Salmonella

Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris), 1986 Nov, 22(6), 317 - 20
{Infectious colitis . Endoscopy}; Dive C; Colon and rectum localizations of an disease or a parasitosis depend essentially on the nature of the pathogenous agent and the host resistance . Acute enterocolitis is secondary to enterotoxinogenous germs (such as cholera vibrio), invasive germs (such as shigella), penetrating germs (such as salmonella); viruses are seldom concerned . Parasitic colitis include mostly amibiasis and bilharziosis . Infectious and parasitic enterocolitis may be transmitted sexually . On the other hand, certain venereal diseases have intestinal manifestations . Finally, in AIDS, timely gastro-intestinal infections develop . The diagnosis rests on endoscopy, histological examination and biological and parasitological samplings.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1986 Nov, 262(4), 462 - 73
{Microcalorimetric study of Salmonella}; Allerberger FJ et al.; We investigated the heat production of 42 different Salmonella strains belonging to the serogroups A, B, C, D and E . Using Columbia- and Brain Heart Infusion Broth as growth media, we found 3 different types of heat profiles . Salmonella typhi and Salmonella choleraesuis showed thermograms which differed in shape from the remaining serotypes . The thermograms of one Salmonella dublin isolate which showed an atypical biochemical behaviour could not be put into proper relation to one of these 3 microcalorimetric types.

Rev Infect Dis, 1986 Nov-Dec, 8(6), 978 - 83
Nontyphoid salmonellosis in patients with total hip replacement: report of four cases and review of the literature; Samra Y et al.; Five episodes of nontyphoid salmonella infection following total hip replacement in four patients were studied . In three patients the infection occurred in the immediate postoperative period while prophylactic antibiotics were being administered . The fourth patient had bilateral total hip replacements five years apart with two nontyphoid salmonella infections, one immediately after the first operation (during antibiotic prophylaxis) and the second four years after the second operation . In addition to local infection, clinical manifestations included fever (all patients), diarrhea (three patients), deep prosthetic infection (two patients), and shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure (one patient) . In addition to antibiotic therapy, removal of the prosthesis was necessary for cure in three patients . All patients recovered . Hematogenous spread was thought likely in all cases . Four of five salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol . A review of the English-language literature yielded information on five additional cases of nontyhpoid salmonella infection after total hip replacement in four patients.

Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 175(3), 165 - 9
Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of the antineoplastic agents homo-azasteroidal ester of p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl acetic acid and chlorambucil; Athanasiou K et al.; The mutagenic and clastogenic effects of the antineoplastic agents homo-aza-steroidal ester (ASE) and chlorambucil (CBC) were tested for their ability to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome system and SCE in CHO cells in culture . ASE was found to be positive in strains TA1535 and TA100 and in the newer strain TA102 with and without metabolic activation, while CBC caused histidine reversion in strain TA102 after the addition of mammalian liver microsomal extract (S9) . In addition, both agents were found to be strongly positive for SCE induction . The mutagenic and clastogenic actions of both agents were of a dose-response type.

Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 175(3), 153 - 7
The importance of 2-aminofluorene in the mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene; Robertson IG; The mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its derivatives N-hydroxy-AAF and 2-aminofluorene (AF) by pulmonary and hepatic microsomal fractions from untreated rabbits was investigated using Salmonella strain TA98 . The mutagenicity of AAF in the presence of hepatic microsomes followed typical saturation kinetics . However, in the presence of pulmonary microsomes, the mutagenic activity increased linearly with increasing substrate concentration and approximated that obtained with low concentrations of AF . N-Hydroxy-AAF was 1/10th as mutagenic as AF in the presence of pulmonary microsomes, but 2-2.5 times more mutagenic than AF in the presence of hepatic microsomes . The activation of AAF by both fractions was completely inhibited by the deacetylase inhibitor paraoxon . Although AAF does not appear to be a substrate for cytochrome P450 form 5, antibodies to this form inhibited the activation of AAF by pulmonary and hepatic microsomes by 90% and 60%, respectively . These results indicate that the mutagenic activation of AAF by these fractions primarily involves deacetylation to AF, followed by cytochrome P450 form 5-mediated activation of AF.

Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 175(3), 145 - 8
Mutagen formation in fried meat emulsion containing various amounts of creatine; Nes IF; The formation of mutagens in fried, minced meat emulsion was evaluated by the Ames Salmonella test system . Exogenous addition of creatine to the emulsion prior to frying greatly enhanced the mutagenicity of the emulsion . Addition of 5% creatine resulted in a 40-fold increase in the mutagenicity of the fried meat emulsion in the frameshift test strain, TA98, and in a 8-fold increase in the base substitution test strain, TA100 . The present results suggest that creatine is an important factor in the mutagen formation in fried meat products.

Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 172(2), 105 - 38
Comparative mutagenicity of aliphatic epoxides in Salmonella; Canter DA et al.; 37 aliphatic epoxides comprising 6 subclasses (unsubstituted aliphatic epoxides, halogenated aliphatic epoxides, glycidyl esters, glycidates, glycidyl ethers and diglycidyl ethers) were tested, under code, for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 and/or TA97 with and without metabolic activation using a standardized protocol . The 4 halogenated aliphatic epoxides and the 4 diglycidyl ethers were all mutagenic . The 2 glycidates were negative in all strain/activation systems used while all 5 glycidyl esters were mutagenic . 3 of the 8 unsubstituted aliphatic epoxides and 11 of the 12 glycidyl ethers were mutagenic . Glycidol also was mutagenic whereas 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester was not mutagenic . Of the 28 mutagenic compounds, all but neodecanoic acid, 2,3-epoxypropyl ester and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether were detected in TA100 without activation . The latter two were detected only with activation in TA100 and TA1535 . The majority of the other 26 chemicals were also mutagenic in TA1535 without activation . Good intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility was seen in the results of each of the 4 chemicals tested in more than one set of experiments . The current results confirm and extend the observations of other investigators regarding structural effects on the mutagenicity of members of the aliphatic epoxide class of chemicals.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1986 Nov 1, 189(9), 997 - 8
A survey of free-living falconiform birds for Salmonella; Kirkpatrick CE et al.; Of 105 migrating falconiform birds of 7 species examined for Salmonella shedding in New Jersey, 2 (1.9%) were positive for Salmonella spp . Both positive birds were immature red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) . Salmonella enteritidis and S newport were the serotypes isolated . Neither serotype expressed multiple resistance when tested against a panel of 12 antimicrobial drugs.

Arch Intern Med, 1986 Nov, 146(11), 2149 - 52
Cephalosporin therapy for salmonellosis . Questions of efficacy and cross resistance with ampicillin; Cherubin CE et al.; The new cephalosporins should be explored for Salmonella septicemia efficacy, because of multiple-drug resistance, the high incidence of patient allergies to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and the limited number of antibiotics with proven efficacy . This study reports on six widely used cephalosporins: cephalothin, cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone with respect to in vitro killing of Salmonella . This in vitro activity was related to the stability of the agents to beta-lactamases . Cefoperazone was the least stable, followed by cefamandole and cephalothin . Cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone were the most stable . The beta-lactamase-unstable agents permitted regrowth of beta-lactamase-producing salmonella within 36 hours . Standard susceptibility tests showed good inhibitory levels by these unstable agents at 18 hours, but the minimum inhibitory concentrations increased dramatically with longer incubation periods . Based on these results, past cephalothin failures for ampicillin-resistant Salmonella can be explained . Additionally, there should be a dichotomy of effectiveness in the new cephalosporins depending on their beta-lactamase stability . The stable cephalosporins deserve further clinical trials in the treatment of beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella infections.

Mutagenesis, 1986 Nov, 1(6), 407 - 10
Genotoxicity of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065; Harbach PR et al.; CC-1065, a very potent antitumor antibiotic, is active against several animal tumors, and against human tumors in the cloning assay at doses 50-1000 times lower than other agents such as adriamycin . It binds and alkylates DNA, and inhibits DNA synthesis, suggesting a potential for genotoxicity . Therefore, the genotoxic effects of CC-1065 were tested in several assay systems . CC-1065 was weakly mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella mutation assay (strain TA100) without S9 activation, but lacked mutagenic activity in TA98 with or without activation . CC-1065 was a very potent mutagen in the Salmonella forward mutation assay (induction of 8-azaguanine resistance), increasing the mutation frequency 19-fold over background at 0.1 ng/ml without activation . In mammalian (V79) cells it was a very potent mutagen without activation, increasing the mutation frequency 20-fold over background a 0.5 ng/ml . CC-1065 induced chromosome aberrations in V79 cells at very low (less than 0.1 ng/ml) doses, making this assay the most sensitive . CC-1065 increased the induction of micronuclei in rats 10- to 20-fold over the background at 200 and 400 micrograms/kg, but not at 100 micrograms/kg . CC-1065 failed to cause DNA breaks or DNA--protein cross-links as measured by the DNA damage/alkaline elution assay.

Mutagenesis, 1986 Nov, 1(6), 439 - 43
Observed convergence of the Salmonella plate and pre-incubation assays when employing varying levels of S9; Callander RD; Since the publication of the original Salmonella mutagenicity test protocol in 1975, a number of investigators have proposed that the addition of a pre-incubation step to the normal protocol increases the sensitivity of the assay . Data presented here for 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and the more potent carcinogenic analogue 6-dimethylaminophenylazobenzothiazole show that simply varying the amount of S9 present in the plate assay can increase the sensitivity of the test as much as the addition of the pre-incubation step does.

Immun Infekt, 1986 Nov, 14(6), 199 - 202
{Septic disease pictures in Salmonella infections}; Allerberger FJ et al.; 3715 strains of salmonella have been isolated from various sources from 1976 to 1985 . 26 of these isolates have been S . typhi and paratyphi B, 3689 isolates were nontyphoid strains . 7 isolates of S . typhi and S . paratyphi have been isolated from blood cultures . All persons infected with these strains have acquired these organisms in tropical and subtropical areas . In contrast, salmonella gastroenteritis is mainly confined to the intestinal tract . 21 isolates of nontyphoid salmonellae, however, have been isolated from blood cultures . The vast majority of these patients showed compromised host defense mechanisms . Newborn infants up to 3 months are considered particularly vulnerable for bloodstream invasion with nontyphoid salmonellae . Patients with chronic consuming disorders, solid tumors and haematologic malignancies, and the treatment of these ailments with immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids predisposes patients for extraintestinal spread of an enteric salmonella infection . Corticosteroid therapy seems to be particularly responsible for a fulminant course of the disease and poor outcome of the infection.

Virus Res, 1986 Nov, 6(2), 181 - 91
Induction of mutations in bacteria by a fragment of DNA from herpes simplex virus type 1; Shillitoe EJ et al.; A bacterial assay was developed for the study of mutagenesis by DNA of herpes simplex viruses . The histidine mutations from two of the Ames mutagenesis tester strains were recombined into the Salmonella histidine operon of the F'8 plasmid and each was transferred to a derivative strain of E . coli C from which the resident histidine operon had been deleted . One tester strain could be reverted by a chemical mutagen which induces frameshift mutations and the other could be reverted by a mutagen which induces base-pair substitution mutations . The BamHI G fragment of herpes simplex virus type 1 was cloned in each orientation into the BamHI site of the expression vectors pUC7, pUC8 and pUC9 and were introduced into the new strains of E . coli . The pUC9 plasmid carrying the BamHI G fragment of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the G-E' site closest to the lac promoter showed a higher rate of reversion in the frameshift strain, which varied up to 39-fold greater than the background rate . Since many mutagens are carcinogenic these data suggest the existence of a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus type 1 which might be involved in cell transformation.

J Lab Clin Med, 1986 Nov, 108(5), 506 - 16
Role of the Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi in resistance to host defense in vitro; Looney RJ et al.; The virulence of Salmonella typhi is associated with the presence of the Vi antigen . Mechanisms of Vi antigen virulence were examined in vitro . The Vi antigen-containing strain Quailes was significantly (P less than 0.025) more resistant to lysis by nonimmune serum than S . typhi 0901, which does not have the Vi antigen, and resulted in less activation of complement by the alternative pathway (P less than 0.05) . Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) ingested strain Quailes significantly (P less than 0.01) more slowly and less completely than strain 0901 as assessed by three measures of phagocytic rate . In contrast to prior reports, the Vi antigen did not prevent an oxidative burst, measured by O2- production, chemiluminescence, and O2 consumption . The extent of the oxidative burst correlated directly and closely with the rate of phagocytosis . When the rate of PMN phagocytosis for both strains was equalized by opsonizing strain 0901 with 1% and strain Quailes with a 3% concentration of serum, the PMN oxidative burst was equal . C3 binding to strain Quailes was significantly (P less than 0.005) less than to strain 0901 . Hence the Vi antigen inhibited phagocytosis by preventing C3b binding and solely as a consequence of this induced a lesser PMN oxidative burst . Furthermore, strain Quailes was significantly (P less than 0.025) less susceptible to killing by H2O2 than strain 0901 . To ensure that these observations were a consequence of the Vi antigen and not other strain differences, another pair of S . typhi with and without the Vi antigen were similarly compared, and the results were the same as with strains Quailes and 0901 . Strains 0901 and Quailes were killed by PMNs from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease but more slowly than by normal PMNs, indicating that S . typhi is susceptible to nonoxidative killing.

Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Nov, 69, 101 - 7
Mutagenic by-products from chlorination of humic acid; Meier JR et al.; Chlorination of humic and fulvic acid results in the formation of direct-acting mutagenicity, detectable in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test) . This mutagenicity is being characterized as part of an overall effort aimed at evaluating potential health risks associated with the presence of mutagenic chemicals in drinking water . A number of chlorinated organic compounds, including several known mutagens, have been identified and quantified in diethyl ether extracts of chlorinated humic acid solutions . However, the total mutagenicity of these compounds accounts for only about 7% of the original mutagenicity . Synergistic or antagonistic interactions among the identified components have been ruled out as possible explanations for the failure to account for a higher percentage of the activity . Recent progress has been made to separate the activity into neutral and strong acid fractions . Further isolation of the strong acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has resulted in the purification of the mutagenicity into a major peak of activity with a specific mutagenicity of about 20,000 TA100 revertants per milligram . Several trichlorohydroxyfuranone isomers have been tentatively identified in this fraction . The contribution of these types of compounds to the mutagenicity of chlorinated humic acid is under investigation.

Drug Metab Dispos, 1986 Nov-Dec, 14(6), 637 - 42
Epidermis: the major site of cutaneous benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol metabolism in neonatal BALB/c mice; Das M et al.; The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol (BP-7,8-diol) by microsomes prepared from whole skin, dermis, and epidermis of neonatal BALB/c mice pretreated with topically applied 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was compared . In control animals, microsomes prepared from epidermis showed higher rates of metabolism of BP and BP-7,8-diol (1.4-2.6-fold) than did microsomes prepared from whole skin or dermis . A single topical application of MCA increased the rate of metabolism of BP and BP-7,8-diol in microsomes prepared from whole skin, dermis, and epidermis . The greatest increase occurred in the epidermis . The in vivo covalent binding of {3H}BP, {3H}BP-7,8-diol, and 7,12-{3H}dimethylbenz(a)anthracene ({3H}DMBA) to DNA was found to be greater in epidermis (8.7-15.4-fold) than in whole skin or in dermis . A single topical application of MCA to BALB/c mice enhanced the in vivo binding of {3H}BP, {3H}BP-7,8-diol and {3H}DMBA to DNA of whole skin, dermis, and epidermis more than 2-fold . Exposure of Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 to 2-aminoanthracene, a skin carcinogen, in the presence of an epidermal metabolic activation mixture resulted in a greater mutagenic response when compared to activation mixtures derived from whole skin or dermis . These results indicate that epidermis is the major site of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism and of enzyme-mediated covalent binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens to DNA in skin of BALB/c mice and that topically applied MCA has maximum enzyme induction effects in this skin compartment.

Vet Rec, 1986 Oct 25, 119(17), 430 - 1
Selenium supplementation in lambs: effects on antibody responses to a salmonella vaccine; Finch JM et al.; In trials conducted in 1984 and 1985, the effects of selenium injections on the antibody responses of lambs marginally deficient in selenium to Salmonella dublin were assessed . Control lambs (mean glutathione peroxidase {GSHPx} less than 20 iu/ml) responded well to the vaccine . No difference was observed in the antibody titres of animals treated twice with 5 mg selenium as sodium selenate . During the following season animals given 50 mg selenium as barium selenate showed slightly higher titres than controls . The results show that marginally selenium deficient lambs are able to elicit strong antibody titres to a bacterial antigen and that supplementation with selenium produces, at best, a marginal enhancement of the responses observed.

Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1986 Oct 17, 111(42), 1599 - 602
{Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella infection and abdominal typhoid}; Klein E et al.; Ten patients - two with Salmonella septicaemia associated with AIDS; one each Salmonella excretors in the convalescence stage and with Salmonella osteomyelitis; three with abdominal typhoid, and three with Salmonella enteritis - were treated with the gyrase inhibitor ciprofloxacin . The drug was given for 3-33 days, at a dosage of 250-750 mg orally in most cases . Clinical and bacteriological cure was achieved in nine patients . There were no significant side effects . One patient developed a macular rash, which is within the usual side-effect rate.

Brain Res, 1986 Oct 15, 385(1), 156 - 60
Antipyretic action of centrally administered arginine vasopressin but not oxytocin in the cat; Naylor AM et al.; The antipyretic action of central arginine vasopressin (AVP) was investigated in mongrel cats . Control push-pull perfusions in the ventral septal area (VSA), with the carrier vehicle alone, did not affect the febrile response to Salmonella typhosa administered intracerebroventricularly . When AVP was perfused similarly, the fever was suppressed in a dose-related manner . The lower dose of AVP delayed the onset of fever, whereas the higher concentration of AVP suppressed consistently the fever throughout the period of administration . Another neurohypophyseal peptide, oxytocin, was ineffective in altering the febrile response at the dose tested . The regions of greatest sensitivity to the antipyretic action of AVP are located ventral to the septum, bounded by the diagonal bands of Broca, extending into the posterior septal nucleus . Sites at which AVP was ineffective in producing antipyresis were found more dorsal and lateral to these . Thus, AVP suppresses fever in the cat via an action in the VSA that is dose related, and site specific and peptide specific . These data provide further evidence that AVP may be involved in the central mechanisms which control core temperature.

J Immunol, 1986 Oct 15, 137(8), 2428 - 33
Bacterial activation of human natural killer cells . Characteristics of the activation process and identification of the effector cell; Tarkkanen J et al.; We showed previously that contact of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with glutaraldehyde-fixed Salmonella bacteria augmented their cytotoxic capacity against NK-sensitive targets . We have now analyzed the characteristics of the activation and also identified the subsets of lymphocytes responding to bacterial contact . Blocking of protein synthesis with cyclohexamide totally abrogated bacterial induction of activated killing (AK), whereas inhibition of DNA synthesis with mitomycin C did not significantly affect the capacity of lymphocytes to respond to bacterial contact . Both the induction and the effector phase of AK were radioresistant . The AK cells exhibited efficient lytic activity, comparable to that induced by recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2), against NK-resistant targets (including both hematopoietic and solid tumor cell lines) . All inducible cytotoxic activity was contained within the subset of lymphocytes expressing Leu-19 (NKH-1) antigen . Leu-19- lymphocytes exhibited no significant NK activity and could not be further stimulated by bacterial contact, rIL 2, or IFN-alpha . Within the Leu-19+ lymphocyte subset, two distinct cell types were present; CD3-, Leu-19+ NK cells and CD3+ . Leu-19+ T cells . The CD3+, Leu-19+, T cells mediated low levels of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against K562, but did not respond to bacterial contact, even though rIL 2 could augment their lytic activity slightly . However, the cytotoxic activity of CD3-, Leu-19+ NK cells was significantly augmented by bacterial contact . Within the CD3-, Leu-19+ NK cell population both CD16+ and CD16- cells responded to bacterial activation . The CD3-, CD16-, Leu-19+ cells constituted 1 to 4% of the Percoll-fractionated low buoyant density lymphocytes and accounted for the activation seen within the CD16- lymphocyte population . Thus bacterial stimulation of NK activity seems to be mediated for the most part via CD16+, Leu-19+ cells, and a minor overall contribution is mediated via CD3-, CD16-, Leu-19+ cells . No apparent involvement of T cells was seen in the lytic response of lymphocytes to bacterial contact.

Biochemistry, 1986 Oct 7, 25(20), 5858 - 64
Identification of the 9-aminoacridine/DNA complex responsible for photodynamic inactivation of P22; Loechler EL et al.; Acridine dyes bound to the condensed DNA within phage particles sensitize them to inactivation by visible light . The mechanism involves absorption of photons by an acridine/DNA complex, generating singlet oxygen, which covalently damages nearby proteins needed for DNA injection {Bryant, J., & King, J . (1985) J . Mol . Biol . 180, 837-863} . Acridines and related dyes interact with double-stranded DNA through a number of binding modes . To determine in condensed phage DNA the binding mode responsible for this inactivation, we have studied the formation of the DNA/acridine target complexes for photoinactivation . Analysis of the kinetics of 9-aminoacridine binding to Salmonella phage P22 particles revealed the formation of two binding species, one of which appeared more rapidly and was apparently an intermediate in the formation of the second . The rapidly forming species represented DNA sites with intercalated acridines, while the more slowly forming species represented the subsequent binding of additional acridine molecules to the DNA backbone of sites already containing intercalated dye . The rates of photoinactivation correlated with the rate of binding of 9-aminoacridine to the DNA backbone . This suggests that the most effective species for sensitizing phage to light-induced damage has acridine molecules stacked alongside the backbone of a region with intercalated molecules.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1986 Oct, 18 Suppl C, 179 - 81
Epidemiology and chromosomal location of genes encoding multiresistance in Salmonella dublin; Helmuth R et al.; Multiresistant Salmonella dublin strains isolated between 1971 to 1984 were investigated for their genetic and physical properties . It turned out that the multiresistance of the 1971 to 1973 isolates was plasmid-encoded . In the following years, however, the plasmid profiles of the strains were indistinguishable from sensitive isolates and the genes encoding the multiresistance were located on the Salmonella chromosome.

Lab Anim, 1986 Oct, 20(4), 325 - 8
Salmonella ochiogu: experimental infection of laboratory mice and oxytetracycline therapy; Onyekaba CO et al.; The oral infection of laboratory mice with 10(8) colony-forming units of viable Salmonella ochiogu bacteria resulted in clinical salmonellosis and death in 10 out of 45 of the mice (22%) . None of the mice treated with oxytetracycline died . Infection in susceptible mice was characterized by septicaemia, respiratory involvement and mild enteritis . The organism was shed in the faeces from the first day after infection until day 30, and cultures from viscera showed systemic dissemination . S . ochiogu was recovered from the faeces of mice treated with oxytetracycline between days 1 and 9 post infection.

Mutat Res, 1986 Oct, 172(1), 11 - 7
Bacterial mutagenicity and carcinogenic potential of some azapyrene derivatives; Tanga MJ et al.; The mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of 5 azapyrenes, which are suspected of being environmental pollutants, were assessed using the Salmonella assay and the anchorage-independent survival assay . The compounds tested were: 1-azapyrene, 2-azapyrene, 4-azapyrene, 1-aza-2-hydroxypyrene, and 2-aza-1-hydroxypyrene . The compounds were mutagenic and some were also carcinogenic.

Med Trop (Mars), 1986 Oct-Dec, 46(4), 397 - 9
{Three successive cases of salmonella meningitis in Gabon}; Flocard F et al.; In a two months period Salmonella ajiobo and S . typhimurium (twice) were isolated from cloudy cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of children less than one year old . No other cases of Salmonella meningitis occurred in a 2 year survey of meningitis in Franceville, a semi-rural community in southeastern Gabon . One case was fatal and the case with S . ajiobo needed a prolonged course since the CSF was not sterilized even after 6 days of therapy.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1986 Oct, 66(1), 103 - 10
Monoclonal antibody against bacterial lipopolysaccharide cross-reacts with DNA-histone; Sumazaki R et al.; Monoclonal antibodies to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were prepared by fusing spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with Salmonella Minnesota Re 595 LPS to the mouse myeloma cell line P3U1 . One of them, designated RS01, revealed a strong positive antinuclear activity and reacted with DNA-histone . RS01 also bound specifically to Salmonella Minnesota Re 595 LPS and eliminated the biological activity of LPS . The Salmonella completely inhibited the ANA activity of RS01 and DNA-histone blocked the reactivity of RS01 with LPS . Thus, it is clear that an anti-LPS monoclonal antibody, RS01 cross-reacts with DNA-histone.

Cell Immunol, 1986 Oct 1, 102(1), 68 - 77
Macrophage defect and inflammatory cell recruitment dysfunction in Salmonella susceptible C3H/HeJ mice; Weinstein DL et al.; C3H/HeJ mice are homozygous for the Lpsd allele and, as a consequence, are hyporesponsive to all of the biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that have been studied . These mice die in the early phase of infection when inoculated with virulent Salmonella . This susceptibility is also regulated by the Lpsd allele . The mechanism of Lpsd-conferred Salmonella susceptibility was evaluated in these studies . The response of C3H/HeJ mice to S . typhimurium strains of differing virulence was compared in a series of in vivo experiments to the response of: endotoxin-responsive (Lpsn) mice that carry another Salmonella susceptibility gene (Itys) and endotoxin-responsive mice that carry a Salmonella resistance gene (Ityr) . The C3H/HeJ mice (genotype Lpsd/Ityr) were more resistant than Lpsn/Itys mice to strains of S . typhimurium of reduced virulence but less resistant than Lpsn/Ityr mice . In addition, C3H/HeJ macrophages cultured in vitro were less able to contain net salmonellae multiplication than were macrophages from Lpsn/Ityr mice . Moreover, histopathological findings revealed that S . typhimurium-infected Lpsn/Ityr animals recruited an abnormally low number of cells into their livers compared to either Lpsn/Ityr mice or Lpsn/Itys mice . These data suggest that the susceptibility of C3H/HeJ mice may be the result of at least two Lpsd-encoded defects: a decreased capacity of macrophages to restrict Salmonella growth and a reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells into liver.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Oct, (10), 27 - 9
{Ultrastructural study of intestinal bacteria grown on Endo- and Levine-type nutrient media based on nonfood raw materials}; Pivovarova NI et al.; The comparative electron-microscopic study of several test strains (Salmonella typhi H-901, Shigella flexneri la 8516, and Escherichia coli 055) grown in experimental Endo and Levine media prepared on the basis of raw materials unsuitable for human consumption and in commonly used similar media prepared on the basis of sprat hydrolysate has shown the test strains grown in media containing aminopeptide and fodder yeast hydrolysate to retain their typical ultrastructure, which confirms the possibility of using these protein bases for the preparation of Endo and Levine media.

J Hyg (Lond), 1986 Oct, 97(2), 237 - 46
Salmonellosis in two dairy herds associated with a sewage farm and water reclamation plant; Clegg FG et al.; Two dairy herds, situated on a sewage farm, were monitored for the presence of salmonellas following outbreaks of Salmonella dublin infection . In addition an S . dublin control scheme, which involved examination of adult animals and calf vaccination, was instigated . During the period 1975-84, 12 salmonella serotypes and 10 phage types of S . typhimurium were isolated from the cattle and their environment although their presence was seldom associated with disease . Two adult S . dublin excreters were detected but it was concluded that none of the tests employed to examine the adult animals was sensitive enough . The prevalence of disease in the calves was low and although vaccination may have been beneficial it did not eradicate S . dublin infection . Thus S . dublin persisted in adults and calves during the 8-year period but its presence was seldom associated with disease . The results are discussed with regards the disease risk to animals from the agricultural use of sewage sludge and the public health aspects.

J Appl Physiol, 1986 Oct, 61(4), 1395 - 402
Endotoxin increases pulmonary vascular protein permeability in the dog; Welsh CH et al.; Endotoxin increases pulmonary vascular permeability consistently in some species but fails to reliably cause injury in the dog . We wondered whether this phenomenon depended on the method of injury assessment, as others have relied on edema measurement; we quantified injury by monitoring the rate of extravascular protein accumulation . 113mIn-labeled protein and 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes were injected into anesthetized dogs and monitored by an externally placed lung probe . A protein leak index, the rate of extravascular protein accumulation, was derived from the rate of increase in lung protein counts corrected for changes in intravascular protein activity . After administration of Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin (4 micrograms/kg), the protein leak index was elevated 2.5-fold (41.1 +/- 4.6 X 10(-4) min-1) compared with control (16.0 +/- 2.8 X 10(-4) min-1) . In contrast, wet-to-dry weight ratios failed to increase after endotoxin (4.6 +/- 0.8 vs . control values of 4.2 +/- 0.5 g/g dry bloodless lung) . However, we observed that endotoxin increased lung dry weight (per unit body weight), which may have attenuated the change in wet-to-dry weight ratios . To determine whether low microvascular pressures following endotoxin attenuated edema formation, we increased pulmonary arterial wedge pressures in five dogs by saline infusion, which caused an increase in wet-to-dry weight ratios following endotoxin but no change in the five controls . We conclude that low dose endotoxin causes pulmonary vascular protein leak in the dog while edema formation is minimal or absent.

Microb Pathog, 1986 Oct, 1(5), 503 - 10
Salmonella cytotoxin: a component of the bacterial outer membrane; Reitmeyer JC et al.; Salmonella cytotoxin present in cell-free sonic lysates causes rounding and detachment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . Although the precise role of this toxin in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis is unclear, cytotoxin production by Salmonella could account for tissue damage or possibly, facilitate invasion . A variety of other bacteria (e.g . Shigella, Escherichia, Legionella) have been shown to form soluble cytotoxins, many of which may be involved in pathogenesis . The data in this report indicate that the Salmonella cytotoxin in cell-free sonic lysates is firmly associated with cell membrane fragments that can be pelleted by ultracentrifugation (270,000 g for 2.4 h) . Furthermore, lysozyme treatment of filter-sterilized sonic extracts of Salmonella species followed by isopycnic sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation allowed separation of the outer and inner membrane components . The outer membrane (OM) peak contained the cytotoxic activity when assayed for detachment of CHO cells . The importance of these data resides in the observation that the Salmonella cytotoxin is an outer membrane component . Its mere location places it in a position of direct contact with host cells and suggests a possible role in cell damage and/or invasion . Furthermore, ultracentrifugation provides a method by which much of the Salmonella cytotoxin in sonic extracts can be removed allowing expression of the Salmonella enterotoxin, whose CHO cell elongation effect is usually obscured by the presence of the cytotoxin causing cell rounding and detachment.

Eur J Immunol, 1986 Oct, 16(10), 1263 - 7
Induction of human interleukin 1 by bacterial and synthetic lipid A; Loppnow H et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are well known inducers of interleukin 1 (IL 1) . Here we show that synthetic heptaacyl Salmonella minnesota (compound 516) and synthetic E . coli type (compound 506) lipid A, as well as monodephospho part structures thereof, are able to induce IL 1 production in human mononuclear cells . The 4'-monodephospho part structure (compound 505) was found to be the most active IL 1 inducer as compared to compound 506 and the 1-monodephospho part structure (compound 504) . Synthetic lipid A precursor Ia, lacking nonhydroxylated fatty acids (compound 406), and its 1- or 4'-monodephospho part structures (compounds 404 and 405) did not induce IL 1 production . IL 2 is not produced during stimulation with the synthetic compounds . IL 1 activity was partially heat labile and could be inhibited by a rabbit antiserum against human leukocytic pyrogen . These results show that the lipid A component of LPS is active in inducing IL 1 and that the presence of 3-acyloxyacyl residues is necessary for IL 1 induction.

Eur J Biochem, 1986 Oct 1, 160(1), 55 - 9
Biological activity of synthetic heptaacyl lipid A representing a component of Salmonella minnesota R595 lipid A; Galanos C et al.; A synthetic lipid A (preparation 516), containing seven acyl groups and representing one component of natural free lipid A of Salmonella minnesota R595, has been investigated for biological activity in a number of endotoxin test systems . It was found that the synthetic preparation was, in typical in vivo endotoxin tests (lethality, pyrogenicity, Shwartzman reactivity) as well as in its antigenicity and macrophage activation capacity, significantly less active than natural Salmonella lipid A . However, in other in vitro assay systems (B-cell mitogenicity, complement activation, Limulus amoebocyte lysate gelation) it expressed similar activity as Salmonella lipid A.

Jikken Dobutsu, 1986 Oct, 35(4), 517 - 20
A survey of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Salmonella spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica and Sendai virus in guinea pig colonies in Japan; Nakagawa M et al.; S . pneumoniae, S . zooepidemicus, Salmonella spp., B . bronchiseptica and Sendai virus were examined in a total of 45 guinea pig colonies (17 institutional and 28 breeder's colonies) of Hartley strain, and found to be positive in 6, 3, 5, 20 and 14 colonies, respectively . Sendai virus was highly prevalent among guinea pigs, showing so high rates positive as 80 to 100% of animals obtained from 11 of the 14 contaminated colonies . B . bronchiseptica was also shown to be prevalent within contaminated colonies by indication of rates positive more than 40% of animals examined in 14 of the 20 colonies . Infection rates of other 3 pathogens, however, ranged from lower than 20% to higher than 80% according to colonies . All strains of Salmonella isolated in this survey were identified as S . typhimurium and those of S . pneumoniae as serotype 19F.

Arq Gastroenterol, 1986 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 242 - 5
{Incidence of rotavirus in the Menino Jesus Pediatric Hospital (SP): ELISA--a practical and efficient method for its detection}; Fiore ES et al.; Seventy infants and children with age from 2 months to 4 years old were admitted to "Hospital Infantil Menino Jesus", in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the period from March 1983 to June 1984 with acute diarrhea . Feces from these patients were analysed in the search of rotavirus and enteropathogenic bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella and E . coli), for the purpose of defining the role of rotavirus as an agent of acute diarrhea in infants and young children in this country . ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) was the method of choice for the search of rotavirus, because of its simplicity of management and the high sensitivity of the results . Rotavirus alone was imputed as the cause of acute diarrhea in 12 patients (17.7%), with ages from 2 months to 3 years old and in 2 patients in association with Shigella . All but one of the patients with rotavirus were undernourished and none of the infants had been breast fed before the disease.

Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1986 Oct, 102(10), 455 - 7
{Macrophage participation in the polyclonal and specific response to T-independent antigen in vitro}; Shanin SS et al.; Effect of adherent cells (macrophages on synthesis of total immunoglobulins (Ig) and specific antibody (Ab) in mice spleen cell culture stimulated by Vi-antigen Salmonella typhi has been studied . Ig and Ab in culture medium were determined by ELISA technique 96 hours after introducing the antigen into cell culture . The adsorption of analysed samples and reference antiserum on antigen coated microplates at pH 3.5 results in reducing nonspecific protein adsorption and promotes quantitative analysis Ab synthesized in vitro . The level of Ab produced in antigen stimulated spleen cell culture during 96 hours after antigen introduction is less than 2% of all synthesized Ig . Removal of most macrophages from spleen cell population results in a considerable decrease of specific and polyclonal immune responses . The basal Ig level in spleen cell culture (without antigen influence) does not decrease after removal of macrophages.

S Afr Med J, 1986 Sep 27, 70(7), 396 - 8
{Aspects of typhoid fever in children}; Prinsloo JG et al.; Some aspects of typhoid fever in 77 children are discussed . There were 48 boys and 29 girls and their ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years . The patients were treated with chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/d during the first 2 weeks and with either amoxycillin (100 mg/kg/d) or ampicillin (200 mg/kg/d) during the third week . The average duration of fever was 5.2 days . There was 1 relapse and 1 child, a baby aged 1 month, died . The correct diagnosis was not suspected by the referring doctor in 38% of the patients . On admission the commonest complaints were fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache and vomiting . The commonest findings on examination were tenderness or distension of the abdomen, apathy or delirium, rhonchi or crepitations, liver enlargement and meningism . There was anaemia (Hb less than 10 g/dl) in 23% and lymphopenia (less than 1500/microliter) in 43% of the patients . The differential white blood cell count revealed 5% or more unsegmented neutrophils in 32% of the patients, while 25% had 10% or more band cells . Two patients (sisters) failed to respond after 15 and 16 days of therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin because of resistant Salmonella typhi and were successfully treated with co-trimoxazole . Practitioners caring for black patients should always be on the alert for typhoid fever; some patients may not respond to chloramphenicol or amoxicillin . During the acute phase milk feeds are best replaced by soya products because of abdominal distension or aggravation of diarrhoea by milk.

Life Sci, 1986 Sep 8, 39(10), 923 - 30
Dimethylnitrosamine metabolism: I . In vitro activation of dimethylnitrosamine to mutagenic substance(s) by hepatic and renal tissues from three inbred strains of mice; Ampy FR et al.; The potential of hepatic and renal homogenates from three inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C57BL and DBA) to activate dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was investigated . Microsomal enzyme (S-9) preparations of liver and kidney from mature and immature mice were used in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay . No age or sex-related differences in the formation of active mutagenic DMN Metabolites by liver microsomal enzymes were observed within any of the three inbred strains . In contrast, mature male kidney S-9 fractions from all three strains had a significantly greater potential to activate DMN than mature female and immature animals . Testosterone treatment resulted in no apparent changes in the ability of hepatic tissue to biotransform DMN to its mutagenic metabolites among age and sex classes . However, after testosterone treatment, renal microsomal fractions from mature female mice of all three strains did not differ significantly from their male counterparts in their ability to transform DMN to mutagenic metabolites.

Aust Vet J, 1986 Sep, 63(9), 286 - 92
The resistance of antimicrobial agents in salmonella from veterinary sources in Australia from 1975 to 1982; Murray CJ et al.; A survey of antibiotic resistance in 1,287 strains of Salmonella from bovine, porcine and avian sources in Australia was carried out from 1975 to 1982 . Isolates were tested against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline . Resistance was found to streptomycin in 286 isolates and to tetracycline in 282 isolates . Resistance to other antimicrobials was low and was unrelated to source . One hundred and seventy-three isolates showed multiple resistance to 2 or more antimicrobial agents with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline being the most common . The overall level of resistance did not change over the period examined.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1986 Sep, 2(3), 215 - 27
Quantitative differences in the infectiousness and pathogenicity of 187 Salmonella serotypes or species; Muller HE; The present paper makes use of the epidemiological statistical data from 372,496 salmonellae isolated in man and 63,345 isolations from non-human material, e.g . animal foodstuffs, domestic animals and food of animal origin, surface waters and drainage waters . There were a total of 187 different serotypes . The data are derived from publications of the Federal Health Office, Berlin, for the period 1972-76; the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia for the years 1968-74; and from various publications and our own studies between 1954-76 . On the basis of theoretical deduction and by inductive procedures, Salmonella quotients were derived as quantitative statistical values for the infectiousness or pathogenicity of the individual serotypes in man or in animals . They result from the relative frequency of a serotype in man in relation to the relative frequency in non-human material, in animal food or surface water . The Salmonella quotients for the pathogenicity in animals can also be calculated in a similar way . The values vary about the factor 10(5) in the individual serotypes . It is inferred from this that infectiousness and pathogenicity vary by the same order of size . The Salmonella quotients are constant over many years and evidently also all over the world for most serotypes . Salmonella quotients with numerical values less than 1 indicate a depletion of the corresponding serotype in man . Numerical values greater than 1 indicate an accumulation . Conclusions can hence be drawn with regard to lower or higher infectiousness and pathogenicity.

Trop Geogr Med, 1986 Sep, 38(3), 309 - 10
Foot abscess due to Salmonella typhi: a case report; Chagla AH et al.; A case of foot abscess due to Salmonella typhi is reported in a 37-year-old Yemeni man . The abscess was surgically drained and the wound healed without antibiotic therapy.

Infect Immun, 1986 Sep, 53(3), 480 - 5
Antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway of human serum complement by lipid A is restricted to re-chemotype lipopolysaccharide and purified lipid A; Vukajlovich SW; Incubation of most bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with normal human sera at 37 degrees C activates the serum complement system, resulting in decreased levels of hemolytic complement . A panel of R-chemotype LPS preparations isolated from Salmonella minnesota rough mutant strains, as well as smooth wild-type LPS from S . minnesota, Escherichia coli O55-B5, Serratia marcescens, and Yersinia enterolitica, were used to examine the effect of LPS polysaccharide chain length on LPS lipid (lipid A)-dependent activation of the classical pathway of complement (CPC) . To examine specific lipid A-dependent activation of the CPC, sera deficient in alternative pathway of complement activity were prepared by the removal of factor D . Absorption of normal human sera with formalinized rabbit erythrocytes was found to remove natural antibodies, factors capable of forming LPS complexes which activate the CPC, or both . By using such factor D-depleted formalinized rabbit erythrocyte-absorbed normal human sera, only isolated lipid A and Re-chemotype LPS (R595 LPS) were found to activate the CPC . Thus, the presence of the additional monosaccharide L-glycero-D-mannoheptose in the Rd2 LPS oligosaccharide chain compared with the L-glycero-D-mannoheptose-deficient Re-chemotype LPS structure is sufficient to block lipid A-dependent activation of the CPC by LPS.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1986 Sep-Oct, 137B(2), 211 - 7
{Characterization of a 7th subspecies of Salmonella: S . choleraesuis subsp . indica subsp . nov.}; Le Minor L et al.; A new Salmonella subspecies designated as S . choleraesuis subsp . indica (shortly, subspecies VI) was delineated on the basis of biochemical characters and genomic relatedness . Eight serovars were assigned to this subspecies: one of these was previously classified in subspecies I (serovar Ferlac) and seven in subspecies II . This subspecies can be identified by five biochemical characters: gelatinase+, malonate-, L(+)tartrate-, salicin- and sorbitol- . The type strain is CIP 102501 (serovar 1,6,14,25:a:e,n,x formerly called Ferlac).

Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1986 Sep, 22(3), 345 - 9
{Salmonella infections in workers at food shops during the period 1979-1985 in the province of Sassari}; Ginanneschi R et al.; Various categories of subjects working in food shops were tested for Salmonellae . The strains were isolated through serological typing and testing for sensitivity to antibiotics allowed us to know the epidemiological situation of those microorganisms in our area and their variations compared to previous studies.

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1986 Sep, 134(9), 701 - 2
{Salmonella osteoarthritis in hemophilia A}; Ritter J et al.; The unexpected course of a hemarthrosis in a young man with severe hemophilia and septic osteoarthritis is described . The arthritis appeared first as a relapse of a series of hemarthroses . However, the further course of the disease led to the diagnosis of a salmonella osteoarthritis.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1986 Sep, 24(9), 923 - 30
Chlorinating poultry chiller water: the generation of mutagens and water re-use; Masri MS; The purpose of this study was to assess the potential generation of mutagens by chlorination of water used to chill poultry carcasses . Unchlorinated chiller water from a nearby poultry processing plant was chlorinated to different levels in the laboratory . Residues of dichloromethane extracts of the treated water were tested for mutagenicity with the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation system . The rate of disappearance of added chlorine from the chiller water was also monitored using ferrous ammonium sulphate titration . The results showed a fast rate of disappearance of added free chlorine, only some of which reappeared as combined available chlorine . No mutagenic activity could be demonstrated at chlorination levels up to 100 ppm, but activity rose above 250 ppm, and a dose-response relationship was demonstrated . The significance of these findings for poultry processing is discussed.

J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1986 Sep-Oct, 69(5), 786 - 98
Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 25 laboratories to validate an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure utilizing 2 specific monoclonal antibodies for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods . The EIA was compared with the standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in 6 food types: ground black pepper, soy isolate, dried whole eggs, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey . Uninoculated and inoculated samples were included in each food group analyzed, with the exception of poultry which was naturally contaminated . There was no significant difference in the productivity of the EIA and culture procedures at the 5% level for any of the 6 foods . The enzyme immunoassay screening method has been adopted official first action.

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 1986 Sep, 47(9), 578 - 86
The mutagenicity of emissions from eight binder systems used in steel foundries; Kaiser-Farrell C et al.; Emissions generated when molten steel was poured into sand molds fabricated with eight different binder systems were collected separately and tested for mutagenic activity using the Ames Salmonella assay . The sampling device consisted of an initial 8 X 10 in . glass fiber filter in a custom fabricated apparatus through which air was drawn using a Hi-Vol motor and fan . A portion of the airstream, which passed this filter, was in turn passed through a smaller glass fiber filter and then into two glass impingers filled with ice-cold methanol . All the binder systems generated material, which induced mutations in the absence of added S-9 extract, and in all emissions a higher level of activity was found when S-9 was added . In the presence of S-9, the shell-core system produced by far the most mutagenic activity followed by the oil-clay-cereal system . The green sand, furan and Kold Set systems produced much lower levels while the two reclaimed sand systems and sodium silicate system were intermediate.

J Infect, 1986 Sep, 13(2), 195 - 8
Food poisoning in a hospital staff canteen; White PM; Eighty-two confirmed cases of salmonella food poisoning arose among hospital staff due to consuming contaminated tartar sauce served in the staff canteen . Many key personnel were affected and the hospital was closed to non-urgent admissions . In order to maintain the accident and trauma services, the normal policy of excluding infected persons from work had to be modified . Staff returned to work 48 h after they had become asymptomatic provided that they did not have contact with patients' mouths, food or drink . There were no secondary cases . During the investigation of the outbreak, lack of national guidelines for the preparation and handling of mayonnaise-based food products became apparent.

Infect Immun, 1986 Sep, 53(3), 685 - 92
Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella enteritidis containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of the B subunit of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin; Clements JD et al.; We used Salmonella enteritidis serotype dublin strain SL1438, a nonreverting, aromatic-dependent, histidine-requiring mutant, as a recipient for a recombinant plasmid coding for production of the nontoxic B subunit of the heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin . The S . enteritidis derivative EL23 produced heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B that was indistinguishable from heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B produced by strains of E . coli or Salmonella typhi harboring the same plasmid . Mice immunized orally with strain EL23 developed progressively increasing mucosal and serum antibody responses to both heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B and to the lipopolysaccharide of the vaccine strain . The mucosal antibody response was shown to be immunoglobulin A specific and to be capable of neutralizing the biological activities of both E . coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera enterotoxin in vitro.

J Immunol, 1986 Sep 1, 137(5), 1504 - 10
IgA-driven T cell-mediated anti-bacterial immunity in man after live oral Ty 21a vaccine; Tagliabue A et al.; Cellular immunity against Salmonella typhi was observed by using a direct anti-bacterial in vitro assay in volunteers orally vaccinated with the live S . typhi mutant strain Ty 21a . With this experimental approach, it was demonstrated that Ty 21a vaccine also induces cellular immunity against S . paratyphi A and B . Interestingly, the mechanism involved in cellular immunity against bacteria seems to be of an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) type, with IgA acting as the humoral arm and CD4+ T lymphocytes as the cellular one . In accordance with the increase in IgA-driven ADCC against S . typhi, a major rise in IgA against O and H antigens was observed in the serum of vaccinees in parallel to an increase in IgG of identical specificity . Furthermore, a Ty 21 vaccine induced cellular activity against flagellar antigens . These results indicate that IgA-ADCC by T lymphocytes against bacteria can originate from local stimulation of the gut mucosal immune system . This cellular defense mechanism might be at the origin of the protection induced by Ty 21a vaccine.

An Esp Pediatr, 1986 Sep, 25(3), 170 - 6
{Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in childhood . Apropos of 210 cases}; de Juan Martin F et al.; The authors reviewed 210 children with typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; 191 were infected with S . typhi, 13 with S . paratyphi A and 6 with S . paratyphi B . The proportion was higher in school children . Fever, headache, tongue furred, stupor, and hepatomegaly were the most important clinical findings . Salmonella was cultured from the blood of 42% patients, the Widal reaction was negative only in one case, and faeces culture was positive in 25% . All patients received chloramphenicol.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Sep, 24(3), 388 - 90
Evaluation of blood clot cultures for isolation of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi-A, and Brucella melitensis; Escamilla J et al.; Two types of clot culture, one with taurocholate-streptokinase and the other with bile as a culture medium, and two conventional cultures of whole blood were evaluated in parallel in an area where typhoid fever and brucellosis are endemic . Each of the four systems contained 5 ml of blood or the clot derived from 5 ml of blood and sufficient broth to yield a 1:11 dilution of the specimen . Of 542 patients studied, Salmonella paratyphi-A was isolated from 61, S . typhi from 46, and Brucella melitensis from 30 . The two clot cultures yielded the salmonellae equally well; both were superior to whole blood cultured in Trypticase soy broth (P less than 0.02) but not to whole blood cultured in bile (P greater than 0.05) . Only two systems were successful for isolation of B . melitensis . Blood-Trypticase soy broth identified 28 (93%), and clot-streptokinase cultures identified 21 (70%) (P greater than 0.05) . The data indicate that use of clots per se offers no advantage in sensitivity over procedures which use whole blood . Nonetheless, they are excellent for isolation of enteric fever salmonellae and can be performed with clots left over after serum is removed for serological, biochemical, or other tests.

Chem Biol Interact, 1986 Sep, 59(2), 129 - 39
Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in ethanol-treated hamsters and its consequences on the bioactivation of aromatic amines to mutagens; Ioannides C et al.; Male golden Syrian hamsters were maintained on ethanol-containing liquid diets for 4 weeks, corresponding to an average daily intake of 17 g/kg body wt . The p-hydroxylation of aniline was markedly enhanced by this treatment while minimal effects were seen in benzphetamine N-demethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities; there was no change in the microsomal levels of cytochromes P-450 . Hepatic microsomal preparations from the ethanol-treated hamsters were more efficient than controls fed isocaloric diets in converting 2-aminofluorene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene into mutagens in the Salmonella mutagenicity test . The same treatment had no effect on the metabolic activation of 2-naphthylamine and even inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene . No increase was seen in the activation of the two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo{a}pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene to mutagens and an inhibitory effect was seen with the former . The ethanol-induced increase in the mutagenicity of 2-aminofluorene was inhibited by 2-butanol but not by the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylsulphoxide . It is concluded that chronic ethanol ingestion modulates the bioactivation of aromatic amines and amides to mutagens, the effect being substrate dependent . This effect of ethanol may be catalysed by unique form(s) of cytochrome P-450 whose synthesis is induced by such treatment.

J Bacteriol, 1986 Sep, 167(3), 893 - 904
Serospecific antigens of Legionella pneumophila; Otten S et al.; Serospecific antigens isolated by EDTA extraction from four serogroups of Legionella pneumophila were analyzed for their chemical composition, molecular heterogeneity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunological properties . The antigens were shown to be lipopolysaccharides and to differ from the lipopolysaccharides of other gram-negative bacteria . The serospecific antigens contained rhamnose, mannose, glucosamine, and two unidentified sugars together with 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, phosphate, and fatty acids . The fatty acid composition was predominantly branched-chain acids with smaller amounts of 3-hydroxymyristic acid . The antigens contain periodate-sensitive groups; mannosyl residues were completely cleaved by periodate oxidation . Hydrolysis of the total lipopolysaccharide by acetic acid resulted in the separation of a lipid A-like material that cross-reacted with the antiserum to lipid A from Salmonella minnesota but did not comigrate with it on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels . None of the four antigens contained heptose . All of the antigen preparations showed endotoxicity when tested by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay . The results of this study indicate that the serogroup-specific antigens of L . pneumophila are lipopolysaccharides containing an unusual lipid A and core structure and different from those of other gram-negative bacteria.

Bioorg Khim, 1986 Sep, 12(9), 1234 - 9
{Enzymatic synthesis of polyprenyl phosphosugars in Salmonella serotype C1}; Druzhinina TN et al.; The cell envelopes of serogroup C1 Salmonella, viz . S . thompson and S . montevideo, catalyze the transfer of radiolabeled sugars from UDP-{14C}Glc and UDP-{14C}GlcNAc into the lipid-linked sugars . Using TLC and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the radiolabeled products were identified as polyprenyl pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine (I), polyprenyl monophosphate N-acetylglucosamine and polyprenyl monophosphate glucose . The derivative (I) served as an acceptor for mannose transfer from GDP-Man with formation of Man1-2GlcNAc1PPPre . A similar reaction was observed after addition of synthetic GlcNAc1PPPre to the cell envelopes.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1986 Sep, 6(3), 191 - 4
Serological diagnosis of typhoid fever by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Srivastava L et al.; Serum sample from 22 bacteriologically proved cases of typhoid fever, 41 febrile cases who were culture negative and 70 sick and healthy age-matched controls were tested for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG and IgM antibodies using Salmonella typhi LPS antigen . IgG and IgM antibodies were present in 72.7% and 81.8% respectively as against Widal test which was positive in 40.9% in proved cases . In febrile controls IgG and IgM ELISA antibodies were present in 80.4% and 60.9% respectively as against 53.6% by Widal test . This difference between the two tests was statistically significant P less than 0.001 . ELISA test was more sensitive than the Widal test and hence it may be useful in rapid serodiagnosis of typhoid fever and also in circumstances where bacteriological techniques are not available.

Nature, 1986 Aug 28-Sep 3, 322(6082), 834 - 6
Probing the phagolysosomal environment of human macrophages with a Ca2+-responsive operon fusion in Yersinia pestis; Pollack C et al.; Several microorganisms, including Yersinia sp., Salmonella sp., Brucella sp., Mycobacterium sp . and Leishmania sp., have successfully adapted to grow within macrophage phagolysosomes . Infections caused by these intracellular pathogens are among the most difficult to treat . As part of an antimicrobial strategy directed at modifying the phagolysosomal environment to the disadvantage of these important pathogens, we are defining the ambient conditions within the organism-containing phagolysosome . To probe this environment, we have used Yersinia pestis, whose expression of several virulence attributes is highly dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in its growth environment . We first genetically engineered a strain of Y . pestis which responds to a low-calcium environment by transcription of inserted structural genes of the Escherichia coli lac operon . Using this mutant organism as a relevant biological probe, we demonstrate here that the calcium concentration in Y . pestis-containing phagolysosomes is sufficiently low to permit virulence gene expression; this resolves the question of where Y . pestis might express its Ca2+-regulated genes in vivo.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1986 Aug, 36(8), 1263 - 4
DNA interaction and mutagenicity of the plastic stabilizer di-n-octyltin dichloride; Westendorf J et al.; The organo-metallic compound di-n-octyltin dichloride (DOTC) is used as an additive to plastics . Since it is, therefore, present in the human environment, its long-term toxicity, particularly its genotoxic potential, is of concern . In the present studies, the agent was shown to interact with the DNA of cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells . Though the compound did not induce mutagenesis in the Salmonella-microsome assay and DNA repair in primary rat hepatocytes, it did induce mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) assay . Further studies of the long-term toxicity of DOTC, particularly its carcinogenic potential, are necessary.

Pharmacol Res Commun, 1986 Aug, 18 Suppl, 71 - 9
The relative role of PAF-acether and icosanoids in septic shock; Etienne A et al.; Endotoxemia and gram negative sepsis remain a clinically important problem since mortality rate is still high in these diseases . Recently, the participation of some new potential mediators in this pathology is beginning to be demonstrated but the results obtained on animal models with specific inhibitors are contradictory . In order to clarify the pathological importance of icosanoids and PAF-acether in the septicemic process, we investigated the effects of indomethacin (IND) a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, NDGA and EP 10045 two lipoxygenase inhibitors, dexamethasone (DXM) a phospholipase A2 inhibitor and BN 52021 a PAF-acether receptor antagonist, on the Salmonella enteritidis-induced endotoxic shock (E.S.) in the rat . Injected subcutaneously 15 min before the test, NDGA, EP 10045 and IND were moderately effective when DXM completely prevented the endotoxin lethality . BN 52021 decreased the death rate in a dose-related manner and exerted at a non-active dose a synergistic effect on IND treatment . Furthermore, given orally 1 hour before endotoxin, it provided a potent protective effect . Our results seem to confirm that PAF-acether exerted alone, or in conjunction with products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, a key role in E.S . when LTs seem to play a role of minor importance.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1986 Aug, 61(2), 169 - 76
Comparative study of different methods for detection and enumeration of Salmonella spp . in natural waters; Morinigo MA et al.; Seven enrichment media (two proposed by the authors) for detecting salmonellas from polluted freshwater were compared . The Most Probable Number technique for enumeration of salmonellas in water samples was used, directly adding filtered water to buffered peptone water as the pre-enrichment medium . The results indicate that Rappaport-Vassiliadis/43 and Rappaport-Vassiliadis/43 supplemented with 10 micrograms of sodium novobiocin per ml are the best media for the recovery and enumeration of salmonellas from water samples.

Immunopharmacology, 1986 Aug, 12(1), 23 - 8
Inhibition by antibiotics of Rb Salmonella binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes; Antonaci S et al.; Several lines of evidence point out that Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) possesses the capacity to adhere spontaneously to human peripheral blood lymphocytes . The binding is mediated via the lipopolysaccharide moiety of the bacterial outer membrane . In this report, we have evaluated the effects of various antibiotics on bacterial binding . Our data show that trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and erythromycin significantly decrease Rb binding, while gentamicin and sisomicin are without effect . Antibiotics display their inhibitory effect by acting on peripheral blood lymphocytes likely by competing with lipopolysaccharide for receptor binding capacity on lymphocyte surface.

Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 59 - 74
Mutagen formation in a model beef supernatant fraction . IV . Properties of the system; Taylor RT et al.; To identify the precursors and elucidate the reaction conditions that yield heterocyclic amine mutagens in cooked meat products and fish, we have used a supernatant 2 (S2) fraction prepared from H2O-homogenized lean round steak . Compounds (MW less than 500) in S2 are the sources of the microsomal-dependent, Salmonella TA 1538 mutagenic activity in open boiled (aqueous), 200 degrees C pressure-heated (aqueous), or 200 to 300 degrees C oven-baked (freeze-dried) homogenates . Combined incorporation-HPLC experiments show that they are also the precursors for frameshift mutagen formation in the outer surfaces of 200 degrees C griddle-fried ground beef . Maximal stimulations of boiled S2 mutagenic activity are given by 10 mM Trp, 2.5 mM creatine phosphate (CP), and synergistically by 10 mM Trp + 2.5 mM CP + 1.0 mM FeSO4 (a mixture abbreviated as S2*) . Boiling S2 for 30 hr at the acidic optimum pH of 4.0----600 TA 1538 revertants (no additions) and 1,400 revertants (+CP), while S2*----24,000 revertants/10(8) bacteria/g of dry beef . By the criteria of HPLC, paper electrophoresis, and resistance of the active HPLC fractions to acid-nitrite inactivation, boiled S2 contains 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) and a minor amount of 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (MeIQ) . Boiling S2 with CP doubles the IQ, halves the Trp-P-2, produced traces of MeIQ, and generates an unknown nitrite-resistant mutagen . Boiled S2* contains these same four mutagens, but both the IQ and Trp-P-2 are increased and large amounts of Trp-P-1 also are generated . The identities of IQ, Trp-P-2, and Trp-P-1 were verified by purification and by light-absorption and mass spectra . Their increments in stimulated S2 indicate that Trp (or its degradation products) and CP (or its degradation products) are the beef juice precursors for the indole ring in Trp-P type mutagens and the NH2-imidazole ring in IQ-type mutagens, respectively . Aqueous (pressure) heating or oven-baking S2 for 2 hr at 200 degrees C greatly elevates its TA 1538 activity----45,000 revertants/10(8) bacteria/g of dry beef; dry heating at 300 degrees C----approximately 180,000 revertants/g of dry beef . Along with the increases in total TA 1538 activity at 200 to 300 degrees C, the number of mutagens formed from the less than 500 MW S2 precursors also multiplies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 47 - 54
Browning reaction systems as sources of mutagens and antimutagens; Powrie WD et al.; Heated food systems contain hundreds of chemical compounds, some being mutagenic and others being antimutagenic . Studies have indicated that foods exposed to drying, frying, roasting, baking, and broiling conditions possess net mutagenic activity as assessed by the Ames/Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test and the chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . With the above-mentioned heat treatment of food, nonenzymic browning reactions are generally proceeding at rapid rates and are involved in the development of mutagens . Caramelization and Maillard reactions are two important pathways in the nonenzymic browning of food and are responsible for the formation of volatile aromatic compounds, intermediate nonvolatile compounds, and brown pigments called melanoidins . Heated sugar-amino acid mixtures possessed mutagenic activities which have been assessed by short-term bioassays . Purified Maillard and caramelization reaction products such as reductones, dicarbonyls, pyrazines, and furan derivatives have exhibited mutagenicity and clastogenicity . The water-insoluble fraction (WIF) of instant coffee and a model-system melanoidin (MSM) have been shown to inhibit the mutagenicity of known carcinogens--aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and benzo(a)pyrene (BP)--in aqueous dispersion . WIF and MSM were found to be effective binding agents for the carcinogens.

Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 17 - 24
Identification of the mutagens in cooked beef; Felton JS et al.; The purification of cooking mutagens depends on the extraordinary sensitivity of the Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity test and its usefulness for tracking the mutagens during the purification steps . Following aqueous/acid (pH 2) extraction of fried ground beef (cooked at 200, 250, or 300 degrees C), XAD-2 column adsorption and elution with acetone, and acidic and basic liquid/liquid extractions, the samples are separated into six distinct peaks with preparative reverse-phase HPLC . A total of nine distinct mutagens can be separated after two additional HPLC steps . These compounds fall into a class of compounds called aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIAs) . The majority of the mutagenic activity is made up of MeIQx1 (m/z 213, C11H11N5), DiMeIQx (m/z 227, C12H13N5), trimethylimidazopyridine (TMIP) (m/z 176, C9H12N4) and phenylimidazopyridine (PhIP) (m/z 224, C13H12N4) . Smaller contributions are from IQ (m/z 198, C11H10N4), MeIQ (m/z 213, C12H12N4), a nonpolar peak containing oxygen and two unidentified trace polar mutagens . Mass estimates (per kilogram uncooked beef) include: 15 micrograms for PhIP, 1.0 micrograms for MeIQx, 0.5 microgram for DiMeIQx, and 0.02 microgram for IQ . Because of the uncoupling of mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of these aromatic amines, the PhIP, which contributes the highest mass content to the cooked meat, but has the lowest mutagenic potency, might ultimately make a significant contribution to the carcinogenicity.

Am J Pathol, 1986 Aug, 124(2), 187 - 92
Ureteral blockade sensitizes to the generalized Shwartzman reaction; Latour JG et al.; Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) has been reported in the normal kidney of patients with a contralateral ureteral occlusion (UO) . So far, studies have examined the mechanisms protecting the affected kidney from glomerular thrombosis and cortical necrosis; but to the authors' knowledge, none has ever investigated the potential role of UO on the occurrence of the associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) episode leading to RCN . Female rats with a ligature of the right or left ureter were given injections, at different times after surgery, of 400 micrograms Salmonella typhosa 0901 endotoxin . Other experimental groups included normal and sham-operation rats and animals with a unilateral nephrectomy or with one kidney rendered ischemic by complete ligature of the renal vessels and of the ureter . All the animals were sacrificed 4 hours after endotoxin, and kidney sections stained with PTAH were examined for the presence of fibrin thrombi . Glomerular thrombosis was never observed in any hydronephrotic kidney, but occurred with a low incidence (16%) in the contralateral organ in the group given endotoxin the second day after UO . The incidence and severity of glomerular capillary thrombosis gradually increased in the normal kidney as the delay between surgery and endotoxin was prolonged; the incidences (P less than 0.01) were 45% and 83%, respectively, after 6 and 10 days . Endotoxin failed totally to initiate the lesion 1 day after UO as well as in normal, sham-operation and unilaterally nephrectomized rats, and in animals with combined UO and ligature of the renal circulation . We conclude that the perfused hydronephrotic kidney liberates a factor(s) that sensitizes to DIC and glomerular thrombosis, typical of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.

J Hyg (Lond), 1986 Aug, 97(1), 115 - 22
Salmonella gold-coast from outbreaks of food-poisoning in the British Isles can be differentiated by plasmid profiles; Threlfall EJ et al.; Four distinctive plasmid profile types have been identified in strains of Salmonella gold-coast isolated in Britain . Strains of one type, designated plasmid profile type 4, caused an extensive outbreak of food-poisoning in 1984, and it has been confirmed that the vehicle of infection was imported French pate.

J Appl Toxicol, 1986 Aug, 6(4), 237 - 43
Mutagenicity testing of selected analgesics in Ames Salmonella strains; Oldham JW et al.; Acetaminophen (APAP), aspirin (ASA), phenacetin (PA) and ibuprofen (IB) were tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella plate incorporation assay using strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 . These analgesics were tested in four separate tests: without metabolic activation, and in the presence of a rat, hamster or mouse liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (S-9, Aroclor 1254-induced) . Treatment of all five strains of Salmonella with APAP, ASA or IB under all four metabolic conditions did not induce any appreciable increases in revertant colony counts, as compared to the negative controls . A dose-related increase in revertant colony counts, reaching levels twice the negative control values, were seen with PA at doses greater than or equal to 500 micrograms per plate . This response was only seen in strain TA100 in the presence of hamster S-9 . Therefore, these findings constitute a positive result for PA in the Ames test . APAP, ASA and IB did not show any mutagenic potential under these conditions of testing . These findings are discussed along with previously published results concerning the genotoxicity of these analgesics.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1986 Aug, 24(8), 433 - 7
Effect of curing R-plasmids in Salmonella species on their serum sensitivity; el-Khouly AE et al.; Thirteen salmonella strains of clinical isolates were tested for serum sensitivity, antibiotic resistance, colicin production and plasmid existence . Nine serum resistant strains were smooth and harboring plasmids of different sizes . Transfer of R-plasmids by conjugation from three strains to E . coli K12 conferred slight decrease in serum sensitivity . Curing the nine resistant strains with ethidium bromide or acriflavine affected their serum resistance, plasmid content and cell surface . Rough isolate of S . johanesberg became serum sensitive after curing the R-factors . The suggested mechanisms involved in the change in serum sensitivity after curing are discussed.

Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 75 - 88
Mutagen formation during commercial processing of foods; Krone CA et al.; Levels of bacterial mutagenicity 3-17 times above spontaneous are generated during commercial thermal processing (canning) of foods, particularly foods high in protein . The potential for other processing operations, including pasteurization, dehydration, and concentration, to produce substances active in the Ames Salmonella assay was also examined . Two heated fish model systems, canned salmon and fried sole, were established by extracting mutagen precursors from fish tissues with water . The model system studies suggest that the limiting reactants for mutagen formation differ from one food product to another, and that Maillard type browning reactions are involved in mutagen production . Bisulfite treatment was found to inhibit mutagen formation in modal systems and whole food products . Isolation and partial characterization of the mutagens in both fried and canned pink salmon showed that at least three distinct mutagens were present . These mutagens exhibited HPLC retention time patterns on C18, cyano, and amino columns different than the major mutagens present in other cooked and grilled meats and fish.

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 91 - 8
Contribution of wood stoves and fire places to mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter inside homes; van Houdt JJ et al.; Wood combustion produces compounds that are mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay . As combustion products can be emitted in the home and the use of wood as a residential energy source is growing, an impact on human health might be of concern . In this study experiments were carried out to determine the contribution of wood combustion in stoves and fire places to indoor mutagenic activity under normal living conditions . Airborne particles from living rooms which were heated by stoves, or by fire places, and from outdoors were collected simultaneously . In each room two samples were collected during two consecutive weeks: one week the room was heated by central heating, the other week by wood combustion . Sampling took place in a total of 24 homes . Methanol extracts of the samples were tested in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . Results show that mutagenic activity of outdoor air exceeds indoor mutagenicity . At the same time a correlation is found between in- and out-door mutagenicity, both with and without S9 . However, a large difference is found between the ratio -S9/+S9 of in- and out-door mutagenic activity . Systematic differences in the ratio -S9/+S9 between control and experimental conditions are not observed . The use of wood stoves caused an increase of indoor mutagenicity in 8 out of 12 homes . It could be concluded that the use of an open fire consistently leads to an increase of mutagenic activity . This increase was caused by wood combustion products.

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 71 - 7
Mutagenic effect of amniotic fluid from smoking women at term; Rivrud GN et al.; Concentrated term amniotic fluid samples from 44 women smokers and 44 controls were investigated with respect to mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, using tester strains TA98 and TA100 . Tests with freeze-dried specimens of term amniotic fluid showed increases in the number of revertant colonies over background values, regardless of smoking status . However, samples from heavy smokers produced a higher number of revertants than did samples from nonsmokers in several experiments with tester strain TA98 . The increase was statistically significant, using either total tar content or number of cigarettes smoked to identify heavy smokers . Experimental series with tester strain TA100 also resulted in higher group means for heavy smokers than for nonsmokers, but the difference was not statistically significant with the concentrations used in this assay . We conclude that heavy smokers may expose their unborn children to mutagenic substances.

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 131 - 8
Evaluation of Thimet 10-G for mutagenicity by 4 different genetic systems; Pandita TK; The insecticide Thimet 10-G was tested for mutagenic activity by 4 different genetic systems . It was unable to induce gene mutation in Salmonella, transfection inhibition in Mycobacterium, micronuclei formation in mice, and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in human lymphocytes were evaluated . It caused in mice an increase in the ratio of normochromatic to polychromatic erythrocytes and in human lymphocytes a decrease in mitotic index and delay in cell cycle . The results indicate that the insecticide is not mutagenic in the 4 test systems used at present.

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 115 - 21
Influence of frying fat on mutagenic activity in lean pork meat; Nilsson L et al.; Mutagenic activity in lean pork meat fried at two different pan temperatures, 200 degrees C and 250 degrees C, with or without the addition of fat, was measured in Ames' Salmonella test on strain TA98 . 9 different fats with varying chemical composition were tested . All fried meat samples were shown to be mutagenic . At the frying temperature of 200 degrees C differences between meat samples fried in different fats or without fat, respectively, were small . All meat samples fried at 250 degrees C were considerably more mutagenic than the samples fried at 200 degrees C . At 250 degrees C, the addition of fat caused a significant rise in mutagenic activity . We believe this is mainly an effect of more efficient heat transfer from the bottom of the frying-pan to the meat samples, although other factors may also contribute.

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug, 174(4), 247 - 53
Application of modified Salmonella/microsome prescreen to petroleum-derived complex mixtures and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Carver JH, Machado ML, MacGregor JA.
In some cases, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay may fail to predict the carcinogenic potential of PAH (and of complex mixtures containing PAH) because of nonoptimal in vitro metabolic activation parameters . In this study, 7 petroleum-derived complex mixtures, as well as a number of individual PAH which were representative constituents of such mixtures, were tested in a Salmonella prescreen using quadrant plates with rat or hamster S9 at concentrations approximately 2-8 times those used in the standard assay . Some PAH (perylene, quinoline, benzo{b}chrysene, phenanthrene, anthracene) were optimally activated to mutagens by S9 at 400 microliters/plate . Rat S9 was similar to hamster S9 for most tested PAH, but anthracene and quinoline mutagenicity was enhanced by hamster S9 . All 7 complex mixtures were more mutagenic with 200-400 microliters/plate S9; rat was generally slightly more efficient than hamster . Modifying this assay to include a prescreen using a range of S9 concentrations (and perhaps from species other than rat) may improve prediction of the potential carcinogenicity of complex petroleum-derived mixtures.

J Lab Clin Med, 1986 Aug, 108(2), 132 - 7
Synergistic toxicity of endotoxin and hemoglobin; White CT et al.; Stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) is advocated as an oxygen-transporting resuscitation solution . Hemoglobin has been shown to enhance endotoxin lethality when given intraperitoneally . It is possible that SFH could interact with endotoxin when used as an oxygen-transporting resuscitation system for trauma victims with contaminating wounds . To assess the effects of these two agents when given intravascularly, rabbits were infused with SFH (1.75 gm/kg) or albumin (controls; 1.75 gm/kg) with and without endotoxin . Two doses of endotoxin were used . At 14.5 ng/kg of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin, no effect was seen in the albumin group . However, 50% of the hemoglobin group died . At 14.5 micrograms/kg, the albumin group showed hematologic alterations, but all animals lived . All SFH-treated animals died at the higher endotoxin dose . SFH alone caused cardiac abnormalities (bradycardia in 100%, sinus arrhythmias in 30%, and ventricular arrhythmias in 20%), liver abnormalities (necrosis in 40% and 240% increase in alanine aminotransferase activity by 6 hours), and intravascular thrombi (30%) . The only hemoglobin-induced abnormality that was more frequent in the presence of endotoxin was ventricular arrhythmias (up to 75% of animals) . Thrombin times were approximately 20% larger in all SFH groups compared with the albumin groups . By 6 hours after infusion, endotoxin prolonged the thrombin time even further, despite the lack of fibrinogen consumption . This study shows that endotoxin and SFH exert synergistic toxicity when SFH is given in a clinically relevant dose for an oxygen-transporting resuscitation system . Only minute quantities of endotoxin are needed to produce this phenomenon . We hypothesize that this synergism is endotoxin enhancement of hemoglobin toxicity.

Dis Colon Rectum, 1986 Aug, 29(8), 511 - 4
Typhoid colitis with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding . An unexpected behavior of Salmonella typhi; Reyes E et al.; Three cases of salmonella colitis with massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage are presented . The patients had fever, diarrhea, and abundant hematochezia; blood and bone marrow cultures were positive for Salmonella typhi . Because of bleeding, all patients underwent hemicolectomy; previous mesenteric arteriograms showed the colonic hemorrhagic sites . The pathologic and radiologic findings are described.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1986 Aug, 18(2), 277 - 9
Trimethoprim in enteric fever; Gargalianos P et al.; Seventy-one patients suffering from typhoid or paratyphoid fever were treated with trimethoprim . Sixty-three were cured . Only three patients continued to excrete Salmonella typhi in stools at the time of discharge from hospital . Trimethoprim alone is a suitable agent for the treatment of enteric fever.

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 83 - 90
The Escherichia coli K-12 SOS chromotest agar spot test for simple, rapid detection of genotoxic agents; Mamber SW et al.; The Escherichia coli K-12 SOS chromotest is a colorimetric (beta-galactosidase induction) system for detecting genotoxic chemicals as agents which induce filamentation in response to DNA damage . The chromotest was modified from a liquid suspension assay to a simple, convenient agar spot test, which was performed in the manner of a related colorimetric prophage induction assay (BIA) . Chromotest agar dishes yielded optimal results after 16-18 h incubation, presumably because of the agar growth characteristics of tester strain PQ37 . Of 44 tested chemicals, nitro aromatics, cytotoxic/antitumor agents, polycyclic hydrocarbons and aflatoxins showed good activity . Alkylating agents such as MNNG and MMS were active only at high concentrations . Compounds active in both the chromotest and BIA were active at 10-100-fold lower concentrations in the chromotest . The chromotest appeared to be less effective than the Salmonella Ames mutagenicity test in the detection of diverse classes of chemical carcinogens . The chromotest may be a useful alternative to the BIA in the study of particular classes of genotoxic compounds.

Cancer Res, 1986 Aug, 46(8), 3862 - 5
Inhibition of X-ray or chemical carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation of C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts by lipopolysaccharides; Sakiyama H et al.; Oncogenic transformation of mouse 10T 1/2 fibroblasts induced upon exposure to X-ray or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was suppressed if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was present in the culture medium . The suppressive effect of LPS was exerted within 24 h after irradiation . Suppression was dependent on the concentration of LPS added and LPS (2 micrograms/ml) derived from Salmonella minnesota R595 reduced the number of transformed type III foci per dish from 0.39 to 0.15 . Indomethacin (1 to 30 microM) further enhanced the effect of LPS in a dose-dependent manner.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Aug, (8), 24 - 8
{Significance of Salmonella serovars and the biological properties of the causative agents in the epidemic process in salmonelloses}; Lebedev NI et al.; Analysis of the manifestations of the epidemic process of Salmonella infections with regard to the serovar and biological properties of salmonellae has made it possible to find out the specific epidemiological properties of salmonellosis caused by S . typhimurium and to suggest that under present-day conditions salmonellosis of this etiology frequently acquires the features of a human disease, which is necessary to take into consideration in planning the measures for controlling these infections.

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1986 Aug, 183(2), 85 - 9
The mutagenic activity of agaritine--a constituent of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus--and its derivatives detected with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames Test); Friederich U et al.; Purified agaritine (N'-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-p-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine) isolated from Agaricus bisporus, p-hydrazinobenzoic acid (its presumptive precursor) and some agaritine-degradation products were tested for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames test) . Consistent with the literature, agaritine showed a distinct direct-acting mutagenicity with the strain TA1537 (30 revertants/mumol) and with TA97 . Incubation of agaritine at alkaline pH increased the mutagenic effect . Pre-incubation of agaritine with gamma-glutamyl transferase (GT) during 10 h at room temperature (pH 8.2) even enhanced the mutagenicity by a factor of 8 to 16 depending on the strain . In accordance with this finding, synthetic p-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine (the presumptive product of the GT catalyzed degradation) showed also a distinct direct-acting mutagenicity, but the increase was only about 3- to 6- times compared with agaritine . The hypothetical ultimate mutagenic metabolite of agaritine, the p-hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium ion, a compound occurring naturally in A . bisporus, showed the highest mutagenic activity (with TA1537 approximately 300 to 1,000 revertants/mumol).

Mutat Res, 1986 Aug, 162(1), 21 - 32
Lipid peroxidation in the rat-liver S9 fraction: influence of membrane lipid composition; Vaca CE et al.; These studies describe the influence of membrane fatty acid composition on peroxidation processes in rat-liver S9 fractions . Lipid peroxidation may be expected to affect enzyme activity and cofactors of importance for the performance of the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test, as well as to contribute to the formation of chemically reactive degradation products that are mutagenic . Lipid peroxidation products were measured as derivatives of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) . The amount of TBA-reactive compounds (TBA-C), formed during incubation of S9 fractions from rats fed a diet containing sunflower-seed oil, was 8 times higher than that produced in S9 fractions prepared from rats fed diets containing coconut oil or hydrogenated lard as their only sources of fat . S9 fractions from livers of Aroclor 1254 treated rats showed a marked increase in peroxidation yields for all 3 dietary groups investigated as compared to S9 fractions from non-induced animals . The coconut oil and hydrogenated lard dietary groups showed a 13-fold increase in the yield of TBA-reactive material, while a 2-fold increase was found for the sunflower-seed oil group . The variations in the glutathione (GSH) levels and the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids were also studied in response to Aroclor 1254 treatment, fatty acid composition of the diets and incubation at 37 degrees C . Pronounced variations in the GSH levels were observed in response to Aroclor 1254 treatment and incubation conditions . A positive correlation between production of TBA-reactive material and degradation of unsaturated fatty acids was verified for S9 fractions from the coconut oil and hydrogenated lard dietary groups . Furthermore, the effect of Fe2+ on lipid peroxidation was studied in all 3 dietary groups . The rate of lipid peroxidation was increased in all groups but only the coconut oil and hydrogenated lard dietary groups showed increased total yields of TBA-C upon administration of Aroclor 1254 to rats . Lipid peroxidation processes cause chemical alterations in liver homogenates . Therefore, these effects ought to be considered both in the preparation and in the use of the S9 fraction in different test systems.

Vet Rec, 1986 Jul 12, 119(2), 34 - 9
Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain; Reynolds DJ et al.; Faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens . Rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by ELISA in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent) . Cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), Salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bearing the K99 adhesin (K99+ E coli) in nine of 310 calves (3 per cent) . In the faeces of 20 per cent of calves with diarrhoea more than one enteropathogen was detected; in 31 per cent no enteropathogen was found . Faces samples from 385 healthy calves in the same outbreaks were also examined . There was a significant statistical association of disease with the presence of rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium and Salmonella species (P less than 0.001) . Healthy calves were not examined for calici-like viruses and the association of K99+ E coli with disease was not analysed because there were too few positive samples . Rotavirus infections were more common in dairy herds and single suckler beef herds whereas Salmonella infections were more often found in calf rearing units . Cryptosporidium were more common in single and multiple suckler beef herds . K99+ E coli were found in one dairy herd and one multiple suckler beef herd both with unhygienic calving accommodation . Variations in coronavirus detection among different farm types were not statistically significant . In this survey rotavirus was the most commonly detected agent in calf diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium were found in approximately one quarter of affected calves . Infection with Salmonella species was widespread, but K99+ E coli infections were less common in the United Kingdom than in other countries.

Equine Vet J, 1986 Jul, 18(4), 278 - 83
Colitis: differential diagnosis and treatment; Whitlock RH; Equine colitis characterised by diarrhoea and/or pain may be caused by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, protozoal agents and toxins . The causative agent of Potomac horse fever, Ehrlichia risticii, is the most recently recognised cause of colitis . Salmonella, the agent typically associated with colitis, also causes abdominal pain (colic) of variable intensity . Acute colitis is also caused by colitis X, various antibiotics, endotoxic shock and peritonitis caused by arterial infarction . The principles of therapy for each of these, together with means of differential diagnosis, are presented.

Postgrad Med J, 1986 Jul, 62(729), 621 - 2
Meningism following Salmonella virchow food poisoning; Norris PG; Thirty six patients were admitted to hospital as a result of Salmonella virchow infection during an outbreak of food poisoning in Essex in 1984 . Out of 12 patients with evidence of bloodstream invasion, one third presented primarily with meningism and attention is drawn to this unusual clinical picture.

Curr Eye Res, 1986 Jul, 5(7), 485 - 94
Supravital fluorescent staining of the corneal endothelium with acridine orange and ethidium bromide; Kolb MJ et al.; We investigated the combined fluorescent dyes acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB) for corneal endothelial evaluation . Both dyes intercalate with DNA and RNA and are mutagenic at high concentrations . Optimum differential staining was obtained after 5 minutes exposure to 1 microgram/ml of each dye . Electron microscopy confirmed that the dye combination simultaneously identified both viable and nonviable cells . Swelling of perfused dog corneas for 3 hours after exposure to both dyes for 5 minutes was not increased . Exposure to visible light from a fluorescence microscope for 2-5 minutes caused increased corneal swelling and abnormal intercellular junctions by electron microscopy in paired dog corneas stained for 5 minutes with either AO or EB . The addition of 10% calf serum to the staining and observation media decreased the toxic effect of AO/EB and light seen by specular microscopy and by electron microscopy . Human corneas exposed to AO and EB were not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay . These results indicate that AO and EB, 1 microgram/ml, provide a rapid identification of both viable and nonviable corneal endothelial cells . When the corneas are exposed to light, however, the dyes are toxic; this toxicity is decreased by the presence of 10% calf serum in the staining and observation media.

Am J Vet Res, 1986 Jul, 47(7), 1452 - 7
Desferoxamine and iron dextran in acute Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in pigs; Kramer TT et al.; Serum iron (SI)-related and hematologic changes were evaluated in a herd of weaned pigs inoculated with a strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis, causing 83% mortality within 22 days after inoculation was done . Serum iron concentrations decreased to 35% of base-line values 2 days after inoculation was done, but recovered to near base line subsequently . Total SI-binding capacity (TIBC) decreased gradually for 14 days after inoculation was done . Transferrin (TF) concentrations decreased to near half the base line throughout the postinoculation observation period . The calculated SI saturation coefficient decreased to half the base line, but recovered to or above the base-line value subsequently . Combined observations of SI, TIBC, TF, and SI saturation coefficient concentrations indicated that there was higher saturation of host iron-binding proteins and recruitment of additional iron-binding systems subsequent to 2 days after inoculation was done . Day 2 after inoculation seemed to be a critical period for host iron metabolism . Injection of supplemental iron dextran simultaneously with Salmonella infection resulted in lower mortality of iron-injected pigs (P less than 0.005) . A highly significant negative correlation was observed between SI concentration and rectal temperatures after pigs were inoculated with Salmonella (r = -0.54; P less than 0.0001) . Hemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were not significantly affected by Salmonella infection or iron injection concurrent with Salmonella infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biochem Pharmacol, 1986 Jul 1, 35(13), 2115 - 8
A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound--VI . Protection by ebselen (PZ 51) against galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice; Wendel A et al.; Male albino NMRI mice were given 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 33 micrograms/kg salmonella endotoxin intraperitoneally . After 9 hr, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity had risen from 60 to 7320 U/l, SGOT from 90 to 5580, and SGPT from 70 to 10,440 . When a similar dose of galactosamine alone or endotoxin alone was given, no significant liver injury was found . Animals pre-treated with an oral dose of ebselen (600 mg/kg 1-3 hr before galactosamine/endotoxin administration) were fully protected against this type of hepatitis . When pretreated 1 hr before intoxication with different doses of ebselen, significant dose-dependent reduction of serum enzyme activities was observed at doses higher than 1 mg/kg . After pre-treatment with 6 mg/kg ebselen, no biochemical or histological signs of liver lesions were detectable 36 hr after intoxication . In order to comparatively evaluate the model used, several established anti-inflammatory drugs were administered at doses which showed 50% effectiveness in preventing carageenan paw edema . A dose of 200 micrograms/kg dexamethasone, or 9 mg/kg indomethacin abolished galactosamine/endotoxin-induced enzyme release in our animals, as did the lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor diethylcarbamazine (78 mg/kg) . In contrast, administration of cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitors such as aspirin (220 mg/kg) or ibuprofen (45 mg/kg) failed to prevent hepatitis . The effect of ebselen was also investigated in four different models of acute drug-induced liver damage . A dose of 600 mg/kg of the organic selenium compound was ineffective or weakly active in benzo(alpha)pyrene- or phenobarbital-treated mice which were intoxicated by intraperitoneal administration of 350 or 400 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol . Similarly negative results were obtained against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity (520 mg/kg bromobenzene i.p.), carbon tetrachloride intoxication (3.2 g/kg), or allyl alcohol-induced liver damage (60 mg/kg) . The selective efficacy of ebselen against galactosamine/endotoxin induced liver damage is interpreted in terms of its recently recognized ability to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes.

Am J Physiol, 1986 Jul, 251(1 Pt 2), R150 - 6
Effect of endotoxic shock on kinetics of system A amino acid transport in rat soleus muscle; Karlstad MD et al.; This study evaluated the kinetics of system A amino acid transport in soleus muscle during endotoxic shock . Fasted male rats (80-100 g) were killed by decapitation 5 h after the intravenous injection of saline (control) or 20 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin . Soleus muscles (40 mg) from control or endotoxic rats were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 20, 40, or 60 min . Initial rates of entry of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into the inulin-inaccessible space of muscles were measured over a wide range of AIB concentrations (0.1-20.0 mM) . Initial rates of AIB transport were separated into two parallel transport processes, a saturable carrier-mediated component and a nonsaturable passive diffusive process . The diffusion constant for the nonsaturable process in the endotoxic muscles (0.36 h-1) was 38% greater than control muscles (0.26 h-1) . The maximum rate of AIB transport decreased from 55.6 +/- 3.3 nmol . g dry wt-1 . min-1 in controls to 18.3 +/- 1.9 nmol . g dry wt-1 . min-1 in endotoxic muscles . The apparent Km for saturable AIB transport was not different between control (1.68 +/- 0.12 mM) and endotoxic muscles (1.64 +/- 0.19 mM) . Alterations of system A amino acid transport in endotoxic soleus muscles were due to an increase in passive AIB diffusion and a decrease in the number and/or activity of existing carriers and not to a change in carrier affinity for AIB . These results elucidate the mechanism for the decreased amino acid transport (system A) by soleus muscle in endotoxic shock.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jul, 24(1), 116 - 20
Growth of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 3B serotype O3 inhibited on cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar; Fukushima H et al.; A total of 169 strains of Yersinia spp . were analyzed for their ability to grow on two different kinds of cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar containing 15 or 4 micrograms of cefsulodin per ml, on salmonella-shigella agar, and on MacConkey agar . CIN media inhibited the growth of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 3B serotype O3 (3B/O3) but not the growth of the other Yersinia organisms used . Relative to growth on Trypticase soy agar (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) with 6% yeast extract, 48 and 44% of Y . pseudotuberculosis and Y . enterocolitica 3B/O3 strains, respectively, were inhibited on CIN I agar (low cefsulodin concentration), and 83 and 54%, respectively, were inhibited on CIN II agar (high cefsulodin concentration) after incubation for 24 h at 32 degrees C . The inhibition of Y . pseudotuberculosis growth was significantly more extensive on CIN II agar than on CIN I agar . The MICs of cefsulodin and novobiocin clearly indicated a higher susceptibility for Y . pseudotuberculosis than for the other Yersinia organisms at 32 degrees C . All Y . pseudotuberculosis strains were susceptible to cefsulodin at 15 micrograms/ml (the approximate concentration used in CIN II agar) . Y . enterocolitica 3B/O3 strains were resistant to cefsulodin, Irgasan, and novobiocin at the concentrations used in CIN media . These findings show that cefsulodin inhibits the growth of Y . pseudotuberculosis at the concentration used in CIN media and that growth inhibition of Y . enterocolitica 3B/O3 is related to a component of the CIN Base.

Carcinogenesis, 1986 Jul, 7(7), 1081 - 6
The isolation and identification of a new mutagen from fried ground beef: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP); Felton JS et al.; A new mutagenic compound has been isolated from ground beef which was fried at 300 degrees C for 5.5 min on each side . The new mutagen was purified using an aqueous acid extraction, XAD-2 adsorption-solvent elution, a series of preparative and analytical h.p.l.c . purification steps, and monitored with the Ames/Salmonella assay . This study reveals a new mutagen member of the amino-imidazoazaarene class of aromatic amines, having a mol . w of 224, and a formula of C13H12N4 as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry . N.m.r . spectrometry supports the structure, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP), for the new mutagen . The 1-methyl and 3-methyl synthesized isomers of PhIP were compared to the purified mutagen . The two isomers had identical mass spectra to the purified compound, but only the 1-methyl isomer showed similar u.v . and n.m.r . spectra . The two synthetic isomers were separable by h.p.l.c . and the beef derived component co-eluted with the 1-methyl-PhIP isomer . PhIP has a specific activity in the Ames/Salmonella assay of 1950 revertants/microgram . Although it is not as mutagenic as other compounds isolated from fried beef (e.g . MeIQx, 58 000 revertants/microgram) it is the most abundant mutagenic compound by mass in fried beef . PhIP is present at approximately 15 p.p.b . of the original weight of uncooked beef (accounting for 75% of the mass of genotoxic material) and contributes 18% of the total mutagenicity of the fried beef.

Mikrobiyol Bul, 1986 Jul, 20(3), 190 - 5
{Detection of candidiasis in non-gonococcal urethritis resistant to therapy}; Beduk Y et al.; In this study, candida sp . and all other microorganisms were attempted to be isolated in 30 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis who hadn't responded to classical antimicrobial therapy . Candida sp . in 6, various bacteries in 11, salmonella in one and trichomonas vaginalis in one of them were detected . Not any microorganisms were isolated in 13, 4 of these candida species which were detected by sabouraud culture, were also evaluated by direct microspoic examination.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1986 Jul, 75(4), 540 - 4
Changing etiology and outcome of neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ohlsson A et al.; To study the etiology of neonatal septicemia and factors associated with outcome, all charts of neonates with bacteremia and clinical sepsis admitted to a neonatal unit in Saudi Arabia, from 1 November 1980 to 31 October 1984 were reviewed . The results were compared to a previous study period in the unit (1 November 1976-31 October 1980) . Septicemia was diagnosed on 50 occasions in 49 neonates . The incidence of neonatal sepsis among patients born in the hospital was 2.5/1,000 live births . Mortality from sepsis was 33% and was associated with neutropenia in 63% . The most commonly isolated bacteria were E . coli, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus . Salmonella enteritidis serotypes were isolated in 4% of the cases . Group B streptococci (GBS) were isolated, for the first time, from blood of 3 neonates . Salmonella species were less frequently and GBS more often isolated than previously . GBS have now appeared as etiologic organisms in neonatal sepsis also in Saudi Arabia . Salmonella septicemia remains more common in Saudi Arabia than in the West.

Sci Total Environ, 1986 Jul, 52(3), 201 - 9
Mutagenicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis of ambient airborne particles collected in Athens, Greece; Athanasiou K et al.; Samples of airborne particulates from the Athens atmosphere were examined for mutagenicity and various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) . Extracts induced linear, dose-related increases in TA98 His+ revertants in the Ames/Salmonella assay and contained average benzo{a}pyrene (BaP) levels of 3.9 ng/m3 of air . The levels of revertants/m3 of the samples showed a linear relation to their BaP and benzo{b}-(BbF) + benzo{k}-fluoranthene (BkF) concentrations and were higher in areas with dense traffic than in industrial areas . It is suggested that the atmosphere of Athens favours the formation of secondary direct-acting mutagens due to the oxidation and nitration of PAH by ozone and nitrogen oxides, which are more abundant in the late spring months.

J Wildl Dis, 1986 Jul, 22(3), 340 - 3
Salmonella spp . in nestling common barn-owls (Tyto alba) from southwestern New Jersey; Kirkpatrick CE et al.; The prevalence of Salmonella spp . in nestling common barn-owls was investigated in southwestern New Jersey during the summer of 1985 . Of 94 owls sampled by swabbing the cloaca, eight (8.5%) were found to harbor Salmonella spp . Three serotypes--S . thompson, S . tuindorp, and S . typhimurium--were identified . Five (20%) of the 25 nest sites examined (all of them in or near farm buildings or dwellings) contained Salmonella-positive owls.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jul, 174(3), 179 - 82
Mutagenic potential of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) in salmonella and soybean tester strains; Inoue T et al.; Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), which is known to inhibit the repair of potentially lethal damage in irradiated cells, induced mutations in both Salmonella and soybean test systems.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jul, 171(1), 11 - 5
Mutagenicity of CL 64855, a potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi drug; Ferreira RC et al.; The nitroimidazole-thiadiazole derivative CL 64855 (2-amino-5 (1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole), a potent antimicrobial agent with curative action against Trypanosoma cruzi, was assayed in the Salmonella/microsome test . CL 64855 proved to be a potent mutagen to the frameshift indicator tester strains TA98 and TA102 . No activity was observed with the base-pair substitution mutagen indicator strain TA100 in spot tests . No significant increase in the number of induced mutants could be detected in the presence of rat-liver microsome fraction . The excision-repair-deficient strain TA98 was much more sensitive to the killing action of CL 64855 than TA102, a repair-proficient strain . Possible differences among the mutagenic effects of CL 64855 and those observed with other anti-trypanosomal drugs are discussed.

Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1986 Jul, 8(7), 407 - 22
Pharmacological properties of droxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent; Farre AJ et al.; Droxicam showed high antiinflammatory activity in carrageenin-induced edema in rat . At doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, droxicam was as active as piroxicam and more active than phenylbutazone given at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg . Against nystatin-induced edema, droxicam (ED50, p.o., 5, 6, 7, 8 h: 7.5, 12.9, 4.8, 8.4 mg/kg) was 4-11 times more active than phenylbutazone and more than 12 times more active than isoxicam . In cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats, title compound was as active as suprofen . In U.V . light-induced erythema in guinea pigs, droxicam (ED50, p.o., 1, 2, 3, 4 h: 0.51, 0.94, 1.56, 4.88 mg/kg) was 5-9 times more active than phenylbutazone . At doses of 0.1, 0.33 and 1.0 mg/kg/day, droxicam, similar to piroxicam, showed good antiarthritic activity in rats injected with Mycobacterium butyricum against primary and secondary lesions . Droxicam demonstrated strong analgesic activity in protecting against writhings: induced by phenylbenzoquinone in mice: ED50: droxicam = 5.3, phenylbutazone = 61.5, acetylsalicylic acid = 90.7, dipyrone = 83.6, isoxicam = 88.3 mg/kg, p.o.; induced by acetylcholine bromide in mice: ED50: droxicam = 1.1, phenylbutazone = 32.1, acetylsalicylic acid = 32.2, isoxicam = 32.7 mg/kg, p.o.; induced by acetic acid in rat: ED50: droxicam = 0.94, acetylsalicylic acid = 8.72, isoxicam = 4.70 mg/kg, p.o . Antipyretic activity of title compound was demonstrated in rats with pyresis induced by brewer's yeast, being 4-13 times more active than dipyrone . In pyresis induced by Salmonella typhi, droxicam was more active than acetylsalicylic acid and 4-aminoantipyrine at all times and doses . In a study of protection against diarrhea induced by castor oil in rats, droxicam and piroxicam showed equal activity (ED50 = 0.081 and 0.079 mg/kg, p.o., respectively) and were 3.9 and 15.6 times more active than isoxicam and phenylbutazone, respectively . Droxicam significantly inhibited peritoneal capillary permeability in mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg, p.o., while isoxicam and phenylbutazone required 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., respectively . Droxicam did not exhibit uricosuric activity in rats . It did not show cardiovascular or respiratory effects in anesthetized cats, nor modify their response to administration of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and histamine . In the Irwin's test, droxicam did not alter rat behavior (80 mg/kg, i.p.) nor that of mice (160 mg/kg, p.o.) . Induction of gastrointestinal injuries in rats by droxicam was 10 times less than by piroxicam (UD50: droxicam, 57 mg/kg, p.o.; piroxicam, 5.6 mg/kg, p.o.) . The potentiation of gastric injuries induced by stress through cold in rats was also studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Radiat Res, 1986 Jul, 107(1), 107 - 14
Radioprotective properties of detoxified lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595; Snyder SL et al.; In the past, the toxicity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or its principal bioactive component, lipid A, has detracted from their potential use as radioprotectants . Recently, a relatively nontoxic monophosphoryl Lipid A (LAM) that retains many of the immunobiologic properties of LPS has been isolated from a polysaccharide deficient Re mutant strain of Salmonella minnesota (R595) . The ability of the native endotoxic glycolipid (GL) from S . minnesota (R595) as well as diphosphoryl lipid A (LAD) and nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A (LAM) derived from GL to protect LPS responsive (CD2F1 or C3H/HeN) and nonresponsive (C3H/HeJ) mice from 60Co gamma irradiation has been studied . Administration of GL, LAD, or LAM to CD2F1 or C3H/HeN mice (400 micrograms/kg) 24 h prior to exposure provided significant radioprotection . No protection was afforded to C3H/HeJ mice . Experiments were also conducted to determine the relative abilities of GL, LAD, and LAM to stimulate hematopoiesis as reflected by the endogenous spleen colony (E-CFU) assay . Protection was not correlated with the ability of these substances to increase E-CFUs or to induce colony-stimulating activity (CSA).

Jpn J Antibiot, 1986 Jul, 39(7), 1867 - 78
{Laboratory and clinical studies of imipenem/cilastatin sodium in the pediatric field}; Nishimura T et al.; Laboratory and clinical studies on imipenem/cilastatin sodium were carried out and the obtained results were summarized below . The antibacterial activity of imipenem against clinical isolates of S . aureus, E . coli, K . pneumoniae, Salmonella sp., S . marcescens and P . aeruginosa was measured by the plate dilution method with an inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml . The growth of S . aureus was inhibited at an imipenem concentration of 0.025 microgram/ml or lower . The susceptibility distribution of E . coli to imipenem ranged from 0.1 to 1.56 micrograms/ml, and the peak of the distribution was at 0.1 microgram/ml . The peak of the susceptibility distribution of K . pneumoniae was 0.2 microgram/ml, and those of S . marcescens and Salmonella ranged from 0.2 to 1.56 micrograms/ml and from 0.1 to 0.39 microgram/ml, respectively . The growth of P . aeruginosa was inhibited at a concentration of imipenem at 6.25 micrograms/ml . For a pharmacokinetic study, imipenem/cilastatin sodium was given to 1 patient in a single dose of 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg by drip infusion over 1 hour . With drip infusion of imipenem/cilastatin sodium, the peak plasma levels obtained with the two doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) were 20.6/26.4 micrograms/ml and 19.4/36.5 micrograms/ml, respectively on completion of the infusion . Clinical responses to imipenem/cilastatin sodium were excellent in 6 patients and fairly good in 1 patient, and the clinical effectiveness ratio was 85.7% . No side effect was observed except for elevations of GOT and GPT in 1 patient.

Am J Physiol, 1986 Jul, 251(1 Pt 2), R41 - 7
Dehydration enhances endotoxin fever by increased production of endogenous pyrogen; Morimoto A et al.; The febrile responses in rats to an intravenous injection of the bacterial endotoxin Salmonella typhosa were investigated under normally hydrated and dehydrated conditions . When endotoxin was injected intravenously into the dehydrated rats, a biphasic-patterned fever resulted, whereas in normal rats an intravenous injection of endotoxin did not induce fever . No significant differences in febrile responses to the intravenous endogenous pyrogen (EP), prostaglandin E2, and intracerebroventricular prostaglandin E2 between normal and dehydrated rats were observed . When the blood plasma obtained from rats with endotoxin-induced fever under dehydrated conditions was transferred to the normal rats, a significant rise in the body temperature was induced . The effect of hydration by an administration of the hypotonic solution after dehydration was examined in endotoxin-induced fever and in changes of the basic blood parameters . It is concluded that febrile responses to endotoxin during dehydrated condition are caused by an increased production of EP . The migration of leukocytes from circulation to any other tissue will be an important factor in producing EP under dehydrated conditions . Furthermore, under dehydrated condition, EP may be produced by numerous macrophages in tissues in vivo, where many kinds of leukocytes migrate and exchange signals with each other in developing an immune response.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1986 Jul-Aug, 137B(1), 95 - 100
{1985 supplement to the Kauffmann-White classification}; Le Minor L et al.; This supplement reports the characters of 24 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1985 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 7 serovars belong to subspecies I, 14 to subspecies II, 1 to subspecies IIIb, 1 to subspecies IV and 1 to subspecies V.

Mutagenesis, 1986 Jul, 1(4), 287 - 92
Genotoxicity and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon analysis of environmental tobacco smoke samples from restaurants; Husgafvel-Pursiainen K et al.; Acetone-extracted samples of airborne particulate matter collected in three restaurants were analysed for their content of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and related polynuclear aromatic compounds (PAC) as well as for genotoxic activity using the Salmonella/microsome assay (strains TA98 and TA100) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures . The total particulate matter varied considerably in the restaurants, being 1.37 mg/m3 at the highest; in the same restaurant the highest amount of total PAHs (168 ng/m3) was also detected . Altogether, 13-22 individual PACs were identified in the samples, ranging from phenanthrene to benzothionaphthene . All of the six samples caused significant increases both in bacterial revertant and SCE frequencies . In the Salmonella assay, the mutagenic activity detected was primarily with metabolic activation . However, in the CHO cell cultures the induction of SCEs was also seen without an exogenous metabolic activation system . The cytotoxicity of the extracts limited the concentration range tested in the SCE assay . Only a partial correspondence of the total PAH content with the genotoxic activity of the samples was found . The genotoxicity of restaurant air exceeded by one to two orders of magnitude the previously reported activities detected by similar methods in urban outdoor and indoor air samples.

Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1986 Jul-Aug, 137B(1), 47 - 60
Virulence-associated plasmids of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium in experimental murine infection; Pardon P et al.; The growth pattern of Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica serotype Typhimurium (Typhimurium) was studied in mice to examine the role of the 60-Mdal virulence-associated plasmid in the pathogenesis of mouse typhoid . After repeated subcultures at 45 degrees C, isogenic variants harbouring the virulence-associated plasmid (strains C52, TM122 and TM332) or having lost this large plasmid (strains C53, TM123 and TM333) were obtained from three parental strains (strains C5, TM12 and TM33, respectively) . Plasmid pIP1350, present in strain C52, was tagged by Tn10 and transferred by successive conjugations to strains C53, TM123 and TM333 . The behaviour of these three Typhimurium lines was studied in C57BL/6, DBA2, B6D2 (C57BL/6 X DBA2 F1 hybrid) and OF1 mice after oral infection, subcutaneous injection into the hind footpad or intravenous inoculation . The kinetics of organ colonization were followed at intervals after injection by enumeration of viable bacteria in caecum, mesenteric or popliteal lymph node, spleen, liver, kidney and lung depending on the route of infection . Strains harbouring virulence plasmid and their cured derivatives did not differ significantly in their ability to colonize caecal content and to translocate to draining lymph nodes . Elimination of the virulence plasmid was correlated with a significant reduction in the ability of cured variants to colonize spleen and liver . Reintroduction of the virulence plasmid into plasmidless variants restored the virulence to the level originally observed . These data demonstrate that a 60-Mdal plasmid in Typhimurium strains is necessary to ensure colonization of spleen and liver of experimentally infected mice.

Mutagenesis, 1986 Jul, 1(4), 261 - 5
Mutagenicity to Salmonella of four derivatives of the azo mutagen 5I: some implications for structure--activity databases and the evaluation of combinations of mutagens; Dashwood RH et al.; A structure--activity study is described in which four new derivatives of the potent bacterial mutagen 5-dimethylaminophenylazoindazole (5I) have been evaluated for mutagenicity to Salmonella . As expected, monodemethylation of the -NMe2 group of 5I increased its mutagenic potency while replacement of the -NMe2 with a cyclic amine reduced it . However, replacement of the aromatic indazole -NH group (of 5I) by an -NMe group (yielding NMe5I) dramatically attenuated mutagenic potency, a reduction which was both unexpected and not reversed in the monomethyl analogue (NMeMA5I) . In competition experiments NMe5I had an inhibitory effect on the mutagenic potency of 5I itself and on that of the nonazo mutagen 2-acetylaminofluorene 2AAF . The results illustrate some of the problems associated with evaluating mixtures for mutagenicity and of assuming simple structure--activity relationships in the absence of relevant experimental data.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1986 Jul, 35(4), 836 - 9
Bone marrow aspirate culture superior to streptokinase clot culture and 8 ml 1:10 blood-to-broth ratio blood culture for diagnosis of typhoid fever; Hoffman SL et al.; We compared the sensitivities of bone marrow aspirate culture (BMAC), 3 ml 1:4 and 8 ml 1:10 blood-to-broth ratio blood cultures (BC), 8 ml streptokinase clot culture (STKCC) and rectal swab culture (RSC) for isolating Salmonella typhi and S . paratyphi A from 61 patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia . BMAC (92%) was significantly more sensitive than 8 ml BC (62%), 8 ml STKCC (51%), 3 ml BC (44%), RSC (56%) and the 19 ml combination of all three BC methods (71%) . The combination of the three BC methods and RSC had an isolation rate of 87% . In Jakarta the diagnosis of typhoid fever cannot be confidently excluded unless a BMAC is done.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jul, 174(3), 161 - 4
Tulipa gesneriana bulb extracts activate promutagenic 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene in the salmonella/ames assay; Pankova K et al.; Crude extracts from Tulipa gesneriana bulbs have been tested for their ability to activate 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene (DMBA) in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay . Bacteria of strain TA98 were incubated for 30 min at 37 degrees C with the mixture of the promutagen and bulb extracts prior to plating . The frequency of his+ revertants increased in relation to both the promutagenic dose and the amount of bulb extract in the mixture, and under optimal conditions, was more than 50 times higher than the value found after the action of the promutagen alone . Addition of NADP and glucose 6-phosphate to the incubation mixture did not seem to be obligatory.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1986 Jul, 35(4), 831 - 5
Molecular techniques in the study of Salmonella typhi in epidemiologic studies in endemic areas: comparison with Vi phage typing; Maher KO et al.; We examined 141 Salmonella typhi strains of known phage type isolated during ongoing epidemiologic studies in Santiago, Chile, and Lima, Peru . Plasmids were present in 12 (17%) of 70 S . typhi isolates from Santiago and 5 (7%) of 71 isolates from Lima; these plasmids were not associated with antimicrobial resistance . Identical 21 kilobase (kb) plasmids (as defined by restriction endonuclease digest pattern) were present in 13 of the 17 plasmid-containing isolates . Virtually identical digest patterns were identified when chromosomal DNA of selected strains from Santiago, Lima, and the United States was extracted and then digested with restriction endonucleases . The similarities among plasmids and chromosomal digest patterns emphasize the homogeneity and possible clonal origin of S . typhi isolates; these data also suggest that there is only a limited role for plasmid and chromosomal analysis as a substitute for phage typing in epidemiologic studies.

Mutagenesis, 1986 Jul, 1(4), 253 - 9
Mutagenicity studies on FD&C red No.3; Lin GH et al.; FD&C Red No.3 (erythrosine) has been used as a dye in foods, drugs and cosmetics since its approval by the US Department of Agriculture in 1907 . In 1977 the Certified Color Manufacturers' Association (CCMA) initiated studies on FD&C Red No.3 including chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice . Data from the CCMA chronic studies revealed an increased incidence of thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia and adenomas in male rats that received 4% FD&C Red No.3 in the diet (2464 mg/kg/day) during life-time (30 months) following in utero exposure . In this report, results of published studies on the mutagenicity of FD&C Red No.3 are critically reviewed . Additional mutagenicity tests including Ames Salmonella/microsome assay, L5178Y TK+/- mouse lymphoma assay, mouse micronucleus test and mitotic recombination assay with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D5 are described . These test results together with the literature review indicate that FD&C Red No.3 can be considered non-mutagenic across several genetic endpoints including gene mutation, chromosome aberrations, primary DNA damage and cell transformation . The results of the genotoxicity assessment generally exclude FD&C Red No.3 as a genotoxic initiator and suggest that some other mechanism is responsible for the increase in tumors.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jul, 174(3), 227 - 32
Relationships between metabolic deactivation of ICR compounds and their differential mutagenicity in bacteria and cultured mammalian cells; De Flora S et al.; Preparations of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells decreased the genotoxicity of 3 ICR compounds (ICR 191, ICR 191-OH and ICR 170-OH), while they did not affect the genotoxicity of ICR 170 in the Salmonella reversion test nor in a DNA-repair test in E . coli . These data may contribute towards the explanation of the lack of activity of the two hydroxylated compounds in the CHO/HGPRT forward mutation system, as well as the different rank of mutagenicity of the two chloroethyl compounds in bacteria (ICR 191 greater than ICR 170), compared to cultured mammalian cells and in general to eukaryotic cells (ICR 170 greater than ICR 191).

Fertil Steril, 1986 Jul, 46(1), 120 - 6
Enhancement of antigonadotropin response to the beta-subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone by carrier conjugation and combination with the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin; Talwar GP et al.; PIP: The potential for immunizing against gonadotropins without using Freund's complete adjuvant was explored in bonnet monkeys by using tetanus toxoid (TT) as carrier and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as adjuvant . Pure hCG beta subunit and or sheep LH beta subunit was coupled with TT by employing N-succinimidyl-pyridyl-dithio-propionate reagent . Fertile female bonnet monkeys were injected with 50 mcg gonadotropin equivalent monthly . 1 mg sodium phthalyl derivative of LPS was added to the 1st injection . Animals with low titers were also given a booster on Day 145 with Leiras adjuvant . 3 of 5 monkeys immunized with ovine beta-LH subunit bonded to TT had strong responses, and 2 produced high antibody titers after a booster with Leiras adjuvant . A 2nd group of 3 monkeys treated with both ovine beta LH and beta hCG conjugated to a common carrier, TT, showed high titers, between 750 and 1300 ng/ml, which were sustained for nearly a year . Scathard analysis indicated that the combined antigens raised antibodies of high affinity, with Ka values ranging from 5 x 109 to 6 x 1010 per M . There were no cross reactions with either human FSH or TSH . 2 of the monkeys immunized against the combined antigens remained infertile for 6 and 3 cycles respectively, or until their antibody titers fell to 35 and 5 Monkeys in the 1st group also were infertile for several cycles before their antibody levels fell below 120 ng/ml against hCG .

N Z Med J, 1986 Jun 25, 99(804), 443 - 6
Salmonella typhi infection in adults is not limited to travellers returning from the tropics; Downey D et al.; We reviewed the case notes of 23 adult patients infected with Salmonella typhi and admitted to the infectious disease unit, Auckland Hospital between January 1977 and December 1984 . Fifteen had typhoid fever and eight were chronic carriers of S typhi . All isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole . Ten of those with typhoid fever had recently been in tropical countries, predominantly Pacific Islands . The remaining five all lived in South Auckland and had not travelled out of New Zealand: we suspect that contaminated shellfish collected from the Manukau Harbour in South Auckland were the source . Typhoid fever should be suspected in young travellers returning to New Zealand with fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and headache . Similarly this diagnosis should be suspected in Polynesians and Maoris from South Auckland who have not travelled . All but one patient with typhoid fever responded clinically to the initial regimen which was usually oral amoxycillin given for a median 18 days . One other patient relapsed . Cholescystectomy and subsequent oral antibacterials eradicated S typhi from five biliary carriers with abnormal gallbladders . Prolonged high dose oral amoxycillin alone was effective in one of two carrier patients with normal gallbladders . The role of the Department of Health in identifying carriers of S typhi remains important.

J Chromatogr, 1986 Jun 6, 360(1), 137 - 50
Chemical changes of organic compounds in chlorinated water . XI . Thin-layer chromatographic fractionation of Ames mutagenic compounds in chlorine-treated 4-methylphenol solution; Onodera S et al.; The diethyl ether extract from an aqueous solution of 4-methylphenol after treatment with hypochlorite was mutagenic to the Ames Salmonella test strain TA100 in the absence of liver homogenate . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the occurrence of, at least, twenty compounds in the extract: chloro-4-methylphenols, chlorohydroxy-4-methylquinones and chlorinated 4-methylphenol dimers . The diethyl ether extract was fractionated into several fractions by silica gel and polyamide thin-layer chromatography (TLC) . The fractionated components were then examined for mutagenicity by means of Ames assays, and were identified by GC-MS . TLC fractionation of the extract revealed that the major components present in the extract are not mutagenic, but minor components (less than 4% of the total extract) are mutagenic . GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of chlorinated 4-methylphenol dimers in the fraction which exhibited the highest mutagenicity.

Food Chem Toxicol, 1986 Jun-Jul, 24(6-7), 663 - 6
The value and limitations of short-term genotoxicity assays and the inadequacy of current criteria for selecting chemicals for cancer bioassays; Ashby J; The Salmonella gene mutation assay is established as the primary in vitro test for genotoxicity . It does not, however, detect all known genotoxic carcinogens, and several mammalian cell genotoxicity assays are now used to complement the Salmonella test--the most usual being cytogenetic analysis in vitro . Use of these two tests provides an adequate screen for genotoxins, but leaves undetected a variety of weak, DNA-unreactive animal carcinogens such as DDT, saccharin and diethylhexyl phthalate . A reappraisal of the present confused situation examines the underlying problems and options for action . It is suggested that the most effective way of focussing resources on the detection of possible new human carcinogens involves in vitro evaluation of genotoxicity, followed where appropriate by further evaluation in vivo, with urgent attention being paid to the methods currently used to select chemicals for cancer bioassays and to the resolution of the current debate on the validity of some recent classifications of carcinogenicity.

Eur J Epidemiol, 1986 Jun, 2(2), 118 - 23
Gastroenteritis etiology in a university hospital during 1983; Prats G et al.; This paper reports the results of a microbiological study of the patients seen with diarrhea at the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (Barcelona) through 1983 . Two thousand seven hundred sixty three specimens were studied in search of an enteropathogenic bacteria, 1341 were submitted to parasitologic study and 684 to rotavirus search . Two hundred fifty one Salmonella spp., 233 C . jejuni, 152 Shigella spp., 47 Yersinia spp., 96 G . intestinalis and 181 positive Rotavirus specimens were detected . Data about efficacy of the methods employed, seasonal and age incidence and sensitivity to the antimicrobials of the bacterial isolated strains are reported.

Infect Immun, 1986 Jun, 52(3), 644 - 9
Complexing of bacterial lipopolysaccharide with lung surfactant; Brogden KA et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were mixed with pulmonary surfactant to investigate their in vitro interaction . After 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, LPS-surfactant mixtures were examined by sucrose density gradient centrifugation . The E . coli LPS-surfactant mixture was examined by immunoelectron microscopy with protein A-colloidal gold . The binding that occurred between LPS and the surfactant vesicles resulted in a complex with a density higher than the density of the surfactant alone . The protein A-colloidal gold identified LPS in the LPS-surfactant complexes . The toxicity of E . coli LPS was enhanced by complexing with the surfactant when compared with the intraperitoneal injection into CF1 mice, even at a 64:1 ratio of surfactant to LPS . The complexing of LPS and surfactant in the lung may alter the physiologic properties of surfactant that contribute to the physiopathological changes observed with some types of pneumonia.

J Hyg (Lond), 1986 Jun, 96(3), 425 - 9
A study of the relative efficiencies of three commercially available dehydrated Rappaport-Vassiliadis media; Quail E et al.; The relative efficiencies of three commercially available dehydrated Rappaport-Vassiliadis media have been compared with a similar medium prepared from individual constituents in our own laboratory . An inoculation ratio of 1:100 was found to be optimal for each of the media tested . Laboratory produced RV-medium was significantly better than the three commercial preparations after 24 h incubation . However, when the duration of incubation was extended to 48 h, there was no significant difference in the number of salmonella isolates obtained when using our own RV medium and that produced by Oxoid Ltd and Difco Ltd (P greater than 0.05) . All of these three media were, however, significantly more effective than the medium produced by Lab.M . (P less than 0.01).

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Jun, 51(6), 1220 - 3
Slow rehydration for detection of Salmonella spp . in feeds and feed ingredients; D'Aoust JY et al.; Rehydration and equilibration (4 h) of feeds and feed ingredients at water/sample ratios (vol/wt) of 1.4 to 3.2 did not markedly increase recovery of Salmonella spp . in the slurry when analyzed by standard cultural and direct enrichment methods . Of 143 naturally contaminated samples examined, equilibration increased levels of detection from 106 to 109 positive samples by the standard cultural method and from 103 to 112 by direct enrichment . Results suggest that nonhomogeneous distribution of low incident numbers of salmonellae in test samples rather than an equilibration-dependent response provided for the observed heterogeneity in recovery patterns . The novel equilibration approach is of limited application and requires validation on an individual food basis.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jun, 23(6), 1056 - 64
Occurrence and distribution of serotypes of the Arizona subgroup of Salmonella strains in the United States from 1967 to 1976; Weiss SH et al.; The Salmonella Arizona subgroup contains gram-negative enteric bacteria that are closely related to other salmonellae biochemically, serologically, and genetically . Although the Arizona subgroup may be isolated from a wide variety of nonhuman and human sources, the arizonae are uncommonly recognized as human pathogens, and surprisingly little is known about their epidemiology . From 1967 through 1976, the Centers for Disease Control received 858 Arizona subgroup cultures from human and nonhuman sources representing 143 different serotypes in 33 somatic groups; several serotypes had not been previously reported . The 374 cultures from humans represent 71 different serotypes; extraintestinal isolates were present in 31 (44%) serotypes . Compared with data from a previous 20 years of surveillance, the proportion of Arizona subgroup strains isolated from stools, blood, and other sites was remarkably stable, but several serotypes showed marked changes in their frequency of isolation . In total, the ratio of extraintestinal to intestinal isolates was 0.37, but marked serotype-specific variation was noted, suggesting differences in virulence associated with serotype.

J Infect Dis, 1986 Jun, 153(6), 1126 - 31
Specific immunoglobulin-secreting human blood cells after peroral vaccination against Salmonella typhi; Kantele A et al.; Studies on intestinal immunity in animals have suggested that lymphocytes, after sensitization in Peyer's patches and maturation in regional lymph nodes, home via the circulation to the intestinal wall, where they secrete antibodies into the lumen . To detect such homing cells in the blood of human volunteers given oral, attenuated Salmonella typhi vaccine, we used the solid-phase enzyme-linked immunospot assay for S . typhi-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) . ASCs were found in eight of 10 individuals after the third postvaccination day, peaked in level on day 7, and were undetectable on day 14 . Of the cells secreting specific immunoglobulin, approximately 62% produced IgA, 32% IgM, and 6% IgG . Antibodies could not be demonstrated in serum, saliva, or feces . This technique might give an opportunity to follow the response to antigens entering the body via mucous membranes . It will be of interest to correlate these findings with protection against diseases after peroral vaccination.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1986 Jun, 34(5 Pt 2), 608 - 10
{Sensitivity to antibiotics of Salmonella typhi and paratyphi strains isolated in Algeria 1979-1984}; Zoukh K; Outbreaks of typhoid fever due to multiresistant strains of S . typhi have occurred in some countries . Monitoring of the susceptibility of S . typhi and paratyphi strains to antibiotics, especially those used to treat Salmonella infections, is therefore essential . In this paper, we report the results of our study of strains isolated in Algeria from 1979 through 1984 . Studied strains were isolated in our laboratory from stool or blood samples or sent to us for confirmation of the diagnosis . We used agar dilution with IPA 20 medium (Mueller-Hinton medium enriched with tryptophan) . 6,178 strains were tested, including 5,940 S . typhi strains (96.15%), 123 S . paratyphi A strains (1.99%) and 115 S . paratyphi B strains (1.86%) . No resistance was found among the strains tested, whereas 7 resistant strains had been found between July 1973 and December 1978 . These results indicate that resistant strains have not spread . However, as new resistant strains might emerge in the future, continued monitoring is needed.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jun, 170(3), 93 - 102
Mutagenicity of N-arylacetohydroxamic acids and their O-glucosides derived from chlorinated 4-nitrobiphenyl ethers; Yoshioka T et al.; The mutagenic activity of N-arylacetohydroxamic acids, their O-acetates, their O-glucosides, and N-arylhydroxylamines, derived from chlorinated 4-nitrobiphenyl ethers (CNBs), was tested in the Salmonella reversion assay . N-Arylhydroxylamines were mutagenic by themselves; however, other compounds containing an N-acetyl group showed mutagenic activity in the presence of guinea pig liver S9 . The mutagenic activation of the glucosides of N-arylacetohydroxamic acids was caused by Ms but not by S10.5, whereas their aglycones, N-arylacetohydroxamic acids, were activated to mutagens by both the fractions . The mutagenic activation of these compounds was inhibited by bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate, which indicates that enzymatic deacetylation is a crucial step in the mutagenic activation . Analysis of metabolites of the O-glucosides of N-arylacetohydroxamic acids by h.p.l.c . indicates that the corresponding deacetylated O-glucosides are primary metabolites, which decomposed to amino and azoxy (via hydroxylamine) derivatives, and that the deacetylating activity of S9 locates exclusively in Ms.

Infect Immun, 1986 Jun, 52(3), 834 - 9
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA subclass pattern of human antibodies to Shigella flexneri and Salmonella serogroup B and D lipopolysaccharide O antigens; Persson MA et al.; The subclass distribution of human serum antibodies to the O-antigenic lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella serogroups B and D and to Shigella flexneri serotypes 1b, 2a, and 4a lipopolysaccharide antigens were analyzed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies to the immunoglobulin subclasses . The patients had culture-verified Salmonella (17 Swedes) or Shigella flexneri (23 Vietnamese; 11 children and 12 adults) infections . Consecutive samples drawn during 1 year postinfection were investigated . Antibodies to the Salmonella antigens were mainly of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgA1, and IgA2 subclasses . For the Salmonella serogroup B O polysaccharide, the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses had peak values earlier than (6/9) or coinciding with the IgG1 (3/9) peak value . Furthermore, the IgA2 response to Salmonella serogroup B was positively correlated to the duration of the carrier state (P less than 0.001); the corresponding IgA1 response was less well correlated but was still significant (P less than 0.02) . In the case of the Shigella flexneri O polysaccharide, specific antibodies appeared mainly in the IgG1 and IgA1 subclasses . Some IgG2 was also found, surprisingly even in very young patients . No subclass shift with time within the immunoglobulin classes was noted in any of the groups.

Infect Immun, 1986 Jun, 52(3), 676 - 81
Electrophoretic and serological characterization of the lipopolysaccharides of Legionella pneumophila; Nolte FS et al.; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria . We used sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteinase-K-digested cell lysates to provide preliminary data on the LPS chemotypes for 20 strains of Legionella pneumophila (serogroups 1 to 8) . The profiles of all strains except Chicago 2 (serogroup 6) were similar in the number, spacing, and size distribution of the bands visualized on silver-stained gels and were indicative of smooth LPS . However, compared with the bands from Salmonella minnesota smooth LPS, their banding pattern was much tighter, with three to four legionella bands for every salmonella band . The proteinase K digest of Chicago 2 was unique in that only two widely separated silver-stained bands were seen . LPS profiles of 10 serogroup 1 strains were identical, and the profile of Knoxville 1 was not altered by extensive in vitro passage . We used immunoblotting to investigate the serological specificities of the LPSs . When a rabbit antiserum prepared against a serogroup 1 strain was used to probe nitrocellulose sheets that bound LPS from strains belonging to eight different serogroups, it recognized only the LPS from the homologous serogroup . Similar results were observed with serogroup 2, 4, and 6 antisera . Our data indicate that L . pneumophila has a smooth-type LPS with an unusual banding pattern and that it is a serogroup-specific antigen.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1986 Jun, 76(6), 983 - 6
Mutagenic mucus in the cervix of smokers; Holly EA et al.; A pilot study was conducted to determine whether any relationship exists between mutagenicity of a women's uterine cervical mucus and her current smoking status . Cervical fluids obtained from 78 premenopausal women seen between July 1983 and March 1984 at the University of California, San Francisco Dysplasia (and diethylstilbestrol) Clinic or in a private practice were tested for mutagenicity by means of the Ames-Salmonella microsomal test . Of 36 current smokers, 14 (39%) had positive tests as compared to 5 of 42 nonsmokers (12%) . The odds ratio (OR) estimate was 4.7 with 95% confidence limits (CL) of 1.6-14.2 . Secretions from 14 of 32 (44%) women who had smoked during the day of the sample collection--within the previous 7 hours--were positive on the laboratory test, whereas none of the 4 women was positive who had smoked 8 hours or more before the specimens were obtained . Fluids from women with dysplasia or carcinoma in situ were more likely to be mutagenic than were those from other women, although this finding may be due to chance (OR = 2.0 with 95% CL of .70-5.9) . This relationship between smoking and mutagenic cervical fluids offers evidence that might help to explain the association between cervical cancer and cigarette smoking noted in previous epidemiologic studies.

Infect Immun, 1986 Jun, 52(3), 872 - 84
Low endotoxic activities of synthetic Salmonella-type lipid A with an additional acyloxyacyl group on the 2-amino group of beta (1-6) glucosamine disaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate; Kotani S et al.; A synthetic lipid A (Salmonella type, compound 516), beta (1-6)-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate, with three acyloxyacyl groups and one hydroxyacyl group, i.e., (R)-3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanoyl, (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl, (R)-3-dodecanoyloxytetradecanoyl, and (R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl groups at the 2-amino, 3-hydroxyl, 2'-amino, and 3'-hydroxyl groups, respectively, was less biologically active than the synthetic Escherichia coli-type lipid A (compound 506), which has only two acyloxyacyl groups at the 2' and 3' positions and is substituted with a (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl group at the 2-amino group . Compound 516 exhibited considerably weaker pyrogenic and leukopenic activity than compound 506, and it scarcely prepared rabbit skin for the Shwartzman reaction and lacked lethal toxicity on chicken embryos, although its lethal toxicity in galactosamine-loaded mice was as strong as that of compound 506 . Compound 516 was also less active than compound 506 or natural E . coli lipid A (from Restrain F515) in other biological test systems, such as the Limulus test, stimulation of macrophages and lymphocytes, and interferon-inducing activity but not for interleukin-1 induction or complement activation . This observation suggests that there is an optimal number of acyloxyacyl groups on the glucosamine backbone for producing the biological activities of lipid A, especially the endotoxic activities . The 4'-monophosphate analog (compound 514) of compound 516 in general had significantly weaker activity than compound 516 in the above assays, most probably because of its greater hydrophobicity and consequently lower solubility in assay systems . Bacterial R595 lipid A derived from S . minnesota Re-mutant, which is a mixture of compounds 516 and 506, their 4'-monophosphate analogs and other compounds, exerted intermediate degrees of activity between compounds 506 and 516 in the various test systems employed.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jun, 5(3), 297 - 302
Serum bactericidal activity of two newer quinolones against Salmonella typhi compared with standard therapeutic regimens; Trautmann M et al.; The bactericidal activity of two newer quinolones, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, against eight strains of Salmonella typhi was examined by the serum dilution test and studies of bacterial killing kinetics in human serum, and compared to standard regimens . Bactericidal titers for ciprofloxacin ranged from 1:388 to 1:119 two hours and from 1:119 to 1:57 six hours after volunteers received an oral dose of 500 mg . The respective titers obtained after a 200 mg oral dose of ofloxacin were somewhat lower, but still exceeded 1:16 in all instances . Studies of bacterial killing kinetics demonstrated a rapid bactericidal action of both drugs against all strains tested . Compared to the classical anti-typhoid agents chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and amoxicillin, the new quinolones showed both markedly higher bactericidal titers and more rapid killing of Salmonella typhi in human serum.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1986 Jun, 36(6), 904 - 12
In vitro activity of the new quinoline derivative ciprofloxacin alone and in combination against various Mycobacterium-, Salmonella- and Escherichia coli strains; Rosenfeld M et al.; The antibacterial effect of 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-piperazine-1-ylquinoline++ + 3-carboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin, Bay o 9867) has been tested using different test systems and various strains, especially of Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium and Salmonella . Ciprofloxacin shows low MIC's against most of the tested strains . The high in vitro and in vivo activity against Salmonella is most promising for cure of salmonellosis.

J Clin Pathol, 1986 Jun, 39(6), 680 - 3
Comparison of passive haemagglutination test with Widal agglutination test for serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area; Coovadia YM et al.; A passive haemagglutination test, using sheep red blood cells sensitised with Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide, was compared with the Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in an endemic area . The results obtained on sera from 152 patients with bacteriologically confirmed typhoid and 183 patients who did not have typhoid were analysed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and rapidity of the respective tests . The passive haemagglutination test was found to be more sensitive (80%) than the S typhi O antigen (71%) but marginally less sensitive than the H antigen (82%) of the Widal test . The false positive rate on control sera was 1.2% and 6.6%, respectively, for the Widal O and H antigens, and 1.6% for the passive haemagglutination test . Our findings indicate that the passive haemagglutination test is comparable with the Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in endemic areas, but is more simple, rapid, and economic . The passive haemagglutination test may be a useful alternative to the Widal test for the serological diagnosis of typhoid fever in busy microbiology laboratories in areas in which the disease is endemic.

Lancet, 1986 May 31, 1(8492), 1262 - 4
Outbreak of Salmonella eimsbuettel in newborn infants spread by rectal thermometers; McAllister TA et al.; Over a six-week period there were 25 episodes of Salmonella eimsbuettel infection in newborn infants, mothers, and staff in a modern maternity hospital with 3600 annual deliveries . The probable source was a mother and her child, and the organism was spread by rectal thermometers in the labour suite and one of the wings (wards) . When the thermometers were withdrawn from use and correctly disinfected the outbreak in babies ceased . Environmental cross-infection of staff was halted by closure, cleaning, and disinfection of the clinical area mainly affected . Some babies had diarrhoea but quickly recovered, and none came to harm . The infected staff had no symptoms and returned to duty after three negative cultures . Measurement of temperature is still an important observation in the care of newborn infants, but for everyday care it is recommended that rectal thermometry be discontinued and replaced by axillary measurement.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1986 May 29, 137(1), 222 - 30
Lymphocyte-Salmonella interaction: energy dependence and thiol group involvement; Passarella S et al.; In order to gain better insight into lymphocyte-Salmonella interaction investigation has been carried out on energy-dependence and involvement of thiol groups in this process by using a modified rosette test . Binding frequency, number of bound bacteria/number of binding lymphocytes and the number of bacteria-binding sites/lymphocyte were found to be enhanced by externally added ATP and decreased by both uncouplers and electron transfer chain inhibitors . Treatment of either bacteria or lymphocytes with thiol reagents, such as mersalyl or N-ethyl-maleimide, prevents lymphocyte-Salmonella adherence, thus showing the presence of thiol groups involved in the binding mechanism in both bacteria and cells . Consistently, as a result of mersalyl inhibition, a decrease in the number of bacteria-binding sites/lymphocyte was also found.

Biochemistry, 1986 May 20, 25(10), 2859 - 66
A novel disialoganglioside (IV3NeuAcIII6NeuAcLc4) of human adenocarcinoma and the monoclonal antibody (FH9) defining this disialosyl structure; Fukushi Y et al.; This ganglioside is highly immunogenic, and immunization of mice with this disialoganglioside fraction coated on Salmonella minnesota followed by fusion of immunized spleen cells with mouse myeloma and selection of the hybridoma by positive reactivity with the purified disialoganglioside resulted in the establishment of a hybridoma secreting immunoglobulin G2a antibody FH9 that reacts specifically with the ganglioside antigen above but not with monosialosyllactotetraosylceramide I (IV3NeuAcLc4), monosialosyllactotetraosylceramide II (III6NeuAcLc4), or any other gangliosides tested.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1986 May 15, 111(10), 467 - 71
{Bacterial cycles}; Oosterom J; As a result of several epidemiological investigations on Salmonella it was realized that bacterial cycles occur in the environment which are of direct importance in bacterial contamination of man, animals and food . The manner in which knowledge of these bacterial cycles may help in identifying the most important routes of transmission and designing adequate measures to reduce the hazards to public health wherever possible are described.

Am J Epidemiol, 1986 May, 123(5), 869 - 75
The Widal slide agglutination test, a valuable rapid diagnostic test in typhoid fever patients at the Infectious Diseases Hospital of Jakarta; Hoffman SL et al.; The Widal slide agglutination test was evaluated as a rapid diagnostic test in typhoid fever patients at the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia from 1980-1982 . The results of the test can be available within 45 minutes of patient admission . The study showed that, among 229 patients with Salmonella typhi-positive typhoid fever and 179 control fever patients, when the Widal O antibody titer was greater than or equal to 1:20 the sensitivity was 53%, the specificity 98%, the positive predictive value 96%, and the negative predictive value 68% . A negative Widal test (O antibody titer less than 1:20) does not provide useful information, but when the O antibody titer is greater than or equal to 1:20 the clinician at the Infectious Diseases Hospital of Jakarta can be 96% certain that the patient has typhoid fever.

Gan No Rinsho, 1986 May, 32(6), 699 - 706
{Dietary mutagenicity and stomach cancer epidemiology}; Kamiyama S et al.; On the comparison of stomach cancer mortality between Akita and Iwate prefectures which locate neighboring in northern Japanese mainland shows marked difference, the former very high and the latter very low . Dietary mutagenicity of inhabitants in the two areas were assayed by Rec-assay using B . subtilis and by Ames test using Salmonella TA 100 and TA 98 . Both of the results showed the frequencies of positive mutagenicity were significantly higher in Akita than in Iwate . The food composition of the diets tested was compared among the three groups of mutagen-positive, -probable and -negative diets . The positive diet was significantly frequent in broiled meat, grilled fish, salted fish intestine, cooked beans, fried bean curd, sauteed vegetables, salted bracken and sauteed onions . On the other hand, the mutagen-negative diet was significantly frequent in fresh vegetables, cooked potatoes, cooked carrots, milk, bean curd, devils' tongue and confections . The former was called the mutagen-positive food group and the latter the mutagen-negative food group . The mutagenicity tests of each food which belongs to both the groups revealed that the combination of the mutagenic factors and the mutagen-depressive factors in the above mentioned cooked foods caused the variety of mutagenicity of the diet of the inhabitants . A method to evaluate the mutagenic pattern of diet was developed.

Scand J Haematol, 1986 May, 36(5), 492 - 8
Meningitis and septicaemia in adults splenectomized for Hodgkin's disease; Baccarani M et al.; Splenectomized and asplenic persons are at risk of developing sudden episodes of meningitis and/or septicaemia, frequently due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (overwhelming postsplenectomy infection, or OPSI) . The application of staging splenectomy to patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) generated a new population at risk for OPSI . We reviewed the cases of sudden meningitis and/or septicaemia in a series of 491 consecutive adults with HD . No case was recorded among 149 non-splenectomized patients . 6 episodes of OPSI were observed in 5 of 342 splenectomized patients (crude frequency 1.75%, actuarial frequency at 10 yr 3.87%) . The infecting organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (5 cases) and Salmonella enteritidis (1 case) . 2 episodes (1 fatal) occurred during first complete remission (CR), 15 and 120 months, respectively, after splenectomy, 4 episodes (2 fatal) occurred after first relapse . For splenectomized patients in continuous CR, the cumulative risk of OPSI was 2.30% (95% CL 0-6.10%), and it was 15.25% (95% CL 0-35.37%) for splenectomized patients who had relapsed . These data suggest that, in adults with HD, the risk of OPSI should not limit the indication to staging splenectomy and does not warrant systematic prophylaxis . However, in splenectomized relapsed patients, OPSI can be a troublesome complication and appropriate prophylaxis could be useful.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1986 May, 29(5), 923 - 4
Antibacterial activity of niridazole against Salmonellae; Bannatyne RM et al.; Fifty-six strains, representing eight species of salmonellae of diverse geographic origin and possessing a variety of antimicrobial resistance profiles, were tested for susceptibility to niridazole by the agar dilution method . Calculated MICs for 50 and 90% of strains were 4.8 and 16.0 mg/liter, respectively, with a susceptibility range of 0.25 to 32 mg/liter . No obvious species differences were noted . Niridazole was found to be rapidly and powerfully bactericidal . No significant difference was detected between MICs and MBCs . Except for a strain-dependent effect with a subset of multiply resistant salmonella isolates, no inoculum effect was demonstrated.

J Clin Microbiol, 1986 May, 23(5), 826 - 7
Salmonella susceptibility patterns in hospitals from 1975 through 1984; Lorian V; The susceptibility of salmonella to commonly used antibiotics was analyzed for the 10-year period 1975 through 1984 . The susceptibilities of 19,200 strains isolated from a yearly average of 211 hospitals nationwide and 1,508 strains isolated at the Kings County Medical Center in Brooklyn, N.Y., were described . Nationally, the susceptibility to nine antibacterial agents, including tetracycline, did not change markedly for the decade . The slight increase in susceptibility to tetracycline observed nationally may reflect the decreased clinical use of this antibiotic during the decade studied.

J Appl Physiol, 1986 May, 60(5), 1578 - 83
Thermoregulatory and acute-phase responses to endotoxin of full- term-pregnant rabbits; Blatteis CM et al.; Fever, a fall in the plasma level of iron (Fe), and rises in the levels of certain plasma glycoproteins (indexed by protein-bound-N-acetylneuraminic acid {NANA}) normally occur during infection; they are thought to be mutually enhancing in host defense . It has been reported that fever is suppressed at full term of pregnancy; however, it is not known whether the blood chemical changes are similarly affected . Also, the mechanism for the suppression of fever is controversial . Since uteroplacental blood flow is at its maximum near term, competition between the demands of the fetoplacental unit and of thermoregulatory effectors might result in underperfusion of thermogenic tissues and therefore provide a basis for the lack of fever . To examine these questions, the changes in colonic temperature (Tco) and regional blood flow induced by Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (LPS, 2 micrograms/kg iv) were compared in conscious nonpregnant and 30-day-pregnant rabbits 35 min after injection, using 15-microgram radiolabeled microspheres . In different rabbits, the effects of LPS on Tco and plasma Fe and NANA levels were measured before mating and at term . LPS induced fevers similar in heights and courses in both nonpregnant and full-term pregnant rabbits It caused decreases in the blood flows to brain, tongue, mammary gland, small intestine, and ear and increases in the blood flows to masseter muscle, bone, liver (hepatic artery), and left ventricle; blood flows to the kidneys, spleen, right ventricle, ovaries, and myometrium did not change . There were no significant differences in these vascular responses between nonpregnant and 30-day-pregnant rabbits, except a 28% reduction in the blood flow to the placentas.

J Appl Physiol, 1986 May, 60(5), 1504 - 10
Dynamics of endotoxin fever in the rabbit; Graener R et al.; To analyze the dynamic properties of body temperature and effector mechanisms during endotoxin fever, both experimental and mathematical procedures were applied . Experiments were carried out on rabbits in a climatic chamber at various ambient temperatures . Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg) was injected into an ear vein . A biphasic core temperature increase evoked by different effector mechanisms depending on ambient temperature was observed . A mathematical model based on experimental results with nonfebrile rabbits predicts the effector behavior at all ambient temperatures . From a comparison of experimental results with the model prediction, it is concluded that the increase of core temperature during fever is essentially caused by a dynamic shift of the controller characteristics . The effect of the pyrogen may be simulated by a resultant fever-controlling signal that is biphasic but increases more steeply than does core temperature . The analysis suggests that the three possible fever-driving effectors, metabolism, ear blood flow, and respiratory evaporative heat loss, should be controlled by the same resultant signal, although the time courses of the effectors and of core temperature vary distinctly at different air temperatures . The model uses an additive controller structure.

Am J Physiol, 1986 May, 250(5 Pt 2), R884 - 91
Alterations in cellular Ca2+ regulation in the liver in endotoxic shock; Sayeed MM; Effects of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin on cellular Ca2+ regulation were studied in the liver . Rats were given intravenous injections of saline (control) or endotoxin (15 mg/kg) . They were killed 5 h later, at which time endotoxin-injected rats showed signs of shock . Liver slices were used to measure Ca2+ efflux from the intracellular Ca2+ pool and the size of that pool . 45Ca uptake was measured in isolated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from livers . 45Ca efflux and uptake were also measured in control liver slices and ER in the presence of endotoxin (250 micrograms/ml) in vitro . In control livers, 45Ca efflux from the intracellular pool was sensitive to iodoacetate and 45Ca uptake by ER was ATP dependent . These active Ca2+ movements were significantly attenuated by endotoxin in vitro but were unaltered in livers of endotoxic rats . However, the intracellular Ca2+ pool size and norepinephrine (NE) regulation of cellular Ca2+ were adversely affected in endotoxic shock . Though the application of 1 microM NE to control liver slices significantly stimulated 45Ca efflux, it failed to stimulate efflux in liver slices of endotoxic rats . The intracellular Ca2+ pool in endotoxic livers (mean +/- SE = 553 +/- 23 mumol/kg tissue) was significantly larger than in controls (413 +/- 17) . These results suggest that during endotoxic shock there is a depletion of the NE-mobilized activator Ca2+ in liver that could lead to a failure of alpha-adrenergic stimulation of hepatic glucose production . The increased sequestration of Ca2+ in the intracellular pool in endotoxic rat liver cells could be due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+ and may predispose these cells to Ca2+ overload.

J Immunol Methods, 1986 May 1, 89(1), 81 - 7
Rat monoclonal antibodies . VI . Production of IgA secreting hybridomas with specificity for the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) hapten; Rits M et al.; A simple method to obtain rat hybridomas producing specific IgA antibodies is reported . By fusing the IR983F rat myeloma cell line with mesenteric lymph node cells from LOU/C rats immunized via the Peyer's patches with DNP-Salmonella typhimurium, twenty hybrids secreting monoclonal IgA antibodies specific for DNP were produced and maintained as highly secreting transplantable ascitic tumors . The monoclonal IgA antibodies were easily purified by affinity chromatography on a DNP-immunosorbent and were found to comprise both monomers and polymers.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1986 May, 19(2), 160 - 7
{Effect of dexamethasone-A synthetic glucocorticoid hormone on the immune response in pigs}; Yang C et al.; These experiments were designed to study the effects of a synthetic drug--dexamethasone (DEX) on the immune response of weaned pigs against viral antigen (hog cholera vaccine) and bacterial antigen (formalin inactivated Salmonella enteritis vaccine) . Twenty-three five-week-old pigs were divided into eight groups, six of which were injected twice daily with DEX at 1.0 mg or 0.1 mg per Kg of body weight for either four or five days . The other two groups served as controls . During this period, the two 0.1 mg/Kg DEX-treated groups were injected with live hog cholera vaccine at 1.0 or 0.1 dosage respectively . This same treatment was applied to the two 1.0 mg/Kg DEX-treated groups . One control group was injected with a dose of hog cholera vaccine, while the other was given 1.0 ml of Sal . enteritis vaccine . The hog cholera antibody response in DEX-treated pigs was significantly suppressed (p less than 0.01) . However, consistent levels of antibody titers were maintained, indicating a slight antibody production . But in pigs injected with one tenth of the normal dose of hog cholera vaccine, there was little or no immune response (p less than 0.01) . A comparison of the response of pigs given different levels of DEX concentrations to those with different doses of hog cholera vaccine showed that dexamethasone significantly suppressed antibody production when antigen concentrations were lower . Significant suppression of agglutinating antibody in response to bacterial antigen was also observed at 14 days post-vaccination (p less than 0.05).

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1986 May, 34(5), 505 - 7
{Treatment of typhoid fever using ofloxacin . Clinical experience and determination of antibiotic diffusion into the mesenteric lymph nodes}; Stahl JP et al.; Nine patients with typhoid fever were given ofloxacin in a daily dosage of 400 mg for ten days . All patients recovered with no relapses . No case of Salmonella typhi carriage was recorded . Diffusion of ofloxacin into mesenteric lymph nodes was studied in four patients . Mean concentration was 1.46 micrograms/g after four 200 mg doses . According to our results, ofloxacin could be considered as one of the alternatives for treating typhoid fever.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1986 May, 34(5), 471 - 5
{Evaluation of the use of ofloxacin in the treatment of various infections}; Peyramond D et al.; We investigated the clinical efficiency and safety of ofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, for the treatment of various documented bacterial infections in 26 patients (10 females, 16 males) aged 17 to 84 years . Ofloxacin monotherapy was given orally in a dose of 200 mg twice (25) or three times (1) a day . Antibiotic levels and serum bactericidal activity were measured using a microbiological method on the second and sixth days, before and 2 and 6 hours after a single dose . The infectious episode treated was enterocolitis in 7 cases (5 Shigella, 2 Salmonella), Salmonella septicemia in 9 (7 typhoid fevers and 2 Salmonella minor infections), chronic osteoarthritis in 3 (1 E . coli, 2 S . aureus + P . aeruginosa), a soft tissue infection in 3 (2 S . aureus, 1 E . coli), acute pleuropneumonia in 2 (2 Klebsiella pneumoniae), pyelonephritis with bacteremia in 1 (Klebsiella pneumoniae), and pneumococcal pneumonia with septicemia in 1 . Mean duration of therapy was ten days for 23 patients (range 7 to 30 days) . The three patients with osteoarthritis were treated for 35, 95 and 270 days respectively . 24 patients recovered free of sequelae or germ carriage . Treatment failed in 1 case of chronic osteitis (S . aureus + P . aeruginosa) and in 1 staphylococcal soft tissue infection . No adverse reactions were observed except a slight increase in transaminases in 3 patients . Peak and through serum ofloxacin levels were 3.70 micrograms/ml and 0.95 micrograms/ml respectively on the second day and 3.25 micrograms/ml and 0.80 microgram/ml respectively on the sixth day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Rev Infect Dis, 1986 May-Jun, 8 Suppl 2, S172 - 81
Resistance of Shigella, Salmonella, and other selected enteric pathogens to antimicrobial agents; Murray BE; Antimicrobial agents are commonly used therapeutically and prophylactically for travelers' diarrhea . Resistance of enteric pathogens to these agents may prevent the success of such therapy, with the result depending upon the level of resistance and the drug concentrations achieved in the gastrointestinal tract . Data from a number of geographic locations were collected in order to determine whether consistent trends exist and whether predictions can be made regarding the susceptibility of various enteric pathogens worldwide . These data showed marked variability in the prevalence of resistance . Among Shigella, the percentage of strains resistant to commonly used agents varied within the following ranges: ampicillin, 7% (Dacca) to 87% (Thailand); tetracycline, 11% (Sri Lanka) to 91% (Mexico); and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 0 (Dacca, 1980) to 55% (Dacca, 1984) . Resistance in Salmonella strains showed a similar marked variability . Few strains of enteroxigenic Escherichia coli (less than or equal to 10%) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole . Relatively recent isolates of all pathogens examined tended to be more resistant than earlier isolates to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as well as to other agents.

J Infect, 1986 May, 12(3), 241 - 5
Salmonellosis in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia; Leen CL et al.; Three of 20 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia developed Salmonella gastroenteritis . Two of them who also had low concentrations of serum IgG and pernicious anaemia were clinically septicaemic . Patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia have previously been thought not to be more susceptible to Salmonella infection but a combination of low gastric acidity and impaired humoral immunity may predispose them to such infection.

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd, 1986 May 1, 111(9), 419 - 25
{Standardization of the isolation of Salmonella from food and feed stuff}; Beckers HJ; Developments in the standardization of the methods used in the isolation of Salmonella are reviewed from the sixties when it was noticed for the first time that different results were obtained when different methods were used, via the seventies when a single method was standardized and ultimately internationally accepted in the late seventies, followed by the finding that differences in results between laboratories were still obtained despite standardization and that this could only be overcome by the development of reference samples, with which each laboratory could check the performance of the standard method . Once reference material had been developed in the early eighties, the need for a standard method came to an end . Everyone can use the method of his choice today as long as reproducibility of the results is ensured . Reproducibility may be tested with the reference material.

Pflugers Arch, 1986 May, 406(5), 480 - 4
Autonomic thermoregulation after separation of the preoptic area from the hypothalamus in rats; Blatteis CM et al.; To clarify the role of the hypothalamic preoptic area in autonomic thermoregulation, the preoptic area (POA) of rats was disconnected from the rest of the brain-stem by bilateral microknife cuts which spared or included the medial forebrain bundle . The animals' metabolic responses to exogenous norepinephrine (0.5 mg/kg, im) were then measured at ambient temperatures of 25 degrees and 15 degrees C . Oxygen uptake and colonic and tail skin temperatures were also measured at ambient temperatures of 34 degrees, 25 degrees, and 15 degrees C . Finally, the febrile response to a challenge with live Salmonella enteritidis was studied . Except for a slightly higher oxygen uptake at all ambient temperatures in the rats in which the medial forebrain bundle was cut, no differences were found in any of the variables studied between the POA-disconnected and the sham-operated animals . We conclude, therefore, that the POA is not essential for the integration of autonomic thermoregulatory responses in the rat.

Mutagenesis, 1986 May, 1(3), 217 - 29
Genotoxic activities of 2-nitronaphthofurans and related molecules; Arnaise S et al.; The genotoxic activities of 63, 2-nitronaphthofurans and related molecules were examined using two bacterial short-term tests, the Salmonella mammalian microsome assay test or Mutatest, a mutagenesis assay, and/or the SOS Chromotest, an assay for induction of an SOS function in Escherichia coli . Seven compounds were also investigated in the Chinese hamster ovary cells/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) test, a mammalian gene mutation assay . Our main conclusions are the following: (a) Simple empirical rules relating structure to mutagenic activity in the Mutatest can be derived for some of the compounds . In particular, they account for the extremely high Mutagenic Potency of 7-methoxy-1-methyl-2-nitronaphtho{2,1-b}furan (R7372), approximately 2 X 10(6) mutants/nmol on strain TA100 . (b) There is a good quantitative correlation between the Mutagenic Potency in the Salmonella/mammalian microsomes assay and the SOS-inducing potency in the SOS Chromotest . This, and previous evidence, suggests strongly that the 2-nitronaphthofurans derivatives are essentially recA and thus probably umuDC-dependent mutagens . (c) Four out of seven compounds tested in the CHO/HGPRT assay gave responses correlated with the bacterial responses . One of them, 7-methoxy-2-nitronaphtho{2,1-b}furan (R7000), is among, or is, the strongest mutagen described for mammalian cells . We briefly discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these results.

J Med Microbiol, 1986 May, 21(3), 233 - 7
Cross-reactions in cell-mediated immunity to Salmonella causing enteric fever; Tiwari H et al.; Cross-reactivity in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) response was studied in mice immunised with live Salmonella typhi, S . paratyphi A and S . paratyphi B . Extensive cross-reactions outside the serogroup limits were observed . The ability of DH cross-reacting and non-cross-reacting sonicates to generate activated macrophages was studied in mice immunised 3 months earlier with S . paratyphi B . Whereas DH cross-reacting S . poona sonicate generated activated macrophages the non-cross-reacting S . typhi sonicate did not . To determine whether infections due to diarrhoea-causing salmonellae generated cross-reactive cell-mediated immune responses against enteric fever-causing organisms, similar reverse experiments were performed in mice immunised with S . enteritidis . S . paratyphi A sonicate generated both effector responses, i.e., DH and activated macrophages.

J Med Microbiol, 1986 May, 21(3), 239 - 43
The role of plasmid genes in the pathogenicity of Salmonella dublin; Manning EJ et al.; The virulence (expressed as LD50 values) for mice of two mutant strains of Salmonella dublin, both containing TnA insertions in the resident plasmid, was reduced by 10(4)-10(5) when infection was by the oral or intravenous or intraperitoneal route . When the plasmid was lost from one of the mutants no further decrease in virulence was observed . Results also suggested that plasmid genes are not involved in the ability of S . dublin to cross the gut wall.

Gut, 1986 May, 27(5), 587 - 8
Recurrent typhoid in an HTLV-III antibody positive man; Jarrett DR et al.; A case of recurrent typhoid fever in a homosexual man with antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus-III (HTLV-III) and impaired cell mediated immunity is reported: we believe the first report of Salmonella typhi infection in association with HTLV-III disease.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 May, (5), 34 - 7
{Ultrastructural aspects of the process of Salmonella typhi bacterial interaction with L929-line cells}; Gosteva VV et al.; The study of the use of scanning electron microscopy and the analysis of the initial stages of interaction between S . typhi and eukaryotic cells by the method of three-dimensional reconstruction has revealed that the infective agent penetrates into the cytoplasm on the principle of internalization . The internalization of S . typhi occurs with the active participation of the eukaryotic cells which, at the beginning, envelopes the bacteria with its processes, and the infective agents firmly adhere to the glycocalyx of the host cell by means of special fimbria-like formations differing from fimbriae by their lesser rigidity and thickness; then the microbes fixed to the membrane penetrate inside the cell without destroying its cytoplasmic membrane . Differences in the processes of the interaction of eukaryotic cells with S . typhi initial strain 238 and its variant free from the plasmid with a molecular weight of 6 Md, characterized by its lower capacity for association with cells of continuous cell culture L929, have been revealed . The factors stimulating the ingestion of S . typhi by eukaryotic cells are under study at present.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1986 May, 261(3), 299 - 310
Studies on the serology of flagellar antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica and related Yersinia species; Aleksic S et al.; A total of 1242 strains of Y . enterocolitica, 104 strains of Y . frederiksenii, 95 strains of Y . kristensenii and 85 strains of Y . intermedia were serotyped with antisera against 56 O antigens and 19 H antigens according to the extended antigenic scheme of Wauters, and with additional antisera against 4 somatic and 19 flagellar antigens not previously described . H antigens of Y . frederiksenii, Y . kristensenii, and Y . intermedia turned out to be rather homogeneous without distinct subfactors . In these species the scope of identified serovars was narrow . Flagellar antigens of Y . enterocolitica were mostly composed of several subfactors, leading to a total of 117 serovars identified in the species . A number of cross-reactions between Yersinia H antigens were observed which could be avoided by absorption without significant lowering of the titre . Flagellar antigens of Yersinia were monophasic, and species specific . The antigens remained stable after storage in agar stabs and repeated subcultures . The epidemiological value of serotyping is demonstrated by strains from three different sources . It is suggested serotyping of Yersinia strains should be performed in three steps: O typing of the prevailing enteropathogenic Y . enterocolitica serogroups in the medical routine laboratory; O and H typing of Y . enterocolitica by National Reference Centres applying a typing scheme reduced to this species; and O and H typing of Y . enterocolitica, Y . frederiksenii, Y . kristensenii and Y . intermedia by specialized International Centres using an extended typing scheme . The need for international standards comparable to those established for Salmonella is emphasized.

J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1986 May-Jun, 8(3), 514 - 9
Improvement in organ blood flow by inhibition of thromboxane synthetase during experimental endotoxic shock in the rat; Tempel GE et al.; Endotoxic shock is associated with increased metabolism of arachidonic acid to thromboxane (Tx) and prostaglandins . This investigation examined the effects of two structurally dissimilar inhibitors of (Tx) synthetase on Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (LPS) (15 mg/kg)-induced alterations in cardiac output and organ blood flow in Long-Evans rats . An imidazole derivative, 7(1-imidazolyl) heptanoic acid (7-IHA), and sodium -(E)-3-{4-(3-pyridyl-methyl)phenyl}-2-methacrylate (OKY-1581) were injected intravenously at 30 and 5 mg/kg, respectively, 30 min before injection with endotoxin . Cardiovascular function was assessed 30 min post-LPS with Sr-85 labeled microspheres under light ether anesthesia . Injection of endotoxin caused a 60% decrease in cardiac output (34.0 +/- 2.7 ml/min/100 g body weight in control rats) and a 38.9% decrease in systolic arterial pressure . Both Tx synthetase inhibitors significantly (p less than 0.05) attenuated the decrease in cardiac output, although only 7-IHA improved blood pressure . Pretreatment with 7-IHA or OKY-1581 significantly (p less than 0.05) attenuated the LPS-induced decrease in renal perfusion . Lung nutrient blood flow (1.1 +/- 0.2 ml/min/g lung) decreased nearly 70% in shock . Both Tx synthetase inhibitors prevented this reduction . LPS shock resulted in approximately a 30% decrease in brain blood flow . 7-IHA significantly (p less than 0.05) improved flow, while OKY-1581 was without apparent effect . Splanchnic blood flow was likewise improved by 7-IHA and OKY-1581 . Liver blood flow, 55% less than values of the control group in shock (p less than 0.05), was returned to values of the controls by both inhibitors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Presse Med, 1986 Apr 12, 15(15), 689 - 92
{Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosoma intercalatum}; Gendrel D et al.; Close interactions between salmonellae and Schistosoma intercalatum were demonstrated by a study of 118 children conducted at Libreville, Gabon . Bilharziasis, confirmed by rectal biopsy, was present in 76% of children hospitalized for typhoid-like salmonella septicaemia, as against 38% of controls of the same age living in the same district (P less than 0.001) . Although the clinical symptoms were typical of typhoid fever, with stupor, myocarditis or leucopenia depending on the cases, the germs responsible in 26 out of 42 cases were salmonella species regarded as minor . Finally, the salmonella infection was clinically prolonged by bilharziasis in 1 out of 3 patients . It would therefore appear that salmonella adheres to the wall of S . intercalatum as to that of other schistosoma species, and that both infections must be treated concomitantly.

J Toxicol Sci, 1986 Apr, 11 Suppl 1, 301 - 10
{Mutagenicity tests of etoposide and teniposide}; Nakanomyo H et al.; Mutagenicities of Etoposide (VP 16-213) and Teniposide (VM-26), podophyllotoxin derivatives with antitumor activity, were studied by Rec-assay, Salmonella/microsome reverse mutation assay (Ames' test) and Micronucleus test . In the Rec-assay, both Etoposide and Teniposide showed positive results on B . subtilis H17 rec+ and M45 rec- . They also induced the revertants of S . typhimurium TA 98, TA 1537 and TA 1538, but not of S . typhimurium TA 100, TA 1535 or E . coli WP2 uvrA in the Reverse mutation test . The results were not influenced by the addition of S-9 Mix . In the Micronucleus test, Etoposide and Teniposide induced significantly micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow cells in mice; 3.3-4.3% at the doses of 0.75-6 mg/kg and 4.0-6.1% at 0.5-4 mg/kg, respectively . These results indicate that Etoposide and Teniposide are both mutagenic.

J Ethnopharmacol, 1986 Apr-May, 16(1), 1 - 13
Screening of medicinal plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) for antimicrobial activity; Boily Y et al.; A series of 100 medicinal plants of Rwanda (282 plant samples) has been screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella gallinarum and Staphylococcus aureus . Thirty percent of the plants tested showed activity against one or more microorganisms.

Avian Dis, 1986 Apr-Jun, 30(2), 358 - 61
Phage-typing system for Salmonella hadar of animal origin; Bouzoubaa K et al.; A phage-typing system for Salmonella hadar was developed . Fifteen phages isolated from untreated sewage were used to phage-type 55 isolates of S . hadar recovered from avian and other animal species . Twenty-four distinct phage types of S . hadar were established based on lysis patterns . Methods involved in the isolation for bacteriophages for a particular serotype and the importance of bacteriophage typing is discussed in the context of the importance of S . hadar.

Biochem Int, 1986 Apr, 12(4), 633 - 9
Lipid peroxidation by gamma-radiation in Salmonella typhi membranes: the effect of ascorbic acid; Kapila S et al.; Lipid peroxidation in isolated membranes of Salmonella typhi occurred following gamma irradiation . The presence of the sensitizer, ascorbic acid, during irradiation resulted in a stimulation in the level of peroxidation . This enhancement of lipid damage could be prevented by the addition of the free radical scavenger sodium formate . Catalase and superoxide dismutase appeared less effective in this respect . Peroxidation in an unsaturated fatty acid and a phospholipid was also affected by gamma radiation and ascorbic acid in a manner similar to that observed in the cell membranes . The results suggest that hydroxyl radicals may be the major species responsible for the increased peroxidation effected by the sensitizer.

J Pediatr Surg, 1986 Apr, 21(4), 377 - 8
Salmonella ileocecal lymphadenitis masquerading as appendicitis; Martin HC et al.; Salmonella infection requiring surgical intervention is rare . A case of localized ileocecal lymphadenitis due to Salmonella newport is reported . A review of the literature demonstrates that this is one of a spectrum of conditions of tissue infection by Salmonella in the ileocecal region . The outlook is good, and no untoward effects have arisen from surgery so that awareness of this condition should not alter the operative approach to a patient with a clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

Carcinogenesis, 1986 Apr, 7(4), 681 - 4
Mutagenicity of the mononitrobenzo{a}pyrenes in Chinese hamster ovary cells mediated by rat hepatocytes or liver S9; Hass BS et al.; Previous studies have shown that 1- and 3-nitrobenzo{a}pyrene (NBaP) were mutagenic in the Salmonella reversion assay without exogenous activation and that 1-, 3- and 6-NBaP were mutagenic in the presence of hepatocytes or liver homogenate (S9) . In the present study, 1-, 3- and 6-NBaP were tested for mutagenicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells under activation conditions similar to those used in the bacterial studies . None of the NBaPs was mutagenic without exogenous activation and none was mutagenically activated by hepatocytes from unpretreated rats or rats pretreated with Aroclor 1254 or 3-methylcholanthrene . Benzo-{a}pyrene (BaP), the parent compound, induced a strong mutagenic response under all hepatocyte mediation conditions . The NBaPs did produce positive mutagenic responses with S9 activation (3- = 1- greater than 6-NBaP), but these moderate responses were less than those of BaP . The difference between the bacterial and CHO results under the variety of activation conditions suggests the importance of the endogenous metabolism of the target cell as well as the source and the type of exogenous metabolic activation.

Endocrinologie, 1986 Apr-Jun, 24(2), 71 - 5
The phagocytosis function and the antibody reactivity in the thymectomized and thymectomized-irradiated adult rats; Boeru V et al.; The authors have investigated the influence of the thymus on peritoneal macrophages phagocytosis and antiflagellar agglutinin serum antibodies to "H" Salmonella typhi in the adult rat with diminished immunologic potential . The results show that the immune reactions diminish in intensity in the thymectomized animal . The immune reactions are also diminished in the thymectomized animal exposed to radiation as compared to control irradiated but non-thymectomized.

Toxicol Lett, 1986 Apr, 31(1), 75 - 83
Genotoxic evaluation of the offgassing products of particle board; Glass LR et al.; It has been recognized that people are spending more time indoors and that pollutants are being found in elevated concentrations in this environment . Because the constituents of indoor air pollution can vary relative to a large number of factors, the nature of the indoor environment is extremely difficult to study . Of the materials used in construction of buildings which can elute complex mixtures of organic compounds, products such as particle board, plywood and insulation are known to release formaldehyde into the indoor environment . We have employed a modification of the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay with both DNA repair-proficient and -deficient strains and determined that one such material, particle board, emitted mutagenic and genotoxic substances . The materials offgassing from the particle board demonstrated a dose-related response in both mutagenicity and toxicity . It was also observed that incubation at 37 degrees C produced a decrease in both endpoints which was related to time of incubation . In addition, detectable amounts of twelve other organic compounds were identified as offgassing from the incubated particle board.

Mutat Res, 1986 Apr-May, 170(1-2), 23 - 9
Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome testing of peptides and peptide synthesis reagents; Allen JS et al.; The Ames Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay was used to evaluate the bacterial mutagenicity of 6 bioactive peptides and of 11 chemical reagents used in peptide synthesis . Samples of 2 reagents, bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride and fluoren-9-ylmethyl chloroformate, showed mutagenic activity with strains TA100 and TA1535, and with TA1537, respectively . No mutagenic activity was found with the bioactive peptides or with the other 9 peptide synthesis reagents.

Mutat Res, 1986 Apr-May, 170(1-2), 1 - 9
Mutagenicity of chloroolefins in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test . III . Metabolic activation of the allylic chloropropenes allyl chloride, 1,3-dichloropropene, 2,3-dichloro-1-propene, 1,2,3-trichloropropene, 1,1,2,3-tetrachloro-2-propene and hexachloropropene by S9 mix via two different metabolic pathways; Neudecker T et al.; In the presence of S9 mix all allylic chloropropenes tested exert considerable indirect mutagenic activity which is most pronounced for 1,2,3-trichloropropene . Lower as well as higher chlorinated derivatives are clearly less mutagenic . Longer than standard incubation time (120 min instead of 20 min) at 37 degrees C always leads to an increase in mutagenic activity . An increase in concentration of rat-liver homogenate fraction (S9) in the metabolising system (S9 mix) enhances mutagenicity only for 1,3-dichloropropene, 2,3-dichloro-1-propene and for the cis isomer of 1,1,2,3-tetrachloro-2-propene . According to the effects of the enzyme inhibitors SKF525 1,1,1-trichloropropene-2,3-oxide and cyanamide the allylic chloropropenes fall into 3 groups distinguished by their mode of metabolic activation by S9 mix: (a) allyl chloride and 1,3-dichloropropene are hydrolysed to the corresponding allylic alcohols which can be oxidised to the respective acroleins (hydrolytic-oxidative pathway); (b) 2,3-dichloro-1-propene, 1,1,2,3-tetrachloro-2-propene and hexachloropropene are epoxidised in the C=C double bond, giving rise to reactive epoxides (epoxidative pathway); (c) only 1,2,3-trichloropropene is obviously activated by both these alternative metabolic pathways . Structural parameters like chloro-substitution of the central C atom of the C=C-C sequence and substituent-induced polarisation of the C=C double bond as well as cis/trans isomerism might be responsible for different substrate properties for the enzymes involved in allylic chloropropene metabolism, thus determining different degrees of activation by either one or both pathways.

Mutat Res, 1986 Apr, 164(2), 81 - 9
Activation and detoxication of promutagens by toadfish (Opsanus tau) hepatic postmitochondrial fractions in the Salmonella assay; Milling DM et al.; Three groups of experiments were conducted to characterize the hepatic postmitochondrial fraction (S9) from the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) as an activation system for promutagens in the Salmonella assay and to provide an initial evaluation of the extent to which data from standard in vitro assays with mammalian activation systems are predictive of possible genotoxic effects in this marine fish . In the first group of experiments the effects of increasing the concentration of S9 from untreated and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)- or Aroclor 1254 (AC)-pretreated toadfish and Sprague-Dawley rats on the mutagenicities of different concentrations of 2-aminoanthracene (2AA) and benzo{a}pyrene (BAP) were examined in Salmonella (TA98) plate assays . The maximum levels of 2AA mutagenicity attained by S9 from untreated (UI S9) toadfish and rats were comparable, but UI S9 from toadfish was more effective than UI S9 from rats in mediating BAP mutagenicity . MC pretreatment decreased maximum levels of 2AA mutagenicity and increased maximum levels of BAP mutagenicity mediated by S9 from both species . MC pretreatment also altered the pattern of dependence of 2AA mutagenicity on the concentration of S9 protein for S9 from both species . A similar alteration in the pattern of dependence of BAP mutagenicity on the concentration of S9 protein was also observed with S9 from MC-pretreated toadfish . Although AC pretreatment of rats effected changes in the mutagenicities of both test chemicals similar to those effected by MC pretreatment, AC pretreatment of toadfish effected little or no change in the mutagenicities of either test chemical . The changes in the pattern of dependence of 2AA and BAP mutagenicities on the concentration of S9 protein effected by MC pretreatment of toadfish were confirmed in a separate group of experiments . A third group of experiments was designed to examine the effects of alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF) on the mutagenicities of 2AA and BAP mediated by UI and MC S9 from toadfish . Although ANF did not affect the 2AA mutagenicity mediated by UI S9, a significant decrease in 2AA mutagenicity and a significant increase in BAP mutagenicity mediated by MC S9 and a significant decrease in BAP mutagenicity mediated by UI S9 were observed . These results indicate that 2AA and BAP are effectively activated by toadfish S9 and that, as in rats, these two test chemicals are activated and/or detoxicated by different cytochrome P-450-dependent pathways . These results also support the contention that cytochrome P-450-dependent detoxication pathways can be an important determinant of the mutagenic potency of some promutagens in vitro.

Infect Immun, 1986 Apr, 52(1), 56 - 62
Characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies to Escherichia coli J5; Miner KM et al.; Twenty-eight independently derived monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against Escherichia coli J5 endotoxin were produced and characterized . Each MAb exhibited a specific titer by both radioimmunoassay and passive hemagglutination assay . Most of the MAb were of the immunoglobulin G isotype; however, several immunoglobulin M antibodies and one immunoglobulin A antibody were produced . When characterized for their capacity to cross-react with purified endotoxin preparations from several gram-negative bacteria, 22 MAb exhibited no cross-reactivity; 6 demonstrated a limited capacity to cross-react with other endotoxin preparations . When characterized for their capacity to react with the intact organism instead of the purified endotoxin the pattern of cross-reactivity was quite different . Most of the MAb were able to react with Salmonella minnesota Re595 . Eighteen were able to react with E . coli O111:B4 (the parent strain of E . coli J5), 13 MAb reacted weakly with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 3 reacted weakly with Klebsiella pneumonia . The data imply that MAb generated against E . coli J5 endotoxin demonstrate greater cross-reactivity when assayed against the whole bacterium than when assayed against the corresponding purified endotoxin . We were unable to demonstrate that any of the 28 MAb could passively protect mice against lethal endotoxin challenge.

Mutat Res, 1986 Apr, 173(4), 251 - 6
Mutagenic activity of biliary metabolites of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo{a}pyrene; Hughes MF et al.; The biliary excretion of the carcinogen 6-hydroxy-methylbenzo{a}pyrene was investigated in rats after i.p . administration . Mutagenicity of the parent compound and its biliary metabolites was tested in Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay . Approximately 40% of the dose administered (0.25-0.5 mg/kg) to the rats was excreted in the bile within 6 h . 6-Hydroxymethylbenzo{a}pyrene was excreted primarily as water-soluble metabolites, including glucuronide and sulfate conjugates . Negligible quantities of unchanged 6-hydroxymethylbenzo{a}pyrene were excreted in the bile . In the presence of Aroclor-induced S9, 6-hydroxymethylbenzo{a}pyrene was a potent mutagen . The mutagenicity of bile from rats treated with 6-hydroxymethylbenzo{a}pyrene was variable in the absence of an activation system . However, the same bile samples were mutagenic in the presence of beta-glucuronidase and/or S9 . These results indicate that biliary metabolites of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo{a}pyrene can be metabolically activated to mutagenic species.

Anat Rec, 1986 Apr, 214(4), 398 - 404
Effect of carrageenan on the histology of the bursa of fabricius and the humoral immune response to Salmonella O antigen; Olah I et al.; Bursal secretory cells have been studied with light and electron microscope after prolonged carrageenan treatment . Intravenous injected carrageenan decreased the number of secretory cells as early as 4 days after the first carrageenan administration . Degranulation of the secretory cells may have made it difficult to identify these cells . The discharge of granules from the secretory cells was indicated by the appearance of a large amount of extracellular substance on the cell surface . The carrageenan may have accelerated the IgM-IgG switch after immunization with Salmonella O antigen . The rapid IgM-IgG switch was preceded by degranulations of the secretory cells . Therefore, the secretory products of the cells might have contributed to the switch . The number of secretory cells in the carrageenan-treated birds increased by the secondary immunization . Many of these secretory cells were immature and located close to the corticomedullary border . The young cells revealed a large blastlike nucleus and bulky cytoplasm with granules surrounding the cytocentrum and Golgi zone.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1986 Apr, 182(2), 165 - 76
{Various Salmonella serotypes in the sewage system of Kiel over a one-year period}; Wicke T et al.; During one whole year (1983) Salmonella investigations were carried out in a total of 54 water samples taken from the sewage system of the town Kiel (FRG) . Salmonella were present in 47 samples . 6181 strains were biochemically and serologically identified . The predominant serotypes isolated were S . typhi-murium, S . panama, S . schwarzengrund and S . hadar . A correlation could be demonstrated between salmonella found in sewage and registered human excreters.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1986 Apr, 182(2), 155 - 64
{Quantitative studies of Salmonella in the sewage system of Kiel over a one-year period}; Steller H et al.; In the course of 1983 the contents of salmonellae was investigated as to quantity in the Kiel sewage water system by samples taken off-hand every fourteen days . Determining the numbers of salmonellae by mpn-method the canalisation of the west-side of Kiel fjord proved to be dominated by the abbatoir of Kiel-Wellsee . Additional evidence for that was given by the differing annual distribution of the numbers of salmonellae on the east-side of Kiel fjord . In total there was a remarkable reduction of salmonellae during the first and the fourth quarter of 1983 and a strong augmentation during summer . A reduction of salmonellae during the passage of the pump and pressure conduit-pipe, combining east- and west-side of Kiel fjord, could be seen.

Vet Med (Praha), 1986 Apr, 31(4), 201 - 8
{The incidence of coccidia of the genus Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidiidae) in diarrheal diseases in calves}; Zajicek D et al.; In the period from March 1983 to June 1984, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium sp . coccidia in smears of gut contents and samples of excrements stained after Heine (1982) was investigated in calves at the age of 30 days, coming from 16 farms of central Bohemia . The oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp . were diagnosed in 68 calves (occurrence extensity 37.15%) out of the 183 dissected calves with the indication of digestion disorders and in 177 samples of excrements (extensity 33.71%) out of the 525 samples examined . The maximum occurrence of cryptosporidia was recorded in ten- and fourteen-day-old calves (13.9-11.3%); the first findings were reported on the third day of the age of the calves . The intensity of infections induced by cryptosporidia, evaluated as medium-strong, was reported in 33.82% of the dissected calves, in 50% of the samples of excrements of the rearing halls of large cow-houses, and in 36.52% of the samples from large calf-houses . The largest findings of cryptosporidia were associated with the diagnosis of acute catarrhal enteritis (12.02%), catarrhal haemorrhagic enteritis or catarrhal haemorrhagic ileitis (5.46%); however, they were also found when the finding in the digestive tract was negative . Simultaneous bacteriological finding of Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium sp . occurred at acute catarrhal enteritis (19.12%) and catarrhal haemorrhagic enteritis (11.47%); a simultaneous finding of Salmonella sp . was reported in calves suffering from acute catarrhal enteritis (3.27%) . In the calves the occurrence of cryptosporidia was not accompanied by parallel bacteriological findings (4.37%).

Cancer Res, 1986 Apr, 46(4 Pt 1), 1654 - 8
Genotoxicity of a variety of azobenzene and aminoazobenzene compounds in the hepatocyte/DNA repair test and the Salmonella/mutagenicity test; Mori H et al.; Genotoxicity of 39 azo dye compounds of azobenzenes, aminoazobenzenes, and diaminoazobenzenes was examined in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test . Azobenzene (AzB) and 3,3'- or 4,4'-substituted azobenzenes such as (CH3)2AzB, (CH2OH)2AzB, (CH2OCOCH3)2AzB, and (CH2Cl)2AzB did not generate DNA repair, indicating lack of genotoxicity of these compounds . In contrast, all of 24 aminoazobenzenes, including those of unknown carcinogenicity, i.e., 3'-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, 3'-CH2OH-aminoazobenzene, 3'-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene, 3'-COOH-methylaminoazobenzene, 4'-formyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene, 3'-CH2Cl-dimethylaminoazobenzene, 4'-CH2Cl-dimethylaminoazobenzene, and 2'-, 3'-, or 4'-CH2OCOCH3-dimethylaminoazobenzene, elicited DNA repair synthesis . A positive DNA repair response was obtained for the 3 of 6 tested diaminoazobenzenes, i.e., N'-acetyl-N'-methyl-4-amino-dimethylaminoazobenzene, N'-acetyl-N'-methyl-4-amino-methylaminoazobenzene, and N'-acetyl-N'-methyl-4-amino-N-acetyl-methylaminoazobenzene, which are known to be carcinogenic . These results indicate that the amino group is functional for the expression of genotoxicity of azobenzene compounds . Twenty-one azobenzenes of these 3 classes were also examined for their mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mutagenicity assay . These results were almost identical with those of the DNA repair test except for several azo dyes such as AzB and 4,4'-(CH2Oacetyl)2AzB of the azobenzenes and N'-acetyl-4-amino-dimethylaminoazobenzene and N'-acetyl-N-methyl-4-amino-N-acetyl methylaminoazobenzene of the diaminoazobenzenes.

Infect Immun, 1986 Apr, 52(1), 209 - 12
Antibodies to porin antigens of Salmonella typhi induced during typhoid infection in humans; Calderon I et al.; Immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-specific antibody titers against Salmonella typhi Ty2 porins have been measured in 30 paired typhoid sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . These studies have found that IgG serum titers of acute and convalescent sera were 625 and 5,000 times higher, respectively than the control serum titers . The same typhoid sera were titrated with S . typhi Ty2 flagellin and S . typhi lipopolysaccharide . The titers against these antigens were considerably lower than those against the porins . The highest IgM-specific titer has also been found against porins in convalescent-phase sera . However, the largest increase in IgM-specific titer compared with the control group titer was obtained against flagellin during the acute phase of typhoid . The lowest increases in antibody titer were obtained with the IgM-specific anti-lipopolysaccharide in both types of sera . This may be because many normal individuals in endemic areas already have IgM titers against lipopolysaccharide . This study has provided good evidence that porins are excellent antigens and that IgG-specific antiporin titers may be of diagnostic value in typhoid infections in endemic areas.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1986 Apr, 261(2), 147 - 60
{Effect of the cultivation temperature on the production of biomass and lipopolysaccharide as well as the chemical composition and antigenicity of the lipopolysaccharide of S-forms and R-mutants of the genus Salmonella}; Schlecht S; The effect of different temperatures (30 to 43 degrees C) on Salmonella S forms and R mutants in fermentor mass cultures was studied . It was found that for the velocity of substrate utilization, for maximum LPS biosynthesis as well as for maximum biosynthesis of bacterial cell-mass the respective optimum temperature was different . In the case of S-form strains and of one SR mutant a cultivation temperature of 34 degrees C proved optimum for maximum yield of LPS . At this temperature the yield of bacterial cell-mass was only somewhat lower than that obtained at 37 degrees C . Also the cultivation time necessary although longer, remained within tolerable limits . In the case of R mutants maximum yields of bacterial cell-mass were obtained at 30-34 degrees C, however, a common optimum temperature for LPS biosynthesis did not become evident . Chemical and serological analysis of the LPS revealed that neither the pattern of fatty acids in lipid A nor O-antigen factors, 1, 5 and 12(2) were influenced in any way by the cultivation temperature in the range of 30-34 degrees C . Similarly no temperature-dependent changes in the antigenic specificity of monospecific R mutants were seen . In contrast the growth temperature had a marked influence on the number of repeating units in the O-polysaccharide and also on the number of LPS molecules with free core stubs (R form LPS) occurring in isolated S form LPS . Further in the case of a double mutant, the growth temperature had some influence on the expression of one of the R specificities.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1986 Apr, 99(4), 1203 - 10
Structure-activity relationship of lipid A: comparison of biological activities of natural and synthetic lipid A's with different fatty acid compositions; Kanegasaki S et al.; To investigate the structure-activity relationships, various biological activities, including pyrogenicity, lethal toxicity, elicitation of Shwartzman reaction, mitogenicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inducing activity, were compared among natural and synthetic lipid A's differing in fatty acid composition . In all these tests, natural lipid A's from Escherichia coli and Salmonella minnesota and synthetic LA-15-PP, which carries 3-hydroxy- and 3-acyloxy-tetradecanoyl groups at the 2, 3 and 2', 3' positions, respectively, showed the strongest activities among the tested lipid A's . In contrast, LA-16-PP, in which the amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid at position 2 of LA-15-PP is replaced by 3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid, exhibited lower activity than LA-15-PP and natural lipid A's . Although LA-16-PP has been assumed to have a typical Salmonella lipid A structure (and, in fact, it has a structure corresponding to one of the components of Salmonella lipid A), the activity of this synthetic compound was not comparable to that of natural Salmonella lipid A . LA-17-PP, in which tetradecanoic acid is the sole fatty acid component, exhibited relatively strong mitogenicity and TNF-inducing activity, but very low pyrogenicity . The activities of LA-18-PP, which has ester-bound tetradecanoic acid and amide-bound 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid, were lower than those of LA-17-PP . The results indicate that the differences in fatty acid composition of lipid A's have important influences on the biological activities studied.

J Immunol, 1986 Apr 1, 136(7), 2662 - 9
Bacterial induction of human activated lymphocyte killing and its inhibition by lipopolysaccharide (LPS); Tarkkanen J et al.; Peripheral blood lymphocytes were incubated with glutaraldehyde-fixed Salmonella bacteria . This resulted in rapid activation of nonspecific cytotoxic potential of the lymphocytes . Both originally noncytotoxic, high-density Percoll-fractionated cells, and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cell-enriched low-density cells were activated . The induction of originally noncytotoxic cells into activated killer (AK) cells was apparently independent of interferon (IFN), whereas the activation of the NK cell-enriched fractions also involved IFN production . Neither the AK nor NK activity were associated with significant bactericidal activity . The IFN-independent induction of AK activity was not dependent on the O-antigenic polysaccharide part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the bacterial cell surface, because both smooth (S) strains with differing O-antigenic structures (S-4,12 and S-6,7) and a rough (Re) strain without O-antigen were effective inducers . Isolated LPS, and especially alkali-hydrolyzed (O-deacylated, detoxified) LPS (ALPS) interfered with the induction of cytotoxicity . At concentrations of 10 to 30 micrograms/ml, ALPS totally inhibited the induction of AK activity without affecting the endogenous NK activity . Thus contact with bacteria can lead to the emergence of AK cells, and a bacterial product can effectively block this activation . These phenomena stress the complexity of interactions with host defenses that can take place during bacterial infection.

Lancet, 1986 Mar 22, 1(8482), 647 - 9
Leishmania donovani: an opportunistic microbe associated with progressive disease in three immunocompromised patients; Badaro R et al.; Three cases are described showing that Leishmania donovani can cause progressive disease in immunocompromised hosts . The first patient was receiving corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis and the second corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide for proliferative glomerulonephritis; in the third patient, leishmaniasis occurred after a long episode of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and salmonella bacteraemia which was treated with chloramphenicol . In two cases, the patients had moved away from areas of L donovani transmission many years before the progressive disease occurred, consistent with long-term survival of the organism in normal hosts . L donovani should be added to the growing list of opportunistic microbial infections.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1986 Mar 15, 188(6), 592 - 4
Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella agona in horses in Kentucky; Donahue JM; Eighty-seven of 283 isolates of salmonellae recovered from horses in Kentucky by the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center from July 1, 1980 through June 30, 1984 were Salmonella agona . No isolations of S agona were made from Jan 1, 1972 through June 30, 1980 . Salmonella agona was isolated from horses on 56 farms and most of the isolations were made in the spring . All age classes of horses were involved . Clinical forms of salmonellosis observed were diarrhea, septicemia, infertility, and abortion . Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 83 of the 87 isolates, and 79 were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including chloramphenicol and gentamicin.

J Immunol, 1986 Mar 15, 136(6), 2208 - 15
C3b binding, but not its breakdown, is affected by the structure of the O-antigen polysaccharide in lipopolysaccharide from Salmonellae; Grossman N et al.; Bacteria whose lipopolysaccharide contains O-antigen side chains activate complement via the alternative pathway . We have shown previously that three strains of Salmonella, differing in the chemical structure of their O-antigens, consumed C3 to different extents when incubated in C4-deficient guinea pig serum . Moreover, sheep erythrocytes coated with lipopolysaccharide purified from these strains mimicked whole cells in C3 consumption, proving that lipopolysaccharide alone could account for these results . We have now measured the deposition of 125I-C3 in this system, and found that C3 deposition parallels C3 consumption in rate and extent, and differs for surfaces bearing different O-antigens, whether tested with bacteria or with erythrocytes coated with purified lipopolysaccharide . We have also examined the fate of C3 on these Salmonellae by measuring the size and quantity of 125I-C3 breakdown fragments by SDS-PAGE, and have determined the kinetics of conversion of C3b to iC3b by using conglutinin, a molecule that binds specifically to iC3b . There is no difference in breakdown of C3b deposited on cells with different O-antigens: all show partial conversion to iC3b and C3dg as indicated by 68,000, 44,000, and 41,000 m.w . bands on reduced SDS gels . Furthermore, for all strains, the Ka of conglutinin binding to iC3b is similar (0.49 to 0.69 X 10(8) M-1), as is the rate of generation of iC3b and the final ratio of iC3b:C3b + iC3b (0.62 to 0.72) . We therefore postulate that the fine structure of the O-antigen in lipopolysaccharide determines the magnitude of alternative pathway activation on the bacterial surface by affecting the rate and extent of C3b deposition, but not the rate and extent of breakdown of C3b.

Eur J Biochem, 1986 Mar 3, 155(2), 433 - 7
In vitro deacylation of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella minnesota by Acanthamoeba castellanii enzymes; Drozanski W et al.; Enzymatic deacylation of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from a Salmonella Rd mutant by a cell-free preparation from Acanthamoeba castellanii has been studied . The degradation was found to be dependent on the presence of a surface-active component (Triton X-100) in the reaction mixture . The lipid A part of the lipopolysaccharide was the primary target of the enzymes, which cleaved with high efficiency the ester-bound long-chain nonhydroxylated and 3-hydroxylated acyl residues, i.e . lauric, myristic, palmitic and 3-hydroxymyristic acid . The cell-free preparation also exhibited amidase activity cleaving about 50% of the amide-bound 3-hydroxymyristic acid residues . In addition the extract proved to possess phosphatase activity liberating ester-bound and glycosidically bound phosphate groups of lipid A . On the other hand, the glucosaminyl-beta 1,6-glucosamine disaccharide was not degraded and remained bound to the oligosaccharide part (heptose/3-deoxyoctulosonic acid) of the lipopolysaccharide.

FEBS Lett, 1986 Mar 3, 197(1-2), 211 - 6
Native and chemically modified porin channels from Salmonella typhi Ty2 in planar lipid bilayers; Labarca P et al.; Native porins, from Salmonella typhi Ty2 outer membrane, and porins alkylated with pyridoxal phosphate (Plp) were studied in planar lipid bilayers . The conductance of bilayers exposed to native or chemically modified porins increases in discrete jumps . Conductance histograms for native porins displayed two major peaks at 1.7 and 6.7 nS (in 0.5 M KCl) . On the other hand, Plp-treated porins exhibited a single major peak at 1 nS . The relation between bilayer conductance and native porin concentration was linear . However, this relation became logarithmic in the presence of modified porins . The results support the notion that alkaline reduction of S . typhi Ty2 porins with Plp dissociates porin channel trimers in a reversible fashion.

Am J Vet Res, 1986 Mar, 47(3), 561 - 6
Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for avian influenza virus antibodies in turkeys; Abraham A et al.; The signal-to-noise ratio was useful in determining the optimal dilution of rabbit anti-turkey conjugate . Optimum dilution for rabbit anti-turkey conjugate to be used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 1:1,000 . The avian influenza virus antigen concentration was 128 hemagglutinating units (0.3 microgram of protein) per well, as determined by checkerboard titration . Bovine serum albumin fraction V increased nonspecific binding of conjugate and was not used to coat the plates in subsequent tests . Using ELISA, nonspecific binding to avian influenza virus-coated plates were not found with antibodies to Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli . Chromogens o-phenenediamine, and 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benz-thiazoline sulfonic acid) were almost equal in sensitivity for detecting released oxygen from the H2O2 . The substrate plate was more sensitive than was the polystyrene plate . Dual wavelength was reliable in reading ELISA results.

Vet Pathol, 1986 Mar, 23(2), 190 - 7
Salmonella osteomyelitis in a rhesus monkey; Klumpp SA et al.; An adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) developed clinical signs of severe osteomyelitis of the left femur 42 days after onset of enteritis . Salmonella sp . were cultured from feces, blood, and femoral lesions . Response to antibiotic therapy was poor, and the animal was euthanized . The left femur, with pathologic fracture and involucrum, and the right femur, tibia and fibula were most severely affected . Additionally hepatic microgranulomas, mild tubulointerstitial nephritis, medullary histiocytosis and erythrophagocytosis in the lymph nodes, and a mild colitis were diagnosed microscopically . The severity of the disease and serum electrophoresis findings were suggestive of lowered resistance to the organism, possibly due to anemia or polychlorinated biphenyl toxicosis.

Carcinogenesis, 1986 Mar, 7(3), 499 - 502
2-Nitrofluoren-9-one: a unique mutagen formed in the photo-oxidation of 2-aminofluorene; Strniste GF et al.; Exposure of solutions of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF, dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide) to near ultraviolet light (u.v.a . wavelengths of 320-400 nm) results in the formation of a variety of photo-products, several of which are direct-acting mutagens in the Ames/Salmonella standard-plate assay . Previously published results from our laboratory have described the chemical identification and kinetics of formation of two of these photo-induced mutagens, 2-nitrosofluorene and 2-nitrofluorene . In this report we present recent data concerning the isolation and chemical identification of another mutagenic photoproduct of u.v.a.-irradiated 2-AF, 2-nitrofluoren-9-one (2-NO2F-9-one) . Data are also presented concerning the kinetics of phototransformation of 2-aminofluoren-9-one, an early-appearing and predominant photoproduct in u.v.a.-irradiated solutions of 2-AF, into 2-NO2F-9-one . It is well established that N-oxidation is a critical step in the biotransformations (i.e . enzymatic metabolism) of primary aromatic amines into proximate mutagens/carcinogens . In addition to u.v.a.-mediated N-oxidation of aromatic amines, selective ring photo-oxidation can also occur, resulting in, for example, the production of a carbonyl group at the 9-position of the fluorene molecule . The formation of mutagenic 2-NO2F-9-one in the photochemical oxidation of 2-AF appears to be unique to this process.

J S Afr Vet Assoc, 1986 Mar, 57(1), 5 - 11
Acute postoperative diarrhoea in colic horses; Puotunen-Reinert A et al.; A retrospective study on surgical cases of colic in horses (n = 216) revealed that 42 (19.4%) developed post-surgical diarrhoea . Salmonella spp . were isolated in 6 (16.2%) of the cases (n = 37) exhibiting diarrhoea . In 35.7% of the cases (n = 42) recovery from surgery was disturbed by other complications; 23.8% (10/42) died, 2 of which from primary acute diarrhoea due to salmonellosis . Most of the outbreaks of diarrhoea occurred in winter and spring . From the associated variables examined, the duration of colic signs revealed a significant difference between the cases which developed acute postoperative diarrhoea and the other surgical cases.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1986 Mar, 17(1), 43 - 7
Measles-associated diarrhoea in northeastern Thailand; Pongrithsukda V et al.; A significant proportion of the illness and death of diarrhoeal diseases in the developing world is estimated to be due to the diarrhoea associated with measles . During February 1983-January 1984 a prospective study of measles in a hospital in Northeastern Thailand was conducted . A total of 550 cases of measles were studied . Diarrhoea was the most frequent complication of measles, occurring in 233 cases (42.4%) . The largest proportion (46.2%) of cases with diarrhoea occurred in May-July . Children with measles aged 6-11 months had the highest frequency of diarrhoea (65.7%) . Cases aged 1 year and 0-5 months had diarrhoea rates of 60% and 57% respectively . The proportion of measles cases with diarrhoea decreased with increasing age . Only 9.1% (9/99) of stools sent for bacteriological culture were positive . In three of these Shigella spp . were isolated . The rest were non-typhoid Salmonella (2), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (2), Vibrio cholera (1), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (1) . Other complications among measles cases were pneumonia in 168 (30.5%), otitis media in 28 (5.1%), convulsion in 13 (2.4%), croup in 9 (1.6%), encephalitis in 4 (0.7%), and sepsis in 1 (0.2%) . Seven cases (1.3%) died, 4 from pneumonia, 2 from encephalitis, and 1 from sepsis.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1986 Mar, 17(1), 38 - 42
A search for infant salmonellosis risk factors on Guam; Haddock RL et al.; A study was conducted in the hope of identifying risk factors associated with a 10-year epidemic of salmonellosis among infants on Guam . Salmonella bacteria were found in soil and vacuum cleaner samples suggesting that Salmonella infections may result from contamination introduced into homes from the outdoor environment by mechanical means rather than by the ingestion of contaminated animal-origin foods.

Postgrad Med J, 1986 Mar, 62(725), 227 - 8
Bilateral salmonella salpingo-oophoritis; Ghose AR et al.; A previously healthy nulliparous caucasian female presented with lower abdominal pain and a history of diarrhoea and vomiting for 2 weeks . Repeated stool examinations and blood culture were negative . A lump in the lower abdomen became more apparent over the next 2 weeks and a subsequent laparotomy revealed bilateral tubo-ovarian abscess formation . One ovary which was endometriotic and both the tubes were excised and the pus yielded a heavy growth of Salmonella stanley.

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1986 Mar, 17(1), 28 - 31
Salmonella aortitis at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Trikalsaransukh S et al.; Two cases of Salmonella aortitis were diagnosed by positive culture from the wall of aortic aneurysm . Common features in both cases included fever, abdominal/back pain and pulsatile abdominal mass with underlying severe atherosclerosis . The fatal outcome of both cases despite surgical and medical treatment was discussed and guideline of management was proposed.

Mutat Res, 1986 Mar, 169(3), 81 - 92
Screening complex hazardous wastes for mutagenic activity using a modified version of the TLC/Salmonella assay; Houk VS et al.; 10 complex hazardous wastes were tested for mutagenic activity using a modified version of the TLC/Salmonella assay developed by Bjorseth et al . (1982) . This fractionation/bioassay scheme couples thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome (Ames) assay for the detection of mutagenic constituents in complex mixtures . Crude (unadulterated) hazardous wastes and selected hazardous waste extracts were fractionated on commercially available cellulose TLC plates . Mutagenicity testing was performed in situ by applying a single overlay of minimal growth agar, tester strain TA98 or TA100, and the optional metabolic activation system directly onto the developed chromatogram . A mutagenic effect was indicated either by the appearance of localized clusters of revertant colonies or by an increase in total revertant growth vis-a-vis control plates . 7 of 10 hazardous wastes (including tars, emulsions, sludges, and spent acids and caustics) demonstrated mutagenic activity when tested by this method . To assess the sensitivity of the modified TLC/Salmonella assay, 14 Salmonella mutagens from a wide range of chemical classes and polarities were tested . Selected compounds included heterocyclics, aromatic amines, alkylating agents, antitumor agents, a nitrosamine and a nitroaromatic . 11 of the 14 mutagens were positive in this test system . The 3 compounds refractory to analysis included a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and two volatiles.

Mutat Res, 1986 Mar, 169(3), 123 - 7
Comparison of the mutagenic activity of 5-hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine with 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridine analogs in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test; Bilimoria MH et al.; 4 antiviral drugs 5-hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (HMUdR), 5-trifluorothymidine (F3TdR), 5-methoxymethyldeoxyuridine (MMUdR) and 5-ethyldeoxyuridine (EtUdR) have been evaluated for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome test . The antimetabolites F3TdR and HMUdR were mutagenic in a dose-dependent manner in strain TA100 . F3TdR also was mutagenic in strain TA1535 . Rat-liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (S9) was not required for mutagenicity.

J Leukoc Biol, 1986 Mar, 39(3), 299 - 311
Human monocyte production of interleukin-1: parameters of the induction of interleukin-1 secretion by lipopolysaccharides; Newton RC; The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an activator of human monocyte interleukin-1 (IL-1) synthesis and secretion has been examined in this study . The results demonstrate that when blood monocytes are prepared under low endotoxin conditions, they do not spontaneously secrete IL-1 activity . When cells are exposed to LPS extracted from different bacterial species, there is variation seen in the potency, with LPS from Salmonella species being the most potent in inducing IL-1 activity from human monocytes . This material is tenfold more potent than LPS obtained from three different strains of Escherichia coli and 10,000-fold more potent than material obtained from two other bacterial species . Detoxified endotoxins are inefficient activators for IL-1 secretion . When monocytes are exposed to LPS, there is a rapid rise in the level of IL-1 activity detected . Activity can be detected in cell lysates after 1 hr with appreciable accumulation seen over the first 6 hr of culture . This is accompanied by IL-1 release into the surrounding medium after 2 hr of culture with subsequent accumulation . Monocyte synthesis of IL-1 activity appears to be sensitive to fg/ml levels of Salmonella minnesota LPS, while appreciable secretion of this activity by monocytes requires pg/ml levels.

Orthop Rev, 1986 Mar, 15(3), 174 - 6
Salmonella osteomyelitis after internal fixation of fracture; Caspi I et al.; A patient with Salmonella group D (Salmonella enteritidis) acute osteomyelitis of an operated femur is described . The patient failed to respond to chloramphenicol therapy and aztreonam therapy . The local infection that complicated the presence of a foreign body was eradicated only with the removal of the foreign body, an internal fixation plate.

Cell Biol Toxicol, 1986 Mar, 2(1), 63 - 84
Predicting carcinogenicity of petroleum distillation fractions using a modified Salmonella mutagenicity assay; Blackburn GR et al.; The Ames Salmonella/microsomal activation mutagenesis assay has been modified to improve sensitivity and reproducibility to complex mixtures derived from the refining and processing of petroleum . Oil samples were dissolved in cyclohexane and subsequently extracted with dimethyl sulfoxide to produce aqueous compatible solutions which readily interact with tester bacteria . Also, the liver homogenate (S-9) and NADP cofactor concentrations were increased and hamster rather than rat liver S-9 was used . The initial slope of the dose response curve relating mutagenicity (revertants per plate) to the dose of extract added was used as an index of mutagenic activity; this slope was obtained through a computerized curve fitting procedure . The modified assay was used to rank 18 oil samples for mutagenic activity; this ranking correlates highly (r = 0.92) with potency rankings of the same samples previously determined from dermal carcinogenicity bioassays . Sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay are sufficient to permit routine use for detecting potential carcinogenic activity of individual refinery streams and blends which contain components boiling above 500 degrees F.

Mutat Res, 1986 Mar, 173(3), 217 - 22
Genotoxic effects of a variety of sterigmatocystin-related compounds in the hepatocyte/DNA-repair test and the Salmonella microsome assay; Mori H et al.; The genotoxicity and mutagenicity of 11 fungal metabolites structurally related to sterigmatocystin were examined in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA-repair test and the Salmonella microsome assay . 10 out of the mycotoxins, i.e . dihydrosterigmatocystin, 5-methoxysterigmatocystin, 5-methoxydihydrosterigmatocystin, 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin, 5,6-dimethoxydihydrosterigmatocystin, sterigmatin, O-methylsterigmatocystin and O-acetylsterigmatocystin showed a positive response for DNA repair, suggesting their carcinogenic potency . 5-Methoxysterigmatocystin, 5,6-dimethoxysterigmatocystin demethylsterigmatocystin and O-acetylsterigmatocystin were mutagenic in TA100 of the bacterial mutagenicity assay with liver S9.

Infect Immun, 1986 Mar, 51(3), 807 - 15
Contributions of C1q, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and porins during attachment and ingestion phases of phagocytosis by murine macrophages; Euteneuer B et al.; In contrast to the S-form of Salmonella minnesota, its Re mutant binds to mouse peritoneal macrophages . The binding reaction triggers an oxidative burst, measured by a chemiluminescent reaction . The oxidative burst was abolished in the presence of either purified lipopolysaccharide or porins (outer membrane proteins) extracted from the Re mutant, suggesting that both components are involved in binding of the Re mutant to macrophages . In addition, Fc-recognizing membrane structures on the macrophage surface bind the Re mutant . Preincubation of macrophages with the Re mutant abolishes immunoglobulin G-sensitized erythrocyte-induced chemiluminescence . Macrophages preincubated with immunoglobulin G-sensitized erythrocytes had a low chemiluminescent signal, and after treatment of the cells with the Re mutant, there was an additional, higher signal . Binding of purified C1q to the Re mutant decreased the adherence of the Re mutant to macrophages, resulting in a diminished chemiluminescent signal . Blocking of endogenous macrophage membrane-associated C1q with a monoclonal antibody {F(ab')2 fragment} directed against mouse macrophages (recognizes the A and B chains of C1q) diminished the oxidative burst . Therefore, the endogenous C1q of macrophages also appears to be involved in attachment of the S . minnesota Re mutant.

Cancer Res, 1986 Mar, 46(3), 1403 - 7
Detection of a ganglioside antigen associated with small cell lung carcinomas using monoclonal antibodies directed against fucosyl-GM1; Nilsson O et al.; Monoclonal antibodies with an apparent specificity for fucosyl-GM1 (Fuc-GM1) were produced by the immunization of mice with Fuc-GM1 adsorbed to Salmonella minnesota bacteria and fusion of the spleen cells with the myeloma cell line Sp 2/0 . The antibodies detected Fuc-GM1 with a unique ceramide composition containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids in 11 of 12 cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung . Trace amounts of Fuc-GM1 were detected in 1 of 11 squamous epithelial cell lung carcinomas . Fuc-GM1 was also detected in 1 of 7 pancreas carcinomas but was not detected in any of the other cancers analyzed . Small amounts of Fuc-GM1 without 2-hydroxy fatty acids were detected in normal adult pancreas, spleen, and brain but could not be detected in normal lung tissue . Fuc-GM1 with 2-hydroxy fatty acids is suggested to be a specific ganglioside associated with small cell lung carcinomas . The monoclonal antibodies directed against Fuc-GM1 may be useful for specific immunodiagnosis of small cell lung carcinomas and might also be useful for specific immunotherapy of these malignant tumors.

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1986 Mar, 6(1), 93 - 4
Salmonella enteritis in children in Libya: role of antibiotic therapy; Sood SC et al.; In vivo sensitivity of salmonella has been studied in 38 children with acute gastroenteritis . They were treated for 7 days with gentamicin, to which the organisms were sensitive in vitro . Stool culture remained positive in 30 of the 38 cases . The children improved on supportive and symptomatic therapy . This study shows that antibiotics have no role to play in the management of acute salmonella gastro-enteritis in children.

J Gen Microbiol, 1986 Mar, 132 ( Pt 3), 835 - 7
Bacteriophages mediating somatic antigenic conversion in Salmonella cholerae-suis: their isolation from sewage and other Salmonella serotypes possessing the somatic 6 antigen; Barrow PA; Bacteriophages which mediate the conversion of the O somatic antigen of Salmonella cholerae-suis from the 6(2)7 to the 6(1)7 phenotype have been isolated from two strains of S . newport and one of S . muenchen, and also from sewage collected from two areas where there have been no reports of S . cholerae-suis infection for several years . The phages differed from each other by cross-resistance tests.

J Med Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 21(1), 35 - 8
Cross-reactions in cell mediated immunity induced by atypical mycobacteria; Kulkarni S et al.; Cross-reactivity in the delayed hypersensitivity response to mycobacteria of different Runyon groups was tested in Swiss white mice immunised with live mycobacteria . All the strains tested gave cross-reactions and, generally, slow growers gave stronger cross-reactions with other slow growers than with rapid growers and vice versa . Sonicates of cross-reacting mycobacteria were also tested for their ability to generate activated macrophages in mice immunised with Mycobacterium avium . All the mycobacterial sonicates generated activated macrophages but a sonicate of Salmonella typhi did not . The sonicate of M . tuberculosis H37Rv also generated activated macrophages, which indicates that there might be protective cross-reactions between M . tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria.

J Infect Dis, 1986 Feb, 153(2), 261 - 6
Plasmid-mediated resistance to multiple antibiotics in Salmonella typhi; Goldstein FW et al.; Two hundred forty-one strains of Salmonella typhii isolated in Lima, Peru, from October 1981 through February 1983 were tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents . Seventy-two strains (29.9%) were resistant to chloramphenicol and other antibiotics, including ampicillin, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim . The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 17 antimicrobial agents were determined for all of these chloramphenicol-resistant strains . Sch 25393, new beta-lactams, new quinolones, and the formulation clavulanic acid-amoxicillin were effective against all the strains . Four different resistance patterns distributed among eight phage types were observed . The 72 resistant S . typhi could transfer the resistance marker into Escherichia coli C1, and all the plasmids belonged to the incompatibility group H1.

Environ Res, 1986 Feb, 39(1), 19 - 25
Effect of hydrotreatment on the photomutagenicity of shale oil; Selby CP et al.; Dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of a parent crude and a hydrotreated Paraho shale oil were tested in Salmonella to detect the presence of direct acting mutagens, promutagens, which are converted by liver enzymes to direct acting mutagens, and photomutagens, which photosensitize Salmonella to mutation by fluorescent light . Direct acting mutagens were not detected in extracts of either shale oil . Both photomutagens and promutagens were detected in the parent crude, but only photomutagens were detected in the hydrotreated material . These results suggest that the photomutagens and promutagens were effected differently by hydrotreatment and that the two types of mutagens are to some degree different chemical entities . Both the crude and hydrotreated shale oils are reported to be carcinogenic in mouse skin, and our results of photomutation testing more closely parallel the carcinogenicity of the shale oils than do our results of testing with enzymatic activation.

Poult Sci, 1986 Feb, 65(2), 270 - 9
In vivo transfer of antibiotic resistance to a strain of Salmonella arizonae; Gast RK et al.; Two trials were conducted to determine the transferability of antibiotic resistance in vivo between two strains of enteric bacteria . Newly hatched turkey poults were inoculated per os with a strain of Escherichia coli resistant to kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin, a strain of Salmonella arizonae resistant to nalidixic acid and streptomycin, or both strains . Kanamycin was added to the drinking water of some poults . To test for S . arizonae cells which had received transferable resistance determinants in vivo from the E . coli strain, samples were collected by swabbing the recta of the poults and by removing segments of the intestines and livers after the birds were sacrificed . Nalidixic acid was added to the isolation media to prevent in vitro transfer from occurring after the samples were collected . Salmonella arizonae resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin were isolated from 20% of the rectal samples taken from poults that had received both bacterial strains . S . arizonae cells which had received resistance determinants in vivo were also isolated from 73% of the intestinal samples and 8% of the liver samples taken from birds inoculated with both donor E . coli and recipient S . arizonae . Salmonella arizonae demonstrating resistance to all five antibiotics were recovered from all intestinal samples taken from birds given kanamycin in their drinking water immediately after the last S . arizonae inoculation but from only 43% of such samples taken from birds given no kanamycin.

Poult Sci, 1986 Feb, 65(2), 223 - 32
Genetic aspects of antibody responses in chickens to different classes of antigens; Gyles NR et al.; Six breeding groups of chickens, each characterized by a different haplotype of the B blood group system, were challenged with different classes of antigens, namely Newcastle disease vaccine (ND), infectious bronchitis vaccine (IB), infectious bursal disease viral agent (IBD), Salmonella pullorum antigen (P), and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) . Parents were challenged at 20 weeks of age, and their offspring were challenged at 3 weeks of age . Blood samples were taken from the parents at 1 week after challenge, and from the offspring at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after challenge for determination of antibody titers to each antigen . The offspring were also challenged at 8 weeks of age in the wing-web with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) . Tumor scores were taken weekly on individual chickens for the next 10 weeks . There were significant differences (P less than .01) between breeding groups of parents for antibody titer responses to ND, IB, P, and SRBC . There were significant differences (P less than .05) between the breeding groups of offspring for antibody titer responses to ND, IB, IBD, P, and SRBC . There were significant (P less than .01) differences between the breeding groups in the accumulative tumor scores over the 10-week period . The lines that cause regression of Rous sarcomas (R-lines) were significantly (P less than .01) superior in resisting tumor growth to those lines that allow progressive growth of tumors (Pr-lines) . The only antigen to which the R-lines gave significantly (P less than .01) higher titers of antibody responses than the Pr-lines was SRBC.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 60(2), 161 - 7
Comparison of Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth with Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV) medium for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage sludge; Rhodes P et al.; The Rappaport-Vassiliadis (RV, modification of Rappaport's) medium was superior to Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth (MKT) for the enrichment and isolation of salmonellas from sewage sludge samples, either naturally contaminated or artificially inoculated with salmonella . Isolation rates for RV (42 degrees C) were higher even when MKT (43 degrees C) performance was improved by the use of brilliant green sul-phamandelate agar . Kinetic results show that the suppression of the competing flora was poorer in MKT than in RV . The use of high inoculum to medium volume ratios (e.g . 1:5000) increased the isolation rates from RV and kinetic data explain why this was so.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1986 Feb, 4(2), 153 - 9
Comparison of antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacilli with beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics; Cherubin CE et al.; In 1981 a comparison of the resistance rates of aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, and nalidixic acid was made in species of gram-negative rods between a hospital in Toulouse, France and one in Brooklyn, New York . The results showed similar rates of resistance from both institutions . Both institutions showed high rates of aminoglycoside resistance; high ampicillin resistance among salmonella and Pseudomonas mirabilis in France and shigella in New York City; similar rates of resistance to cephalosporins and finally, markedly different incidences of resistance to naladixic acid . Analysis of medical records over several years indicated a gradual but continuing increase in resistance to aminoglycosides . The majority of such isolates had been isolated from patients in intensive care units . Few differences in the rates of resistance to the cephalosporins were noted between the two institutions, either for the older or newer agents in this group . Further, no increase in resistance was noted to this group of antibiotics in the previous 5 yr.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1986 Feb, 261(1), 53 - 64
Biological activities of leptospiral lipopolysaccharide; Isogai E et al.; Lipopolysaccharide extracted with phenol-water from Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni strain Shibaura (L-LPS) showed various biological activities . In lethality for mice, L-LPS was active (LD 50, 3.4 mg/mouse) but about 12 times less potent than Escherichia coli LPS (E-LPS) per weight basis . L-LPS had pyrogenicity for rabbits, and the fever curves showed no evidence of the classical biphasic fever produced by E-LPS . In the bone marrow of mice, L-LPS caused hemorrhages and necrosis but less severe than those caused by E-LPS . Histopathologically, fresh hemorrhages were found in the intestine, spleen, lung and the other organs at 24 h after inoculation of L-LPS . Necrosis was also found in these organs and was particularly severe in mice inoculated with more than 2 mgL-LPS . Liver necrosis was found at 7th day after inoculation of L-LPS but not after inoculation of E-LPS . L-LPS had adjuvant activity just like E-LPS . L-LPS enhanced non-specific resistance to Salmonella infection and activated mouse peritoneal macrophages to kill these organisms . L-LPS was positive in limulus test just like E-LPS . These results demonstrated similarities of L-LPS and E-LPS . Some toxic effects of L-LPS were less than those of E-LPS, but some effects of L-LPS were more than those of E-LPS . L-LPS was antigenically active and the specificity was serogroup-associated . L-LPS was composed of carbohydrate (54%), lipid (12%), protein (5%) . Arabinose, xylose and rhamnose were major sugars as detected by gas chromatography . 2-keto-deoxyoctanate (KDO) was not detectable.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1986 Feb, 36(2), 230 - 3
{Omega-aminoacyl compounds against malaria}; Kolling H et al.; Investigations on diphenylthioether derivatives led to compounds with a high antimalarial (P . berghei) activity . 58 new compounds were synthetisized in order to study structure-efficacy relationships . General formula: Efficacy was optimal in compounds with R1 = NO2 . Some of such compounds were at least half as effective as chloroquine and fully effective against drug resistant strains of P . berghei . But also other radicals proved to be suitable as long as S was not replaced by O . But two diphenylthioether derivatives (R1 = NO2 resp . CN) were found to be mutagenic in Salmonella/Microsome Ames test . Replacement of S by O caused a loss of mutagenicity but also a markedly drop of antimalarial activity.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1986 Feb, 51(2), 425 - 6
Sensitivity of Moore sewer swabs for isolating Salmonella typhi; Sears SD et al.; Moore swabs (sewer swabs) have been used successfully to culture pathogenic organisms from wastewater . Sensitivity seems to depend on the size of the waterway sampled as well as the number of organisms present . In Santiago, Chile, we placed 24 swabs into the sewers draining the homes of 10 known chronic carriers of typhoid . Swabs were positive for Salmonella typhi in 5 of the 10 households (50%) and 6 of the 24 swabs placed (25%).

Mutat Res, 1986 Feb, 164(1), 59 - 70
The effects of pretreatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers and preincubation with a cytochrome P-450 effector on the mutagenicity of genotoxic carcinogens mediated by hepatic and renal S9 from two species of marine fish; Guobaitis RJ et al.; A series of experiments was designed to characterize the cytochrome P-450-dependent activation of 7 genotoxic carcinogens in the Salmonella preincubation assay by hepatic postmitochondrial fractions (S9) from the oyster toadfish and the Americal eel and by renal S9 from the toadfish . Significant S9-dependent mutagenicity was observed for benzo{a}pyrene (BAP), 2-aminoanthracene (2AA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene (DMBA) and cyclophosphamide (CP) with hepatic S9 from untreated fish (UI S9) of both species and with renal S9 from untreated toadfish, although renal UI S9 was only marginally effective for activating AFB1 . Neither UI S9 from toadfish liver or kidney nor that from eel liver consistently affected the direct mutagenicity of ethylene dibromide (EDB) or substantially activated dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) . Pretreatment of toadfish with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) decreased the mutagenicity of 2AA and increased the mutagenicities of BAP, AFB1 and DMBA, whereas, pretreatment of eels with MC increased the mutagenicities of BAP, 2AA and AFB1 . Pretreatment of toadfish with Aroclor 1254 (AC) decreased the mutagenicity of AFB1 and increased the mutagenicity of 2AA, whereas, pretreatment of eels with AC increased the mutagenicities of BAP and DMBA . Pretreatment of toadfish with beta-napthoflavone (BNF) effected changes similar to those by pretreatment with MC except that the mutagenicity of AFB1 was not increased . Coincubation with 10(-4) M alpha-napthoflavone (ANF) decreased the mutagenicity of BAP mediated by toadfish MC and BNF S9 and eel AC S9 and decreased the mutagenicity of AFB1 mediated by toadfish MC and BNF S9 and by eel MC S9 . Coincubation with ANF increased the mutagenicity of AFB1 mediated by toadfish and eel AC S9 and increased the mutagenicity of 2AA mediated by eel AC S9 . Pretreatment of toadfish with MC, BNF and AC decreased the mutagenicity of 2AA mediated by renal S9 and ANF decreased the mutagenicity of 2AA mediated by renal UI and BNF S9 . MC pretreatment of toadfish and eels and BNF pretreatment of toadfish induced BAP monooxygenase activity in hepatic microsomes . ANF (10(-4) M) inhibited the BAP monooxygenase activity of MC microsomes from toadfish and eels and of BNF microsomes from toadfish . The conjugation effectors diethyl maleate and salicylamide alone or combined had little or no effect on the mutagenicities of BAP and 2AA mediated by toadfish and eel UI and MC S9.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Mutat Res, 1986 Feb, 164(1), 53 - 8
In vitro activation of chemicals by plants: a comparison of techniques; Gentile JM et al.; We have studied the ability of two in vitro plant activation techniques to enhance the mutagenicity of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP) and to activate 2-aminofluorene (2AF) . Mutagenic activities of NOP and 2AF were both increased by plant S9 in the Salmonella plate-incorporation and preincubation assays . They were also increased during preincubation with intact plant cells . NOP mutagenic activity was enhanced to a similar extent by plant S9 and by intact plant cells in Salmonella assay, whereas 2AF was activated more extensively by the plant cells than by plant S9 . NOP was not enhanced by mammalian hepatic S9 in any assay, whereas 2AF was activated by hepatic S9 under all conditions tested.

Mutat Res, 1986 Feb, 173(2), 93 - 8
1-Nitropyrene: a mutagenic product induced by the action of near ultraviolet light on 1-aminopyrene; Okinaka RT et al.; A solution of 1-aminopyrene in dimethyl sulfoxide exposed to an artificial source of near ultraviolet light (600 kJ/m2) induced significant direct-acting mutagenicity in the Ames/Salmonella plating assay utilizing strain TA98 . High-performance liquid chromatography of this solution resulted in a fraction that was mutagenic on TA98 but inactive on a nitroreductase-deficient strain of Salmonella (TA98NR) . This observation suggested the presence of a nitro-containing compound . Mass spectral analysis confirmed that 1-nitropyrene was the active photoproduct in this fraction . These data implicate photochemical transformation of primary aromatic amines as an alternative mechanism by which nitroaromatic compounds can be formed in the environment.

J Dent Res, 1986 Feb, 65(2), 113 - 7
Kinin generation in the gingival inflammatory response to topically applied bacterial lipopolysaccharides; Montgomery EH et al.; A water-soluble lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella enteritidis and a phenol-soluble lipopolysaccharide from Leptotrichia buccalis were applied topically to the healthy marginal gingivae of beagle dogs . Saline was applied to contralateral areas as an internal control . Increases in vascular permeability were monitored by measurement of gingival fluid, and the collected gingival fluid samples were assayed for kininogenase and kinin activities . Both lipopolysaccharides induced an inflammatory response, as indicated by increased gingival fluid flow . Kininogenase-kinin activities paralleled the increases in gingival fluid flow, with the highest values being associated with peak increases in gingival fluid . The results indicate that both lipopolysaccharides, although different in lipid solubility, penetrate healthy sulcular epithelium and initiate an inflammatory response which is mediated in part by the kallikrein-kinin system . Interrelationships between this system and other inflammatory mediators suggest that kinin generation not only plays a role in the early phases of acute gingival inflammation, but may also contribute to the activation of other mediators appearing later in the response and in chronic inflammatory lesions.

Jpn J Cancer Res, 1986 Feb, 77(2), 125 - 30
Augmentation of ethanol-induced enhancement of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine metabolism by lowered carbohydrate intake; Sato A et al.; Hepatic metabolism in vitro of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), 3,4-benzopyrene (BP) and 7,12-dimethylbenz{a}anthracene (DMBA) was assayed using the liver of rats maintained for 3 weeks on liquid diets containing three levels of carbohydrate (CHO) with or without supplementation of ethanol (5 g/100 ml) . Ethanol consumption increased the metabolism of DMN and DEN to different degrees depending on the diet consumed simultaneously . Lowered CHO intake, which by itself increased the metabolism, dose-dependently augmented the increase due to ethanol: the lower the CHO intake, the more remarkable was the enhancement caused by ethanol . Ethanol increased microsomal cytochrome P-450 content only when combined with low-CHO diets . It was confirmed by a Salmonella mutagenicity test that the enhancement of DMN and DEN metabolism was accompanied by increased capacity of the liver to activate these nitrosamines to mutagens . On the other hand, neither lowered CHO intake, nor ethanol consumption, nor their combination affected the metabolism of BP and DMBA . Ethanol combined with a diet deficient in CHO even suppressed the metabolism of BP.

J Bacteriol, 1986 Feb, 165(2), 357 - 62
Occurrence of small Hsd plasmids in Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, and Escherichia coli; Yoshida Y et al.; The natural occurrence of small Hsd (host specificity for DNA) plasmids was demonstrated in restriction endonuclease-producing strains of Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, and Escherichia coli . The five Hsd plasmids isolated were between 5.0 and 12.2 kilobases long . The copy number of all the Hsd plasmids was high (more than 10 copies per cell) . Introduction of these small plasmids into E . coli strain 0 drastically lowered the efficiency of plating of the lambda.0 phages (the efficiency of plating was less than 5 X 10(-5) PFU-1) . High restriction endonuclease activities were detected in the Hsd plasmid-positive strains because of the elevated copy numbers of the hsdR+ gene . The advantages of using E . coli strains containing the small Hsd plasmids for purification of type II restriction endonucleases are discussed.

Clin Exp Immunol, 1986 Feb, 63(2), 327 - 33
Differential regulation of effector responses of cell mediated immunity in experimental salmonellosis; George A et al.; Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and protective cell mediated immunity showed different profiles with respect to time following intraperitoneal immunization with live Salmonella enteritidis . Whereas the DTH response decreased with time the Protection Index increased . The decline in DTH response was found to be associated with suppressor cells generated by intraperitoneal immunization and could be prevented by cyclophosphamide treatment prior to immunization . It was concluded that the two effector responses of cell mediated immunity were under differential regulation.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Feb, (2), 19 - 23
{Use of an artificial antigen simulating the Salmonella O-determinant 4 for determining antibodies to Salmonella group B O-antigen in immunoenzyme analysis}; Tregub AV et al.; The use of the artificial antigen abequosylmannoside copolymer with acrylamide in the enzyme immunoassay for the determination of antibodies in the sera of salmonellosis patients has enhanced the specificity of the serological diagnosis of group B salmonellosis in comparison with the use of the natural antiren, S . typhimurium lipopolysaccharide.

Biochem Pharmacol, 1986 Jan 15, 35(2), 195 - 200
Mutagenicity of chloroolefins in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test--II . Structural requirements for the metabolic activation of non-allylic chloropropenes and methylated derivatives via epoxide formation; Neudecker T et al.; Non-allylic chloropropenes and their methyl-homologues, being chloro-substituted exclusively in vinylic position, are mutagenic in the presence of metabolizing rat liver homogenate fraction (S9 mix) . This can be interpreted as the result of polarizing inductive (I-) and mesomeric (M-) effects exerted by Cl- as well as by CH3-substituents on the olefinic double bond . The extent of their mutagenic activity increases with longer preincubation time and/or a higher concentration of rat liver homogenate fraction (S9) in the S9 mix . The only exception from this rule of a qualitative correlation of C = C-bond polarization due to asymmetric substitution and mutagenic activity is 1-chloro-2-methyl-1-propene which is non-mutagenic . In this case effects of a steric hindrance of two voluminous CH3-substituents attached to one C-atom of the C = C-bond might inhibit enzymatic attack of the double bond by microsomal oxygenase . Mutagenic activity is invariably decreased in the presence of SKF525, inhibitor of microsomal oxygenase, and increased when 1,1,1-trichloropropene-2,3-oxide (TCPO), inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase, is added to the test system . This is a strong argument for metabolic activation of these substances occurring via epoxide formation.

J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1986 Jan 15, 188(2), 173 - 7
Risk factors for salmonellosis in hospitalized horses; Hird DW et al.; A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with isolation of Salmonella was accomplished, using data from records of horses hospitalized in the period July 1971 through June 1982 . Horses in which nasogastric tubes were passed were at 2.9 times greater risk of having Salmonella isolated, compared with horses that did not undergo this procedure . Horses treated with antibiotics parenterally were at 6.4 times greater risk, and those treated with antibiotics orally and parenterally were at 40.4 times greater risk of developing salmonellosis, compared with horses not receiving such treatment . Horses admitted because of colic were 4.2 times as likely to have Salmonella isolated as those admitted for other reasons . Breed, age, and type of surgery did not appear to be risk factors . The risk factors identified and the magnitude of their association with Salmonella isolation were similar to those observed in a preceding study.

Comput Radiol, 1986 Jan-Feb, 10(1), 41 - 4
Computed tomography of acute renal abscess due to Salmonella chester; Borrero GO et al.; A case of renal abscess caused by an unusual Salmonella serotype is presented in which the clinical presentation was suggestive of renal neoplasia . The CT findings of renal abscesses and neoplasm are discussed as well as a brief discussion on the epidemiology of Salmonella infections.

Eur J Respir Dis, 1986 Jan, 68(1), 73 - 4
Empyema due to Salmonella dublin; Prigogine T et al.; An alcoholic patient presented with a thoracic empyema secondary to a pancreatic abscess with Salmonella dublin . The absence of an adjacent pulmonary parenchymal infection suggested a transdiaphragmatic passage of organisms.

Mutat Res, 1986 Jan-Feb, 169(1-2), 35 - 40
Inhibition of the mutagenic activity of some heterocyclic dietary carcinogens and other mutagenic/carcinogenic compounds by rat organ preparations; Caderni G et al.; The mutagenic activity of some dietary mutagens, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-amino-dipyrido{1,2-a:3',2'-d}imidazole (Glu-P-2), was inhibited in the Salmonella-plate test preincubated with heat-inactivated rat intestinal preparations . A similar inhibition was observed by preincubating intestinal preparations with 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and benzo{a}pyrene (B{a}P) . The effect was not specific for small intestine and was also obtained with spleen, liver, lung, colon and stomach preparations . Mutagenic activity was not inhibited by beef muscle proteins . Lipids extracted from intestinal mucosa preparations were equally effective as inhibitors of the mutagenic activity . Lipid fractions from intestinal mucosa were capable of inhibiting the formation of activated IQ by mammalian S9, and other components of the intestinal preparations were able to bind the promutagens and their active metabolites . The mutagenic activity of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (metronidazole) and of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was also inhibited by intestinal preparations, but not by their lipid fractions . A binding of IQ to intestinal preparations was also demonstrated with HPLC techniques . The data indicate that tissue components may reduce the mutagenic activity of chemicals by interfering with the activation process and by reducing the concentration of the promutagens and their active metabolites at target sites.

Arch Surg, 1986 Jan, 121(1), 58 - 62
Immunotherapy of gram-negative bacterial sepsis . A single murine monoclonal antibody provides cross-genera protection; Dunn DL et al.; Previous experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the ability of polyclonal antibody directed against the core lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lipid A component of endotoxin to reduce mortality . We sought to characterize the ability of a single murine monoclonal IgG1 antibody (8A1 MAb) to react to a variety of gram-negative microorganisms, to promote phagocytosis, and to provide protection during experimental murine sepsis . The 8A1 MAb reacted to various gram-negative bacterial whole cell and LPS antigens examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay . Reactivity was highest to Salmonella minnesota Re LPS and lipid A . Phagocytosis was promoted by this monoclonal antibody to several gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The 8A1 MAb (2 mg per mouse) enhanced survival during bacteremia due to either Escherichia coli 0111:B4 or Klebsiella pneumoniae, and during endotoxemia due to all types of LPS examined except P aeruginosa . We concluded that a single MAb with anti-lipid A specificity was cross reactive in vitro and cross protective in vivo . A clinical trial comparing polyclonal and monoclonal antibody in high-risk septic patients seems warranted.

Arch Intern Med, 1986 Jan, 146(1), 113 - 5
Salmonella bacteremia as manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Fischl MA et al.; Multiple opportunistic infections are characteristic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) . Although bacterial pathogens have presented few problems, we have noted an emerging problem with salmonellal infection among patients with AIDS . A review of all stool and blood cultures from adults between January 1982 and July 1984 showed that 80 stool cultures were positive for Salmonella species; serogroup B was the most common isolated . Eight (10%) were isolated from patients with AIDS . Nineteen blood cultures were positive for Salmonella species . Six (32%) were isolated from patients with AIDS: three were positive for Salmonella serogroup B; two yielded Salmonella choleraesuis; and one yielded Salmonella serogroup D . In three (50%), Salmonella bacteremia was a presenting manifestation of AIDS . Bacteremias were recurrent in five patients . Thus, it appears that AIDS not only predisposes patients to serious salmonellal infections but also compromises their ability to eradicate these bacteria.

Infect Immun, 1986 Jan, 51(1), 43 - 8
Synthetic Salmonella-type lipid A antigen with high serological specificity; Kasai N et al.; A synthetic compound (compound 516), beta(1-6)-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide 1,4'-bisphosphate, which is acylated by (R)-3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanoyl, (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl, (R)-3-dodecanoyloxytetradecanoyl, and (R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl groups at positions 2,3,2', and 3', respectively, exhibited in vitro antigenic reactivity of high specificity comparable to that of free lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 . This was confirmed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition test with monoclonal and conventional antibodies . The results of comparative analysis performed with several synthetic lipid A analogs as well as three monosaccharide derivatives suggested that the complete structure involving both phosphate groups at the C-1 and C-4' positions and the 3-acyloxyacyl groups at the C-2, C-2', and C-3' positions of the glucosamine disaccharide are required for the expression of the serological specificity of Salmonella-type lipid A . This was deduced from the observations that compound 506, a synthetic Escherichia coli-type lipid A which has the same structure as that of compound 516, except that 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl group is substituted for an acyloxyacyl residue at the C-2 position, exhibited significantly reduced antigenic reactivity as compared with compound 516 and that the replacement by the hydrogen atom of the phosphoryl group at the C-1 position or by 3-hydroxytetradecanoyl or tetradecanoyl groups of acyl residues at the 2, 3, 2', and 3' positions of compound 516 results in a marked reduction of reactivity with monoclonal antibodies 5G and 36G . Similar results were obtained by assays with conventional rabbit antibodies, but the structural difference between compounds 516 and 506 could not be distinguished by these polyclonal antibodies . The results of cross-reactions among synthetic analogs with monoclonal antibodies 161M and 1-9M, which have been confirmed to exhibit different serological specificities from the 5G or 36G antibody, also suggested that the nature and linkage of fatty acyl residues as well as the backbone structure of lipid A play an important role in determining serological specificity of the lipid A molecule.

Infect Immun, 1986 Jan, 51(1), 302 - 6
Modulation of bone metabolism by two chemically distinct lipopolysaccharide fractions from Bacteroides gingivalis; Millar SJ et al.; Two separate species of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Bacteroides gingivalis 381 have been isolated . Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated not only the heterogeneity of each species, but also that they represented high- and low-molecular-weight LPS entities . Although both contained the same carbohydrate and fatty acid components, the proportions of these differed between the LPS species . The direct effects of these two species in modulation of bone resorption and bone collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis have been examined . In a bone resorption assay, these two species stimulated 45Ca release from prelabeled fetal rat bones in a concentration range of 0.5 to 3.0 micrograms/ml . The two LPS species also elicited a 30 to 40% reduction in collagen protein formation at 10 micrograms/ml . Responses of the same order of magnitude were observed with LPS from Salmonella minnesota at 10 micrograms/ml . The higher-molecular-weight LPS species also significantly inhibited noncollagen protein formation . This is the first report that LPS from B . gingivalis 381, a suspected periodontal pathogen, inhibits bone collagen formation and, in conjunction with the bone resorption potency, further implicates LPS in alveolar bone loss associated with periodontal disease.

Cornell Vet, 1986 Jan, 76(1), 30 - 7
Salmonella serotypes from animals in New York State, 1978-1983; McDonough PL et al.; The salmonella serotypes isolated during 1978 to 1983 at the diagnostic and clinical laboratories of the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine from animal sources in New York state were reviewed and compared to earlier data from New York state animals and to national data for both human and animal sources . A total of 255 salmonella strains were studied from the six year period and included 33 serotypes . Salmonella enteritidis ser Typhimurium continued to be the most commonly reported serotype followed by serotype Anatum . Generally serotypes from New York state animals reflected national data on salmonella serotypes with a few exceptions . Serotype Dublin continued to be absent from New York animal populations . Bovine and equine species were the most common salmonella sources.

Tierarztl Prax, 1986, 14(4), 565 - 73
{The dissemination of Salmonella by meat and meat products from swine}; Schmidt U; Pork and pork products which are consumed raw, e.g . mincemeat or fresh Bologna sausage, are relatively often contaminated with salmonellae . In the average of one year we detected salmonellae in about 5% of the samples investigated . Due to seasonal and local influences up to 45% of the minced meat samples can be positive for salmonellae . In minced meat salmonellae grow only at temperatures above 7 degrees C . During frozen storage of meat for several weeks, the salmonella count decreases on an average of about 50% . A damaging of surviving salmonellae by the freezing and thawing process was not observed . On the contrary, in thawed mincemeat stored at 8 degrees C the growth of salmonellae is stimulated, i.e . they grow better than in mincemeat not frozen before . Growth of salmonellae in Bologna sausage ("frische Mettwurst") can be inhibited by adding of at least 2.5% nitrit curing salt, 0.3% glucono-delta-lactone, and lactic acid starter cultures, even if the product is stored at temperatures up to 25 degrees C . Likewise in spreadible and sliceable fermented sausage ("streichfahige und schnittfeste Rohwurst") no growth of salmonellae is to be expected, if a similar technology secures a sufficient microbiological stability during the ripening and smoking process . Therefore, the dissemination of salmonellae by pork and pork products can be avoided by technological measures, but also by a reasonable conduct of the consumer in the household.

Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, 1986, (12), 18 - 22
{Immune complex binding by erythrocytes and its significance in the destruction of these cells during immunization}; Kirdei EG et al.; Immunization of BALB/c mice by sheep red blood cells and Salmonella typhi vaccine has been shown to augment the immune complexes in plasma and erythrocytes in blood fixing the immune complexes on their surface . The inactivation of immune complexes in immunized mice by intravenous injection of the antiserum against aggregated immunoglobulins decreases the hemoglobin in blood serum . The data obtained show that the fixation of immune complexes on erythrocytes is one of the reasons of erythrocytes destruction activation in immunization.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(9), 61 - 8
{Role of rams in the epizootiology of salmonellal abortion in sheep}; Vodas K et al.; Studied was the susceptibility of rams to a Salmonella abortus ovis infection . It was found that the animals could resist the oral experimental infection when the causative agent was introduced in the form of 20 ml broth culture or when the environment was contaminated with it . The Salmonella abortus ovis infection was found to be transmitted from infected rams to normal ewes and vice versa, chiefly through sexual route.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(8), 40 - 6
{Intensity of the epizootic process in sheep infected with S . abortus ovis and Chlamydia psittaci var . ovis}; Vodas K et al.; An attempt was made to analyze comparatively the intensity of the epizootic process in young female sheep, ewes (second pregnancy, with no records of abortions in their first pregnancy) and their lambs either with an infection of Salmonella abortus ovis only or with a mixed infection of S . abortus ovis and Chlamydia psittaci var . ovis . This was reached through following up and studying the parameters morbidity, mortality, lethality, index of infectedness, index of deadlines, and fertility . It was found that the intensity of the apparent epizootic process was highest with young females affected with a mixed infection, and it was lowest with ewes affected with a pure infection (Salmonella abortion) . The intensity of the inapparent epizootic process was best manifested in the young females affected with a pure Salmonella abortion . With these animals both the index of infectedness and the index of deadlines had highest values.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(8), 34 - 9
{A new method for determining an infectivity index in assessing the intensity of an epizootic process}; Elitsina P et al.; A new method was suggested to determine the index of deadliness in fixing the intensity of the epizootic process as manifested in its two forms--apparent and inapparent . The method is based on the calculus of probability--a most general formula for the sum of any kind of events . The results obtained have been compared with those reached with the already existing two other methods . The model employed consist of theoretically composed examples corresponding to similar ones in the practice as well as of investigations on Salmonella abortions in sheep . The new method can be employed with all kinds of initial data and results in various variants.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(10), 48 - 53
{An attempt to create a factorial model of the epizootic process in sheep infected with S . abortus ovis}; Vodas K et al.; Experiments were carried out to build up a factorial model with a group of sheep at different age in an infected region . Studied were the aspects of the disease as caused by Salmonella abortus ovis alone and in combination with Chl . ps . var . ovis . It was found that the factorial model can explain sufficiently well (77.22 per cent) the discussed system--the epizootic process with year-old females and sheep affected with pure and mixed infection . The epizootic process with a mixed infection in these animals ran its course at high intensity . In the case of a pure infection the process was more intensive with young females . With lambs it showed higher intensity when a mixed infection was present.

Oncology, 1986, 43(6), 390 - 4
Synthesis of a new nor-aza-steroidal ester of p-N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylbutyric acid and in vitro study of its mutagenicity and clastogenicity; Athanasiou C et al.; A new nor-aza-steroidal ester of chlorambucil has been synthesized . The study of the mitotic index in CHO and HeLa cells treated with this compound showed that it may be a cytostatic drug . It was also found that treatment of CHO cells with a dose as low as 5 micrograms/ml induces a large number of sister chromatid exchanges . A great number of abnormal metaphases has been observed when CHO cells were treated with the compound at a dose of 25 micrograms/ml . When the compound was tested in the Ames/Salmonella microsome assay, it was found to be mutagenic in strains TA100 and TA1535, both with and without metabolic activation.

Int J Immunopharmacol, 1986, 8(8), 881 - 6
Relationship between immune system and gram-negative bacteria . Acid-treated Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re) enhances immune responsiveness in patients with gynecologic malignancies; Jirillo E et al.; Nine patients with gynecologic malignancies (six cervix, two endometrium and one ovary) were injected with acid-treated Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re) . Patients received a total of four injections (at increasing doses from 0.5 to 3 micrograms) every 2 weeks . All patients, before treatment, had a severe impairment of their immune system either of cell-mediated immunity (leukocyte inhibiting factor activity) or non-specific immunity (polymorphonuclear cell and/or monocyte-mediated phagocytosis and killing) . In contrast, the same patients displayed a normal Natural Killer cell frequency in their peripheral blood as evaluated in an agarose-single cell cytotoxic assay . At the end of the immunotherapeutic regimen, all the above immune functions significantly augmented likely via an immunomodulating effect exerted by the lipid A portion of Salmonella minnesota Re which represents the lipopolysaccharide molecule in these bacteria . This suggests a potential role for lipid A in the treatment of cancer-related immunodeficiency.

Circ Shock, 1986, 20(3), 193 - 203
Effects of a platelet-activating factor antagonist, CV-3988, on different shock models in the rat; Toth PD et al.; Research in recent years has implicated many vasoactive mediators in causing or maintaining the shock process . One of the newer mediators to be considered is platelet-activating factor (PAF) . The present group of experiments examined the effects of a PAF antagonist, CV-3988, on PAF, endotoxin, and hemorrhagic hypotension in rats . Sprague Dawley male rats (250-350 g) were lightly anesthetized with halothane and instrumented to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP) . Hypotension induced by PAF (3.0 micrograms/kg) (iv) was attenuated only by CV-3988 (10 mg/kg) . The other compounds tested which were unsuccessful were MK-771, TRH, benoxaprofen, fenoprofen, FPL-55712, naloxone, diphenhydramine, verapamil, and methylprednisolone . In another set of rats, hypotension was induced by endotoxin (E . coli 0127:B8) (40 mg/kg) (iv) . Animals were pretreated with saline or CV-3988 (10 mg/kg) (iv) 5 min prior to endotoxin administration . CV-3988 was able to attenuate the drop in MAP . Representative MAP (mmHg) measured 60 min after endotoxin administration was 72 +/- 7 for the saline group (n = 6) and 99 +/- 5 (P less than or equal to .05) for the CV-3988 group . No animal in either group survived 24 hours . In another series of animals which were pithed and vagotomized, hypotension, induced by endotoxin (6 mg/kg) (iv) could be attenuated by CV-3988 . Representative MAP (mmHg) difference from baseline measured 30 min after endotoxin administration was -17 +/- 3 for the saline group (n = 7) and 0 +/- 2 (P less than or equal to .05) for the CV-3988 group . Hypotension induced by another endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) could also be attenuated by CV-3988 . In the final set of experiments, hypotension was induced by an acute hemorrhage (30 cc/kg) . In these animals, CV-3988, however, had no effect in attenuating the drop in MAP . These data demonstrate that CV-3988 can attenuate the hypotension of PAF and endotoxemia but not of hemorrhage . Also, the data suggest that PAF works directly in the rat to cause hypotension and not through other mediators . The hemodynamic effects of CV-3988 in the endotoxin model are partially mediated through peripheral mechanisms . Further work is needed to better characterize the effects of CV-3988 and other PAF antagonists in different shock models.

Microbios, 1986, 48(196-197), 135 - 58
A spontaneously produced lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic defect which causes both pleiotropic phage resistance and mucoid colony morphology in Salmonella anatum; McConnell MR et al.; A spontaneously derived mutant of the smooth bacterial strain, Salmonella anatum A1, specifically blocks the DNA ejection function of bacteriophage E15 during infection . The mutant, AE15R-5, exhibits mucoid colony morphology but no evidence of colanic acid biosynthesis . It is resistant not only to bacteriophage E15, but also to all other smooth- and rough-specific phages which have been tested . Chemical, immunological and gel electrophoretic analyses indicate that its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules fall into two categories: they are either highly truncated (probably heptoseless) or extremely large (complete LPS molecules with O-polysaccharides containing 80 or more repeat units) . The antibiotic resistance pattern of AE15R-5 is roughly intermediate between that of a known heptoseless mutant, S . anatum MG4, and that of the parent strain, S . anatum A-1.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 1986 Jan-Mar, 81(1), 7 - 14
{Microbial resistance of Salmonella agona from various regions of Brazil}; Solari CA et al.; The object of the investigation was the evaluation of the susceptibility to antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents of 240 strains of Salmonella agona isolated from different sources (human, food and environment) obtained from five Brazilian states (Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Sul) . The presence of R factors in 26 representative strains of the sample was also determined.

Environ Mutagen, 1986, 8(6), 817 - 27
An evaluation of the genotoxic potential of di-isononyl adipate; McKee RH et al.; Di-isononyl adipate (DINA) is one of a group of adipates used primarily as plasticizers . Concern over the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of these materials was stimulated by the finding that one member of this class, di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), induced liver tumors in female mice in a chronic feeding study . Accordingly, the genotoxic potential of DINA was evaluated in a battery of in vitro tests including the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay, the mouse lymphoma TK +/-assay, and two tests of morphologic transforming ability, the BALB 3T3 and the Syrian hamster embryo in vitro transformation assays . DINA did not exhibit any evidence of mutagenic or transforming potential in any of the assays utilized.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1986, 18(5), 401 - 6
Abdominal aortitis and infected aneurysms due to salmonella; Ljungberg B et al.; Three cases of salmonella aortitis with rupture of the abdominal aorta were admitted to hospitals in a limited area of Southern Sweden during 18 months . Two patients with secondarily infected aneurysms died . One patient with a non-aneurysmal aortitis and retroperitoneal abscess is alive but still hospitalized 13 months after the accomplishment of an axillo-femoral by-pass . All 3 patients were elderly males without a history of recent foreign travel . The majority of salmonella patients in the area during the same time period were younger and had acquired the infection abroad . The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of salmonella aortitis is reviewed.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(5), 92 - 9
{Incidence of salmonellosis abortion in sheep in Bulgaria 1970-1984}; Vodas K et al.; Studied was the spread of Salmonella-induced abortions in ewes for a period of 15 years (1970-1984) on the base of the epizootic information available and of the calculation of the index of epizooticity, the index of occurrence, and the coefficient of repeatability (return rate) . It was found that the first index, which characterizes the epizootic process with regard to time, was 100 percent in eleven districts of the country . Salmonellosis abortions was invariably observed during the entire period of fifteen years . On the base of the epizootic state the districts are subdivided into five categories which makes it possible to zonate the country's territory with special emphasis on the spreading of Salmonella abortions in ewes.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(5), 12 - 9
{Biochemical characteristics of the causative agent of fowl typhoid}; Giurov B; Studied were the biochemical properties of a total of 563 Salmonella strains divided into two biotypes--S . gallinarum (542) and S . pullorum (21) . The first ones were isolated from typhoid foci of chickens, poults, turkeys, pheasants, guinea fowls, pigeons, and starlings that had died of septicaemia . One strain was isolated from a 4-month-old pig . The S . pullorum strains originated from epizootiologically linked foci of pullorosis, being isolated from live chicken carriers, dead embryos, and down from hatcheries as well as from young chickens that had died in them up to the age of 20 days . The link is discussed between the biochemical properties of the isolated strains and their origin, and the importance of some biochemical tests employed to distinguished them . Attention is paid to the likeliness of isolating aberant strains of S . gallinarum with deviations from the morphology of colonies and their antigenic and biochemical characteristic typical of the species . Suggested is the employment of the tests for motility, dulcit, maltosa, ramnosa, sorbit, and ornithine for the rapid differentiation of Salmonella gallinarum from the closely related Salmonella species of D serologic group . In order to avoid the occurrence of confusion with other microbial species the tests for the demonstration of lactose, sodium malonate, phenylalanine, indole, hydrogen sulfide, and lysine-decarboxylase.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1986, 65(2), 150 - 2
Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica in soil and dog faeces; Nastasi A et al.; Dog faeces and soil samples, collected for one year from public gardens in densely inhabited areas of Palermo (Italy), were investigated for the presence of Salmonella spp . and Ye.enterocolitica, to verify the hypothesis that mechanism of spread of Ye.enterocolitica may be comparable to that of Salmonella spp . Five Salmonella and one Ye.enterocolitica were isolated from 212 dog faeces; one Salmonella and four Ye.enterocolitica from 240 soil samples . O-serotypes of Ye.enterocolitica were not belonging to human pathogenic groups . The same Salmonella spp . were present both in humans and in the environment.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(4), 25 - 30
{Sensitivity of salmonellae isolated from poultry to drugs}; Stefanov V et al.; Studied were a total of 125 Salmonella strains, isolated from birds, with regard to their sensitivity to medicinal drugs . A 100 percent effect against these organisms was found with amopen, neomycin, borgal, and sumetrolin . The effect was 97.7 per cent with canamycin, gentamycin, and terramycin; it was 95.5 per cent with the use of streptomycin, spectam, and chloramphenicol, 72.4 per cent--with tetracyclin, 70.5 per cent--with nalidixic acid, and 47.7 per cent--with sulfathiazol . Resistance of the strains to carbenicillin was 83 per cent, to ampicillin--79.6 per cent, and to sulfathiazol--38.6 per cent . It was interesting to note that resistance to carbenicillin and nalidixic acid, used in human medicine only, was 82.6 and 4.54 per cent, respectively . The high susceptibility of Salmonellae to amopen, and the limited capacity of the organisms to produce resistant strains outline the perspective of its wide use in the control of Salmonella infections in birds.

Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1986, 79(2), 165 - 71
{Serology, sensitivity to antibiotics and lysotypes of several strains of Salmonella isolated in children hospitalized at the Hospital Center of Libreville}; Mefane C et al.; We have isolated 122 strains of Salmonellae from stools and blood cultures among children patients from Centre Hospitalier de Libreville . Isolation was carried out from July 1982 to June 1983 . During that period of time, Salmonella paratyphi C was the most commonly found . We report here the isolation of a new serotype: Salmonella Libreville and the emergence of Salmonella Wien which was unknown in Libreville area . Lysotyping of S . typhi shows that three strains of A lysotype, subtype Dakar, were not indigenous . Infection by Salmonellae is still widespread among Gabonese children . Scarcity of those germs in stool could be explained by intensive antibiotherapy; on the other hand more than 50% of germs isolated from blood culture in children at Libreville area are Salmonellae . These works display the pattern of different members of the Salmonellae family found among patients of the pediatric department of the Centre Hospitalier de Libreville.

Vet Med Nauki, 1986, 23(1), 10 - 7
{Drug sensitivity of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry in 1980-1984}; Giurov B; Studied was the sensitivity to therapeutic means of a total of 315 Salmonella strains isolated from birds--broilers, laying hens, pheasants and others-that died from salmonella infection . The strains were typed as follows: S . gallinarum-215, S . pullorum -19, S . enteritidis-30, S . typhimurium-19, S . thompson-5, S . oranienburg-14, and other salmonellae-13 . All strains were sensitive to furazolidon, nalidixic acid, flumekin, colistin, apramycin, amicacin, and sizomycin . A high percent of sensitive salmonellae were found: to gentamycin-99.68%, carbenicillin-99.93%, chloramphenicol-97.78%, kanamycin-98.41%, ampicillin-92.38%, tetracycline-92.60%, and streptomycin-90.97% . To the antibiotics used for prophylactic and control purposes with regard to salmonella infections of birds in this country the sensitivity of the strains ranged as follows: to gentamycin-1 (1.59%), to carbenicillin-2 (0.63%), to kanamycin-5 (1.59%), chloramphenicol-7 (2.22%), to tetracycline-23 (7.30%), and to ampicillin-24 (7.62%) . All strains were isolated from flocks that had been continuously treated with antibiotics . Differences were found in the resistance of the various species of Salmonella also during the years with no definite trend toward a rise of the resistant strains.

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