Proteus

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1982 Jan, 16(1), 43 - 52
{The value of antibody coated bacteria in the evaluation of the level of urinary tract infections}; Demirag MN et al.; In 51 female and 43 male patients urinary tract infections (UTI) were detected by urinary cultures . The levels of UTI were detected by clinical and by physical studies, and by laboratory and X ray findings . In 42 of the patients, lower level UTI and in 52 patients upper level UTI were found . In 57.4% of the cases E . coli and in the remainder, proteus, pseudomonas, klebsiella, staphylococci and streptococci were found in decreasing rates as being the etiological agents of UTI . In 20 male and 32 female patients, upper level UTI were found . In the urine sediments of 85% males and 84.3% females with upper level UTI and in 13% males and 11% females with lower level UTI, antibody coated bacteria (ACB) were found to be positive . The difference of ABD in upper and lower level UTI was found to be significant and the detection of ACB by direct fluorescens method in urine sediments was shown to be valuable in the diagnosis of UTI.

Chemotherapy, 1982, 28(5), 381 - 9
Kinetic in vitro studies of antibacterial effects of the combination of new penicillins and cefalosporins against Proteus vulgaris; Dalhoff A et al.; In vitro studies simulating human as well as animal pharmacokinetics were performed in order to assess the combination effect of mezlocillin plus cefotaxime or cefoperazone . Different Proteus vulgaris strains exhibiting varying degrees of in vivo response to the antibiotics were selected for this study . Retardation of bactericidal efficacy was caused by the combination of mezlocillin plus cefoperazone in those strains exhibiting high degrees of beta-lactamase inducibility and being exposed to high levels of cefoperazone; lower drug levels caused indifferent effects . In any case, cultures were completely sterilized during the study period . Among the three beta-lactams studied, cefoperazone was the best beta-lactase inducer, while cefotaxime and mezlocillin exhibited only minor inducer activity . The combination of mezlocillin with cefotaxime, being only minimally active as beta-lactamase inducers, caused either indifferent or synergistic effects when simulating drug disposition in humans or animals . beta-Lactamase-negative strains exhibited only indifferent effects . The augmented bioavailability of mezlocillin due to its simultaneous administration with a cefalosporin resulted in an increased antibacterial efficacy.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(5), 299 - 307
Binding of a bacteriophage to wall-membrane adhesion in proteus mirabilis; Cole SA et al.; A bacteriophage was shown to adsorb to plasmolyzed non-swarming cells of Proteus mirabilis preferentially at the sites of adhesion between the inner membrane and outer cell wall membrane; 75% of phage particles were adsorbed at these sites, while 25% were not . Differences in outer membrane composition between swarming and non-swarming cells were reflected in altered phage-binding properties, with only 33% of phage absorbed at these adhesion sites in swarming cells . On the basis of their phage distribution, cross-sections of swarm cells could be distinguished from sections of short non-swarming cells.

Clin Ther, 1982, 5 Suppl A, 19 - 25
Cefotaxime treatment of skin and skin structure infections: a multicenter study; LeFrock JL et al.; The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of cefotaxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin resistant to beta-lactamase, were evaluated in a multicenter open trial . The study population comprised 594 hospitalized patients with infections of the skin or subcutaneous tissue . Of these, 409 patients fulfilled the protocol requirements for assessment of clinical efficacy . Usual dosages of cefotaxime were in the range of 1.5 to 12 gm/day for 5 to 85 days . Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent gram-positive organism; Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most frequent gram-negative bacilli; and Peptococcus sp, the most frequent anaerobic organism isolated . Of the 409 evaluable patients, 382 (93.4%) were clinically cured . Bacteriological cures were obtained in 316 of 372 (84.9%) patients . Reactions to cefotaxime included asymptomatic eosinophilia, rash, drug fever, phlebitis, and elevated hepatic enzyme levels . All reactions were transient, and drug therapy had to be terminated in only eight patients . Cefotaxime proved effective for treating a variety of skin and soft tissue infections . The lack of serious toxicity and adverse reactions associated with cefotaxime, together with its broad antimicrobial spectrum, makes it a suitable substitute for aminoglycosides in certain clinical settings.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Jan, 35(1), 9 - 32
{Laboratory and clinical studies on ceftizoxime in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)}; Toyonaga Y et al.; Ceftizoxime, a new cephalosporin preparation, was evaluated for its antibacterial activity, absorption, excretion and clinical effectiveness, and the following results were obtained . The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftizoxime against 211 clinical isolates were determined in comparison with those of cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotiam and 6059 S . Against S . pyogenes (50 strains), ceftizoxime was 1 tube inferior to cefazolin inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml, but was 2--3 tubes superior to cefmetazole and 6059-S . Against E . coli (50 strains), ceftizoxime and 6059-S were significantly more active than the other drugs . The susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella sp . (50 strains) to ceftizoxime was similar to that to cefotiam and 6059-S . Against Proteus sp . (50 strains), cefotiam and 6059-S were more active than the other drugs . Ceftizoxime was intermediate in activity, and cefazolin was the least active . Against H . influenzae (11 strains), ceftizoxime was the most active, with concentrations of 0.1 mcg/ml required to inhibit 100% of strains with an inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml and 10(6) cells/ml . A dose of ceftizoxime 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg was administered to 15 patients aged from 5 years to 12 years, and serum levels and urinary excretion of the drug were measured . Intravenous bolus injection of the drug in dose of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg yielded mean serum levels of 26.6 mcg/ml and 55.7 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, respectively . The serum levels of the drug, thereafter, declined gradually but still remained 1.3 mcg/ml and 2.7 mcg/ml at 6 hours . The serum half-lives (T 1/2) were estimated to be 1.17 hours in dose of 10 mg/kg and 1.31 hours in dose of 20 mg/kg . When a dose of 20 mg/kg was infused over a period of 30 minutes, the serum levels attained the peak of 72.4 mcg/ml to 82.4 mcg/ml (mean 79.4 mcg/ml) at the end of infusion . The levels, thereafter, tapered to mean levels of 45.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 24.7 mcg/ml at 1 1/2 hours, and 3.6 mcg/ml at 5 1/2 hours, with a T 1/2 of 1.22 hours . Meanwhile, when the same dose was infused over 1 hour, the serum levels attained the peak of 59.4 mcg/ml to 68.5 mcg/ml (mean 64.2 mcg/ml) . The mean serum levels after the end of infusion were 41.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 21.6 mcg/ml at 1 hour and 1.9 mcg/ml at 5 hours, with a T 1/2 of 0.97 hours . Urinary recovery of the drug was 69.2% to 79.9% after intravenous injection and 62.3% to 79.9% after drip infusion, most of the given drug was excreted in the first 2 hours after administration . In our clinical study, 27 children with moderate or severe infections (12 cases of bronchopneumonia or bronchitis, 5 of pyelonephritis, 3 of purulent meningitis, etc.) were treated with ceftizoxime at the daily dose of 30--309 mg/kg for 3--23 days . Clinical response was excellent in 10, good in 9, fair in 5 and poor in 3 . The drug was proved to be very effective against infections due to H . influenzae K . pneumoniae, E . coli and S . aureus . No serious side effects were observed in any case.

Infection, 1982, 10 Suppl 3, S176 - 81
An assessment of the intramuscular and intravenous administration of mezlocillin in urinary tract infections; Del Rio G et al.; The efficacy of mezlocillin in urinary tract infections was assessed using both the intramuscular and intravenous route . Patients with comparable diseases were divided into two groups . The microorganisms were sensitive to mezlocillin . Thirty patients were given i . m . doses and 20 i . v . doses . These patients had upper or lower urinary tract infections . The doses were 2 g i . v . or 1 g i . m . every eight hours . Treatment lasted for an average of six days . The MICs for mezlocillin were determined for the strains isolated, all of which were gram-negative organisms, with the exception of nine enterococci . In addition, sensitivity to cephalothin, carbenicillin and gentamicin was determined using the disc diffusion test . The geometric means of the MICs for mezlocillin were 3.85, 2.8 and 1.3 mg/l against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and enterococci, respectively . There were no marked differences in activity between the i . m . and i . v . routes on Days 1, 7, 14, 30 and 60 after treatment . There was a short-term cure rate of 79% with mezlocillin, independent of the route of administration; reinfections were observed in 8% of the cases and the infection persisted in 13% . There are no significant differences between our results and those from other studies on mezlocillin and piperacillin . There was no indication of toxicity, nor were there deviations in the haematological and biochemical parameters . One patient had severe pruritus following each i . m . injection; the treatment had to be discontinued.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(10), 687 - 92
Antimicrobial activities of daunorubicin and adriamycin derivatives on bacterial and protoplast type L-form cells of Bacillus subtilis 170, Escherichia coli B, and Proteus mirabilis VI . Structure--activity relationship; Gumpert J et al.; The antibacterial activity of ten N-alkylated derivatives of daunorubicin and adriamycin as well as of 5-iminodaunorubicin has been tested by using Bacillus subtilis 170, Escherichia coli B, and Proteus mirabilis VI and their stable protoplast type L-forms in an agar diffusion test . Eight of the substances showed similar activities against B . subtilis and the L-forms of all test organisms, but no activity against the bacterial forms of E . coli and P . mirabilis . The cell wall of these gram-negative bacteria is responsible for this resistance by not allowing the antibiotics to enter the cells . The piperidino compound N-(CH2)5 daunorubicin shows 2-4 times higher activity against B . subtilis and all L-forms in comparison to daunorubicin and the other derivatives . Five of the substances were inactive against all test strains . Their inactivity seems to be associated with the larger substituents at the C-3' position . Relations between molecular structure and activity are discussed considering data about the interaction with DNA and the antitumor activity . Stable protoplast type L-forms and their bacterial forms represent a suitable and effective test system to screen for more effective substances and to get more information about their mode of action.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1982, 22(3), 197 - 203
Regulation by repression of urease biosynthesis in Proteus rettgeri; Zorn C et al.; Measuring the specific enzyme activity in cells of Proteus rettgeri it was shown that urease formation is controlled by repression through ammonia . Derepressed synthesis of the enzyme, as initiated by the absence of ammonia, required an external nitrogen source, which may not only be urea, but also nitrate, glutamate or nutrient broth . In contradiction to earlier reports the observations indicated that urea is not required for the synthesis of this enzyme, and that, therefore, urease is not an inducible enzyme in this microorganism.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1981 Dec, 26(1), 144 - 9
{Effect of phalloidin on the contractile structures in cytoplasmic preparations of Amoeba proteus}; Paulin-Levasseur M et al.; The effect of phalloidin on ultrastructural components involved in movement have been studied in spread cytoplasmic preparations of Amoeba proteus . In absence of phalloidin, actin filaments are usually rare and only myosin rods are observed . With concentrations of phalloidin between 2 X 10(-6) M and 5 X 10(-6) M, numerous F-actin filaments are present in the preparations . Most of these actin filaments are straight, however some appeared branched and interconnected . Higher concentrations of phalloidin inhibit the movement of naked cytoplasm . Fibrils composed by aggregation of F-actin filaments are present in these preparations . Myosin rods are unaffected by phalloidin.

Lab Anim Sci, 1981 Dec, 31(6), 697 - 700
Spontaneous proteus nephritis among male C3H/HeJ mice; Maronpot RR et al.; The spontaneous occurrence of nephritis and resultant mortality was investigated among 2,836 control or treated (dermal carcinogenesis bioassays) C3H/HeJ male mice . Overall incidence of nephritis putatively caused by Proteus mirabilis was 1.2% . Incidences were similar in control and treated mice and ranged from 2.5--32.5% among 73 unrelated treatment or control groups . Diagnosis was based upon characteristic gross or histologic renal lesions . Grossly affected kidneys contained either multiple, discrete tan foci or elevated pale tan patches . Histologic renal lesions consisted of a multifocal necropurulent nephritis with numerous gram negative bacteria present in affected tubules . Necrotizing pyelitis and papillitis usually was present, an necropurulent cystitis was present in half of the cases examined histologically . Proteus mirabilis, isolated in pure culture from an affected kidney, produced similar renal lesions after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation of clinically normal C3H/HeJ males . The organism was reisolated from the kidneys of the experimentally produced cases . It was concluded that nephritis putatively caused by Proteus mirabilis was an important cause of mortality in male C3H/HeJ mice.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Dec, 14(6), 617 - 9
Evidence against the practicality and cost-effectiveness of a gram-positive coccal selective plate for routine urine cultures; Bale MJ et al.; A total of 899 urine cultures were evaluated to assess the need for and cost-effectiveness of using a gram-positive coccal selective plate in the initial plating of urine cultures . Of these cultures, 437 were examined retrospectively and 462 were examined prospectively . Urines were quantitatively plated to three media: sheep blood sugar, MacConkey agar, and phenyl ethyl alcohol agar . Of all urine samples in both studies, 52% yielded no growth on any of the three media . Of all 899 urine cultures, there were only 5 cultures (less than 1%) in which a significant count of a gram-positive organism was detected only on the phenyl ethyl alcohol agar plate and not recoverable on the sheep blood agar plate . In each of these five instances, the need for the use of the selective plate occurred when a Proteus mirabilis strain swarmed over an enterococcus . The inclusion of a selective gram-positive coccal medium for initial plating of urine cultures is unnecessary and not cost-effective . When Proteus swarms on sheep blood agar, a sweep should be made with an inoculating loop from the sheep blood agar and streaked to phenyl ethyl alcohol agar or a similar gram-positive coccal selective medium.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Dec, 34(12), 1571 - 82
{Laboratory and clinical studies on ceftizoxime in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)}; Hatano T et al.; From the laboratory and clinical studies on ceftizoxime (CZX), the following results were obtained 1) CZX was compared with cefazolin (CEZ) for in vitro activity against 6 standard strains and clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus (19 strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis (14), Proteus sp . (17), Escherichia coli (3), Klebsiella sp . (3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13) . While somewhat less active against Gram-positive cocci than CEZ, CZX was far more active than CEZ against Gram-negative bacilli . 2) The time course of mean serum CZX levels in 2 patients given a single intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg was as follows: 24.9 microgram/ml at 15 minutes, 18.5 microgram/ml at 30 minutes, 13.2 microgram/ml at 1 hour, 6.4 microgram/ml at 2 hours and 2.7 microgram/ml at 4 hours . The mean serum half life was 1.36 hours . The mean tonsil concentrations of CZX 30 minutes after a single intravenous dose of 0.5 g and 1.0 g were 5.9 microgram/g and 9.6 microgram/g . respectively, with the ratio to the serum concentration of 0.33 and 0.32 . 3) CZX was given to 28 patients with ear, nose, and throat infections, and overall rate of effectiveness was 92.3% . No clinical side effects were observed . Changes in laboratory test findings included slightly elevated GOT and/or GPT in 3 cases.

Infect Immun, 1981 Nov, 34(2), 610 - 22
Alterations of pulmonary defense mechanisms by protein depletion diet; Jakab GJ et al.; Pulmonary defense mechanisms were quantitated in mice that were fed a protein-free diet (PFD) for periods of 2 and 3 weeks . Despite the severe weight loss and emaciation induced by the diet, the bactericidal mechanisms in their lungs were preserved against aerogenic challenges with staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Listeria monocytogenes . Phagocytic assays of alveolar macrophages that were retrieved by pulmonary lavage from PFD-fed animals showed a decrease in Fc receptor-mediated binding activity but no alteration in the ingestion of sensitized erythrocytes . In contrast, the PFD induced defects in both the attachment phase and the engulfment phase of the phagocytic process when the challenge organism was Candida krusei . The PFD suppressed the pulmonary inflammatory response after mice were infected with influenza virus strain PR8; such mice also failed to eliminate infectious virus from their lungs . Virus infection in control mice suppressed pulmonary antibacterial defenses against challenges with S . aureus and P . mirabilis, and defect that was ameliorated in the lungs of PFD-fed mice with viral pneumonia . The data demonstrated that pulmonary defense mechanisms were modulated by a PFD but that the observed effect was dependent on the agent used to test host defenses.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Nov, 34(11), 1469 - 75
Properties of cephalosporinase from Proteus morganii; Toda M et al.; The cephalosporin beta-lactamase (cephalosporinase) was purified from a strain of Proteus morganii which showed resistance to cephalosporins . The optimal pH was about 8.5, and the optimal temperature was 40 degrees C . The isoelectric point was 8.7 and the molecular weight was estimated to be about 41,000 from sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis . The enzyme activity was inhibited by cloxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime (FK749), cefmenoxime (SCE-1365), cefoxitin, cefmetazole, YM09330 and moxalactam (6059-S), but not by clavulanic acid or CP-45899 . The beta-lactamase also hydrolyzed cephaloridine, cefazolin, cephalothin, cephalexin, cefotiam, cefamandole and benzylpenicillin . These results suggest the possibility that the properties of beta-lactamases may be characterized by measuring the kinetic parameters of the enzyme toward newly-introduced beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamase inhibitors.

Mutat Res, 1981 Nov, 87(3), 211 - 97
An evaluation of tests using DNA repair-deficient bacteria for predicting genotoxicity and carcinogenicity . A report of the U.S . EPA's Gene-TOX Program; Leifer Z et al.; The detection of DNA-damaging agents by repair-deficient bacterial assays is based on the differential inhibition of growth of repair-proficient and repair-deficient bacterial pairs . The various methodologies used are described and recommendations are made for their improved use . In a survey of the literature through April 1979, 91 of 276 papers evaluated contained usable data, resulting in an analysis of 611 compounds that had been assayed in 1 or more of 55 pairs of repair-proficient and repair-deficient strains . The results indicate that (1) a liquid suspension assay is more sensitive than a spot (diffusion) test . In a review of the Escherichia coli polA assay, 45 compounds that gave "No Test" in the spot test were clearly positive or negative in the liquid suspension assay . (2) Of the 21 compounds analyzed by the E . coli polA assay and by other E . coli repair-deficient strains (e.g., rec, uvr, hcr, and exr derivatives of WP2 and AB1157), 10 were in complete agreement in all strains except uvrA strains . This indicates that strains other than polA+/polA- are useful for detecting DNA-damaging agents . However, in selecting strains for use in these assays, care should be taken to consider repair pathway specificity for particular compounds . (3) There was a 78% correspondence between results obtained with E . coli polA and Bacillus subtilis (H17/M45, 17A/45T) rec assay and between E . coli polA and Proteus mirabilis . (4) In a comparison of test results with carcinogenicity data, 44 of 71 (62%) carcinogenic compounds assayed by the polA system were positive, 10 (14%) were negative, and 17 (24%) gave No Test or doubtful results . 7 carcinogens were assayed by other E . coli strains and all were positive . 56 carcinogens were assayed in B . subtilis: 24 (43%) were positive, 9 (16%) were negative, and 23 (41%) gave No Test or doubtful results . Of the 7 carcinogens assayed in P . mirabilis, 6 (86%) were positive and 1 (14%) was negative . (5) The results were analyzed with respect to chemical classes . E . coli polA detected the highest percentage of hydroxylamines and alkyl epoxides . The B . subtilis rec assay detected the highest percentage of nitrosamines and sulfur and nitrogen oxides . It is concluded that some of these test systems are effective tools for the detection of DNA-damaging and potentially carcinogenic compounds, especially if the assay is done in liquid suspension and if more than 1 pair of tester strains is used . Advantages and disadvantages of the assay are discussed and suggestions are made for improvements in the system.

J Gen Virol, 1981 Nov, 57(Pt 1), 211 - 3
Proteus mirabilis converting phage 5006Mpa has an oversized genome; Pretorius GH et al.; Proteus mirabilis phage 5006Mpa is a converting variant for ampicillin resistance of phage 5006M . We show here that the ampicillin resistance marker of transposon Tn1 is located on a 9.8% insertion with respect to the wild-type phage genome . This renders the 5006Mpa genome 5% oversized, albeit without loss of wild-type genetic material from the phage population.

J Bacteriol, 1981 Nov, 148(2), 736 - 8
Induction of tryptophanase in short cells and swarm cells of Proteus vulgaris; Hoffman PS et al.; Tryptophanase was noninducible in swarm cells of Proteus vulgaris despite transport of the inducer tryptophan . Further, cyclic AMP, which stimulated increased levels of tryptophanase in short cells, had no effect on swarm cells.

J Laryngol Otol, 1981 Oct, 95(10), 1023 - 9
Comparison of pre- and post-operative bacteriology of chronic ears; Ojala K et al.; The over-all distribution of the pre-operative bacteria of 806 ears and the post-operative bacteria of 109 post-operatively moist or discharging ears correlated very well, the only clear difference being the detection of diphtheroid bacilli more often post-operatively than pre-operatively . When comparing the pre- and post-operative bacteriology of 109 post-operatively infected chronic ears which had undergone radical surgery and obliteration with Palva flaps (and which were drawn from a group of 806 ears originally operated on and followed yearly for 5-14 years) it was noticed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus sp were cultured more often post-operatively than pre-operatively in the same ears . Statistically, other bacteria were not found to be significantly present in the same ears.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Oct, 34(10), 1395 - 400
{Studies on in vitro antibacterial effects of amoxicillin against Proteus mirabilis IID-994 and Escherichia coli NIHJ JC-2 (author's transl)}; Kochi T et al.; Amoxicillin (AMPC), a synthetic penicillin for oral use, was studied in the aspect of in vitro antibacterial efficiencies brought about by different schedules of AMPC-treatment . Using Proteus mirabilis IID-994 and Escherichia coli NIHJ JC-2 as test strains . The results were obtained as follows . 1 . The antibacterial effects of AMPC against P . mirabilis IID-994 and E . coli NIHJ JC-2 were shown to be bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic and the numbers of viable cells were decreased in proportion to the length of exposing time to AMPC . 2 . The decrease of viable cells was independent on the drug at which level concentration we tested, namely, it was not much changed by the level of AMPC at least among 1 to 4 times of minimal inhibitory concentration . 3 . The length of time retaining growth-inhibitory ability was longer in the case of treating continuously for 4 hours than that of contacting twice for 2 hours at intervals of 6 hours, although the levels of viable cells after 12 hours incubation were almost same in both cases . 4 . The level of bactericidal effect and the length of growth-inhibitory time were proportional to the length of exposing time to AMPC.

Am J Med Technol, 1981 Oct, 47(10), 835 - 40
Comparison of epidemiological methods for differentiation of Proteus mirabilis; Kusek JW et al.; During the study of suspected cross-infection within a hospital, epidemiological typing techniques are often employed to aid in the identification of transmission patterns of nosocomially-acquired bacteria . In this study, five bacteriological typing methods were assessed for their ability to type and differentiate 100 clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis . The methods evaluated include biotyping, bacteriophage typing with the method of Hickman and Farmer and the scheme of Schmidt and Jeffries, and typing by both bacteriocin production and bacteriocin sensitivity . Each of the phage and bacteriocin methods were further evaluated by typing 14 isolates of P mirabilis derived from an outbreak of infection on a surgical intensive care unit . All 100 isolates were typed by biochemical characteristics and were divided into seven distinct biotypes . Ninety-five percent of these strains were separated into 61 lysis patterns with the phage set of Hickman and Farmer whereas the Schmidt and Jeffries phage scheme was able to type 67% of the cultures into nine unique lysis patterns . Bacteriocin sensitivity typing resulted in 41 distinct patterns with 71% of the strains typable and typing by bacteriocin production yielded 29 distinct bacteriocin types among the 80% typable strains . Typing by bacteriocin production demonstrated that 13 of the 14 epidemic isolates were the same strain . All epidemic-related cultures were untypable with the Hickman and Farmer phage set, whereas typing by bacteriocin sensitivity and the phage set of Schmidt and Jeffries resulted in two and four isolates typable, respectively . Based on the results of typing random and epidemic isolates of P mirabilis, bacteriocin production typing is recommended as a sensitive and specific typing method for future epidemiological surveys.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Oct, (10), 72 - 4
{Serologic shifts in food poisoning by 1 and 2 infectious agents}; Bogomolov BP et al.; Features of serological shifts in patients with alimentary toxicoinfections (ATI) caused by one infective agent (E . coli, staphilococci, Proteus, enterococci) and by two infective agents in various combinations have been studied . The suppression of immunogenesis has been found to be most pronounced in patients having ATI mixed according to agglutinin titers to the autostrains of infective agents . The features of serological shifts in mixed ATI should be taken into consideration in evaluating the diagnostic significance of this reaction in the time course of the disease.

J Clin Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 14(4), 365 - 9
Plasmid-encoded lysine decarboxylation in Proteus morganii; Cornelis G et al.; As a rule, Proteus morganii does not decarboxylate lysine . However, lysine-positive P . morganii strains have been recently described . We suspected a plasmid origin for this atypical character, and we analyzed 14 strains to study this question . Among these strains, 8 yielded lysine-negative segregants after acridine orange or ethidium bromide treatment, and 10 transferred their lysine-positive character to a recipient P . morganii strain . All of the 14 strains analyzed at least segregated or conjugated . Three lysine-positive transconjugants, in turn, segregated lysine-negative variants after ethidium bromide treatment . The eight wild-type lysine-positive strains that segregated lysine-negative subclones contained a large (35 to 45 megadaltons) plasmid detectable by agarose gel electrophoresis . Similarly, the 10 lysine-positive transconjugants contained a plasmid of the same size, whereas P . morganii 1000, the recipient strain, did not contain any detectable plasmid . The large plasmid clearly disappeared in 9 of 11 lysine-negative segregants analyzed . It is concluded that the lysine-positive character of these P . morganii strains is plasmid encoded, and the taxonomical implications are discussed.

J Cell Sci, 1981 Oct, 51, 219 - 28
An autoradiographical study of amino acid and nucleoside incorporation during the cell cycle of Amoeba proteus; Mills KI et al.; The incorporation of tritiated thymidine, uridine and leucine, into the acid-precipitable material of DNA . RNA and proteins, respectively, was studied by autoradiography throughout the cell cycle of Amoeba proteus . DNA synthesis occupied the first 17 h of the cycle (57 h long) and 2 peaks between 0.5 and 9.13 h accounted for the majority of the thymidine incorporation . RNA synthesis was represented by a series of peak uridine grain counts, the 3 major peaks occurring at 10, 26-27 and 47-48 h . The incorporation of leucine also followed a pattern of peaks and dips, the main peaks occurring 1-2 h after the major increases in uridine incorporation . The fraction of label present over the nucleus decreased during the cell cycle, and this was probably due to a lowered incorporation of the leucine label by proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm and destined to become nuclear proteins . The incorporation patterns of 6 amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, leucine, lysine, serine and valine) were studied individually during 3 periods of the cell cycle: 0-10 h (S phase); 20-30 h (early G2); and 40-50 h (mid-late G2) . Variations in the intensity and timings of the incorporation maxima of the amino acids were observed, although the timings of increased grain counts of some of the amino acids frequently coincided . "Unique" incorporation peaks (i.e . only observed in one of the amino acids studied) possibly indicate the synthesis of phase-specific proteins . The amino acid and nucleoside incorporation profiles presented in this paper will enable the results obtained from future studies on amoebae to be related to the macromolecular synthesis patterns.

J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 126(Pt 2), 397 - 403
Phage t: a group T plasmid-dependent bacteriophage; Bradley DE et al.; Phage t was isolated from sewage from Pretoria . It formed plaques only on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium strains that carried plasmids belonging to incompatibility group T . Five of six group T plasmids permitted visible lysis of R+ host strains . There was no visible lysis of E . coli J53-2 or S . typhimurium LT2trpA8 carrying the T plasmid Rts1 although the strains supported phage growth as indicated by at least a 10-fold increase in phage titre . The latter strains transferred the plasmid at high frequency to E . coli strain CSH2 and the resulting transconjugants plated the phage . Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006(R402) failed to support phage growth although it transferred the plasmid and concomitant phage sensitivity to E . coli J53-2 . The phage was hexagonal in outline, RNA-containing, resistant to chloroform and adsorbed to the shafts of pili determined by T plasmids.

J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Oct, 126(Pt 2), 389 - 96
Phage X: a plasmid-dependent, broad host range, filamentous bacterial virus; Bradley DE et al.; Phage X was isolated from sewage as plating on Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium strains harbouring the incompatibility group X plasmid R6K . It also plated on a strain of Serratia marcescens carrying this plasmid . It failed to form plaques on Proteus mirabilis, P . morganii or Providencia alcalifaciens harbouring R6K, but did multiply on them . No phage increase occurred with homologous R- strains . Phage X also plated or registered an increase in titre on E . coli or S . typhimurium strains carrying various plasmids of incompatibility groups M, N, P-1, U or W as well as the unassigned plasmid R775 . It adsorbed to pili determined by a group P-10 plasmid in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain but did not multiply on this organism . The phage was filamentous and curly, resistant to ribonuclease and diethyl ether and sensitive to chloroform . It adsorbed to the tips of pili.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1981 Sep 25, 9(18), 4525 - 36
Two new restriction endonucleases from Proteus vulgaris; Gingeras TR et al.; Two novel sequence-specific endonucleases have been isolated from Proteus vulgaris, ATCC 13315 . PvuI recognizes the sequence: 5' C G A T decrease C G 3' 3' G C increase T A G C 5' and PvuII recognizes the sequence: 5' C A G decrease C T G 3' 3' G T C increase G A C 5' and cleave as indicated by the arrow (decrease) . PvuI is an isoschizomer of XorII, RshI, and XniI . No enzyme with the specificity of PvuII has been described previously.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Sep, 34(9), 1335 - 52
{Chemotherapy on the biliary tract infections . XIII . Miloxacin, a novel chemotherapeutic agent, its excretion into bile and clinical effect on the biliary tract infections (author's transl)}
{Clinical studies of cefoxitin for the treatment of septicemia (author's transl)}
Yoshida S, Katsurada K, Matsuoka K.

Laboratory studies of CFX were performed on susceptibility of 123 strains isolated from 72 patients with septicemia by disc sensitivity method in comparison with CER and ABPC . Antibacterial activity of CFX was superior against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Serratia marcescens and Proteus than that of CER and ABPC, especially against Serratia marcescens and Bacteroides which were mostly resistant to CER and ABPC . CFX was administrated to 8 patients with septicemia . Clinical effects were obtained, excellent and good in 5 patients and poor in 3, and effective rate was 63% . No side effects were observed . The above results indicate that CFX is mainly useful in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli, especially resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and Bacteroides.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1981 Sep-Oct, 38(5), 749 - 55
{Microbiology of chronic otitis media in children and comparison of 2 technics for obtaining otic secretions}; Guiscafre H et al.; Samples of otic secretion for culture were taken to 50 children with suppurative chronic otitis media; two techniques were followed: with a cotton swab from the external meatus or with a sterile metal aspirator, through the tympanic perforation under microscopic control . To 20 of them with unilateral chronic otitis media, a swab with product from the external meatus of the healthy ear was also taken; in 65% of the latter, the same germs were found in both ears, but when the sample was taken with the aspirator, only in 15% were the germs the same (p less than 0.01) . Two or more germs were isolated in 54% of the ears following the technique of the swab and in 32% with the aspiration . The predominant microorganisms with the swab technique were gram-positive cocci (S . epidermidis 48% S . aureus 16%); while the aspiration technique reported gram-negative germs in 96% of cultures (Proteus sp . 42%, Pseudomonas sp . 30% and S . aureus only in 14%) . We believe that the sample obtained with a swab has a high degree of contamination with the normal flora of the external meatus; therefore, it should be relinquished.

Trop Geogr Med, 1981 Sep, 33(3), 249 - 52
Bacteriological study of diabetic foot ulcers; Prabhakar P et al.; Bacteriological study of 61 patients with diabetic gangrene or non-gangrenous foot ulcers was undertaken to determine the pattern of infection and antimicrobial susceptibility with a view to suggest optimal antibiotic therapy for these patients . Gangrenous ulcers showed a higher frequency of mixed infection; the predominant organisms being enterococci, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas sp . and Klebsiella sp . Infected non-gangrenous ulcers showed Staph . pyogenes, and beta haemolytic Streptococcus as single organism in 12 patients . Anaerobes were more frequently isolated in gangrenous lesions than in non-gangrenous ulcers . Antimicrobial susceptibility showed that gram positive organisms were sensitive to co-trimoxazole, cephaloridine, ampicillin and penicillin . Gram negative aerobic bacilli were sensitive to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and streptomycin . Anaerobes were sensitive to chloramphenicol, clindamycin and metronidazole . Antibiotics of choice for gangrenous lesions with spreading infection and septicaemia are a combination of gentamycin, ampicillin and metronidazole as an adjuvant to surgical treatment.

Farmaco {Sci}, 1981 Sep, 36(9), 817 - 26
{Effect of propyl gallate on the antibacterial activity of meclocycline sulfosalicylate}; Retico A et al.; Propyl gallate shows little antibacterial activity however it markedly potentiates the activity of meclocycline against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella strains . The potentiating effect of propyl gallate is seen especially with resistant strains whereas sensitive strains of Salmonella do not manifest a potentiating effect on meclocycline by propyl gallate . The mechanism of action of propyl gallate is discussed.

Minerva Med, 1981 Sep 1, 72(31), 2071 - 8
{Boutonneuse fever in clinical practice}; Scaffidi L et al.; Boutonneuse fever has become endemic in some parts of Sicily and the Italian mainland over the last five years . An account is given of the features assisting its clinical recognition and serological verification . The main nosographical aspects of the disease are described . The conditions required for certain, probable and presumed diagnosis are stated, stress being laid on the prime importance of timely clinical assessment, and the possibility of serological ascertainment when the disease is waning, or even later . Serum diagnosis via complement fixation or microagglutination will be positive in the second half of the second seven-day period of fever . It is specific with Rickettsia conorii antigens, though these have not been easy to find so far . The Weil-Felix reaction with Proteus OX19 and OX2 is significantly positive in advanced coalescence . While this is always a practical possibility, it is of indicative, and usually retrospective, value only.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981 Sep, 173(6), 478 - 87
{Histamine formation by Proteus species in tunafish (author's transl)}; Yamani MI et al.; Introducing the authors report on cases of scombroid poisoning episodes in food serving establishments . These cases were related to the formation of histamine in tuna meat due to Proteus morganii although the meat was sound when taken from cans . It is demonstrated experimentally (Table 1) and shown in a critical literature review (Table 2) that among Proteus species Proteus morganii is the only species being able of producing histamine levels high enough to cause food poisoning in humans . Multiplication and histamine formation by Proteus morganii at different temperatures show (Fig . 1 and 2) that the concentration of histamine increases rapidly once the formation has started and the level of 1000 mg/kg considered as critical may be exceeded within a short period of time . These results confirm our observations obtained during epidemiological studies of food poisoning cases that improper handling and storage of tuna meat from cans at food serving establishments may bear the risk of causing scombroid poisoning . It should be emphasized that certain cultures of Proteus morganii are able to form histamine at levels of more than 1000 mg/kg even at a temperature of 7 degree C although prolonged incubation is necessary (Fig . 1) . This fact should be taken into consideration in the evaluation of results when a prolonged period of time has elapsed between sampling or consumption of the suspect food and its examination.

Arch Microbiol, 1981 Sep, 130(1), 44 - 9
The influence of growth conditions on the synthesis of molybdenum cofactor in Proteins mirabilis; Claassen VP et al.; Cell-free extracts of Proteus mirabilis were able to reconstitute NADPH-dependent assimilatory nitrate reductase in crude extracts of the Neurospora crassa mutant strain nit-1, lacking molybdenum cofactor . Molybdenum cofactor was formed in the cytoplasm of the bacterium even in the presence of oxygen during growth though under these conditions no molybdo enzymes are formed . As a consequence no cofactor could be released by acid treatment from membranes of cells growth aerobically . The amount of cofactor released from membranes of cells grown anaerobically under various conditions was proportional to the amount of molybdo enzymes formed . During growth in the presence of tungstate a cofactor, which lacks molybdenum, was found in the cytoplasm . For detection of this so-called demolybdo cofactor the presence of molybdate during reconstitution was essential . Moreover, the cytoplasmic cofactor pool in cells grown in the presence of tungstate appeared to be two to three times higher than in cells grown under similar conditions without tungstate . After anaerobic growth in the presence of tungstate, the inactive demolybdo reductases were shown to contain partly no cofactor and partly a demolybdo cofactor . The P . mirabilis chlorate resistant mutant S 556 did not contain molybdenum cofactor . In two other chl-mutants the cofactor activity was the same as in the wild type.

Gene, 1981 Sep, 14(4), 301 - 8
Cloning of a recA-like gene of Proteus mirabilis; Eitner G et al.; A gene of Proteus mirabilis that can substitute for functions of the recA gene of Escherichia coli has been cloned into the plasmid pBR322, using shotgun experiments . The recA-like gene (recAp.m.) has been localized by restriction mapping within a 1.5-Md PstI fragment that is a part of two cloned HindIII fragments of the chromosome of P . mirabilis . The restriction map of the recAp.m . gene differs from that of the recA gene of E . coli . Functionally, the recombinant plasmids containing the recAp.m . gene restore a nearly wild-type level of UV-resistance to several point and deletion mutants in the recA gene of E . coli.

Science, 1981 Aug 7, 213(4508), 668 - 70
Bulk solute extrusion as a mechanism conferring solute uptake specificity by pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus; Prusch RD; A variety of positively charged solutes induce pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus, ranging from metabolically useful material to solutes that may prove harmful, such as Alcian blue . Alcian blue is taken up by pinocytosis and then a fraction of the accumulated dye is expelled in bulk form through "extrusion channels." This response is not elicited by other solutes taken up by pinocytosis in the amoeba, implying that if any selectivity is associated with this process, it is by specific solute extrusion mechanisms in the cytoplasm.

J Cell Sci, 1981 Aug, 50, 245 - 58
Functional interdependence of pseudopodia in Amoeba proteus stimulated by light-shade difference; Grebecki A et al.; Polytactic cells of Amoeba proteus were exposed to localized photic stimulation . When a pseudopodium is stimulated to advance, by shading it, other pseudopodia are retracted . Activation of the shaded front is the primary response, and contraction of other fronts the secondary one . When a pseudopodium is inhibited by illuminating its frontal segment, or when it is allowed to enter the bright zone in the course of migration, it slows down and stops but its eventual retraction depends on the existence of other possible directions for the endoplasmic flow . Therefore, if other active pseudopodia are lacking, the front suppressed by light cannot retreat effectively until new fronts arise in other body regions kept in shade . In all experimental situations the development of new fronts or the activation of forward flow in lateral pseudopodia precedes the contraction of the former leading pseudopodium . Also the reversal of direction of the endoplasmic streaming begins at the new front, and then it gradually extends until it reaches the former front . The results confirm the interdependence of different pseudopodia in the same individual and they contradict the concept that pseudopodia behave as separate functional units . On the other hand, they indicate that formation of new pseudopodia should not be explained as a simple secondary effect of contraction of the older ones but, on the contrary, as a phenomenon that initiates the changes in the pattern of flow in amoeba . The general interpretation is based on this variant of the pressure-flow theory of amoeboid movement, which attributes the motive power to the contractile activity of the whole cell cortex and the steering role to events taking place in the front of the migrating cell.

J Pharm Sci . 1981 Aug;70(8):964.
Antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine gluconate against natural and artificial contamination during simulation of in-use conditions; Aly R; Commercial bottles containing chlorhexidine gluconate (antimicrobial skin cleanser), whether exposed to room atmosphere or experimentally inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Proteus mirabilis, did not exhibit microbial growth.

J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Aug, 125(Pt 2), 445 - 50
Changes in metabolic activity of Proteus mirabilis during swarming; Armitage JP; Proteus mirabilis in the long, swarming form had altered metabolic activity compared with bacteria in non-swarming phases on solid media . During swarming the rates of incorporation of precursors into DNA, RNA and protein, as measured in broth cultures immediately after harvesting from swarm plates, were lowered . The rates of uptake of these precursors into the bacteria were also lowered, and at the same time the rate of oxygen uptake was reduced to less than 20% of the normal rate, although intracellular ATP concentrations remained constant . The return of macromolecular synthesis and oxygen uptake to preswarming rates corresponded to the end of the active swarm period . The results indicate that in the multiflagellate swarmers of P . mirabilis metabolic activity was lowered to a level necessary to maintain flagella activity but not bacterial growth.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Aug, 20(2), 262 - 4
Immunological properties of beta-lactamases that hydrolyze cefuroxime and cefotaxime; Hirai K et al.; Antiserum against purified beta-lactamase from Proteus vulgaris GN7919 cross-reacted with beta-lactamases produced by strains of Pseudomonas cepacia in a neutralization test . Anti-P . cepacia beta-lactamase serum, however, did not show any cross-reactions with P . vulgaris beta-lactamases . Each of these enzymes can hydrolyze cefuroxime and cefotaxime.

J Pharmacobiodyn, 1981 Jul, 4(7), 469 - 74
Therapy for urolithiasis with hydroxamic acids . IV . Prevention of infected urinary stone formation with N-(pivaloyl)glycinohydroxamic acid; Satoh M et al.; With the aim of finding a prospective therapeutic compound with a promising potential for the treatment of urolithiasis, we evaluated the effectiveness of a new potent inhibitor of urease, N-(pivaloyl)glycinohydroxamic acid . The present study revealed that N-(pivaloyl)glycinohydroxamic acid effectively inhibited the alkalinization of urine and the stone formation in vitro and in vivo, due to its strong inhibitory potency against the ureolytic activity of intact Proteus mirabilis . The possibility of the clinical application of this compound in the prevention of struvite stone formation caused by infection of urea-splitting bacteria awaits evaluation of the safety of this compound.

Am J Vet Res, 1981 Jul, 42(7), 1203 - 5
Experimental induction of Proteus mirabilis cystitis in the pony and evaluation of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine; Divers TJ et al.; Proteus mirabilis cystitis was induced in 9 ponies by chemically eroding the bladder mucosa before the organism was inoculated . Comparisons were made in the treatment of P mirabilis cystitis between ponies treated daily for 13 days with a trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMP-SDZ) paste and both positive and negative controls . Urine cultures from ponies treated with TMP-SDZ became negative for P mirabilis between days 3 and 9 after the start of the treatment, whereas positive controls remained infected until day 13 . Urine cultures from all ponies were negative for P mirabilis on day 28 . Urine concentrations of TMP and SDZ were relatively high after day 1 of therapy.

J Clin Pathol, 1981 Jul, 34(7), 701 - 5
Investigation into the microbial flora of healing and non-healing decubitus ulcers; Daltrey DC et al.; Seventy-four pressure lesions in fifty-three geriatric patients were observed at weekly intervals to determine the bacterial flora and the healing index of each lesion, expressed as initial area of lesion (cm2) - final area of lesion (cm2) divided by time in days . The micro-organisms which caused infection included Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides asaccharolyticus . Many lesions contained a mixed flora . P mirabilis and Ps aeruginosa were associated with necrotic (p less than 0.005) and enlarging (p less than 5 x 10(-7)) lesions . Bacteroides spp were associated with necrotic lesions (p less than 0.05) . The presence of S aureus in a lesion was not associated with any particular trend in healing index . The implications of the microbiological findings are discussed.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1981 Jun, 24(2), 163 - 75
Effects of localized photic stimulation on amoeboid movement and their theoretical implications; Grebecki A; The uroids, the posterior, middle and anterior segments of the intermediate body regions, and the frontal zones of Amoeba proteus were exposed, separately or in different combinations, to local increases or decreases of light intensity . In general, an increase of luminosity promotes contraction, and its decrease induces relaxation in any body region of amoeba . The contracting or relaxing effects of luminosity changes are detectable along the whole length of the cortical tube, including its most anterior part . The response induced by stimulation of the tip of an advancing pseudopodium is functionally opposed to the reaction elicited by the same stimulus acting on all other body regions . The uroidal retraction and frontal extension are accelerated by illumination any segment of the cortical tube, or by shading the frontal zone . They slow down when shade is applied to any part of the tube, or light to the front alone . The motor efficiency of the light-induced contraction is modified by the position of the simulated area in respect to the adhesion sites . Velocities of uroidal retraction and frontal extension depend (in the same degree as on the cortical contraction) on the availability of frontal openings accessible for the endoplasmic outflow from the cortical tube . Thus, the uroid accelerates when more fronts are formed, and an older advancing pseudopodium slows down when it has to compete with new fronts . It is concluded in general that the movement of amoeba depends on the contractile activity of the whole cell cortex which plays the motor role, and on the opening or obscuring the frontal breaches in the cortical envelope which perform the controlling and steering roles in locomotion.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Jun, 26(6), 456 - 60
{Increase in novobiocin activity and an expansion of its antimicrobial action spectrum}; Chernomordik AB et al.; It was found that with an increase in the medium acidity (pH 6.0 - 6.2) the antistaphylococcal effect of novobiocin significantly rose and the drug began to inhibit gram-negative bacteria, in particular, P . aeruginosa and Proteus . The method efficacy was demonstrated on a limited number of patients with urological infections caused by P . aeruginosa and increased acidity of the urine (because of cranberry juice use) . Wider observations in patients with urological and some other diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria are advisable.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Jun, 26(6), 447 - 50
{Antimicrobial activity of chlorine-substituted 4-alkyl- and arylphenols}; Pisanenko DA et al.; The results of the study on the antimicrobial activity of 12 chlorine-substituted 4-alkyl- and arylphenols against Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, E . coli, Salmonella typhosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus, Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, Candida, Trichophyton gypseum and Microsporum lanosum are presented . It was found that introduction of the alkyl substitute to position 4 of orthochlorphenol increased the activity of the substances against the majority of test microbes . The antimicrobial effect of the substances depended on the length and structure of the alkyl radical . With an increase in the number of the carbon atoms in the alkyl radical from 3 to 7 and in the presence of the cyclic radical C5 - C6 the antimicrobial activity of the substances increased.

J Cell Physiol, 1981 Jun, 107(3), 329 - 34
Use of an encapsulated fluorescent probe to measure intracellular PO2; Podgorski GT et al.; The objectives of this investigation were to produce a reliable, sensitive probe to measure intracellular PO2 with a high degree of resolution and to apply this technique to biological systems . A fluorescent molecule, pyrene dissolved in paraffin oil, was encapsulated in polyacrylamide to form a probe of nanometer dimensions . The quantitative and microscopic oxygen values were determined by analyzing the quenching of the fluorescence of the probe by oxygen, as displayed on a television monitor by a silicon-intensified-target camera . The nanocapsules had a sensitivity of approximately 1 mm PO2, a spatial resolution of 0.5 micrometer, and a temporal resolution of milliseconds . Calibrated nanocapsules within nonrespiring Amoeba proteus responded to ambient partial pressures of oxygen . At two different ambient partial pressures, nanocapsules engulfed by respiring amoebas indicated an intracellular PO2 28 mm Hg less than extracellular PO2 . The capsules retained their sensitivity to oxygen for at least 8 months.

Cell Biol Int Rep, 1981 Jun, 5(6), 595 - 600
Testing steering functions of the frontal zone in the locomotion of Amoeba proteus; Grebecki A et al.; Light and chemical stimuli were asymmetrically applied to the advancing front of amoeba without affecting any body region behind the frontal zone . Stimulation limited to the front alone was sufficient to control the frontal expansion and, as a further consequence, the locomotion and shape of the whole cell . Contracting factors applied locally to the front inhibited it, whereas the relaxing agents activated its expansion.

Cell Biol Int Rep, 1981 Jun, 5(6), 587 - 94
Testing motor functions of the frontal zone in the locomotion of Amoeba proteus; Grebecka L et al.; The hypothesis which attributes the motive power to the frontal zone has been tested by cinematographic analysis of the movements of amoeba, in which the front was either blocked by negative stimuli or destroyed . Partial inhibition and consecutive reorganization of the frontal activity by a beam of light had minor effect on the retraction of other body parts . Microsurgical destruction of the whole frontal zone had no effect on the functions of more posteriorly situated cell regions, which continue to contract and squeeze the endoplasm out into the external medium.

J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Jun, 86(3), 295 - 301
Contamination of chlorhexidine cream used to prevent ascending urinary tract infections; Salveson A et al.; Chlorhexidine-containing cream is often used as an antimicrobial barrier to ascending urinary tract infection in patients with indwelling urethral catheters . The cream is dispensed in small tubes for personal use but repeated use of a tube still entails a potential infection hazard . The extent of cream contamination was analysed by emulsifying it in 1% peptone broth with 1% Tween-80 added as a wetting agent, and culturing quantitatively for bacteria and fungi by membrane filtration . Twenty-three per cent of cream samples and 35% of swabs taken from outside the tube beneath the screw cap demonstrated microbial contamination . Isolates included potential pathogens such as enterococci, staphylococci, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, opportunists like Moraxella spp . and diphtheroids, and contaminants such as Bacillus spp., micrococci, and a mould of the genus Cladosporium . Contamination of cream with a particular bacterial strain was found to precede urinary tract infection with the same microbe . We recommend that chlorhexidine cream for this use be dispensed in single dose units to ensure sterility.

Nucleic Acids Res, 1981 May 25, 9(10), 2325 - 33
The sequence of the ribosomal 16S RNA from Proteus vulgaris . Sequence comparison with E . coli 16S RNA and its use in secondary model building; Carbon P et al.; The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16S RNA from Proteus vulgaris has been determined . The molecule (1544 nucleotides) shows 93% homology with the sequence of E . coli 16S RNA . Six methylated nucleotides have been localized in positions homologous to those observed in the E . coli RNA molecule . Both E . coli and P . vulgaris 16S RNA chains can be folded up into a common secondary structure scheme . Comparative sequence analysis of the two molecules has provided a valuable contribution to 16S RNA secondary structure model building.

J Am Geriatr Soc, 1981 May, 29(5), 236 - 9
Predictability of methenamine efficacy based on type of urinary pathogen and pH; Nahata MC et al.; This study involved 27 geriatric patients with asymptomatic chronic bacteriuria; all had indwelling Foley catheters . The treatment regimens (daily oral dosage) were: methenamine mandelate (MM) granules, 4 gm; MM, 4 gm, plus ascorbic acid, 4 gm; and MM, 4 gm, plus ascorbic acid, 4 gm, plus cranberry cocktail, 1 liter--administered according to a cross-over design . Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E . coli were the most common urinary organisms . Proteus organisms were more often found in alkaline than in acidic urines, but the type of pathogen had no influence on urinary pH . Urinary formaldehyde concentration {HCHO} was lower in patients with Proteus infection (17.7 micrograms/ml) than in those with Pseudomonas (21.9 micrograms/ml) or E . coli infection (21.8 micrograms/ml) . However, for Proteus infection, {HCHO} was higher in patients receiving MM plus ascorbic acid than in those receiving MM alone . Addition of cranberry cocktail to ascorbic acid did not enhance urinary pH, {HCHO} or methenamine efficacy . Our data suggest that in Foley catheter patients with chronic asymptomatic bacteriuria secondary to Proteus, Pseudomonas or E . coli infection, the type of urinary pathogen or the urinary pH cannot be used to predict the efficacy of methenamine therapy either with or without urinary acidifying agents.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 May, 41(5), 1123 - 7
Response of bacteria in wastewater sludge to moisture loss by evaporation and effect of moisture content on bacterial inactivation by ionizing radiation; Ward RL et al.; Two studies were carried out to determine the influence of moisture content of the survival of bacteria in raw wastewater sludge . The first study involved the effect of water loss by evaporation on the bacterial population . The second used these dewatered samples to measure the effects of moisture content on the inactivation of bacteria sludge by ionizing radiation . Both studies involved survival measurements of six representative fecally associated bacteria grown separately in sterilized sludge as well as survival data on bacteria indigenous to sludge . Growth of bacteria was stimulated in sludge during the initial phase of moisture removal by evaporation, but the reduction of moisture content below about 50% by weight caused a proportional decrease in bacterial numbers . In comparison with the original sludge, this decrease reached about one-half to one order of magnitude in all dried samples except those containing Proteus mirabilis, which decreased about four orders of magnitude . The rates of inactivation of bacteria by ionizing radiation in sludge were usually modified to some degrees by variations in moisture content . Most bacteria were found to be somewhat protected from ionizing radiation at reduced moisture levels . The largest effect was found with Salmonella typhimurium, whose radiation resistance approximately doubled in dried sludge . However, no excessively large D10 values were found for any bacterial species tested.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 May, 41(5), 1117 - 22
Effects of moisture content on long-term survival and regrowth of bacteria in wastewater sludge; Yeager JG et al.; The effects of moisture content on the survival and regrowth of seeded and indigenous enteric bacteria in raw sludge were determined . Cultures of six strains of fecally associated bacteria grown in sterilized, liquid sludge (5% solids) were all quite stable at this moisture level for over 90 days at 21 degrees C . When the moisture content of the sludge containing these organisms was reduced by evaporation and the samples were stored at 21 degrees C for extended periods, bacterial inactivation rates were generally proportional to the moisture losses of the samples . A dramatic reversal in this effect was observed in samples containing more than 90% solids . In this dried sludge, every bacterial species studied except Proteus mirabilis was found to be extremely stable . Bacteria indigenous to sludge were also found to survive for long periods in dried sludge . Regrowth of bacterial isolates in sterilized raw sludge was found to occur readily at 37 degrees C in samples containing less than or equal to 75% solids, but no growth was observed in samples with greater than or equal to 85% solids . Some growth, but to less than saturation densities, occurred with 80% solids . Growth of seeded Salmonella typhimurium was also found to occur in the presence of indigenous organisms in both liquid and dewatered raw sludges . However, the population density attained was well below that found in sterilized samples of the same sludges . In addition, the number of salmonellae dropped below detectable limits within a few days in sludges containing viable indigenous organisms, whereas little decrease occurred during this time with salmonellae grown in previously sterilized sludges.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 May, 34(5), 723 - 8
{Fundamental and clinical studies of cefotiam in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)}; Akita H et al.; The fundamental and clinical studies on cefotiam (CTM) were performed in the field of pediatrics, and the following results were obtained: 1 . The peak MIC's of CTM against Gram negative rods such as E . coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Proteus were 1.56 mcg/ml . The MIC distribution against S . aureus was almost equal to the conventional cephalosporin antibiotics . The MICs against P . pseudomonas and Serratia were over 400 mcg/ml . 2 . The mean serum levels of CTM after bolus intravenous injection of 25 mg/kg were 59.9 mcg/ml after 15 min., 30.0 mcg/ml after 30 min., 15.6 mcg/ml after 1 hour . 3 . Administration of CTM to 6 pediatric patients produced the clinical responses which were good in all 6 cases and the bacterial effects of eradication in 3 cases and superinfection in the 2 cases in the 5 cases from whom the organism were isolated . No side effect was observed . From the above results, it is considered that a bolus injection of CTM 25 mg/kg t.i.d . to q.i.d . is a safe and useful treatment for pediatric cases.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 May, 34(5), 690 - 704
{Basic and clinical studies of cefotiam in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)}; Toyonaga Y et al.; A new synthetic cephalosporin, cefotiam (CTM) was studied from the basic and clinical aspects, and the following results were obtained: 1 . Bacteriological study: The bacterial activities of CTM against the clinical isolates of S . aureus, S . pyogenes, E . coli, Klebsiella sp . and Proteus sp . were compared with those of CEZ, CER, ABPC and GM . (1) As for S . aureus and S . pyogenes, the antibacterial actions of the conventional cephalosporins were slightly more potent than those of CTM . (2) However, CTM had the antibacterial actions which were most potent Proteus sp . among the above 4 antibiotics and more potent against E . coli and Klebsiella sp . than the above 2 conventional cephalosporins . 2 . Pharmacokinetic study: The peak serum levels of CTM were comparatively low with 19.30 +/- 1.66 mcg/ml 30 minutes after a bolus injection of 20 mg/kg and 25.85 +/- 4.32 mcg/ml just after a drip infusion of 20 mg/kg . The half-life of the serum levels was 0.98 hrs . and 0.87 hrs., respectively . The 4 hours urinary excretions in six patients ranged from 38.6 to 64.9%, showing a slightly wide variance . 3 . Clinical study: The clinical response was good in 23 out of total 25 cases, i.e . 14 cases with respiratory tract infection, 7 with urinary tract infection and 4 with skin and soft tissue infection . The response rate was 92% . Also, neither side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings was observed.

J Lab Clin Med, 1981 May, 97(5), 672 - 9
Detection of potential biochemical indicators of infection in the burned rat; Powanda MC et al.; Sever thermal injury is often complicated by infection . Moreover, the injury itself render the early detection of infection more difficult . Rapid early detection of infection would thus aid in the treatment of severely burned patients . PCA filtrates of whole blood from burned-infected rats contain three substances that appear to be early indicators of infection in the thermally injured animal . These factors are only slightly affected by the extent of injury . These factors do not appear to be microorganism-specific in that they are found in rats infected with Proteus mirabilis as well as with Pseudomonas aeruginosa . One factor absorbs light at 398 nm and seems to be associated with some cellular component of blood . The other two substances are fluorescent, one gamma ex 280 nm gamma em 340 nm, the other gamma 355 nm gamma em 420 nm, and are detectable in PCA filtrates of plasma as well as of whole blood . All factors are retained by filters with a 25,000 dalton pore size . All factors are precipitable from PCA filtrates by phosphotungstic acid, suggesting that they may be proteins . The 355/420 factor increases with oxidation, whereas both the 280/340 substance and 398 nm material decrease.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1981 Apr 4, 111(14), 502 - 8
{Pharmacokinetic study of a cephalosporin, cefoperazone, in liver failure}; Belaieff J et al.; The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone, a semi-synthetic cephalosporin for parenteral use with a spectrum covering P . aeruginosa, E . cloacae, indole-positive Proteus and S . Marcescens, was studied after a 2-h intravenous infusion of 2 g of the drug in 6 patients with moderate liver function impairment (viral hepatitis in 4 cases, alcoholic fatty liver and cirrhosis in 2 cases) . At the end of the infusion, mean serum concentrations (determined by a bioassay) were 208 microgram/ml in the patients and 134 microgram/ml in healthy volunteers . The half-life was 4.3 h in patients and 1.6 h in healthy volunteers . Volume of distribution and renal clearance were similar in the two groups . Extrarenal clearance of cefoperazone was lower in the patients (7.3 ml/min) than in the control group (59.4 mg/min) . Urinary excretion of biologically active drug was markedly increased in the patients (79% of the dose) compared with healthy volunteers (24%) . This study provides evidence that liver function impairment increases with both the apparent half-life of elimination and the urinary excretion of the drug . The results raise the question of the desirability of cefoperazone dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic diseases.

J Postgrad Med, 1981 Apr, 27(2), 99 - 104
Non-specific seminal tract infection and male infertility: a bacteriological study; Mogra N et al.; PIP: 70 infertile males with epididymal tenderness, pus cells in the semen, and/or history of urinary tract infection were studied by semen culture examination . Significant growth of Streptococcus fecalis, Escherichia coli, coagulase positive Staphylococci, Proteus valgaris, Pseudomonas pyocyanea, and beta hemolytic Strepticocci was found in 42.9% of the cases . Most of the tested strains were sensitive to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol . In a control group of 20 healthy fertile males, only an insignificnat growth of Staphylococcus albus and Streptococcus facalis was found in 65% of the samples . Nonspecific seminal tract infection can be an important cause of male infertility . These infections may affect fertility in several ways: by damaging sperm, hampering their motility, altering the chemical composition of the seminal fluid, or by producing an inflammatory structure in the tract . Seminal infection could also be the cause of the chronicity of urinary tract infection by acting as the reservoir of infection . author's modified

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Apr, 89(4), 1059 - 66
Structure of the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) of the Proteus mirabilis outer membrane . II . Sequence of the amino-terminal part of the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein; Mizuno T; The amino acid of the lipooligopeptide (LOP) derived from the N-terminal region of the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) of Proteus mirabilis was determined to be {X}-Ser-Ser-Asn-Lys . An unidentified compound{X} present at the N-terminus was identified as glycerylcysteine {S-(propane-2,'3'-diol)-3-thio, 2-amino-propanoic acid} . The partial amino acid sequence of the lipopolypeptide (LPP), which contained the lipooligopeptide (LOP) at its N-terminal part, was also determined, mainly by Edman-degradation . The structure of the N-terminal part of PAL was determined to be {3 Fatty acids approximately glycerylcysteine-Ser-Ser-Asn-Lys-Asn-Asp-Asp-Glu-Thr-Asp-Thr-Ser...} . The structure of PAL is discussed in comparison with Braun's lipoprotein.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Apr, 89(4), 1051 - 8
Structure of the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) of the Proteus mirabilis outer membrane . I . Isolation and characterization of fatty acid-containing peptides from PAL; Mizuno T; In the outer membrane of P . mirabilis, a peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) of apparent molecular weight 18,000 is present as a major protein . A fatty acid-containing polypeptide (lipopolypeptide; LPP) was isolated by digestion of the purified PAL with trypsin in the presence of 0.05% SDS . It was composed of 31 amino acid residues, an unidentified compound{X}, and ca . 3 fatty acid residues . A lipooligopeptide (LOP) was also isolated after further digestion of LPP with trypsin in the absence of SDS . LOP was composed of 4 amino acid residues (Asx, 2Ser, Lys), a compound{X}, and ca . 3 fatty acid residues . The C-terminal amino acids of LPP and LOP were determined as arginine and lysine, respectively . On the other hand, the N-terminus of PAL, LPP, or LOP could not be identified by conventional N-terminal analysis of PAL, LPP, or LOP could not be identified by conventional N-terminal analysis, indicating that the N-terminus is probably masked . These results indicate that LPP and LOP are derived from the fatty-attached amino terminal region of PAL.

J Clin Pathol, 1981 Apr, 34(4), 439 - 42
Resistance to trimethoprim in 1978-79 compared with 1973-75; Hamilton-Miller JM et al.; The incidence of resistance to trimethoprim among urinary isolates between October 1978 and November 1979 was 11.5%, more than double the figure found April 1973 and October 1975 . Of the resistant strains, 60% had a minimum inhibitory concentration in excess of 1 mg/ml . Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis showed the greatest increase in resistance since the previous study . Rather wide fluctuations occurred in the incidence of resistance for various species when the figures were analysed over two-month periods, hence studies of short duration must be interpreted with caution . There are not yet enough data from this or other studies for the cause of the increased incidence of resistance to trimethoprim to be determined.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Apr, 26(4), 311 - 5
{Effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in pyelonephritis after kidney transplantation}; Vasina TA et al.; Determination of bacteriuria, leucocyturia, active leucocytes and Sternheimer-Malbin's cells in patients with transplanted kidneys during the postoperative period provided identification of pyelonephritis in the transplanted kidney . E . coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus, P . aeruginosa and microbial associations were the main causative agents of pyelonephritis in such patients . The majority of the causative agents were polyresistant to antibiotics . Investigation of the microbial sensitivity to antibiotics and determination of their levels in the patients promote development of rational schemes for the treatment of pyelonephritis . Early identification of pyelonephritis of the transplanted kidney and its timely treatment with antibiotics allow avoiding destruction of the transplanted organ and promote its normal functioning.

Infect Immun, 1981 Apr, 32(1), 32 - 7
Role of urease in the formation of infection stones: comparison of ureases from different sources; Rosenstein IJ et al.; Bacterial and vegetable ureases were found to differ in certain important respects . For maximal clinical relevance, in vitro studies on the pathogenic role of urease should use whole bacterial cells of Proteus spp., and urease inhibitors should be assessed without preincubation of enzyme with inhibitor . Urease from Proteus morganii was very different from ureases of other species of Proteus; this factor should be taken into account when infections with P . morganii are being treated.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1981 Apr, 89(4), 1039 - 49
A novel peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) found in the outer membrane of Proteus mirabilis and other Gram-negative bacteria; Mizuno T; A novel peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) was found in the cell envelope of Proteus mirabilis . This protein showed the following properties: (1) The apparent molecular weight in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel was 18,000 . (2) The protein was present in the cell envelope in a form very closely, but not covalently, associated with the peptidoglycan layer . (3) The protein was recovered predominantly from the outer membrane fraction after separation of the cell envelopes . (4) {1-14C}Palmitic acid and {2-3H}glycerol were incorporated into the protein . (5) The protein contained covalently linked fatty acids (about 3 mol of fatty acid per mol of protein) . (6) An unidentified compound was present in the hydrolysate of the protein . These properties, except for molecular weight and non-covalent association with the peptidoglycan, showed resemblance to those of Braun's lipoprotein . However the protein was distinct from Braun's lipoprotein in regard to amino acid composition . A similar peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) was present widely in the cell envelopes of various Gram-negative bacteria . P . mirabilis contains about twelve times as much PAL as Escherichia coli . Antiserum against PAL of P . mirabilis was cross-reactive against PAL of E . coli, but not against Braun's lipoprotein of E . coli.

Laryngoscope, 1981 Mar, 91(3), 422 - 31
Perichondritis of the auricle; Bassiouny A; A search of the literature reveals reports of only 191 cases of auricular perichondritis . The present study includes 15 further cases caused by pseudomonas and proteus . Stroud's excision technique was used in four cases and resulted in marked deformity, repeated debridement, and protracted treatment . Tubal drainage was used in the remaining ears with very good esthetic results . It has been demonstrated in experimental animals and in humans that new cartilage forms in the subperichondrial auricular space in the second postoperative week, being maximum in the fourth week . In the present study tubes were retained two to four weeks to maintain an elevation of the perichondrium from what remains of the auricular cartilage to ensure homogeneous cartilage formation and provide local antibiotic treatment . Hospitalization is required for only two days . The four weeks tubal drainage method should be the method of choice for all cases of perichondritis and the excision method abandoned, even in gram-negative infections . A case of relapsing polychondritis is also presented because it is important to distinguish auricular perichondritis from relapsing polychondritis as the treatment of the latter is not surgical but with steroids.

Poult Sci, 1981 Mar, 60(3), 569 - 74
The airborne microflora of poultry houses; Sauter EA et al.; Two experiments were conducted to compare effects of housing temperatures and bird density on the airborne microflora of poultry houses . Temperatures of 15.6 and 26.7 C were used with birds housed at densities of .42 or .84 m3 per bird . Air samples were taken using a New Brunswick STA 200 microbiological air sampler . Numbers of aerobic, anaerobic, coliform and lactic acid bacteria, and molds were determined by plate counts with numbers of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus determined by most probable numbers procedures . Microorganisms were identified by picking representative colonies from plates and inoculating into differential media for biochemical tests . Higher bird density (.42 m3/bird) resulted in greater numbers of airborne microorganisms in both experiments . Fifteen genera of bacteria were identified with two or more species identified for eight genera . Among the most commonly identified aerobic genera were Bacillus, Micrococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus, while four species of Clostridia were the most frequently identified anaerobes . Nine genera of molds were identified with over one-half of all isolates being either Aspergillus or Penicillium . Microorganisms represented only a small fraction of the airborne particulate matter in the study.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1981 Mar, 34(3), 257 - 78
{Basic and clinical studies on cefoxitin in pediatrics (author's transl)}; Toyonaga Y et al.; Laboratory and clinical studies were performed on a newly introduced antibiotic of the cephamycin series, cefoxitin (CFX), and the results obtained were as follows: 1 . Employing clinical isolates, MICs were determined and comparisons made with those of cephalosporins . The MICs of CFX against S . aureus and S . pyogenes slightly inferior to those of the cephalosporins, while the MICs of CFX against Gram-negative bacilli such as E . coli, Proteus sp . and Klebsiella sp . were considerably superior to those of CER and CET, and slightly superior to those of CEZ . 2 . The peak serum concentrations were 34.7 mcg/ml and 67.6 mcg/ml at 30 minutes after an intravenous injection in doses of 12.5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, respectively . The peak serum concentration was 40.8 mcg/ml at the end of 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion when it was given in a dose of 25 mg/kg . In these cases, the serum half life were 25.8-51.2 minutes, and their urinary recovery were 67-90% . 3 . Clinically, CFX was given to the 29 children with a total of 31 of varying bacterial infections: 6 cases of urinary tract infection (U.T.I.), 19 of respiratory tract infection (R.T.I.), 2 of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (S.S.S.S.), 2 of purulent lymphadenitis and 2 cases of soft tissue dermatological infections . Overall efficacy rate was 83.9% (26 cases) . No significant adverse reaction was noted except for 1 case of rash . Abnormal laboratory findings observed were elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 patient and of GPT in 1 patient.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1981 Mar 1, 178(5), 489 - 93
Use of cystine, lactose, electrolyte-deficient medium for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from the skin and ears of dogs; McKeever PJ et al.; Cystine, lactose, electrolyte-deficient (CLED) medium, a culture medium used for isolation and identification of bacteria from the urinary tract of human beings, was evaluated in a clinical setting for isolation and identification of bacteria and yeasts from the skin and ears of dogs . Staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, and Candida sp were isolated in cases of secondary pyoderma, otitis, demodectic mange, and folliculitis in 50 dogs . Proteus sp was found along with other organisms in 5 cases . Spreading of Proteus sp was prevented by the CLED medium, permitting isolation of the other pathogenic organisms . Observations of growth characteristics on CLED medium and use of 4 additional simple laboratory procedures permitted correct identification of 90.3% of the isolates.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Mar, 26(3), 106 - 9
{Initial antibiotic resistance of the microflora isolated in various pathological states}; Abausi I et al.; Composition of microflora was studied in complicated wound infections and some inflammatory diseases . The comparative characteristics of the antibiotic resistance of the isolates is presented . It was noted that Pseudomonas and Proteus predominated in the microflora isolated in complicated wound infections . The etiological structure of the causative agents of the inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract was mainly presented by enteropathogenic Coli bacteria . All the isolated were highly sensitive to gentamicin and resistant to other antibiotics, the levels of the resistance being different.

Am J Med, 1981 Mar, 70(3), 638 - 40
Infection surveillance and control in the severely traumatized patient; Caplan ES et al.; Among severely traumatized patients, infection is second only to head trauma as the leading cause of death . Few studies have defined the infections that occur, the risk factors involved, or the appropriate means of evaluating these patients . In our trauma unit, daily infection surveillance included clinical evaluation of every patient and all microbiologic data . In addition, prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics were directly under our control . Over a two period 2,368 patients were admitted, most arriving directly from the scene by patients were admitted, most arriving directly from the scene by helicopter . The over-all mortality was 20 percent . In this setting, 639 nosocomial infections occurred in 381 patients of whom 14 percent died of their infection . Sites of infection in percent of total and of bacteremia (given in parentheses) were urinary tract 18 (3), pneumonia 15 (19), empyema 11 (11), phlebitis 12 (17), primary bacteremia 10 (21), surgical wound 19 (8), intraabdominal 8 (11), CNS 7 (5), sinusitis 5 (0), arterial lines 2 (4) and other 3 (1) . Over-all 44 percent of infections were bacteremia . Organisms involved in nosocomial infections as percent of total and in bacteremias given in parentheses) were coagulase-positive Staphylococcus 24 (39), other gram-positive cocci 13 (8), Escherichia coli 13 (9), Proteus 4 (5), anaerobes 3 (1) and other organisms 12 (8) . Most infections were directly related to an invasive procedure.

Infect Immun, 1981 Mar, 31(3), 957 - 64
Evidence from a carbohydrate incorporation assay for direct activation of bone marrow myelopoietic precursor cells by bacterial cell wall constitutents; Monner DA et al.; The stimulation of incorporation of {3H}galactose into membrane glycoconjugates, measured in a precipitation test, was used as a criterion for activation of bone marrow cells . In this assay, purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and murein monomer and dimer fragments all activated rat bone marrow cells in vitro . The response was dose dependent, followed a defined time course, and was not serum dependent . O-Acetylated murein dimer fragments from Proteus mirabilis were much less active than their unsubstituted counterparts, indicating a structural specificity for murein activation . Removal of adherent and phagocytizing cells from the marrow suspensions did not alter these results . The labeled, activated cells constituted a distinct population of buoyant density 1.064 to 1.069 g/cm3 when centrifuged on a continuous gradient of Percoll . Enrichment of the target cell population was achieved by a combination of adherent cell removal and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation to remove granulocytes and erythropoietic cells . It was concluded that a population of myelopoietic precursors could be activated by direct contact with bacterial cell wall constituents . The stimulation of galactose incorporation was not coupled to active deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the marrow cells . Thus, the activation was interpreted as an induction of differentiation rather than a mitotic event.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Mar, 34(3), 292 - 7
Separation and biologic activities of individual components of S15-1, a streptothricin class antibiotic; Liu WC et al.; A method is described for isolation of gram quantities of the components of the streptothricin complex S15-1 utilizing CM Sephadex column chromatography eluted with 10% acetic acid as an eluant followed by gradient elution with 10% acetic acid containing 0.02 N approximately 0.03 N HCI . Streptothricins F and E, as well as an unidentified component C1, have been isolated and their comparative biological activities determined . Streptothricins F and E were comparable in taeniacidal activity in mice infected with Hymenolepis nana ia feeding either one at 0.05% in the diet removed 92 approximately 100% of the adult tapeworms . The unidentified component C1 was inactive at the levels tested . In contrast, component C1 was the most active in antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and in inhibiting the urease activity of proteus mirabilis . In the former test, the ratios of activity were; 1:7:30 for F:E:C1 and in the latter; 1:2:4 for F:E:C1.

Infect Immun, 1981 Mar, 31(3), 862 - 7
Antibody-producing cell responses to an isolated outer membrane protein and to complexes of this antigen with lipopolysaccharide or with vesicles of phospholipids from Proteus mirabilis; Karch H et al.; Antibody-producing cell responses of mice to a protein isolated from the outer membrane of Proteus mirabilis were typical of the responses to a thymus-dependent antigen . The immunoglobulin G antibody-producing cell responses to the protein were increased after administration of the antigen complexed with either lipopolysaccharide or with vesicles of phospholipids extracted from P . mirabilis . The protein in turn significantly increased the immune response to lipopolysaccharide and also converted this response from predominantly immunoglobulin M to predominantly immunoglobulin G.

Nouv Presse Med, 1981 Feb 26, 10(8), 629 - 33
{Cefotaxime in childhood infections (author's transl)}; Garnier JM et al.; Cefotaxime was administered to 20 patients suffering from severe bacterial infections . Four were newborn babies, seven were infants, and nine were children . The infections treated included 9 bronchopulmonary infections and 6 urinary tract infections . In 9 patients, the infecting organism was identified: E . coli (3), Klebsiella (2), Staphylococcus aureus (3), and Proteus (1) . Except in one case, cefotaxime was administered alone at doses of 50 to 100 mg/kg every 12 hours . The route of administration was intramuscular . 4 patients had already received unsuccessful antimicrobial therapy . All patients were clinically cured . In those with pneumonia, the clinical and radiological response was very prompt; in urinary tract infections, the temperature returned to normal in less than 48 hours . The local and general tolerance was always good . It may be concluded from these results that cefotaxime, a new parenteral cephalosporin, is especially useful and should prove particularly effective in severe infectious conditions found in pediatric practice.

J Cell Sci, 1981 Feb, 47, 55 - 63
The appearance of carbohydrate-rich material in the developing Golgi apparatus of amoebae; Flickinger CJ; The silver proteinate reaction was used to stain carbohydrate-rich substances in normal Amoeba proteus and in the developing Golgi apparatus of renucleated amoebae . Normal cells contained stained material, which probably is glycoprotein, in the cell surface, cisternae at the concave pole of the Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic vesicles and vacuoles . Previous radioautographic studies had shown tht glycosylation occurs in the Golgi apparatus, and that material in the Golgi apparatus is precursor to the cell surface . Amoebae were enucleated for 5 d, which results in a decline of the Golgi apparatus, the disappearance of the glycoprotein-containing cisternae preceding that of the rest of the organelle . A new nucleus was then transplanted into the enucleate amoebae, bringing about the regeneration of the Golgi apparatus . small curved cisternae that appeared 30 min after renucleation lacked staining with silver proteinate . By 1 h after renucleation, however, the content of cisternae toward the concave poles of Golgi bodies stained with silver proteinate . The Golgi apparatus in cells fixed 6 h and 1 d after operation resembled that of normal amoebae in both morphology and staining pattern . The results suggest that the developing Golgi apparatus acquired the capacity to participate in assembly of cell-surface material within 1 h after renucleation . This occurred before development of the normal enzymic activity of the Golgi apparatus was completed.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Feb, 26(2), 92 - 6
{Use of ionizing radiation for sterilizing alginate dressings containing various antibacterial preparations}; Moroz AF et al.; The effect of various doses of ionizing radiation on activity of antibacterial drugs contained in polymer alginate coatings was studied . Sensitivity of P . aeruginosa, E . coli, Staph . aureus, Proteus and B . subtilis used as the test organisms to the drugs and their combinations after radiation sterilization was determined on liquid nutrient media with the method of serial dilutions and agar diffusion and the use of the respective reference antibiotics . The coatings were irradiated in an isotope unit with 60Co at a dose of 7 Krad/min . The data are indicative of the possible use of ionizing radiation for sterilization of pharmaceutical alginate coatings in trade packings . Combined effect of antimicrobial substances and ionizing radiation plays an important role in the efficiency of radiation sterilization . Sterility of the majority of the drugs was achieved after irradiation in doses of 0.5-1 Mrad . The bactericidal activity of gentamicin, mafenid, polymyxin M and neomycin contained in the alginate coatings sterilized with gamma-radiation in doses of 1-2.5 Mrad did not decrease immediately and 1 year after irradiation.

J Med Microbiol, 1981 Feb, 14(1), 151 - 2
A rapid and simple method for distinguishing colonies of proteus from those of Salmonella and Shigella; Senior BW; A rapid and simple method is described by which colonies of Proteus can be distinguished from those of Salmonella and Shigella and other non-lactose-fermenting organisms growing on MacConkey's agar or desoxycholate citrate agar . The method is based on the ability of Proteus to produce urease constitutively . The enzyme was detected by the degradation of urea by the inoculum, thereby creating an alkaline reaction on pH-indicator paper.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1981 Feb, 34(2), 212 - 7
C-19393 S2 and H2, new carbapenem antibiotics . IV . Inhibitory activity against beta-lactamases; Okonogi K et al.; New carbapenem antibiotics, C-19393 S2 and H2, have been found to be potent and broad-spectrum inhibitors of beta-lactamases . Among 11 types of beta-lactamases tested, those from Escherichia coli (plasmid-bearing), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens and Bacteroides fragilis were especially sensitive . They also inhibited cephalosporinases insensitive to clavulanic acid . The inhibition by C-19393 S2 and H2 was of progressive type, except for the inhibition of E . coli enzyme (plasmid-mediated type I) by C-19393 H2 . The inhibition of E . coli beta-lactamase by C-19393 S2 was irreversible, while that by C-19393 H2 was reversible.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1981, 60(4), 284 - 7
Resistance of genus Proteus to ovotransferrin; Valenti P et al.; A total of 100 strains of Proteus, clinically isolated, were tested for sensitivity to ovotransferrin and CrCl3 . Only a minority of the tested strains were not capable of growing in the presence of these iron chelating substances . Significant differences in the resistance among the four species of Proteus were noticeable only by addition to the culture medium of CrCl3 5 mM . The fact that sensitive strains were capable of growing after addition of citrate to culture medium containing ovotransferrin or CrCl3 suggests the presence in the genus Proteus of a citrate-dependent iron transport system.

J Gen Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 122(Pt 1), 155 - 60
Phage C-1: an IncC group; plasmid-specific phage; Sirgel FA et al.; A phage was isolated from sewage and shown to form plaques on Salmonella typhimurium strains carrying C plasmids . It failed to multiply on strains lacking plasmids of this group . It also plated on Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens strains carrying various IncC plasmids but failed to form plaques on Escherichia coli strains harbouring most of these plasmids, although in all cases, phage multiplication on the strains was demonstrated . No phage increase occurred in any of the strains which lacked an IncC plasmid or contained plasmids of other incompatibility groups . The phage is small, hexagonal in outline, contains RNA, is resistant to chloroform and adsorbs to the shafts of pili coded for by IncC plasmids.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981, 173(3-4), 250 - 9
{Microbiological studies of small hot-bath-pools and hot-whirl-pools (author's transl)}; Exner M et al.; Hot small bathing pools and hot whirl-pools have the following characteristics: small watervolume, thick squeeze of swimmers, high water temperature (37-40 degrees C) and small dimension of filters . By this, the quality of bathing-water is influenced detrimentally . To elaborate the hygienic problems, bathing-water samples were taken before, during and after the visiting-hours and were tested for facultative-pathogenic microorganisms . During this investigation E . coli was isolated in 25 degrees, Coliforms and Proteus species in 37.3%, P . aeruginosa in 36%, S . aureus in 26.3%, Enterococci in 42.3 %, Candida albicans in 3.6% and yeast totally in 8.3%.

Ann Sclavo, 1981 Jan-Feb, 23(1), 57 - 63
{Sensitivity in vitro of 192 Proteus strains to several aminoglycosides}; Thaller MC et al.; The antibacterial activity of tobramycin, gentamicin, amikacin, sisomicin and kanamycin against 192 strains of genus Proteus has been studied in vitro . Tobramycin and amikacin showed the highest activity . furthermore curves of distribution of frequency, concerning the sensitivity of Proteus mirabilis strains, have been drawn for every tested antibiotic, to study the modal values.

Rev Gastroenterol Mex, 1981 Jan-Mar, 46(1), 1 - 5
{Postoperative reactive hepatitis in the septic patient}; Gutierrez Samperio C et al.; After major surgery some patients, especially those with an infectiouss process or sepsis, develop jaundice which has been called reactive hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, septic hepatitis or benign postoperative cholestasis; these terms do not have a very precise connotation . Eighty patients with postoperative sepsis and jaundice where studied, excluding those with liver or biliary tract disease, hepato-toxic drugs or repeated halogenated anesthetics . All of them had complete laboratory tests, cultures and percutaneous liver biopsy when it was feasible . Thirty five patients were submitted to percutaneous liver biopsy and they are the material for this paper . There was no correlation with the type and duration of the operation, postoperative complications, shock or kind of anesthesia . The main laboratory changes were leukocytosis, neutrophilia, elevation of the bilirubins mainly the direct type and increase of the alkaline phosphatase; transaminases were within normal limits . Cultures were positive in 76% of the cases predominating E . coli, Pseudomonas a . and Proteus, anaerobics were present in 22.8% of the cases . The liver biopsy showed lymphoctic infiltration, hyperplasia of the Kupffer cells, hepatic regeneration and turbid tumefaction; pericholangitis, focal necrosis, retention of pigment and steatosis were less frequent . We consider that the best denomination of these complications is benign postoperative cholestasis.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981, 172(6), 508 - 19
{About the antimicrobial activity of substituted aromatic aldehydes (author's transl)}; Rehn D et al.; The MIC-values and the antimicrobial activity in the paper disc diffusion method of 86 resp . 79 substituted aromatic aldehydes have been investigated . Antibacterial activity has been tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans . 13 classes of substituents have been investigated . The most active compounds are substituted with nitro-, hydroxy- and halogen groups.

Immun Infekt, 1981, 9(3), 106 - 12
{Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (author's transl)}; Wiedemann B et al.; Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics can occur by a variety of mechanisms (including alteration of the drug target site, interference with drug transport into the cell, or enzymatic detoxification of the antibiotics) due to chromosomal mutations or the inheritance of new genetic information mediated by resistance plasmids . Studies with 475 gram-negative bacteria isolated at the university hospital Bonn revealed that about 10% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin . 44 of 46 strains produced aminoglycoside modifying enzymes; the remaining two strains do not produce detectable enzymatic activity . Among those aminoglycoside transferases causing multiresistance to modern aminoglycosides, the nucleotidyltransferase ANT-(2") occurs most frequently and accounts for 88% of the gentamicin resistant klebsiella strains . The gentamicin acetylating enzymes AAC-(2'), AAC-(6'), and AAC-(3) are detected less frequently . All aminoglycoside transferases, except one acetyltransferase AAC-(2') from Proteus vulgaris, were found to be plasmid encoded.

Paraplegia, 1981, 19(1), 50 - 8
Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured patients; Stickler DJ et al.; Fifty-seven isolates of Gram-negative bacterial species from urinary tract infections in spinal cord injured patients were tested for their sensitivity to chlorhexidine, cetrimide, glutaraldehyde, phenyl mercuric nitrate (PMN), a phenolic disinfectant (Hycolin) and a proprietary antiseptic containing a mixture of picloxydine, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol and benzalkonium chloride (Resiguard) . None of the isolates were resistant to glutaraldehyde, Hycolin or PMN but a substantial percentage were resistant to chlorhexidine (44 per cent), cetrimide (26 per cent) and Resiguard (42 per cent) . The resistant organisms were members of the genera Proteus, Providencia and Pseudomonas and they were also generally resistant to five, six or seven antibiotics . Significant correlations were observed between multiplicity of antibiotic resistance and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the three cationic antiseptics . It is suggested that an antiseptic policy for the bladder management of spinal cord injured patients that relies on the extensive use of cationic agents might lead to the selection of a flora of notoriously drug-resistant species.

Antibiotiki, 1981 Jan, 26(1), 65 - 9
{Bile microflora in noninfectious digestive organ diseases and sensitivity to antibiotics}; Veselov AIa et al.; Bile microflora and its relation to pH of gastric juice was investigated in 225 patients . The isolation rate of microbes from bile of patients with gastritis, duodenitis and duodenal ulcer increased with an increase in the pH value of gastric juice from 1.9 to 6.9 . At pH values over 7.0 the isolation rate of the microbes decreased . No such relation was observed in patients with pathological conditions of the hepatobiliary system and intestine . In patients with various diseases of the stomach, the isolation rate of Coli bacteria at pH 1.2-6.9 increased from 20 to 51.5 per cent and at higher pH values it decreased . At higher pH values of gastric juice the composition of microflora isolated from bile was more diverse . Thus, in patients with hypo- and achlorhydria there were isolated Proteus, P . aeruginosa, Candida and associations of various microbes . The isolates were characterized by a relatively low sensitivity to antibiotics.

Vopr Onkol, 1981, 27(2), 39 - 43
{Sensitization study of oncological patients to bacterial allergens with the aid of the leukocyte migration inhibition reaction}; Kochetkova VA et al.; The results of studying sensitization of 88 patients with cancer (larynx, esophagus, ovaries) to 7 bacterial allergens (pathogenic and nonpathogenic staphylococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, catarrhal diplococcus, Proteus, Escherichia coli and blue pus bacilli) are reported . These bacilli are most frequently the cause of development of postoperative suppurations . The studies performed (before, during and after the combined therapy) indicated by leucocyte migration inhibition test that during the disease ad therapeutic course there occurs nonspecific sensitization of leucocytes to bacterial allergens which gradually disappears following termination of the therapy . Postoperatively, the sensitization offers grounds for the development of suppurative complications, the latter is associated with the enhanced inhibition of leucocytes migration by an allergen of that microbial species which caused the development of suppurative complications . Therefore, this test with a set of bacterial allergens may be used as a diagnostic adjunct early reveal the postoperative suppurations.

Eur Urol, 1981, 7(3), 122 - 5
A review of urinary calculi in children in the Bristol clinical area; Gingell JC et al.; We have undertaken a detailed retrospective study of urinary calculi in the Bristol clinical area from 1950 to 1978 . Most calculi in children are detected in the upper urinary tract and the majority are associated with urinary infection . There were two predominant aetiological groups . First the children under 5 years of age, usually male, with a Proteus infection and triple phosphate calculi of the staghorn type in the renal pelvis and calyces . Of the 7 children with a sterile urinary tract in this age group, 4 were discovered to have a metabolic cause for the their calculi . These included 2 patients with cystinuria, 1 with uric acid calculi secondary to the treatment of leukaemia and 1 baby with the adrenogenital syndrome . A second smaller group of children between 8 and 13 years of age presented with ureteric calculi due to calcium oxalate stones in a sterile urinary tract . In the first group the importance of Proteus infections of the urinary tract is emphasised, and possibility of an underlying metabolic abnormality is noted if the urine is sterile . The second group presenting with ureteric colic are no different from adults with "idiopathic" calcium oxalate stones.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1981, 47(6), 525 - 38
Proteus-typing by proticin production and susceptibility; Bongaerts GP et al.; A Proteus-typing method based on proticin production and proticin susceptibility (c.f . Senior, 1977) has been modified to increase its sensitivity Proticins were prepared in fluid medium and applied to agar-plates shortly before seeding the plates with indicator bacteria . A given 10 proticin producer strains, which are responsible for the susceptibility patterns of the indicator-bacteria (S-types), form the foundation for this typing method . Using this producer-set and indicator-set (28 strains) was selected which was suitable for the typing of strains with different proticin activities (P-types) . Standardization of the temperature for proticin production proved to be necessary . The degree of similarity between proticins was further elaborated by testing all indicator strains for susceptibility to proticin titrations . In the group of 148 clinical Proteus-isolates (four species) used for the development of the typing system 28 S-types and 34 P-types were observed . By combining the S-and P-type parameters 86 S-P-types were obtained for the 4 species combined . Seven strains were not typable . A separate group of 100 clinical Proteus-isolates was tested in order to prove the usefulness of the method . 39 new S-P types were found . Repeated isolations from the same patients yield the same patterns . Proteus S-P-typing is a useful method for the typing of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis, but proves inadequate for the typing of Proteus rettgeri and Proteus morganii.

Scan Electron Microsc, 1981, (Pt 3), 65 - 72
Papillary necrosis in vitro: a scanning electron microscopic comparison of escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis infection; Cohen MS et al.; The effect of bacterial infection on excised renal papillae as a model for papillary necrosis and subsequent calcification was investigated . Sterile rat renal papillae were placed in 25 ml aliquots of filter sterilized human urine and then inoculated with one ml suspensions of sterilized human urine and then inoculated with one ml suspensions of sterile saline as a control, or 1 x 108/ml Escherichia coli or proteus mirabilis . After incubation at 37 degrees C for periods of 8 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr, 1 wk, 2 wk and 3 wk, urinary pH was measured, bacterial culture performed and the renal papillae were recovered and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrophotometry (EDS) . In the case of Proteus mirabilis, the sequence of events noted included bacterial-papillary interactions consisting of cell desquamation and strand formation, despite infrequent bacterial attachment . After 10 hr, a rapid, urease induced pH rise resulted in calcium salt deposition on the papillae surface . Organism death was apparent after 72 hr . Escherichia coli infected papillae demonstrated similar cell surface changes after a 8 hr as seen in P . mirabilis; however, frequent evidence of bacterial attachment and penetration was apparent . Bacterial attachment was a prominent feature throughout the incubation period with E . coli . After one week, rare areas of degenerating cells and bacteria with increased calcium levels as compared to surrounding areas were noted by EDS analysis . Urinary pH was stable throughout the incubation period . This study suggests varied roles for the organisms most associated with infection induced papillary necrosis (E coli) and papillary necrosis with subsequent stone formation (P . mirabilis) . A role for bacterial calcification in the absence of bacterial urease activity by E . coli is also suggested.

Mol Gen Genet, 1981, 183(2), 369 - 75
Repair and plasmid R46 mediated mutation requires inducible functions in Proteus mirabilis; Hofemeister J et al.; In Proteus mirabilis nalidixic acid or a predose of UV induce Rec protein formation, a portion of post-UV replication repair and "post-UV replication enhancement." These inducible functions are not significantly affected by the plasmid R46, which renders P . mirabilis efficiently UV-mutable . The R46-mediated UV induction of rif mutations requires additional inducible functions, as existing after nalidixic acid treatment in rec+ strains . After a nalidixic acid pretreatment UV efficient induction of rif mutations occurs without an otherwise obligatory period of post-UV incubation prior to plating on rifampicin agar . THe inducible character of this "qualification" of plasmid R46-mediated UV mutagenesis in P . mirabilis is evident from the inhibitory effects of chloramphenicol and starvation . Constitutive high-level synthesis of Rec protein in cells harboring the recombinant (multi-copy) rec+ plasmid pPM1 reduced plasmid R46-mediated UV mutagenesis, probably by preventing (inducible?) functions required by the plasmid R46 repair-mutator.

Acta Chir Scand, 1981, 147(2), 93 - 7
Serum antibodies against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis after different types of operations; Bergman B et al.; The serum antibody titer against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis before and after different types of operations was studied in 105 adult patients . The different operations were: pyelo- or ureterolithotomi (32); ileal conduit urinary diversion (20); cholecystectomi (34); operation in the thyroid area (10); operation of varicose veins of the legs (9); and colectomies (10) . High serum antibody titers against E . coli were found in 16% of the patients preoperatively . Antibody titres against P . mirabilis were high in 19% of the patients with urinary tract calculus but in none of those without urological disease . The antibody titre against E . coli and/or P . mirabilis increased significantly more often after operation in the urinary tract or colon than after the other operations . Increase of antibody titers were more often seen in patients who preoperatively had normal titres . A normalization of the titers was seen during the following 12 months and in most of those patients within the first 3 months.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1981 Jan-Feb, 38(1), 13 - 21
{Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of 2,060 strains of different bacteria isolated in infectious processes in children}; Filloy L et al.; Susceptibility to antibiotics of 2060 strains of the following bacteria was studied: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus that were isolated in 1978-79 from different infections in children hospitalized at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico . The antimicrobials submitted to the test of susceptibility were: ampicillin, amikacin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim . Present results are compared with previous studies.

Int Urol Nephrol, 1981, 13(1), 41 - 9
Study of infective (secondary) renal calculus formation in vitro; Frang D et al.; The factors of infective calculus formation and the conditions favoring their prevention were studied by examining in vitro the role of the most common representative of urease-producing bacteria, Proteus mirabilis . The stream of Proteus-containing urine was found to form deposits of magnesium ammonium phosphate, carbonate apatite and ammonium-urate on the glass surfaces . Application either of mandelic acid or of Gentamycin was found to reduce the production of these deposits, and their joint application proved fully preventive to their formation . Gentamycin applied in saline acidified with mandelic acid was capable of dissolving previously formed crystals . A medication of this composition is advocated for preventive use after surgery for staghorn calculi . The necessity for continuing peroral medication and specific antibacterial therapy for months is emphasized.

J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1981, 63-B(3), 342 - 53
Management of deep infection of total hip replacement; Buchholz HW et al.; Exchange operation is recommended as the treatment of choice for most deep infections involving a total hip replacement . This revision arthroplasty comprises, in one stage, excision of soft tissue, removal of implant and cement, replacement with an appropriate implant using Palacos R acrylic cement loaded with an appropriate antibiotic and, more recently, systemic antibiotics . During our first 10 years without systemic antibiotics we have achieved an overall 77 per cent success rate from a first attempt in 583 patients and a 90 per cent success rate after subsequent exchange procedures . Morbidity is significant but acceptable . Success is defined as control of infection, no loosening, and useful function . The factors associated with failures include, in particular, specific infections (Pseudomonas group, Streptococcus group D, Proteus group, and Escherichia coli), delay in operation and inadequate antibiotic dosage in the cement.

Dermatologica, 1981, 162(4), 265 - 72
Eosinophilic pustulosis with pemphigus-like antibody; Vakilzadeh F et al.; A 75-year-old male with eosinophilic pustulosis Ofuji complicated by superinfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis is described . This is the first case of eosinophilic pustulosis with an antiepidermal antibody . This antibody was directed against the intercellular substance of the lower epidermis and it was detected by direct immunofluorescence in the patient's normal and lesional skin . As revealed by indirect immunofluorescence the patient's serum reacted with intercellular substance of human lower epidermis but not with guinea pig esophagus . Possibly the detected autoantibody is not characteristic for eosinophilic pustulosis Ofuji but rather an accompanying feature of this case similar to the antiepidermal antibodies found in patients with drug reactions and burns.

Chemotherapy, 1981, 27(5), 350 - 3
Bactericidal and antineoplastic effect of combination of gentamicin and adriamycin; Bossa R et al.; Gentamicin and adriamycin were tested against eight strains of Proteus mirabilis: using the cellophane transfer technique, combinations of these antibiotics were screened for bactericidal activity . On mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, the antitumoral effect of a combination of gentamicin and adriamycin was determined . Antagonism occurred with the combination in bactericidal activity and not in antitumoral activity.

Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 1981 Jan-Feb, 9(1), 9 - 18
Specific bacterial immunotherapy in chronic colitis; Nogaller AM et al.; Three hundred and fifteen patients with chronic nonulcerative colitis were studied . Two hundred patients were given specific immunotherapy by bacterial allergens, and 115 formed the control group . Immunotherapy was carried out with increasing doses of bacterial allergens - E Coli, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus or Proteus - for 1-2 years . The effectiveness of immunotherapy was established toward the end of the course of treatment (as well as over a long period) . The improvement was expressed clinically as a decrease in the endoscopic and coprologic signs of inflammation, an increase in natural immunologic resistance and a reduction of bacterial allergy and autoimmune disorders.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1981, 28(1), 111 - 8
Proticine typing of serologically defined Proteus strains; Csiszar K et al.; Serologically defined Proteus strains including 120 P . vulgaris, 356 P . mirabilis, 47 P . morganii, 36 P . rettgeri and 66 P . inconstans cultures isolated from a wide variety of sources, were classified by proticine (bacteriocine) typing . Using Cradock-Watson's set of indicator and producer strains, the isolates were tested for proticine production (P type) and for proticine sensitivity (S type) . P . vulgaris was typable by the P method in 4.1%, by the S method in 41.6% . The respective percentages for P . mirabilis were 60.1 and 48.9 . Most strains of P . morganii, P . rettgeri and P . inconstans were untypable by both methods . A correlation has been demonstrated between P/S types and certain serogroups and serotypes of P . mirabilis . It has been concluded that, in combination with the determination of O and H antigens, the P/S method of proticine typing has a high differentiating value in the epidemiological tracing of P . vulgaris and P . mirabilis.

Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1981, 15(1), 31 - 6
Bacteriological and serological studies after ileovesical diversion in dogs; Eldh J et al.; The risk of urinary tract infection after ileovesical diversion was studied by means of bacteriological and serological analyses in 8 mongrel dogs . Cultures of bladder contents showed heavy growth of the same bacterial strains as were found in the distal ileum . Cultures of the pelvic urine contained lower amounts of the same strains of bacteria . The levels of serum antibody titres to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis were elevated only in 3 out of 100 sera examined . These slightly increased titres were not related to any obvious infection in the urinary tract . High C-reactive protein concentrations were noted in 3 dogs in connection with diagnosed inflammatory conditions . Colonization of the urinary tract after oral administration of selected test-strains could not be shown.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1981 Jan, (1), 60 - 4
{Protective properties of antigenic complexes of Proteus}; Kreinin LS et al.; To determine the possibility of the specific therapy and prevention of Proteus infection, the protective activity of antigenic complexes extracted from Pr . mirabilis cells by various methods was studied . Immunization of mice with these antigens rendered the animals resistant to challenge with a virulent Proteus strain, and the therapeutic injection of the antigens alleviated the infectious process developing as a result of intradermal infection . The blood sera of the treated rabbits acquired capacity of protecting mice from the Proteus infection.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 41(1), 321 - 2
Differential plating medium for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria; Niven CF Jr et al.; A histidine-containing agar medium has been devised for quantitative detection of histamine-producing bacteria that are alleged to be associated with scombroid fish poisoning outbreaks . The responsible bacteria produce a marked pH change in the agar, with attendant color change of pH indicator adjacent to the colonies, thus facilitating their recognition . Proteus morganii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the two most common histidine-decarboxylating species isolated from scombroid fish and mahi mahi.

Arch Microbiol, 1981 Jan, 128(3), 299 - 302
Characterization of a new murein-associated lipoprotein in the outer membrane of Proteus mirabilis; Gmeiner J; A murein-associated outer membrane protein from Proteus mirabilis has been isolated . Since the protein carries ester- as well as amide-linked fatty acids it can be classified as a second outer membrane lipoprotein . An apparent molecular weight of 15,000 for this protein was determined from amino acid analysis and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . The amino acid composition, however, does not show similarities with the amino acid composition of the lipoprotein covalently linked to murein, which has a molecular weight of 7,300 as described previously in Proteus mirabilis.

Scand J Infect Dis Suppl, 1981, 29, 98 - 101
Preoperative treatment with azlocillin in complicated urinary tract infections; Alfthan O et al.; Eighteen patients, aged 18-84 years, with complicated urinary tract infections admitted to hospital were treated preoperatively with azlocillin (Securopen) for 5 to 10 days . Two patients having chronic pyelonephritis were not operated . Isolates bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14), Proteus mirabilis (3), Escherichia coli (2) and Klebsiella spp . (1) . Serum concentrations and urine recovery were measured on the fifth day of treatment . The mean serum half-life was 1.85 h and the mean value of the urine recovery 47% of the single dose . On the 5th day of treatment the urine was sterile in 80% of the patients . In 12 patients (60%) the urine was still sterile when controlled 2-6 months after operation and prophylactic postoperative treatment with nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Cell Tissue Res, 1981, 215(2), 249 - 61
Visualization of actin polymerization and depolymerization cycles during polyamine-induced cytokinesis in living Amoeba proteus; Gawlitta W et al.; Microinjection of spermine induces cytokinesis of Amoeba proteus . Within 30--60 s after spermine injection cells form one, or less commonly, two cleavage furrows and within the following 4--10 min the constrictions are completed . The resulting nucleated cell parts show normal streaming and locomotion, whereas the non-nucleated cell parts remain stationary and later degenerate . The intracellular distribution of fully polymerization-competent fluorescently labelled muscle actin was followed by image intensification . Double injection experiments initially using labelled action and 30 min later spermine revealed a ring-like structure of enhanced fluorescence corresponding to the constricting cleavage furrow . Immediately after cleavage was completed, the ring disappeared . Electron microscopy of cells fixed during spermine-induced cytokinesis showed numerous well aligned actin and myosin filaments in the developing cleavage furrow . These filaments are a specialized manifestation of the cell cortex . The results demonstrate that cycles of actin and myosin polymerization and depolymerization and the parallel alignment of preexisting filaments (crosslinking) represent a basic mechanism in the generation of the motive force during cytokinesis.

Acta Biochim Pol, 1981, 28(3-4), 275 - 84
Penicillin amidase from Proteus rettgeri; Robak M et al.; 1 . Penicillin amidase from Proteus rettgeri was purified 580-fold by a four-step chromatographic procedure . Titration with phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride showed that the purified preparation contains 53% of the enzyme . 2 . The molecular weight of the amidase was found to be 65.000 . The enzyme is strongly inhibited by N-bromosuccinimide and zinc ions . It hydrolyses penicillins, cephalosporins and some synthetic substrates, and in addition it catalyses synthesis of ampicillin from methyl ester of phenylglycine and 6-aminopenicillanic acid . 3 . The immobilized amidase obtained by copolymerization of the chemically modified enzyme with acrylamide was applied for preparative hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1981, 28(4), 367 - 80
Origin and spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and Klebsiella during twenty years in an infectious hospital; Petras G et al.; Bacteriological examinations carried out in an infectious hospital revealed that the occurrence of Pseudomonas and Proteus grew 4-fold, and the rate of Klebsiella positive cultures 3.5-fold between 1958 and 1977 . On the other hand, the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus decreased to the half since 1961 . The occurrence of Gram-negative facultative pathogens started to increase in the surgical wards in the fifties and the rise lasted until the mid-sixties . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent among them . In contrast, Escherichia coli dominated and P . aeruginosa was the least frequent in the non-surgical wards . Here the Gram-negative facultative pathogens showed a more rapid increase and the incidence of P . aeruginosa and Proteus kept rising throughout the whole examination period . When Gram-negative facultative pathogens of hospital origin were colonizing, the proportion of sick persons versus symptomless carriers was significantly higher than in the case of extrahospital colonization on the basis of the records of 300 P . aeruginosa, 300 Proteus and 300 Klebsiella positive patients . This proportion changed parallel with the rate of the strains of hospital origin . The number of patients who acquired P . aeruginosa, Proteus or Klebsiella extrahospitally, kept continuously rising between 1958 and 1971 . Thus, the advance of Gram-negative facultative pathogens is due not ony to nosocomial causes.

Paraplegia, 1981, 19(6), 325 - 33
Some observations on the activity of three antiseptics used as bladder irrigants in the treatment of urinary tract infection in patients with indwelling catheters; Stickler DJ et al.; A comparison has been made of the activity of three antiseptics that are used as bladder irrigants in the treatment of urinary tract infection in catheterised patients . At the concentrations and exposure times used for bladder irrigation, phenoxyethanol (2:4% v/v) proved to be highly bactericidal against urine-grown cells of all the common urinary pathogens tested . Chlorhexidine (200 microgram/ml) was active against Escherichia coli and produced significant reductions in the viability of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa but failed to eradicate Providencia stuartii . Exposure to noxythiolin (2.5% v/v) for 20 min had little effect in any of the bacteria, even though all strains tested had been recorded as noxythiolin-sensitive by conventional plate sensitivity tests . Contact with noxythiolin for periods of at least 1-2 hrs was necessary before extensive bactericidal activity was detected . These results provide an explanation of the poor clinical performance of noxythiolin that we have observed.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1981, 173(5), 365 - 73
{Studies on the usefulness of different disinfectants for the aerosol disinfection of surfaces (author's transl)}; Nicklas W et al.; In a glove-box made of stainless steel germ-carriers of lime-wood and aluminium were layed out after having been contaminated with different vegetative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis) . Disinfectant aerosols of several germicidal substances belonging to different chemical groups were brought into the glove-box . The aerosol was produced by a commercial generator . The following substances proved to have a good disinfectant effect under the conditions used: hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, formaldehyde, glutardialdehyde, beta-propiolacton, Lysoformin resp . Lysoformin 2000 and Tegodor 73, whereas triethylenglycol, phenol-derivatives (Gevisol, Environ), Chloramine 80 and detergents were not able to kill all the bacteria on the germ-carriers within 2 h . Determination of the natural mortality rate showed, that at relative humidities of over 58% the test bacteria die within 72 h on the germ-carriers without presence of disinfectants . At a relative humidity of 77%, Staphylococcus aureus on wooden germ-carriers died within 24 h.

J Urol (Paris), 1981, 87(5), 295 - 303
{Experimental study in the urinary tract of a new smooth surface absorbable synthetic monofilament (author's transl)}; Beurton D et al.; The authors used 27 dogs to test the behaviour in the urinary tract of a new synthetic monofilament and absorbable suture material . Polydioxanone (PDS) . The experiment was aimed at assessing the strength, ease of use, rate of absorption and lithogenic power of this material, in comparison with chromic catgut . Four loops of each material studied were inserted in the bladder, floating freely in the lumen . Absorption was evaluated by periodic cystoscopies . In the kidneys, one suture of each type was inserted into the excretory cavities by the transparenchymatous route . Development of a possible calculus was sought by urography and repeated plain X-rays of the abdomen . All the animals were killed at 6 months and routine pathological study made of the kidneys and bladder . Certain dogs were infected with proteus and subjected to fluid restriction . The lithogenic power of PDS and chromic catgut appeared to be identical . In contrast with urine, the absorption of chromic catgut by enzyme digestion was more rapid than that of polydioxanone by hydrolysis . By contrast, within the thickness of the tissues, absorption of the latter was more constant and more complete than that of chromic catgut . Polydioxanone caused a less marked tissue inflammatory reaction than the former . Scars were of equal strength . Finally, PDS suture material appears to be remarkably strong and very much easier to use than woven absorbable synthetic materials currently in use.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(5), 581 - 7
Heterogeneity of the lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis O27; Krajewska D et al.; Two lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were obtained by phenol-water procedure from Proteus mirabilis O27 strain -- LPS I as sediment and LPS II from the supernatant after ultracentrifugation . There was shown a distinct predominance of the O-specific material in LPSII, whereas in LPS I the core material prevailed . Heterogeneity of the P . mirabilis.O27 lipopolysaccharide was confirmed by the sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by the column chromatography.

Clin Ther, 1981, 4(4), 321 - 5
Comparison of mezlocillin and carbenicillin as therapy for various infectious diseases; Rolandi E et al.; The efficacy and safety of mezlocillin, a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin, were compared with those of carbenicillin in a nonblind, controlled clinical study in 89 adult patients . The infections treated were primarily those of the urinary tract, skin, and gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary tract . Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the causative organisms isolated most frequently . A complete resolution of signs and symptoms was achieved in 78% of the mezlocillin patients and in 71% of the carbenicillin patients . In the mezlocillin group, causative organisms were eliminated in 80% of the courses, and in the carbenicillin group the elimination rate was 86% . Two adverse reactions, rash and diarrhea, were reported in mezlocillin-treated patients; none were reported for the carbenicillin group.

Drugs, 1981, 22 Suppl 1, 87 - 93
Clinical studies with cefoperazone in the treatment of bacterial infections in surgical practice; Kim JP et al.; Cefoperazone was given to 33 surgical patients who had bacterial infections . A dose of 1 to 2 g bid was administered intravenously for an average of 8.2 days . The overall satisfactory response rate (which includes excellent and good responses) was 79%: 83% in 18 cases of peritonitis and/or intra-abdominal abscesses . 75% in 8 cases of hepatobiliary infections: 100% in 5 cases of skin and soft tissue infections; and 0 in 2 cases of sepsis . The satisfactory response rates according to the isolated organisms were: 11 of 15 Escherichia coli, 15 of 18 streptococci (including 4 of 6 enterococci) 3 of 6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa . 3 of 4 staphylococci 2 of 3 Proteus species, and 3 of 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae . No side effects were observed and there were no abnormal laboratory findings.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1981 Jan, 19(1), 1 - 7
Role of the 7 alpha-methoxy and side-chain carboxyl of moxalactam in beta-lactamase stability and antibacterial activity; Murakami K et al.; The effects of the alpha-carboxyl of the phenylmalonyl side chain and the 7 alpha-methoxy group in moxalactam (6059-S) (7 beta-{2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamido}-7 alpha-methoxy-3{{(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-y})thio} methyl}-1-oxa-1-dethia-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid) and in the 1-sulfur congener on the stability to beta-lactamase were investigated by spectrophotometric and microbiological assays . The 7 alpha-methoxy substituent stabilized the compounds against penicillinase hydrolysis, and the alpha-carboxyl group stabilized them against cephalosporinase . An exception is the beta-lactamase produced by Proteus vulgaris, an inducible cephalosporinase, which hydrolyzed compounds having the alpha-carboxyl group but not those having the 7 alpha-methoxy group . Both substituents exerted their stabilizing effects independently, and compounds with both substituents, e.g., moxalactam (6059-S) and its 1-sulfur congener, were resistant to both penicillinases and cephalosporinases . The stabilization of the compounds to beta-lactamase hydrolysis improved their antibacterial activity against beta-lactamase-producing strains.

Chemotherapy, 1981, 27(3), 155 - 65
Assay of cefotaxime by high-pressure-liquid chromatography; Bergan T et al.; A high-pressure-liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for quantitative assay of cefotaxime (CT) and its major metabolite in serum of normal individuals, desacetyl cefotaxime (DACT), is described . It employs Lichrosorb RP-8, elution with phosphoric-acid-methanol and UV absorption at 310 nm . The method is optimized for cefotaxime and allows differentiation between the parent compound and the biotransformation product DACT . The lower assay sensitivity level of CT and DACT is 0.3 microgram/ml . Correlation between HPLC and microbiological assay with Escherichia coli or Proteus rettgeri of pooled serum with CT added is r = 0.99 . The method is rapid; processing of one sample takes 17 min . Use of HPLC avoids the errors of microbiological assays which derived from the presence in patient sera of different ratios of CT and DACT . The apparent rate of serum elimination is linearly related to the sensitivity of the microbial assay indicator strain to DACT . There is synergistic antibacterial activity between CT and DACT regardless of relative minimum inhibitory concentrations of the agents.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1981, 29(5), 595 - 600
Immunochemical studies on the O-specific side chains of the heterogeneous lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis O27; Gromska W et al.; Chemically and serologically identical O-specific fractions were isolated from two different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations of Proteus mirabilis O27 . The release of a labile constituent in mild hydrolysis deprived those fractions of their serological activity . The compound was identified as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and its terminal position in the molecule was established by methylation analysis . The non-carbohydrate constituent of the specific fractions: lysine and alanine are linked via their amino group . Terminal residues of N-acetylglucosamine, have to be considered as immunodeterminants of Proteus mirabilis O27 . The role of other carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate constituents for the serological specificity of P . mirabilis O27 is discussed.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1980 Dec, 23(1), 43 - 52
The influence of an actin-modulating protein (AM-protein) from Physarum polycephalum on the cell motility of Amoeba proteus; Gawlitta W et al.; An actin-modulating protein (AM-protein) isolated from the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum and microinjected into living Amoeba proteus causes characteristic changes in cell shape, locomotory behaviour, and organization of the microfilament system of the amebae . The peptide chain weight of the AM-protein, which binds to one actin molecule with high affinity thus forming a heterodimer, is 43 000 . The heterodimer is a powerful inhibitor of actin polymerization, when added to G-actin . A 50% inhibition is already obtained at a weight ratio of 0.05 AM-protein/actin . The AM-protein heterodimer has only little effect on F-actin, which can be neglected under the experimental conditions used . The microinjected AM-protein transforms normal locomoting polytactic amebae into orthotactic cell models . The orthotactic forms are characterized by a polarized organization, i.e . a flattened advancing cell pole consisting of one large pseudopod showing clear suppression of further pseudopod formation, and a contracting uroid undergoing cellular budding processes by the formation and vesiculation of numerous small evaginations . The observed changes in morphology can be interpreted as a relaxation of the advancing cell region due to a significant reduction of the polymerizable actin pool . As the AM-protein heterodimer does not attack F-actin filaments or the interaction of actin and myosin the middle region and the uroid of the microinjected cells are able to perform contractions which result in an orthotactic moving pattern . In conjunction with control experiments using double injection of AM-protein and phalloidin our observations prove the important role of controlled actin polymerization and depolymerization processes for cytoplasmic streaming activity and cell locomotion in ameboid cells.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Dec, (12), 78 - 83
{Immunologic mechanisms of specific hyposensitization in allergic diseases of an infectious nature . III . Immunologic processes in hyposensitization with microbial allergens}; Berezhnaia NM et al.; The work contains the results obtained in the study of immunological processes in the dynamics of specific hyposensitization with microbial allergens, prepared from Proteus and staphylococci, in 22 infectious allergic bronchial asthma patients sensitized to these microorganisms . The therapeutic effect of this treatment was accompanied by the activation of the processes of cellular and humoral immunity, while the aggravation of the main disease was observed in patients with a pronounced decrease in the activity of immunological processes which were unaffected by the stimulating influence of specific hyposensitization.

Br J Surg, 1980 Dec, 67(12), 851 - 5
The effect of local infection upon wound healing: an experimental study; Bucknall TE; Local infection was introduced into rat abdominal wounds using a 10(8) bacterial/ml inoculum . Three groups of infection were used: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a combination group of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis . Infection was shown to delay healing as judged by bursting tests . Fibroblast proliferation was depressed at the wound edges but there was an increase in the total amount of hydroxyproline present . Small vessel angiogenesis was increased in areas of abscess formation but larger vessels were commonly blocked by thrombus or distorted by surrounding inflamed tissue . The possible causes of these effects are discussed.

Nouv Presse Med, 1980 Nov 29, 9(45), 3435 - 6, 3441-2
{Multipuncture: a simple test for cell immunity at the patient's bedside . Determination of a reference population (author's transl)}; Lesourd B et al.; Two-hundred and fifty-four hospital patients (125 men and 129 women) treated for neurological or osteo-articular disorders, free from severe underlying diseases, non-atopic and not receiving immunosuppressants were tested for cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity with a multipuncture instrument which measures the response to 7 antigens simultaneously . The purpose of the trial was to determine normal control values in an immunologically normal population . The antigens used were tuberculin, tetanus and diphtheria anatoxins, Candida, Proteus, Streptococcus and Trichophyton . All tests were carried out by the same operator . The subjects were divided into 8 groups according to their sex and age (15-24, 25-39, 40-64 and 65 years or more) and statistical assessment of the results was based on the number and diameter of skin reactions and on individual scores, each score being the sum of mean diameters of all positive reactions observed at 24 and 48 hours . The overall incidence of positive responses was superior to 50%, except for Trichophyton in men and anatoxins in women . Responses were less pronounced in women of all ages than in men, and the number of positive skin tests, as well as the score values, were reduced in subjects aged 65 or more, particularly in males . The population thus tested could serve as reference in further studies using multipuncture.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1980 Nov 6, 616(1), 1 - 9
Characterization and stability of hydrogenase from Chromatium; Strekas T et al.; The absorption spectrum of the hydrogenase from Chromatium, which contains four iron atoms and four atoms of acid-labile sulfide, in 80% dimethylsulfoxide or hexamethylphosphoramide suggests the presence of a single {4Fe-4S} cluster . The EPR spectra of the oxidized enzyme in air, argon or carbon monoxide are the same with signals centered at g = 2.01 . The enzyme reduced by hydrogen is EPR silent . The EPR spectrum is consistent with a {4Fe-4S} cluster . Chromatium hydrogenase and the hydrogenase from Proteus vulgaris show relative stability towards denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), urea, guanidine and organic solvents.

J Urol, 1980 Nov, 124(5), 732 - 3
Marlex replacement of tunica albuginea; O'Donnell P; Prosthetic penile placement for management of impotence secondary to priapism often is difficult owing to scarring the corpus cavernosum . A patient with priapism treated with saline flush to allow detumescence had a Proteus abscess of the corpus cavernosum requiring multiple debridement procedures . After healing Marlex was used to replace the debrided tunica albuginea and a Small-Carrion prosthesis was placed.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980 Nov, (11), 93 - 7
{Use of the edema test of the extremities in white mice for studying purulent Proteus infection}; Aksenova EV; The injection of non-enterotoxigenic Proteus strains into the paw pad of white mice caused paw edema, its intensity being proportional to the dose used for the test . The exudate consisted of granulocytes . Immunization with isolated Proteus antigens prevented the development of edema . This test is recommended as a model of local purulent infection . The optimal methods for the statistical analysis of the results thus obtained is proposed.

Infect Immun, 1980 Nov, 30(2), 349 - 52
Comparison of quantitative and qualitative antibody-producing cell responses to lipopolysaccharide in cell walls of the bacterial form and in membranes of the protoplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis; Karch H et al.; Membranes of the stable protoplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis strain VI were highly immunogenic carriers of lipopolysaccharide when compared with the immune responses to lipopolysaccharide contained in cell walls of the bacterial form of this organism.

J Med Microbiol, 1980 Nov, 13(4), 507 - 12
The ureases of Proteus strains in relation to virulence for the urinary tract; Senior BW et al.; The ureases produced by a large number of strains of different Proteus species, some of which were known to have a special affinity for the urinary tract, were examined by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis . Each Proteus strain gave a pattern of urease isoenzymes that was characteristic and unique to its species although strains of P . Mirabilis and P . vulgaris gave isoenzyme patterns that were closely similar . There was some minor variation in the patterns of urease isoenzymes even between strains of the same species . This was most noticeable among P . rettgeri strains and to a lesser extent among P . vulgaris strains . No correlation was found between the types of ureases a strain produced and its pathogenicity for the urinary tract.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Nov, 18(5), 687 - 90
Purification and biochemical properties of beta-lactamase produced by Proteus rettgeri; Matsuura M et al.; beta-Lactamase produced by Proteus rettgeri was found to be a typical cephalosporin beta-lactamase on the basis of its substrate hydrolysis profile . The enzyme activity was enhanced by prior treatment with an inducer . The enzyme was purified 166-fold by carboxymethyl-Sephadex column chromatography which indicated that its molecular weight was 42,000 +/- 2,000 and its isoelectric point was 8.7 . Cefoperazone, cefoxitin, cefusulodin, cefmetazole, cefotaxime, 6059-S, FK749, YM-09330, carbenicillin, and cloxacillin were stable to this enzyme and possessed the function of competitive inhibition, as shown by their affinity for the beta-lactamase . The enzyme activity was inhibited by iodine, p-chloromerburibenzoate, and HG2+ ion . Clavulanic acid and CP-45899 displayed poor inhibitory activity toward this enzyme . The optimal pH was 8.0, and the optimal temperature was 50 degrees C.

South Med J, 1980 Nov, 73(11), 1443 - 6, 1449
Laboratory diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever; Walker DH et al.; To examine the use of the laboratory in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the Weil-Felix test, hemagglutination, complement fixation, and skin biopsy immunofluorescence in the hospital, we reviewed our experience during th year 1978 . Sera were submitted from 142 patients and skin biopsies from 16 patients suspected of having RMSF . Sensitivity rates of methods in the acute phase were skin biopsy, 70%; Proteus OX-19 agglutination, 65%; hemagglutination, 19%; Proteus OX-2 agglutination, 18%; and CF, 0% . Overall specificity rates were skin biopsy, 100%; hemagglutination, 99%; and agglutination of Proteus OX-2 96% and OX-19 78% . Major problems were failure to submit convalescent serum and nonspecificity of Weil-Felix titer of 1:160 . Two cases illustrate the importance of skin biopsy and serologic results . Immunofluorescent examination of skin biopsies for Rickettsia rickettsii is the best procedure currently available for early diagnosis.

J Am Geriatr Soc, 1980 Oct, 28(10), 456 - 61
Nosocomial urinary-tract infections in a skilled nursing facility; Sherman FT et al.; Fifty-five documented infections reported from an admission unit of a large skilled nursing facility (SNF) during a five-month period were analyzed . Of these, 45 (82 percent) were urinary-tract infections (UTIs), chiefly asymptomatic bacteriuria . Sixty-three percent of the UTIs were acquired in the SNF, and the remainder were acquired during the preceding stay in a general hospital . Statistically, Proteus species infections were more common among the SNF-acquired UTIs, whereas Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections were the most common among the hospital-acquired UTIs . The following recommendations are made: 1) for previously hospitalized elderly patients in whom urinary-tract sepsis develops soon after admission to an SNF, treatment should start with an antibiotic active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the results of cultures are pending; 2) symptomatic lower urinary-tract infections caused by SNF-acquired Proteus species should be treated with nalidixic acid or trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole; 3) the term "nosocomial infection" should be broadened to include infections acquired in long-term care institutions; and 4) infection surveillance should be started in selected long-term care institutions for the elderly as part of an expanded National Nosocomial Infections Survey.

Can J Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 26(10), 1173 - 7
Sulfur isotope fractionation by Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella heidelberg during the reduction of thiosulfate; McCready RG et al.; Proteus vulgaris metabolized thiosulfate to H2S . The amount evolved and its sulfur isotope composition identified it solely with sulfane sulfur . In contrast, Salmonella heidelberg sequentially reduced the sulfane sulfur of S2O3(-2) with slight enrichment of the evolved sulfide in 32S and then reduced the sulfonate sulfur of S2O3(-2) with large isotopic selectivities and an inverse isotopic fractionation pattern . The inverse isotope fractionation pattern for the H2S derived from the sulfonate sulfur was almost identical to that observed during the reduction of high concentrations of sulfite by S . heidelberg.

Arch Microbiol, 1980 Oct, 127(3), 223 - 9
Membranes of the protoplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis; Kroll HP et al.; Isolated membranes of the cell wall-less stable protoplast L-form of Proteus mirabilis were characterized by density gradient centrifugation and by assay for their major chemical constituents, proteins, phospholipids and lipopolysacchartide, and for some specific marker enzymes of the cytoplasmic membrane . In most of the analyzed properties the L-form protoplast membrane resembled the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, with some notable modifications . Considerable amounts of lipopolysaccharide, normally an exclusive constituent of the outer membrane, were found . Furthermore, the L-form membranes contained the functions of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase system, of D-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28) and of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) at specific activities comparable to, or in some cases considerably higher than, those present in cytoplasmic membranes of the bacterial form . Of two peptidoglycan DD-carboxypeptidase/transpeptidases (EC 3.4.17.8 and EC 2.3.2.10) . which are normally present in the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterial form of P . mirabilis, the membrane of the protoplast L-form contained only one . Electron microscopy of thin sectioned L-form protoplasts showed extensive heterogeneity of membraneous structures . In addition to the single membraneous integument, internal membrane-bounded vesicles and multiple stacks of membranes were present, as the result of unbalanced growth and membrane synthesis in the L-form state.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Oct, 18(4), 557 - 61
In vitro activity of N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787), a crystalline derivative of thienamycin; Horadam VW et al.; N-Formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787) is a derivative of thienamycin, a unique, new beta-lactam antibiotic . Its activity against 285 aerobic and facultatively anaerobic clinical isolates was compared with the activities of cephalothin, ampicillin, penicillin G, ticarcillin, and tobramycin . All of the 285 isolates, with the exception of 1 Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate, were inhibited by a concentration of N-formimidoyl thienamycin of less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml . More than 50% of all isolates were inhibited by the lowest concentration of N-formimidoyl thienamycin tested (0.125 micrograms/ml); 98% of Staphylococcus aureus and 80% of S . epidermidis isolates were inhibited by N-formimidoyl thienamycin at a concentration of 0.125 micrograms/ml . Only 2 of 45 enterococci were not inhibited by 1 microgram of N-formimidoyl thienamycin per ml, and this drug was the most active agent tested against 162 gram-negative bacilli . It inhibited more than 95% of the gram-negative isolates at a concentration of less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml . N-Formimidoyl thienamycin was as active or more active than tobramycin against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis and substantially more active than ticarcillin . All 16 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were inhibited by less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms of N-formimidoyl thienamycin per ml . The marked in vitro activity of this drug against a wide variety of clinical isolates makes it a promising new antibiotic.

Gene, 1980 Oct, 11(1-2), 177 - 9
Expression of E . coli genes carried by hybrids of plasmid RP4; Alikhanian SI et al.; Hybrids of the RP4 plasmid, containing bacteriophage Mu and chromosomal genes of Escherichia coli, were transferred into Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis . The individual genes of the arginine, histidine, leucine and threonine operons were expressed in these microorganisms.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Sep, 33(9), 1014 - 21
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7 beta-{2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido}-cephalosporin derivatives . II . Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 7 beta-{2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido}-7 alpha-methoxycephalosporins; Ochiai M et al.; 7 beta-{2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)acetamido}-7 alpha-methoxycephalosporins were synthesized both by acylation of the 7 beta-amino-7 alpha-methoxycephalosporin compound (VIII) and a new direct acyl-exchange reaction of 7 alpha-methoxy-7 beta-phosphoramido compound (VII) . Some of these compounds (IXa, IXb) showed higher antibacterial activity than the 7 alpha-unsubstituted compound against beta-lactamase-producing strains of Serratia marcescens and Proteus vulgaris.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Sep, 33(9), 959 - 63
{Treatment of infection in the patients wih hematopoietic malignancy with ceftezole (Falomesin) (author's transl)}; Hamaguchi H et al.; Ceftezole (CTZ) was administered to 20 patients with hematopoietic malignancy complicated with infections . These patients consisted of 7 cases of AML, 2 ALL, 2 AMMoL, 1 APL, 1 blast crisis of CML, 2 HD, and 5 NHL . In 13 cases, sites of infection were determined and causative organisms were identified . In other 7 cases, sites of infection or causative organisms were unknown . In the former 13 cases, pneumonia was demonstrated in 6 patients, tonsillitis in 4 patients, pyelonephritis in 2 patients and sepsis in 1 patient . Klebsiella was separated from 5 patients as the causative organisms, E . coli from 2 patients, E . coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 1 patient, Pseudomonas cepacia from 1 patient, Streptococcus viridans from 2 patients, Proteus from 1 patient and Torulopsis from 1 patient . Gram-negative rods were separated from 10 of the 13 cases (77%) as the causative organisms . CTZ was administered intravenously in dose from 4 g to 16 g per day combined with other antibiotics (AMK, GM, DKB, TOB, SBPC, CBPC, LC, ST) . The response rate in 12 cases of acute leukemia and in 7 cases of malignant lymphoma was 58% and 43%, respectively . Infections occurred in 4 patients with less than 100 neutrophil per mm3 did never favorably responded even with CTZ.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 120(1), 57 - 66
Genetic recombination between Proteus mirabilis and Providencia alcalifaciens; Coetzee JN et al.; Chromosome transfer occurred in plate matings between Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006 and Providencia alcalifaciens strain P29 in either direction with the use of plasmid D or R772 as sex factor . Auxotrophic chromosomal markers of recipients were converted to prototrophy and the galactose fermentation marker of donor PM5006 could also be selected . Recombination frequencies for a group of selected markers in PM5006(D) x P29 matings varied between 3 x 10(-5) (trp+) and 1.2 x 10(-7) (lys+) per donor . In the reverse cross, plasmid D mobilized markers on the P29 chromosome randomly with a recombination frequency of about 1.7 x 10(-7) per donor for all selected P29 markers . R772 produced random mobilization of markers on both chromosomes yielding recombinants at a frequency of about 1.8 x 10(-7) per donor . Unselected markers separated by no more than about 10 min from selected markers on the PM5006 chromosome were cotransferred from P29 by both plasmids . Despite the low degree of DNA homology existing between the two species, all hybrids behaved as stable haploids . Progeny from P29(D or R772) x PM5006 auxotroph matings displayed similar sets of naturally occurring P29 unselected markers irrespective of the selected prototroph allele . In reverse crosses, a similar range of PM5006 naturally occurring unselected markers registered in P29 recipients, although differences existed in the sets of markers mediated by the two plasmids . Weak linkage was detected between PM5006 gal+ allele(s) and some P29 auxotroph markers . Adsorption of donor-specific phages 5006M or PL25 to hybrids could not be demonstrated and many recombinants failed to express some or all of the plasmid markers.

J Clin Microbiol, 1980 Sep, 12(3), 304 - 9
Separate O-grouping schemes for serotyping clinical isolates of Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis; Penner JL et al.; Antisera were prepared against type strains of the original scheme of B . Perch (Acta Pathol . Microbiol . Scand . 25:703-714, 1948) and against newly defined types to produce separate schemes for O-grouping Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis . In assessing the schemes for their effectiveness it was found that 82% of 208 P . vulgaris isolates and 88% of 194 P . mirabilis isolates from two hospitals were typable . Only 3.4% of the P . vulgaris isolates agglutinated in P . mirabilis antisera, and 1.5% of the P . mirabilis agglutinated in P . vulgaris antisera, indicating that separation of the schemes would be more advantageous in routine typing . P . mirabilis of groups O3, O6, O10, O29, and O30 were most frequently isolated . Of the P . vulgaris isolates, 25% belonged to newly defined O-groups, and one of these was the largest with 14% of all isolates of this species . The application of serotyping using separate schemes for each species was advocated in epidemiological studies.

J Pharmacobiodyn, 1980 Sep, 3(9), 451 - 6
Therapy for urolithiasis by hydroxamic acids . III . Urease inhibitory potency and urinary excretion rate of N-acylglycinohydroxamic acids; Munakata K et al.; Hydroxamic acid, a potent urease inhibitor, having a high urinary excretion rate is expected to be a therapeutic agent for urolithiasis caused by urea-splitting bacterial infection of the urinary tract . Twenty-one new derivatives of N-aliphatic-acylglycinohydroxamic acids (GHAs) were synthesized, and their inhibitory potencies against the urease activity of sword bean in a phosphate buffer and against the ureolytic activity of Proteus mirabilis in human urine, and their urinary excretion rates in rats were also measured for this purpose I50 values of most of GHAs against the urease activity of sword bean were about 1 to 10 microM and 2-ethyl-n-butyroyl GHA was the most potent inhibitor with the value of 0.79 microM . I50 values of most of the GHAs against the ureolytic activity of Proteus mirabilis were about 5 to 50 microM and n-nonaroyl GHA was the most potent inhibitor with the value of 3.6 microM . 2,2-Dimethylpropionyl GHA had the highest urinary excretion rate with the recovery of 11% . Routes of administration of 2,2-dimethylpropionyl GHA and sex of rats used did not affect the amount of urinary excretion at all . The results in this report suggest that DL 2-methyl-n-butyroyl, 2-ethyl-n-butyroyl and 2,2-dimethylpropionyl GHA are the most hopeful therapeutic agents for urolithiasis among them.

J Pharmacobiodyn, 1980 Sep, 3(9), 444 - 50
Therapy for urolithiasis by hydroxamic acids . II . Urease inhibitory potency and urinary excretion rate of hippurohydroxamic acid derivatives; Kobashi K et al.; The apparent I50 values of various hippurohydroxamic acids against urease activity of sword bean were mostly 0.5 to 2.0 microM regardless of hydrophobicity of their substituents . However, the marked increase of hydrophilicity caused by substitution of trimethoxy groups conspicuously decreased the inhibitory potency . Methylation at alpha-position of the hydroxamic acid group in these compounds remarkably decreased the inhibitory potency, probably owing to steric hindrance by the alpha-methyl group . Thenoyl-, furoyl- and nicotino-glycinohydroxamic acids which are bioisostereomers of hippurohydroxamic acid had I50 values of 0.64, 1.3 and 5.3 microM, respectively . Furthermore, the inhibitory potency of some substituted hippurohydroxamic acids against the ureolytic activity of intact Proteus mirabilis isolated from patients with urinary tract infection, were half to one-tenth of those against urease activity of sword bean . On the other hand, m- and p-nitro-, m- and p-methoxy-, m- and p-acetylamino-hippurohydroxamic acid and furoylglycinohydroxamic acid showed high urinary excretion rates of 14 to 16% of the doses administered orally to rats, while most of the others had excretion rates of about 3 to 5%.

Urology, 1980 Sep, 16(3), 274 - 6
Office practice survey of urease positive bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections; Cicmanec JF et al.; Office patients with a positive urinary tract infection (UTI) were screened for the presence of a urease positive microorganism by a rapid biotyping . Approximately 12 per cent of the UTI episodes were caused by a urease positive organism . Over 95 per cent of Proteus and Klebisella isolates were urease positive, and a lesser percentage of Pseudomonas . No Escherichia coli were urease positive . Determination of urease production can be assessed by the standard API (Analytab Products Inc.) biotyping technique for gram negative organisms . A specific digit in the biotype code indicates urease activity.

Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1980 Sep, 61(9), 406 - 9
Urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord lesions: antibody-coated bacteria tests as a diagnostic aid; Newman E et al.; Urine cultures and antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) tests were performed on urine specimens from 176 spinal cord injured patients at the time of annual renal function follow-up . Sixty-nine percent of the cultures were positive; and of these, 55% were positive for ACB . The highest incidence of positive ACB tests occurred in the specimens from patients with external catheters (67%), ileal diversions (63%) and suprapublic catheters (60%) . The organisms which occurred most frequently as a single isolate were Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 54% of the E coli and 57% of the P aeruginosa were antibody coated . Proteus rettgeri was recovered less frequently as a single isolate but in these instances the ACB test was always positive . X-ray studies showed that 28% of patients with positive ACB tests had upper tract changes . Thirty-eight patients with positive ACB tests received treatment . After treatment, follow-up cultures from 26 (69%) of these patients showed no growth or a negative ACB test . Patients with roentgenographically abnormal tracts and positive ACB tests were found to be more resistant to treatment . Although additional studies are needed, this test at present can aid clinicians in management of urinary tract infection in spinal cord injured patients.

Invest Urol, 1980 Sep, 18(2), 112 - 4
The effect of acetohydroxamic acid on the induction of bacterial ureases; Rosenstein I et al.; The ureases of Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Proteus rettgeri are inducible by urea . Induction is increased when both urea and acetohydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of urease, are present during bacterial growth . Acetohydroxamic acid alone does not cause induction, but, by preventing the hydrolysis of urea, it minimizes pH increases and allows induction to occur much more effectively . The ureases of Proteus morganii and other bacterial genera are not inducible by this method . The relevance of our findings to the formation and management of infection stones is discussed.

Invest Urol, 1980 Sep, 18(2), 102 - 5
Prevention of infected urinary stones in rats by urease inhibitor: a new hydroxamic acid derivative; Takeuchi H et al.; We tested the inhibitory power and urinary excretion of several derivatives of hippurohydroxamic acid, including some newly synthesized compounds . m-Methoxyhippurohydroxamic acid (UCD II) strongly inhibited urease activity and high urinary excretion after oral administration to rats . UCD II inhibited the alkalinization of infected urine in vitro and in vivo and prevented bladder stone formation when it was orally administered to rats with urinary tract infection caused by Proteus mirabilis . The clinical application of UCD II to the prevention of pathologic sequelae of urinary infection with urease-producing bacteria awaits evaluation of the safety of the compound.

Science, 1980 Aug 8, 209(4457), 691 - 2
Endocytotic sucrose uptake in Amoeba proteus induced with the calcium ionophore A23187; Prusch RD; The calcium ionophore A23187 brings about an influx of calcium and uptake of sucrose by endocytosis in Amoeba proteus . The amount of endocytotic sucrose uptake elicited by the ionophore depends upon the external calcium ion concentration . Calcium ion movements may serve to couple the surface phase of endocytosis with cytoplasmic uptake of the endocytotic inducer.

J Cell Sci, 1980 Aug, 44, 273 - 83
Characterization of a strain-specific inhibitor of cell division from Amoeba cytoplasm; Ireland CM et al.; The microinjection of cytoplasm taken from one strain of large free-living amoeba into another strain is followed by an incompatibility phenomenon, the inhibition of division amongst the recipient cells . The post-microsomal supernatant fraction from Amoeba discoides (T1D13) injected into A . proteus (T1P) inhibited division in 90% of the injected cells . Further centrifugation of this fraction yielded a pellet which when resuspended and injected, inhibited division in over 95% (and sometimes 100%) of the cells . No inhibitory activity remained in the supernatant after the removal of this pellet . Treatment with 10 micrograms/ml trypsin destroyed the activity of this pellet, while 25 micrograms/ml ribonuclease reduced the inhibitory activity by approximately 40% . Passage of the resuspended post-microsomal pellet through Sephadex G-200 gave one main peak of material which eluted in the void volume . Concentration of this material by either dialysis or lyophilization followed by microinjection into A . proteus showed that this void volume peak contained the inhibitory material, although the most active preparations did not give more than 66% inhibition of division . After elution from Sephadex, the void volume material was analysed by electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions, and by isoelectric focusing . One problem was the loss of inhibitory activity after keeping the pellet at 4 degrees C for 4-5 days, which made further analysis by microinjection difficult . Preliminary experiments using a post-microsomal pellet prepared from Dawson's A . proteus (DP) which inhibited division in A . proteus (T1P) gave a similar profile after Sephadex chromatography and gel electrophoresis.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Aug, 18(2), 257 - 63
Comparative activities of cefotiam and cefazolin against urinary tract infections with Proteus mirabilis in mice; Iwahi T et al.; The therapeutic effect of cefotiam on experimental urinary tract infections with Proteus mirabilis IFO 3849 in mice was compared with that of cefazolin . The minimal inhibitory concentrations of cefotiam and cefazolin against the test organism were 1.56 and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively . Beginning 3 days after infection, various doses of each cephalosporin were given subcutaneously twice a day for 5 days . Doses of 100 mg of cefotiam per kg or more sterilized the urine within 3 days and effected a marked reduction or complete eradication of bacteria in the bladder walls and kidneys of mice sacrificed the day after treatment was terminated . A dose of cefazolin greater than 800 mg/kg was required for equivalent therapeutic results . Clearance of bacteria from urinary tract organs was as rapid or more rapid with 50-mg/kg doses of cefotiam as with 200-mg/kg doses of cefazolin . Much more rapid clearance was attained with 200-mg/kg doses of cefotiam . The concentrations of cefotiam attained in plasma, kidney, and urine were lower than the cefazolin levels achieved at an equivalent dose . The superiority of cefotiam over cefazolin in treatment of experimental urinary tract infections appears to be due to its greater activity against the test organism.

Zentralbl Bakteriol A, 1980 Aug, 247(3), 347 - 52
Experimental infection in rabbits evoked by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae treated with gentamicin, amikacin and sisomicin; Jeljaszewicz J et al.; Rabbits were infected with freshly isolated strains of Ps . aeruginosa, P . mirabilis, E . coli or K . pneumoniae and treated with gentamicin, amikacin or sisomicin in a controlled study . Therapeutic results were evaluated by survival of animals and viable counts of etiologic bacteria in several tissues after sacrification of treated animals at the same time . Sisomicin was the drug of choice for Ps . aeruginosa and P . mirabilis infections, when compared with amikacin and gentamicin . Its action is practically equal to that of amikacin in K . pneumoniae infection . Sisomicin appeared less active in E . coli infections than amikacin, but was superior to gentamicin.

J Cell Biol, 1980 Aug, 86(2), 590 - 8
Contractile basis of ameboid movement . VII . The distribution of fluorescently labeled actin in living amebas; Taylor DL et al.; The technique of molecular cytochemistry has been used to follow the distribution of fluorescently labeled actin in living Chaos carolinensis and Amoeba proteus during ameboid movement and various cellular processes . The distribution of 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein-labeled actin was compared with that of Lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride-labeled ovalbumin microinjected into the same cell and recorded with an image intensification microscope system . Actively motile cells demonstrated a rather uniform distribution of actin throughout most of the cytoplasm, except in the tail ectoplasm and in plasma gel sheets, where distinct actin structures were observed . In addition, actin-containing structures were induced in the cortex during wound healing, concanavalin A capping, pinocytosis, and contractions elicited by phalloidin injections . The formation of distinct fluorescent actin structures has been correlated with contractile activities.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1980 Aug, 40(2), 337 - 40
Bacterial effect of hydrogen peroxide on urinary tract pathogens; Schaeffer AJ et al.; Bacterial contamination of urinary drainage bags is a frequent source of bladder bacteriuria in patients with indwelling catheters . Previous work demonstrated that the addition of 30 ml of 3% H2O2 prevented bacterial contamination of urinary drainage bags for up to 8 h in patients with urinary infections (greater than 10(5) colony-forming units per ml) . Survival curves of a variety of organisms in filter-sterilized urine with various concentrations of H2O2 (0.6 to 0.01%) were constructed . Organisms with high cellular catalase activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis) required 30 to 60 min of exposure to 0.6% H2O2 for a reduction of 10(8) to less than 1 colony-forming unit per ml, whereas Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp . required only 15 min of exposure . The efficacy of H2O2 in urine was maintained despite exposure to room temperature for 5 days and reinoculation with bacterial suspensions . H2O2 is inexpensive and relatively nontoxic, and these data suggest that periodic instillation of H2O2 into urinary drainage bags may eliminate a source of bladder bacteriuria and environmental contamination.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1980 Aug, 33(8), 820 - 40
{Experimental and clinical studies on cefoperazone (author's transl)}; Toyonaga Y et al.; Experimental and clinical studies were conducted on a new synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic cefoperazone (CPZ) . Antibacterial activity of CPZ against S . aureus, E . coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp . and P . aeruginosa was compared with that of cefazolin (CEZ), cephalothin (CET), gentamicin (GM) and cefotaxime (CTX) . Ordinary cephalosporin C antibiotics, CEZ and CET showed an excellent antibacterial activity against S . aureus, while CPZ showed a low MIC of 3.13 mcg/ml even 10(6)/ml inoculation . CPZ showed an antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as E . coli, Klebsiella sp . and Proteus sp . Its activity was very similar to CTX and superior to CET and CEZ . CPZ showed the greatest activity against P . aeruginosa, i.e., 2 tubes greater than CTX . By intravenous injection, the peak of blood concentration of CPZ treated with 25 mg/kg was 42 mcg/ml (4 cases); in the case of 1 hr . drip infusion, the peak of blood concentration with same dose was 41.25 mcg/ml at the end of drip infusion . By both routes of administration, the half lives were noted to be as long as 101.4 and 84.8 minutes, respectively . The recovery rates (3 cases) in the urine were quite different: 60.8%, 22.6% and 76.8% at 6 hours after administration . The spinal fluid concentration of CPZ was about 5 mcg/ml in the acute stage during the first 5 days and the CSF/serum ratio was above 10% . Clinical evaluation of CPZ was performed in a total of 31 cases; 13 cases of respiratory tract infection, 8 cases of urinary tract infection, 2 cases of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 2 cases of enterocolitis, 2 cases of septicemia and 4 cases of purulent meningitis . Of 31 cases, CPZ proved to be markedly effective or effective in 28 cases, an efficacy rate of 90.3% . CPZ was found to e ineffective in 1 case of pyothorax and 2 cases of septicemia . Of the two cases of septicemia, one who had been also suffering from ecthyma gangrenosum suspected to be caused by P . aeruginosa and died within 10 hours of admission . Therefore, it may be better to consider this case an unknown case . Side effects observed during the therapy were 1 case of rash and 1 case of a rise of BUN.

J Gen Virol, 1980 Jul, 49(1), 33 - 9
Proteus mirabilis phages 5006M, 5006M HFT k and 5006M HFT ak: physical comparison of genome characteristics; Pretorius GH et al.; The genomes of proteus mirabilis phages 5006M, kanamycin resistance transducing variant 5006M HFT k and kanamycin-ampicillin resistance transducing variant 5006M HFT ak have been compared . Homo- and heteroduplex and partial denaturation mapping analyses were performed . The results confirm a sequential headful packaging mechanism, facilitate mapping of the ampicillin resistance marker, demonstrate a hairpin loop structure in both variants, reveal a common insertion site for 8 X 10(6) mol . wt . non-phage DNA in both variants and implicate a role for the non-inducible cryptic host strain prophage 5006M in the generatin cycle of the variant phages.

Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1980 Jul, 151(1), 55 - 7
Comparative studies on the antimicrobial activity of peritoneal and ascitic fluids in human beings; Michel J et al.; The antibacterial activity of peritoneal fluid obtained from 28 women undergoing laparoscopy was compared with that of ascitic fluid obtained from 11 patients with various pathologic conditions . Similar antibacterial activity was found in these two types of fluid . The activity varied from bactericidal to bacteriostatic and was directed mainly against gram-negative bacilli-Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteroides fragilis . Candida albicans was inhibited by many of the fluids, but the activity against gram-positive cocci was much less marked . Lysozyme was present in the fluids but was not solely responsible for the antimicrobial activity . The results of this study suggest the presence of at least three groups of thermostable antibacterial substances, two of which are bactericidal and one, bacteriostatic . One of the bactericidal factors is complement-dependent.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1980 Jul-Dec, 73(7-12), 272 - 80
{Fosfomycin, lysine-fosfomycin, arginine-fosfomycin: antibacterial activity in vitro}; Angeretti A et al.; The antibacterial activity of NaFosfomicin and of two of its aminoacidic derivatives -Lisin-Fosfomycin and Arginin-Fosfomycin- has been determined "in vitro" as MICs and MBCs, on different groups of Bacteria . The results obtained were then statistically analyzed - according to the "t of Student" - in a comparative evaluation of the values between NaFosfomycin-Lisin-Fosfomycin (F-LF); NaFosfomycin-Arginin-Fosfomycin (F-AF); Lisin-Fosfomycin-Arginin-Fosfomycin (LF-AF) . From these comparisons, the data found demonstrated no significant differences among the three compounds, for Proteus, Coliforms and Pseudomonas groups, while Salmonella and Staphylococcus Genera showed good differences (P less than 0.05) from the comparison F-AF.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jul, 119(1), 257 - 62
Expression of the lactose transposon Tn951 in Escherichia coli, Proteus and Pseudomonas; Baumberg S et al.; The control of beta-galactosidase specified by the lactose transposon Tn951 (inserted into RP1 to give pGC9114) has been studied in Escherichia coli K12, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida; in the first two species comparison could be made with Flac . In E . coli K12, the Tn951 and chromosomally encoded enzymes showed marked qualitative differences in regulatio, the former giving a substantially lower maximum induced level and induction ratio . Several parameters were slightly affected by strain background . In P . mirabilis, beta-galactosidase control determined by both Flac (in accord with earlier work) and pGC9114 was markedly different from E . coli in that maximal induced levels were about an order of magnitude lower and the induction ratio was reduced to 3 to 5 . In Ps . aeruginosa and Ps . putida, Tn951-specified lac expression was qualitatively similar to that in P . mirabilis . Possible reasons for anomalous expression in Proteus and Pseudomonas are discussed.

Antibiotiki, 1980 Jun, 25(6), 437 - 40
{Joint action of aminoglycoside antibiotics and nitrofurans with bile on bacteria of the genus Proteus}; Sytnik IA et al.; The combined effect of monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and nitrofurans, such as furacillin, furagin, nitrofurantoin and furazolidone with bovine bile was studied on 36 strains of Proteus mirabilis and 14 strains of Proteus vulgaris . It was found that sub-bacteriostatic doses of the bile significantly increased the antiproteus activity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics and nitrofurans . The combinations of the bile with monomycin and kanamycin and the bile with furazolidone and nitrofurantoin proved to be most effective . Clinical trials of the drugs in treatment of inflammatory diseases of the biliferous system of the Proteus etiology are recommended.

J Immunol, 1980 Jun, 124(6), 2548 - 51
Qualitative and quantitative changes in the antibody producing cell response to lipopolysaccharide induced after incorporation of the antigen into bacterial membrane phospholipid vesicles; Ruttkowski E et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Proteus mirabilis and administered to mice i.p . induced a primary immune response that consisted of the proliferation of only IgM antibody-producing cells . The response to a second stimulus 14 days later was also predominantly IgM, although a smaller number of IgG-producing cells was detected . The strength of the responses depended upon the dosage of LPS administered . When mice received a primary injection of the same amount of LPS incorporated into P . mirabilis phospholipid vesicles, the number of IgM-producing cells was significantly increased over that induced by LPS alone . In addition, IgG-producing cells appeared on day 5 and increased during the time course measured up to day 14 . After a booster injection of the same amount of LPS-phospholipid vesicles on day 14, the numbers of IgM-producing cells increased approximately 3-fold and the numbers of IgG-producing cells approximately 16-fold over those of mice given LPS alone . These results demonstrate a pronounced adjuvant effect of bacterial membrane phospholipids that are able to alter not only the strength but also the type of response to LPS.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Jun, 17(6), 908 - 11
Combined antibacterial activity of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid against ampicillin-resistant strains; Matsuura M et al.; Strains of bacteria resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics have been increasing in number and are becoming troublesome in clinical medicine . The in vitro antibacterial activity of amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid was determined on selected ampicillin-resistant clinical isolates . Synergistic effects were produced by amoxicillin with clavulanic acid against ampicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacteroides fragilis . Inhibition of the beta-lactamases produced by the ampicillin-resistant strains was confirmed, especially against the penicillinases mediated by the R factor and the cephalosporinases produced by P.vulgaris and B . fragilis . The inhibitory effect of clavulanic acid against beta-lactamases was irreversible because of the high affinity of clavulanic acid to the enzymes.

J Gen Microbiol, 1980 Jun, 118(2), 539 - 42
Mobilization of the Proteus morganii chromosome by R plasmids; Beck Y et al.; R plasmids R702, R711b, R1, D, Rip69, R447b, R471 and R394, belonging to different incompatibility groups, mobilized the Proteus morganii 2815 chromosome . Matings employing plasmids R711b or R702 as sex factors with doubly auxotrophic recipients produced recombinants characterized by the obligatory inheritance of ser-1+, irrespective of the selected marker.

J Cell Sci, 1980 Jun, 43, 329 - 40
Evidence of low molecular weight RNAs involved in permanent character changes in amoebae; Hawkins SE; Previous studies have established that 'informational molecules' present in cytoplasmic fractions of A . discoides may be transferred by microinjection into A . proteus . Clones derived from injected cells showed various changers, including lowered sensitivity to growth in streptomycin and neomycin, in which respects they resembled A . discoides . These changes in response to antibiotics were transferred independently and were permanent, the information being replicated over many generations . The most 'active' material in terms of the number of clones showing character changes was found following injection of 16S ribonucleoprotein obtained after sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the mcirosomal fraction . Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the 16S material showed 3 small peaks of RNA . In order to obtain adequate amounts of material, these peaks of RNA were identified in electrophoresis profiles of RNA extracted from the whole microsomal fraction, and RNA eluted from these latter gels was injected into A . proteus . Although the number of surviving clones was low, all were examined for their response to growth in either streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin or chloroquine . After injection of RNA eluted from the 3 small peaks of RNA (slices 26-33), 8 out of 10 and 9 out of 10 clones showed lowered sensitivity to growth in streptomycin and neomycin respectively, and resembled the donor A . discoides . No changes in responses to antibiotics were obtained from clones derived from cells injected with RNA eluted from another region of the gel, or after ribonuclease treatment of the RNA from slices 26-33 . The relative molecular weights of these 'informational' RNA molecules were found to be between 9 and 13 X 10(4) Daltons.

Urology, 1980 May, 15(5), 457 - 60
Short-course aminoglycoside therapy in patients with spinal cord injury . Standard dose versus low dose; Sapico FL et al.; Twenty-nine patients with spinal cord injury and asymptomatic urinary tract infection were treated with standard or reduced doses of tobramycin and amikacin . The patients received five days of intramuscular antibiotics . Most of the patients in the tobramycin groups had Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and most of those in the amikacin group had either Proteus rettgeri or Providencia stuartii infections . Only 1 patient had a positive urine antibody coating test . High antibiotic concentrations were demonstrated in the urine of all patients during therapy . Urine cultures were obtained two and seven days after completion of therapy . Forty-eight per cent of the patients were cured, while 31 per cent showed persistence or relapse, and 21 per cent had reinfection with other bacteria . No significant differences in results were observed between the standard-dose and low-dose regimens and between the amikacin and tobramycin groups . The low success rate of the regimens used may indicate the need to evaluate alternative therapeutic regimens to treat urinary tract infections in this special group of patients.

Antibiotiki, 1980 May, 25(5), 356 - 9
{Sensitivity of the causative agents of suppurative-inflammatory diseases to medical bacteriophages}; Men'shikov DD et al.; Sensitivity to therapeutic bacteriophages and antibiotics of 2063 cultures causing purulent inflammatory diseases was studied . Sensitivity of Staph . aureus to therapeutic bacteriophages was higher (88.5%) than that to benzylpenicillin (33.7%), ampicillin (64.3%), erythromycin (53.7%) and close to that to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, lincomycin and chloramphenicol . The number of Ps . aeruginosa strains sensitive to the phages amounted to 67.1% . E . coli and Proteus were sensitive to therapeutic bacteriophages in 32.4 and 29% of the cultures respectively . All of the streptococcal strains isolated from the patients were resistant to phages . A favourable clinical effect of phages was observed in 37 out of 80 patients . The results of the study showed the advisability of the wide use of bacteriophages in combined treatment of purulent inflammatory diseases.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 May, 17(5), 763 - 9
Mode of action of a new nalidixic acid derivative, AB206; Nagate T et al.; A new chemotherapeutic agent, AB206, shows potent antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria, including most of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains tested . It strongly inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in Escherichia coli, but only slightly inhibits ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis . Its activity on DNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro is greater than that of nalidixic acid . AB206 also strongly inhibits in vivo DNA synthesis in nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant clinical isolates of Proteus and Serratia . AB206 shows high penetrability into E . coli cells, as demonstrated by antibacterial activity with or without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, inhibition of in vivo and in vitro DNA synthesis, and uptake of the drug into cells, as compared to nalidixic acid . It appears that the high antibacterial activity of AB206 may be explained both by its potent inhibitory action against DNA synthesis and also by its high penetrability into bacterial cells.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 636 - 41
Structures and antimicrobial activity of peniophorin A and B, two polyacetylenic antibiotics from Peniophora affinis Burt; Gerber NN et al.; Two polyacetylenic antibiotics, peniophorin A and B, have been isolated from a strain of Peniophora affinis . Both have antibacterial and antifungal activity, but B is 3 to 20 times more active than A . Gram-positive cocci and a strain of Proteus vulgaris were especially susceptible to these two antibiotics . Both peniophorins contained an aromatic ring; B was an acid, and A was neutral . Peniophorin B was shown to be 2-(1-oxo-2,4-pentadiynl)phenyl acetic acid . The structure of A was only partially elucidated; it is suspected to be 6-{2-(1-oxo-2,4-pentadiynl)phenyl}5-methoxy-3-oxo-4-hexene-1-ol.

Eur J Biochem, 1980 Apr, 105(2), 361 - 70
Purification of two DD-carboxypeptidases/transpeptidases with different penicillin sensitivities from Proteus mirabilis; Schilf W et al.; Two membrane-bound enzymes of Proteus mirabilis with the dual functions of peptidoglycan DD-carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase (named DD-carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase H and L) were isolated and purified by selective solubilization with the nonionic detergent Genapol X-100, affinity chromatography on matrix-bound ampicillin, and preparative isoelectric focusing in the presence of detergent . Purified enzymes H and L were, respectively, penicillin-binding proteins 4 and 5 among seven major penicillin-binding proteins present in P . mirabilis . The enzymes differed in the following properties . Enzyme H had an Mr of 49,000; isoelectric point at pH 8.2; high sensitivity to benzylpenicillin and permanent inactivation because of high stability of the enzyme-antibiotic complex EI* (half-life 300 min); fragmentation of benzylpenicillin with formation of phenylacetylglycine during the slow decay of EI*; it functioned as an endopeptidase on peptide-crosslinked side chains of peptidoglycan . Enzyme L had an Mr of 43 000; isoelectric point at pH 5.9; low sensitivity to benzylpenicillin and low stability of EI* (half-life 7.2 min) with rapid recovery of enzyme activity; no function as an endopeptidase . The properties of enzyme L were identical with those of the single active DD-carboxypeptidase found previously in the spheroplast L-form of P . mirabilis grown in the presence of benzylpenicillin . We conclude that the partial penicillin resistance of P . mirabilis, with growth as L-form and synthesis of peptide-crosslinked peptidoglycan, depends on the continuing fuction of enzyme L as a DD-carboxypeptidase and transpeptidase in the presence of the antibiotic.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Apr, 55(4), 308 - 10
Proteus mirabilis meningitis and cerebral abscess in the newborn period; Smith ML et al.; Three cases of Proteus mirabilis meningitis in neonates are reported, in 2 of which abscess formation was proved neuroradiologically . All neonates with P . mirabilis meningitis warrant a CAT scan, as does any newborn infant with meningitis who has a continuing pleocytosis after adequate treatment with antibiotics.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Apr, 33(4), 408 - 12
An experimental model for ascending acute pyelonephritis caused by Escherichia coli or proteus in rats; Larsson P et al.; Experimental, ascending acute pyelonephritis in rats was produced by injecting 0 x 5 ml of 10(9) bacteria/ml into the urinary bladder via the urethra . No traumatic manipulation of the ureters of kidneys was necessary . A grading system for kidney lesions based on macro- and microscopical examination was used . The capacity of different Escherichia coli and proteus strains to induce acute pyelonephritis was tested, and the E . coli 06K13H1 strain and the Proteus mirabilis 03H1 strain were especially capable of causing urinary tract infection . For the P . mirabilis 03H1 strain, a dominance of right kidney lesions was noted in contrast to the E . coli 06K13H1 strain which did not show any side preference.

Clin Genet, 1980 Apr, 17(4), 249 - 54
The agglutination of Proteus vulgaris by cystic fibrosis serum: a re-examination; Burdon MG et al.; The agglutination of the bacterium Proteus vulgaris by serum from cystic fibrosis patients and obligate heterozygotes was shown to be insufficiently specific or reproducible to be of diagnostic value by itself . Approximately 20% of health controls gave a substantial agglutination reaction, whereas the carrier frequency for cystic fibrosis is around 5% . The agglutination did not predominantly involve the bacterial flagella, but appeared to depend on components of the cell surface . The main serum proteins that bind to P . vulgaris cells were shown to be albumin, immunoglobulin G, and complement component C3 . In addition, an unidentified protein(s) of low molecular weight was found to bind to the cells . However, no systematic differences were found in the proteins that bind to P . vulgaris cells between cystic fibrosis and normal sera.

Fortschr Med, 1980 Mar 20, 98(11), 400 - 2
{In-vitro efficacy of topical antibiotics on bacteria from burns}; Baars B et al.; The influence of topical antimicrobial agents on bacterial growth was determined with an agar diffusion technique . 349 isolates were tested with mafenide acetate and silver sulfadiazine, 226 isolates were tested with povidone iodine . None of these agents was likewise effective against all organisms of the same bacterial strain . The inhibition of growth by mafenide acetate and silver sulfadiazine demonstrated dose-response . 26 to 40% of the tested grampositive cocci were inhibited by mafenide acetate, whereas the growth of about 26 to 90% of gramnegative rods was effected by silver sulfadiazine, with the exception of proteus species (9%) . Both agents influenced the growth of pseudomonas (40 to 65%) . The results obtained with povidone iodine led to the consideration that the agar diffusion method might not be suitable for testing this drug.

J Bacteriol, 1980 Mar, 141(3), 1466 - 9
Isolation and partial characterization of two plasmid deoxyribonucleic acids from endosymbiotic bacteria of Amoeba proteus; Han JH et al.; Obligatory endosymbiotic bacteria in a strain of Amoeba proteus were found to harbor two distinct species of plasmid, pHJ11 and pHJ12 . Their molecular weights were 39 x 10(6) and 14 x 10(6), respectively.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Mar, 33(3), 293 - 302
PS-5 inhibition of a beta-lactamase from Proteus vulgaris; Okamura K et al.; Inhibition of Proteus vulgaris beta-lactamase by a new beta-lactam antibiotic, PS-5 was studied kinetically . There were two stages of inhibition . In the early stage, PS-5 inhibited the beta-lactamase by formation of a Michaelis-complex, and showed a competitive inhibition pattern with Ki-value of 0.22 microM (substrate, cephaloridine) . After the formation of a Michaelis-complex between PS-5 and the enzyme, PS-5 showed a characteristic progressive inhibition pattern with time . Maximum inactivation was obtained after several minutes of preincubation of the enzyme with PS-5; as hydrolysis of PS-5 progressed, the enzyme activity was gradually recovered . Reactivation by an excess of substrate (cephaloridine) was not substantially realized in the presence of PS-5 . PS-5 was very slowly hydrolyzed by the enzyme, showing a triphasic pattern in its reaction curve.

Infect Immun, 1980 Mar, 27(3), 804 - 7
Attachment of Proteus mirabilis to human urinary sediment epithelial cells in vitro is different from that of Escherichia coli; Eden CS et al.; The in vitro attachment of 335 Proteus mirabilis strains from various human sources to human urinary tract epithelial cells was measured . No significant difference in adhesive capacity was found between P . mirabilis strains isolated from the blood of 89 patients with bacteremia, the stools of 36 healthy subjects and 56 patients with diarrhea, and the urine of 62 adults and 92 children with bacteriuria . High mean adhesion values were observed in all groups . The P . mirabilis strains attached only to squamous cells and not to transitional epithelial cells, whereas most of the Escherichia coli strains tested attached to both cell types; strains from patients with acute pyelonephritis attached more often than those from patients with acute cystitis or asymptomatic bacteriuria . The attachment of P . mirabilis to squamous epithelial cells was high about day 15 of the menstrual cycle of the epithelial cell donor, but low at the beginning and the end of the cycle . In contrast, the attachment of E . coli to squamous and transitional epithelial cells did not vary significantly with the menstrual cycle of the cell donor . Differences in adhesion characteristics of E . coli and P . mirabilis may relate to the differences in clinical appearance of urinary tract infections produced by the two organisms.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Mar, 33(3), 288 - 96
Antiseptic and antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection; Stickler DJ et al.; A collection of 802 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infections was made from general practice, antenatal clinics, and local hospitals . The organisms were tested for their sensitivity to chlorhexidine, cetrimide, glutaraldehyde, phenyl mercuric nitrate, a phenolic formulation, and a proprietary antiseptic containing a mixture of picloxydine, octyl phenoxy polyethoxyethanol, and benzalkonium chloride . Escherichia coli, the major species isolated, proved to be uniformly sensitive to these agents . Approximately 10% of the total number of isolates, however, exhibited a degree of resistance to the cationic agents . These resistant organisms were members of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Pseudomonas; they were also generally resistant to five, six, or seven antibiotics . It is proposed therefore that an antiseptic policy which involves the intensive use of cationic antiseptics might lead to the selection of a flora of notoriously drug-resistant species.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1980 Feb 15, 122(7), 243 - 6
{Acute infections in pediatric surgery . Clinical experience with clindamycin (author's transl)}; Meier H et al.; 76 children were treated with clindamycin at a dosage of 40 mg/kg/day for postsurgical wound infections, sepsis, phlegmon, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, mediastinitis, pyoderma and urinary tract infections . Frequency distribution of individual infectious agents: Staphylococci, 94,7%; Streptococci, 59,2%; Pneumococci, 5,3%; Enteroccocci, 25%; Escherichia coli, 10,5%; Pseudomonas, 14,5%; Proteus, 7,9%; Bacteroides, 6,6%; Clostridia, 7,9% . Therapy was successful in 83% of cases . Results were poor in 2 children treated for phlegmona, one case of mediastinitis and one of urinary tract infection, since organisms were predominantly gram-negative.

Br J Urol, 1980 Feb, 52(1), 10 - 4
Bacteriaemia and bacteriogenic shock in district hospital urological practice; Robinson MR et al.; The incidence of bacteriaemia and bacteriogenic shock was studied in 2 series of patients undergoing urological procedures . In the first series (A), 52 of 4333 urological patients had symptoms of bacteriogenic shock . Twenty-five of these had a positive blood culture, giving an incidence of shock with proven bacteriaemia of 0.58% . In the second series (B) 628 patients had blood cultures taken after urological procedures with an incidence of bacteriaemia of 12.7% . Bacteriaemia is most common after prostatic surgery (transurethral prostatectomy 2.7%, retropubic, prostatectomy 37%, prostatic biopsy 20%), and is usually due to Esch . coli, Proteus species and Ps . aeruginosa . In hospital practice these organisms are unlikely to be sensitive to common antibiotics and initial therapy with an aminoglycoside is justified, while awaiting the results of blood culture.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Feb, 17(2), 203 - 8
In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of AB206, a new naphthyridine derivative; Nagate T et al.; AB206 (5,8-dihydro-5-methoxy-8-oxo-2H-1,3-dioxolo-4,5-g quinoline 7-carboxylic acid) is a novel antibacterial agent structurally related to nalidixic acid . AB206 has potent antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria and is 4 to 18 times more active than nalidixic acid . AB206 inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were resistnat to nalidixic acid . Cross-resistance was not observed between AB206 and various antibiotics, and most bacterial strains resistant to nalidixic acid were susceptible to AB206 . AB206 showed bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and P . aeruginosa . Chemotherapeutic effects after oral administration of AB206 in mice experimentally infected with E . coli, K . pneumoniae, and Proteus morganii showed that AB206 was two to four times more potent than nalidixic acid.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1980 Feb, 17(2), 138 - 43
In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of KW1070, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic; Ohashi Y et al.; KW1070, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic with the novel aminocyclitol, fortamine, has a broad spectrum of activity in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria . The minimum inhibitory concentrations of KW1070 are similar to those of kanamycin against aminoglycoside-susceptible strains, slightly less than those of gentamicin or 3',4'-dideoxykanamycin B . Minimal bactericidal concentrations were found to be near minimal inhibitory concentrations . KW1070 was active in vitro against many aminoglycoside-resistant bacterial strains that possess aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes, particularly AAC(6'), AAC(2'), AAD(2''), and APH(3') . The activities of KW1070 in mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., and Serratia marcescens compared favorably with the activities of amikacin and kanamycin; KW1070 was also singificantly active in mice infected with resistant strains bearing the aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes listed above.

J Protozool, 1980 Feb, 27(1), 128 - 32
Toxicity of cacmium to Amoeba proteus: a biochemical approach; Al-Atia GR; The cadmium ion (Cd2+) was accumulated by Amoeba proteus in all cellular fractions, the highest level being associated with the cytosol fraction . On gel separation of the cytosol fraction, Cd-binding protein appeared in 2 peaks: one greater than 45,000 MW (PEAK I) and the other 12,000 MW (peak II) . Added cysteine increased the total Cd2+ taken up by the cells and resulted in disproportionate increase of Cd incorporated into the Cd-binding protein of peak II . The Cd-binding protein of peak II is analogous to the low-MW, Cd-binding proteins of Anacystis nidulans, Mytilus edulis, and to the metalloprotein of some vertebrates.

Am J Clin Pathol, 1980 Feb, 73(2), 259 - 62
Serum gentamicin assay by a radiometric procedure; Gunn BA et al.; A new radiometric (BACTEC) microbiologic procedure, using a 14C-urea substrate and a Proteus species culture, was compared with three microbiologic assays and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for determination of gentamicin levels in serum . The non-radiometric microbiologic assays did not differ significantly from the RIA assay, but the BACTEC method showed significant differences with specimens containing greater than 4 microgram/ml gentamicin . Overall, the BACTEC assay was found to be simple to run, fast and reproducible . At concentrations of gentamicin less than 4 microgram/ml, it was just as accurate as were the microbiologic assays . However, at concentrations greater than 4 microgram/ml, the BACTEC assay read consistently less than RIA and the other assays . Because of the BACTEC assay's high cost per single test, it cannot approach the utility of the rapid, easy, reliable, and comparatively inexpensive microbiologic assays . The BACTEC assay is, however, a useful alternative to the RIA method in laboratories that already have radiometric equipment and in which batching of serum samples for gentamicin assay is necessary.

Arch Dis Child, 1980 Feb, 55(2), 130 - 3
Proteus vulgaris agglutination by cystic fibrosis sera; Wang A et al.; The factor in sera of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and their parents which agglutinates Proteus vulgaris has characteristics similar to those of IgG antibody to this organism . Sera of patients without CF who have P . vulgaris infections agglutinate the organism similarly . At present there are too many false-positives in a control population for the test to be widely useful for heterozygote identification.

Laryngoscope, 1980 Feb, 90(2), 312 - 6
Malignant external otitis in infants; Coser PL et al.; The authors report two cases of malignant external otitis in infant boys, 5 and 6 months old respectively, caused by different etiologic agents (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis) . Both of them were in very poor general health, but neither developed complications such as facial paralysis because of the intensive treatment that was employed from the beginning.

Pediatrics, 1980 Feb, 65(2), 294 - 7
Ammonia encephalopathy secondary to urinary tract infection with Proteus mirabilis; Samtoy B et al.; Hyperammonemia with coma, tachypnea, and respiratory alkalosis developed in a 3-year-old boy with prune"-belly syndrome during a urinary tract infection with Proteus mirabilis . Hyperammonemia is thought to have resulted from the production within the massively dilated urinary tract of excessive amounts of ammonia due to bacterial urease, and its subsequent reabsorption into the systemic circulation . The patient rapidly improved following parenteral antibiotic therapy and continuous catheter drainage of the urinary tract.

Experientia, 1980 Jan 15, 36(1), 81 - 2
Effect of p-nitrophenylglycerol on motility of rat epididymal spermatozoa; Tso WW et al.; Using a convenient capillary tube assay, the antiswarming agent acting on Proteus, p-nitrophenylglycerol (PNPG), was found to have produced an antimotility effect in sperms from rat cauda epididymides.

Immun Infekt, 1980, 8(3), 96 - 100
{Epidemiological studies of increasing appearances of Proteus inconstans (Providencia stuartii) infections (author's transl)}; Kopf PO et al.; Since proteus inconstans turns out to be the causative agent of an increasing amount of hospital infections, studies on this species are necessary . By means of bacteriocines, biochemical reactions and antibiograms 53 strains were subclassified . 47 strains displayed same biochemical properties, 44 strains showed the same antibiogram . By the method on the basis of bacteriocine typing 15 groups were established . The strains with the same biochemical properties and the same antibiograms could be further subclassified . The distribution of the different bacteriocine groups showed that the infections were not due to a single strain . In contrast there were some indices for cross-infections on some stations.

Cell Tissue Res, 1980, 213(1), 9 - 20
Pinocytosis and locomotion of amoebae . XV . Visualization of Ca++-dynamics by chlorotetracycline (CTC) fluorescence during induced pinocytosis in living Amoeba proteus; Gawlitta W et al.; The dynamics of Ca++ during induced pinocytosis were studied in Amoeba proteus using chlorotetracycline (CTC) . The fluorescence of the Ca++ - CTC-complex was monitored by an image intensification system, which has certain advantages over standard equipment: (1) Living cells are not subjected to the damaging influence of intensive microscopic illumination, (2) fluorescent probes are not bleached during observation, and (3) the rapid dynamics of the Ca++ -fluxes can be recorded using short exposure times . The results demonstrate the existence of Ca++ bound to intracellular and extracellular sites of the cell membrane complex in normal locomoting and pinocytotic Amoeba proteus . The application of cations inducing pinocytosis causes a rapid decrease in the external CTC-fluorescence probably due to a release of Ca++ from the mucous layer . The degree of fluorescence intensity is correlated with the capacity of pinocytotic channel formation, i.e., the fluorescence decreases as the number of channels increases . During the phase of vesiculation a distinct fluorescence mainly restricted to the basal region of the channels is observed . Intracellular Ca++ was detected in close vicinity to the plasma membrane after both microinjection and external application of CTC . The internal CTC-fluorescence is slightly decreased during the induction phase of pinocytosis . The observations are in good agreement with previous results on the localization of Ca++ -binding sites at the plasma membrane of Amoeba proteus and demonstrate the important role of Ca++ -fluxes for the process of pinocytosis.

An Esp Pediatr, 1980 Jan, 13(1), 5 - 16
{Jaundice associated with urinary infection in the first three months of life . Study of 66 cases (author's transl)}; Moraga Llop FA et al.; Sixty-six infants aged 8 days to 3 months presented jaundice as a sign of urinary infection during a ten-year period 1968-1977 . The main clinical and biochemical aspects are described . "E.coli" grew in 49 urine cultures (74.2%), but other bacteria were also found ("Klebsiella", "Proteus", "Pseudomonas", "A . aerogenes") . Hepatic function tests seem to prove that intrahepatic colostasis is the main mechanism involved, although hemolysis was also found in some cases . The importance of considering urinary infection in the diagnosis of jaundice during infancy is stressed.

Fertil Steril, 1980 Jan, 33(1), 52 - 3
Vasectomy: etiology of infectious complications; Appell RA et al.; PIP: Semen from 134 fertile prevasectomy patients was obtained and cultured to determine any relationship between prevasectomy culture and development of postvasectomy infection . Significant bacterial growth was found in the semen of 5 of 134 patients . Postvasectomy complications occurred in 6 patients (4.5%), and 3 of these were infectious complications (bacterial epididymitis and superficial wound infection) . The infectious complications were associated with enterococci in the wound (n=1), escherichia coli in urine (n=1), and proteus mirabilis in urine (n=1) . The same offending pathogen was found in semen culture . Only those patients with prevasectomy positive cultures encountered infectious complications postvasectomy; therefore, endogenous genital tract infection prevascetomy is associated with postvasectomy infection . Semen cultures prevasectomy are recommended so that appropriate antimicrobial therapy may be instituted at sterilization .

Int Urol Nephrol, 1980, 12(3), 199 - 203
Renal actinomycosis associated with bilateral necrosing renal papillitis; Juhasz J et al.; A rare case of renal actinomycosis with bilateral necrosing papillitis resulting in uraemia is reported . The part played in the process by the infection with Proteus vulgaris and the additional role of acute pancreatitis are discussed.

Ann Sclavo, 1980 Jan-Feb, 22(1), 77 - 82
{Synergic action of the combination of fosfomycin and kanendomycin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria}; Russo G et al.; Association between kanendomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a high antibacterial activity, non susceptible to inactivating action of acetylating enzymes and fosfomycin, an antimicrobial drug active only on bacterial cells, and without toxicity in man, was studied by Authors . An evidence synergism of two examined drugs was found particularly against Proteus spp . and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . A discussion about mechanisms of action of fosfomycin and kanendomycin is referred by Authors to explain this synergism.

Ups J Med Sci, 1980, 85(2), 143 - 50
Urinary pH and the indwelling catheter; Norberg A et al.; The pH of the urine within a blocked indwelling catheter was significantly higher than the pH of the first urine portion from the new catheter . This observation suggests that the urinary pH was changed in an alkaline direction within the indwelling catheter, probably due to the production of ammonia induced by urease from Proteus strains . This pH gradient could only be demonstrated under conditions where the circadian pH variations of the urine within the individual could be neglected.

Ann Dermatol Venereol, 1980, 107(10), 901 - 5
{Acute haemorrhagic edema of the skin of the new-born with lethal intestinal complication (author's transl)}; Larregue M et al.; A child, eleven months old, presented with an A . H . O . after an otitis . The dermatologic aspect is typical with oedema and target-like hemorrhagies . The disease evolved in three successive episodes . During the second one two intestinal intussuceptions occurred . It was necessary to proceed to an intestinal resection of twenty centimeters of the small bowel and of the right part of the large bowel . The post-operative period has been complicated by an intravascular coagulation, perforation of small bowel and peritonis due to Proteus bacillus . The child died during these complications . This evolution looks like an anaphylactoid purpura of Schonlein-Henoch . But this does not allow to affirm that these two allergic vasculitis are related to the same etiology . Our own observation suggests the necessity of watching the coagulation rate when an acute haemorrhagic oedema is complicated by bowel's intussusception.

J Urol (Paris), 1980, 86(9), 665 - 70
{Urinary lithiasis in the child (author's transl)}; Gosalbez R et al.; The authors report a series of 130 children suffering from urinary lithiasis (essentially between the age of 4 to 6 years) and particularly in boys (2.5 to 1) . There were 108 cases of reno-ureteric lithiasis as against 23 vesico-urethral . In 69 cases, pyelocalyceal lithiasis predominated . Thirty per cent of the children had bilateral lithiasis, and 19% of all cases of lithiasis were staghorn calculi . Presenting symptoms : haematuria, diffuse abdominal pain, anuria (6 cases), complete urinary retention (5 cases) . Study of these cases failed to indicate whether obstruction of the upper urinary tract (14%) or infection (27%) was the cause or the effect of the lithiasis . Particularly notable were 8 cases of cystinuria (6%), 1 of glycinuria, 1 of hyperoxaluria and 7 of hypercalciuria . At least in Spain, lithiasis in children would appear to be essentially idiopathic . However, 40% of these cases of lithiasis were secondary to obstruction of the excretory tract and/or urinary infection . All types of entero-uroplasty were lithogenic (6 cases) . 32% of the children had a proteus infection . Treatment : 14 children were treated medically as against 125 surgically . 70% are free of any recurrence . 7% have a residual lithiasis . The rarity of recurrences and the quality of the results obtained indicate that complete surgical treatment represents the essential feature of the treatment of urinary lithiasis in children.

Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung, 1980, 27(4), 333 - 42
alpha-Haemolysin: an additive virulence factor in Escherichia coli; Emody L et al.; Haemolytic Escherichia coli, including human intestinal and extraintestinal as well as porcine enterotoxigenic and oedema disease isolates, and Proteus morganii strains were studied for their virulence . Hly+ wild type strains and Hly+ transconjugants were more virulent than Hly- derivatives as shown in mice and chick embryos . This enhanced virulence seems to be connected with the ability of diffusible alpha-haemolysin production because clones producing only non-diffusible, beta-haemolysin behaved as non-haemolytic ones . Haemorrhagic lung symptoms and haemoglobinuria were frequently observed after parenteral challenge of mice with alpha-haemolytic clones . Though the Hly- clone exhibited a high resistance against blood clearance, the number of circulating bacteria was significantly higher in the case of alpha-haemolytic clone . A causal connection between this phenomenon and the leukocidin activity of alpha-haemolysin is suggested.

Eur J Biochem, 1980, 107(1), 31 - 8
Structural studies on the glucose-heptose region of the Proteus mirabilis R core; Radziejewska-Lebrecht J et al.; Methylation analysis of the core oligosaccharide of the Proteus mirabilis mutant R4 (derived from serotype 028 was carried out in order to obtain information on the internal (glucose-heptose) region of the P . mirabilis R core . The isolated core oligosaccharide was composed of glucose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (dOclA) and phosphorus in a molar ratio of about 1:2:1:1.4 . It was methylated either directly or after dephosphorylation . To localize the position of the phosphate substituents, the permethylated product was dephosphorylated with hydrogen fluoride and the oligosaccharide obtained was remethylated using C2H3I . Location of phosphate at C-7 of the terminal heptose was shown by isolation of the sugar phosphate from partial hydrolysates and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of the permethylated product . Combining the data of the methylation analysis with the data of an NMR study allows one to formulate the structure of the core oligosaccharide as folllows: (formula: see text).

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1980, (2), 73 - 6
{Mechanisms of intrahospital urinary infections with proteus}; Kaplan AE; The study of 812 washings showed that Proteus is seldom detected in the environment of the patients with spinal traumas and infections of the urinary system . This can be attributed to the low resistance of Proteus to drying revealed by special experiments . The survival time was 1 day for Pr . vulgaris, 2 week for Pr . rettgeri, 5 and 7 months for E . coli and enterococcus, respectively . Dienes's test made with 90 Proteus strains revealed the common source of contamination in a half of the observations made, thus confirming the hospital origin of Proteus contamination of urine at a definite period of time (3-4 months) and establishing that an almost complete change of the strains occurred during 8 months of observation . In the author's opinion, the source of Proteus is the patients' urine; Proteus can spread therefrom as a result of the insufficiently thorough sanitary treatment of the hands of the medical personnel and the urogenital area of the patients.

Nephron, 1980, 25(6), 288 - 92
Spontaneous bacterial clearance in experimental urinary tract infections in mice: cellular aspects of the process; Stadler J et al.; The morphological aspects of Proteus mirabilis clearance from the urinary tract of experimentally infected mice were investigated . For this purpose, two groups of mice were compared: a group infected with the bacterium and a group that had just recovered from the infection . Differences between the two groups were found in extent of bladder and kidney inflammation, depth of infiltration into the bladder wall, and in the increment of bladder volume . There was no clear-cut difference between the two groups in number of lymphocytes and monocytes, but the number of granulocytes was significantly lower in the bladder and kidneys of the recently healed animals . Likewise, the plasma cells were fewer in healed animals than in infected ones, the difference being statistically significant for bladders and on the verge of significance for kidneys.

Andrologia, 1980 Jan-Feb, 12(1), 7 - 11
Asymptomatic bacteriospermia in infertile men; Swenson CE et al.; The aerobic and anaerobic flora of the semen was examined in 109 men visiting our infertility clinic . Not one specimen was sterile and 107 specimens contained two or more different bacterial species . Anaerobic organisms were found in 63.3% of specimens . We were able to isolate various organisms that have been shown to be spermicidal in vitro (viridans and hemolytic streptococci, Proteus vulgaris and Escherichia coli) from a large number of samples . If the presence of microorganisms in the semen is associated with infertility, it is likely that only certain organisms are involved or that the numbers of organisms must be high for an effect to be seen . The presence of organisms in the semen may also be related to gynecologic infections.

J Clin Pathol, 1980 Jan, 33(1), 36 - 46
Automated methods for identification of bacteria from clinical specimens; Bascomb S et al.; Automated methods for measuring enzyme activities of bacterial suspensions in saline are described . The methods were applied to bacteria cultured from urine specimens, and specific enzyme profiles characteristic for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Proteus sp, and Pseudomonas sp were established . Identification of 294 freshly isolated strains by automated and conventional methods were compared . Results from automated identification based on eight enzyme tests and assay of protein content, all performed on a bacterial suspension made from one colony in 1 ml of saline, agreed 100% with those obtained by conventional methods . Identification was achieved in 6 hours.

Microbiol Immunol, 1980, 24(9), 815 - 24
Purification and some properties of beta-lactamases from Proteus rettgeri and Proteus inconstans; Ohya S et al.; Two beta-lactamases were isolated from strains of Proteus species and purified, one from a strain of P . rettgeri and the other from a strain of P . inconstans . Each enzyme preparation gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . Molecular weights of P . rettgeri and P . inconstans enzymes were found to be 42,000 and 43,000, and their isoelectric points pH 8.7 and 8.6, respectively . The two enzymes presented typical cephalosporinase profiles . Cefmetazole (CS-1170) and cefoxitin, both cephamycin antibiotics, not only resisted hydrolysis by both of the enzymes, but also inhibited their activities competitively . Rabbit antiserum against purified P . rettgeri enzyme inhibited the activity of both purified and crude enzyme preparations from other strains of P . rettgeri so far tested . None of the beta-lactamases produced by other species of Proteus including P . inconstans was inhibited by the antiserum, thus showing that the purified cephalosporinase was of the species-specific types . The enzymological properties of the preparations were compared with those of beta-lactamases derived from other gram-negative enteric bacteria.

Cell Tissue Res, 1980, 206(2), 181 - 91
Organization and spatial arrangement of fluorescein-labeled native actin microinjected into normal locomoting and experimentally influenced Amoeba proteus; Gawlitta W et al.; Fully polymerization-competent fluorescein-labeled actin from skeletal muscle was microinjected into both normal moving and experimentally treated Amoeba proteus . Its intracellular distribution was followed by integral image intensification of the fluorescence on a television screen and compared with controls injected with rhodamine-labeled serum albumin . The labeled actin was incorporated into the endogenous actin pool and exhibited a characteristic redistribution depending on the cellular morphology . Increased amounts of labeled actin could be detected within a thin layer separating the hyalo- and granuloplasm or running immediately beneath the plasma membrane when hyaloplasmic regions were absent . The topography of the fluorescent layer demonstrated in living cells is in agreement with the cortical microfilament layer described ultrastructurally recently in corresponding cells . The combined results emphasize the important role of the cortical filament layer in both morphogenetic processes (e.g., hyalo-granuloplasm separation or changes in cell shape) and motive force generation for cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid movement.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1980 Jan, 33(1), 13 - 7
Studies on new phosphonic acid antibiotics . I . FR-900098, isolation and characterization; Okuhara M et al.; A strain of Streptomyces, isolated from a soil sample and identified as Streptomyces rubellomurinus sp . nov., has been found to produce FR-900098, an interesting new antibiotic containing phosphorus in its molecule . The antibiotic, obtained as colorless crystals, was shown to inhibit a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Escherichia coli . Its antibacterial action involves interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis as evidenced by the fact that it causes spheroplast formation by susceptible cells.

Eur Urol, 1980, 6(3), 129 - 31
Urinary infection in renal stone patients; Simon J et al.; Urinary infection is found in less than 10% of renal stone formers . It is three times more common in women than in men . Urea-splitting bacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, pyocyaneus, staphylococcus) leading to stone formation are identified in two thirds of the cases . The percentage of the different bacteria varies depending upon the sex and degree of resistance to therapy . The sensitivity of bacteria to eight commonly used drugs was investigated.

Int Urol Nephrol, 1980, 12(4), 283 - 90
Antimicrobial sensitivities in urinary tract infections in men; Hanno M et al.; Six-thousand-seven-hundred and forty-nine positive urine cultures from a large metropolitan Veterans Administration hospital were analyzed with respect to the organisms isolated and their antimicrobial sensitivities . A "predicted therapeutic efficacy index" was calculated for each antimicrobial agent tested . Gram-negative pathogens accounted for 84% of the infections . Proteus infections outnumbered those due to strains of Escherichia coli . Gentamycin was found to be the most effective antimicrobial agent.

Mol Gen Genet, 1980, 180(2), 377 - 83
Fate of plasmids containing Mu DNA: chromosome association and mobilization; Bialy H et al.; The fluorescent dye, diamidinophenylindole-dihydrochloride (DAPI) can be added to CsCl gradients to enhance the density resolution of DNA species, independent of their topological configurations . When Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli strains carrying an RP4::Mucts plasmid were examined with the use of such a technique, it was found that after thermal induction of the prophage essentially al of the plasmid DNA became associated with the chromosome . This quantitative association is detergent-RNase- and pronase-resistant and dependent on the expression of Mu genes . The association is temporally, and probably functionally, correlated with the onset of Mu DNA replication . Genetic studies with F'::mini Mu plasmids indicate that some of the association results in stable Hfr formation, and does not require the product of Mu gene B.

Infection, 1980, 8 Suppl 3, S 330 - 3
In vitro antibacterial activity of moxalactam, a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic; Skalova R et al.; The antibacterial activity of moxalactam was studied in vitro against 229 clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic microorganisms using the agar dilution technique . Mueller-Hinton agar was used as growth medium . The results were compared to those obtained with cefamandole . All isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were inhibited by moxalactam at a concentration of 8 microgram/ml or less . The concentrations of cefamandole with which the same effect was obtained were 0.5 microgram/ml and 2 microgram/ml respectively . Moxalactam was highly inhibitory against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus morganii - 90% of the strains were inhibited by 0.125 microgram/ml . Moxalactam was highly superior against Proteus rettgeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are usually resistant to cefamandole: the MIC100 and MIC90 were 0.25 microgram/ml and 8 microgram/ml respectively . High sensitivity was found in strains of Salmonella species, nine of which were Salmonella typhi: the MIC90 was < 0.063 microgram/ml versus the eightfold higher concentration of cefamandole . The broad-spectrum activity and unusual MIC patterns of moxalactam - eight or manyfold higher concentrations of cefamandole were needed to inhibit 90% of most gram-negative strains studied - make moxalactam an unusual and promising antibiotic.

J Med Chem, 1980 Jan, 23(1), 42 - 9
Aminoglycoside antibiotics . 3 . Epimino derivatives of neamine, ribostamycin, and kanamycin B; Kumar V et al.; 2',3'-Epimino analogues of neamine, ribostamycin, and kanamycin B possessing little or no intrinsic antimicrobial activity were designed to enhance the activity of kanamycin A against bacterial strains that elaborate aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases . Routes were devised for their synthesis from the parent antibiotics and the 2'',3''-epimino analogue of kanamycin B also was prepared . None of these analogues was active against phosphotransferase-producing bacteria, although the kanamycin B derivatives showed very weak activity against nonresistant strains . At 8 and 32 microgram/mL, the 2',3'-epimino analogue of neamine produced a small synergistic effect on the activity of kanamycin A against a strain of Escherichia coli that produces aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase II . The N3-(carbobenzyloxy) derivative of this analogue produced a small effect against the same strain, and it, as well as the 2'',3''-epimino analogue of kanamycin B, slightly enhanced the activity of kanamycin A against a strain of Proteus rettgeri that elaborates a similar enzyme.

Mol Gen Genet, 1980, 180(2), 475 - 7
Conserved genes in enteric bacteria are not identical; Ostapchuk P et al.; In addition to ribosomal RNA genes, a relatively small number of genes are highly conserved between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium on the one hand, and either Serratia marcescens or Proteus morganii on the other hand . The conserved non-rRNA genes are not the same in S . marcescens and P . Morganii . Different genetic segments have maintained nucleotide sequence similarity to parts of the E . coli and S . typhimurium genomes in the course of the evolution of S . marcescens and P . morganii.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1980, 46(1), 85 - 94
Antigenic relatedness of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli with rat tissues and human erythrocytes; Kumar R et al.; The cross-reactions of rat kidney with P . mirabilis and E . coli, and of rat urinary bladder with P . mirabilis were established by precipitation, agglutination and immunofluorescence methods . One of the cross-reactive bacterial components was the lipopolysaccharide . Human erythrocytes of Blood-groups A, O and AB were agglutinated by antisera to P . mirabilis and E . coli . The role of antigenic relatedness in urinary tract infections is discussed.

Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1979 Dec, 1(5), 285 - 8
In vitro activity of netilmicin and cefotaxime compared to that of other aminoglycosides; Shah PM et al.; In vitro activity of netilmicin, cefotaxime, amikacin, dibekacin, gentamicin and tobramicin was compared against clinical isolates in Antibiotic Medium 3 at pH 7.1 and human plasma water at pH 7.8 . Except against Pseudomonas aeruginosa the aminoglycosides were generally more active in plasma water than in broth . Against P . aeruginosa higher concentrations were required to inhibit or kill the strain in the plasma water . Cefotaxime was not tested against these organisms . Against E . coli, K . pneumoniae and Proteus species cefotaxime was found to be more active than the aminoglucosides, both in broth and plasma water . Its activity against Staph . aureus was markedly less than that of the aminoglycosides . Tobramicin showed a higher activity in plasma water only against Proteus species.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Dec, 16(6), 761 - 6
Bactericidal effect of combinations of antimicrobial drugs and antineoplastic antibiotics against gram-negative bacilli; Michel J et al.; Six antineoplastic antibiotics showed little antibacterial activity against 28 strains of four species of gram-negative enteric bacteria . By using the cellophane transfer technique, combinations of these agents with 16 antibacterial drugs usually showed indifference . However, combinations of mitomycin C, especially with the aminoglycosides, were synergistic on strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae . Bleomycin, on the other hand, often showed antagonism on strains of E . coli and K . pneumoniae with the beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and other antibacterial agents . Checkerboard titrations and kinetic killing curves confirmed these findings.

J Clin Microbiol, 1979 Dec, 10(6), 834 - 40
Application of O-serotyping in a study of Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) isolated from human and nonhuman sources; Penner JL et al.; A somatic (O) antigen serotyping scheme for Providencia rettgeri (Proteus rettgeri) was modified to exclude O-type strains recently reclassified as urea-positive Providencia stuartii and was extended to include new serotypes to provide for serotyping on the basis of 93 O-antigens . Isolates from two hospitals, five public health laboratories, and nonhuman sources (polluted water and frogs) were serotyped . The 112 isolates collected from a large general hospital over a 99-month period were distributed among 42 O-serotypes . No serotype showed significant predominance that would suggest the occurrence of human strains that are more prone than others to cause human infections, but in an institution experiencing cross-infection, 11 of the 22 (50%) isolates belonged to one serotype . The 54 isolates from the five public health laboratories belonged to 33 serotypes, 15 of which were found also among hospital isolates . All but 5 of 99 frog isolates were typable, and the 94 typable isolates were separated into 25 serotypes . Each of the four isolates from polluted water samples was of a different serotype . Sixteen of the serotypes found in frogs and three found in water were also identified among human isolates.

Immun Infekt, 1979 Dec, 7(6), 210 - 2
{Bacteremia associated with subfebril urinary tract infections (author's transl)}; Jerschkewitz D et al.; Blood samples of 115 patients of both sexes admitted to the hospital with urinary tract infections were examined for bacteremia . Out of 115 patients 12 (10%) had positive blood cultures associated with significant urinary counts (greater than or equal to 10(5) organisms/ml) . Although 10% of the patients showed positive blood cultures indicating bacteremia none of them had shaking chills, fever or any other clinical signs of septicaemia . None of the patients from whom blood samples were taken had yet received antimicrobial therapy . Bacterial isolates from urine and blood were identical . Microorganisms most frequently isolated were found in the following order: E . coli, Proteus species, K . pneumoniae and coagulase negative staphylococci . Neoplasms, obstruction of the urinary tract and age were found to be high risk factors.

J Biol Chem, 1979 Nov 10, 254(21), 10857 - 61
The amino acid sequence of the trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase specified in Escherichia coli by R-plasmid R67; Stone D et al.; The amino acid sequence of a trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) specified by the R-plasmid R67 is described . The sequence was deduced from automatic and manual sequence analysis of the intact protein, the fragments produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage, and peptides derived from the largest cyanogen bromide fragment by digestion with trypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 proteus, chymotrypsin, and Lysobacter enzymogenes alpha-lytic protease . The complete sequence comprises 78 residues in a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 8444 . No evidence of heterogeneity was obtained, indicating that all subunits of the native enzyme are identical . Comparison of the sequence with that of all known dihydrofolate reductases shows no significant sequence homology.

Can J Microbiol, 1979 Nov, 25(11), 1298 - 1304
Synthesis of a selective agar medium for Yersinia enterocolitica; Schiemann DA; A new agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica was formulated based on growth studies which defined an optimum basal, and the evaluation of selective chemical agents, dyes, and antibiotics . The final formulation, designated cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin(CIN) agar, provided quantitative recovery of 40 different strains of Y . enterocolitica in 24 h using incubation at 32 degrees C or with 48 h of incubation at 22 degrees C . The medium was highly selective, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis . Colony morphology coupled with a differential reaction resulting from mannitol fermentation permitted discrimination of Y . enterocolitica from most of those Gram-negative bacteria that were able to grow on the medium . Recovery and selective characteristics of CIN agar were stable during storage at room temperature for 9 days . CIN agar gave a higher recovery of Y . enterocolitica from feces both direct and with cold enrichment (0.4/1.5%) than Salmonella-Shigella (0.0/0.7%) and MacConkey (0.0/0.9%) agars while significantly reducing the level of background organisms.

J Med Chem, 1979 Nov, 22(11), 1409 - 14
Antibacterial N-{omega, omega'-bis(alicyclic and aryl)-sec-alkyl}poly(methylene)triamine and -tetramine hydrochloride salts; Grier N et al.; A series of antibacterial N-(omega, omega'-(cycloalkyl, bicyclo{2.2.1}heptyl, and alkyl-substituted phenyl)-sec-alkyl}poly(methylene)triamine and -tetramine hydrochloride salts were synthesized in an effort to develop efficient, nonsystemic inhibitors, particularly for Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In the 1,5,9-triazanonane group, 3 of 16 compounds were effective at 8--10 micrograms/mL against pseudomonads . Efficiency appeared more dependent upon lipophilicity of the nitrogen substituent than other characteristics represented by the three types of rings . A parabolic relationship was observed for the entire set between the hydrophobic parameter, pi, of the lipoidal moiety and minimal inhibitory concentration . One of 16 tetramines, 1-{1,5-bis(3,3-dimethyl-2-norbornyl)-3-pentyl}-1,5,9,13-tetraazatridecane tetrahydrochloride (26f), ranked similarly . An additional two compounds in each series were superior to several commercial cationic detergents in the control of the Gram-negative bacteria . None was inhibitory at up to 200 micrograms/mL for Proteus vulgaris.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Nov, 32(11), 1104 - 11
Gunacin, a new quinone antibiotic from Ustilago sp; Werner RG et al.; In a screening program for antibiotics which were antagonized by cysteine, a strain, which was characterized as Ustilago sp., was found to produce a new quinone antibiotic, gunacin . The molecular weight M+ = 348.084 determined by mass spectroscopy, corresponds to a molecular formula of C17H16O8 . Further spectroscopic data prove that gunacin is a new antibiotic . The antibiotic possesses a good inhibitory effect against mycoplasmas and Gram-positive bacteria including multi-resistant strains . It also possesses a weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria with the exception of Proteus vulgaris, which is more strongly inhibited . The main activity against fungi is found against Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Gunacin shows an inhibition of the DNA synthesis in vivo, is antagonized by mercapto compounds and possesses an acute toxicity of LD50 = 16 mg/kg i.p . and LD50 = 12 mg/kg i.v . in mice . Against HeLa-cell the antibiotic shows an ED50 = 12.11 microgram/ml . Thirty five microgram/ml of gunacin induces 1,063 interferon units.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Nov, 16(5), 641 - 3
LY127935, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, versus Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Pseudomonas; Flournoy DJ et al.; One hundred eight clinical isolates of Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Pseudomonas spp . were tested in vitro against LY127935, cefamandole, cefoxitin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin by broth microdilution . The activities of LY127935 were greater than or equal to those of the other antimicrobial agents against Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens . Inhibitions were greatest, however, for ticarcillin and carbenicillin versus Proteus morganii and gentamicin versus Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Nature, 1979 Nov 1, 282(5734), 78 - 80
Naloxone-reversible effect of opioids on pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus; Josefsson JO et al.; A characteristic feature of induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus is the formation of broad channels by invagination of the cell membrane . This process, which requires Ca2+, occurs in response to depolarising cations . High Ca2+ levels reduce pinocytosis induced by cations such as Na+ and Tris+, whereas pinocytosis induced by K+ is less affected by Ca2+ (ref . 4) . Agents which interfere with the calcium metabolism of the amoeba will therefore either stimulate or inhibit pinocytosis induced by Na+ (ref . 5) . Among the agents which are supposed to reduce Ca2+ influx across cell membranes or otherwise decrease cellular availability of Ca2+ are the opiates and opioid peptides, high doses of which have been reported to affect the amoeba . Accordingly, Met-enkephalin, morphine and codeine potentiate the inhibition of pinocytosis caused by Ca2+-binding agents and reverse the calcium blockade of pinocytosis mediated by caffeine . In this report we show that pinocytosis induced by Na+ or Tris+ is suppressed by beta-endorphin, Metenkephalin and morphine . These effects were abolished or diminished by an opiate receptor antagonist, (-)naloxone, by increasing the Na+ concentration, or by addition of Ca2+.

J Gen Virol, 1979 Nov, 45(2), 389 - 95
Proteus mirabilis phage 5006M: a physical characterization; Pretorius GH et al.; This report deals with physical characterization of the generalized transducing Proteus mirabilis phage 5006M . The morphology of the phage is presented, the buoyant density was determined (1.491 g/ml) and the G + C content of the phage DNA was found to be 44% . The phage genome has a length of 14.8 micrometers and mol . wt . of 30.7 x 10(6) . Denaturation mapping revealed non-random circular permutation of the phage DNA . The genome exhibits 3.6% terminal redundancy as shown by homoduplex analysis . The existence of concatemeric precursors of phage 5006M DNA is inferred and the results are interpreted in terms of a sequential headful packaging mechanism.

Eur J Biochem, 1979 Nov 1, 101(1), 291 - 5
Mössbauer spectroscopic studies of iron in Proteus mirabilis; Dickson DP et al.; Mossbauer measurements of Proteus mirabilis cells grown in 57Fe-enriched media show that considerable quantities of iron are incorporated, particularly in the stationary phase of growth . A major part of the iron is in a form which shows magnetically split spectra at low temperatures . Fractionation of cells reveals that iron is present in both the soluble and particulate fractions, with the larger proportion being found in the soluble fraction . The iron in the particulate fraction is predominantly found in the outer membrane.

J Urol, 1979 Nov, 122(5), 592 - 4
The treatment of infection stones with penicillin; Feit RM et al.; The use of oral penicillin therapy is important in the management of renal stones secondary to Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infections . In 16 of 20 patients (80 per cent) with struvite renal calculi infected with Proteus mirabilis a sterile urine was achieved with appropriate penicillin therapy and diminution in stone size occurred in at least 2 cases . The rationale, supporting data and therapeutic uses are discussed.

MMW Munch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Oct 19, 121(42), 1359 - 61
{Epidemiology of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (author's transl)}; Daschner F; Among hospital-acquired infections, urinary tract infections are the widest spread . The most common pathogenic agents are E . coli, Enterococci and Proteus mirabilis . Indwelling bladder catheters account for about 70% of infections . Suprapubic urine drainage can reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections by approximatively 50%.

Mol Gen Genet, 1979 Oct 3, 176(2), 265 - 73
DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis . VI . Plasmid (R46-) mediated recovery and UV mutagenesis; Hofemeister J et al.; The expression of plasmid R46-mediated recovery and mutagenic function (s) was studied in P . mirabilis, which is normally either weakly or non-mutable after UV exposure . The plasmid was found to confer on P . mirabilis enhanced UV resistance as well as UV-induced mutability for various types of forward mutations and reversion of the thr273 mutation . The plasmid enhanced survival of UV-irradiated phages in P . mirabilis both in unirradiated host cells and with increased efficiency after UV-exposure of host cells, as is characteristic of UV-inducible phage reactivation . Spontaneous mutability of P . mirabilis harboring R46 was about 2 to 7 times higher than that of cells without plasmid, depending on the marker, repair type, and plating density of the cells used . All of these R46-mediated rescue and mutagenic functions require the rec672 + gene function . It is assumed that the plasmid R46 adds functions to P . mirabilis comparable to those deficient in umuC and uvm mutants of E . coli (Kato and Shinoura, 1977; Steinborn, 1978) and that P . mirabilis possesses functions homologous to those controlled in E . coli by the recA + and lexA + genes . The significance of plasmid-mediated rescue and mutagenic functions for bacteria which lack the misrepair branch of mutagenesis, is discussed.

J Gen Physiol, 1979 Oct, 74(4), 523 - 35
Sucrose uptake by pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus and the influence of external calcium; Prusch RD et al.; The relationship between Ca++ and pinocytosis was investigated in Amoeba proteus . Pinocytosis was induced with 0.01% alcian blue, a large molecular weight dye which binds irreversibly to the cell surface . The time-course and intensity of pinocytosis was monitored by following the uptake of {3H}SUCROSE . When the cells are exposed to 0.01% alcian blue, there is an immediate uptake of sucrose . The cells take up integral of 10% of their initial volume during the time-course of pinocytosis . The duration of pinocytosis in the amoeba is integral of 50 min, with maximum sucrose uptake occurring 15 min after the induction of pinocytosis . The pinocytotic uptake of sucrose is reversibly blocked at 3 degrees C and a decrease in pH increases the uptake of sucrose by pinocytosis . The process of pinocytosis is also dependent upon the concentration of the inducer in the external medium . The association between Ca++ and pinocytosis in A . proteus was investigated initially by determining the effect of the external Ca++ concentration on sucrose uptake induced by alcian blue . In Ca++-free medium, no sucrose uptake is observed in the presence of 0.01% alcian blue . As the Ca++ concentration is increased, up to a maximum of 0.1 mM, pinocytotic sucrose uptake is also increased . Increases in the external Ca++ concentration above 0.1 mM brings about a decrease in sucrose uptake . Further investigations into the association between Ca++ and pinocytosis demonstrated that the inducer of pinocytosis displaces surface calcium in the amoeba . It is suggested that Ca++ is involved in two separate stages in the process of pinocytosis; an initial displacement of surface calcium by the inducer which may increase the permeability of the membrane to solutes and a subsequent Ca++ influx bringing about localized increases in cytoplasmic Ca++ ion activity.

J Gen Physiol, 1979 Oct, 74(4), 511 - 21
Calcium distribution in Amoeba proteus; Prusch RD et al.; A preliminary investigation of the distribution of cellular calcium in Amoeba proteus was undertaken . Total cellular calcium under control conditions was found to be 4.59 mmol/kg of cells . When the external Ca++ concentration is increased from the control level of 0.03 to 20 mM, a net Ca++ influx results with a new steady-state cellular calcium level being achieved in integral of 3 h . At steady state the amount of calcium per unit weight of cells is higher than the amount of calcium per unit weight of external solution when the external concentration of Ca++ is below 10 mM . At external Ca++ concentrations above this level, total cellular calcium approaches the medium level of Ca++ . Steady-state calcium exchange in Amoeba proteus was determined with 45Ca . There is an immediate and rapid exchange of integral of 0.84 mmol/kg of cells or 18% of the total cellular calcium with the labelled Ca++ . Following this initial exchange, there was very little if any further exchange observed . Most of this exchanged calcium could be eliminated from the cell with 1 mM La+++, suggesting that the exchanged calcium is associated with the surface of the cell . Increase in either the external Ca++ concentration of pH raise the amount of exchangeable calcium associated with the cell . Calcium may be associated with the cell surface as a co-ion in the diffuse double layer or bound to fixed negative sites on the surface of the cell . If Ca++-binding sites do exist on the cell surface, there may be more than one type and they may have different dissociation constants . The cytoplasmic Ca++ ion activity is probably maintained at very low levels.

Immunology, 1979 Oct, 38(2), 367 - 73
Secretory IgA does not enhance the bacteriostatic effects of iron-binding or vitamin B12-binding proteins in human colostrum; Samson RR et al.; Human milk contains an unsaturated iron-binding protein (lactoferrin) and an unsaturated vitamin B12-binding protein . Lactoferrin has bacteriostatic properties, and a bacteriostatic role for the B12-binding protein has been postulated . In this study the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin was confirmed for strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus . Growth inhibition attributable to the unsaturated B12-binding protein could be demonstrated only with a known vitamin B12-dependent E . coli . It has previously been shown that the bacteriostatic effect of lactoferrin is potentiated by horse IgG antibody, and a similar potentiating effect of secretory IgA antibody in colostrum and milk would have obvious importance . An attempt was therefore made to demonstrate potentiation of bacteriostatic effects by naturally occurring secretory IgA antibody to E . coli . The results obtained indicate that secretory IgA antibody does not enhance the growth-inhibiting effects of either lactoferrin or the vitamin B12-binding protein.

Infect Immun, 1979 Oct, 26(1), 99 - 109
Requirements of immunoglobulin and the classical and alternative complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of multiple strains of Gram-negative aerobic bacilli; Leist-Welsh P et al.; The requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens by normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were determined . Human sera deficient in immunoglobulin or classical pathway activity, or both, were compared for their ability to promote phagocytosis os and killing of 13 bacterial strains by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes . Seven of the thirteen microorganisms required immunoglobulin for phagocytosis and killing and utilized only the classical complement pathway . Three required immunoglobulin and utilized both the classical and alternative pathways . The other three microorganisms required minimal immunoglobulin and utilized the alternative or classical pathway, or both . None of the microorganisms utilized the alternative pathway in immunoglobulin-deficient sera or could be forced to utilize this pathway in sera deficient in both immunoglobulin and classical pathway activity . These results demonstrated a heterogeneity in the requirements for immunoglobulin and the alternative and classical complement pathways for phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes among various genera of gram-negative aerobic bacilli, as well as among strains of the same species . In addition, the results suggested that a mechanism of classical pathway activation dependent upon minimal immunoglobulin participates in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of certain gram-negative aerobic bacilli.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Oct, 114(2), 313 - 22
Genetic recombination in fused spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens; Coetzee JN et al.; Spheroplasts of Providence alcalifaciens strain P29 auxotrophs were prepared by combined treatment with glycine and lysozyme-EDTA . About 15% of spheroplasts had areas of cytoplasmic membrane exposed where cell wall was absent . The spheroplasts of different auxotrophs were mixed pairwise and fusion was attempted with polyethylene glycol or nascent calcium phosphate . After spheroplasts had regenerated to bacterial forms selection was made for recombinants . Recombinants arose at frequencies of 3.8 X 10(-6) to 1.7 X 10(-7) per spheroplast initially present, by both methods of fusion . The frequency was strongly dependent on the number of chromosomal loci used in selection . The possible order of five loci was determined and this corresponded to that on the closely related Proteus mirabilis chromosome . Control experiments excluded possibilities of auxotrophic reversion, conjugation, transformation, transfection or transduction as explanations of the results . Analysis of prototrophic clones yielded stable prototrophs or mixtures of stable prototrophs and stable recombinants . Parental types were not encountered . Unselected markers segregated among recombinants . It was concluded that the formation of recombinant bacteria was due to spheroplast fusion and that only stable products of the very temporary heteroploid state were haploid recombinants . The low frequency of recombination was ascribed to the limited number of spheroplasts with areas of exposed cytoplasmic membrane.

Arch Dermatol, 1979 Oct, 115(10), 1203 - 4
Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram-negative folliculitis; Leyden JJ et al.; Three patients with sudden, unmanageable exacerbation of acne vulgaris were shown to have Gram-negative folliculitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . In each patient, the source of the Pseudomonas proved to be an otitis externa infection . In contrast to previous cases of Gram-negative folliculitis due to Proteus, Escherichia coli, or Klebsiella, the anterior nares were not colonized . Treatment of the otitis externa and the Gram-negative folliculitis with acetic acid compresses and topical antibiotics led to prompt resolution without recurrence.

Minerva Med, 1979 Sep 26, 70(41), 2821 - 5
{Results of the use of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, sisomicin, in gram negative bacterial respiratory infections}; Lechi A et al.; Clinical efficacy of a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, sisomicin, was evaluated in 14 patients with acute chest infections (12 cases with pneumonia and 2 with bronchitis) . They were selected taking into account the isolation of sisomicin-sensitive Gram-negative bacilli in a sputum specimen collected prior to therapy . Local predisposing factors were present in 4 patients whereas general predisposing factors were present in 4 patients whereas general predisposing factors were recognizable in 9 . Klebsiella was isolated in 5 cases, E . coli in 5 cases, Proteus in 4 cases, P . aeruginosa in 2 cases, Ct-trobacter and Providencia each in one . In all patients the bacteriological finding was negative after the cycle of therapy; clinical outcome was uniformly favourable (11 patients healed, 3 got better) . No significant adverse effects due to the antibiotic was noted.

Rev Infect Dis, 1979 Sep-Oct, 1(5), 862 - 79
Effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics in experimental infections; Zak O et al.; The antibacterial effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics were studied in two animal models . In mice, the oral cephalosporin CGP 9000 was effective in 11 of 20 different gram-negative infections and cephalexin was effective in one of these infections, both at 50% effective doses (ED(50)) that produced peak concentrations of drug in plasms equal to one-half to one-sixteenth the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the infecting organism . In gram-positive infections, both antibiotics were effective only at concentrations above the MIC . In rabbits, sub-MICs of cephaloridine, ampicillin, and gantamicin were maintained for 6-10 hr by intravenous infusion . At steady-state concentrations equal to one half to one-eighth the MIC, the beta-lactam antibiotics caused elongation and filamentation, and gentamicin caused enlargement, of Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium in peritoneal exudate; the number of viable cells of each of these bacteria was temporarily reduced . In infections with E . coli and P . mirabilis, sub-MIC's of beta-lactam antibiotics and of gentamicin prolonged the survival rates for infected animals beyond those for control animals . Rabbits infected with S . typhimurium and treated with ampicillin at a concentration of one-third the MIC Tended to die sooner than did control animals.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1979 Sep, 16(3), 255 - 61
Australian evaluation of Autobac I with suggested interpretive and technical modifications; Funnell GR et al.; Autobac I, a recently introduced semiautomated method for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing, has been evaluated by comparison with the calibrated dichotomous sensitivity disk diffusion technique, which is routinely used in many Australian hospitals . Only the most common clinical isolates, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Proteus mirabilis, were included in this evaluation, and an overall interpretive agreement of 93% was obtained . However, an unusually high rate of discrepancy was noted in several organism-antibiotic combinations, in particular E . coli and P . mirabilis with ampicillin, S . aureus with penicillin, and methicillin-resistant S . aureus with methicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin . The discrepancies associated with ampicillin have been reduced from 29 and 24% for E . coli and P . mirabilis, respectively, to less than 5% after the utilization of commercial 10-micrograms diffusion disks, in preference to the lower antibiotic content disks supplied by the Autobac manufacturer . Furthermore, modifications in the interpretive procedure have eliminated discrepancies associated with S . aureus and penicillin.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1979 Sep 1, 175(5), 480 - 1
Gentamicin for treatment of resistant urinary tract infections in dogs; Ling GV et al.; Gentamicin was administered parenterally for 6 days to 43 dogs with urinary tract infections . The daily dosage of 6.6 mg/kg (3 mg/lb) was divided into equal parts and given IM or SC at 8-hour intervals . Dogs selected for treatment with gentamicin had urinary infections that had not responded to treatment with other antimicrobial agents or had bacterial isolates from urine that were resistant to several antimicrobial agents on in vitro susceptibility tests . Response to treatment, defined as negative urine culture on the last day of therapy or 4 to 14 days after completion of the therapeutic course, included 20 of 22 (91%) infections caused by Escherichia coli, 8 of 9 (89%) infections caused by Kebsiella pneumoniae, 6 of 7 (86%) infections caused by Proteus spp, and 6 of 7 infections caused by Pseudomonas spp . These four species comprised 84% of the bacteria isolated from the dogs in this study.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1979 Sep, 86(9), 737 - 40
A double-blind trial of single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole during vaginal hysterectomy and repair; Mathews DD et al.; Twenty-five patients received 10 ml co-trimoxazole (800 mg sulphamethoxazole and 160 mg trimethoprim) and 25 a placebo by intravenous infusion during one hour from the commencement of surgery for vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpo-perineorrhaphy . Single-dose chemoprophylaxis with co-trimoxazole was shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative febrile morbidity and urinary tract infection, especially that caused by Proteus species.

Urology, 1979 Sep, 14(3), 233 - 6
Comparative study of cefaclor and amoxicillin in treatment of urinary tract infection; Rotschafer J et al.; Cefaclor or amoxicillin was given to 51 randomly assigned patients with urinary tract infections . Inclusion in the study required two pretreatment urine cultures yielding the same organism (susceptible to both antibiotics) in concentrations greater than or equal to 10(5)/ml . Both drugs were administered as 250 mg . orally every eight hours for ten days . Cefaclor was given to 27 patients and amoxicillin to 24 . Most patients in both groups had negative urine cultures at five to nine days and four to six weeks following therapy . One patient in each group was unsuccessfully treated . Relapse or reinfection occurred with similar frequency in both treatment groups . Both antibiotics were well tolerated . minimal inhibiting concentrations (MICS) of cefaclor, amoxicillin, cephradine, and cephalexin were determined by an agar dilution technique for the 44 available pretreatment isolates (41 Escherichia coli and 3 Proteus mirabilis) . Mean MICs (micrograms./ml., +/- SD) were 2.2 +/- 1.4 for cefaclor, 4.4 +/- 2.0 with amoxicillin, 8.1 +/- 4.2 for cephradine, and 5.7 +/- 3.0 with cephalexin . Cefaclor is highly active in vitro against those gram-negative bacteria which are commonly isolated from urine . Cefaclor is as effective as amoxicillin when administered three times daily for the treatment of urinary tract infection.

Biochim Biophys Acta, 1979 Aug 29, 564(1), 23 - 30
Immunochemical detection of N6-methyladenine in DNA; Storl HJ et al.; Antibodies to N6-methyladenosine were produced in rabbit by means of immunization with N6-methyladenosine coupled to bovine serum albumin via periodate oxidation . Cross-reacting antibodies were removed by bovine serum albumin-Sepharose and appropriate nucleoside-human serum albumin absorbents . Nucleoside-specific antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography of N6-methyladenosine-human serum albumin-Sepharose . The specificity of the purified antibodies has been demonstrated by complement fixation inhibition analyses using nucleoside analogues as inhibition than dAMP . Anti-N6-methyladenosine was used to detect N6-methyladenine in denatured DNAs from various sources by complement fixation . Practically no complement fixation has been found with DNAs containing no N6-methyladenine, such as calf thymus, salmon sperm, Micrococcus radiodurans, Streptomyces chrysomallus and Streptomyces hygroscopicus, whereas a weak reactivity occurred in the case of Bacillus subtilis DNA and Sarcina maxima DNA . For DNA from Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli K-12, E . coli B, E . coli WF+, lambda, T2 phages quantitative differences in the immunochemical reactivity were observed, which only partially correlate with the N6-methyladenine content of the DNAs . Other factors, influencing the accessibility of N6-methyladenine to the antibody-combining site have to be taken into consideration.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1979 Aug 10, 104(32), 1129 - 32
{Nosocomial infections with Providencia stuartii (Proteus inconstans) (author's transl)}; Kopf PO et al.; 48% of all isolates of Providencia stuartii obtained within a period of one year, originated from the urine of catheterised patients, whereas another 37% were found in the respiratory tract of patients with intubation . The incidence of Providenica stuartii correlated with the period during which iatrogenic measures had been applied, as well as with a preceding course with antibiotics.

Med Klin, 1979 Aug 3, 74(31), 1164 - 6
{Resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline in Bavaria (author's transl)}; Gussmann S et al.; The in vitro sensitivity of tetracycline and doxycycline is compared . Streptococcus and staphylococcus are more sensitive to doxycycline whereas pseudomonas and proteus spec . are more sensitive to tetracycline.

Tsitologiia, 1979 Aug, 21(8), 935 - 41
{Relationship of the DNA content in the nuclei of Amoeba proteus to the food regimen}; Makhlin EE et al.; The relative DNA content of isolated Amoeba proteus nuclei has been measured by cytofluorometry . With the amoeba strain studied, the generation time is roughly equal to 48 hours at 25 degrees C, and with the presence of food in the medium . After the synchronous divisions, amoebae were maintained in the medium either with or without food organisms (Tetrahymena pyriformis) . DNA contents in the nuclei of both the amoebae groups were measured within 4 and 48 hours after division . Before 16 hours, the nuclear DNA contents did not differ in either group . Starting from 20 hours, the DNA amount in fed amoebae exceeded that in starved animals . On the whole, the differences in DNA quantity increased by a 48th hour after division, when the nuclei of the former contained 145% DNA of the latter . The results obtained suggest that the DNA synthesis in amoeba nuclei may proceed during the whole interphase, and that during the second half of interphase the content of DNA may depend on the feeding intensity in amoebae . After refeeding the starved animals, DNA contents in their nuclei increased to reach the same level as in the constantly fed amoebae seen in the end of interphase.

Cancer Res, 1979 Aug, 39(8), 3258 - 61
Amplification of growth inhibition by glucocorticoid on L5178Y and L1210 lymphoblasts in vivo; Kido H et al.; One component of a factor in Proteus mirabilis (Factor 1) which specifically amplifies the induction of several liver enzymes by glucocorticoid in target cells also increases the growth inhibition of glucocorticoid on the ascitic form of L1210 cells and solid tumors of L5178Y lymphoblasts in vivo . The growth of L5U78Y and L1210 lymphoblasts was inhibited by a triamcinolone acetonide dose of over 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg body weight . Factor 1 increased the inhibitory effect of a triamcinolone acetonide dose of less than 4.0 mg/kg bodyweight but had little effect on the effects of doses of over 4.0 mg . Factor 1 (10 biological units/kg body weight) itself also caused marked inhibition of the growth of these lymphoblasts without affecting the body weight or adrenal gland weight, its effect being equivalent to that of 3- to 4-mg/kg body weight doses of triamcinolone acetonide alone . There was no significant difference in the level of plasma total corticoids or that of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone between rats treated with 0.9% NaCl solution or those treated with Factor 1, and Factor 1 had no cytotoxic effec on cultured L5178Y lymphoblasts . Thus, Factor 1 may amplify the effect of physiological level of glucocorticoid in mice sufficiently to inhibit the growth of these lymphoblasts without causing any significant side effects to the host animal.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1979 Aug, 32(8), 830 - 8
{Effect of combination of hetacillin, cephapirin and amikacin (author's transl)}; Takahashi M et al.; With the investigations of the effect of combination of hetacillin, cephapirin and amikacin, following experimental results were obtained; 1 . Effect of combination of amikacin, cephapirin and hetacillin was differed depending upon the genus and species of bacteria . However, in general, in the cases showing effective results there was a relation in the concentration of these antibiotics . With strains of Escherichia coli amikacin and cephapirin was cooperative, but not with other combinations and strains of Proteus showed similar tendencies to those strains . In the strains of Pseudomonas, no effect was observed with these antibiotics . However, significant cooperative effect was shown in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae . In penicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococci cooperative effect was represented only a combination of amikacin and hetacillin . 2 . Amikacin was resistant against penicillinase isolated from penicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus and cephalosporinase extracted from cephalosporin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli . 3 . When a strain of K . pneumoniae, showing cooperative effect with amikacin and cephapirin, was examined by electronmicroscopy, enlargement of cells and destruction of the cell walls were observed.

Cell Tissue Res, 1979 Jul 17, 199(3), 353 - 72
Effects of the actin-binding protein DNAase I on cytoplasmic streaming and ultrastructure of Amoeba proteus . An attempt to explain amoeboid movement; Wehland J et al.; Microinjection of DNAase I, which is known to form a specific complex with G-actin, induces characteristic changes in cytoplasmic streaming, locomotion and morphology of the contractile apparatus of A . proteus . Light microscopical studies show pronounced streaming originating from the uroid and/or the retracting pseudopods, which ceases 10--15 min after injection of DNAase I, at a time when ultrasctructural studies show that the actin filament system is very much reduced . These results suggest that a controlled reversible equilibrium between soluble and polymerized forms of actin is a necessary requirement for amoeboid movement . The topographic distribution of contractile filaments beneath the plasma membrane visualized by correlated light- and electron microscopy of DNAase I-injected cells establishes the importance of the membrane-bound filamentous layer for three major aspects of streaming: (1) Streaming originates by local contractions of a cell membrane-associated filament layer at the uroid and/or retracting pseudopods, creating a pressure flow . (2) This flow continues beneath the membrane, which is stabilized by filaments in the lateral regions between the posterior end, with a high hydrostatic pressure, and the anterior end, with a low hydrostatic pressure . (3) Pseudopods or extending areas are created by a local destabilization of the cell periphery caused by the separation of the filamentous layer from the plasma membrane.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1979 Jul, 32(7), 689 - 705
Semisynthetic bicyclomycin derivatives: preparation and antibacterial evaluation; Muller BW et al.; A number of semisynthetic bicyclomycin derivatives have been prepared by modifications at various sites of the molecule . The preparation, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of the new compounds is described . In contrast to bicyclomycin itself, the new derivatives 48 and 58 are also active against Proteus species . Otherwise, the antibacterial potency of the bicyclomycin molecule was found to be very sensitive to structural changes.

Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1979 Jul-Aug, 36(4), 605 - 10
{Maternal lactation . II . Intestinal colonization in breast fed newborn infants}; Fernandez P et al.; PIP: To establish the role of maternal milk in intestinal colonization of premature newborns 23 cases were investigated; 12 were fed breast milk in bottles, and 11 were fed cow's milk . Bacteriological studies of feces were done every day for the first 18 days of life . Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 5 babies given breast milk, and in 11 babies given cow's milk, and E . Coli was found in 3 and 6 babies, respectively . Other nonpathogenic strains were found in similar proportions in both groups, except Proteus, which was found in 10 babies fed breast milk, and in only 3 babies fed cow's milk . Breast milk did not avoid the colonization of E . Coli, but none of the babies fed breast milk had diarrhea, including the 3 cases with E . Coli, compared to 4 in the other group, 2 of whom died . From these results it is possible to assume that although breast milk cannot avoid colonization by E . Coli, this strain does not cause disease .

Laryngoscope, 1979 Jul, 89(7 Pt 1), 1129 - 34
Bacteriology and treatment of chronic otitis media; Brook I; Tympanocentesis was performed in 50 patients with chronic otitis media . Pus was cultured aerobically and anaerobically . Aerobes only were isolated from 21 patients, 3 had only anaerobes (peptococcus sp.) and 26 had both aerobes and anaerobes . There were 68 aerobic isolates . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered in 36 (72%) . Other aerobes commonly recovered included proteus sp . and Staphylococcus aureus . There were 48 anaerobes isolated . Anaerobic gram positive cocci were isolated in 24 instances . Sixteen Bacteriodes sp . were recovered, including 7 B . fragilis and 6 B . melaninogenicus . The patients were divided into two groups according to their antimicrobial therapy: 28 received carbenicillin and 22 clindamycin . An aminoglycoside was added when aerobic enteric gram negative rods were present in significantly high numbers in the culture . There was good to excellent response to therapy in more than half of the patients and in 12% there was a remission from symptoms for up to one year . Thirty-six percent of the patients had no response to therapy . There were no statistical differences in response to therapy in the two groups treated . Antimicrobial therapy directed against aerobic and anaerobic isolates from chronic otitis media had a high success rate in complete eradication of the infection.

Ann Sclavo, 1979 Jul-Aug, 21(4), 456 - 67
{Researches on some biochemical and serological properties and on the sensitivity to antibiotics of L-forms of "Proteus" (author's transl)}; Barbuti S et al.; The possibility to keep some biochemical reactions of the parent strains (urease-positive, glucose fermentation, phenylalanine-deaminase-positive, H2S but not indol production) was demonstrated in 5 L-forms, obtained from as many strains of Pr . mirabilis and in 1 L-form, isolated from a vaginal secretion and identified as belonging to the same species . The indirect hemagglutination technique, made by the sonicated antigen in 3 of the 6 L-forms with Proteus OXK antiserum, resulted positive in titers varying from 1:128 to 1:1024 . Crossed tests made with antisera for different bacterial species (e . coli, Shigella, klebsiella, ecc.) and of Mycoplasma (M . hominis, M . orale, M . salivarium, M . fermentans, M . arthritidis) put in evidence aspecific reactions only in 1.3% of the bacterial antisera . On the contrary, all 5 antisera for Mycoplasma were able to agglutinate the sensitized erythrocytes at titers quite analogous to that of the homologous antiserum . The sensitivities to various antibiotics of the 6 L-forms and the parent strains has been determined . All of L-forms were more resistent to the tetracycline than L-forms of other bacterial species . On the basis of te results got by biochemical and serological tests, we confirm the necessity to make use of both the groups of tests, in order to identify the L-forms of recent isolation.

Antibiotiki, 1979 Jul, 24(7), 526 - 31
{Clinical effectiveness of carbenicillin in suppurative inflammatory processes of varying localization}; Pozdniakova VP et al.; The study on sensitivity of clinical strains of the causative agents of purulent infections to carbenicillin showed that 34.6% of the staphylococcal strains, 48.1% of the E . coli strains and 40.3% of the Proteus strains were sensitive to the antibiotic . The strains of Ps . aeruginosa were characterized by moderate sensitivity to carbenicillin . The MTC for most of the isolates ranged within 25-128 microgram/ml . High therapeutic efficacy of carbenicillin in treatment of cases with purulent inflammatory processes of various localization was shown . Positive results were obtained in 82.5% of the adults and 76.2% of the premature infants treated with carbenicillin . A satisfactory therapeutic effect was observed in the cases with sepsis, diffuse purulent peritonitis and abscessing pneumonia treated with carbenicillin in combination with gentamicin.

Tsitologiia, 1979 Jul, 21(7), 867 - 71
{Microspectrophotometric study of the crystalline inclusions in different strains of Amoeba proteus}; Nikolaeva GV et al.; Using microspectrometric technique, integral extinction and extinction spectra of crystalline inclusions of two amoeba strains, C and Ct, have been studied . The analysis of extinction spectrum form allowed to suggest that the crystals seen in both amoeba strains have identical chemical composition, whereas the morphological differences between cells in their transparency may be due to different mode of the crystal package . The relative amount of the crystals was measured in both amoeba strains on the basis of the integral extinction value . The distinct differences between the strains were detected in the integral extinction value and in the extinction spectra, which allowed us to use these parameters as genetic markers in the experiments on the nuclear transplantation in amoeba.

Trop Geogr Med, 1979 Jun, 31(2), 207 - 12
Clinical and radiological features of neonatal septic arthritis; Omene JA et al.; Fourteen neonates (first 28 days of life) with septic arthritis were admitted into the neonatal unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital over a three year period . The incidence was 6.1 per 1000 admissions . Eight were fullterm, three preterm and two low-birthweight babies . Severe constitutional symptoms consisting of fever (temp . 39 degrees C), abdominal distension and jaundice were uniformly present . The aetiologic agents included Staphylococcus aureus (6), Proteus mirabilis (2), and beta haemolytic streptococcus (1), no pathogen was isolated in five patients . There was a possible causal relationship between repeated traumatic femoral venepuncture of the hip in three infants . The early radiologic changes were deep soft tissue swelling, obliteration of fascial plances and widened joint space . Residual damage of the hip joint was noted in one neonate; four died . It is suggested that toxic-looking new-born infants, suspected of septicaemia by examined radiologically for possible arthritis.

J Gen Microbiol, 1979 Jun, 112(2), 315 - 20
Trimethylamine oxide: a terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration of bacteria; Strom AR et al.; Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) stimulated both the anaerobic growth rate and the growth yield of Proteus NTHC 153 . The molar growth yield from glucose and pyruvate in tryptone/yeast extract medium doubled in the presence of TMAO, and the organism grew anaerobically on the non-fermentable substrates L-lactate and formate when TMAO was added to the medium . We conclude that TMAO stimulated growth by serving as a terminal electron acceptor in an oxidative phosphorylation process.

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