Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris), 1986 Nov, 22(6), 317 - 20 {Infectious colitis . Endoscopy}; Dive C; Colon and rectum localizations of an disease or a parasitosis depend essentially on the nature of the pathogenous agent and the host resistance . Acute enterocolitis is secondary to enterotoxinogenous germs (such as cholera vibrio), invasive germs (such as shigella), penetrating germs (such as salmonella); viruses are seldom concerned . Parasitic colitis include mostly amibiasis and bilharziosis . Infectious and parasitic enterocolitis may be transmitted sexually . On the other hand, certain venereal diseases have intestinal manifestations . Finally, in AIDS, timely gastro-intestinal infections develop . The diagnosis rests on endoscopy, histological examination and biological and parasitological samplings. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1986 Nov, 262(4), 462 - 73 {Microcalorimetric study of Salmonella}; Allerberger FJ et al.; We investigated the heat production of 42 different Salmonella strains belonging to the serogroups A, B, C, D and E . Using Columbia- and Brain Heart Infusion Broth as growth media, we found 3 different types of heat profiles . Salmonella typhi and Salmonella choleraesuis showed thermograms which differed in shape from the remaining serotypes . The thermograms of one Salmonella dublin isolate which showed an atypical biochemical behaviour could not be put into proper relation to one of these 3 microcalorimetric types. Rev Infect Dis, 1986 Nov-Dec, 8(6), 978 - 83 Nontyphoid salmonellosis in patients with total hip replacement: report of four cases and review of the literature; Samra Y et al.; Five episodes of nontyphoid salmonella infection following total hip replacement in four patients were studied . In three patients the infection occurred in the immediate postoperative period while prophylactic antibiotics were being administered . The fourth patient had bilateral total hip replacements five years apart with two nontyphoid salmonella infections, one immediately after the first operation (during antibiotic prophylaxis) and the second four years after the second operation . In addition to local infection, clinical manifestations included fever (all patients), diarrhea (three patients), deep prosthetic infection (two patients), and shock with disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure (one patient) . In addition to antibiotic therapy, removal of the prosthesis was necessary for cure in three patients . All patients recovered . Hematogenous spread was thought likely in all cases . Four of five salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol . A review of the English-language literature yielded information on five additional cases of nontyhpoid salmonella infection after total hip replacement in four patients. Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 175(3), 165 - 9 Mutagenicity and clastogenicity of the antineoplastic agents homo-azasteroidal ester of p-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl acetic acid and chlorambucil; Athanasiou K et al.; The mutagenic and clastogenic effects of the antineoplastic agents homo-aza-steroidal ester (ASE) and chlorambucil (CBC) were tested for their ability to induce mutations in the Salmonella/microsome system and SCE in CHO cells in culture . ASE was found to be positive in strains TA1535 and TA100 and in the newer strain TA102 with and without metabolic activation, while CBC caused histidine reversion in strain TA102 after the addition of mammalian liver microsomal extract (S9) . In addition, both agents were found to be strongly positive for SCE induction . The mutagenic and clastogenic actions of both agents were of a dose-response type. Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 175(3), 153 - 7 The importance of 2-aminofluorene in the mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene; Robertson IG; The mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its derivatives N-hydroxy-AAF and 2-aminofluorene (AF) by pulmonary and hepatic microsomal fractions from untreated rabbits was investigated using Salmonella strain TA98 . The mutagenicity of AAF in the presence of hepatic microsomes followed typical saturation kinetics . However, in the presence of pulmonary microsomes, the mutagenic activity increased linearly with increasing substrate concentration and approximated that obtained with low concentrations of AF . N-Hydroxy-AAF was 1/10th as mutagenic as AF in the presence of pulmonary microsomes, but 2-2.5 times more mutagenic than AF in the presence of hepatic microsomes . The activation of AAF by both fractions was completely inhibited by the deacetylase inhibitor paraoxon . Although AAF does not appear to be a substrate for cytochrome P450 form 5, antibodies to this form inhibited the activation of AAF by pulmonary and hepatic microsomes by 90% and 60%, respectively . These results indicate that the mutagenic activation of AAF by these fractions primarily involves deacetylation to AF, followed by cytochrome P450 form 5-mediated activation of AF. Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 175(3), 145 - 8 Mutagen formation in fried meat emulsion containing various amounts of creatine; Nes IF; The formation of mutagens in fried, minced meat emulsion was evaluated by the Ames Salmonella test system . Exogenous addition of creatine to the emulsion prior to frying greatly enhanced the mutagenicity of the emulsion . Addition of 5% creatine resulted in a 40-fold increase in the mutagenicity of the fried meat emulsion in the frameshift test strain, TA98, and in a 8-fold increase in the base substitution test strain, TA100 . The present results suggest that creatine is an important factor in the mutagen formation in fried meat products. Mutat Res, 1986 Nov, 172(2), 105 - 38 Comparative mutagenicity of aliphatic epoxides in Salmonella; Canter DA et al.; 37 aliphatic epoxides comprising 6 subclasses (unsubstituted aliphatic epoxides, halogenated aliphatic epoxides, glycidyl esters, glycidates, glycidyl ethers and diglycidyl ethers) were tested, under code, for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 and/or TA97 with and without metabolic activation using a standardized protocol . The 4 halogenated aliphatic epoxides and the 4 diglycidyl ethers were all mutagenic . The 2 glycidates were negative in all strain/activation systems used while all 5 glycidyl esters were mutagenic . 3 of the 8 unsubstituted aliphatic epoxides and 11 of the 12 glycidyl ethers were mutagenic . Glycidol also was mutagenic whereas 9,10-epoxyoctadecanoic acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester was not mutagenic . Of the 28 mutagenic compounds, all but neodecanoic acid, 2,3-epoxypropyl ester and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether were detected in TA100 without activation . The latter two were detected only with activation in TA100 and TA1535 . The majority of the other 26 chemicals were also mutagenic in TA1535 without activation . Good intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility was seen in the results of each of the 4 chemicals tested in more than one set of experiments . The current results confirm and extend the observations of other investigators regarding structural effects on the mutagenicity of members of the aliphatic epoxide class of chemicals. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1986 Nov 1, 189(9), 997 - 8 A survey of free-living falconiform birds for Salmonella; Kirkpatrick CE et al.; Of 105 migrating falconiform birds of 7 species examined for Salmonella shedding in New Jersey, 2 (1.9%) were positive for Salmonella spp . Both positive birds were immature red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) . Salmonella enteritidis and S newport were the serotypes isolated . Neither serotype expressed multiple resistance when tested against a panel of 12 antimicrobial drugs. Arch Intern Med, 1986 Nov, 146(11), 2149 - 52 Cephalosporin therapy for salmonellosis . Questions of efficacy and cross resistance with ampicillin; Cherubin CE et al.; The new cephalosporins should be explored for Salmonella septicemia efficacy, because of multiple-drug resistance, the high incidence of patient allergies to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and the limited number of antibiotics with proven efficacy . This study reports on six widely used cephalosporins: cephalothin, cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone with respect to in vitro killing of Salmonella . This in vitro activity was related to the stability of the agents to beta-lactamases . Cefoperazone was the least stable, followed by cefamandole and cephalothin . Cefoxitin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone were the most stable . The beta-lactamase-unstable agents permitted regrowth of beta-lactamase-producing salmonella within 36 hours . Standard susceptibility tests showed good inhibitory levels by these unstable agents at 18 hours, but the minimum inhibitory concentrations increased dramatically with longer incubation periods . Based on these results, past cephalothin failures for ampicillin-resistant Salmonella can be explained . Additionally, there should be a dichotomy of effectiveness in the new cephalosporins depending on their beta-lactamase stability . The stable cephalosporins deserve further clinical trials in the treatment of beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella infections. Mutagenesis, 1986 Nov, 1(6), 407 - 10 Genotoxicity of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065; Harbach PR et al.; CC-1065, a very potent antitumor antibiotic, is active against several animal tumors, and against human tumors in the cloning assay at doses 50-1000 times lower than other agents such as adriamycin . It binds and alkylates DNA, and inhibits DNA synthesis, suggesting a potential for genotoxicity . Therefore, the genotoxic effects of CC-1065 were tested in several assay systems . CC-1065 was weakly mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella mutation assay (strain TA100) without S9 activation, but lacked mutagenic activity in TA98 with or without activation . CC-1065 was a very potent mutagen in the Salmonella forward mutation assay (induction of 8-azaguanine resistance), increasing the mutation frequency 19-fold over background at 0.1 ng/ml without activation . In mammalian (V79) cells it was a very potent mutagen without activation, increasing the mutation frequency 20-fold over background a 0.5 ng/ml . CC-1065 induced chromosome aberrations in V79 cells at very low (less than 0.1 ng/ml) doses, making this assay the most sensitive . CC-1065 increased the induction of micronuclei in rats 10- to 20-fold over the background at 200 and 400 micrograms/kg, but not at 100 micrograms/kg . CC-1065 failed to cause DNA breaks or DNA--protein cross-links as measured by the DNA damage/alkaline elution assay. Mutagenesis, 1986 Nov, 1(6), 439 - 43 Observed convergence of the Salmonella plate and pre-incubation assays when employing varying levels of S9; Callander RD; Since the publication of the original Salmonella mutagenicity test protocol in 1975, a number of investigators have proposed that the addition of a pre-incubation step to the normal protocol increases the sensitivity of the assay . Data presented here for 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and the more potent carcinogenic analogue 6-dimethylaminophenylazobenzothiazole show that simply varying the amount of S9 present in the plate assay can increase the sensitivity of the test as much as the addition of the pre-incubation step does. Immun Infekt, 1986 Nov, 14(6), 199 - 202 {Septic disease pictures in Salmonella infections}; Allerberger FJ et al.; 3715 strains of salmonella have been isolated from various sources from 1976 to 1985 . 26 of these isolates have been S . typhi and paratyphi B, 3689 isolates were nontyphoid strains . 7 isolates of S . typhi and S . paratyphi have been isolated from blood cultures . All persons infected with these strains have acquired these organisms in tropical and subtropical areas . In contrast, salmonella gastroenteritis is mainly confined to the intestinal tract . 21 isolates of nontyphoid salmonellae, however, have been isolated from blood cultures . The vast majority of these patients showed compromised host defense mechanisms . Newborn infants up to 3 months are considered particularly vulnerable for bloodstream invasion with nontyphoid salmonellae . Patients with chronic consuming disorders, solid tumors and haematologic malignancies, and the treatment of these ailments with immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids predisposes patients for extraintestinal spread of an enteric salmonella infection . Corticosteroid therapy seems to be particularly responsible for a fulminant course of the disease and poor outcome of the infection. Virus Res, 1986 Nov, 6(2), 181 - 91 Induction of mutations in bacteria by a fragment of DNA from herpes simplex virus type 1; Shillitoe EJ et al.; A bacterial assay was developed for the study of mutagenesis by DNA of herpes simplex viruses . The histidine mutations from two of the Ames mutagenesis tester strains were recombined into the Salmonella histidine operon of the F'8 plasmid and each was transferred to a derivative strain of E . coli C from which the resident histidine operon had been deleted . One tester strain could be reverted by a chemical mutagen which induces frameshift mutations and the other could be reverted by a mutagen which induces base-pair substitution mutations . The BamHI G fragment of herpes simplex virus type 1 was cloned in each orientation into the BamHI site of the expression vectors pUC7, pUC8 and pUC9 and were introduced into the new strains of E . coli . The pUC9 plasmid carrying the BamHI G fragment of herpes simplex virus type 1 with the G-E' site closest to the lac promoter showed a higher rate of reversion in the frameshift strain, which varied up to 39-fold greater than the background rate . Since many mutagens are carcinogenic these data suggest the existence of a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus type 1 which might be involved in cell transformation. J Lab Clin Med, 1986 Nov, 108(5), 506 - 16 Role of the Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi in resistance to host defense in vitro; Looney RJ et al.; The virulence of Salmonella typhi is associated with the presence of the Vi antigen . Mechanisms of Vi antigen virulence were examined in vitro . The Vi antigen-containing strain Quailes was significantly (P less than 0.025) more resistant to lysis by nonimmune serum than S . typhi 0901, which does not have the Vi antigen, and resulted in less activation of complement by the alternative pathway (P less than 0.05) . Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) ingested strain Quailes significantly (P less than 0.01) more slowly and less completely than strain 0901 as assessed by three measures of phagocytic rate . In contrast to prior reports, the Vi antigen did not prevent an oxidative burst, measured by O2- production, chemiluminescence, and O2 consumption . The extent of the oxidative burst correlated directly and closely with the rate of phagocytosis . When the rate of PMN phagocytosis for both strains was equalized by opsonizing strain 0901 with 1% and strain Quailes with a 3% concentration of serum, the PMN oxidative burst was equal . C3 binding to strain Quailes was significantly (P less than 0.005) less than to strain 0901 . Hence the Vi antigen inhibited phagocytosis by preventing C3b binding and solely as a consequence of this induced a lesser PMN oxidative burst . Furthermore, strain Quailes was significantly (P less than 0.025) less susceptible to killing by H2O2 than strain 0901 . To ensure that these observations were a consequence of the Vi antigen and not other strain differences, another pair of S . typhi with and without the Vi antigen were similarly compared, and the results were the same as with strains Quailes and 0901 . Strains 0901 and Quailes were killed by PMNs from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease but more slowly than by normal PMNs, indicating that S . typhi is susceptible to nonoxidative killing. Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Nov, 69, 101 - 7 Mutagenic by-products from chlorination of humic acid; Meier JR et al.; Chlorination of humic and fulvic acid results in the formation of direct-acting mutagenicity, detectable in the Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test) . This mutagenicity is being characterized as part of an overall effort aimed at evaluating potential health risks associated with the presence of mutagenic chemicals in drinking water . A number of chlorinated organic compounds, including several known mutagens, have been identified and quantified in diethyl ether extracts of chlorinated humic acid solutions . However, the total mutagenicity of these compounds accounts for only about 7% of the original mutagenicity . Synergistic or antagonistic interactions among the identified components have been ruled out as possible explanations for the failure to account for a higher percentage of the activity . Recent progress has been made to separate the activity into neutral and strong acid fractions . Further isolation of the strong acids by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has resulted in the purification of the mutagenicity into a major peak of activity with a specific mutagenicity of about 20,000 TA100 revertants per milligram . Several trichlorohydroxyfuranone isomers have been tentatively identified in this fraction . The contribution of these types of compounds to the mutagenicity of chlorinated humic acid is under investigation. Drug Metab Dispos, 1986 Nov-Dec, 14(6), 637 - 42 Epidermis: the major site of cutaneous benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-diol metabolism in neonatal BALB/c mice; Das M et al.; The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol (BP-7,8-diol) by microsomes prepared from whole skin, dermis, and epidermis of neonatal BALB/c mice pretreated with topically applied 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) was compared . In control animals, microsomes prepared from epidermis showed higher rates of metabolism of BP and BP-7,8-diol (1.4-2.6-fold) than did microsomes prepared from whole skin or dermis . A single topical application of MCA increased the rate of metabolism of BP and BP-7,8-diol in microsomes prepared from whole skin, dermis, and epidermis . The greatest increase occurred in the epidermis . The in vivo covalent binding of {3H}BP, {3H}BP-7,8-diol, and 7,12-{3H}dimethylbenz(a)anthracene ({3H}DMBA) to DNA was found to be greater in epidermis (8.7-15.4-fold) than in whole skin or in dermis . A single topical application of MCA to BALB/c mice enhanced the in vivo binding of {3H}BP, {3H}BP-7,8-diol and {3H}DMBA to DNA of whole skin, dermis, and epidermis more than 2-fold . Exposure of Salmonella tester strains TA98 and TA100 to 2-aminoanthracene, a skin carcinogen, in the presence of an epidermal metabolic activation mixture resulted in a greater mutagenic response when compared to activation mixtures derived from whole skin or dermis . These results indicate that epidermis is the major site of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism and of enzyme-mediated covalent binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens to DNA in skin of BALB/c mice and that topically applied MCA has maximum enzyme induction effects in this skin compartment. Vet Rec, 1986 Oct 25, 119(17), 430 - 1 Selenium supplementation in lambs: effects on antibody responses to a salmonella vaccine; Finch JM et al.; In trials conducted in 1984 and 1985, the effects of selenium injections on the antibody responses of lambs marginally deficient in selenium to Salmonella dublin were assessed . Control lambs (mean glutathione peroxidase {GSHPx} less than 20 iu/ml) responded well to the vaccine . No difference was observed in the antibody titres of animals treated twice with 5 mg selenium as sodium selenate . During the following season animals given 50 mg selenium as barium selenate showed slightly higher titres than controls . The results show that marginally selenium deficient lambs are able to elicit strong antibody titres to a bacterial antigen and that supplementation with selenium produces, at best, a marginal enhancement of the responses observed. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 1986 Oct 17, 111(42), 1599 - 602 {Ciprofloxacin in Salmonella infection and abdominal typhoid}; Klein E et al.; Ten patients - two with Salmonella septicaemia associated with AIDS; one each Salmonella excretors in the convalescence stage and with Salmonella osteomyelitis; three with abdominal typhoid, and three with Salmonella enteritis - were treated with the gyrase inhibitor ciprofloxacin . The drug was given for 3-33 days, at a dosage of 250-750 mg orally in most cases . Clinical and bacteriological cure was achieved in nine patients . There were no significant side effects . One patient developed a macular rash, which is within the usual side-effect rate. Brain Res, 1986 Oct 15, 385(1), 156 - 60 Antipyretic action of centrally administered arginine vasopressin but not oxytocin in the cat; Naylor AM et al.; The antipyretic action of central arginine vasopressin (AVP) was investigated in mongrel cats . Control push-pull perfusions in the ventral septal area (VSA), with the carrier vehicle alone, did not affect the febrile response to Salmonella typhosa administered intracerebroventricularly . When AVP was perfused similarly, the fever was suppressed in a dose-related manner . The lower dose of AVP delayed the onset of fever, whereas the higher concentration of AVP suppressed consistently the fever throughout the period of administration . Another neurohypophyseal peptide, oxytocin, was ineffective in altering the febrile response at the dose tested . The regions of greatest sensitivity to the antipyretic action of AVP are located ventral to the septum, bounded by the diagonal bands of Broca, extending into the posterior septal nucleus . Sites at which AVP was ineffective in producing antipyresis were found more dorsal and lateral to these . Thus, AVP suppresses fever in the cat via an action in the VSA that is dose related, and site specific and peptide specific . These data provide further evidence that AVP may be involved in the central mechanisms which control core temperature. J Immunol, 1986 Oct 15, 137(8), 2428 - 33 Bacterial activation of human natural killer cells . Characteristics of the activation process and identification of the effector cell; Tarkkanen J et al.; We showed previously that contact of human peripheral blood lymphocytes with glutaraldehyde-fixed Salmonella bacteria augmented their cytotoxic capacity against NK-sensitive targets . We have now analyzed the characteristics of the activation and also identified the subsets of lymphocytes responding to bacterial contact . Blocking of protein synthesis with cyclohexamide totally abrogated bacterial induction of activated killing (AK), whereas inhibition of DNA synthesis with mitomycin C did not significantly affect the capacity of lymphocytes to respond to bacterial contact . Both the induction and the effector phase of AK were radioresistant . The AK cells exhibited efficient lytic activity, comparable to that induced by recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2), against NK-resistant targets (including both hematopoietic and solid tumor cell lines) . All inducible cytotoxic activity was contained within the subset of lymphocytes expressing Leu-19 (NKH-1) antigen . Leu-19- lymphocytes exhibited no significant NK activity and could not be further stimulated by bacterial contact, rIL 2, or IFN-alpha . Within the Leu-19+ lymphocyte subset, two distinct cell types were present; CD3-, Leu-19+ NK cells and CD3+ . Leu-19+ T cells . The CD3+, Leu-19+, T cells mediated low levels of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against K562, but did not respond to bacterial contact, even though rIL 2 could augment their lytic activity slightly . However, the cytotoxic activity of CD3-, Leu-19+ NK cells was significantly augmented by bacterial contact . Within the CD3-, Leu-19+ NK cell population both CD16+ and CD16- cells responded to bacterial activation . The CD3-, CD16-, Leu-19+ cells constituted 1 to 4% of the Percoll-fractionated low buoyant density lymphocytes and accounted for the activation seen within the CD16- lymphocyte population . Thus bacterial stimulation of NK activity seems to be mediated for the most part via CD16+, Leu-19+ cells, and a minor overall contribution is mediated via CD3-, CD16-, Leu-19+ cells . No apparent involvement of T cells was seen in the lytic response of lymphocytes to bacterial contact. Biochemistry, 1986 Oct 7, 25(20), 5858 - 64 Identification of the 9-aminoacridine/DNA complex responsible for photodynamic inactivation of P22; Loechler EL et al.; Acridine dyes bound to the condensed DNA within phage particles sensitize them to inactivation by visible light . The mechanism involves absorption of photons by an acridine/DNA complex, generating singlet oxygen, which covalently damages nearby proteins needed for DNA injection {Bryant, J., & King, J . (1985) J . Mol . Biol . 180, 837-863} . Acridines and related dyes interact with double-stranded DNA through a number of binding modes . To determine in condensed phage DNA the binding mode responsible for this inactivation, we have studied the formation of the DNA/acridine target complexes for photoinactivation . Analysis of the kinetics of 9-aminoacridine binding to Salmonella phage P22 particles revealed the formation of two binding species, one of which appeared more rapidly and was apparently an intermediate in the formation of the second . The rapidly forming species represented DNA sites with intercalated acridines, while the more slowly forming species represented the subsequent binding of additional acridine molecules to the DNA backbone of sites already containing intercalated dye . The rates of photoinactivation correlated with the rate of binding of 9-aminoacridine to the DNA backbone . This suggests that the most effective species for sensitizing phage to light-induced damage has acridine molecules stacked alongside the backbone of a region with intercalated molecules. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1986 Oct, 18 Suppl C, 179 - 81 Epidemiology and chromosomal location of genes encoding multiresistance in Salmonella dublin; Helmuth R et al.; Multiresistant Salmonella dublin strains isolated between 1971 to 1984 were investigated for their genetic and physical properties . It turned out that the multiresistance of the 1971 to 1973 isolates was plasmid-encoded . In the following years, however, the plasmid profiles of the strains were indistinguishable from sensitive isolates and the genes encoding the multiresistance were located on the Salmonella chromosome. Lab Anim, 1986 Oct, 20(4), 325 - 8 Salmonella ochiogu: experimental infection of laboratory mice and oxytetracycline therapy; Onyekaba CO et al.; The oral infection of laboratory mice with 10(8) colony-forming units of viable Salmonella ochiogu bacteria resulted in clinical salmonellosis and death in 10 out of 45 of the mice (22%) . None of the mice treated with oxytetracycline died . Infection in susceptible mice was characterized by septicaemia, respiratory involvement and mild enteritis . The organism was shed in the faeces from the first day after infection until day 30, and cultures from viscera showed systemic dissemination . S . ochiogu was recovered from the faeces of mice treated with oxytetracycline between days 1 and 9 post infection. Mutat Res, 1986 Oct, 172(1), 11 - 7 Bacterial mutagenicity and carcinogenic potential of some azapyrene derivatives; Tanga MJ et al.; The mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of 5 azapyrenes, which are suspected of being environmental pollutants, were assessed using the Salmonella assay and the anchorage-independent survival assay . The compounds tested were: 1-azapyrene, 2-azapyrene, 4-azapyrene, 1-aza-2-hydroxypyrene, and 2-aza-1-hydroxypyrene . The compounds were mutagenic and some were also carcinogenic. Med Trop (Mars), 1986 Oct-Dec, 46(4), 397 - 9 {Three successive cases of salmonella meningitis in Gabon}; Flocard F et al.; In a two months period Salmonella ajiobo and S . typhimurium (twice) were isolated from cloudy cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of children less than one year old . No other cases of Salmonella meningitis occurred in a 2 year survey of meningitis in Franceville, a semi-rural community in southeastern Gabon . One case was fatal and the case with S . ajiobo needed a prolonged course since the CSF was not sterilized even after 6 days of therapy. Clin Exp Immunol, 1986 Oct, 66(1), 103 - 10 Monoclonal antibody against bacterial lipopolysaccharide cross-reacts with DNA-histone; Sumazaki R et al.; Monoclonal antibodies to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were prepared by fusing spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with Salmonella Minnesota Re 595 LPS to the mouse myeloma cell line P3U1 . One of them, designated RS01, revealed a strong positive antinuclear activity and reacted with DNA-histone . RS01 also bound specifically to Salmonella Minnesota Re 595 LPS and eliminated the biological activity of LPS . The Salmonella completely inhibited the ANA activity of RS01 and DNA-histone blocked the reactivity of RS01 with LPS . Thus, it is clear that an anti-LPS monoclonal antibody, RS01 cross-reacts with DNA-histone. Cell Immunol, 1986 Oct 1, 102(1), 68 - 77 Macrophage defect and inflammatory cell recruitment dysfunction in Salmonella susceptible C3H/HeJ mice; Weinstein DL et al.; C3H/HeJ mice are homozygous for the Lpsd allele and, as a consequence, are hyporesponsive to all of the biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that have been studied . These mice die in the early phase of infection when inoculated with virulent Salmonella . This susceptibility is also regulated by the Lpsd allele . The mechanism of Lpsd-conferred Salmonella susceptibility was evaluated in these studies . The response of C3H/HeJ mice to S . typhimurium strains of differing virulence was compared in a series of in vivo experiments to the response of: endotoxin-responsive (Lpsn) mice that carry another Salmonella susceptibility gene (Itys) and endotoxin-responsive mice that carry a Salmonella resistance gene (Ityr) . The C3H/HeJ mice (genotype Lpsd/Ityr) were more resistant than Lpsn/Itys mice to strains of S . typhimurium of reduced virulence but less resistant than Lpsn/Ityr mice . In addition, C3H/HeJ macrophages cultured in vitro were less able to contain net salmonellae multiplication than were macrophages from Lpsn/Ityr mice . Moreover, histopathological findings revealed that S . typhimurium-infected Lpsn/Ityr animals recruited an abnormally low number of cells into their livers compared to either Lpsn/Ityr mice or Lpsn/Itys mice . These data suggest that the susceptibility of C3H/HeJ mice may be the result of at least two Lpsd-encoded defects: a decreased capacity of macrophages to restrict Salmonella growth and a reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells into liver. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Oct, (10), 27 - 9 {Ultrastructural study of intestinal bacteria grown on Endo- and Levine-type nutrient media based on nonfood raw materials}; Pivovarova NI et al.; The comparative electron-microscopic study of several test strains (Salmonella typhi H-901, Shigella flexneri la 8516, and Escherichia coli 055) grown in experimental Endo and Levine media prepared on the basis of raw materials unsuitable for human consumption and in commonly used similar media prepared on the basis of sprat hydrolysate has shown the test strains grown in media containing aminopeptide and fodder yeast hydrolysate to retain their typical ultrastructure, which confirms the possibility of using these protein bases for the preparation of Endo and Levine media. J Hyg (Lond), 1986 Oct, 97(2), 237 - 46 Salmonellosis in two dairy herds associated with a sewage farm and water reclamation plant; Clegg FG et al.; Two dairy herds, situated on a sewage farm, were monitored for the presence of salmonellas following outbreaks of Salmonella dublin infection . In addition an S . dublin control scheme, which involved examination of adult animals and calf vaccination, was instigated . During the period 1975-84, 12 salmonella serotypes and 10 phage types of S . typhimurium were isolated from the cattle and their environment although their presence was seldom associated with disease . Two adult S . dublin excreters were detected but it was concluded that none of the tests employed to examine the adult animals was sensitive enough . The prevalence of disease in the calves was low and although vaccination may have been beneficial it did not eradicate S . dublin infection . Thus S . dublin persisted in adults and calves during the 8-year period but its presence was seldom associated with disease . The results are discussed with regards the disease risk to animals from the agricultural use of sewage sludge and the public health aspects. J Appl Physiol, 1986 Oct, 61(4), 1395 - 402 Endotoxin increases pulmonary vascular protein permeability in the dog; Welsh CH et al.; Endotoxin increases pulmonary vascular permeability consistently in some species but fails to reliably cause injury in the dog . We wondered whether this phenomenon depended on the method of injury assessment, as others have relied on edema measurement; we quantified injury by monitoring the rate of extravascular protein accumulation . 113mIn-labeled protein and 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes were injected into anesthetized dogs and monitored by an externally placed lung probe . A protein leak index, the rate of extravascular protein accumulation, was derived from the rate of increase in lung protein counts corrected for changes in intravascular protein activity . After administration of Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin (4 micrograms/kg), the protein leak index was elevated 2.5-fold (41.1 +/- 4.6 X 10(-4) min-1) compared with control (16.0 +/- 2.8 X 10(-4) min-1) . In contrast, wet-to-dry weight ratios failed to increase after endotoxin (4.6 +/- 0.8 vs . control values of 4.2 +/- 0.5 g/g dry bloodless lung) . However, we observed that endotoxin increased lung dry weight (per unit body weight), which may have attenuated the change in wet-to-dry weight ratios . To determine whether low microvascular pressures following endotoxin attenuated edema formation, we increased pulmonary arterial wedge pressures in five dogs by saline infusion, which caused an increase in wet-to-dry weight ratios following endotoxin but no change in the five controls . We conclude that low dose endotoxin causes pulmonary vascular protein leak in the dog while edema formation is minimal or absent. Microb Pathog, 1986 Oct, 1(5), 503 - 10 Salmonella cytotoxin: a component of the bacterial outer membrane; Reitmeyer JC et al.; Salmonella cytotoxin present in cell-free sonic lysates causes rounding and detachment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . Although the precise role of this toxin in the pathogenesis of salmonellosis is unclear, cytotoxin production by Salmonella could account for tissue damage or possibly, facilitate invasion . A variety of other bacteria (e.g . Shigella, Escherichia, Legionella) have been shown to form soluble cytotoxins, many of which may be involved in pathogenesis . The data in this report indicate that the Salmonella cytotoxin in cell-free sonic lysates is firmly associated with cell membrane fragments that can be pelleted by ultracentrifugation (270,000 g for 2.4 h) . Furthermore, lysozyme treatment of filter-sterilized sonic extracts of Salmonella species followed by isopycnic sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation allowed separation of the outer and inner membrane components . The outer membrane (OM) peak contained the cytotoxic activity when assayed for detachment of CHO cells . The importance of these data resides in the observation that the Salmonella cytotoxin is an outer membrane component . Its mere location places it in a position of direct contact with host cells and suggests a possible role in cell damage and/or invasion . Furthermore, ultracentrifugation provides a method by which much of the Salmonella cytotoxin in sonic extracts can be removed allowing expression of the Salmonella enterotoxin, whose CHO cell elongation effect is usually obscured by the presence of the cytotoxin causing cell rounding and detachment. Eur J Immunol, 1986 Oct, 16(10), 1263 - 7 Induction of human interleukin 1 by bacterial and synthetic lipid A; Loppnow H et al.; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are well known inducers of interleukin 1 (IL 1) . Here we show that synthetic heptaacyl Salmonella minnesota (compound 516) and synthetic E . coli type (compound 506) lipid A, as well as monodephospho part structures thereof, are able to induce IL 1 production in human mononuclear cells . The 4'-monodephospho part structure (compound 505) was found to be the most active IL 1 inducer as compared to compound 506 and the 1-monodephospho part structure (compound 504) . Synthetic lipid A precursor Ia, lacking nonhydroxylated fatty acids (compound 406), and its 1- or 4'-monodephospho part structures (compounds 404 and 405) did not induce IL 1 production . IL 2 is not produced during stimulation with the synthetic compounds . IL 1 activity was partially heat labile and could be inhibited by a rabbit antiserum against human leukocytic pyrogen . These results show that the lipid A component of LPS is active in inducing IL 1 and that the presence of 3-acyloxyacyl residues is necessary for IL 1 induction. Eur J Biochem, 1986 Oct 1, 160(1), 55 - 9 Biological activity of synthetic heptaacyl lipid A representing a component of Salmonella minnesota R595 lipid A; Galanos C et al.; A synthetic lipid A (preparation 516), containing seven acyl groups and representing one component of natural free lipid A of Salmonella minnesota R595, has been investigated for biological activity in a number of endotoxin test systems . It was found that the synthetic preparation was, in typical in vivo endotoxin tests (lethality, pyrogenicity, Shwartzman reactivity) as well as in its antigenicity and macrophage activation capacity, significantly less active than natural Salmonella lipid A . However, in other in vitro assay systems (B-cell mitogenicity, complement activation, Limulus amoebocyte lysate gelation) it expressed similar activity as Salmonella lipid A. Jikken Dobutsu, 1986 Oct, 35(4), 517 - 20 A survey of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Salmonella spp., Bordetella bronchiseptica and Sendai virus in guinea pig colonies in Japan; Nakagawa M et al.; S . pneumoniae, S . zooepidemicus, Salmonella spp., B . bronchiseptica and Sendai virus were examined in a total of 45 guinea pig colonies (17 institutional and 28 breeder's colonies) of Hartley strain, and found to be positive in 6, 3, 5, 20 and 14 colonies, respectively . Sendai virus was highly prevalent among guinea pigs, showing so high rates positive as 80 to 100% of animals obtained from 11 of the 14 contaminated colonies . B . bronchiseptica was also shown to be prevalent within contaminated colonies by indication of rates positive more than 40% of animals examined in 14 of the 20 colonies . Infection rates of other 3 pathogens, however, ranged from lower than 20% to higher than 80% according to colonies . All strains of Salmonella isolated in this survey were identified as S . typhimurium and those of S . pneumoniae as serotype 19F. Arq Gastroenterol, 1986 Oct-Dec, 23(4), 242 - 5 {Incidence of rotavirus in the Menino Jesus Pediatric Hospital (SP): ELISA--a practical and efficient method for its detection}; Fiore ES et al.; Seventy infants and children with age from 2 months to 4 years old were admitted to "Hospital Infantil Menino Jesus", in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in the period from March 1983 to June 1984 with acute diarrhea . Feces from these patients were analysed in the search of rotavirus and enteropathogenic bacteria (Shigella, Salmonella and E . coli), for the purpose of defining the role of rotavirus as an agent of acute diarrhea in infants and young children in this country . ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) was the method of choice for the search of rotavirus, because of its simplicity of management and the high sensitivity of the results . Rotavirus alone was imputed as the cause of acute diarrhea in 12 patients (17.7%), with ages from 2 months to 3 years old and in 2 patients in association with Shigella . All but one of the patients with rotavirus were undernourished and none of the infants had been breast fed before the disease. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 1986 Oct, 102(10), 455 - 7 {Macrophage participation in the polyclonal and specific response to T-independent antigen in vitro}; Shanin SS et al.; Effect of adherent cells (macrophages on synthesis of total immunoglobulins (Ig) and specific antibody (Ab) in mice spleen cell culture stimulated by Vi-antigen Salmonella typhi has been studied . Ig and Ab in culture medium were determined by ELISA technique 96 hours after introducing the antigen into cell culture . The adsorption of analysed samples and reference antiserum on antigen coated microplates at pH 3.5 results in reducing nonspecific protein adsorption and promotes quantitative analysis Ab synthesized in vitro . The level of Ab produced in antigen stimulated spleen cell culture during 96 hours after antigen introduction is less than 2% of all synthesized Ig . Removal of most macrophages from spleen cell population results in a considerable decrease of specific and polyclonal immune responses . The basal Ig level in spleen cell culture (without antigen influence) does not decrease after removal of macrophages. S Afr Med J, 1986 Sep 27, 70(7), 396 - 8 {Aspects of typhoid fever in children}; Prinsloo JG et al.; Some aspects of typhoid fever in 77 children are discussed . There were 48 boys and 29 girls and their ages ranged from 1 month to 12 years . The patients were treated with chloramphenicol 100 mg/kg/d during the first 2 weeks and with either amoxycillin (100 mg/kg/d) or ampicillin (200 mg/kg/d) during the third week . The average duration of fever was 5.2 days . There was 1 relapse and 1 child, a baby aged 1 month, died . The correct diagnosis was not suspected by the referring doctor in 38% of the patients . On admission the commonest complaints were fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache and vomiting . The commonest findings on examination were tenderness or distension of the abdomen, apathy or delirium, rhonchi or crepitations, liver enlargement and meningism . There was anaemia (Hb less than 10 g/dl) in 23% and lymphopenia (less than 1500/microliter) in 43% of the patients . The differential white blood cell count revealed 5% or more unsegmented neutrophils in 32% of the patients, while 25% had 10% or more band cells . Two patients (sisters) failed to respond after 15 and 16 days of therapy with chloramphenicol and ampicillin because of resistant Salmonella typhi and were successfully treated with co-trimoxazole . Practitioners caring for black patients should always be on the alert for typhoid fever; some patients may not respond to chloramphenicol or amoxicillin . During the acute phase milk feeds are best replaced by soya products because of abdominal distension or aggravation of diarrhoea by milk. Life Sci, 1986 Sep 8, 39(10), 923 - 30 Dimethylnitrosamine metabolism: I . In vitro activation of dimethylnitrosamine to mutagenic substance(s) by hepatic and renal tissues from three inbred strains of mice; Ampy FR et al.; The potential of hepatic and renal homogenates from three inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C57BL and DBA) to activate dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) was investigated . Microsomal enzyme (S-9) preparations of liver and kidney from mature and immature mice were used in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay . No age or sex-related differences in the formation of active mutagenic DMN Metabolites by liver microsomal enzymes were observed within any of the three inbred strains . In contrast, mature male kidney S-9 fractions from all three strains had a significantly greater potential to activate DMN than mature female and immature animals . Testosterone treatment resulted in no apparent changes in the ability of hepatic tissue to biotransform DMN to its mutagenic metabolites among age and sex classes . However, after testosterone treatment, renal microsomal fractions from mature female mice of all three strains did not differ significantly from their male counterparts in their ability to transform DMN to mutagenic metabolites. Aust Vet J, 1986 Sep, 63(9), 286 - 92 The resistance of antimicrobial agents in salmonella from veterinary sources in Australia from 1975 to 1982; Murray CJ et al.; A survey of antibiotic resistance in 1,287 strains of Salmonella from bovine, porcine and avian sources in Australia was carried out from 1975 to 1982 . Isolates were tested against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, neomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline . Resistance was found to streptomycin in 286 isolates and to tetracycline in 282 isolates . Resistance to other antimicrobials was low and was unrelated to source . One hundred and seventy-three isolates showed multiple resistance to 2 or more antimicrobial agents with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline being the most common . The overall level of resistance did not change over the period examined. Eur J Epidemiol, 1986 Sep, 2(3), 215 - 27 Quantitative differences in the infectiousness and pathogenicity of 187 Salmonella serotypes or species; Muller HE; The present paper makes use of the epidemiological statistical data from 372,496 salmonellae isolated in man and 63,345 isolations from non-human material, e.g . animal foodstuffs, domestic animals and food of animal origin, surface waters and drainage waters . There were a total of 187 different serotypes . The data are derived from publications of the Federal Health Office, Berlin, for the period 1972-76; the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia for the years 1968-74; and from various publications and our own studies between 1954-76 . On the basis of theoretical deduction and by inductive procedures, Salmonella quotients were derived as quantitative statistical values for the infectiousness or pathogenicity of the individual serotypes in man or in animals . They result from the relative frequency of a serotype in man in relation to the relative frequency in non-human material, in animal food or surface water . The Salmonella quotients for the pathogenicity in animals can also be calculated in a similar way . The values vary about the factor 10(5) in the individual serotypes . It is inferred from this that infectiousness and pathogenicity vary by the same order of size . The Salmonella quotients are constant over many years and evidently also all over the world for most serotypes . Salmonella quotients with numerical values less than 1 indicate a depletion of the corresponding serotype in man . Numerical values greater than 1 indicate an accumulation . Conclusions can hence be drawn with regard to lower or higher infectiousness and pathogenicity. Trop Geogr Med, 1986 Sep, 38(3), 309 - 10 Foot abscess due to Salmonella typhi: a case report; Chagla AH et al.; A case of foot abscess due to Salmonella typhi is reported in a 37-year-old Yemeni man . The abscess was surgically drained and the wound healed without antibiotic therapy. Infect Immun, 1986 Sep, 53(3), 480 - 5 Antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway of human serum complement by lipid A is restricted to re-chemotype lipopolysaccharide and purified lipid A; Vukajlovich SW; Incubation of most bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with normal human sera at 37 degrees C activates the serum complement system, resulting in decreased levels of hemolytic complement . A panel of R-chemotype LPS preparations isolated from Salmonella minnesota rough mutant strains, as well as smooth wild-type LPS from S . minnesota, Escherichia coli O55-B5, Serratia marcescens, and Yersinia enterolitica, were used to examine the effect of LPS polysaccharide chain length on LPS lipid (lipid A)-dependent activation of the classical pathway of complement (CPC) . To examine specific lipid A-dependent activation of the CPC, sera deficient in alternative pathway of complement activity were prepared by the removal of factor D . Absorption of normal human sera with formalinized rabbit erythrocytes was found to remove natural antibodies, factors capable of forming LPS complexes which activate the CPC, or both . By using such factor D-depleted formalinized rabbit erythrocyte-absorbed normal human sera, only isolated lipid A and Re-chemotype LPS (R595 LPS) were found to activate the CPC . Thus, the presence of the additional monosaccharide L-glycero-D-mannoheptose in the Rd2 LPS oligosaccharide chain compared with the L-glycero-D-mannoheptose-deficient Re-chemotype LPS structure is sufficient to block lipid A-dependent activation of the CPC by LPS. Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol, 1986 Sep-Oct, 137B(2), 211 - 7 {Characterization of a 7th subspecies of Salmonella: S . choleraesuis subsp . indica subsp . nov.}; Le Minor L et al.; A new Salmonella subspecies designated as S . choleraesuis subsp . indica (shortly, subspecies VI) was delineated on the basis of biochemical characters and genomic relatedness . Eight serovars were assigned to this subspecies: one of these was previously classified in subspecies I (serovar Ferlac) and seven in subspecies II . This subspecies can be identified by five biochemical characters: gelatinase+, malonate-, L(+)tartrate-, salicin- and sorbitol- . The type strain is CIP 102501 (serovar 1,6,14,25:a:e,n,x formerly called Ferlac). Quad Sclavo Diagn, 1986 Sep, 22(3), 345 - 9 {Salmonella infections in workers at food shops during the period 1979-1985 in the province of Sassari}; Ginanneschi R et al.; Various categories of subjects working in food shops were tested for Salmonellae . The strains were isolated through serological typing and testing for sensitivity to antibiotics allowed us to know the epidemiological situation of those microorganisms in our area and their variations compared to previous studies. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 1986 Sep, 134(9), 701 - 2 {Salmonella osteoarthritis in hemophilia A}; Ritter J et al.; The unexpected course of a hemarthrosis in a young man with severe hemophilia and septic osteoarthritis is described . The arthritis appeared first as a relapse of a series of hemarthroses . However, the further course of the disease led to the diagnosis of a salmonella osteoarthritis. Food Chem Toxicol, 1986 Sep, 24(9), 923 - 30 Chlorinating poultry chiller water: the generation of mutagens and water re-use; Masri MS; The purpose of this study was to assess the potential generation of mutagens by chlorination of water used to chill poultry carcasses . Unchlorinated chiller water from a nearby poultry processing plant was chlorinated to different levels in the laboratory . Residues of dichloromethane extracts of the treated water were tested for mutagenicity with the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation system . The rate of disappearance of added chlorine from the chiller water was also monitored using ferrous ammonium sulphate titration . The results showed a fast rate of disappearance of added free chlorine, only some of which reappeared as combined available chlorine . No mutagenic activity could be demonstrated at chlorination levels up to 100 ppm, but activity rose above 250 ppm, and a dose-response relationship was demonstrated . The significance of these findings for poultry processing is discussed. J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 1986 Sep-Oct, 69(5), 786 - 98 Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Salmonella in foods: collaborative study; Flowers RS et al.; A collaborative study was performed in 25 laboratories to validate an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) procedure utilizing 2 specific monoclonal antibodies for rapid detection of Salmonella in foods . The EIA was compared with the standard culture procedure for detection of Salmonella in 6 food types: ground black pepper, soy isolate, dried whole eggs, milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, and raw deboned turkey . Uninoculated and inoculated samples were included in each food group analyzed, with the exception of poultry which was naturally contaminated . There was no significant difference in the productivity of the EIA and culture procedures at the 5% level for any of the 6 foods . The enzyme immunoassay screening method has been adopted official first action. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J, 1986 Sep, 47(9), 578 - 86 The mutagenicity of emissions from eight binder systems used in steel foundries; Kaiser-Farrell C et al.; Emissions generated when molten steel was poured into sand molds fabricated with eight different binder systems were collected separately and tested for mutagenic activity using the Ames Salmonella assay . The sampling device consisted of an initial 8 X 10 in . glass fiber filter in a custom fabricated apparatus through which air was drawn using a Hi-Vol motor and fan . A portion of the airstream, which passed this filter, was in turn passed through a smaller glass fiber filter and then into two glass impingers filled with ice-cold methanol . All the binder systems generated material, which induced mutations in the absence of added S-9 extract, and in all emissions a higher level of activity was found when S-9 was added . In the presence of S-9, the shell-core system produced by far the most mutagenic activity followed by the oil-clay-cereal system . The green sand, furan and Kold Set systems produced much lower levels while the two reclaimed sand systems and sodium silicate system were intermediate. J Infect, 1986 Sep, 13(2), 195 - 8 Food poisoning in a hospital staff canteen; White PM; Eighty-two confirmed cases of salmonella food poisoning arose among hospital staff due to consuming contaminated tartar sauce served in the staff canteen . Many key personnel were affected and the hospital was closed to non-urgent admissions . In order to maintain the accident and trauma services, the normal policy of excluding infected persons from work had to be modified . Staff returned to work 48 h after they had become asymptomatic provided that they did not have contact with patients' mouths, food or drink . There were no secondary cases . During the investigation of the outbreak, lack of national guidelines for the preparation and handling of mayonnaise-based food products became apparent. Infect Immun, 1986 Sep, 53(3), 685 - 92 Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella enteritidis containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of the B subunit of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin; Clements JD et al.; We used Salmonella enteritidis serotype dublin strain SL1438, a nonreverting, aromatic-dependent, histidine-requiring mutant, as a recipient for a recombinant plasmid coding for production of the nontoxic B subunit of the heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin . The S . enteritidis derivative EL23 produced heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B that was indistinguishable from heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B produced by strains of E . coli or Salmonella typhi harboring the same plasmid . Mice immunized orally with strain EL23 developed progressively increasing mucosal and serum antibody responses to both heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B and to the lipopolysaccharide of the vaccine strain . The mucosal antibody response was shown to be immunoglobulin A specific and to be capable of neutralizing the biological activities of both E . coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera enterotoxin in vitro. J Immunol, 1986 Sep 1, 137(5), 1504 - 10 IgA-driven T cell-mediated anti-bacterial immunity in man after live oral Ty 21a vaccine; Tagliabue A et al.; Cellular immunity against Salmonella typhi was observed by using a direct anti-bacterial in vitro assay in volunteers orally vaccinated with the live S . typhi mutant strain Ty 21a . With this experimental approach, it was demonstrated that Ty 21a vaccine also induces cellular immunity against S . paratyphi A and B . Interestingly, the mechanism involved in cellular immunity against bacteria seems to be of an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) type, with IgA acting as the humoral arm and CD4+ T lymphocytes as the cellular one . In accordance with the increase in IgA-driven ADCC against S . typhi, a major rise in IgA against O and H antigens was observed in the serum of vaccinees in parallel to an increase in IgG of identical specificity . Furthermore, a Ty 21 vaccine induced cellular activity against flagellar antigens . These results indicate that IgA-ADCC by T lymphocytes against bacteria can originate from local stimulation of the gut mucosal immune system . This cellular defense mechanism might be at the origin of the protection induced by Ty 21a vaccine. An Esp Pediatr, 1986 Sep, 25(3), 170 - 6 {Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in childhood . Apropos of 210 cases}; de Juan Martin F et al.; The authors reviewed 210 children with typhoid and paratyphoid fevers; 191 were infected with S . typhi, 13 with S . paratyphi A and 6 with S . paratyphi B . The proportion was higher in school children . Fever, headache, tongue furred, stupor, and hepatomegaly were the most important clinical findings . Salmonella was cultured from the blood of 42% patients, the Widal reaction was negative only in one case, and faeces culture was positive in 25% . All patients received chloramphenicol. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Sep, 24(3), 388 - 90 Evaluation of blood clot cultures for isolation of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi-A, and Brucella melitensis; Escamilla J et al.; Two types of clot culture, one with taurocholate-streptokinase and the other with bile as a culture medium, and two conventional cultures of whole blood were evaluated in parallel in an area where typhoid fever and brucellosis are endemic . Each of the four systems contained 5 ml of blood or the clot derived from 5 ml of blood and sufficient broth to yield a 1:11 dilution of the specimen . Of 542 patients studied, Salmonella paratyphi-A was isolated from 61, S . typhi from 46, and Brucella melitensis from 30 . The two clot cultures yielded the salmonellae equally well; both were superior to whole blood cultured in Trypticase soy broth (P less than 0.02) but not to whole blood cultured in bile (P greater than 0.05) . Only two systems were successful for isolation of B . melitensis . Blood-Trypticase soy broth identified 28 (93%), and clot-streptokinase cultures identified 21 (70%) (P greater than 0.05) . The data indicate that use of clots per se offers no advantage in sensitivity over procedures which use whole blood . Nonetheless, they are excellent for isolation of enteric fever salmonellae and can be performed with clots left over after serum is removed for serological, biochemical, or other tests. Chem Biol Interact, 1986 Sep, 59(2), 129 - 39 Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in ethanol-treated hamsters and its consequences on the bioactivation of aromatic amines to mutagens; Ioannides C et al.; Male golden Syrian hamsters were maintained on ethanol-containing liquid diets for 4 weeks, corresponding to an average daily intake of 17 g/kg body wt . The p-hydroxylation of aniline was markedly enhanced by this treatment while minimal effects were seen in benzphetamine N-demethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities; there was no change in the microsomal levels of cytochromes P-450 . Hepatic microsomal preparations from the ethanol-treated hamsters were more efficient than controls fed isocaloric diets in converting 2-aminofluorene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine and 2-acetylaminofluorene into mutagens in the Salmonella mutagenicity test . The same treatment had no effect on the metabolic activation of 2-naphthylamine and even inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene . No increase was seen in the activation of the two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo{a}pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene to mutagens and an inhibitory effect was seen with the former . The ethanol-induced increase in the mutagenicity of 2-aminofluorene was inhibited by 2-butanol but not by the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylsulphoxide . It is concluded that chronic ethanol ingestion modulates the bioactivation of aromatic amines and amides to mutagens, the effect being substrate dependent . This effect of ethanol may be catalysed by unique form(s) of cytochrome P-450 whose synthesis is induced by such treatment. J Bacteriol, 1986 Sep, 167(3), 893 - 904 Serospecific antigens of Legionella pneumophila; Otten S et al.; Serospecific antigens isolated by EDTA extraction from four serogroups of Legionella pneumophila were analyzed for their chemical composition, molecular heterogeneity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunological properties . The antigens were shown to be lipopolysaccharides and to differ from the lipopolysaccharides of other gram-negative bacteria . The serospecific antigens contained rhamnose, mannose, glucosamine, and two unidentified sugars together with 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, phosphate, and fatty acids . The fatty acid composition was predominantly branched-chain acids with smaller amounts of 3-hydroxymyristic acid . The antigens contain periodate-sensitive groups; mannosyl residues were completely cleaved by periodate oxidation . Hydrolysis of the total lipopolysaccharide by acetic acid resulted in the separation of a lipid A-like material that cross-reacted with the antiserum to lipid A from Salmonella minnesota but did not comigrate with it on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels . None of the four antigens contained heptose . All of the antigen preparations showed endotoxicity when tested by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay . The results of this study indicate that the serogroup-specific antigens of L . pneumophila are lipopolysaccharides containing an unusual lipid A and core structure and different from those of other gram-negative bacteria. Bioorg Khim, 1986 Sep, 12(9), 1234 - 9 {Enzymatic synthesis of polyprenyl phosphosugars in Salmonella serotype C1}; Druzhinina TN et al.; The cell envelopes of serogroup C1 Salmonella, viz . S . thompson and S . montevideo, catalyze the transfer of radiolabeled sugars from UDP-{14C}Glc and UDP-{14C}GlcNAc into the lipid-linked sugars . Using TLC and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, the radiolabeled products were identified as polyprenyl pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine (I), polyprenyl monophosphate N-acetylglucosamine and polyprenyl monophosphate glucose . The derivative (I) served as an acceptor for mannose transfer from GDP-Man with formation of Man1-2GlcNAc1PPPre . A similar reaction was observed after addition of synthetic GlcNAc1PPPre to the cell envelopes. Ann Trop Paediatr, 1986 Sep, 6(3), 191 - 4 Serological diagnosis of typhoid fever by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Srivastava L et al.; Serum sample from 22 bacteriologically proved cases of typhoid fever, 41 febrile cases who were culture negative and 70 sick and healthy age-matched controls were tested for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG and IgM antibodies using Salmonella typhi LPS antigen . IgG and IgM antibodies were present in 72.7% and 81.8% respectively as against Widal test which was positive in 40.9% in proved cases . In febrile controls IgG and IgM ELISA antibodies were present in 80.4% and 60.9% respectively as against 53.6% by Widal test . This difference between the two tests was statistically significant P less than 0.001 . ELISA test was more sensitive than the Widal test and hence it may be useful in rapid serodiagnosis of typhoid fever and also in circumstances where bacteriological techniques are not available. Nature, 1986 Aug 28-Sep 3, 322(6082), 834 - 6 Probing the phagolysosomal environment of human macrophages with a Ca2+-responsive operon fusion in Yersinia pestis; Pollack C et al.; Several microorganisms, including Yersinia sp., Salmonella sp., Brucella sp., Mycobacterium sp . and Leishmania sp., have successfully adapted to grow within macrophage phagolysosomes . Infections caused by these intracellular pathogens are among the most difficult to treat . As part of an antimicrobial strategy directed at modifying the phagolysosomal environment to the disadvantage of these important pathogens, we are defining the ambient conditions within the organism-containing phagolysosome . To probe this environment, we have used Yersinia pestis, whose expression of several virulence attributes is highly dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in its growth environment . We first genetically engineered a strain of Y . pestis which responds to a low-calcium environment by transcription of inserted structural genes of the Escherichia coli lac operon . Using this mutant organism as a relevant biological probe, we demonstrate here that the calcium concentration in Y . pestis-containing phagolysosomes is sufficiently low to permit virulence gene expression; this resolves the question of where Y . pestis might express its Ca2+-regulated genes in vivo. Arzneimittelforschung, 1986 Aug, 36(8), 1263 - 4 DNA interaction and mutagenicity of the plastic stabilizer di-n-octyltin dichloride; Westendorf J et al.; The organo-metallic compound di-n-octyltin dichloride (DOTC) is used as an additive to plastics . Since it is, therefore, present in the human environment, its long-term toxicity, particularly its genotoxic potential, is of concern . In the present studies, the agent was shown to interact with the DNA of cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells . Though the compound did not induce mutagenesis in the Salmonella-microsome assay and DNA repair in primary rat hepatocytes, it did induce mutagenesis in V79 Chinese hamster cells hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) assay . Further studies of the long-term toxicity of DOTC, particularly its carcinogenic potential, are necessary. Pharmacol Res Commun, 1986 Aug, 18 Suppl, 71 - 9 The relative role of PAF-acether and icosanoids in septic shock; Etienne A et al.; Endotoxemia and gram negative sepsis remain a clinically important problem since mortality rate is still high in these diseases . Recently, the participation of some new potential mediators in this pathology is beginning to be demonstrated but the results obtained on animal models with specific inhibitors are contradictory . In order to clarify the pathological importance of icosanoids and PAF-acether in the septicemic process, we investigated the effects of indomethacin (IND) a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, NDGA and EP 10045 two lipoxygenase inhibitors, dexamethasone (DXM) a phospholipase A2 inhibitor and BN 52021 a PAF-acether receptor antagonist, on the Salmonella enteritidis-induced endotoxic shock (E.S.) in the rat . Injected subcutaneously 15 min before the test, NDGA, EP 10045 and IND were moderately effective when DXM completely prevented the endotoxin lethality . BN 52021 decreased the death rate in a dose-related manner and exerted at a non-active dose a synergistic effect on IND treatment . Furthermore, given orally 1 hour before endotoxin, it provided a potent protective effect . Our results seem to confirm that PAF-acether exerted alone, or in conjunction with products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, a key role in E.S . when LTs seem to play a role of minor importance. J Appl Bacteriol, 1986 Aug, 61(2), 169 - 76 Comparative study of different methods for detection and enumeration of Salmonella spp . in natural waters; Morinigo MA et al.; Seven enrichment media (two proposed by the authors) for detecting salmonellas from polluted freshwater were compared . The Most Probable Number technique for enumeration of salmonellas in water samples was used, directly adding filtered water to buffered peptone water as the pre-enrichment medium . The results indicate that Rappaport-Vassiliadis/43 and Rappaport-Vassiliadis/43 supplemented with 10 micrograms of sodium novobiocin per ml are the best media for the recovery and enumeration of salmonellas from water samples. Immunopharmacology, 1986 Aug, 12(1), 23 - 8 Inhibition by antibiotics of Rb Salmonella binding to human peripheral blood lymphocytes; Antonaci S et al.; Several lines of evidence point out that Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) possesses the capacity to adhere spontaneously to human peripheral blood lymphocytes . The binding is mediated via the lipopolysaccharide moiety of the bacterial outer membrane . In this report, we have evaluated the effects of various antibiotics on bacterial binding . Our data show that trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and erythromycin significantly decrease Rb binding, while gentamicin and sisomicin are without effect . Antibiotics display their inhibitory effect by acting on peripheral blood lymphocytes likely by competing with lipopolysaccharide for receptor binding capacity on lymphocyte surface. Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 59 - 74 Mutagen formation in a model beef supernatant fraction . IV . Properties of the system; Taylor RT et al.; To identify the precursors and elucidate the reaction conditions that yield heterocyclic amine mutagens in cooked meat products and fish, we have used a supernatant 2 (S2) fraction prepared from H2O-homogenized lean round steak . Compounds (MW less than 500) in S2 are the sources of the microsomal-dependent, Salmonella TA 1538 mutagenic activity in open boiled (aqueous), 200 degrees C pressure-heated (aqueous), or 200 to 300 degrees C oven-baked (freeze-dried) homogenates . Combined incorporation-HPLC experiments show that they are also the precursors for frameshift mutagen formation in the outer surfaces of 200 degrees C griddle-fried ground beef . Maximal stimulations of boiled S2 mutagenic activity are given by 10 mM Trp, 2.5 mM creatine phosphate (CP), and synergistically by 10 mM Trp + 2.5 mM CP + 1.0 mM FeSO4 (a mixture abbreviated as S2*) . Boiling S2 for 30 hr at the acidic optimum pH of 4.0----600 TA 1538 revertants (no additions) and 1,400 revertants (+CP), while S2*----24,000 revertants/10(8) bacteria/g of dry beef . By the criteria of HPLC, paper electrophoresis, and resistance of the active HPLC fractions to acid-nitrite inactivation, boiled S2 contains 2-amino-3-methylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (IQ), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido{4,3-b}indole (Trp-P-2) and a minor amount of 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo{4,5-f}quinoline (MeIQ) . Boiling S2 with CP doubles the IQ, halves the Trp-P-2, produced traces of MeIQ, and generates an unknown nitrite-resistant mutagen . Boiled S2* contains these same four mutagens, but both the IQ and Trp-P-2 are increased and large amounts of Trp-P-1 also are generated . The identities of IQ, Trp-P-2, and Trp-P-1 were verified by purification and by light-absorption and mass spectra . Their increments in stimulated S2 indicate that Trp (or its degradation products) and CP (or its degradation products) are the beef juice precursors for the indole ring in Trp-P type mutagens and the NH2-imidazole ring in IQ-type mutagens, respectively . Aqueous (pressure) heating or oven-baking S2 for 2 hr at 200 degrees C greatly elevates its TA 1538 activity----45,000 revertants/10(8) bacteria/g of dry beef; dry heating at 300 degrees C----approximately 180,000 revertants/g of dry beef . Along with the increases in total TA 1538 activity at 200 to 300 degrees C, the number of mutagens formed from the less than 500 MW S2 precursors also multiplies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 47 - 54 Browning reaction systems as sources of mutagens and antimutagens; Powrie WD et al.; Heated food systems contain hundreds of chemical compounds, some being mutagenic and others being antimutagenic . Studies have indicated that foods exposed to drying, frying, roasting, baking, and broiling conditions possess net mutagenic activity as assessed by the Ames/Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test and the chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells . With the above-mentioned heat treatment of food, nonenzymic browning reactions are generally proceeding at rapid rates and are involved in the development of mutagens . Caramelization and Maillard reactions are two important pathways in the nonenzymic browning of food and are responsible for the formation of volatile aromatic compounds, intermediate nonvolatile compounds, and brown pigments called melanoidins . Heated sugar-amino acid mixtures possessed mutagenic activities which have been assessed by short-term bioassays . Purified Maillard and caramelization reaction products such as reductones, dicarbonyls, pyrazines, and furan derivatives have exhibited mutagenicity and clastogenicity . The water-insoluble fraction (WIF) of instant coffee and a model-system melanoidin (MSM) have been shown to inhibit the mutagenicity of known carcinogens--aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and benzo(a)pyrene (BP)--in aqueous dispersion . WIF and MSM were found to be effective binding agents for the carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 17 - 24 Identification of the mutagens in cooked beef; Felton JS et al.; The purification of cooking mutagens depends on the extraordinary sensitivity of the Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity test and its usefulness for tracking the mutagens during the purification steps . Following aqueous/acid (pH 2) extraction of fried ground beef (cooked at 200, 250, or 300 degrees C), XAD-2 column adsorption and elution with acetone, and acidic and basic liquid/liquid extractions, the samples are separated into six distinct peaks with preparative reverse-phase HPLC . A total of nine distinct mutagens can be separated after two additional HPLC steps . These compounds fall into a class of compounds called aminoimidazoazaarenes (AIAs) . The majority of the mutagenic activity is made up of MeIQx1 (m/z 213, C11H11N5), DiMeIQx (m/z 227, C12H13N5), trimethylimidazopyridine (TMIP) (m/z 176, C9H12N4) and phenylimidazopyridine (PhIP) (m/z 224, C13H12N4) . Smaller contributions are from IQ (m/z 198, C11H10N4), MeIQ (m/z 213, C12H12N4), a nonpolar peak containing oxygen and two unidentified trace polar mutagens . Mass estimates (per kilogram uncooked beef) include: 15 micrograms for PhIP, 1.0 micrograms for MeIQx, 0.5 microgram for DiMeIQx, and 0.02 microgram for IQ . Because of the uncoupling of mutagenic and carcinogenic potencies of these aromatic amines, the PhIP, which contributes the highest mass content to the cooked meat, but has the lowest mutagenic potency, might ultimately make a significant contribution to the carcinogenicity. Am J Pathol, 1986 Aug, 124(2), 187 - 92 Ureteral blockade sensitizes to the generalized Shwartzman reaction; Latour JG et al.; Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) has been reported in the normal kidney of patients with a contralateral ureteral occlusion (UO) . So far, studies have examined the mechanisms protecting the affected kidney from glomerular thrombosis and cortical necrosis; but to the authors' knowledge, none has ever investigated the potential role of UO on the occurrence of the associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) episode leading to RCN . Female rats with a ligature of the right or left ureter were given injections, at different times after surgery, of 400 micrograms Salmonella typhosa 0901 endotoxin . Other experimental groups included normal and sham-operation rats and animals with a unilateral nephrectomy or with one kidney rendered ischemic by complete ligature of the renal vessels and of the ureter . All the animals were sacrificed 4 hours after endotoxin, and kidney sections stained with PTAH were examined for the presence of fibrin thrombi . Glomerular thrombosis was never observed in any hydronephrotic kidney, but occurred with a low incidence (16%) in the contralateral organ in the group given endotoxin the second day after UO . The incidence and severity of glomerular capillary thrombosis gradually increased in the normal kidney as the delay between surgery and endotoxin was prolonged; the incidences (P less than 0.01) were 45% and 83%, respectively, after 6 and 10 days . Endotoxin failed totally to initiate the lesion 1 day after UO as well as in normal, sham-operation and unilaterally nephrectomized rats, and in animals with combined UO and ligature of the renal circulation . We conclude that the perfused hydronephrotic kidney liberates a factor(s) that sensitizes to DIC and glomerular thrombosis, typical of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. J Hyg (Lond), 1986 Aug, 97(1), 115 - 22 Salmonella gold-coast from outbreaks of food-poisoning in the British Isles can be differentiated by plasmid profiles; Threlfall EJ et al.; Four distinctive plasmid profile types have been identified in strains of Salmonella gold-coast isolated in Britain . Strains of one type, designated plasmid profile type 4, caused an extensive outbreak of food-poisoning in 1984, and it has been confirmed that the vehicle of infection was imported French pate. J Appl Toxicol, 1986 Aug, 6(4), 237 - 43 Mutagenicity testing of selected analgesics in Ames Salmonella strains; Oldham JW et al.; Acetaminophen (APAP), aspirin (ASA), phenacetin (PA) and ibuprofen (IB) were tested for mutagenic activity in the Ames Salmonella plate incorporation assay using strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 . These analgesics were tested in four separate tests: without metabolic activation, and in the presence of a rat, hamster or mouse liver post-mitochondrial supernatant (S-9, Aroclor 1254-induced) . Treatment of all five strains of Salmonella with APAP, ASA or IB under all four metabolic conditions did not induce any appreciable increases in revertant colony counts, as compared to the negative controls . A dose-related increase in revertant colony counts, reaching levels twice the negative control values, were seen with PA at doses greater than or equal to 500 micrograms per plate . This response was only seen in strain TA100 in the presence of hamster S-9 . Therefore, these findings constitute a positive result for PA in the Ames test . APAP, ASA and IB did not show any mutagenic potential under these conditions of testing . These findings are discussed along with previously published results concerning the genotoxicity of these analgesics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 1986 Aug, 24(8), 433 - 7 Effect of curing R-plasmids in Salmonella species on their serum sensitivity; el-Khouly AE et al.; Thirteen salmonella strains of clinical isolates were tested for serum sensitivity, antibiotic resistance, colicin production and plasmid existence . Nine serum resistant strains were smooth and harboring plasmids of different sizes . Transfer of R-plasmids by conjugation from three strains to E . coli K12 conferred slight decrease in serum sensitivity . Curing the nine resistant strains with ethidium bromide or acriflavine affected their serum resistance, plasmid content and cell surface . Rough isolate of S . johanesberg became serum sensitive after curing the R-factors . The suggested mechanisms involved in the change in serum sensitivity after curing are discussed. Environ Health Perspect, 1986 Aug, 67, 75 - 88 Mutagen formation during commercial processing of foods; Krone CA et al.; Levels of bacterial mutagenicity 3-17 times above spontaneous are generated during commercial thermal processing (canning) of foods, particularly foods high in protein . The potential for other processing operations, including pasteurization, dehydration, and concentration, to produce substances active in the Ames Salmonella assay was also examined . Two heated fish model systems, canned salmon and fried sole, were established by extracting mutagen precursors from fish tissues with water . The model system studies suggest that the limiting reactants for mutagen formation differ from one food product to another, and that Maillard type browning reactions are involved in mutagen production . Bisulfite treatment was found to inhibit mutagen formation in modal systems and whole food products . Isolation and partial characterization of the mutagens in both fried and canned pink salmon showed that at least three distinct mutagens were present . These mutagens exhibited HPLC retention time patterns on C18, cyano, and amino columns different than the major mutagens present in other cooked and grilled meats and fish. Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 91 - 8 Contribution of wood stoves and fire places to mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter inside homes; van Houdt JJ et al.; Wood combustion produces compounds that are mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay . As combustion products can be emitted in the home and the use of wood as a residential energy source is growing, an impact on human health might be of concern . In this study experiments were carried out to determine the contribution of wood combustion in stoves and fire places to indoor mutagenic activity under normal living conditions . Airborne particles from living rooms which were heated by stoves, or by fire places, and from outdoors were collected simultaneously . In each room two samples were collected during two consecutive weeks: one week the room was heated by central heating, the other week by wood combustion . Sampling took place in a total of 24 homes . Methanol extracts of the samples were tested in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay . Results show that mutagenic activity of outdoor air exceeds indoor mutagenicity . At the same time a correlation is found between in- and out-door mutagenicity, both with and without S9 . However, a large difference is found between the ratio -S9/+S9 of in- and out-door mutagenic activity . Systematic differences in the ratio -S9/+S9 between control and experimental conditions are not observed . The use of wood stoves caused an increase of indoor mutagenicity in 8 out of 12 homes . It could be concluded that the use of an open fire consistently leads to an increase of mutagenic activity . This increase was caused by wood combustion products. Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 71 - 7 Mutagenic effect of amniotic fluid from smoking women at term; Rivrud GN et al.; Concentrated term amniotic fluid samples from 44 women smokers and 44 controls were investigated with respect to mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, using tester strains TA98 and TA100 . Tests with freeze-dried specimens of term amniotic fluid showed increases in the number of revertant colonies over background values, regardless of smoking status . However, samples from heavy smokers produced a higher number of revertants than did samples from nonsmokers in several experiments with tester strain TA98 . The increase was statistically significant, using either total tar content or number of cigarettes smoked to identify heavy smokers . Experimental series with tester strain TA100 also resulted in higher group means for heavy smokers than for nonsmokers, but the difference was not statistically significant with the concentrations used in this assay . We conclude that heavy smokers may expose their unborn children to mutagenic substances. Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 131 - 8 Evaluation of Thimet 10-G for mutagenicity by 4 different genetic systems; Pandita TK; The insecticide Thimet 10-G was tested for mutagenic activity by 4 different genetic systems . It was unable to induce gene mutation in Salmonella, transfection inhibition in Mycobacterium, micronuclei formation in mice, and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in human lymphocytes were evaluated . It caused in mice an increase in the ratio of normochromatic to polychromatic erythrocytes and in human lymphocytes a decrease in mitotic index and delay in cell cycle . The results indicate that the insecticide is not mutagenic in the 4 test systems used at present. Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 115 - 21 Influence of frying fat on mutagenic activity in lean pork meat; Nilsson L et al.; Mutagenic activity in lean pork meat fried at two different pan temperatures, 200 degrees C and 250 degrees C, with or without the addition of fat, was measured in Ames' Salmonella test on strain TA98 . 9 different fats with varying chemical composition were tested . All fried meat samples were shown to be mutagenic . At the frying temperature of 200 degrees C differences between meat samples fried in different fats or without fat, respectively, were small . All meat samples fried at 250 degrees C were considerably more mutagenic than the samples fried at 200 degrees C . At 250 degrees C, the addition of fat caused a significant rise in mutagenic activity . We believe this is mainly an effect of more efficient heat transfer from the bottom of the frying-pan to the meat samples, although other factors may also contribute. Mutat Res, 1986 Aug, 174(4), 247 - 53 Application of modified Salmonella/microsome prescreen to petroleum-derived complex mixtures and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Carver JH, Machado ML, MacGregor JA. In some cases, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay may fail to predict the carcinogenic potential of PAH (and of complex mixtures containing PAH) because of nonoptimal in vitro metabolic activation parameters . In this study, 7 petroleum-derived complex mixtures, as well as a number of individual PAH which were representative constituents of such mixtures, were tested in a Salmonella prescreen using quadrant plates with rat or hamster S9 at concentrations approximately 2-8 times those used in the standard assay . Some PAH (perylene, quinoline, benzo{b}chrysene, phenanthrene, anthracene) were optimally activated to mutagens by S9 at 400 microliters/plate . Rat S9 was similar to hamster S9 for most tested PAH, but anthracene and quinoline mutagenicity was enhanced by hamster S9 . All 7 complex mixtures were more mutagenic with 200-400 microliters/plate S9; rat was generally slightly more efficient than hamster . Modifying this assay to include a prescreen using a range of S9 concentrations (and perhaps from species other than rat) may improve prediction of the potential carcinogenicity of complex petroleum-derived mixtures. J Lab Clin Med, 1986 Aug, 108(2), 132 - 7 Synergistic toxicity of endotoxin and hemoglobin; White CT et al.; Stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH) is advocated as an oxygen-transporting resuscitation solution . Hemoglobin has been shown to enhance endotoxin lethality when given intraperitoneally . It is possible that SFH could interact with endotoxin when used as an oxygen-transporting resuscitation system for trauma victims with contaminating wounds . To assess the effects of these two agents when given intravascularly, rabbits were infused with SFH (1.75 gm/kg) or albumin (controls; 1.75 gm/kg) with and without endotoxin . Two doses of endotoxin were used . At 14.5 ng/kg of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin, no effect was seen in the albumin group . However, 50% of the hemoglobin group died . At 14.5 micrograms/kg, the albumin group showed hematologic alterations, but all animals lived . All SFH-treated animals died at the higher endotoxin dose . SFH alone caused cardiac abnormalities (bradycardia in 100%, sinus arrhythmias in 30%, and ventricular arrhythmias in 20%), liver abnormalities (necrosis in 40% and 240% increase in alanine aminotransferase activity by 6 hours), and intravascular thrombi (30%) . The only hemoglobin-induced abnormality that was more frequent in the presence of endotoxin was ventricular arrhythmias (up to 75% of animals) . Thrombin times were approximately 20% larger in all SFH groups compared with the albumin groups . By 6 hours after infusion, endotoxin prolonged the thrombin time even further, despite the lack of fibrinogen consumption . This study shows that endotoxin and SFH exert synergistic toxicity when SFH is given in a clinically relevant dose for an oxygen-transporting resuscitation system . Only minute quantities of endotoxin are needed to produce this phenomenon . We hypothesize that this synergism is endotoxin enhancement of hemoglobin toxicity. Dis Colon Rectum, 1986 Aug, 29(8), 511 - 4 Typhoid colitis with massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding . An unexpected behavior of Salmonella typhi; Reyes E et al.; Three cases of salmonella colitis with massive lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage are presented . The patients had fever, diarrhea, and abundant hematochezia; blood and bone marrow cultures were positive for Salmonella typhi . Because of bleeding, all patients underwent hemicolectomy; previous mesenteric arteriograms showed the colonic hemorrhagic sites . The pathologic and radiologic findings are described. J Antimicrob Chemother, 1986 Aug, 18(2), 277 - 9 Trimethoprim in enteric fever; Gargalianos P et al.; Seventy-one patients suffering from typhoid or paratyphoid fever were treated with trimethoprim . Sixty-three were cured . Only three patients continued to excrete Salmonella typhi in stools at the time of discharge from hospital . Trimethoprim alone is a suitable agent for the treatment of enteric fever. Mutat Res, 1986 Aug-Sep, 171(2-3), 83 - 90 The Escherichia coli K-12 SOS chromotest agar spot test for simple, rapid detection of genotoxic agents; Mamber SW et al.; The Escherichia coli K-12 SOS chromotest is a colorimetric (beta-galactosidase induction) system for detecting genotoxic chemicals as agents which induce filamentation in response to DNA damage . The chromotest was modified from a liquid suspension assay to a simple, convenient agar spot test, which was performed in the manner of a related colorimetric prophage induction assay (BIA) . Chromotest agar dishes yielded optimal results after 16-18 h incubation, presumably because of the agar growth characteristics of tester strain PQ37 . Of 44 tested chemicals, nitro aromatics, cytotoxic/antitumor agents, polycyclic hydrocarbons and aflatoxins showed good activity . Alkylating agents such as MNNG and MMS were active only at high concentrations . Compounds active in both the chromotest and BIA were active at 10-100-fold lower concentrations in the chromotest . The chromotest appeared to be less effective than the Salmonella Ames mutagenicity test in the detection of diverse classes of chemical carcinogens . The chromotest may be a useful alternative to the BIA in the study of particular classes of genotoxic compounds. Cancer Res, 1986 Aug, 46(8), 3862 - 5 Inhibition of X-ray or chemical carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation of C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts by lipopolysaccharides; Sakiyama H et al.; Oncogenic transformation of mouse 10T 1/2 fibroblasts induced upon exposure to X-ray or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was suppressed if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was present in the culture medium . The suppressive effect of LPS was exerted within 24 h after irradiation . Suppression was dependent on the concentration of LPS added and LPS (2 micrograms/ml) derived from Salmonella minnesota R595 reduced the number of transformed type III foci per dish from 0.39 to 0.15 . Indomethacin (1 to 30 microM) further enhanced the effect of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1986 Aug, (8), 24 - 8 {Significance of Salmonella serovars and the biological properties of the causative agents in the epidemic process in salmonelloses}; Lebedev NI et al.; Analysis of the manifestations of the epidemic process of Salmonella infections with regard to the serovar and biological properties of salmonellae has made it possible to find out the specific epidemiological properties of salmonellosis caused by S . typhimurium and to suggest that under present-day conditions salmonellosis of this etiology frequently acquires the features of a human disease, which is necessary to take into consideration in planning the measures for controlling these infections. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch, 1986 Aug, 183(2), 85 - 9 The mutagenic activity of agaritine--a constituent of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus--and its derivatives detected with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames Test); Friederich U et al.; Purified agaritine (N'-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-p-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine) isolated from Agaricus bisporus, p-hydrazinobenzoic acid (its presumptive precursor) and some agaritine-degradation products were tested for mutagenic activity with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay (Ames test) . Consistent with the literature, agaritine showed a distinct direct-acting mutagenicity with the strain TA1537 (30 revertants/mumol) and with TA97 . Incubation of agaritine at alkaline pH increased the mutagenic effect . Pre-incubation of agaritine with gamma-glutamyl transferase (GT) during 10 h at room temperature (pH 8.2) even enhanced the mutagenicity by a factor of 8 to 16 depending on the strain . In accordance with this finding, synthetic p-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine (the presumptive product of the GT catalyzed degradation) showed also a distinct direct-acting mutagenicity, but the increase was only about 3- to 6- times compared with agaritine . The hypothetical ultimate mutagenic metabolite of agaritine, the p-hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium ion, a compound occurring naturally in A . bisporus, showed the highest mutagenic activity (with TA1537 approximately 300 to 1,000 revertants/mumol). Mutat Res, 1986 Aug, 162(1), 21 - 32 Lipid peroxidation in the rat-liver S9 fraction: influence of membrane lipid composition; Vaca CE et al.; These studies describe the influence of membrane fatty acid composition on peroxidation processes in rat-liver S9 fractions . Lipid peroxidation may be expected to affect enzyme activity and cofactors of importance for the performance of the Salmonella Mutagenicity Test, as well as to contribute to the formation of chemically reactive degradation products that are mutagenic . Lipid peroxidation products were measured as derivatives of 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) . The amount of TBA-reactive compounds (TBA-C), formed during incubation of S9 fractions from rats fed a diet containing sunflower-seed oil, was 8 times higher than that produced in S9 fractions prepared from rats fed diets containing coconut oil or hydrogenated lard as their only sources of fat . S9 fractions from livers of Aroclor 1254 treated rats showed a marked increase in peroxidation yields for all 3 dietary groups investigated as compared to S9 fractions from non-induced animals . The coconut oil and hydrogenated lard dietary groups showed a 13-fold increase in the yield of TBA-reactive material, while a 2-fold increase was found for the sunflower-seed oil group . The variations in the glutathione (GSH) levels and the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids were also studied in response to Aroclor 1254 treatment, fatty acid composition of the diets and incubation at 37 degrees C . Pronounced variations in the GSH levels were observed in response to Aroclor 1254 treatment and incubation conditions . A positive correlation between production of TBA-reactive material and degradation of unsaturated fatty acids was verified for S9 fractions from the coconut oil and hydrogenated lard dietary groups . Furthermore, the effect of Fe2+ on lipid peroxidation was studied in all 3 dietary groups . The rate of lipid peroxidation was increased in all groups but only the coconut oil and hydrogenated lard dietary groups showed increased total yields of TBA-C upon administration of Aroclor 1254 to rats . Lipid peroxidation processes cause chemical alterations in liver homogenates . Therefore, these effects ought to be considered both in the preparation and in the use of the S9 fraction in different test systems. Vet Rec, 1986 Jul 12, 119(2), 34 - 9 Microbiology of calf diarrhoea in southern Britain; Reynolds DJ et al.; Faeces samples from calves with diarrhoea in 45 outbreaks were examined for six enteropathogens . Rotavirus and coronavirus were detected by ELISA in 208 (42 per cent) and 69 (14 per cent) of 490 calves respectively; calici-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14 of 132 calves (11 per cent) . Cryptosporidium were detected in 106 of 465 (23 per cent), Salmonella species in 58 of 490 (12 per cent) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli bearing the K99 adhesin (K99+ E coli) in nine of 310 calves (3 per cent) . In the faeces of 20 per cent of calves with diarrhoea more than one enteropathogen was detected; in 31 per cent no enteropathogen was found . Faces samples from 385 healthy calves in the same outbreaks were also examined . There was a significant statistical association of disease with the presence of rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium and Salmonella species (P less than 0.001) . Healthy calves were not examined for calici-like viruses and the association of K99+ E coli with disease was not analysed because there were too few positive samples . Rotavirus infections were more common in dairy herds and single suckler beef herds whereas Salmonella infections were more often found in calf rearing units . Cryptosporidium were more common in single and multiple suckler beef herds . K99+ E coli were found in one dairy herd and one multiple suckler beef herd both with unhygienic calving accommodation . Variations in coronavirus detection among different farm types were not statistically significant . In this survey rotavirus was the most commonly detected agent in calf diarrhoea and Cryptosporidium were found in approximately one quarter of affected calves . Infection with Salmonella species was widespread, but K99+ E coli infections were less common in the United Kingdom than in other countries. Equine Vet J, 1986 Jul, 18(4), 278 - 83 Colitis: differential diagnosis and treatment; Whitlock RH; Equine colitis characterised by diarrhoea and/or pain may be caused by a wide variety of bacterial, viral, protozoal agents and toxins . The causative agent of Potomac horse fever, Ehrlichia risticii, is the most recently recognised cause of colitis . Salmonella, the agent typically associated with colitis, also causes abdominal pain (colic) of variable intensity . Acute colitis is also caused by colitis X, various antibiotics, endotoxic shock and peritonitis caused by arterial infarction . The principles of therapy for each of these, together with means of differential diagnosis, are presented. Postgrad Med J, 1986 Jul, 62(729), 621 - 2 Meningism following Salmonella virchow food poisoning; Norris PG; Thirty six patients were admitted to hospital as a result of Salmonella virchow infection during an outbreak of food poisoning in Essex in 1984 . Out of 12 patients with evidence of bloodstream invasion, one third presented primarily with meningism and attention is drawn to this unusual clinical picture. Curr Eye Res, 1986 Jul, 5(7), 485 - 94 Supravital fluorescent staining of the corneal endothelium with acridine orange and ethidium bromide; Kolb MJ et al.; We investigated the combined fluorescent dyes acridine orange (AO) and ethidium bromide (EB) for corneal endothelial evaluation . Both dyes intercalate with DNA and RNA and are mutagenic at high concentrations . Optimum differential staining was obtained after 5 minutes exposure to 1 microgram/ml of each dye . Electron microscopy confirmed that the dye combination simultaneously identified both viable and nonviable cells . Swelling of perfused dog corneas for 3 hours after exposure to both dyes for 5 minutes was not increased . Exposure to visible light from a fluorescence microscope for 2-5 minutes caused increased corneal swelling and abnormal intercellular junctions by electron microscopy in paired dog corneas stained for 5 minutes with either AO or EB . The addition of 10% calf serum to the staining and observation media decreased the toxic effect of AO/EB and light seen by specular microscopy and by electron microscopy . Human corneas exposed to AO and EB were not mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsome assay . These results indicate that AO and EB, 1 microgram/ml, provide a rapid identification of both viable and nonviable corneal endothelial cells . When the corneas are exposed to light, however, the dyes are toxic; this toxicity is decreased by the presence of 10% calf serum in the staining and observation media. Am J Vet Res, 1986 Jul, 47(7), 1452 - 7 Desferoxamine and iron dextran in acute Salmonella cholerae-suis infection in pigs; Kramer TT et al.; Serum iron (SI)-related and hematologic changes were evaluated in a herd of weaned pigs inoculated with a strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis, causing 83% mortality within 22 days after inoculation was done . Serum iron concentrations decreased to 35% of base-line values 2 days after inoculation was done, but recovered to near base line subsequently . Total SI-binding capacity (TIBC) decreased gradually for 14 days after inoculation was done . Transferrin (TF) concentrations decreased to near half the base line throughout the postinoculation observation period . The calculated SI saturation coefficient decreased to half the base line, but recovered to or above the base-line value subsequently . Combined observations of SI, TIBC, TF, and SI saturation coefficient concentrations indicated that there was higher saturation of host iron-binding proteins and recruitment of additional iron-binding systems subsequent to 2 days after inoculation was done . Day 2 after inoculation seemed to be a critical period for host iron metabolism . Injection of supplemental iron dextran simultaneously with Salmonella infection resulted in lower mortality of iron-injected pigs (P less than 0.005) . A highly significant negative correlation was observed between SI concentration and rectal temperatures after pigs were inoculated with Salmonella (r = -0.54; P less than 0.0001) . Hemoglobin concentrations, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were not significantly affected by Salmonella infection or iron injection concurrent with Salmonella infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Biochem Pharmacol, 1986 Jul 1, 35(13), 2115 - 8 A novel biologically active seleno-organic compound--VI . Protection by ebselen (PZ 51) against galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice; Wendel A et al.; Male albino NMRI mice were given 700 mg/kg galactosamine and 33 micrograms/kg salmonella endotoxin intraperitoneally . After 9 hr, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity had risen from 60 to 7320 U/l, SGOT from 90 to 5580, and SGPT from 70 to 10,440 . When a similar dose of galactosamine alone or endotoxin alone was given, no significant liver injury was found . Animals pre-treated with an oral dose of ebselen (600 mg/kg 1-3 hr before galactosamine/endotoxin administration) were fully protected against this type of hepatitis . When pretreated 1 hr before intoxication with different doses of ebselen, significant dose-dependent reduction of serum enzyme activities was observed at doses higher than 1 mg/kg . After pre-treatment with 6 mg/kg ebselen, no biochemical or histological signs of liver lesions were detectable 36 hr after intoxication . In order to comparatively evaluate the model used, several established anti-inflammatory drugs were administered at doses which showed 50% effectiveness in preventing carageenan paw edema . A dose of 200 micrograms/kg dexamethasone, or 9 mg/kg indomethacin abolished galactosamine/endotoxin-induced enzyme release in our animals, as did the lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor diethylcarbamazine (78 mg/kg) . In contrast, administration of cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitors such as aspirin (220 mg/kg) or ibuprofen (45 mg/kg) failed to prevent hepatitis . The effect of ebselen was also investigated in four different models of acute drug-induced liver damage . A dose of 600 mg/kg of the organic selenium compound was ineffective or weakly active in benzo(alpha)pyrene- or phenobarbital-treated mice which were intoxicated by intraperitoneal administration of 350 or 400 mg/kg body weight of paracetamol . Similarly negative results were obtained against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity (520 mg/kg bromobenzene i.p.), carbon tetrachloride intoxication (3.2 g/kg), or allyl alcohol-induced liver damage (60 mg/kg) . The selective efficacy of ebselen against galactosamine/endotoxin induced liver damage is interpreted in terms of its recently recognized ability to inhibit the formation of leukotrienes. Am J Physiol, 1986 Jul, 251(1 Pt 2), R150 - 6 Effect of endotoxic shock on kinetics of system A amino acid transport in rat soleus muscle; Karlstad MD et al.; This study evaluated the kinetics of system A amino acid transport in soleus muscle during endotoxic shock . Fasted male rats (80-100 g) were killed by decapitation 5 h after the intravenous injection of saline (control) or 20 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin . Soleus muscles (40 mg) from control or endotoxic rats were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 20, 40, or 60 min . Initial rates of entry of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into the inulin-inaccessible space of muscles were measured over a wide range of AIB concentrations (0.1-20.0 mM) . Initial rates of AIB transport were separated into two parallel transport processes, a saturable carrier-mediated component and a nonsaturable passive diffusive process . The diffusion constant for the nonsaturable process in the endotoxic muscles (0.36 h-1) was 38% greater than control muscles (0.26 h-1) . The maximum rate of AIB transport decreased from 55.6 +/- 3.3 nmol . g dry wt-1 . min-1 in controls to 18.3 +/- 1.9 nmol . g dry wt-1 . min-1 in endotoxic muscles . The apparent Km for saturable AIB transport was not different between control (1.68 +/- 0.12 mM) and endotoxic muscles (1.64 +/- 0.19 mM) . Alterations of system A amino acid transport in endotoxic soleus muscles were due to an increase in passive AIB diffusion and a decrease in the number and/or activity of existing carriers and not to a change in carrier affinity for AIB . These results elucidate the mechanism for the decreased amino acid transport (system A) by soleus muscle in endotoxic shock. J Clin Microbiol, 1986 Jul, 24(1), 116 - 20 Growth of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 3B serotype O3 inhibited on cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar; Fukushima H et al.; A total of 169 strains of Yersinia spp . were analyzed for their ability to grow on two different kinds of cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar containing 15 or 4 micrograms of cefsulodin per ml, on salmonella-shigella agar, and on MacConkey agar . CIN media inhibited the growth of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 3B serotype O3 (3B/O3) but not the growth of the other Yersinia organisms used . Relative to growth on Trypticase soy agar (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) with 6% yeast extract, 48 and 44% of Y . pseudotuberculosis and Y . enterocolitica 3B/O3 strains, respectively, were inhibited on CIN I agar (low cefsulodin concentration), and 83 and 54%, respectively, were inhibited on CIN II agar (high cefsulodin concentration) after incubation for 24 h at 32 degrees C . The inhibition of Y . pseudotuberculosis growth was significantly more extensive on CIN II agar than on CIN I agar . The MICs of cefsulodin and novobiocin clearly indicated a higher susceptibility for Y . pseudotuberculosis than for the other Yersinia organisms at 32 degrees C . All Y . pseudotuberculosis strains were susceptible to cefsulodin at 15 micrograms/ml (the approximate concentration used in CIN II agar) . Y . enterocolitica 3B/O3 strains were resistant to cefsulodin, Irgasan, and novobiocin at the concentrations used in CIN media . These findings show that cefsulodin inhibits the growth of Y . pseudotuberculosis at the concentration used in CIN media and that growth inhibition of Y . enterocolitica 3B/O3 is related to a component of the CIN Base. Carcinogenesis, 1986 Jul, 7(7), 1081 - 6 The isolation and identification of a new mutagen from fried ground beef: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP); Felton JS et al.; A new mutagenic compound has been isolated from ground beef which was fried at 300 degrees C for 5.5 min on each side . The new mutagen was purified using an aqueous acid extraction, XAD-2 adsorption-solvent elution, a series of preparative and analytical h.p.l.c . purification steps, and monitored with the Ames/Salmonella assay . This study reveals a new mutagen member of the amino-imidazoazaarene class of aromatic amines, having a mol . w of 224, and a formula of C13H12N4 as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry . N.m.r . spectrometry supports the structure, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo{4,5-b}pyridine (PhIP), for the new mutagen . The 1-methyl and 3-methyl synthesized isomers of PhIP were compared to the purified mutagen . The two isomers had identical mass spectra to the purified compound, but only the 1-methyl isomer showed similar u.v . and n.m.r . spectra . The two synthetic isomers were separable by h.p.l.c . and the beef derived component co-eluted with the 1-methyl-PhIP isomer . PhIP has a specific activity in the Ames/Salmonella assay of 1950 revertants/microgram . Although it is not as mutagenic as other compounds isolated from fried beef (e.g . MeIQx, 58 000 revertants/microgram) it is the most abundant mutagenic compound by mass in fried beef . PhIP is present at approximately 15 p.p.b . of the original weight of uncooked beef (accounting for 75% of the mass of genotoxic material) and contributes 18% of the total mutagenicity of the fried beef. Mikrobiyol Bul, 1986 Jul, 20(3), 190 - 5 {Detection of candidiasis in non-gonococcal urethritis resistant to therapy}; Beduk Y et al.; In this study, candida sp . and all other microorganisms were attempted to be isolated in 30 patients with non-gonococcal urethritis who hadn't responded to classical antimicrobial therapy . Candida sp . in 6, various bacteries in 11, salmonella in one and trichomonas vaginalis in one of them were detected . Not any microorganisms were isolated in 13, 4 of these candida species which were detected by sabouraud culture, were also evaluated by direct microspoic examination. Acta Paediatr Scand, 1986 Jul, 75(4), 540 - 4 Changing etiology and outcome of neonatal septicemia in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Ohlsson A et al.; To study the etiology of neonatal septicemia and facto