that distinction between control Type I and Type II conformations was eliminated and a form with intermediate characters generated . It is proposed that, in producing these altered forms, the uncoupling agents are acting by suppressing the control functional states of the mitochondria . At the end of the uncoupler treatment all alterations were shown to be reversible, i.e . in cells transferred back to normal culture medium, mitochondrial profiles identical to those in control cells were again evident with time . These effects on the mitochondria could be produced whether the uncoupler was introduced externally by total cell exposure, or to the inside of the cell by microinjection . The importance of precisely defining conditions for treatments and at disrupting cell activity was evident . Thus, an uncoupler, which is a weak acid, proved to be more effective in whole cell treatments if applied at a pH near to it pKa - so ensuring its penetration across the outer cell membrane. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Jun, 97(1), 141 - 6 Outer membrane proteins of smooth and rough strains of Proteus mirabilis; Rottem S et al.; The outer membranes of the smooth Proteus mirabilis S1959 strain and its rough R13, R110, R51 and R45 mutants were isolated by sonication of the cells and sucrose density gradient centrifugation . The outer membrane of the rough strains had a lower density than that of their parent smooth strain, but the protein-to-phospholipid ratios were the same . The electrophoretic patterns of outer membrane polypeptides of the S and R strains in sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gels were identical, with two major polypeptide bands, C1 and C2 (Mr 39,000 and 38,000) predominating . The C1 polypeptide band was a heat-modifiable polypeptide, which migrated as a band at Mr 33,000 when membranes were solubilized at 37 degrees C or 50 degrees C, and at Mr 39,000 when solubilization was at 100 degrees C . Susceptibility of outer membrane polypeptides to proteolytic digestion was found to be higher in isolated outer membrane preparations of the rough strains than in the smooth strain, suggesting that the availability of the polypeptide chains to proteolytic activity depends on the length of the polysaccharide chains of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jun, 138(3), 878 - 83 Asymmetric transcription of R plasmid NR1 in Proteus mirabilis; Appelbaum ER et al.; The composite R plasmid NR1, its resistance transfer factor which specifies resistance to tetracycline (RTF-Tc component), and its r-determinants component were each denatured and centrifuged to equilibrium in CsCl density gradients containing polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid . The complementary deoxyribonucleic acid strands of NR1 and the complementary strands of the RTF-Tc component could be separated by this technique because of a threefold difference in polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid binding to the strands of the RTF-Tc component . The two strands of the r-determinants component bound equal amounts of polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid . Hybridization of single strands of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid with in vivo-labeled ribonucleic acid from Proteus mirabilis containing NR1 indicated that transcription within the RTF-Tc component is from the NR1 strand which preferentially binds polyuridylic acid-polyguanidylic acid, whereas transcription within the r-determinants component is predominantly from the complementary strand. J Infect Dis, 1979 Jun, 139(6), 621 - 7 A nosocomial outbreak of infections due to multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis: role of intestinal colonization as a major reservoir; Chow AW et al.; An outbreak of nosocomial infections involving an unusual strain of multiply resistant Proteus mirabilis (phage type 8888) occurred in 15 patients, 14 of whom were in the surgical intensive care unit at that time . No common source of infection was identified, and person-to-person transmission was the most likely mode of spread . Case-control analysis indicated a significantly increased risk infection related to length of hospital stay (P less than 0.005), number of operations (P less than 0.005), proximity to another case (P less than 0.01), number of antibiotics received (P less than 0.02), and use of a respirator (P less than 0.01) . Only the number of operations (P less than 0.01) and proximity to another case (P less than 0.05) remained significant risk factors when related parameters were controlled by multivariate analysis . Thirteen of 14 patients prospectively cultured were colonized by the epidemic organism in the intestinal tract, while rectal carriage preceded infection by the same strain in at least four patients . These data suggest that intestinal colonization may have been an important reservoir for this outbreak, and the findings may explain the unduly prolonged course of intrahospital spread as well as the difficulty encountered in the eradication and control of the outbreak. Eur J Biochem, 1979 Jun, 97(1), 229 - 37 Metabolic carbohydrate-labelling of glycolipids from mouse splenocytes . Mitogen-stimulated B and T cells show different labelling patterns; Rosenfelder G et al.; Splenic lymphocytes from CBA/J, AKR/A/J, BALB/c/A, C57/BL/6J, C3H/HeJ and C3H/Tif nu/nu mice and B lymphocyte or T lymphocyte preparations derived from CBA/J mouse spleen were cultivated in the presence of either concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, Salmonella minnesota R595 lipopolysaccharide or Proteus mirabilis soluble lipoprotein . The mitogens stimulated the incorporation of {14C}galactose into acid-insoluble cell material with the same specificity for B or T cells as that known for thymidine incorporation . The glycolipids extracted from mitogen-activated, carbohydrate-labelled B or T cells were compared by thin-layer chromatography and characteristic differences between B and T cells were noted in the ganglioside as well as in the neutral glycolipid fractions . In addition, subsets of B or T cells, namely lipopolysaccharide-responsive or lipoprotein-responsive B-cell populations or nylon-purified T cells may be recognized by characteristic neutral glycolipid bands. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 May 16, 584(3), 389 - 97 Alterations in the cell envelope composition of Proteus mirabilis during the development of swarmer cells; Armitage JP et al.; Long, swarming cells of Proteus mirabilis had different proportions of some lipopolysaccharide components when compared to short cells, either agar grown or broth grown . Fluorescence spectrophotometry of antibody binding, and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the change was in the proportion of lipopolysaccharide with long O-antigenic sidechains, swarmer lipopolysaccharide relative to short sidechain lipopolysaccharide than the non-swarming cells . The proteins and phospholipids of the envelop remained the same during swarmer development . The results are discussed in relation to the increase in flagella synthesis and permeability to some antibacterial agents during swarmer development. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 May 15, 174(10), 1100 - 4 Dissolution of a struvite nephrolith in a dog; Klausner JS et al.; A large radiodense calculus in the left renal pelvis of a 22-month-old, male Great Dane disappeared one month following surgical removal of two struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) calculi from the right renal pelvis . The dog's urine likely became undersaturated with struvite for a sufficient period to permit dissolution of the renal calculus . Several factors may have contributed to the decrease in urine struvite concentration, including eradication of a urease-producing Proteus sp from the urinary tract and induction of polydipsia and compensatory polyuria by oral administration of sodium chloride. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1979 May 15, 55(9), 894 - 900 {Frequency and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from urine cultures}; Ceddia T et al.; The AA report the data pertinent to the urine culture performed during a year in the Sanitary and Prophylactic Laboratory of the district of L'Aquila . In urine samples with number of bacteria > 10(5)/ml have been found E . coli (49%), Proteus mirabilis (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Proteus rettgeri (1%), Enterococco (1%) . The data are also reported concerning germ resistance to several antibiotics. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1979 May, 27(5), 222 - 4 Relative efficacy of carbenicillin indanyl sodium and of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in urinary-tract infections; Seneca H; In a 10-day study, carbenicillin indanyl sodium cured urinary-tract infections in 22 of 30 patients (ages, 24-91) . In 3 of the remaining patients the treatment was a failure; in 3 others the drug had to be discontinued because of diarrhea and vomiting; and in 2 instances it induced overgrowth of Candida albicans in the urine . Carbenicillin was lethal to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all 9 cases, to Proteus mirabilis in all 6 cases, and to enterococcus in all 3 cases . A trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination cured urinary-tract infections in 18 of 30 other patients (ages, 28-91), but failed in 3 . In 3 patients it gave rise to a skin rash; in 2 to elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; in 1 to neutropenia; and in 1 to overgrowth of Candida albicans in the urine . Reinfection occurred in 2 patients . Carbenicillin indanyl sodium was more effective than the sulfonamide/trimethoprim combination. Rev Chir Oncol Radiol O R L Oftalmol Stomatol Chir, 1979 May-Jun, 28(3), 199 - 203 {Primary renal actinomycosis}; Proca E; A case of renal actinomycosis, treated by nephrectomy, in a 41 year-old male, is reported . The clinical diagnosis, to which urography and renal arteriography lent support, was renal anthrax . The pus being sterile on conventional seeding, the investigations were directed towards the finding of characteristic mycelium . Five months after nephrectomy a cerebral abscess developed and the patient died . Although in the cerebral pus only B . proteus and coagulase-positive staphylococci were found, the actinomycotic etiology cannot be excluded since the specific granules were not looked for. Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 May, 32(5), 631 - 7 {Clinical studies on PC-904 in biliary tract diseases (author's transl)}; Ohhara K et al.; The clinical effects of PC-904, a new semisynthetic penicillin, were studied in patients with biliary tract diseases, and the results were as follows: 1) PC-904 showed an average peak serum level of 40.7 +/- 11.6 microgram/ml 2 hours after an intravenous drip infusion of 1 g of the agent . The biliary level showed a peak value of 126.5 +/- 85.4 microgram/ml 2 hours to 3 hours after the infusion . 2) Isolated organisms from bile before the treatment were E . coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Bacteroides . MIC of PC-904 on 18 strains of isolated organisms was almost 6.25 microgram/ml or less . All isolated organisms except one strain of Klebsiella oxytoca disappeared after the treatment . 3) Six patients with cholelithiasis were medicated with PC-904 to prevent post-operative infections . The clinical effects were good in 4, poor in 1 and unknown in 1 case . 4) As to side effects no adverse reactions and allergic reactions were noted . Also no significant abnormalities of laboratory findings were observed. Arch Microbiol, 1979 May, 121(2), 177 - 80 Covalent linkage of lipoprotein to peptidoglycan is not essential for outer membrane stability in Proteus mirabilis; Gmeiner J; Isolated rigis layers from Proteus mirabilis harvested at different growth phases were degraded by endo-N-acetylmuramidase from Chalaropsis B, and the degradation products were investigated . The results show the complete absence of covalently linked lipoprotein in exponential-phase cultures . Stationary cells, however, possess covalently linked lipoprotein in amounts similar to those found in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium during all growth phases . The overall peptidoglycan structure did not change during transition from logarithmic to stationary growth . Implications of these findings for the organization of the outer membrane are discussed. Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 May, 32(5), 583 - 97 {Morphological studies on antibacterial activities of cefotiam (author's transl)}; Konno M et al.; 1 . Cefotiam was demonstrated to be more potent than cefazolin in its antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of E . coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii and Proteus inconstans . MICs of cefotiam with 10(6) cells/ml inoculum size were considerably lower than those with 10(8) cells/ml . 2 . Organisms lysed when exposed to cefotiam at concentrations higher than the MICs with 10(8) cells/ml . Morphological changes of organisms into filament occurred even at concentrations lower than the MICs with 10(6) cells/ml . This indicates that cefotiam is incorporated into organisms at remarkably low concentrations and exerts its antibacterial activities . 3 . Cefotiam showed a high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) 1A, 1Bs and 3 . The formation of filament at low concentrations of cefotiam is possibly attributable to the high affinity of cefotiam for PBP 3 in addition to its high permeability through outer cell membrane . 4 . As the antibacterial activities of cefotiam are displayed at lower concentrations, it is reasonable to consider that doses of cefotiam on clinical use can be reduced in comparison with those of conventional cephalosporins. J Med Microbiol, 1979 May, 12(2), 195 - 9 Measurement of Proteus cell motility during swarming; Douglas CW; The motilities of Proteus long forms during swarming on agar were measured on cells transferred to liquid suspension . During concentric-ring formation on solid medium, when the edge of the swarm was advancing slowly or had stopped, the velocity of long-form motility was low . When the colony was spreading rapidly, long-form velocitywas relatively high . This periodic variation in cell velocity, which determines the zones formed during swarming, cannot adequately be explained by negative chemotaxis. Antibiotiki, 1979 May, 24(5), 345 - 8 {Mechanisms of Proteus resistance to chloramphenicol}; Shvidenko IG; Data on chloramphenicol sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains isolated within 1970--1975 and some mechanisms of their resistance to this antibiotic are presented . It was found that most of the Proteus strains (62.82 +/- 2.15 per cent) were resistant to chloramphenicol . 75 per cent of the isolates had resistance of transmissive character . Resistance of the Proteus cultures to chloramphenicol was not a stable feature and was lost during storage under laboratory conditions . Direct correlation between stability of the antibiotic resistance in the Proteus, the resistance level and the period of the culture storage was found . It was shown that the transmissive resistance to chloramphenicol in the Proteus cultures was due to synthesis of a highly active constituitive chloramphenicol-inactivating enzyme . Direct relation between the Proteus resistance level to chloramphenicol and the rate of the enzyme synthesis was noted . A number of the Proteus strains phenotypically sensitive to this antibiotic was capable of its inactivation . Still, the activity of the enzyme was low . The rate of the enzyme synthesis and the level of the acquired resistance in the chloramphenicol resistant mutants depended on the presence or absence of the enzyme in the cells of the initial sensitive strain . The capacity for chloramphenicol accumulation in a number of the chloramphenicol resistant mutants of the Proteus was decreased. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 May 1, 174(9), 1003 - 5 Trimethoprim in combination with a sulfonamide for oral treatment of canine urinary tract infections; Ling GV et al.; Trimethoprim, in combination with sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole was administered orally for 7 to 14 days to 84 dogs with urinary tract infections (UTI) . The daily dosage of 26.4 mg/kg (12 mg/lb) was divided into 2 equal parts and administered at about 12-hour intervals . Response to treatment, based on negative urine culture during or after therapy, was 37 of 45 (82%) for UTI caused by Escherichia coli, 11 of 15 (73%) UTI caused by Proteus mirabilis, 8 of 12 (67%) UTI caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, 6 of 6 (100%) UTI caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and 5 of 9 (56%) UTI caused by Streptococcus spp . These 5 species comprised 88% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs in this study. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Apr 12, 567(2), 511 - 21 Purification and properties of the membrane-bound hydrogenase from Proteus mirabilis; Schoenmaker GS et al.; The cytoplasmic membrane-bound hydrogenase of the facultative anaerobe, Proteus mirabilis, has been solubilized and purified to homogeneity . The purified enzyme exhibited a maximal specific activity of about 780 mumol H2 oxidized/min per mg protein (benzyl viologen reduction) . The hydrogenase has a molecular weight of 205 000 and is composed of two subunits with a molecular weight of 63 000 and two of 33 000 . The absorption spectrum of the enzyme was characteristic of non-heme iron proteins . The millimolar extinction coefficients at 400 and 280 nm are 106 and 390, respectively . The hydrogenase has about 24 iron atoms and 24 acid-labile sulfide atoms/molecule . Amino acid analyses revealed the presence of 39 half-cystine residues/molecule and a preponderance of acidic amino acids . The hydrogenase in its oxidized form exhibits an EPR signal of the HiPIP-type with g values at 2.025 and 2.018 . Upon reduction with either dithionite or H2 the signal disappears; no other signals were detectable. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Apr 1, 174(7), 705 - 7 Urinary tract infection induced by intermittent urethral catheterization in dogs; Thomas JE; Sterilized and unsterilized catheters were passed into the urinary bladders of 9 clinically normal adult male dogs once daily for 5 consecutive days, and the dogs were examined for up to 30 days to determine whether urinary tract infections developed . Two dogs that were catheterized with clean unsterilized catheters (1 clinically normal dog and 1 dog given immunosuppressant drugs) developed persistent cystitis and pyelonephritis due to infection with Proteus sp . One dog given immunosuppressant drugs developed a mixed bacterial infection (Proteus sp and Escherichia coli) that resolved without treatment between 22 and 30 days later. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Apr, 111(2), 243 - 51 Patterns of mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome by R plasmids; Coetzee JN; R plasmids R40a, Rip69, R447b, R769 belonging to incompatibility groups A-C, M, N, V, respectively, were investigated for chromosomal mobilizing ability in Proteus mirabilis . Plasmids R40a, Rip69 and R447b mediated polarized transfer of markers in a clockwise direction from origins near tyr-1, metF and ser-2, respectively, on the linkage map . The recovery frequency per donor cell of proximal markers approached 1 x 10(-4) for these three plasmids and the efficiency of chromosomal transfer was higher than that of the previously studied plasmid D . The plasmid-guided chromosomal trajectories overlap and it was possible to complement results obtained with plasmid D to assemble a time-of-entry chromosomal map and directly establish the circularity of the linkage group . The map comprises a length of 93 min in terms of transfer time . Plasmid R769 had a different pattern of chromosome transfer . This plasmid produced recombinants for all markers at frequencies of about 4 x 10(-6) per donor . It effected multiple and more or less simultaneous entry of markers and produced recombination over lengths of chromosome rarely corresponding to more than 10 min on the linkage map. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Apr, 32(4), 280 - 6 PS-5, a new beta-lactam antibiotic . III . Synergistic effects and inhibitory activity against a beta-lactamase; Okamura K et al.; PS-5 was shown to have synergistic activity in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics and it markedly decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration values of ampicillin or cephaloridine with a beta-lactamase-producing Proteus vulgaris strain on agar plates . The synergistic activities were also shown in bactericidal activity in liquid medium . PS-5 was shown to be inhibitory against an extracted beta-lactamase of P . volgaris. Prax Klin Pneumol, 1979 Apr, 33 Suppl 1, 536 - 40 {Results of continuous suction drainage in the treatment of pleural empyema (author's transl)}; Gabler A et al.; 201 adults with non-specific pleural empyema (58 women, 143 men) had suction drainage . Most of the patients were aged 61-70 years . In the 47 patients who had not had antibiotic therapy before admission the main causal micro-organisms were staphylococci, pneumococci and streptococci; in the 149, who had had antibiotic therapy outside, micro-organisms such as Pseudomonas, Esch . coli and Proteus predominated . Suction drainage had to be kept up for a remarkably long time: for 4-8 weeks in 36% of the cases and for more than 8 weeks in 8% . 31 patients died, but only 17 of them as a direct result of the pleural empyema . They had all been "high risk" cases on account of age (average 67.7 years), type of bacteria (59%), serious primary or complicating disease (59%), duration of the pleural empyema (76%) . Suction drainage succeeded in 140 patients in clearing the infection; but marked adhesions were demonstrable in 27% of the patients when they were discharged from hospital. Stomatol DDR, 1979 Apr, 29(4), 307 - 13 {Antibacterial effect of Ankerplast Spray}; Oehring H et al.; The diffusion test yielded no satisfactory results . In the tube test, both the spray and the solvent (in a dilution of 1:4 and 1:8, respectively) proved to be bacteriostatically active against enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These germs were killed within 30 minutes in the test for bactericidal activity, whereas the reference substance (1% phenol) required 1--2 hours, except against the last-named germ . Even the copolymer exerted a bactericidal effect, it is true, but only within 8 or 24 hours . The following results were obtained from the spray test with agar plate cultures: Streptococcus viridans species, streptococci, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Escheria coli, and Proteus were killed, whereas others survived under the plastic film for up to 9 days . Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had grown through the film within 7 days . In vivo experiments demonstrated a very potent antibacterial activity on the skin under the spray film. Antibiotiki, 1979 Apr, 24(4), 306 - 12 {Structure of the microflora of suppurative wounds and its sensitivity to antibiotics}; Grigorian AV et al.; Clinico-bacteriological examination of patients with purulent infections showed that Staphylococcus was the predominating microflora in the wounds . Simultaneously an increasing role of gram-negative conditionally pathogenic bacteria was shown . Multiple drug resistance was found in the organisms tested . The highest sensitivity levels were observed to gentamicin, kanamycin, tetracycline, levomycetin . It was shown by means of special typing methods that staphylococci of phage group III and Ps . Aeruginosa of serotype II predominated in the infected wounds . When the pathological material contained the antibiotic resistant cultures of Ps . aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella and toxigenic strains of Staphylococcus, a tendency for prolongation of the suppurative process was observed. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1979 Apr, (4), 17 - 21 {Effect of immunization on the radioresistance of mice to the action of 90Sr}; Kal'nitskii SA et al.; The preliminary immunization with heated Proteus vulgaris culture introduced in a single injection was found to have a positive influence on the resistance of white mice to radiation emitted by incorporated 90Sr . This effect was manifested by an increase in the survival rate and the mean survival time of the animals, as well as by their increased physical endurance, and the stimulation of recovery process in the spleen. J Bacteriol, 1979 Apr, 138(1), 284 - 7 Gene copy number effects in the mer operon of plasmid NR1; Nakahara H et al.; The level of resistance to Hg2+ determined by the inducible mer operon of plasmid NR1 was essentially the same for three gene copy number variants in Escherichia coli, less in Proteus mirabilis, and intermediate in P . mirabilis "transitioned" to a high r-determinant gene copy number . Cell-free volatilization rates of radioactive mercury indicated increasing levels of intracellular mercuric reductase enzyme from low- to high-gene copy number forms in P . mirabilis and from low- to high-copy number forms in E . coli, but the additional enzyme in E . coli was effectively cryptic. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1979 Mar 30, 55(6), 534 - 7 {In-vitro antimicrobial activity of 2 aminoglycoside antibiotics: tobramycin and gentamycin}; Ceddia T et al.; It has been determined the in vitro antibacterial activity of two antibiotics on 409 bacterial stocks isolated from several pathologic materials and composed by E.coli,Propeus,Salmonellae,Pseudomonas,Staphylococcus aureus . The Tobramicin has shown to have activity against all stocks of E.coli(82),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62) and Salmonellae (21) and to have a better activity in comparison with Gentamicin also against Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Tissue Res, 1979 Mar 19, 197(2), 263 - 79 Pinocytosis and locomotion of amoebae: XII . Dynamics and motive force generation during induced pinocytosis in A . proteus; Klein HP et al.; The mechanism of induced pinocytosis was investigated in Amoeba proteus by light and electron microscopy . The application of nine different inducing substances revealed that pinocytotic channel formation, elongation, vesiculation, shortening and disappearance are the result of the successive or simultaneous action of both traction and pressure forces, which are produced by the contractile activity of a plasma membrane-associated layer of filaments ranging from a few hundred nm to several micrometer in thickness . The initial phase of channel formation is caused by traction forces according to the membrane flow concept, whereas channel elongation and vesiculation mainly result from pressure forces in conjunction with the extrusion of small hyaline pseudopodia . Shortening and disappearance of the pinocytotic channels are brought about by local contractions of the cortical filament layer in the basal region of the hyaline pseudopodia . Experiments using latex beads as marker particles together with inducing substances show that a rapid membrane turnover duirng pinocytosis can be excluded, and that the plasma membrane slides as an entire structure over the underlying cytoplasm. Fortschr Med, 1979 Mar 8, 97(9), 419 - 21 {The biliary excretion of azlocillin}; Duben W et al.; The excretion of azlocillin into the human biliary tract was investigated in 8 patients with a T-tube in the common bile duct after intravenous injection of 2 g . Samples of serum and common duct bile were assayed from 15 min to 12 hours after injection . Biliary tract levels generally run parallel to serum levels but were about 15 times higher than those . Peak levels in T-tube bile averaged 1137 mg/l 60 to 90 min after administration . 12 hours after administration there were still mean concentrations of 13 mg/l to be found . It is concluded that azlocillin concentrations in bile exceed for a long time the minimum inhibitory concentrations for gram-negative and gram-positive causative organisms (above all E . coli, enterococci, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., staphylococci) of biliary tract-infections. Contraception, 1979 Mar, 19(3), 207 - 12 Spermatozoa repellent as a contraceptive; Tso WW et al.; Early report by Kopp et al . have demonstrated that p-nitrophenyl-glycerol (PNPG) is an effective antiswarming agent in Proteus and that this inhibition may have been caused by PNPG interfering with the negative chemotaxis mechanism in the organism . With an inverted capillary assay, designed to test the motility response of rat epididymal spermatozoa to various suspending conditions including those exposed to chemical gradient, PNPG was shown in this study to exhibit an inhibitory effect at slightly higher than 10(-5) M . Moreover, this inhibitory effect appears to have stemmed from spermatozoa being repelled by PNPG as indicated by the observation that significantly less spermatozoa swim into a gradient of PNPG . The possibility of using spermatozoa repellents as contraceptives is discussed. Antibiotiki, 1979 Mar, 24(3), 189 - 93 {Antibiotic sensitivity of the microflora isolated in ENT diseases}; Fal' NI et al.; Sensitivity of beta-hemolytic streptococci of group A, Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, epidermal staphylococci, pneumococci, Proteus and Ps . aeruginosa isolated in 1975-1978 from patients with tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis and other otorhinolaryngological diseases was studied with respect to 19 antibiotics . Data on comparison of the antibiotic sensitivity of the microflora isolated from the patients with otorhinolaryngological diseases in 1964-1974 and 1975-1978 are presented . It was shown that beta-hemolytic streptococci were highly sensitive to all the antibiotics tested except tetracycline . Among Streptococcus viridans the strains resistant to many antibiotics were more frequent than among beta-hemolytic streptococci . Most of the Staphylococcus aureus strains were sensitive to gentamycin, cephaloridin, oxacillin and resistant to the other antibiotics . The epidermal staphylococci were characterized by approximately the same antibiotic sensitivity as Staphylococcus aureus . Resistance of the predominating majority of the Pneumococcus strains to tetracycline was noted . Proteus and Ps . aeruginosa were resistant to all the antibiotics except aminoglycosides . The microflora isolated from the cases with otorhinolaryngological diseases in 1975-1978 were mainly characterized by lower antibiotic sensitivity than that isolated from the cases with the same diseases in 1964-1974 . It is possible to suppose that the microorganisms isolated from the patients with otorhinolaringological diseases had no significant differences with respect to their antibiotic sensitivity from those isolated from the patients with other pathological processes. Medicine (Baltimore), 1979 Mar, 58(2), 171 - 81 Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP): a local disease with systemic manifestations . Report of 23 patients and review of the literature; Goodman M et al.; The clinical, pathological and radiographic findings of 135 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis have been reviewed . It is a form of renal suppuration and obstruction most commonly seen in middle aged women although all ages and both sexes may be affected . There is no race predilection . Gram-negative organisms are usually present and bilateral involvement has not been reported . The most common offending organism is Proteus mirabilis . Hepatic dysfunction is seen and appears to normalize with removal of the XGP process . Preoperative angiography may increase the accuracy of differentiating this disorder from hypernephroma and may aid the surgeon in planning his approach to kidney resection depending upon the staging of XGP . Chronic renal failure is not usually a feature of XGP and nephrectomy is curative without any incidence of recurrence. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 25(3), 312 - 20 {Properties of an hydrogen peroxide resistant Proteus mirabilis mutant}; Sauret G et al.; A peroxide-resistant mutant (PR) was isolated from Proteus mirabilis using the hydrogen peroxide mutagenic property . Under the same conditions, resistance of mutant PR bacteria to H2O2 was 50 to 100 times greater than that of the wild type . The total amount of catalase produced by P . mirabilis PR was on the average 10 times greater than that of the wild type . When PR bacteria were subjected to high doses of H2O2 (150mM), the determination of catalasic activity in vivo increased; paradoxically, there was a net decrease in the activity of the solubilized catalase after the breakdown of the cells . The hypothesis of an enzyme transfer from the inside towards the periphery of the cells is discussed . The behavior of a membrane enzyme (L-phenylalanine oxidase) of the PR mutant shows that H2O2 may cause lesions way up to the internal membrane of bacteria. Can J Microbiol, 1979 Mar, 25(3), 302 - 11 {Regulation of catalase synthesis in Proteus mirabilis}; Jouve H et al.; During the log-phase growth of Proteus mirabilis the specific activity of catalase decreases, while at the beginning of or during the stationary phase an increase takes place which is abolished by inhibitors of nucleic acid or protein synthesis . Glucose in the culture medium has no appreciable effect on the level of enzyme synthesis nor does the passage of bacteria to anaerobiosis bring any noticeable change . Successive additions of hydrogen peroxide up to weak final concentrations (0.2--0.5 mM) stimulate catalase synthesis . Determination of the enzyme in vivo reveals but a weak proportion of the total catalase which can only be titrated after the breakdown of cells . The titrable enzyme in vivo represents, as an order of magnitude, the activity found associated with the cell wall, in an easily released form after the mechanical separation of the inner and outer membranes . Thus, bacteria can act upon exogenous peroxide only through a peripheral catalase while they possess in a masked form an important reserve of cytoplasmic enzyme. J Infect Dis, 1979 Mar, 139(3), 329 - 32 Prevention of colonization of the urinary tract of mice with Escherichia coli by blocking of bacterial adherence with methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside; Aronson M et al.; Methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside (alpha MM), a competitor inhibitor of the binding of mannose by Escherichia coli, was tested for its ability to prevent infection of the urinary tract of mice with infective strains of the organisms . Injection of the bacteria in the presence of the drug resulted in a considerable reduction in the number of bacteriuric mice . In this system alpha MM was inactive against Proteus mirabilis in accordance with its inability to inhibit the adherence of this organism to epithelial cells in vitro, and methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside proved inactive against both E . coli and P . mirabilis. Scand J Work Environ Health, 1979 Mar, 5(1), 35 - 41 Humidifier-associated extrinsic allergic alveolitis; van Assendelft A et al.; Three cases of allergic alveolitis due to indoor humdification systems are described . Thermoactinomyces vulgaris precipitins were detected in the serum of a 37-year-old female patient who had typical febrile attacks during exposure to cool-mist from a home humidifier . When the cause was detected and eliminated, the symptoms and signs disappeared and the woman's gas transfer factor improved from 56% to normal within six months . In a printing office a 60-year-old woman had had febrile attacks with cough for more than a year . The patient herself associated the respiratory disease with a cool-mist humidifier sometimes used at work . The water reservoir was heavily contaminated with amoebas (Amoeba proteus), which might have been the causative organisms in this case . Aspergillus fumigatus precipitins were found in the serum of a 53-year-old female printer with the clinical picture of occupational allergic alveolitis . The same organism was detected in the ambient air of the printing office. JAMA, 1979 Feb 2, 241(5), 487 - 8 Bacteriology of chronic otitis media; Brook I et al.; Tympanocentesis was performed in 50 patients with chronic otitis media; pus was cultured aerobically and anaerobically . Only aerobes were isolated from 21 patients (42%), three patients had only anaerobes (Peptococcus sp), and 25 patients (50%) had both aerobes and anaerobes . Only one specimen had no growth . There were 68 aerobic isolates . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in 36 patients (72%); other aerobes commonly recovered included Proteus sp and Staphylococcus aureus . There were 48 anaerobes isolated . Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci were isolated in 24 instances (21 Peptococcus sp and three Peptostreptococcus sp) . Sixteen Bacteroides sp were recovered, including seven B fragilis group and six B melaninogenicus. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Feb, 110(2), 263 - 73 Properties of R plasmid R772 and the corresponding pilus-specific phage PR772; Coetzee JN et al.; R plasmid R772 was isolated from a strain of Proteus mirabilis and is a self-transmissible P-1 incompatibility group plasmid having a molecular weight of about 27 x 10(6) . It renders bacterial hosts resistant to kanamycin . Phage PR772 was isolated as a phage dependent on the presence of R772 in bacterial hosts . It is hexagonal-shaped with a diameter of 53 nm, has a thick inner membrane and no tail . Vaguely defined appendages are sometimes apparent at some vertices and the phage possesses double-stranded DNA . The DNA has a guanine plus cytosine molar content of 48% . The phage is sensitive to chloroform and has a buoyant density of 1.26 g cm(-3) . These observations suggested that the inner membrane of the phage could contain lipid . Phage PR772 differs in morphology from the double-stranded DNA plasmid-specific phages PR4 and PRR1 which adsorb to tips and sides, respectively, of sex pili coded for by P-1 incompatibility group plasmids . Phage PR772 formed clear plaques which varied in diameter . Serologically, phages PR772 and PR4 are possibly related though very distantly, but the two phages have identical host ranges . Phage PR772 adsorbed by one of its apices to tips of sex pili coded for by plasmid R772 in Escherichia coli . It also formed plaques on Salmonella typhimurium Proteus morganii and Providence strains harbouring this plasmid as well as strains of E . coli carrying plasmids of incompatibility groups N or W . The phage produced areas of partial clearing on lawns of P . mirabilis PM5006 harbouring plasmid R772, the P-1 incompatibility group plasmid RP4, the W group plasmid RSa or the N group plasmid N3, and on lawns of Providence strain P29 carrying plasmid RP4. Infect Immun, 1979 Feb, 23(2), 398 - 402 Defective cellular immunity to gram-negative bacteria in cystic fibrosis patients; Sorensen RU et al.; In vitro lymphocyte responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been found to be impaired in cystic fibrosis patients with advanced clinical disease . The responses to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis were studied in a similar group of cystic fibrosis patients and normal individuals . Cystic fibrosis patients found to be unresponsive to pseudomonas were also unresponsive to klebsiella, serratia, and proteus . Responsiveness to Staphylococcus aureus was not impaired in cystic fibrosis patients . We postulate that in vitro lymphocyte responses to several gram-negative bacteria require the function of a lymphocyte subpopulation which may be impaired in some cystic fibrosis patients. N Z Med J, 1979 Jan 24, 89(628), 54 - 6 Dysuria in general practice; Rasanathan M; An analysis of 98 clinical consultations for dysuria in an urban general practice revealed that only 60 percent of patients had proven urinary tract infections . Two percent had gonorrhoea and the rest had an urethral syndrome . Most of the urinary tract infections were caused by Escherichia coli and Streptococcus epidermidis . Proteus mirabilis was the next commonest infecting organism . Among the commonly used urinary antimicrobials, nitrofurantoin was found to be the cheapest and most effective agent . The aetiology of the urethral syndrome was obscure and apart from a small minority of patients who had thrush (16 percent) no obvious cause could be found. Med Klin, 1979 Jan 12, 74(2), 45 - 50 {Experiences with the uripret-system in pediatric practice (author's transl)}; Scharf J et al.; The present study reports on the application of the Uripret-System for identification and susceptibility testing of microbial agents causing urinary tract infections carried out in a pediatric outpatient clinic . The findings were compared with those determined with the conventional methods in an institute of medical microbiology . For the detected mono- and mixed-cultures, in 85% of the cases a concurrent result of both methods was found . Only in one case a different microbial agent genus was determined with Uripret from that found in the institute . The quota of concurrence of the antibiograms for the mono-cultures was highest at 100% for gentamicin and lowest at 85.07% for tetracycline . With the mixed-cultures the concurrence ranged between 81.25% for tetracycline and 96.88% for sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim . With proteus in mono- and mixed-culture the antibiograms showed concurrence to a lesser degree compared to the other microbial agent geni . The application of the Uripret-System in pediatric practice can be recommended on the basis of the present results. J Cell Physiol, 1979 Jan, 98(1), 49 - 57 Growth and electron microscopic studies on an experimentally established bacterial endosymbiosis in amoebae; Ahn TI et al.; A strain of nonsymbiotic A . proteus was infected with endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from another strain of amoeba which had become dependent on the symbionts after a few years of spontaneously established symbiosis . In the newly infected amoebae, the bacteria avoided digestion and multiplied at a faster rate than the hosts, reaching the maximum carrying number (about 42,000 per amoeba) in fewer than ten cell generations of the hosts . The experimentally infected amoebae were also examined under the electron microscope, and the development of bacteria-containing vesicles was followed . The results show that the infective bacteria that were initially harmful to host amoebae have become harmless and that they have changed in their mode of multiplication during the course of establishing a stable symbiosis with their hosts. Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(12a), 1979 - 81 Treatment with azlocillin in complicated urinary tract infections; Alfthan O et al.; 20 patients, aged 18-84 years, with complicated urinary tract infections admitted to hospital were treated with 6-{(R)-2-(2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenyl-acetamido}-penicillanic acid sodium salt (azlocillin, Securopen) for 5 to 10 days . Isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14), Proteus mirabilis (3), Escherichia coli (2) and Klebsiella spp . (1) . Serum concentrations and urine recovery were measured on the fifth day of treatment . The mean serum half-life was 1.85 h and the mean value of the urine recovery 47% of the single dose . Tissue concentrations were analyzed in one patient . The samples were taken 3 h after the infusion . The azlocillin concentration of the renal cortex, 60 microgram/g, was six times higher than the corresponding serum concentration . On the 5th day of treatment the urine was sterile in 80% of the patients . In 12 patients (60%) the urine was still sterile when controlled 2-6 months later . Three patients were treated twice and bacteriologically cured after each period . No sign of sensitization was seen . Side-effects were not reported. Padiatr Padol, 1979, 14(4), 429 - 40 {Pediatric pharmacology of azlocilin (author's transl)}; Sitka U et al.; Pharmacokinetic investigations of acylureido-penicillins azlocillin in newborns, infants and school shildren showed age dependend results . The differences were especially evident in a prolongation of the serum half-life to 2,56 hours in newborns compared to 0.94 hours in school children . On the basis of our pharmacokinetic results and of the dosages resulting from the data the antibiotic was used clinically in twenty eight patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and one patient with a Proteus mirabilis infection . The results were much better in infections of the urinary tract than in infections of the respiratory tract . This might be due to an observe bacterial presistence in spite of highly effective levels of azlocillin in bronchial secretion . The tolerance to the antibiotic was good. Microbios, 1979, 24(97-98), 141 - 50 Chlorhexidine resistance and the lipids of Providencia stuartii; Thomas B et al.; The lipid composition of Providencia stuartii has been shown to resemble closely that of Proteus mirabilis . The ability of some Pv, stuartii strains to survive exposure to high concentrations of the antiseptic chlorhexidine could not be explained in terms of differences in lipid content between sensitive and resistant strains . In addition, resistance could not be attributed to either reduced adsorption of the antiseptic or to its gross enzymic degradation. Urol Int, 1979, 34(5), 356 - 62 Experimental embolization in kidneys: tissue concentration of antibiotics; Bischoff W et al.; In 7 dogs renal arterial embolization was performed using the Seldinger technique and an inflatable Swan Ganz balloon catheter . Methyl methacrylate and butyl-2-cyanoacrylate were injected . 6 months later, the tissue concentration of Cefazolin was measured in the embolized and contralateral kidneys and in serum 2 h after a short infusion of 1 h Cefazolin . The concentrations in serum and homogenized kidney tissue were determined by means of the agar gel diffusion method . Angiography showed no vessels in the embolized kidneys . Histologically there was total atrophy of the tissue, especially of the tubular system . The mean tissue level of Cefazolin in the embolized kidney was 70% of serum . The tissue concentration was always above 10 micrograms/g . This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E . coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibited at a lower concentration . The value and necessity of antibiotic therapy in embolized kidney cancer is discussed. Chir Pediatr, 1979, 20(3), 165 - 71 {Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in the infant . A report on 4 cases (author's transl)}; Juskiewenski S et al.; Four cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children are reported . In three cases, the disease took a diffuse form and in the fourth it was of a localised form . Around these cases, the authors review 39 case histories published between 1963 and 1978 and which involve only children . An over-all assessment of the 43 cases thus gathered together allows the general picture of xanthogranulomatous pyelonepn 9 cases, it was of the localised type; and in 4 cases, the pyelonephritis only involved one or another pyelon in patients with re-duplication . The diffuse type is more common in boys and the localised type in girls . Twenty-nine cases were found in children of less than five years . In 23 cases, there was a proteus infection . The etio-pathogenesis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis remains obscure . The main clinical and therapeutic problems are dealt with. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 1979, 13(1), 85 - 7 A ten-year retrospective study of sepsis in severely burned patients treated with or without silver sulfadiazinate; Micheels J et al.; Three groups of extensive burn patients of the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) have been compared: Group I: twenty patients, who were treated locally without silver sulfadiazinate (1968-1970); Group II: the twenty first patients topically treated with silver sulfadiazinate (1970-1972); Group III: twenty similarly treated patients, with silver sulfadiazinate, six years later (1976-1977) . The groups are statistically comparable . All bacteriological samples were computerized; the chi-square method was used for statistical analysis of the data . The main conclusions are: (A) Silver sulfadiazinate treatment reduced Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus sepsis . No change in Coliform bacilli sepsis was observed . After six years, a rise in Klebsiella sepsis and Candida sepsis was noted . (B) A quantitative estimate of infections in each group was made by measuring the percentage of positive samples, taking into account the five above-mentioned strains . In the beginning, silver sulfadiazinate reduced quantitative sepsis, but this benefit decreased after six years; the same evolution was demonstrated for positive blood bacteriology; severe septicaemia showed a parallel pattern. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1979, 13(1), 17 - 22 Prostatitis in the rat; Muntzing J et al.; A high incidence of spontaneous, non-acute, age-dependent prostatitis was observed in the lateral prostate of Copenhagen rats and Wistar rats . The lumen of infected acini was filled with polymorphonuclear leucocytes, shed epithelial cells and cell residues . Epithelial cells lining such acini showed degenerative changes . Lymphocytes and macrophages were seen in the stroma . A histochemically observed increase in acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity in affected epithelial cells may indicate an increased lysosomal activity . Some bacteriological cultures of infected lateral prostates were positive for Proteus vulgaris and diphtheroids . It is suggested that this spontaneous rat prostatitis may be a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of human non-acute prostatitis. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jan-Feb, 1(1), 73 - 89 Cefoxitin and cephamycins: microbiological studies; Stapley EO et al.; The cephamycins are a family of beta-lactam antibiotics that are produced by actinomycetes and are structurally similar to the cephalosporins . They are characterized by the presence of a 7-alpha-methoxyl group, which confers unusually high resistance to beta-lactamases . Cefoxitin, the first semisynthetic cephamycin, is resistant to almost all beta-lactamases . Cefoxitin retains the 3-carbamoyl group of cephamycin C and thus has excellent metabolic stability . Cefoxitin is bactericidal and almost devoid of any inoculum effect . Active against many cephalothin-resistant gram-negative bacteria, cefoxitin demonstrates a very broad spectrum that includes indole-positive Proteus and many strains of Serratia . In contrast to that of the cephalosporins, cefoxitin's spectrum of activity against anaerobic pathogens includes Bacteroides fragilis . The therapeutic effectiveness of cefoxitin in experimental infections in mice confirms the excellent characteristics of this semisynthetic cephamycin and indicates that it should be a very valuable agent for treatment of bacterial infections. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jan-Feb, 1(1), 175 - 82 Infections due to endemic, multiply resistant gram-negative rods: sensitivity to and therapy with cefoxitin; Alford RH; A nosocomial outbreak of infections due to bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics evolved into an endemic prevalence of several antibiotic-resistant gram-negative rods . The resistance of these bacteria to available beta-lactam antibiotics, a variety of broad-spectrum agents, and available aminoglycosides other than amikacin led to an evaluation of cefoxitin, a beta-lactamase-resistant cephamycin . Most multiply resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis were sensitive to cefoxitin in vitro . Cefoxitin therapy of 11 severe nosocomial infections caused by multiply resistant K . pneumoniae resulted in clinical and bacteriologic cure in seven patients. Infection, 1979, 7 Suppl 6, 536 - 9 {The antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor against bacteria resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole (author's transl)}; Machka K; The antibacterial activity of the new oral cephalosporin cefaclor was investigated using 623 freshly isolated bacterial strains . A high degree of efficacy of cefaclor was noticed against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella . Nearly all strains which were sensitive to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole were also inhibited by cefaclor . Some of the strains resistant to the three above-mentioned antibiotics were also sensitive to cefaclor as follows: all of ten P . mirabilis strains resistant to co-trimoxazole, 54% of the E . coli strains resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole, and 18% of the Klebsiella strains resistant to tetracycline and co-trimoxazole. Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(2a), 417 - 8 Antibiotic activity of cefazedone in experimental pyelonephritis; Quante T et al.; The new cephalosporin derivative (6R,7R)-7-(2-{3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl}-acetamido)-3-({(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio}methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo{4,2,0}oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) has been tested for antibacterial activity in the infection and therapy model of acute E . coli pyelonephritis in rats . The reference substance was cephalothin . The tests showed a superiority of cefazedone which, however, could not be clearly confirmed by the significance test . Owing to its favourable pharmacokinetics in combination with good antibacterial activity, cefazedone can be added to the cephalosporins considered for use in clinical practice, especially so as the statistics for 1977 show that the causative agents of pyelonephritis which these drugs can often combat effectively are present in the majority of the urine strains: E . coli accounted for 45%, enterococci for 18%, and Proteus for 15% out of a total number of 6100 urine strains. Arzneimittelforschung, 1979, 29(2a), 394 - 6 Bactericidal activity of cefazedone; Dingeldein E; Distinct bactericidal activity of (6R,7R)-7-(2-{3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridyl}-acetamido)-3-({(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thio}methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo{4,2,0}oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (cefazedone, Refosporen) could be demonstrated in 2 Staphylococcus aureus and 3 Escherichia coli strains . The effect was less in 1 strain of Proteus mirabilis . Whereas the activity in serum and bile was higher than in nutrient broth, the bactericidal activity in urine was less pronounced . The combination of cefazedone and gentamicin proved to be bactericidal in low concentrations. Chemotherapy, 1979, 25(5), 303 - 7 Cyclacillin: in vitro activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; Thadepalli H et al.; Cyclacillin at 50 microgram/ml inhibited streptococci (100%), shigella (72%), and Bacteroides (B) fragilis ss fragilis (84%) . At 100 microgram/ml it inhibited proteus (75%), B . fragilis (86%), and E . coli (50%) . Cyclacillin was more effective than ampicillin against beta-lactamase-producing H . influenzae . The activity of cyclacillin was found to be more enhanced when tested in nutrient agar and Mueller-Hinton agar than in brain heart infusion agar. Probl Khig, 1979, 4, 165 - 74 {Proteeae enzymes that participate in the amino acid metabolism of food products}; Enikova R; Biosynthesis of enzymes, catalyzing amino acid conversion in food products, and deposition of end products of protein metabolism is a current problem for hygiene-indicatory microorganisms . Results are reported of a study of decarboxylase and aminotransferase activities of a large number of Proteus strains . It was found that aminotransferases are produced by all members of this group of microorganisms, despite the specific differences in their quantitative characteristics . The composition of the different protein-containing food substrata exerts emphatic influence on the induction of these enzymes . The results of study of decarboxylase activity also point to some specific differences, applicable in the differential diagnosis . The inferences summarize the importance of the whole Proteus group as hygiene-indicatory microorganisms, producing enzymes of essential importance for the quality and biologic value of food products. Chemotherapy, 1979, 25(2), 96 - 105 In vitro sensitivity of Proteus organisms to gentamicin and sisomicin; Legakis NJ et al.; The antibacterial activity of gentamicin and sisomicin was studied in 148 recent clinical isolates of Proteus obtained from patients hospitalized in Athens . Both gentamicin and sisomicin were found to be active with sisomicin generally being the more active of the two; P . mirabilis strains were less susceptible than the indole-positive strains, but P . mirabilis organisms isolated from the respiratory tract were more sensitive to sisomicin than those isolated from the urine . Susceptibility testing with the two aminoglycoside antibiotics was affected by inoculum size and by the test broth used . Sisomicin sensitivity testing with the disc-agar diffusion method and broth dilution method was reliable for the indole-positive strains of Proteus but did not separate all sensitive from resistant strains of P . mirabilis . An in vitro synergism was demonstrated between sisomicin and the semisynthetic penicillin, ticarcillin. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1979, 19(1), 3 - 8 {F' transfer from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis}; Fleischhacker M et al.; The task of this work was the establishment of an effective transfer system for F'-plasmids from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis . It is shown that cells of PG VI act as recipients in crosses with E . coli F' strains but with a low transfer rate of the plasmid . The presumption that a restriction -- modification system in P . mirabilis was the only reason for the low transfer could not be confirmed . An indirect selection method was developed to isolate P . mirabilis cells which are better recipients . Conjugation experiments showed that the isolated mutants had a better recipient capacity (increase of about 100) . This is true not only for the transfer of a F'-plasmid but also for a R-plasmid . The stability of these plasmids in the mutant cells, however, was much lower than in the wild type. J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Jan, 110(1), 171 - 6 Genetic circularity of the Proteus mirabilis linkage map; Coetzee JN; The T incompatibility group plasmid R394 can mobilize the chromosome of Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006 . It transferred relatively large segments, corresponding to at least 20 min on the D plasmid chromosomal map of the organism . The frequency of recombination for a large number of selected markers was nearly constant at 5 X 10(-6) per donor cell and it is concluded that mobilization takes place from a number of chromosomal sites . All recombinants were R+ and displayed all properties of the plasmid . By analysing crosses for co-inheritance frequencies of unselected markers, a number of chromosomal loci were assembled in linear array . Linkage between markers at the ends of this linkage group was established to markers at the respective termini of the existing D plasmid linkage group . This established a composite circular linkage map of genes of the P . mirabilis strain PM5006 chromosome. Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Jan, 32(1), 18 - 24 {Basic and clinical examinations of CS-1170 in pediatrics (author's transl)}; Nanri S et al.; 1 . CS-1170 was administered for the purpose of prophylaxis during cardiac catheterization in patients with heart disease, and its blood levels were measured . 2 . The mean blood level (Moni-Trol I standard) after one intravenous shot of 20 mg/kg was 53.6 mcg/ml in catheterized children aged below 6 and 66.9 mcg/ml in catheterized children aged above 10 at 30 minutes, and 1.95 mcg/ml and 5.2 mcg/ml respectively at 6 hours . 3 . The mean half life of the blood level was 1.09 hours in catheterized children aged below 6, 1.37 hours in catheterized children aged above 10, and 0.71 hours in infections children . 4 . The urinary excretion seemed satisfactorily high although there was a great variation . 5 . The clinical efficacy was 88.9% . 6 . The bacteriological efficacy was 100% for E . coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus and was 0% for Staphylococcus epidermidis . 7 . Although GOT and GPT were elevated in one case as a side effect, they rapidly returned to normal after discontinuation of administration. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1979, 13(1), 71 - 7 Conduit urinary diversion and urinary-tract infection . II . Raised serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in relation to bacteriologic findings; Bergman B et al.; Elevated serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and/or Proteus mirabilis were found in 35% of 89 patients with a conduit urinary diversion . Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the titers and growth of E . coli or P . mirabilis in conduit urine . But 17 (24%) of 72 patients without E . coli in urine cultures had raised E . coli antibody titer . Only 3 (4%) of 68 patients without growth of P . mirabilis had raised P . mirabilis antibody titer . When the post-diversion observation period was more than five years, the frequency of antibody titer elevation was greater than in patients with shorter post-diversion follow-up . The volume of residual urine in the conduit showed statistically significant correlation with presence of bacteriuria and with the antibody titer level against P . mirabilis . Patients with high antibody titers tended to have high readings of serum creatinine . Antibiotic therapy reduced elevated E . coli and P . mirabilis antibody titers . Titration of antibodies to E . coli and P . mirabilis is recommended in the follow-up care of patients with conduit urinary diversion. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1979, 13(1), 65 - 70 Conduiturinary diversion and urinary-tract infection . I . Serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis in relation to urographic findings; Bergman B et al.; The serum antibody titers against Escherichia coli and/or Proteus mirabilis were elevated in 26 of 80 patients (33%) with a conduit urinary diversion . Urographic findings were abnormal in 44 of these 80 patients (55%) . Urography was normal in 59% of the patients with normal antibody titers, but in only 15% of those with elevated titers . Raised antibody levels against E . coli O antigen (greater than 256 before and/or greater than 32 after mercaptoethanol treatment of serum) were associated with wide upper urinary tract or calculi more often than were normal E . coli antibody titers . Raised titers against P . mirabilis (greater than 256 before and/or greater than 32 after mercaptoethanol treatment of serum) were associated with scarring of the renal parenchyma more frequently than were normal titers . A statistically significant association was found between "small" kidney area and raised serum antibody titers against E . coli or P . mirabilis . The frequency of "small" kidney increased with the time lapse after urinary diversion . At 3 to 11 months postoperatively it was 29%, but among the patients with urinary diversion for more than five years the corresponding frequency was 82% . When at least one kidney was "small", the serum creatinine was higher than when both kidneys were of normal size . Patients with raised antibody titers tended also to have high serum creatinine (greater than or equal to 124 mumol/l) more often than those with normal titers (23 vs . 10%) . These observations imply a connection between elevation of the antibody titers and destruction of the renal parenchyma in patients with conduit urinary diversion . They illustrate the value of antibody titration in the follow-up of patients with urinary diversion. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 474 - 9 Penicillin-binding proteins in Proteus species; Ohya S et al.; Penicillin-binding proteins in three species of Proteus, Proteus mirabilis, P . morganii, and P . rettgeri, were investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis . Penicillin-binding proteins in these Proteus species were compared with those in Escherichia coli K-12 . An approximate correlation between penicillin-binding proteins in E . coli and those in Proteus species was shown by several criteria: electrophoretic mobilities; affinities of several beta-lactam antibiotics which show characteristic patterns of binding to penicillin-binding proteins in E . coli; relation between affinities of antibiotics to the proteins and effects on morphological changes in Proteus species; location of beta-lactamase activity among penicillin-binding proteins; and thermostability . The electrophoretic mobilities and several other characteristics of penicillin-binding proteins among the Proteus species examined were found to be similar from species to species and differed only slightly from those of E . coli. J Bacteriol, 1979 Jan, 137(1), 161 - 8 Regulation of phenylalanine oxidase synthesis in Proteus mirabilis; Laboure AM et al.; Cells of Proteus mirabilis could oxidize L-phenylalanine to phenylpyruvate only when grown in the presence of a number of amino acids, particularly, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-glutamate, and L-glutamine . Production of phenylalanine oxidase was slowly lost upon growth in a minimal medium containing ammonium ions as a nitrogen source but was reversed by the addition of casein hydrolysate . Oxidase activity as well as a phenylalanine-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) reductase activity increased in P . mirabilis only during cell multiplication . Both rifampin and nalidixic acid caused inhibition of oxidase synthesis . A phenylalanine-active transport was found to be operative when bacteria were grown in the absence of added amino acids . After anaerobic growth, cells of P . mirabilis had lost their ability to carry the phenylalanine oxidase reaction when assayed in the presence of air, and nitrate could not be used as an electron acceptor for the oxidation of phenylalanine . However, some phenylalanine-dichlorophenolindophenol reductase activity was still present in anaerobic bacteria at the early stage of cell multiplication. Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Jan-Feb, 1(1), 206 - 9 Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin in treatment of infections in 47 orthopedic patients; Schurman DJ et al.; Cefoxitin was administered to 47 patients on an orthopedic service; 1 or 2 g of the drug was given intravenously every 4-8 hr . Thirty-one evaluated patients with acute or chronic infections of bone, joint, or muscle and tendon had an overall rate of cure of 84% . Ten patients with spinal cord injuries who had urinary tract infections due to Serratia or indole-positive Proteus were treated, and all 10 were cured . Significant adverse effects of cefoxitin included one case of fever due to the drug and three cases of superinfection . Cefoxitin therapy was successful in a variety of difficult-to-treat infections, including some of polymicrobial etiology. Cell Biol Int Rep, 1979 Jan, 3(1), 17 - 23 Ca2+-binding modulator protein in protozoa and myxomycete; Kuznicki J et al.; Ca2+-binding protein with the properties of brain modulator protein of 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase was identified in Physarum polycephalum plasmodia and in Euglena gracilis and Amoeba proteus cells by urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and activation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and of myosin light chain kinase. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1979, 27(1-2), 105 - 11 Ultrastructural changes in rat liver cells induced by Proteus mirabilis endotoxin; Lipinska-Piotrowska I; Changes in individual organella of rat hepatocytes developing under the effect of Proteus mirabilis endotoxin (Pme) were observed under electron microscope . The effect of drugs which diminish liver cell injury by Pme (polymyxin, cholestyramine and hydrocortisone) on the changes was studied. Vet Med Nauki, 1979, 16(8), 50 - 7 {Differentiation of nonspecific serological reactions in brucellosis}; Khristoforov L; Differentiation of non-specific agglutination was performed by the complement binding reaction, Coombs' reaction, Hajdu reaction, the surface fixation and agglutination reaction and the reaction of complement binding with heterologic antigens . For that purpose the following were used: 1) Serums--antiglobulin against cattle globulin, 5720 serum of various animals which had manifested non-specific agglutination with brucella antigen and brucella serums of experimentally infected sheep, of naturally infected swine and of cattle--received from abroad . 2) Antigens--of Br . abortus 99, of bacteria heterologic to brucellae: Proteus vulgaris, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus albus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, S . abortus ovis, for O and OH agglutination, water extraction antigens--for complement binding and concentrated suspensions of all bacteria used in brucellose and non-brucellose serum absorption . Highest number of non-specific reactions were observed in cattle serums and lowest--in goat serums . Titers with heterologic antigens were higher than these with brucella antigens . Often the serum having non-specific agglutiantion reacted not only with one, but with more heterologic antigens . Non-specific complement binding reactions were not produced in complete antibodies with the brucella antigen . Heterologic brucella antigens were exhausted more fully than heterologic complement binding antibodies . In their effectiveness (differentiation of non-specific agglutination with brucella antigen in cattle serum) the serological reactions studied rank as follows: complement binding reaction, slow agglutination with serums absorbed by heterologic antigens, surface fixation reaction, Coombs' reaction, and Hadju agglutination. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1979, 23(3), 256 - 60 Magnetic susceptibility of microorganisms; Chervinets VM et al.; Total magnetic susceptibility of 13 species and varieties of bacteria was investigated using the relative method of Guy . It has been established that the index of magnetic susceptibility is a constant characteristic of bacteria . Total magnetic susceptibility ranged from --0.3295.10(-6) in Escherichia P678 to --0.4965.10(-6) in Proteus . It has also been established that magnetic susceptibility changes during long-term passages of bacteria in fluctuating +/- 0.1 Oe) magnetic field . This is suggestive of a low threshold of their magnetic susceptibility and permits a rough assessment of the importance of fluctuations of the geomagnetic field for the viability of microbes. Chemotherapy, 1979, 25(5), 282 - 5 In vitro efficacy of Bay k 4999, a new ureido-penicillin, in combination with aminoglycosides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus strains; Daschner FD et al.; The in vitro effects of Bay k 4999 in combination with gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin sisomicin and netilmicin in bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were compared using the checkerboard dilution technique against 20 different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and indole-positive-negative Proteus species . On average 63% of Bay k 4999-aminoglycoside (AG) combinations inhibited Pseudomonas, Proteus and Klebsiella strains additively and/or synergistically in bacteriostatic as well as in bactericidal concentrations as compared to only 14% additive or synergistic activity on E . coli . 35% of the combinations tested proved to be synergistic in K . pneumoniae, 20% in Proteus, 13% in Pseudomonas, but only 5% in E . coli . No significant differences between various Bay k 4999-AG combination effects could be demonstrated. Folia Biol (Praha), 1979, 25(1), 70 - 5 Effect of active and passive antibacterial immunization on skin allograft survival in rabbits; Liska M et al.; The effect of active and passive antibacterial immunization on transplantation immunity was investigated in rabbits . Immunization with dead bacterial vaccines prepared from E . coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudmonas aeruginosa had no effect on skin allograft survival, whereas immunization with vaccines prepared from streptococcal and staphylococcal strains shortened allograft survival . Similar results were obtained with specific antisera against individual microbial species . Skin allografts survived in rabbits treated with antisera against E . coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the same manner as in untreated controls, whereas allograft survival was shortened with antisera against streptococci or staphylococci . The possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of Gram-positive cocci on transplantation immunity is discussed and the possibilities of using active and passive antibacterial immunication in clinical transplantation are considered. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979, 245(3), 317 - 23 {The distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations of recently introduced cephalosporins in multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella spec . as revealed by zone sizes of a standardized agar diffusion test (author's transl)}; Schroter G et al.; Strains of a species were divided into two groups according to the number of resistances (less than or equal to 4, greater than or equal to 5) using 10 standard chemotherapeutics regularly examined, the new cephalosporins not being among them . These groups of less than or equal to 4- and greater than or equal to 5-fold resistant strains were compared for each cephalosporin tested (Fig . 1) . The most different distributions of zone diameters (of both groups) were seen in Cephalothin, whereas in Cefoxitin and - with little limitations - also in Cefuroxime in the main these distributions did not differ; they covered the same field . The distributions of Cefaclor and Cefamandole took an intermediate position . With respect to the two groups similar observations were made for E . coli, proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella spec . The differences between the two groups were most marked in Klebsiella strains . E . coli exhibited the smallest differences (Fig 1) . On the assumption that the distribution of zone diameters reflect that of MIC's it can be concluded that nearly all of the Cefaclor- and Cefamandole-sensitive multiresistant strains have more elevated MIC's than those with only less than or equal to 4 resistances . On the other hand it must not be expected that MIC'S OF Cefoxitin and Cefuroxim are rising in multiresistant strains . It could be demonstrated that the different qualities of the recently introduced cephalosporins revealed in multiresistant strains can be explained by different dependences on mechanisms of Cephalothin-resistance (Fig . 2) . This resistance is much more frequent in greater than or equal to 5-fold resistant strains . Recommendations for clinical use derived from these results are discussed. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1979, 245(3), 312 - 6 {Comparison of four recently introduced cephalosporins with respect to probability of resistance in multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella spec . (author's transl)}; Loch R et al.; Strains with the same number of resistances were arranged in so-called resistance classes . Nine classes of resistance (0 to greater to or equal to 8) were formed by means of ten standard chemotherapeutics; the four new cephalosporins were excluded . For every resistance class frequency of cephalosporinresistance was described as coefficient ranging from 0 to 1 (Fig . 1) . In Cephalothin the coefficients were markedly rising only in 6 (7)-fold resistant strains of the species examined . Similar but somewhat reduced rising of coefficients was also observed in Cefaclor and Cefamandole . In Cefaclor this is particularly evident for E . coli, whereas in Cefamandole, it concerns Klebsiella spec . In the other species rising of coefficients of Cefaclor and Cefamandole are less marked . The probability of restance in multiresistant strains are therefore distinguished more clearly from that of Cephalothin . Cefuroxime and Cefoxitin take a special position because the probability of resistance does not rise in multiresistant strains . The coefficients of Cefoxitin do not show any recognizable dependance on multiresistance . For clinical purpose the following conclusions can be derived: Because of their effectiveness in multiresistant strains Cefoxitin and Cefuroxime are suitable for empiric use in intensive care units where many multiresistant Klebsiella-strains are to be expected . Cefamandole on the other hand is characterized by a rising probability of resistance in multiresistant strains . Therefore it should only be given after antibiotic testing . Cefaclor, a new oral cephalosporin, will be introduced specially for outpatients where multiresistant strains are rarely found. Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1979, 19(3), 181 - 5 {Photodynamic effect of quinacrine on bacteria}; Jacob HE; The acridine dye quinacrine (QA) was tested with regard to the photodynamic action on bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli) . The absorption maximum of the yellow dye QA ist in contrary to the photodynamically active dyes methylene blue (MB) and thiopyronine (TP) situated in the short wave region of the visible spectrum . Using for illumination a common light source--they have in general a weak emission in the short wave region--relatively high concentrations of QA are necessary for photodynamic action, and the difference between photodynamic inactivation and toxic effect is small . Using that light source XBO 500 with nearly equal emission in the range from 400 to 700 nm, a distinct photodynamic action of QA results . Comparing the photodynamic action of QA with those of MB and TP, QA has a low photodynamic effect, and the kinetics of inactivation of bacteria with QA is completely different from those obtained with the dyes MB and TP. Infection, 1979, 7(5), 247 - 51 Anaerobic isolates in chronic recurrent suppurative otitis media . Treatment with carbenicillin alone and in combination with gentamicin; Brook I; Tympanocentesis was performed in 32 pediatric patients with chronic recurrent suppurative otitis media . The aspirate was cultured aerobically and anaerobically . Aerobes were isolated from ten patients (31.2%); anaerobes from one patient; and both aerobes and anaerobes from 21 patients (65.6%) . There were 46 aerobic isolates . The aerobes commonly recovered were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 isolates) Proteus sp . (5) and Staphylococcus aureus (3) . There were 32 anaerobes isolated including anaerobic gram-positive cocci (19 isolates) and Bacteroides sp., the latter of which included Bacteroides fragilis group and Bacteroides melaninogenicus (9) . The patients were treated by parenteral carbenicillin 300 to 400 mg per kg per day given in four dosages administered for a period of 12 to 21 days (average 17 days) . An aminoglycoside (gentamicin) was added in 15 patients . The clinical response was good in 17 patients and poor in 15 . There were no side effects or adverse reactions noted during therapy . The above findings demonstrate the polymicrobial etiology of chronic recurrent suppurative otitis media and suggest that treatment directed against the aerobic and anaerobic isolates is efficacious in more than half of the cases. South Med J, 1978 Dec, 71(12), 1575 - 6 Skeletal muscle involvement in Rocky Mountain spotted fever; Krober MS; A case of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in a 10-year-old boy accompanied by an unusually high degree of myalgia and muscle weakness was presented . On admission to the hospital, his creatine phosphokinase, SGOT, SGPT, and aldolase values were all abnormally high . Rash did not appear until the fourth hospital day . On the same day results of a proteus OX-19 titer of blood were reported as positive (titer 1:320) and intravenous therapy with chloramphenicol was started . The child's condition gradually improved and five months later he had no detectable muscle weakness. Helv Chir Acta, 1978 Dec, 45(4-5), 475 - 81 {Antibiotic prophylaxis in intensive care}; Daschner F; Of 611 prospectively studied patients in a surgical intensive care unit, 177 developed hospital infections (29%): urinary tract infections (37.2%), pneumonia (22.5%), sepsis (19.7%), wound infections (9.6%), etc . The commonest pathogens were Pseud . aeruginosa, E . coli, Staph . aureus, enterococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis . In preventing and combating hospital infections in intensive care units, priority should be given not to antibiotics but to hygiene in the hospital . Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis prevents neither hospital-contracted pneumonia, sepsis nor urinary tract infections . There is an urgent need for controlled studies on the necessity and selection of locally active antibacterial and antimycotic substances to prevent germ ascension in vein and bladder catheters. J Clin Microbiol, 1978 Dec, 8(6), 715 - 24 Typing methods for Proteus rettgeri: comparison of biotype, antibiograms, serotype, and bacteriocin production; Anderson RL et al.; Two hunderd five strains of Proteus rettgeri from epidemic and nonepidemic sources were differentiated by a new biotyping scheme, agglutination in O antisera, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and a new scheme based on bacteriocin production . The P . rettgeri were divided into 10 groups by their fermentation of lactose, sucrose, D-mannitol, and salicin . These groups were then subdivided into 19 biotypes by other biochemical reactions . Bacteriocin production was tested by the cross-streak method . Thirty-four bacteriocin-sensitive indicator strains were evaluated, and 16 were selected for the final scheme and used to type the 205 P . rettgeri, which were divided into 15 bacteriocin types . Serologically, 43% of the P . rettgeri were O42, 13% were untypable, 4% were O15, and 3% each were O33, O64, and O84 in addition to 31 remaining serotypes . Strains of P . rettgeri from known outbreaks contained fewer biotypes, O groups, and bacteriocin types and were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than endemic strains . Strains with common patterns with all four marker systems were frequently associated with outbreaks . A strong correlation between multiple antibiotic resistance and bacteriocin production was shown. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Dec, 31(12), 1262 - 71 A new cephalosporin . SCE-963: 7-{2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-acetamido}-3-{{{1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1h-tetrazol-5-yl}-thio}methyl}ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid . Chemistry and structure-activity relationships; Numata M et al.; The synthesis and the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of a series of 7-{2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido}cephalosporins (1) having varied 3-substituents, such as methyl, hydroxymethyl, acetoxymethyl, pyridiniomethyl and heterocyclicthiomethyls, are described . The derivatives having five membered heterocyclicthiomethyls exhibited strong inhibitory activities against Gram-negative organisms including some strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus morganii which are insensitive to cefazolin and cephaloridine . Pronounced activities were noted with 7-{2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-acetamido}-3-{{{1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}thio}methyl}ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (1y; SCE-963). Minerva Med, 1978 Dec 1, 69(59), 4097 - 104 {Antibacterial activity of fosfomycin in chronic kidney infections}; Schena FP et al.; Authors have carried out a retrospective study in vitro on the bacteria isolated from renal parenchyma and stones in patients with CPN associated to kidney stones . Results show a different inhibitory action of the some antibiotics to Proteus, E . coli and P . aeruginosa . Fosfomycin inhibits the growth of bacteria in a wide range of concentration (50-1000 microgram/ml) . A prospective study in vivo shows an excellent therapeutic action of fosfomycin in recurrent urinary infections, and a very good one in CPN and in some forms associated to kidney stones. Histochemistry, 1978 Nov 24, 58(1-2), 89 - 95 Diaminobenzidine reactions in control and treated Amoeba proteus; Smith RA; Cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated in Amoeba proteus by diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemistry . Deposition of the reaction product occurred on the inner mitochondrial membranes and the cristae . The reaction was abolished by cyanide incubations . Positive reactions were produced with both unfixed and fixed cells: although staining potential was destroyed by any prefixatives which included glutaraldehyde . Cells prefixed with 4% formaldehyde, to raise structural preservation, retained staining ability . Amoebae subjected to prolonged anaerobiosis or to treatment with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNU) displayed a reduction in DAB reactivity . A positive reaction was only produced in incubations of unfixed cells and even in these the intensity of cristal staining was depleted . The possible use of DAB reactions where lesions in mitochondrial functioning have occurred is considered. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1978 Nov 1, 173(9), 1134 - 6 Meningoencephalitis secondary to otitis in a gorilla; Iverson WO et al.; An adult female gorilla died following a 13-day illness and was necropsied . Gross and microscopic findings included a 2-cm straw deep in the external auditory meatus, suppurative otitis media and interna, and suppurative meningoencephalitis . Proteus mirabilis was cultured from the internal acoustic pore. Zentralbl Bakteriol {Orig A}, 1978 Nov, 242(2), 222 - 7 R plasmids coding for supra-levels of gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin resistance in Proteus morganii and P . mirabilis: high-level resistant strains from two hospitals; Zikmundova V et al.; Transfer of high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin resistance could be easily demonstrated in strains of P . morganii and P . mirabilis which emerged, in two hospitals, at the end of 1976 . First such strains were demonstrated in a patient of a urological ward who died, in September 1976, from generalised sepsis caused by a high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin-resistant P . morganii . Since that event, at least nine such strains were isolated in 1976, and the presence of transferable resistant to the antibiotics listed plus other antibacterial substances including carbenicillin and more classical antibiotics could be demonstrated either by a high-frequence direct transfer to suitable recipient strains of Gentamycin or Tobramycin resistance, or by indirect selection, i.e . by analysis of exconjugants selected with kanamycin, streptomycin or carbenicillin . Further numerous strains of P . morganii highly resistant to gentamycin, tobramycin and sisomycin (M.I.C . over 128 mcg/ml) still emerge from wards in the two hospitals monitored and their transferability is under experimental study . It is stressed that, in order to demonstrate a transfer of gentamycin or tobramycin resistance in strains resistant to these substances, it is inevitable to examine properly also exconjugnants showing direct transfer to other, more classical antibiotics . We could not demonstrate, in our strains, any prodromal signs of resistance to netilmycin or amikacin. J Pharm Sci, 1978 Nov, 67(11), 1629 - 31 Drug resistance studies with topical antiseptics; Prince HN et al.; Species of Proteus, Serratia, and Pseudomonas became resistant to chlorhexidine after five to eight transfers in vitro . Cross-resistance to benzalkonium chloride also was detected . Resistance to povidone-iodine was not encountered . Chlorhexidine resistance was stable after drug-free transfers of Serratia and Pseudomonas but was transitory for Proteus. Niger Med J, 1978 Nov, 8(6), 514 - 7 Serological evidence for the presence of rickettsial infections in parts of Nigeria; Emejuaiwe SO et al.; Weil-Felix tests using OX19 and OXK proteus antigens reveal high antibody titers to OXK and OX19 antigens in patients reporting at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu with clinical diagnosis of pyrexia of unknown origin . These findings suggest the presence of either or both scrub typhus fever and Epidemic typhus fever in this community . While the advisablility of using other diagnostic techniques to support and confirm positive Weil-Felix reaction will be useful, it is felt that the above findings are strong evidences for the prevalence of these diseases in this part of Nigeria. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Nov, 31(11), 1110 - 5 A hydroxamic acid from Aspergillus nidulans with antibiotic activity against Proteus species; Middleton AJ et al.; An iron-complexing antibiotic with a narrow spectrum of biological activity was produced by several strains of Aspergillus nidulans when grown in a low-iron, chemically defined medium . Its chemical and biological properties closely resembled those of desferritriacetylfusigen, a metabolite of several other Aspergilli and Penicillia. J Infect Dis, 1978 Nov, 138(5), 664 - 7 Influence of pili on the virulence of Proteus mirabilis in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis; Silverblatt FJ et al.; The ability of heavily and lightly piliated Proteus mirabilis to infect the renal parenchyma was compared in a model of hematogenous pyelonephritis . Cortical abscesses occurred in 13 of 24 rats injected with lightly piliated P . mirabilis but in none of 24 rats challenged with heavily piliated organisms (P less than 0.001) . Lightly and heavily piliated organisms were cleared from the vasculature equally rapidly and were also delivered to the kidney in equal numbers . During the first 24 hr, however, titers of the lightly piliated organisms in the kidney increased by 4 logs, whereas the heavily piliated P . mirabilis were virtually all eliminated . Pili are believed to mediate attachment to cell surfaces, and heavy piliation has been correlated with enhanced virulence when P . mirabilis invades the kidney across the pelvic mucosa . The results in this study suggest, however, that pili may adversely affect bacterial survival within the renal parenchyma. Biochem J, 1978 Nov 1, 175(2), 669 - 74 An enzyme degrading reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in Proteus vulgaris; Davies R et al.; Cell-free extracts of a strain of Proteus vulgaris degrade NADH to reduced nicotinamide riboside, adenosine and two molecules of phosphate . The system is weakly active in fresh cell extracts, but activity is increased about 10-fold on rapid heating to 70-100 degrees C . On returning to room temperature, the activity returns rapidly to its initial low value but can be re-activated by again heating to 70-100 degrees C . Reversible activation can also be effected by extremes of pH or by teatment with 8M-urea . Activation appears to be due to reversible changes in conformation of the protein of the enzyme rather than to combination of the enzyme with a heat-labile inhibitor . The active form can be stabilized by addition of PPi . The system, which also possesses 5'-nucleotidase activity not separable from the NADH pyrophosphatase, requires Co2+ (0.4mM) for maximum activity . Although activated at relatively high temperatures, it is not enzymically active until cooled to 50-60 degrees C . It may be purified by affinity chromatography (with NAD+ as ligand) to an activity over 400 times that of the crude cell extract, and yields only one major band on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Nov, (11), 103 - 6 {Detection of antibodies to Rickketsia prowazekii by using the antigen neutralization test}; Lobanov AV et al.; The authors studied a possibility of using the antigen neutralization test with dry immunoglobulin typhus erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the purpose of detection of Rickettsia prowazeki antibodies . Blood sera of 315 healthy persons, 24 patients with sporadic typhus, and 18 laboratory animals immunized with R . sibirica and R . burneti, as well as with Proteus OX19 were examined . The results obtained pointed to the high specificity and sensitivity of the given serological test . A possibility of its use for antibody detection both in the typhus patients and in persons who sustained this infection in the past was demonstrated . In difference from the complement fixation test it permits to study anticomplementary sera. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1978 Nov, 31(11), 1170 - 4 In vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin compound; Shah PM et al.; The in vitro activity of HR 756, a new cephalosporin, has been determined against recent clinical isolates and compared with that of other beta-lactam antibiotics . The geometric means of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for different isolates of Escherichia coli (100 isolates), Klebsiella pneumoniae (84), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (121), Proteus mirabilis (52), indole-positive Proteus species (9), Salmonella species (19), Staphylococcus aureus penicillin-sensitive (29) and penicillin-resistant (39) were: 0.095, 0.124, 11.1, 0.095, 0.0107, 0.078, 1 and 0.95 mcg/ml, respectively . Its activity was affected by rise in inoculum against S . aureus and P . aeruginosa but not against K . pneumoniae and E . coli . Bactericidal activity was determined by membrane filtration method . HR 756 was found to be bactericidal to E . coli, K . pneumoniae, P . aeruginosa and Proteus species . Although the MICs of the tested S . aureus strains were 1 mcg/ml, 5 mcg/ml of HR 756 failed to kill 99% of the inoculum within 24 hours. Pediatrics, 1978 Oct, 62(4), 521 - 3 Urinary tract infection in high-risk newborn infants; Maherzi M et al.; The prevalence of neonatal urinary tract infection (UTI) was studied in 1,762 high-risk neonates . Symptomatic bacteriuria was found in 1.9% and asymptomatic bacteriuria in 0.5% of these neonates . Male preponderance was 5:1 . Clinical manifestations were extremely variable--vomiting, weight loss, and diarrhea being the prominent symptoms . Bacteremia was associated with UTI in six infants . The organisms identified in the urine obtained by suprapubic aspiration were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Proteus . A mixed infection was found in four patients . Roentgenographic examination of the urinary tract showed abnormalities in 44% of the symptomatic patients . It is conclued that symptomatic high-risk newborn infants should be screened for bacteriuria, and that radiological investigations be preformed in those with proven infection. Cytobiologie, 1978 Oct, 18(1), 114 - 31 The influence of microinjected phalloidin on locomotion, protoplasmic streaming and cytoplasmic organization in Amoeba proteus and Physarum polycephalum; Stockem W et al.; Microinjected phalloidin induces both time and concentration-dependent changes in morphology and motility of amoebae and acellular slime moulds . In A . proteus injection of a 10(-3)M solution of the drug causes a separation of cortical hyaline plasma from central granular plasma . Simultaneously protoplasmic streaming and cellular locomotion are lost irreversibly . Lowering the concentration of phalloidin to 2 x 10(-4)M results in a reversible disturbance; amoebae recover after 30 to 60 minutes and show normal movement . In Ph . polycephalum the injection of a 10(-3)M solution of phalloidin into single veins induces a local gelation of the protoplasm followed by the separation of hyalo- and granuloplasm . In semi-thin and ultrathin sections the hyaline plasma regions contain a fine granular groundplasm rich in ribosomes but free of cellular organelles . The central granular plasma consists mainly of membrane-surrounded cellular compartments . The two morphologically distinct plasma regions are separated by a 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer layer of filamentous material . In A . proteus the filamentous layer is found shortly after phalloidin injection in close proximity to the plasma membrane, and consists of thin 5 to 6 nm filaments . With increasing time this layer contracts, separates from the inner plasma membrane and moves to the interior of the cell . During contraction thicker filaments with diameters of 10 to 30 nm and lengths of 300 to 500 nm are formed . The results indicate that the display and contraction of the phalloidin-induced filament layer can account for the changes observed in cellular movement and cytoplasmic organization . The resulting phenomena i.e . separation of hyaline plasma from granular plasma and changes in both the protoplasmic streaming pattern and locomotory activity of the cells, are discussed in terms of a general understanding of amoeboid movement. Antibiotiki, 1978 Oct, 23(10), 888 - 92 {Sensitivity of bacteria of the genus Proteus to antibiotics and their combinations}; Nesterova GN et al.; Sensitivity of 99 Proteus strains isolated from infants with gastro-intestinal diseases was studied by the method of serial dilutions on the Ploskirev's medium with respect to 19 antibiotics and some of their pair combinations . High resistance levels were registered with respect to penicillin and semi-synthetic penicillins, such as oxacillin, methicillin, ampicillin, as well as oleandomycin, erythromycin, lincomycin and oxytetracycline . The minimum inhibitory concentration for most of the strains was at least 128 gamma/ml . The Proteus strains were more sensitive to aminoglycosides, such as monomycin, neomycin and kanamycin, as well as carbenicillin, cephalosporine, streptomycin, levomycetin, chlortetracycline and novobiocin . Rifampicin, gentamycin and ampicillin combinations with gentamycin had a pronounced antimicrobial effect on Proteus. Cytobiologie, 1978 Oct, 18(1), 95 - 106 Demonstration of membrane-associated and oriented microfilaments in Amoeba proteus by means of a Schiff base/glutaraldehyde fixative; Hauser M; After fixation with a reaction product of glutaraldehyde and spermidine phosphate Amoeba proteus cells show a network of cortical microfilaments and oriented bundles of thick and thin filaments . The cortical filament network appears to be membrane-attached and extends beneath the whole cytoplasmic membrane surface . In the uroid region and in retracting pseudopods the cortical layer is thicker than in advancing cell regions . The filament bundles are located predominantly in the ectoplasmic tube within the cortical network . They strictly parallel the cell surface contours. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand {C}, 1978 Oct, 86C(5), 215 - 20 Protection against experimental Proteus mirabilis pyelonephritis in rats and significance of immunity; Larsson P et al.; Intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-killed bacteria as well as previous hematogenous infection with Proteus O3H1 showed a protective effect against hematogenous pyelonephritis in rats when the homologous strain was used . Transfer of hyperimmune antisera protected against hematogenously induced infection . Neither intravesical or intraperitoneal immunization with formalin-killed bacteria nor transfer of urines containing antibodies of the IgG class protected against ascending pyelonephritis when the O3H1 strain was used . Data are presented indicating that a rise of pH might decrease the biological effect of antibodies, suggesting that Proteus urease activity is a virulence factor of importance in this context. Chromosoma, 1978 Sep 11, 68(4), 319 - 25 Identification of the small nuclear RNAs associated with the mitotic chromosomes of Amoeba proteus; Goldstein L et al.; Amebas contain 7 electrophoretically distinct species of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), some of which are known to associate in a striking manner with mitotic chromosomes . These RNAs can be divided into 2 classes, one consisting of 4 snRNA species that shuttle in a non-random way between nucleus and cytoplasm during interphase and one consisting of 3 snRNA species that do not leave the nucleus at all during interphase . In the work reported here we sought to determine which class is associated with mitotic chromosomes . Through a series of micromanipulative procedures we arranged for the shuttling snRNAs to be the only radioactive molecules in the cell . Such cells were allowed to enter mitosis, whereupon they were fixed and subjected to autoradiography . In those cells no radioactive snRNAs were found associated with mitotic chromosomes . It is concluded, therefore, that those snRNAs that do associate with mitotic chromosomes must be one or more of the non-shuttling species.--In the Discussion, how the non-shuttling snRNAs may function in cell activities is considered. Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Sep, 167(3), 234 - 41 {Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates . 5 . Communication: azomethins of benzaldehyde (author's transl)}; Rehn D et al.; In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of benzylidene-amines (azomethins of benzyldehyde) was synthesized by condensation of primary amines with benzaldehyde . Structures and physical constants are shown in table 1 and 2 . The antimicrobial activity of these benzylidene-amines is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4) and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM . The different hydrophilic behaviour was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier with 3% dioxane . The results show, that the germistatic activity of the benzylideneamines resembles or exceeds in some cases that of benzaldehyde (table 4) . Some compounds show good fungistatic activity versus Trichophyton mentagrophytes (table 3) . The bactericidal power versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is remarkable and quiet stronger than that of the benzaldehyde. Zentralbl Bakteriol {B}, 1978 Sep, 167(3), 224 - 33 {Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates . 4 . Communication: azomethins of aliphatic aldehydes (author's transl)}; Rehn D et al.; In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of azomethins was synthesized by the condensation of primary aliphatic and aromatic amins with aliphatic aldehydes . Structures and physical constants are listed in table 1 and 2 . - The antimicrobial activity of these azomethins is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4), and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM . - The different water-solubility of the azomethins was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier . - It may be shown that the azomethins have both bacterio- and fungistatic activity which resembles that of the corresponding aldehydes (table 4) . The fungistatic activity against Trichophyton mentragrophytes shown by the results of the disk-test is remarkable . - The bactericidal power of the azomethins versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is quiet stronger than that of the corresponding aldehydes. Am J Surg, 1978 Sep, 136(3), 375 - 8 The use of a laminar airflow isolation system for the treatment of major burns; Demling RH et al.; A laminar airflow isolation burn ward was designed which would maintain a sterile environment and also allow unrestricted burn care and rehabilitation to be performed . A very low rate of sepsis and sepsis-related complications have been found in the 115 patients treated in the unit . Patient cross contamination has been completely controlled under laminar airflow conditions . The incidence of burn colonization and infection by virulent gram-negative organisms, namely pseudomonas, serratia, klebsiella, and proteus, in these patients has been extremely low, particularly in comparison with burn patients managed in a non-laminar flow intensive care environment. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1978 Sep, (9), 119 - 22 {Tissue and bacterial sensitization in patients with bone pathology}; Veselov AIa; The author studied sensitization to normal tissues (bone, muscle, spleen) and tissues altered by pathological process (sequestrum, scars), and also to allergens of widespread causative agents of purulent infection (staphylococcus, streptococcus, Proteus, E . coli) in 87 patients with different bone pathology and in 24 donors . Leukocytolysis reaction (modified by Karapaty) was used for ascertaining the sensitization; a total of 592 tests were conducted . With the development of infection in soft tissues and then in the bone there was an increase in frequency of positive reactions and their manifestation in interaction with the antigens of both normal tissues and those altered by pathological process . The incidence of positive reactions and their manifestation with bacterial allergens coinciding with the microbial flora of the focus of infection was also increased. Clin Exp Immunol, 1978 Sep, 33(3), 486 - 94 Macrophage secretion and the complement cleavage product C3a in the pathogenesis of infections by mycoplasmas and L-forms of bacteria and in immunity to these organisms; Taylor-Robinson D et al.; Mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture exposed to Mycoplasma pulmonis show marked biochemical changes . This micro-organism induces the release of hydrolytic enzymes from macrophages . The release is time- and dose-dependent and is not associated with loss of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase or any other sign of cell death . Secretory products of macrophages may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory responses elicited by mycoplasma infections . One of the products of activated macrophages is the complement cleavage product C3a . Purified C3a was incubated with M . hominis, M . pulmonis, Proteus mirabilis and an L-phase variant of this organism . All mycoplasmas and the L-phase variant were lysed by low concentrations of C3a, whereas the bacterial form of Pr . mirabilis was resistant. J Histochem Cytochem, 1978 Sep, 26(9), 713 - 8 Quantation by flow microfluorometry of total cellular DNA in Acanthamoeba; Coulson PB et al.; The DNA content of five species of Acanthamoeba was determined by flow microfluorometry . Acanthamoeba castellanii (AC-30), acanthamoeba polyphaga (APG and P-23), acanthamoeba rhysodes, acanthamoeba culbertsoni (A-1), and acanthamoeba royreba were grown in a casitone based medium 24-48 HR . The trophozoites were harvested, and evaluated for DNA-bound fluorescence . All species tested has DNA values between 2.0-5.0 pg/cell . These results placed DNA/cell values of Acanthamoeba slightly lower than DNA/cell values of other eucaryotic cells and much lower than Amoeba proteus values . These results indicate that FMF may be a useful adjunct in distinguishing Acanthamoeba cells from either eucaryotic cells or some other amoeba . However, differences in DNA/cell between species of Acanthamoeba are small and would not be useful in identification of species. Antibiotiki, 1978 Sep, 23(9), 819 - 22 {Chemotherapy of experimental lactational mastitis in mice}; Moroz AF et al.; More severe mastitis on infection with Proteus was shown on a standardized model of experimental lactation mastitis of mice caused by Staphylococcus, Proteus and their mixture . Significant differences in the morphological pictures of the staphylococcal and Proteus mastitis were noted . A pronounced effect was observed with the use of kanamycin in combination with fuzidin in treatment of experimental mastitis of various etiology. Antibiotiki, 1978 Sep, 23(9), 802 - 4 {Antibiotic sensitivity of the H- and O-forms of bacteria in the genus Proteus}; Nesterova GN et al.; Proteus strains isolated from the gastro-intestinal tract of children not older than 1 year were characterized by resistance to oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, benzylpenicillin and erythromycin . The strains were more sensitive to neomycin, monomycin and streptomycin . Antibiotic sensitivity of Pr . mirabilis and Pr . vulgaris strains increased on transfer from H- to O-form . Inverse dependence of the urease activity of the strains on their sensitivity to tetracyclines was noted. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1978 Sep, 67(5), 591 - 6 Urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis in children . The antibody response to O and H antigens and Tamm-Horsfall protein and bacterial adherence to uro-epithelium; Larsson P et al.; Sera from seven girls with acute symptomatic pyelonephritis and nine children with acute symptomatic cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis were analysed for antibodies against the bacterial O and H1 antigens and the Tamm-Horsfall protein . An increase in antibody levels against O antigen and Tamm-Horsfall protein was noted only in patients with acute pyelonephritis indicating that antibody determinations can be useful in differentiating between upper and lower urinary tract infection caused by Proteus in similarity to those caused by E . coli . In contrast no difference in adhesive ability was noted comparing Proteus strains causing acute pyelonephritis or cystitis. J Gen Microbiol, 1978 Sep, 108(1), 103 - 9 Mobilization of the Proteus mirabilis chromosome by R plasmid R772; Coetzee JN; The P-1 incompatibility group plasmid R772 can mobilize the chromosome of Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006 . The decreasing gradient of recombinant recovery frequencies found for markers which were increasingly distal to 0 min with plasmid D donors was not found with R772 . Instead, it produced recombinants for all markers at frequencies of about 5 X 10(-5) per donor . This is about 10-fold lower than the plasmid transfer frequency . Recombinants were stable and recombination was only detected over short segments of the chromosome which corresponded to about 10 min on the D plasmid map of the chromosome . All recombinants had inherited R772 and expressed all properties of the plasmid . Attempts to isolate variant plasmids with