Proteus

Infect Immun, 1984 Mar, 43(3), 1068 - 71
Vero cell invasiveness of Proteus mirabilis; Peerbooms PG et al.; Vero cell invasiveness was studied for a group of Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from the urinary tract and feces and for a limited group of urinary isolates of Escherichia coli . Experimental conditions affecting this invasiveness were studied . All of the P . mirabilis strains tested were capable of cell invasion, whereas none of the E . coli strains was . Correlation between the hemolytic activity of the P . mirabilis strains and their invasive ability suggested that the bacterial hemolysin may be involved in the invasion process . Other experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is discussed . The differences in the invasive capacities of P . mirabilis and of E . coli may be important for the apparent differences in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection by both species.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1984 Mar, 37(3), 295 - 302
{Transfer of cefmenoxime to burn blister fluids}; Nishizaki A et al.; Transfer of cefmenoxime (CMX) into the burn blister fluids was studied in 10 burned patients with 2 administrated doses (25, 50 mg/kg) . CMX concentrations in serum and burn blister fluid after 1 hour intravenous drip infusion were measured using Proteus mirabilis ATCC 21100 as the test organism grown in the DST agar medium . In the case of CMX 25 mg/kg dose, the peak serum concentration was observed 61.5 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, while the peak burn blister fluid concentration was observed 15.2 micrograms/ml at 2 hours . Pharmacokinetic parameters of serum concentration calculated were 1.02 hours as half-life (beta) and 0.42 L/kg as distribution volume, respectively . In the case of CMX 50 mg/kg dose, the peak serum concentration was observed 122.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hour and the peak burn blister fluid concentration was observed 40.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours . Pharmacokinetic parameters of serum concentration calculated were 1.27 hours as half-life (beta) and 0.55 L/kg as distribution volume . From this study, the dose dependency between 25 mg/kg dose and 50 mg/kg dose in serum and in burn blister fluid is recognized.

J Gen Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 130 ( Pt 3), 693 - 700
Proteus mirabilis chromosome mobilization by plasmid D: a physical characterization; van Dijken MC et al.; Plasmid D, a hybrid of plasmids P-lac and R1 drd19, mediates polarized chromosome mobilization from one origin in Proteus mirabilis strain PM5006, while the parental plasmids neither individually nor combined mobilize this chromosome . To elucidate its acquired mobilizing ability plasmid D was characterized physically in relation to P-lac and R1 drd19 . Restriction patterns of these plasmids were compared and it was shown that D consists of P-lac and only the r-determinant (r-det) of R1 drd19 . A mechanism for the formation of plasmid D, via transduction of the r-det and subsequent transposon-like integration into P-lac, involving insertion sequence IS1, was suggested . Evidence for aberration in plasmid D DNA as a result of r-det integration into P-lac was attributed to IS1 elements which flank the r-det . Recombination regions of parental plasmid DNA were located on HindIII fragments alpha and beta of plasmid D and were subsequently inserted in vitro into IncP-1 plasmid RP4 that fails to mobilize the P . mirabilis chromosome . RP4::HindIII alpha plasmids did not mobilize the latter chromosome, but rendered the Proteus host lac+ . RP4::HindIII beta plasmids pMC1 and pMC17, containing the fragment in opposite orientations, mobilized the P . mirabilis chromsome . For pMC17, mobilization was indistinguishable from that of plasmid D, i.e . having the same orientation and the same single origin . However, mobilization promoted by pMC1 was from two distinctly different origins, different from that of pMC17 . This apparently deviates from known examples where inversion of homologous DNA inserted into plasmids leads to mobilization from the same origin but in reverse direction.

J Hosp Infect, 1984 Mar, 5(1), 92 - 5
The use of the Dienes test in the epidemiology of proteus urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord disease; Herruzo-Cabrera R et al.; The incidence of urinary tract infections in 47 patients with spinal cord injuries (11 women and 36 men) was studied and the aetiological agents identified . A high incidence of Proteus mirabilis infection was found and both auto- and cross-infection were identified by the Dienes test.

Cell Biol Int Rep, 1984 Mar, 8(3), 207 - 13
Preservation and phallotoxin-staining of the microfilament system in Amoeba proteus; Stockem W et al.; The spatial organization of the microfilament system as the main component of the cytoskeleton in Amoeba proteus was preserved by a glutaraldehyde-lysine-fixation and visualized with fluorescent phallotoxins (NBD- phallacidin , R-phalloidin) . Results obtained by means of this method coincide exactly with observations gained from immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and molecular cytochemical studies, i.e., the microfilament system is mainly displayed beneath the cell membrane, at the hyalo - granuloplasmic border and around the cell nucleus . The preparation procedure employed is suitable for the rapid demonstration of cytoplasmic microfilaments in cells difficult to preserve by chemical fixation.

Hinyokika Kiyo, 1984 Feb, 30(2), 191 - 8
{A bacteriological study on urinary calculi associated with infections}; Yoshida O et al.; There are difficult problems in the management of urinary calculi associated with infections . Stones associated with infections are not only infection stones such as struvite stones, but also other kinds of stones such as calcium oxalate . Therefore, from practical view points, bacteriological studies should be carried out on urinary calculi associated with infections as a whole . We investigated 120 cases of urinary calculi associated with infections with special reference to bacteria on the stone surface, within the stone, compositions of the stone and permeation of an antibiotic into the stone . Proteus was isolated most frequently from the urine, followed by E . coli and Pseudomonas . These bacteria were isolated from the stone surface, although the incidence of Proteus mirabilis was higher than that in the urine . Bacteria were isolated in 25 of the 33 specimens of the inside parts and in 12 of the 12 stones of MAP and MAP plus other components . Proteus mirabilis was found in 7 of the 12 stones . Bacteria were isolated from the inside of 9 of the 16 stones of CaP and CaP plus other components and Proteus mirabilis was found in 6 of these 9 cases . Pseudomonas was isolated in 2 out of the 7 stones of CaP plus CaOX and its growth was seen in 5 specimens . The incorporation of an antibiotic, Cefmetazole, into the stone differed greatly with each stone . There were some cases in which the concentration of Cefmetazole in the inside was less than 5% of that in the outside . Stones may function as a sanctuary for organisms and may protect these organisms.

J Urol, 1984 Feb, 131(2), 330 - 1
Hyperammonemia in a boy with obstructive ureterocele and proteus infection; Sinha B et al.; We report on a boy with ureteroceles that obstructed the bladder outlet and ureters, who presented with sepsis and hyperammonemia despite normal liver function . The hyperammonemia was most likely caused by excessive absorption of ammonia produced by Proteus mirabilis in the obstructed urinary tract.

Ann Intern Med, 1984 Feb, 100(2), 219 - 22
Five-year surveillance of aminoglycoside usage in a university hospital; Betts RF et al.; Because an increased incidence of nosocomial bacteremia due to gentamicin-resistant organisms occurred in our hospital, amikacin was substituted for gentamicin as the primary empiric aminoglycoside . Prospective surveillance of aminoglycoside use and of bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides was done before and after the substitution . We compared the baseline period when gentamicin was the primary aminoglycoside with the subsequent period when amikacin accounted for 81% of aminoglycoside used . During the two periods the patient population did not differ with regard to indications for aminoglycoside therapy . Among the gram-negative organisms isolated, rates of amikacin resistance during the baseline (1.1%) and usage (1.05%) periods were not significantly different (p greater than 0.6) . Resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin during the period of amikacin use showed a statistically significant decrease (p greater than 0.001) due to decreased resistance to gentamicin of Providencia, Serratia, indole-positive Proteus, and decreased resistance to tobramycin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Unrestricted use of amikacin does not necessarily lead to increase in amikacin resistance but may lead to a decrease in resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin among gram-negative organisms.

Arch Surg, 1984 Feb, 119(2), 206 - 11
Topical chlorhexidine diphosphanilate (WP-973) in burn wound sepsis; McManus AT et al.; We studied the diphosphanilate salt of chlorhexidine (WP-973), as a 2% cream, for therapeutic activity in two rat models of fatal burn wound infection . Control treatments were infection and placebo cream; infection only; infection and 1% sulfadiazine silver; and burning only . Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus mirabilis was tested in surface-inoculated rats with 20% scalds . Treatments were initiated 24 hours or four hours, respectively, after inoculation . Pseudomonas-infected rats were treated once a day for ten days . Proteus-infected rats were treated once a day for five days . In these experimental models, chlorhexidine diphosphanilate was equal to silver sulfadiazine, an established topical chemotherapeutic agent . In vitro activity was examined using bacteremia isolates from 65 burned patients . Using agar diffusion trench plates, chlorhexidine diphosphanilate was active against all strains . No evidence of cross-resistance between sulfonamide and chlorhexidine diphosphanilate or its components was observed.

J Med Microbiol, 1984 Feb, 17(1), 31 - 6
A 16-month analysis of urinary tract infection in children; Naylor GR; Results of the examination of urine specimens with evidence of acute urinary tract infections from children aged 16 years and under in general practice were analysed during a period of 16 months . Infections were much commoner in girls than in boys, with Escherichia coli most frequently involved in both groups . Urinary tract infections caused by Proteus strains were predominantly associated with boys . Infections in girls showed a higher incidence at 3, 6 and 16 years of age . Possible reasons for these sex- and age-associated patterns of infection are discussed . It is suggested than an important factor in the prevention of urinary tract infections in young girls is proper supervision of school lavatories . The report illustrates how much useful information can be obtained from the analysis of diagnostic results based on a simple but thorough laboratory approach.

Immun Infekt, 1984 Feb, 12(1), 64 - 8
{Animal experiment studies of the synergism between acylureido- penicillins and immunoglobulin G}; Dalhoff A; Animal experiments revealed that the simultaneous administration of mezlocillin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) caused a highly significant increase in the elimination of beta-lactamase producing strains of the species E.coli or Proteus spp . as compared to a mezlocillin-monotherapy . This synergistic effect is due to an inhibition of the enzymic activity of the beta-lactamases by antibodies as could be demonstrated by using enzyme crude extracts . In vivo studies on the stimulation of phagocytosis revealed that only an intact 7S IgG-preparation obtained by reduction and alkylation stimulated phagocytosis, whereas cleaved or acid-treated products were ineffective.

Hinyokika Kiyo, 1984 Feb, 30(2), 259 - 64
{A study on transfer of ceftizoxime into prostatic and vesical tissues}; Katsumi T et al.; Prostatic and vesical tissue levels of Ceftizoxime (CZX) were determined in 21 patients with prostatic hyperplasia after the intravenous administration of 1 g of CZX . Serum concentration on prostatic surgery continued to be 1.3 fold higher than that of healthy adults . Prostatic tissue levels attained a peak of 40.7 +/- 1.6 micrograms/g (mean +/- SE) at 30 minutes after administration and vesical tissue levels attained a peak of 72.4 +/- 24.8 micrograms/g at 30 minutes . The mean value was 21.0 +/- 6.4 micrograms/g in prostatic tissue after administration for 120 minutes with the tissue/serum ratio of 0.91 . Prostatic tissue level in glandular dominant were slightly higher than those of myoglandular hyperplasia (P less than 0.1) . Judging from its favorable transfer into the prostatic tissue and MIC against clinically isolated E . coli, Proteus sp . and Klebsiella, CZX seemed to be clinically useful in the treatment of prostatic infection.

Nord Vet Med, 1984 Jan-Feb, 36(1-2), 38 - 42
Observations of bacterial diseases of captive snakes in Finland; Soveri T; Eighteen captive, nonpoisonous snakes which suffered from bacterial infections were studied . The most usual bacteria found were gram-negative rods; especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Proteus spp . The most common disorders caused by them were stomatitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia and abscesses . The sensitivities of ten isolated bacteria to antimicrobial drugs were tested . Neomycin and gentamicin seemed to be effective, especially against P . aeruginosa.

Microbios, 1984, 39(157-158), 169 - 76
Tris- and deoxycholate-induced lysis in colistin-treated Proteus strains; Chapman DG; Strains of Proteus spp . were pretreated with colistin (polymyxin E) and resuspended in either Tris buffer or sodium deoxycholate . Leakage of potassium and materials with an absorption maxima at 260 nm increased on resuspension of two pretreated Proteus mirabilis strains in Tris buffer or sodium deoxycholate . The activity of Tris increased up to pH 9 and of sodium deoxycholate up to 1,000 micrograms/ml . Greater leakage occurred with resuspension in Tris buffer than in sodium deoxycholate . Other Proteus strains tested did not produce leakage following similar treatment.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1984 Jan, 178(5-6), 464 - 501
{Setting up an infection control system}; Puschel WC; The present paper deals with the manifestations of nosocomial infections . According to a study by Daschner et al . (18) 4,4% of all hospitalized patients contract nosocomial infections . These have negative effects on the process of recovery and present a great economical burden . The specific problem of hospital infections is compounded of the appearance of polyresistant germs arising from incorrect therapy, the unfavourable immune situation of patients at risk, and the invasive medicotechnical treatment of these patients, such as especially transuretral catheters, intubations, tracheotomies, and the application of venous catheters . As the most important sources of infection the faeces of patients and staff as well as moist places must be mentioned . Germs are transferred from here to the patients predominantly via the hands of the medical staff . An important basis for the improvement of the hygienical situation is provided by infection statistics . This paper presents two and examines them for their significance and feasibility . For model A 500 patients of a medical intensive ward were analysed prospectively in summer 1978 . Besides microbiological data a great number of patients' parameters such as disposition, kind and quality of medical operations etc . were taken into account . For model B the microbiological findings of 3952 patients of 4 intensive wards were compiled retrospectively . Results of the comparison: Model A is indispensable for defined questions in the area of hospital hygiene, but requires considerable efforts in terms of time and money . Model B can be employed for the longterm control of the frequencies of infection and changes of resistance from already existing reports and does not require considerable additional means . In view of the extensive material it is advisable to process the data electronically . Results of the infection statistics (Modell B): An average infection rate of 16% was determined . Most frequent were infections of the respiratory tract (43%) followed by infections of the urinary tract (29%), blood (13%) and wounds (14%) . The most important germs were fungi, Pseudomonas, E . coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococci, Staph . aureus, and Staph . albus . In the discussion the results are compared with findings in the current literature . Special attention is given to the definition of the terms infection and hospital infection and other problems influencing comparability . In a final statement the importance of environmental examinations and the role of pathology for infection control are treated.

Ann Microbiol (Paris), 1984 Jan-Feb, 135A(1), 135 - 40
Experimental production of bladder calculi in rats by ureaplasma injection; Clerc M et al.; Certain infection stones are thought to be linked to urease-possessing bacteria such as Proteus sp . Since ureaplasma also contain urease and are predominantly located in the urogenital tract, their possible role in the formation of infection stones was studied in the rat model described by Friedlander and Braude {2} . Infection stones were produced in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar male rats after injection of ureaplasmas into the renal medulla . In Sprague-Dawley rats, six different ureaplasma strains (serotypes 3 and 5 clinical isolates) were able to produce bladder stones . Acetohydroxamic acid, a urease inhibitor, prevented the formation of the stones . There was no difference in urinary pH or the presence of leukocytes, crystals and ureaplasmas in the urine between rats which presented stones and those which did not . Ureaplasmas could be cultivated only very rarely from rat stones . Similarly, no ureaplasmas could be obtained from human stones.

Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 1984, 3(2), 134 - 6
{A severe form of Mediterranean boutonneuse fever}; Houvenaeghel M et al.; A severe case of boutonneuse fever was reported which was only diagnosed after death . The infectious syndrome and cutaneous eruption were associated with meningitis, encephalitis, hypoxaemia and thrombocytopaenia . The absence of an initial lesion ("tache noire") and the notion of recent German measles contamination explained the late diagnosis . Serious cases of boutonneuse fever were usually rare; they were better known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a rickettsial infection of the same group, the clinical symptoms of which were very similar and which gave the same proteus agglutination reactions as with boutonneuse fever . An earlier diagnosis, now possible thanks to immunofluorescent techniques using skin biopsies, should enable earlier treatment.

Nephron, 1984, 36(4), 224 - 9
Effects of different forms of dialytic treatment on serum antibacterial activity in patients with chronic renal failure; Minelli Bertazzoni E et al.; The antibacterial activity of fresh and heat-inactivated normal serum was compared with that of sera from patients with renal failure: 16 on diet, 9 on regular hemodialysis (HD) and 9 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) . The antibacterial activity was determined on Proteus rettgeri (Sanelli) by a turbidimetric method . The inhibitory activity of fresh serum was only slightly decreased in nondialyzed uremic patients, whereas it was significantly impaired in CAPD and HD patients . Heat-inactivated normal serum (56 degrees C, 30 min) lost its antibacterial activity . Only CAPD patients' sera behaved as the normal ones . In fact, a consistent residual antibacterial activity was found in heat-inactivated sera of nondialyzed and hemodialyzed patients . The results are in keeping with the view that uremic patients have reduced host-defence reactions . Dialysis treatment appears to further depress the antibacterial capacity of uremic patient's sera . The residual antibacterial activity of heat-inactivated sera is due to substances, not present in normal controls, which act with a mechanism independent of the complement system . CAPD seems more effective than hemodialysis in removing these substances.

J Cell Biol, 1984 Jan, 98(1), 283 - 95
Three-dimensional structure of a membrane-microtubule complex; Murray JM; The unicellular algae Distigma proteus contain a group of aligned microtubules associated with their cell membrane . The association is maintained in isolated membrane fragments . The membrane-microtubule complex also includes a crystalline array of membrane particles . The major peptide component of this array was identified by labeling whole cells with radioiodine . The entire complex of membrane, particles, and microtubules is sufficiently well ordered to permit reconstruction from electron micrographs by Fourier techniques . A three-dimensional model of the membrane array at a nominal resolution of 2.5 nm has been calculated . Some similarities were apparent between lattice spacings in the membrane array and in microtubules . Analysis of these lattice correlations suggests a way in which the array of membrane particles may serve as scaffolding for microtubule attachment.

Cell Tissue Res, 1984, 235(2), 393 - 402
Some evidence for the ampullary organs in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia); Istenic L et al.; The multicellular epithelial organs in Proteus anguinus, which Bugnion (1873) assumed to be developing neuromasts, have been analyzed by light- and electron-microscopy . Their fundamental structure consists of single ampullae with sensory and accessory cells with apical parts that extend into the pit of the ampulla, and of a short jelly-filled canal connecting the ampulla pit with the surface of the skin . The organs are located intra-epithelially and are supported by a tiny dermal papilla . The cell elements of sensory epithelium are apically linked together by tight junctions . The free apical surface of the sensory cell bears several hundred densely packed stereocilia-like microvilli whereas the basal surface displays afferent neurosensory junctions with a pronounced round synaptic body . The compact uniform organization of the apical microvillous part shows a hexagonal pattern . A basal body was found in some sensory cells whereas a kinocilium was observed only in a single cell . The accessory cells have their free surface differentiated in a sparsely distributed and frequently-forked microvilli . The canal wall is built of two or three layers of tightly coalescent flat cells bordering on the lumen with branching microvilli . The ultrastructure of the content of the ampulla pit is presented . In the discussion stress is laid on the peculiarities of the natural history of Proteus anguinus that support the view that the morphologically-identified ampullary organs are electroreceptive . The structural characteristics of ampullary receptor cells are dealt with from the viewpoint of functional morphology and in the light of evolutionary hypotheses of ampullary organs.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1984 Jan, 33(1), 29 - 36
{Effects of pH and ATP on the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus: relation between cytoplasm motility and actin polymerization}; Paulin-Levasseur M et al.; The effect of pH and ATP was studied on isolated cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus . These two parameters were shown to influence both the motility and the organization of actin filaments in the isolated cytoplasm . Furthermore, our results demonstrate that there is a relationship between the motility and the polymeric state of actin . When the isolated cytoplasm is non-motile, actin is highly polymerized into long filaments arranged parallel in bundles . When this cytoplasm is motile, however, actin can either be weakly polymerized, i.e . observed as few short filaments, or can be polymerized in long branched filaments forming a loose network.

Antibiotiki, 1984 Jan, 29(1), 49 - 51
{Microflora study and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of gentamycin in children with mucoviscidosis}; Skala LZ et al.; P . aeruginosa and Staphylococcus were isolated respectively from 46.7 and 30.9 per cent of the children with mucoviscidosis . Proteus, Klebsiella and hemophilic bacilli were isolated from 11.2, 2.8 and 2.8 per cent of the patients respectively . All the isolates of Proteus, 95.8 per sent of the staphylococcal strains and 16.7 per cent of the P . aeruginosa strains were highly sensitive to gentamicin . No gentamicin resistant strains were detected . The studies on the gentamicin pharmacokinetics showed that the maximum levels of the drug in the blood and sputum of the children treated with the antibiotic injected intramuscularly in doses of 1.2 and 2-2.5 mg/kg were attained in 1 hour . The concentration of gentamicin in the sputum amounted to 60-80 per cent of its concentration in the blood serum . Within 11 hours the antibiotic sputum levels were higher than the MIC for the organisms sensitive to gentamicin . After a single endobronchial administration of the drug it was detected in the sputum for 6 days in concentrations exceeding the MIC for the moderately sensitive strains.

Nephrologie, 1984, 5(5), 222 - 4
{Experimental magnesium ammonium phosphate lithiasis induced by Ureaplasma in the rat}; Texier J et al.; Struvite urinary stones are commonly associated with infections by urease possessing bacteria (Proteus) . Ureaplasma urealyticum, a genital mycoplasma, is predominantly located in the human genito-urinary tract and produces urease . Its possible role in the formation of infection stones was studied in the rat model described by Friedlander and Braude . Struvite bladder stones were produced in 60% of Sprague-Dawley male rats after infection of ureaplasmas (serotype 1, 2, 3, 7) into the renal medulla . Mycoplasma hominis, another genital mycoplasma, produced bladder stones in only 10% of animals . A kinetic study showed that pure struvite stones appeared into the bladder 4 to 5 days after inoculation and that U . urealyticum did not usually remain viable more than 6 days . Acetohydroxamic acid and doxycycline prevented the formation of the stones.

Pediatr Radiol, 1984, 14(5), 318 - 22
Neonatal osteomyelitis in Nigerian infants; Omene JA et al.; Twenty-seven Nigerian infants with osteomyelitis during the first 28 days of life are presented to highlight the severity of the clinical manifestations and the radiological features of this infection . The clinical signs include limitation of movement of the extremities involved and localized swelling . Severe constitutional changes such as fever (greater than 39 degrees C) and abdominal distension were common . This contrasts with results from North America and Europe which emphasize the paucity of clinical signs despite involvement of multiple sites . Multiple site involvement was encountered in only eight cases . Staphylococcus aureus, proteus mirabilis and candida albicans were the main pathogens isolated . The long bones were more frequently affected . Aggressive bone destruction was a constant radiological finding peculiar to staphylococcal osteomyelitis while the formation of sequestrum, a rare occurrence in the newborn, was present in six patients . The mortality rate was 7.4% and the morbidity rate was equally low.

Nahrung, 1984, 28(4), 439 - 48
{The degradation of lactose in the intestines of rats on human and cow's milk diets}; Zunft HJ et al.; Female lactose adapted rats were kept for 10 days on human milk (HM), a milk diet adapted to human milk (MD1), and a milk diet rich in protein and phosphate (MD2), the lactose supply being always the same . In the caecum, colon and faeces, the pH value, the phosphorus content, the buffer capacity and the numbers of microorganisms with proteolytic activity (Bacteroides, Klebsiella, Proteus) were lower and the lactose concentration and the beta-galactosidase activity were higher on HM and MD1 than on MD2.

Pediatr Med Chir, 1984 Jan-Feb, 6(1), 73 - 5
{Results of 3 or 10 days' treatment with nitrofurantoin or cotrimoxazole in urinary infections in children}; Ruberto U et al.; 110 children, affected by UTI, were included in this study; 52 of them were treated for 10 days and the remaining 58 for 3 days . Both groups were treated with cotrimoxazole or nitrofurantoin . Urine cultures were repeated soon after the end of therapy and repeated subsequently for a period of 6 months or of 1 year . There is not a great difference between the results obtained with the 10 days treatment and those of the 3 days treatment . An high percentage of relapses occurred in UTI caused by Proteus and Klebsiella.

Mol Gen Genet, 1984, 198(1), 166 - 71
Anomalous expression of the E . coli lac operon in Proteus mirabilis . II . Effects of lacI and lacP mutations; Baumberg S et al.; The lac operon introduced into Proteus mirabilis shows two anomalies of expression: the maximal induced level is reduced by about an order of magnitude, and the basal level becomes about 100 times higher than in E . coli, as a result of which the induction ratio appears very small, around 2-5 in contrast to as much as 1000 in E . coli . It was suggested by Baumberg and Dennison (1975) that the two anomalies might be manifestations of a single effect whereby some exogenous promoters give poor expression in this host, since they could result from poor expression of the lacZYA and lacI promoters respectively . We show here that when the lacP class II promoter mutation L305 was transferred on an F-prime into P . mirabilis, its effect on lac expression was much as in E . coli . However, when Flac bearing the IQ1 up-promoter mutation was introduced into P . mirabilis, the basal level decreased by three orders of magnitude, in accord with poor expression of lacI+ being responsible for the usual low induction ratio . These results are consistent with the hypothesis of Baumberg and Dennison (1975) but do not prove it: poor expression of lacI and/or lacZYA could also result from weak translation initiation, problems of continuation of transcription or translation (e.g . due to pause sequences or differences in codon use), or diminished mRNA stability.

Mol Gen Genet, 1984, 198(1), 159 - 65
Anomalous expression of the E . coli lac operon in Proteus mirabilis . I . Effects of L8 and L8 UV5; Roberts M et al.; The lac operon shows anomalous expression in Proteus mirabilis: the maximal induced level is 10% or less of that in E . coli, while repression reduces this by a factor of only 2-5 . We have sought to determine whether this effect relates in any way to CRP-mediated activation of expression, by comparing expression in P . mirabilis of lac operons (introduced for technical reasons on IncP1 plasmids) either regulatorily wild-type or bearing L8 or L8UV5 . Derivatives of RP1 bearing L8UV5 were obtained by homogenotisation of pGC9114 (RP1::Tn951) in a L8UV5 background; while derivatives of RP4 bearing lac+, L8 or L8UV5 were obtained by Mu-mediated translocation of chromosomal regions bearing these alleles, following partial heat-induction of Mucts62 on pGM14 (RP4::Mucts62) in the appropriate hosts . These plasmids could be readily transferred to, and stably maintained in, the P . mirabilis strains employed . It was found that L8 reduced the maximal level of beta-galactosidase activity, and L8UV5 restored this activity to around wild-type, in P . mirabilis quantitatively very much as in E . coli . Nevertheless, the low maximal level of expression and high basal level characteristic of the former host were unchanged . The simplest explanation of these results is that P . mirabilis contains a protein that mimics the E . coli CRP protein in interacting with the appropriate DNA binding site and thereby stimulating transcription; and that the anomalous regulation of lac in this host is unconnected with the CRP system.

Am J Nephrol, 1984, 4(6), 361 - 6
Do antibody-coated bacteria reflect local immune response in the urinary tract?
Riedasch G, Ritz E, Rauterberg E.
We examined whether antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) reflect local immune response or passive adsorption of immune globulins (Ig) . For this purpose, bacterial subcultures from infected urines and third-party bacteria were incubated with Ig preparations . These were obtained from infected urine either by removal of Ig from ACB (dissociation in alpha-methylmannoside, 0.1 M glycine-HCl, or 3 M NaSCN) or by staphylococcal protein A affinity chromatography from the supernatant of infected urine . Coincubation of either Ig preparation with bacterial substrains of the original urine and with third-party strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, several Escherichia coli strains, enterococci, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus) caused coating of the bacterial surface with Ig . Coating was not measurably influenced by coincubation with various carbohydrates or by preincubation of bacteria with glucosidases . Adsorption of Ig was observed after heat denaturation and formalin treatment of bacteria and was independent of bacterial growth phase . Coating was observed both with intact IgG and with F(ab)2 fragments . We further examined the proportion of bacteria coated with IgA, IgG, and IgM in urines of 200 bacteriuric women with symptomatic urinary tract infection . The frequency histogram plot showed a continuous nonlinear unimodal distribution . Consequently, any selection of a 'normal range' is arbitrary . It is concluded that coating of the bacterial surface with Ig may not necessarily reflect local immune response . A major problem of the ACB test is definition of the normal range.

Urol Res, 1984, 12(4), 199 - 203
The effects of heparin on the adherence of five species of urinary tract pathogens to urinary bladder mucosa; Ruggieri MR et al.; Previous studies performed in our laboratory have indicated that the primary antibacterial defense mechanism of the rabbit urinary bladder is the antiadsorptive action of the surface mucopolysaccharide . Removal of this layer with an acid rinse increases bacterial adherence up to 100 fold . Exogenous mucopolysaccharide (heparin) has been shown to restore Escherichia coli adherence to control levels . To determine whether this antiadherence action of heparin is species specific, we compared the adherence of 5 common urinary tract pathogens (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella ozonae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus fecalis) to both mucin intact and mucin deficient rabbit bladders with and without prior heparin exposure . Bacteria were radiolabeled by addition of 3H-adenine to the culture broth so that the number of bacteria adhering to the bladder could be determined using liquid scintillation spectrophotometry . Results were as follows: Acid removal of the mucin layer significantly increased the adherence approximately 10 fold for all 5 species tested . Briefly exposing the mucin deficient bladders to heparin decreased the adherence of all species tested except Pseudomonas to mucin intact control levels . Heparin treatment of mucin intact bladders slightly decreased adherence of all species except Pseudomonas below mucin intact controls, however, results were not statistically significant . The magnitude of Klebsiella adherence was nearly 20 fold greater than all other species tested . While this non-species specific adherence inhibition of heparin may prove useful in the clinical setting, it appears to be less effective against Pseudomonas.

Mol Gen Genet, 1984, 195(3), 516 - 22
Functional substitution of the recE gene of Bacillus subtilis by the recA gene of Proteus mirabilis; Eitner G et al.; Rec mutants of Bacillus subtilis have been tested for complementation by the recA gene of Proteus mirabilis (recApm) which was introduced into B . subtilis via the plasmid pHP334 . In the recE4 mutant of B . subtilis the plasmid pHP334 restored significantly the defects in RecE functions tested: UV-sensitivity, homologous recombination (transduction and transformation) and prophage induction . Although serological methods to detect the presence of RecApm protein in B . subtilis have been unsuccessful, our results strongly indicate that the recE function of B . subtilis is analogous to the recA function of P . mirabilis.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1984 Jan-Jun, 77(1-6), 33 - 44
{Urinary tract infections: bacteriological aspects of recurrent cystitis}; Fontana G et al.; Gram-negative bacteria, and above all E . coli and Proteus sp., cause the great part of UTI . Some characters of microorganisms (as the capsular K antigen, the production of haemolysin and the endotoxin of cell wall) can affect the invasive capacity and the virulence of E . coli . The bacterial adherence, due to the presence of fimbriae, seems to be correlated to the persistence of microorganisms in lower urinary tract . Moreover Enterobius vermicularis, intestinal parasite frequent in infancy, can transport in girls E . coli strains from the rect, through the urethra, to the bladder . The data regarding the importance of the immune local response are not clear yet.

G Batteriol Virol Immunol, 1984 Jan-Jun, 77(1-6), 106 - 12
{In vivo interferon-inducing capacity of a multibacterial extract: prospective new use}; Pugliese A et al.; We studied IFN inducing ability on syngenic C3H mice of a multibacterial antigenic extract consisting of different strains of following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris . A dose-dependent IFN production was demonstrated and two peaks of circulating IFN were observed few hours and two days after i.v . inoculation . Per os administration only at high doses induced evaluable levels of IFN in the circulation.

IARC Sci Publ, 1984, (57), 275 - 81
N-nitrosamine formation by intestinal bacteria; Suzuki K et al.; N-Nitrosamine formation by various intestinal bacteria was investigated . N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) formation by viable resting cells of Escherichia coli A10 was proportional to the incubation time and the enzyme concentration, while boiled cells were incapable of nitrosation . The enzyme was optimal at pH 7.5 and showed about the same specificities for dimethylamine, diethylamine, dibutylamine, di-isobutylamine, piperidine and pyrrolidine, but high specificity for morpholine . The intestinal bacteria harbouring nitrosating enzyme were mainly aerobic, i.e., Escherichia coli, Proteus morganii, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Only one of the 32 anaerobic intestinal bacterial species, i.e., Peptococcus asaccharolyticus, was positive . The enzyme activities of these nitrosating bacteria covered a range of 0.06-0.90 nmol NDMA formed per hour per mg protein . These results support the theory of enzymatic catalysis of N-nitrosamine formation by microorganisms and suggest the possibility of endogenous nitrosation in the digestive tract.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1984, 50(5-6), 775 - 87
Pathogenic synergy: mixed intra-abdominal infections; MacLaren DM et al.; In this article we review our researches into the pathogenesis of mixed infections . These may conveniently be divided into in vitro and in vivo studies . In vitro we confirmed that interference with the killing of aerobes by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN's) is a property of the Bacteroides strains tested and appears to depend on competition for opsonins i.e . complement factors . Further studies are in progress to define which complement factors and which bacterial structures are involved . The influence of B . fragilis on chemotaxis has also been studied . Our preliminary data suggest that B . fragilis is itself poorly chemotactic and reduces the chemoattractivity of Proteus mirabilis . This observation is surprising when we consider that abscess formation is the hall-mark of B . fragilis infections and needs clarification . In vivo we have developed a skin infection model in mice which is economical and gives reproducible and quantitative results . In this model we have demonstrated pathogenic synergy between Escherichia coli and B . fragilis . Further studies are planned to assess the role of complement and bacterial factors in this in vivo synergy.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1984, 32(3), 317 - 35
Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections . III . Detailed evaluation of the results obtained in further 150 cases; Slopek S et al.; The results of phage therapy applied in further 150 cases of suppurative bacterial infections were analyzed . Positive therapeutic results were obtained in 137 cases (91.3%) . The results obtained confirmed the previous findings on great effectiveness of bacteriophages in the treatment of septic infections, spontaneous or postoperative, caused by pyo genic Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas.

Biorheology Suppl, 1984, 1, 303 - 7
Use of a laser-Doppler electrophoresis method in bacteriology (preliminary results); Stoltz JF et al.; A new electrophoresis system using Laser Doppler velocimetry has been developed . This technic allows fast measurements, (1 minute) over a large number of particles (several thousand or more) . Furthermore, the small size of the particles is no longer a limitation of the measurement . These qualities made it possible to study the electrokinetic properties of cells . In this paper the authors present the first application obtained on different types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris) submitted to five antibiotics (gentamycin, minocyclin, cephalotin, spiramycin, sobramycin) . After four hours of incubation at 37 degrees C, important decreases of electrophoretic mobility were observed on bacteria treated with antibiotics to which they were sensitive . On the other hand, no significant modification appeared on bacteria treated with antibiotics to which they were not sensitive . In conclusion, the electrophoretic mobility test seems to be useful to study the response of bacteria to antibiotics and perhaps could be used to set antibiograms.

Urol Res, 1984, 12(2), 107 - 9
The bacteriology of the urine and renal calculi; Lewi HJ et al.; The bacteriological status of the pre-operative urine, removed calcium and the pelvic urine was studied in 63 consecutive patients undergoing removal of intrarenal calculi . The overall infection rates in the pre-operative urine, removed calculi and pelvic urine were 29%, 38% and 30% respectively . In patients with staghorn calculi, 58% of patients had an infected pre-operative M.S.S.U., and 82.5% of removed calculi demonstrated significant bacterial growth, with Proteus mirabilis being the predominant organism isolated . In patients with single or multiple oxalate calculi, 17% had an infected pre-operative M.S.S.U., and 22% of removed calculi demonstrated a significant bacterial growth . The findings would indicate that the presence of a positive M.S.S.U . in a patient with a renal calculus is an indication for surgical removal.

Microbios, 1984, 41(160), 87 - 98
Surface antigens of Proteus mirabilis revealed by electroblotting from sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels; Driver K et al.; Western Blotting of whole cell preparations of three strains of Proteus mirabilis after separation by electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels revealed a complex pattern of antigens . Similar antigen profiles were obtained with isolated outer membranes indicating that the majority of cell surface antigens are located in the outer membrane . Major outer membrane proteins were strongly antigenic and cross-reactive . The highly immunogenic flagella were detected in whole cell preparations and visible in isolated outer membranes . Whereas the protein and flagellar antigens were cross-reactive, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could only be detected as immunoreactive material using homologous antisera for each strain . The LPS appeared as two broad bands (high and low Mr, respectively) in immunoblots of whole cells, isolated outer membranes and purified LPS . However, isolated LPS could be resolved into multiple sharp bands when 4 M urea was included in the gel system . These discrete bands are assumed to represent differing O antigen chain lengths of the LPS as reported for other Gram-negative organisms.

Microbios, 1984, 39(157-158), 177 - 85
Structural alterations to Proteus mirabilis as a result of exposure to haemolymph from the larvae of Galleria mellonella; Morton DB et al.; Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to examine Proteus mirabilis, strain 11-1A, for morphologic alterations following exposure to normal and immune cell-free haemolymph obtained from Galleria mellonella larvae . It was found that both normal and immune haemolymph exerted effects on the bacterial cells, with immune haemolymph affecting a much higher percentage of cells than normal haemolymph . The morphological damage observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) included abnormal shapes, blebbing of the cell wall, surface erosion and lysis of the cell . Transmission electron microscopy showed evidence of damage to the cell wall and supported the results obtained from SEM.

Mol Gen Genet, 1984, 194(1-2), 111 - 3
P . mirabilis RecA protein catalyses cleavage of E . coli LexA protein and the lambda repressor in vitro; West SC et al.; The cloned recA+ gene of proteus mirabilis substitutes for a defective RecA protein in Escherichia coli recA- mutants, and restores recombination, repair and phage induction functions to near normal levels . In a previous report, we described the purification and characterisation of the recombination activities of the P . mirabilis RecA protein (West et al . 1983b ) . In this paper, we show that the purified protein catalyses the cleavage of both the Escherichia coli LexA protein and the bacteriophage lambda repressor in vitro . These results provide a direct biochemical basis for the interspecies complementation observed in vivo and suggest that P . mirabilis has an SOS regulatory network similar to that of E . coli.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1984 Jan, 25(1), 149 - 51
Kinetic studies on the inhibition of Proteus vulgaris beta-lactamase by imipenem; Hashizume T et al.; Imipenem was found to inhibit Proteus vulgaris beta-lactamase in a progressive manner . Kinetic experiments confirmed that the inactivated enzyme was not completely recovered after intact imipenem had been exhausted.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Jan, (1), 35 - 8
{Experimental study of the immunogenicity of a monopreparation of Klebsiella pneumoniae antigen complex and its association with Staphylococcus, Proteus and Escherichia coli antigens}; Egorova NB et al.; The study carried out in mice with experimental Klebsiella sepsis has revealed that Staphylococcus, Proteus and E . coli antigenic complexes used as monovaccines ensure the protection of a definite percentage of the animals from K . pneumoniae infection . The mixture of these 3 preparations possesses a higher protective potency . The immunogenic potency of K . pneumoniae antigenic complex used as a component of combined vaccines with 2 or 4 components has proved to be sufficiently high and not inferior to the potency of K . pneumoniae monovaccine.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1984 Jan, (1), 19 - 23
{Protective properties of Proteus ribosomal vaccine}; Ovetchin PV et al.; The results of the study of the protective properties of Proteus ribosomal vaccine prepared from P . vulgaris museum strain F-30 are presented . The vaccine showed protective effect even in a dose of 0.0001 microgram of protein per mouse; when used in immunization doses of 1 and 10 micrograms of protein per mouse, the vaccine completely protected the animals, ensuring their survival . Experiments aimed at the determination of the maximum protective effect of the vaccine were carried out . The ribosomal vaccine injected in a dose of 1 microgram of protein per mouse protected 50% of mice challenged with 10 LD50; in a dose of 10 micrograms of protein per mouse the vaccine protected 100% of the animals challenged with 3.7 and 10 LD50 . Proteus ribosomal vaccine prepared from P . vulgaris museum strain was shown to render protective effect with respect to P . vulgaris and P . mirabilis clinical strains.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1983 Dec, 2(6), 571 - 6
Adhesion of Proteus species to various cell types; Savoia D et al.; Pathogenic and saprophytic Proteus strains from the urine of patients with urinary tract infections and healthy adults respectively were evaluated with regard to their ability to adhere in vitro to homologous cells (uroepithelial cells from urinary sediment and cultured WISH cells) and heterologous cells (RK-13 and MDCK cells) . The effect on attachment of pretreating bacteria with subinhibitory concentrations of piperacillin and sagamicin was also determined for one sensitive and one resistant strain . Fifty percent of the pathogenic Proteus strains demonstrated good adherence to human urinary epithelial cells, whereas saprophytic strains did not adhere . There was a lower rate of attachment to culture cells . Piperacillin and sagamicin in subinhibitory concentrations caused a decrease in the attachment of the sensitive Proteus strain.

HNO, 1983 Dec, 31(12), 436 - 9
{Fosfomycin--a new antibiotic in rhinootolaryngology}; Stammberger H; Fosfomycin is a relatively new antibiotic drug, deriving from streptomyces species . Its special chemical structure and small molecular size provide a very good diffusion into tissues like bone, fascia and wound exudates as well . In a clinical study Fosfomycin was given to 26 patients with infections mainly of the middle ear and mastoid as well as other ENT-infections . Clinical success, laboratory investigations and bacteriology are described in detail . The drug proved to be of special value in the treatment of chronic purulent otitis, purulent or chronic secreting tympanoplasties or other postoperative middle-ear affections when caused by penicillin-resistant staphylococci, proteus-species and pseudomonas aeruginosa . In the other cases treatment results were good corresponding to the bactericidal spectrum of Fosfomycin . There was one treatment failure in our series, but no reverse reaction at all.

Trop Geogr Med, 1983 Dec, 35(4), 389 - 91
Pathogenic organisms in chronic suppurative otitis media in Enugu, Nigeria; Ibekwe AO et al.; Pathogenic organisms in chronic suppurative otitis media from 62 patients were identified . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was responsible in 46%, Staphylococcus aureus in 29% . Proteus mirabilis in 13%, Streptococcus pyogenes in 6%, Aspergillus niger in 5% and Mucor sp . in 2% . The most prevalent organism in children was Staphylococcus aureus . The role of fungi in chronic suppurative otitis media is discussed.

Can J Microbiol, 1983 Dec, 29(12), 1650 - 2
{In vitro interaction between an ampicillin-colistin combination and ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli}; Coste M et al.; In this work, the authors studied in vitro potential interactions between bacteria and antibiotics . Colistin and ampicillin were introduced to ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and ampicillin activity was measured . Two layers of agar media were used . The lower layer contained E . coli and colistin . The superficial layer was sown with indicating bacteria (ampicillin-sensitive Proteus mirabilis) . Ampicillin activity was evaluated on the upper layer with impregnated disks . By this technique, it was ascertained that ampicillin degradation increased with colistin concentration . In this case, colistin may favour interactions of intracellular beta-lactamases on ampicillin.

Helv Paediatr Acta, 1983 Dec, 38(5-6), 417 - 24
{Mortality of rare purulent meningitis, (Staphylococcus, Listeria Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, E . coli, Salmonella) . An epidemiologic study using the literature from the last 30 years}; Buchs S; 3056 cases of purulent meningitis caused by seven rare microorganisms (Staphylococci, Listeria, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, E . coli, Salmonella) were collected from the West European and North American literature of the last 30 years . The average lethality has been calculated for the periods ranging from 1948 to 1962 and from 1963 to 1979 in order to compare the results due to the use of penicillin and older antibiotics with those accomplished with ampicillin and the aminoglycosides . After 1963 the death-rate of each type of meningitis decreased considerably (except for Salmonella meningitis): the lethality of the whole group fell from 48% to 33%, in the subgroup of gram-negative meningitis from 55% to 38%, and in the group of neonatal gram-negative meningitis from 67% to 52% . The best results were seen in Proteus meningitis where lethality decreased from 55% to 15% . In E . coli meningitis there was a reduction from 60% to 43% only . Using the chi-square test all these differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001).

Eur J Biochem, 1983 Dec 1, 137(1-2), 15 - 22
Chemical structure of the lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharide from a Proteus mirabilis Re-mutant; Sidorczyk Z et al.; The chemical structure of the lipid A component from the lipopolysaccharide of a Proteus mirabilis Re-mutant (strain R45) was analysed . It consists of a beta(1-6)-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide which carries two phosphate groups, one being ester-linked to position 4' of the nonreducing glucosaminyl residue and the other being bound to the glycosidic hydroxyl group of the reducing glucosaminyl residue . The ester-bound phosphate group is quantitatively substituted by a 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinopyranosyl residue, the glycosidic phosphoryl group appears to be unsubstituted . Two available hydroxyl groups of the disaccharadide (probably at positions 3 and 3') are acylated by approximately 1 mol each of (R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoic and (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid/mol . The amino group of the nonreducing glucosaminyl residue carries (R)-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoic and that of the reducing residue (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid . In addition smaller amounts of (R)-3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanoic acid are present in amide linkage . The attachment site of the oligosaccharide portion to lipid A was also investigated . It was found that the hydroxyl group at position 6' of the nonreducing glucosaminyl residue carries 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid . This indicates that the saccharide portion in this Proteus lipopolysaccharide is linked to lipid A via the primary hydroxyl group in position 6'.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Dec, 36(12), 3412 - 21
{Clinical evaluation of the method to determine antibiotic concentrations in small amounts of samples}; Nishindai H et al.; Concentrations of cefotiam (CTM) in the exudate after abdominal operation were studied . The exudates were collected by 6 mm paper discs and the antibiotic concentrations were determined by the paper disc method using Proteus rettgeri ATCC 9250 as test organism . Comparison between agar well and paper disc assay for CTM in ascites specimens showed good correlation . Two grams of CTM was intravenously given to the patients after abdominal operations . The concentration of CTM in the exudate for 6 hours after injection was 0.4--14.2 micrograms/ml and this value exceeded the antibacterial level of CTM . It is, therefore, concluded that CTM will be effective for the postoperative prophylaxis.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 1983 Dec, 1(4), 313 - 6
Beta-lactamase stability of cefoxitin in comparison with other beta-lactam compounds; Neu HC; The beta-lactamase stability of cefoxitin, the second-generation cephamycin compound, was compared with that of cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, moxalactam, carbenicillin, and piperacillin . Unlike cefamandole, cefoperazone, carbenicillin, and piperacillin, cefoxitin was not hydrolyzed by the common plasmid beta-lactamases, TEM-1, TEM-2, OXA-2, and SHV-1 . Cefoxitin and moxalactam were the only agents stable to all chromosomal beta-lactamases, whereas cefamandole, cefoperazone, cefotaxime, carbenicillin, and piperacillin were destroyed by cephalosporinases of Proteus vulgaris and Bacteroides fragilis.

J Nat Prod, 1983 Nov-Dec, 46(6), 874 - 5
Antibacterial activity studies of flavonoids from Salvia palaestina; Miski M et al.; Ten aglycones and six glycosides of luteolin and apigenin were identified from the leaves of Salvia palaestina Bentham (Labiatae) . Among them cirsimaritin showed a high activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while the others have little or no activity against the same bacterial strains.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 3250 - 3
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin IX . Perinatal and postnatal study by intravenous injection in rats}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al . This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Perinatal and postnatal studies of MCR in rats were carried out by intravenous injection for safety evaluation (Dose; 25, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg) . The results of studies are as follows . There was no adverse effect on delivery and nursing ability in dams at any dose . There was no adverse effect at any dose on postnatal development of offspring, such as weight gain, postnatal differentiation, spontaneous motor activity, learning, sexual maturation and reproductive performance . Renal toxicity was observed at dose of 75 mg/kg in autopsy of dams after treatment.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 3243 - 9
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin VIII . Teratogenicity studies in rabbits after intravenous injection}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al . This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Teratogenicity studies of MCR in rabbits were carried out by intravenous injection for safety evaluation (Dose; 25, 50 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg) . The results of studies are as follows . Fetal malformation attributable to MCR was not observed at any dose . There was no adverse effect on new borns at any dose.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 3239 - 42
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin VII . Fertility study by intravenous injection in rats}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al . This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Fertility studies of MCR in rats were carried out by intravenous injection for safety evaluation (Dose: 25, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg) . The results of studies are as follows . There was no adverse effect on fertility ability at any dose . Suppression of adult body weight gain was observed slightly at all dose level in male and at the dose level of 75 mg/kg in female.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 3226 - 38
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin VI . Subacute toxicity in rabbits after drip intravenous infusion}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al . This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Subacute toxicity studies of MCR in rabbits were carried out by drip intravenous infusion (d.i.v.) comparing with intramuscular injection (i.m.) for 30 days (doses; d.i.v . = 4, 25, 63 mg/kg, i.m . = 63 mg/kg) . The results of the studies are as follows: Animals did not die at any dose . Renal disorders occurred mainly at the dose level of 63 mg/kg; they were almost similar to those observed when administered by i.m., and the grade of disorders in d.i.v . was the same as in i.m . The maximum safety dose was 4 mg/kg.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 3208 - 25
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin V . Subacute toxicity in rats after intravenous injection}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al . This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Toxicological studies of MCR in rats were carried out by intravenous injection for safety evaluation . Study on subacute toxicity: Wistar rats were injected intravenously with MCR at the dose levels of 4, 10, 25, 63 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for 30 days . The results of the studies are as follows: In the subacute toxicity study, animals died at the dose level of 100 mg/kg (10 out of 30 animals) . Main changes observed were renal disorders and ataxia which showed a close similarity to those seen in intramuscular toxicity studies in rats . The renal histological disorders occurred mainly at the dose levels of 25 mg/kg and over, but they were slight at the dose levels of 25 mg/kg . Ataxia was observed at the dose levels of 63 mg/kg and over, but its grade was slight at the dose level of 63 mg/kg . The maximum safety dose was equal to in the intramuscular subacute toxicity in rats, 10 mg/kg.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Nov, 36(11), 3204 - 7
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin IV . Acute toxicity in rats, rabbits and dogs after drip intravenous infusion}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al . This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc, as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Toxicological studies of MCR were carried out for safety evaluation as follows: Studies were carried out to assess acute toxicity, when administered in 1 hour by drip intravenous infusion to Wistar rats, Japanese White rabbits and Beagle dogs . The results of the studies are summarised as follows: There was no difference on acute toxicity between drip intravenous infusion (d.i.v.) and intramuscular injection (i.m.) in rats . However, acute toxicity of d.i.v . was less than that of bolus intravenous administration (i.v.) in rats . Acute toxicity of d.i.v . was stronger than that of i.m . in dogs when administered in rats . Acute toxicity varied with species, and it was ranked in rabbits not equal to dogs greater than rats . There was no difference on symptoms between d.i.v . and i.m.

Acta Paediatr Scand, 1983 Nov, 72(6), 879 - 83
Urolithiasis in children . Presenting signs, etiology, bacteriology and localisation; Bensman A et al.; Based on a personal series of 310 observations, the authors have studied the presenting signs, the etiology, the urinary bacteriology and the localization of the stone in children with urolithiasis . Urinary tract infection is the presenting sign in 55% of the cases, hematuria in 23% and abdominal pain in 20% . Urinary malformation is associated in 26% of cases, whatever the age at diagnosis . The urinary bacteria found in 55% of cases is Proteus . Localization was in the kidney in 228 cases, in the ureter in 71 cases, the bladder in 45 cases and in the urethra in 5 cases.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Nov, (11), 78 - 83
{Immunogenicity of a vaccine made from soluble Proteus antigens}; Levina LA et al.; Hemagglutinins with different specificity were determined in 270 subjects: of these, 101 were examined in the time course before and after immunization with Proteus vaccine prepared from soluble antigens . The preparation possessed pronounced immunological potency and stimulated the formation of antibodies to the vaccine strain, to heterologous Proteus strains and to the common antigens of Gram-negative bacteria . The combined scheme of the subcutaneous and local administration of the above-mentioned Proteus vaccine ensured an increase in the synthesis of IgM and IgA in patients with Proteus wound infection . Active immunization ensured an essential rise in the level of hemagglutinins to Re-glycolipid in donors and oncological patients not infected with Proteus, but did not ensure the statistically significant shifts in the antibody level to Re-glycolipids in patients with chronic Proteus infection.

Can J Biochem Cell Biol, 1983 Nov, 61(11), 1219 - 27
Properties of a catalase from a peroxide-resistant mutant of Proteus mirabilis; Jouve HM et al.; A catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) from Proteus mirabilis PR, a mutant with strong resistance to hydrogen peroxide, was purified to homogeneity and compared with catalase from wild-type P . mirabilis . In crude extracts from the mutant, catalase was present as two different entities called A and B, that could be resolved by ion-exchange chromatography . The B form was transformed into A . The pure catalase preparation contained the A form only . This catalase was not found to be different from the wild-type enzyme, considering its molecular weight, subunit composition, isoelectric pH, and reactivity to specific antibodies . Partial proteolytic cleavage of the two bacterial enzymes with four different proteases proceeded at the same rate and produced identical patterns . However, pure catalase from the mutant had a specific activity against H2O2 of 2.7 X 10(7) M-1 X s-1, and its purity index (A406/A280) was 1.12 . These values were higher than previously determined for the wild-type enzyme . Furthermore, the mutant catalase was more stable to heat . The results suggest that the purified catalase (A form) differs from the wild-type enzyme and appears to be a more efficient catalase against H2O2 . Both enzymes were found to be much more resistant than beef liver catalase to the classically used catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole.

Arch Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 136(2), 152 - 7
Electron transport and cytochromes in aerobically grown Proteus mirabilis; van Wielink JE et al.; The function of the cytochromes in electron transport from NADH to oxygen in aerobically grown Proteus mirabilis has been determined . 77K-Spectra of cytoplasmic membrane suspensions, frozen while catalyzing electron transport from NADH to oxygen, in the presence as well as in the absence of 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, have been recorded . Analysis of these 77K-spectra revealed that cytochrome b-563 (E'0 = +140 mV), cytochrome b-556 (E'0 = +140 mV) {or alternatively cytochrome b-563/556 (E'0 = +140 mV)} and cytochrome b-557 (E'0 = +50 mV) may function in a Q or b-cycle . The function of cytochrome c-549 (E'0 = +75 mV), which seems to be present only in a very low concentration, and cytochrome b-556 (E'0 = -105 mV), which reacts very slowly to the addition of NADH and oxygen, remains unclear . Cytochrome o, the main oxidase of aerobically grown P . mirabilis cells, can not be detected by the methods described above . Only when the reduced form of cytochrome o is liganded with carbon monoxide a specific alpha-band can be detected at 569 nm at 25 degrees C and 565 nm at 77K.

Arch Intern Med, 1983 Nov, 143(11), 2093 - 5
Bacteremia associated with decubitus ulcers; Bryan CS et al.; We studied 104 episodes of bacteremia in 102 patients with decubitus ulcers observed over five years in the hospitals of one metropolitan area . The ulcers were considered to be the "probable" source of bacteremia in 49% of episodes . Another site of infection was documented in 86% of patients . Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were the most frequent blood isolates in these patients, but only Bacteroides species correlated with "probable" origin of bacteremia from the ulcers . The overall mortality was 55%, with 51% of deaths being attributed to infection . These findings emphasize the importance of decubitus ulcers as potential sources of bacteremia in hospitalized patients.

J Med Microbiol, 1983 Nov, 16(4), 427 - 31
The adhesins and fimbriae of Proteus mirabilis strains associated with high and low affinity for the urinary tract; Adegbola RA et al.; In strains of Proteus mirabilis of urinary origin, no correlation was found between proticine types, reflecting relative affinity for the urinary tract, and the production of haemagglutinins and presence of fimbriae, a measure of adhesiveness.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Oct, 36(10), 2844 - 8
{Fosfomycin susceptibility of clinical isolates from otorhinolaryngological infections}; Deguchi K; To investigate the clinical and bacteriological usefulness of orally administered fosfomycin calcium (FOM), the susceptibility of 558 strains to FOM was determined . These strains were isolated at our Center, between Feb . 1982 and Feb . 1983 from otorhinolaryngological infections . Several other drugs were also tested on the same strains for comparison . The results were as follows . The MIC80 of FOM was 6.25 micrograms/ml against each of aerobic Gram-positive cocci such as S . aureus, S . pyogenes, S . pneumoniae, anaerobic Gram-positive cocci such as Peptococcus spp., and H . influenzae . P . mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus spp., P . aeruginosa and K . pneumoniae were inhibited, respectively, at 3.13, 12.5, 12.5 and 50 micrograms/ml . Most of the MICs were between 3.13 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, and the difference between the MIC50 and the MIC90 was only 1 to 2 tubes since there were few resistant strains . With the comparative drugs, there was a reduction seen in the sensitivities of pipemidic acid (PPA), ampicillin (ABPC), and cephalexin (CEX) against, respectively, P . aeruginosa, beta-lactamase-producing H . influenzae and S . aureus . FOM showed good and constant sensitivity for the weakly PPA-sensitive P . aeruginosa, weakly ABPC-sensitive beta-lactamase-producing H . influenzae and weakly CEX-sensitive S . aureus . The MICs of FOM against the main problematic isolates from otorhinolaryngological infections were mostly between 3.13 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, including the above weakly PPA-, ABPC- and CEX-sensitive strains . Based on these values, FOM may be said to have moderate antibacterial efficacy when administered orally in the usual dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Oct, (10), 88 - 92
{Vaccine from soluble antigens for the specific therapy of Proteus infection}; Kreinin LS et al.; A vaccine prepared from Proteus soluble antigens obtained by the disintegration of microbial cells with hydroxylamine is proposed . In animal experiments the vaccine has proved to be nontoxic when injected in large single doses or in smaller doses over a prolonged period and capable of protecting mice and rabbits from Proteus infection . No pronounced postvaccinal complications have been registered in humans immunized with the vaccine . The possibility of using the vaccine for immunizing donors with the aim of obtaining hyperimmune anti-Proteus plasma and for the active vaccinal therapy of patients with Proteus infection has been shown.

Kardiologiia, 1983 Oct, 23(10), 28 - 31
{Patho- and morphogenesis of infectious myocarditis}; Maksimov VA et al.; An experimental study in white mice infected with influenza virus A1, staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli or Proteus, showed toxic vascular, stromal and cardiomyocyte damage in the myocardium within the first 2-3 days (circulation disorders, edema, dystrophic and necrotic changes in cardiomyocytes), which by day 3-5 were replaced by inflammation resulting in the formation of myocarditic cardiosclerosis foci by the 3d-4th week . Certain immune disorders were detected in patients with infectious myocarditis; cardiac antigen was found in the serum of 24%, anticardiac antibodies in 22%, positive blast transformation tests in 7.5%, as well as reduced quantities of T cells . Coons's method at late dates after staphylococcal angina revealed antibodies to myocardial structures in 45.7% of patients, and those to connective tissue in 36.1-31.4% . Myocarditis signs were identified in part of those . A scheme is proposed for the pathogenesis of infectious myocarditis.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1983 Oct, 55(2), 209 - 14
Performance of a semi-automated antibiotic susceptibility testing system (ABAC); Lamp RP et al.; The ABAC system for antibiotics susceptibility testing was compared with an agar diffusion method in 14 960 tests, including 23 antibacterial agents . Identical breakpoints were used . Only 3% major discrepancies (M.d.; sensitive vs resistant) and 19% minor discrepancies (m.d.; intermediate vs sensitive or resistant) were noted . Major discrepancies were mainly found for methicillin (Staphylococcus aureus), netilmicin (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Proteus sp.) and were checked by quantitative susceptibility tests . These showed ABAC to be at fault in 41--47% of discrepancies, the diffusion test in 21--32% and 21--37% were intermediate . Half of the m.d . involved beta-lactams, which is explained by two low breakpoints . Except for methicillin and netilmicin the overall results showed ABAC to be equal to the agar diffusion method . Technical faults, like leakage and incorrect filling of cups in the plastic rotors of ABAC, occurred in 14% of the rotors.

J Appl Bacteriol, 1983 Oct, 55(2), 371 - 2
A note on the determination of antibiotic susceptibility of invasive strains of Proteus by a simple agar dilution method; Zemelman R et al.; A method is described for testing antibiotic susceptibility of invasive and noninvasive micro-organisms in which strains are grown on small agar discs.

J Bacteriol, 1983 Oct, 156(1), 177 - 85
Homologous sequences other than insertion elements can serve as recombination sites in plasmid drug resistance gene amplification; Peterson BC et al.; A plasmid (pRR983) was constructed which has a gene coding for neomycin and kanamycin resistance flanked by direct repeats of regions of homology which contain no known insertion sequences . pRR983 does not have any homologous IS1 sequences . Growth of Proteus mirabilis harboring pRR983 in medium containing high concentration of neomycin resulted in cells which were highly resistant to both neomycin and kanamycin . Plasmid DNA was analyzed by using restriction endonucleases . In most cases the neomycin resistance gene had been tandemly duplicated by using the homologous DNA sequences flanking the resistance gene as recombination sites . This is analogous to tandem duplication of drug resistance genes on NR1 using the two direct repeats of IS1 as recombination sites . The amplified plasmid DNA returned to its original structure by the deletion of amplified neomycin resistance determinants when the host cells were cultured without selection for high resistance to neomycin.

J Cell Biol, 1983 Sep, 97(3), 692 - 702
Acidification of phagosomes is initiated before lysosomal enzyme activity is detected; McNeil PL et al.; We have measured changes of pH in a protein's microenvironment consequent on its binding to the cell surface and incorporation into pinosomes . Changes of pH were measured from single, living cells and selected regions of cells by the fluorescence ratio technique using a photon-counting microspectrofluorimeter . The chemotactic agent and pinocytosis inducer, ribonuclease, labeled with fluorescein (FTC-RNase), adsorbed to the surface of Amoeba proteus, and was pinocytosed by cells in culture media at pH 7.0 . The FTC-RNase entered an apparently acidic microenvironment, pH approximately 6.1, upon binding to the surface of amoebae . Once enclosed within pinosomes, this protein's microenvironment became steadily more acidic, reaching a minimum of pH approximately 5.6 in less than 10 min . FTC-RNase pinocytosed by the giant amoeba, Chaos carolinensis, entered pinosomes whose pH was correlated with their cytoplasmic location during the initial 30-40 min after pinocytosis . The majority of pinosomes containing FTC-RNase clustered in the tail ectoplasm of C . carolinensis during this interval and had a pH of approximately 6.5; those released into endoplasm and carried into the tip of cells had a pH below 5.0 . As pinosomes became distributed at random in C . carolinensis (1-2 h after initial pinocytosis), differences in pH between tip and tail pinosomes vanished . We have also measured the pH within single phagosomes of A . proteus . Phagosomal pH dropped steadily to approximately 5.4 within 5 min after particle ingestion in 70% of the cells measured, and reached this level of acidity within 10 min in 90% of the cells measured . By contrast, stain for the lysosomal enzyme, acid phosphatase, was evident within only 20% of 5-min-old phagosomes visualized by light microscopy, and within only 40% of 10-min-old phagosomes . A microfluorimetric assay was used to simultaneously record changes in pH, and the initial deposition of lysosomal esterases, within phagosomes of single, living Amoeba proteus . Near complete acidification of the phagosome was recorded from some cells before phagosomal fusion was evident by this microfluorimetric assay . From other cells, however, continued acidification of phagosomes was recorded after lysosomal fusion was initiated . We conclude that acidification of phagosomes by A . proteus is initiated but not necessarily completed prior to phagosome-lysosome formation, and that the two events are closely linked in time . Initial acidification of endosomes is a property intrinsic to the plasma membrane which envelops particles at the cell surface, rather than the result of lysosomal fusion with phagosomes.

Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1983 Sep, 16(3), 214 - 6
The turbidimetric stability of common clinical bacterial isolates in water; Hovnanian A et al.; Ninety common clinical bacterial isolates were suspended in sterile deionized, tap and lake water to a turbidity of 100 Klett-Summerson Colorimeter Units . The suspensions were then measured for turbidity at seven and 14 days of storage at 25 degrees C . Turbidities for Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were stable for 14 days, however those of Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and S . epidermidis were unstable as evidenced by a decreased turbidity . Staphylococci were much less stable in deionized water than tap or lake water . Overall, the turbidity of most isolates was most stable in lake followed by tap and deionized water, respectively.

Exp Cell Res, 1983 Sep, 147(2), 466 - 71
Quantitative analysis of changes in cell shape of Amoeba proteus during locomotion and upon responses to salt stimuli; Ueda T et al.; A new parameter expressing the complexity of cell shape defined as (periphery)2/(area) in 2D projection was found useful for a quantitative analysis of changes in the cell shape of Amoeba proteus and potentially of any amoeboid cells . During locomotion the complexity and the motive force of the protoplasmic streaming in amoeba varied periodically, and the Fourier analysis of the two showed a similar pattern in the power spectrum, giving a rather broad peak at about 2.5 X 10(-3) Hz . The complexity increased mainly due to elongation of the cell as external Ca2+ increased . This effect was blocked by La3+, half the inhibition being attained at 1/200 amount of the coexisting Ca2+ . On the other hand, the complexity decreased due to rounding up of the cell as the concentration of other cations, such as Sr2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Na+, K+ etc., increased . Irrespective of the opposite effects of Ca2+ and other cations on the cell shape, the ATP concentration in amoeba decreased in both cases with increase of all these cations . The irregularity in amoeboid motility is discussed in terms of a dynamic system theory.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1983 Sep, 32(5), 1101 - 7
Diagnostic criteria for scrub typhus: probability values for immunofluorescent antibody and Proteus OXK agglutinin titers; Brown GW et al.; The sensitivities and specificities of the indirect microimmunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and Weil-Felix (OXK) tests for scrub typhus were established for a range of titers using groups of diseased and control (other febrile illnesses) patients diagnosed by other methods . At a cut-off point of greater than or equal to 1:400, the IFA test was 0.96 specific, and at greater than or equal to 1:320, the OXK was 0.97 specific . Using either these highly specific levels of antibody or other rigorous diagnostic criteria (isolation or 4-fold rising titers), the prevalence of scrub typhus infection was determined to be 0.22 in an unselected population of febrile patients in a rural Malaysian hospital . Probability values (Pr) for the correct diagnosis of scrub typhus were then calculated from the specificity, sensitivity and prevalence determination for a range of titers . The Pr for an OXK titer of greater than or equal to 1:320 was 0.79, and the Pr for an IFA titer of greater than or equal to 1:400 was 0.78 . When both these titers were present in a single specimen, the Pr increased to 0.96.

Can J Med Technol, 1983 Sep, 45(3), 172 - 6
Bacteremia in a Veterans Administration Medical Center (1961-1981); Flournoy DJ et al.; Laboratory data on blood cultures were reviewed for the period 1961-1981 . Blood cultures accounted for 18% of all bacterial cultures . Nine percent of all blood cultures were positive for growth, including pathogens and contaminants . Of these, 21% wer contaiminants . Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common contaminant while Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently occurring pathogens, respectively . Four percent of all positive blood cultures, involving pathogens, had multiple organisms with E . coli the most common . There was no drastic change in the frequency of occurrence of Gram negative or positive isolates over the years, but certain pathogens like Proteus mirabilis, Serratia sp . and Group A Streptococci were more common from 1971-81 than 1961-70 . One percent of all patients with positive blood cultures had the same organism for two months or longer . Analysis of these longer occurring infections yielded a mean of 15, median of 7 and range of 2-87 months . E . coli was the most common pathogen in these chronic infections, followed by S . aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Aug, 36(8), 2261 - 8
{Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics}; Nishimura T et al.; The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM) . The results were as follows; The sensitivity was estimated by plate dilution method on 27 strains of S . aureus and P . aeruginosa, 26 strains of E . coli, 25 strains of K . pneumoniae and 13 strains of Proteus sp . isolated from patients . The distribution of S . aureus was 0.78 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 1.56 micrograms/ml . The distribution of E . coli was 0.78 approximately 50 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 0.78 and 25 micrograms/ml . The growth of 24% of K . pneumoniae was not inhibited at concentration of more than 50 micrograms/ml . The distribution of Proteus sp . was 6.25 approximately 100 micrograms/ml . The growth of 77.8% of P . aeruginosa was inhibited at concentration of less than 3.13 micrograms/ml . CPM was given by intravenous administration for 5 minutes and drip infusion for 30 minutes at a single dose of 20 mg/kg of CPM to each 2 children respectively . After intravenous administration of CPM, the mean peak serum level was 200.5 +/- 37.5 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 44.3 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 19.9 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml at 12 hours respectively . Half-life time was 4.2 hours . After drip infusion of CPM, the mean peak serum level was 150.5 +/- 14.5 micrograms/ml at end of infusion, 23.6 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml at 6 hours and 8.2 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml at 12 hours respectively . Half-life time was 3.8 hours . The mean urinary excretion rate was 23.15%, 28.2% up to 12 hours after intravenous administration and drip infusion respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Aug, 36(8), 2160 - 70
{Evaluation of cefpiramide, a new cephem parenteral preparation developed in Japan, in pediatrics}; Nakazawa S et al.; Fundamental and clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM), a newly developed cephem antibiotic with a broad spectrum, were performed and the following results were obtained . The serum levels of CPM after the intravenous injection or the drip infusion of CPM at dose of 10.0 approximately 46.7 mg/kg reached the peak of 75.8 approximately 274.0 micrograms/ml at 30 approximately 60 minutes after infusion and were 3.9 approximately 55.1 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after the infusion . Half-life of CPM in the blood was between 2.4 and 7.0 hours . The excretion rates of CPM into urine up to 24 hours after the infusion were 5.7 approximately 20.4% . Twenty-five patients with acute respiratory tract infection (RTI, 15 cases), urinary tract infection (UTI, 8 cases), cellulitis (1 case) and salmonellosis (1 case) were treated with CPM . The treatment by intravenous injection or drip infusion of 22 approximately 55 mg/kg/day (40 approximately 50 mg/kg/day) for mean 6 days resulted in 100% of good response in 15 cases of RTI and in 88% of good response in 8 cases of UTI . S . aureus, H . influenzae, E . coli, Proteus, Klebsiella and Salmonella group B were isolated from the culture of sputum or urine in the patients, and they were all eradicated by the treatment with CPM . No side effects were observed except eosinophilia in 1 case and the elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Aug, 36(8), 1999 - 2006
{Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal infections}; Fukutome A et al.; Some 23 patients suffering from severe gastrointestinal infections were treated with cefoxitin (CFX) at the Bokuto Metropolitan Hospital, surgical ward, from September to November, 1982 . Clinical examinations were conducted and the findings bacteriologically evaluated . The following clinical results were obtained: Of 23 patients, 11 were treated for diffuse peritonitis, 5 for localized peritonitis, and 7 for cholangitis . Following treatment, 5 were judged "excellent", 12 "good", 4 "fair", and 2 "poor." The clinical efficacy rate was 74% . Antibiotic disc susceptibility testings for ampicillin, cephalexin, gentamicin, and CFX were conducted . Gram-negative rods, such as E . coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., and especially, anaerobic B . fragilis, indicated susceptibility to CFX . B . fragilis was resistant to the remaining 3 antibiotics . Transient elevations in S-GOT and S-GPT levels were observed in 2 patients . However, this was not thought to be caused by CFX . No other irregularities were found . CFX is considered to be a drug of first choice for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal infections . However, for infections due to mixed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria, concomitant treatment with CFX and an aminoglycoside is recommended.

Lab Anim Sci, 1983 Aug, 33(4), 361 - 3
Leukocyte agglomeration test to reveal bacterial infections in mice; Kariv N et al.; A simple and rapid procedure was used to detecting covert bacterial infections in mice . The procedure was based on observations that bacterial infections were associated with clumping of leukocytes . A large drop of citrated venous blood was placed on a slide and allowed to spread . After fixation and staining the percentage of agglomerated leukocytes was determined by counting . Experimental urinary tract infections caused by either Escherichia coli or Proteus mirabilis served as a model to test the efficacy of the method . Elevation of leukocyte agglomeration was observed in these localized infections.

J Med Microbiol, 1983 Aug, 16(3), 323 - 31
The purification, structure and synthesis of proticine 3; Senior BW; The ability of Proteus mirabilis to produce the bacteriocin, proticine 3, is found almost exclusively in strains that cause severe infections of the upper urinary tract . Proticine 3 was purified from lysates of mitomycin C-induced cultures . Biological activity was associated with structures resembling bacteriophage tails which, when first produced, were in the form of "nails" with one pointed end and a base plate with appendages at the other end . This form was unstable and changed to a "rocket" form in which the outer sheath contracted and thickened to reveal a protruding, hollow core that often became detached from the sheath . Purified proticine 3 comprises two major and nine minor proteins . Fluorography showed that during production of the proticine, a 58,000 mol . wt protein was synthesized late in the induction process and became the most intensely labelled protein in the culture . Synthesis of this protein coincided with the appearance and increase in titre of biologically-active proticine within the cell and with the appearance of "nail" forms . The protein is believed to be shed when an active "nail" is converted to an inactive "rocket" and to be either the component of proticine 3 associated with its lethal activity, or the protein required for the correct assembly of the constituent components into a biologically-active particle . The role of proticine 3 as a virulence factor is discussed.

Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 1983 Jul-Aug, 5(6), 385 - 90
Comparative study of aztreonam and cefamandole in the treatment of serious urinary tract infections; Tsouroutsoglou W et al.; In a single blind study we compared the efficacy of aztreonam (Az), a novel monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, to that of cefamandole (Cef) in the treatment of serious urinary tract infections (UTIs) . Twenty-one patients were studied (6 men and 15 women, 18-75 years old), 12 suffering from an upper and 9 from a lower UTI; 14 of them received Az and 7 Cef (2:1 ratio), according to a prospective randomization schedule . Az or Cef were administered intramuscularly (1 g every 8 hours) for 5 to 10 days . Patients were followed up for 28 to 42 days after end of treatment . The following bacteria were isolated in the urine cultures: E . coli (in 14 cases), Proteus sp . (4), Klebsiella sp . (2) and Pseudomonas sp . (in 1 case) . All 21 bacterial isolates were susceptible to Az while 19 of them were susceptible to Cef (the Pseudomonas strain was sensitive to Az but resistant to Cef) . During the entire period of observation, we had 13 cures and 1 relapse in Az-group and 5 cures and 2 relapses in the Cef-group . Aztreonam was as equally well tolerated as cefamandole and no major side effects were observed in either group . In 4 Az- and 3 Cef-patients a rise of SGOT and SGPT (up to 2 1/2 times the upper normal limits) was observed, but it subsided a few days after the end of treatment . Our study shows that aztreonam is at least as effective, safe and well tolerated an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of serious urinary tract infections as cefamandole; In the future aztreonam deserves a large scale, systematic trial in all infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.

Diagn Histopathol, 1983 Jul-Dec, 6(3-4), 203 - 19
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a pathological, clinical and aetiological analysis of 87 cases; Parsons MA et al.; Analysis of 87 cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis ( XPN ) from 1958 to 1983 (14 males, 73 females, ages 13-85) revealed an incidence of 1.4 cases/100 000 population per annum which is apparently increasing . Clinical, radiological and pathological investigations demonstrated universal urinary obstruction (77.5 per cent calculi, 17.5 per cent pelviureteric junction obstruction) and pathogenic organisms such as E . coli or Proteus were cultured from the urine in 72 per cent of cases . Rare complications included sinuses or fistulae to bowel . We believe that the combination of urinary obstruction and infection by organisms of low virulence initiate XPN , and that associated lipid is derived from renal pelvic adipose tissue . Problems of differential diagnosis are discussed in relation to the use of immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy.

Rev Infect Dis, 1983 Jul-Aug, 5 Suppl 3, S502 - 6
Use of rifampin for the treatment of serious staphylococcal and gram-negative bacillary infections; Acar JF et al.; The use of rifampin combined with other antimicrobial agents for the treatment of 40 serious bacterial infections against which other treatment regimens had failed was reviewed . Seven of 17 staphylococcal infections (16 due to Staphylococcus aureus and one due to Staphylococcus epidermidis) were cured, as were 16 of 23 infections caused by gram-negative bacilli . In vitro tests of interaction between rifampin and other antibiotics produced variable results . However, eight rifampin-resistant strains (six of S . aureus, one of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one of Proteus mirabilis) emerged during combination therapy in seven patients; the drugs involved were rifampin plus vancomycin in three instances, rifampin plus gentamicin in two, rifampin plus colistin in one, and rifampin plus pristinamycin in one . Thus, while rifampin produced a dramatic beneficial effect in some patients with serious bacterial infections, the emergence of resistant strains, even with dual drug therapy, was identified as a potential problem.

Lepr India, 1983 Jul, 55(3), 504 - 11
Bacteriological study of trophic ulcers in leprosy patients (a preliminary study); Kumar CH et al.; Swabs from trophic ulcers from 108 cases were studied by culture . 37 cases yielded single organism (Ps . aeruginosa, 18, Proteus species 11, Staph . pyogenes 4, Others 4) . 71 cases yielded mixed growth with two or more organisms . Ps . aeruginosa, Proteus species and Diphtheroids were the predominant organisms in these cultures . Ps . aeruginosa was sensitive to Gentamycin (96.6%), Streptomycin (62.7%) and Chloramphenicol (33.9%) . Other organisms although comparatively more sensitive showed a similar pattern.

Chest, 1983 Jul, 84(1), 109 - 11
Elevated pleural fluid pH in Proteus mirabilis empyema; Pine JR et al.; Three cases of Proteus empyema were associated with elevated pleural fluid pH values . The elevated pH is likely due to ammonia production by Proteus organisms.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 Jun, 11(6), 503 - 9
Evidence for a slowing in trimethoprim resistance during 1981--a comparison with earlier years; Brumfitt W et al.; Two thousand seven hundred bacterial strains, isolated during 1981 from urine specimens both from patients in hospital and general practice, were examined for resistance to trimethoprim . The incidence of such resistance was 13% in the hospital isolates and 5.8% in the general practice strains . High level resistance (MIC greater than 1 mg/ml) was present in 75-90% of the resistant strains . With the exception of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus mirabilis, almost all the trimethoprim-resistant strains were also resistant to sulphonamide . In 410 strains from sputum specimens the incidence of resistance was 5.4% . Disc testing for the determination of sensitivity of urine isolates is best carried out using a 5 micrograms disc, while for sputum isolates our present experience indicates that a 1.25 micrograms disc is most appropriate . Our results indicate that the rate of increase in the acquisition of resistance to trimethoprim appears to have slowed down compared with the period 1975-1977, and that almost all this resistance is now high level . The introduction of trimethoprim alone for therapeutic use appears to have little if any effect on the incidence of trimethoprim resistance.

Biol Reprod, 1983 Jun, 28(5), 1243 - 55
Effect of estrogen-promoted bacterial infections of the rat uterus on bioassay of mammalian cell growth factor activities in uterine luminal fluid; Leland FE et al.; Exogenous estradiol treatment of intact or ovariectomized rats causes accumulation of significant volumes of fluid in the uterine horns . In this report, evidence is presented showing the presence of mammalian cell growth factor(s) in uterine luminal fluid (ULF), along with other data showing that the exogenous estradiol treatment needed to cause significant accumulation of the fluid also facilitates the movement of vaginal origin bacteria into the uterine horns . It is shown that microorganisms infect the uteri of 80% or more of rats administered exogenous estradiol, and that the microorganisms are most probably of vaginal origin; procedures such as ligation of the uterine body above the cervix or antibiotic treatment did not suppress the infections . Administration of different doses of exogenous estrogen by either implantation of a single 25-mg estradiol/cholesterol pellet which causes a 20- to 50-fold elevation of estradiol levels above physiological plasma concentrations, or instead, by a Silastic tube delivery method that elevates levels only 2- to 3-fold above the normal range, resulted in equal frequency of uterine infections and in the appearance of infection at the same time after starting treatment . A number of bacterial species are present in the contaminated ULF, and these are the origins of intracellular products which are potent inhibitors of mammalian cell growth; the presence of these bacterial origin inhibitors interferes with the bioassay of the ULF growth factor activity, and hence, impedes the characterization of the growth factor(s) present in luminal fluid . Characterization of the origins of the growth-inhibiting activities showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis are the predominant species present in infected uteri and that both produce exotoxin activities which inhibit growth of mammalian cells in culture; Pseudomonas appears to be the greater producer of cytotoxic activity . Evidence is presented that suggests that the well-known Exotoxin A produced by Pseudomonas may be responsible, in part, for the toxic effects of this organism . Other, as yet unidentified, cell growth inhibitors also may be produced by the bacteria found in ULF . Surgical separation of the uterine body from the cervix allows preparation of ULF which contains no bacteria and substantially reduced levels of growth inhibitors to mammalian cell lines.

Vet Microbiol, 1983 Jun, 8(3), 271 - 80
Action of EDTA-Tris and antimicrobial agent combinations on selected pathogenic bacteria; Wooley RE et al.; The concentration of EDTA-Tris (3.22 mM EDTA and 0.05 M Tris) used as a lavage to treat otitis externa, cystitis or other persistent infections in dogs and cats, was found to prevent the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and beta streptococci when present in growth media . Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rapidly lysed in this solution . Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris grew in the presence of EDTA-Tris, but to a lesser extent than the controls without these compounds . Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 8 antimicrobial agents with and without EDTA-Tris were determined for E . coli and P . vulgaris . A potentiation effect on E . coli (greater than 50% decrease MIC) was observed when EDTA-Tris was combined with penicillin, oxytetracycline or chloramphenicol . A similar effect was observed with P . vulgaris when combinations of EDTA-Tris plus gentamicin, oxytetracycline, polymyxin-B or triple sulfa were used . The results of this study indicate that EDTA-Tris appears to have merit in selected cases of otitis externa, cystitis or other persistent infections where lavage might be used.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1983 Jun, 23(6), 944 - 6
Clinical trial of cefonicid for treatment of skin infections; Gremillion DH et al.; Twenty patients with skin and soft-tissue infections were treated with parenteral cefonicid . Cultures obtained in cellulitis cases from an aspirate of a leading edge of inflammation were positive in 42% of these patients . Pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (six strains), Proteus mirabilis (one strain), and Streptococcus agalactiae . Adverse effects were pain on intramuscular injection (two patients), rash (one patient), and positive Coombs test (one patient) . All side effects were mild and none required discontinuing antibiotic therapy . A single treatment failure occurred in a patient with an undrained perirectal abscess . Cefonicid may be a useful drug in the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections . The long half-life of cefonicid (4.8 h) is a valuable advantage and may facilitate patient compliance and convenience.

Trop Geogr Med, 1983 Jun, 35(2), 133 - 8
Frequency and resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from surgical patients in a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa; Gedebou M et al.; Specimens from surgical patients in a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa were processed for aerobic culture; 2654 isolates were tested for their sensitivities to 11 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer technique . Proteus, E . coli, S . aureus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas comprised over 80% of the isolates . Only gentamicin, polymyxin B, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole were effective against the majority (over 70%) of the Gram-negative isolates . Over 85% of the S . aureus strains were susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, cephalothin and lincomycin . All B-haemolytic streptococci were susceptible to penicillin and 77% to tetracycline . Between 70% and 90% of the Gram-negatives were multiple resistant, with greatly varied resistance patterns . A few types occurred more frequently . The findings of high rates of resistance to the many antibiotics underscore the need for a policy that should promote a more rational use of antibiotics.

Pathol Biol (Paris), 1983 Jun, 31(6), 536 - 9
{Frequency of isolation and antibiotic sensitivity of strains of coli bacilli from urinary tract infections isolated in private laboratories}; Bourlioux P et al.; Frequency of isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E . coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections in private laboratory . The urinary tract infections are not the most frequent infections in man . However cytobacteriological analysis are often required for the diagnosis . The critical evaluation of 3000 analysis brings the followed conclusions: 1) 16% of the analysis correspond to a urinary tract infection; 2) the most frequently isolated germs are E . coli (65%) and Proteus mirabilis (11%); 3) E . coli is always very susceptible to antibiotics especially aminosides (100%) polymyxine E (92%), cotrimoxazole (91%) and quinolones (90%); 4) hospital bacteria can be found with a low frequency . However, in our study, Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated in 6% of the cases . This seems to be in relation with the passage of patients in an obstetric clinic.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jun, 36(6), 1544 - 52
{Clinical study of cefmenoxime in acute peritonitis: clinical effect and tissue concentration of cefmenoxime}; Hashimoto I et al.; A new antibiotic drug of cephalosporin group, with marked resistance of beta-lactamase, cefmenoxime (CMX) for parenteral use was tested in 15 patients with acute peritonitis . CMX in a dose of 500 mg was given intramusculary before the operation, to 8 cases with appendicitis, and 2 cases with intestinal obstruction . In 3 cases with appendicitis and a case with intestinal perforation, CMX in a dose of 500-1,000 mg was given by intravenous injection before or during the operation . And in a case with appendicitis, CMX in a dose of 1 g was given by intravenous drip infusion before the operation . Tissue specimens of different sites or body fluids were taken during the operation and from the removed organs . The materials of purulent ascites were subsequently taken at intervals . Determination of CMX concentration was performed according to cup bioassay method with Proteus mirabilis ATCC 21100 strain . The peak of CMX concentration in purulent ascites of patient with panperitonitis for intestinal perforation was 39.5 microgram/ml at 41 minutes after 1 g intravenous administration . Concentration of CMX in pus in the appendix was 52.5 microgram/ml at 20 minutes after 1 g intravenous administration . In 15 patients with acute peritonitis, 11 patients were given CMX in a dose of 500 mg by intramuscular administration twice a day, and the serious 4 patients were given in a dose of 500 mg to 1 g by intravenous drip infusion twice a day . Clinical response was excellent in 10 cases, good in 5 cases, fair and poor were none.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Infect Immun, 1983 Jun, 40(3), 930 - 5
Effect of anaerobic bacteria on killing of Proteus mirabilis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes; Namavar F et al.; Killing of Proteus mirabilis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was tested in the presence of different Bacteroides species . In vitro experiments showed that anaerobic bacteria interfered with the killing of aerobic bacteria . However, this inhibitory effect was not a property of all Bacteroides species . Bacteroides gingivalis W83 showed the greatest inhibitory effect of the five Bacteroides strains tested . Killing of P . mirabilis was inhibited by the culture supernatant of B . gingivalis but not by washed cells . Two factors were found in the supernatant of B . gingivalis to account for the inhibitory effect . One was heat stable with a molecular weight of less than 3,500 and inhibited the killing activity of leukocytes, and the other was heat labile and partly inactivated the complement system . The killing experiments paralleled chemiluminescence measurements.

J Chromatogr, 1983 May 13, 274, 37 - 44
Gas chromatographic analysis of bacterial amines as their free bases; Tavakkol A et al.; Columns of Chromosorb 103, Tenax-GC, Amine 220 plus potassium hydroxide on Chromosorb W, and Carbowax 20M plus potassium hydroxide on Chromosorb W were compared for their ability to separate bacterial amines as their free bases in aqueous solution . A 1.52 m X 0.6 cm O.D . column of Chromosorb 103 separated eleven amines when operated isothermally at 185 degrees C . A further four high-boiling amines could be separated at 240 degrees C . The other packings separated only eight amines isothermally, except for Tenax-GC which separated seven of the free bases . Chromosorb 103 performed less well than Carbowax 20 M plus potassium hydroxide with respect to number of plates or peak resolution . The maximum number of amines separated, thirteen, required Chromosorb 103 programmed from 170 degrees C to 230 degrees C at 3 degrees C min-1 after an initial holding time of 20 min . It was possible tentatively to identify amines in culture supernatant fluid of Proteus mirabilis, viz . ethylamine, isobutylamine and isoamylamine, after direct injection of culture supernatant fluid.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 May, 11(5), 473 - 80
Susceptibility of blood isolates to various antibiotics, in particular to cephalosporins; Ling J et al.; Of 760 bacterial pathogens isolated from blood cultures of acutely ill patients in a general hospital in Hong Kong for 1 year, 69.9% of the isolates were Gram-negative aerobes mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 22.0% were Gram-positive aerobes mainly Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci and 8.1% were anaerobes mainly Bacteroides spp . The susceptibility of the aerobic isolates to various antibiotics was tested . Ampicillin was found to be active mainly against the enterococci and some other Gram-positive organisms while most isolates of Staph . aureus and the Gram-negative bacteria were resistant . In contrast, cephalothin was found only slightly less active than the second generation cephalosporins against Gram-negative blood isolates but considerably more active against Staph . aureus and other Gram-positive isolates . The three aminoglycosides tested, i.e., gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin, showed similar good activity against E . coli, K . pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis, but amikacin had the broadest spectrum of activity in inhibiting most of the other Gram-negative isolates as well as isolates of Staph . aureus . The third generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime, cefoperazone, latamoxef (moxalactam), ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, all had a high activity against the Gram-negative but a reduced activity against the Gram-positive bacteria . Ceftazidime had the broadest spectrum of activity in inhibiting all the Gram-negative isolates including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while cefotaxime showed the best overall activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative blood isolates.

Immun Infekt, 1983 May, 11(3), 75 - 8
{Toxic shock syndrome}; Bruckner O et al.; The entity of the variable pictures of an illness summed up by the description "toxic shock syndrome" has been focussed on by a great number of publications in Northern America since 1978, but has been described scarcely until yet in Germany . An etiological relationship with formerly described "toxic scarlet fever" and "Kawasaki syndrome" is to be discussed . This case in charge deals with a 25-year-old female patient, who developed acutely without any former disease during her menstruation an illness of severe clinical presentation . The findings were high fever, arterial hypotension, and reversible renal failure, watery diarrhea and vomitus , different cutaneous manifestations and signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and severe thrombocytopenia with bleeding mucosal ulcerations . Massive growth of Staphylococcus aureus was demonstrable as well as growth of Proteus mirabilis and E . coli in a culture of vaginal smear.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 May, 36(5), 919 - 24
{Fundamental study on T-1982 (cefbuperazone) in obstetrics and gynecology}; Taguchi K et al.; Following results were obtained from intravenous administration of T-1982 (cefbuperazone) 1 g by measuring its concentrations in uterine arterial serum, cubital venous serum, oviduct, ovary and several sites in uterine tissue . Endometrium showed the highest concentration among various uterine tissues by any administration (bolus injection, dripping infusion for 1 or 2 hours) . Transfer concentrations about 1 hour after the end of 1 hour drip infusion proved to be almost the same as 2 hours drip infusion . In the field of obstetrics and gynecology, it was considered that T-1982 has good efficacy in infections especially caused by E . coli, Klebsiella and Proteus.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 May, 36(5), 1041 - 53
{Fundamental and clinical studies on T-1982 (cefbuperazone) in the field of obstetrics and gynecology}; Hirabayashi K et al.; Fundamental and clinical studies on T-1982 (cefbuperazone), a new cephamycin antibiotic, were carried out, and the following results were obtained . When T-1982 was administered at a dose of 1 g by intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes or 1 hour, the concentration in serum showed as high as 23.0 micrograms/ml or 25.0 micrograms/ml even 2 hours after administration . The concentrations in the genital tissues about 5 hours after administration ranged 1.2-45.6 micrograms/g for 30 minutes drip infusion and 0.9-26.8 micrograms/g for 1 hour drip infusion . From these results, T-1982 was supposed to maintain the in vivo concentration to inhibit 80-100% the growth of bacteria such as S . aureus, E . coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, S . marcescens and Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, B . fragilis which were often isolated clinically in the field of obstetrics and gynecology . When T-1982 was administered at a dose of 1-2 g twice a day to 14 patients with female genital infection; 2 intrauterine infection, 2 pyometra, 7 pelveoperitonitis, 1 adnexitis, 1 adnexal abscess and 1 vaginal cuff abscess, the clinical results were excellent in 9, effective in 4 and poor in 1 . The efficacy rate was 92.9% . No side effects nor abnormalities in laboratory findings were observed in any of the 14 cases . These results suggest that T-1982 has efficacy for the treatment of obstetrical and gynecological infections.

Antibiotiki, 1983 May, 28(5), 331 - 5
{Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus sensitivity to antibiotics and their combinations when cultured together}; Sheina EP et al.; Antibiotic sensitivity of Ps . aeruginosa associated with Proteus was lower than that of Ps . aeruginosa monocultures . This might result to some extent from interrelationships between Ps . aeruginosa and Proteus . Tobramycin, gentamicin and cephotaxim (claforan) proved to be the most active against Proteus cultures isolated from the associations . Eight combinations of gentamicin and tobramycin with carbenicillin, ampicillin or cephotaxim were tested . It was shown that the activity of all the combinations with respect to Ps . aeruginosa and Proteus was almost the same . No indifference or antagonism was observed . The combinations may be recommended for clinical use.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 May, (5), 87 - 92
{Combined Staphylococcus-Proteus-Pseudomonas vaccine . II . The toxicity of the vaccine in "chronic" experiments and its ability to protect animals against Proteus and Staphylococcus infections}; Kreinin LS et al.; The combined preparation consisting of the antigenic complexes of staphylococci (1 part), Proteus (1 part) and P . aeruginosa parts) was capable of protecting mice from infection with staphylococci, Proteus and P . aeruginosa and prolonging the survival time of rabbits under the conditions of the development of staphylococcal sepsis . The staphylococcal component of the combined preparation possessed adjuvant activity, increasing the immunogenicity of Proteus antigen . The combined vaccine enhanced a short-time increase in the nonspecific resistance of the animals . The moderate toxicity of the preparation permits making multiple injections of the preparation to mice without inhibiting the weight gain of the animals.

South Med J, 1983 May, 76(5), 579 - 82
The condom catheter: urinary tract infection and other complications; Johnson ET; A retrospective study of 64 geriatric patients on an extended care unit at the VA Medical Center strongly suggested that long-term use of a condom catheter drainage system (CCDS) (mean use, 35 months) was regularly associated with urinary tract infection . Common nosocomial pathogens were found, particularly Proteus-Providencia . The CCDS was also associated with significant penile complications . It is hoped that these hazards can be minimized by careful application and monitoring of the CCDS.

J Med Chem, 1983 May, 26(5), 753 - 7
Synthesis and biological activities of the Z isomers of carbapenem antibiotics; Harada S et al.; Naturally occurring carbapenem antibiotics having a double bond in the side chain, when refluxed in chloroform containing quarternary alkylammonium halides, were converted into Z isomers in high yields . The mechanism of this new equilibration involves intramolecular proton transfer from the carboxylic acid to the carbon alpha to the sulfur atom in the side chain as shown by deuterium-labeling experiments . Some Z isomers showed stronger protective effects in mice infected by Escherichia coli O-111 and more potent synergistic activities with cefotiam in mice infected by Proteus vulgaris GN4815 than did the naturally occurring E isomers . The decomposition rates of the Z isomers in mouse kidney homogenates were about 3-fold slower than those of the E isomers.

J Bacteriol, 1983 May, 154(2), 930 - 7
Extracellular slime associated with Proteus mirabilis during swarming; Stahl SJ et al.; Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to visualize the extracellular slime of Proteus mirabilis swarm cells . Slime was observed with phase-contrast microscopy after fixation in hot sulfuric acid-sodium borate . Ruthenium red was used to stain slime for transmission electron microscopy . Copious quantities of extracellular slime were observed surrounding swarm cells; the slime appeared to provide a matrix through which the cells could migrate . Swarm cells were always found embedded in slime . These observations support the argument that swarming of P . mirabilis is associated with the production of large quantities of extracellular slime . Examination of nonswarming mutants of P . mirabilis revealed that a number of morphological changes, including cell elongation and increased flagellum synthesis, were required for swarm cell migration . It is still unclear whether extracellular slime production also is required for migration.

J Med Microbiol, 1983 May, 16(2), 193 - 202
A highly discriminatory multi-typing scheme for Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris; Senior BW et al.; Strains of Proteus mirabilis and P . vulgaris isolated in England, Scotland and Sweden were characterised by proticine production-proticine sensitivity (P-S) typing, O serotyping and Dienes typing methods . The determinants of O antigenicity were independent of those determining proticine production and proticine sensitivity . Because of this independence, the combination of P-S typing and O serotyping for the analysis of the 133 serotypable strains separated them into 81 distinct types whereas P-S typing and O serotyping methods alone separated them into only 56 and 19 types respectively . There was a relationship between the Dienes type and the P-S type; the determinants of Dienes compatibility were the proticine production-proticine sensitivity characters . The determinants of O antigenicity appeared to play no role in the Dienes reaction . Some strains that were indistinguishable by P-S typing and O serotyping methods were distinguished by Dienes typing.

J Biol Chem, 1983 Apr 10, 258(7), 4648 - 54
Purification and properties of the recA protein of Proteus mirabilis . Comparison with Escherichia coli recA protein; specificity of interaction with single strand binding protein; West SC et al.; The product of the cloned recA+ gene of Proteus mirabilis substitutes for a defective recA protein in Escherichia coli recA- mutants and restores recombination, repair, and prophage induction functions to near normal levels (Eitner, G., Adler, B., Lanzov, V . A., and Hofemeister, J . (1982) Mol . Gen . Genet . 185, 481-486) . In this paper, we report the purification to near homogeneity of the P . mirabilis recA protein (recApm) . The polypeptide has a molecular weight similar to that of E . coli recA protein (recAec) and shows partial identity with recAec when reacted against antibodies specific for the E . coli recA protein . recApm catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded but not double-stranded DNA . We have compared the recombination-like activities of recApm with those of recAec and found them to be similar . In the presence of ATP and Mg2+, stoichiometric amounts of recApm promote the complete reciprocal exchange of strands between gapped circular and linear duplex DNA molecules . The enzyme also efficiently promotes the formation of D-loops from circular duplex DNA and homologous single-stranded fragments . However, although recApm and recAec share the above physical and functional similarities, they differ in their ability to interact with the E . coli single strand binding protein to catalyze the transfer of one DNA strand from a linear duplex to a single-stranded circle.

Hinyokika Kiyo, 1983 Apr, 29(4), 465 - 76
{Clinical evaluation of piperacillin in the urological field}; Hayashida S et al.; The sensitivity of 249 etiological bacterial strains causing inflammation isolated from patients with infections of the urogenital tract who were under treatment on an in-patient basis in our Department was examined by the Disc (3 concentration) assay method . Piperacillin (PIPC) was employed for prophylactic treatment in 18 patients against postoperative infections and for therapeutic treatment in 3 patients against complicated infections of urogenital tracts . The results of these studies are reported along with some discussion on the utility of PIPC in the urological field . The frequency of detection of bacteria isolated from the patients on their admission into our hospital was in the decreasing order of Streptococcus Sp., Proteus Sp . and E . coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella Sp . also were noted in some of the patients . Pseudomonas aeruginosa, nonfermentative Gram's-negative bacilli (NF- GNB ), and Streptococcus Sp . were detected in many of the patients who had had an operation or who had been in hospital for a long time . The sensitivity of E . coli, Proteus Sp., Streptococcus Sp . and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was invariably more than 80%, while that of NF- GNB was more than 50% . PIPC was used for prophylactic treatment of patients against infections at the postoperative stage in the urogenital field . Out of 18 cases, it proved to be markedly effective in 14 cases and moderately effective in 4 cases . There was no poorly effective case . PIPC was employed for treatment in 5 cases complicated infections of urogenital tracts . There was no markedly effective case, and 2 moderately effective and 3 poorly effective cases resulted according to the UTI efficacy evaluation standards However, its bacteriological efficacy could be identified in all the treated cases . Therefore, PIPC is a valuable prophylactic antibiotic agent against infections after an operation in the urological field . It may also prove valuable in the therapeutic treatment of complicated infections in the urogenital tracts . PIPC has a relatively large margin of safety in terms of side effects as in the case of conventional penicillin group antibiotics.

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1983 Apr, 49(1), 1 - 11
Investigation of the haemolytic activity of Proteus mirabilis strains; Peerbooms PG et al.; Young broth cultures of all P . mirabilis strains tested exhibited haemolytic activity . This activity seemed to be strongly cell-associated as only a very small fraction of this activity was found in the cell-free supernatant . The haemolysin was only produced by actively growing cells . Inhibition studies with trypsin and chloramphenicol suggested that the haemolysin is of protein nature . Lecithin and serum of several species had an inhibitory effect on the haemolysin . Besides erythrocytes of various species also VERO cells were affected by the haemolysin . A correlation was found between the haemolytic activity of a strain and its virulence in an experimental mouse model.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Apr, 36(4), 838 - 48
{Laboratory and clinical studies of T-1982 (cefbuperazone in pediatric field}; Nishimura T et al.; The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of T-1982 (cefbuperazone) . The results were as follows: The sensitivity was estimated by the plate dilution method on 28 strains of S . aureus 26 strains of E . coli, 27 strains of K . pneumoniae, 25 strains of S . marcescens and 14 strains of Proteus sp . isolated from patients . The distribution of susceptibility of S . aureus was 1.25-25 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 12.5 micrograms/ml . The strains of 84.6% of E . coli were inhibited at concentration of less than 0.39 micrograms/ml . The strains of 77.8% of K . pneumoniae were inhibited at concentration of less than 0.2 microgram/ml . The strains of 96% of S . marcescens was inhibited at concentration of less than 3.13 micrograms/ml . The distribution of susceptibility of Proteus sp . was 0.39-25 micrograms/ml . T-1982 was given to intravenous administration for 5 minutes and drip infusion for 30 minutes a single dose of 20 mg/kg of T-1982 to 2 and 2 children respectively . After intravenous administration of T-1982, the mean serum level was peak 88.4 +/- 8.7 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 52.5 +/- 2.7 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 4.6 +/- 0.15 micrograms/ml at 6 hours respectively . Half-life was 89 minutes . And after drip infusion of T-1982, the mean serum level was 75.5 +/- 3.5 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes and 3.1 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml at 6.5 hours respectively . Half-life was 82 minutes . The mean urinary excretion rate was 94.7%, 57.4 +/- 11.0% up to 6 hours after intravenous administration and drip infusion respectively . T-1982 was effective in 13 cases out of 13 cases with bacterial infections . No side effects were observed except for 1 case with elevation of serum GOT, 1 case with elevation of serum GPT and 2 cases with eosinophilia.

Infect Immun, 1983 Apr, 40(1), 157 - 65
Alteration of the immunoglobulin G subclass responses in mice to lipopolysaccharide: effects of nonbacterial proteins and bacterial membrane phospholipids or outer membrane proteins of Proteus mirabilis; Karch H et al.; The immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the IgG1, IgG2ab, and IgG3 subclasses of plaque-forming cells (PFC) specific for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were measured after immunization of mice with LPS alone and compared with the responses to LPS in combination with nonbacterial proteins and with bacterial membrane phospholipid vesicles or two major outer membrane proteins from Proteus mirabilis . The relative numbers of IgG PFC belonging to the IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3 subclasses induced by immunization with LPS alone depended upon the type of LPS administered . Phospholipids and the proteins effected characteristic alterations in not only the strength but also the subclass of the IgG responses to LPS . The results suggest that the hydrophobic-hydrophilic nature or state of aggregation of the preparations plays a role in the induction of IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses of PFC specific for LPS . Complex formation with LPS and adjuvant was apparently necessary to obtain these effects.

Eur J Pediatr, 1983 Mar, 140(1), 5 - 12
The proteus syndrome . Partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, nevi, hemihypertrophy, subcutaneous tumors, macrocephaly or other skull anomalies and possible accelerated growth and visceral affections; Wiedemann HR et al.; Four boys are described with partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, pigmented nevi, hemihypertrophy, subcutaneous hamartomatous tumors and macrocephaly, and/or other skull anomalies . Three of these patients showed an accelerated growth in their first years of life . Two suffered from cystiform pulmonary abnormalities . The children showed normal mental development with the exception of one with traumatic brain damage . Parental consanguinity was not disclosed . As a result of a review of the literature, we can say that these cases do not conform to any well defined entity and would appear to represent a 'new' syndrome to be categorized under congenital hamartomatous disorders . The mode of inheritance of the undoubtedly genetically determined syndrome is yet not clearly understood . We propose the term Proteus syndrome for this 'new' syndrome.

Hinyokika Kiyo, 1983 Mar, 29(3), 293 - 6
{Treatment of infection stones . I . Dissolution of experimental infection stones in rats}; Takeuchi H et al.; The in vivo solubility of struvite stones experimentally induced in rats was investigated . The struvite stones implanted into bladders of normal rats were reduced in weight; and, they were dissolved by oral administration of ammonium chloride . Cefmetazone cured pyelonephritis and dissolved the bladder stones when it was administered to rats with urinary tract infection caused by Proteus mirabilis . Normalization of urine by antibiotics and acidifying agents may dissolve struvite stones, and help treat infection stones.

Chem Biol Interact, 1983 Mar, 43(3), 361 - 70
Activity of organophosphorus insecticides in bacterial tests for mutagenicity and DNA repair--direct alkylation versus metabolic activation and breakdown . II . O,O-dimethyl-O-(1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl)-phosphate and two O-ether derivatives of trichlorfon; Braun R et al.; The following organophosphates were tested for their ability to induce DNA damage in a rec-type repair test with Proteus mirabilis strains PG713 (rec- hcr-) and PG273 (wild-type) and point mutations in the his- strain TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium: O,O-dimethyl-O-(1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl)-phosphate (NALED); trichlorfon-O-methyl ether (TCP-O-ME), O,O-dimethyl-(1-methoxy-2,2,2-trichlorethyl)-phosphonate; trichlorfon-O-methyl ether vinyl derivative (TCP-O-MEVD), O,O-dimethyl-(1-methoxy-2,2-dichlorovinyl)-phosphonate . All compounds were negative in the repair test but induced base pair substitutions in S . typhimurium . The mutagenicity of NALED is due to the direct alkylating ability of the parental molecule and to mutagenic metabolites generated by enzymatic splitting of the side chain . Glutathion-dependent enzymes in the S9-mix eliminate the mutagenic activity of NALED completely . Mutation induction by TCP-O-ME and TCP-O-MEVD is predominantly caused by the reactive O-methyl ether configuration of the side chain and is resistant to metabolic inactivation by NADPH- or glutathion-dependent enzymatic pathways in the S9-mix of mice.

Arch Surg, 1983 Mar, 118(3), 322 - 7
Biocidal braided sutures; Rodeheaver GT et al.; Once sutures become contaminated it is difficult for local tissue defenses or antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria and prevent infection . Impregnation of sutures with antibiotics before implantation is one way to prevent bacterial seeding of the suture surface . In this study, braided silk and Dacron sutures were impregnated with the antibiotic complex, neomycin palmitate . Using our standard wound model in the mouse, the efficacy of these biocidal sutures was determined in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Implantation of these biocidal sutures into tissue contaminated with 10(7) organisms resulted in substantially decreased numbers of bacteria as compared with that of tissue receiving control sutures . In most cases, the tissue bacterial counts in the presence of biocidal sutures were also considerably lower than that for similarly contaminated tissue without a suture . Consequently, the presence of the neomycin palmitate eliminated the infection-potentiating effect of the suture . The therapeutic benefit of the biocidal sutures was related to the dose of antibiotic complex and was not adversely affected by delaying suture implantation.

Aust N Z J Surg, 1983 Feb, 53(1), 43 - 7
Surgical management of benign oesophago-pleural fistula; Lau WF et al.; Three cases of oesophago-pleural fistula are presented . Two resulted from foreign body perforation of the oesophagus and one followed left lower lobectomy for bronchiectasis . All three presented late; the time lapse ranged from 6 days to 2 months . An initial course of conservative treatment was given to all three patients . Alimentation via nasogastric tube feeding, gastrostomy or total parenteral nutrition was carried out . The pleural fluid grew the anaerobe, Bacteriodies melaninogenicus, in all three cases . Gram-negative aerobes, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis, were also cultured . Closed intercostal drainage and a course of appropriate antibiotics were instituted . The patients were subjected to surgery after the infection had been brought under control . Simple repair was performed in two patients . Exclusion of the oesophageal leak with drainage and later reconstruction was carried out in the third patient . Although all three patients recovered, the morbidity was considerable . The duration of hospital stay ranged from 2 to 4 months.

J Med Chem, 1983 Feb, 26(2), 271 - 5
Synthesis and biological activities of the Z isomers of carbapenem antibiotics; Harada S et al.; Naturally occurring carbapenem antibiotics having a double bond in the side chain, when refluxed in chloroform containing quarternary alkylammonium halides, were converted into Z isomers in high yields . The mechanism of this new equilibration involves intramolecular proton transfer from the carboxylic acid to the carbon alpha to the sulfur atom in the side chain as shown by deuterium-labeling experiments . Some Z isomers showed stronger protective effects in mice infected by Escherichia coli O-111 and more potent synergistic activities with cefotiam in mice infected by Proteus vulgaris GN4815 than did the naturally occurring E isomers . The decomposition rates of the Z isomers in mouse kidney homogenates were about 3-fold slower than those of the E isomers.

Exp Clin Endocrinol, 1983 Feb, 81(2), 210 - 6
Investigations on the mutagenic activity of STS 557; Schoneich J et al.; The progestin STS 557 was tested for mutagenic activity in the rec-type repair test with Proteus mirabilis, the Ames-test and the host-mediated assay with Salmonella typhimurium, the cytogenetic assays with ascites tumour and bone-marrow cells of mice and the dominant lethal test with male and female mice . All results obtained indicate the absence of a genotoxic activity of STS 557.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Feb, 36(2), 277 - 89
{Susceptibility of clinical isolates to cefotaxime}; Asari S et al.; Susceptibilities of 737 strains of 19 species of bacteria to cefotaxime (CTX) were determined based on the inhibition zone diameter obtained by the single-disc method . Four categories were assessed . 1 . Susceptibility of clinical isolates to CTX and 6 other antibiotics Against most strains, CTX showed higher antibacterial activity than other drugs (CET, ABPC, SBPC, CMZ, GM, AMK), especially for S . pneumoniae, S . pyogenes and S . agalactiae . Furthermore, CTX was more active than the other antibiotics against E . coli, Indole (+) Proteus, P . mirabilis, Klebsiella sp., S . marcescens, H . influenzae and E . cloacae . 2 . Susceptibility of strains isolated from different clinical materials CTX showed the highest antibacterial activity against most strains isolated from sputum, urine, pus, blood and cerebrospinal fluid . However, CTX was occasionally less than potent AMK and GM against strains isolated from bile . Against P . aeruginosa strains derived from clinical materials, the following results were obtained: AMK greater than CFS, FOM greater than CTX greater than GM greater than SBPC 3 . Susceptibility of clinical isolates in 7 different fields CTX was the most active antibiotic tested in the fields of internal medicine, pediatrics, urology, obstetrics & gynecology, dermatology and otorhinolaryngology . But in surgery, CTX was less potent than GM and AMK . 4 . Susceptibility of clinical isolates of inpatients and outpatients CTX showed excellent activity against many beta-lactamase resistant strains isolated from patients.

J Urol (Paris), 1983, 89(4), 261 - 5
{Staghorn calculi in the child . Apropos of 17 cases representing 20 kidneys}; Viville C et al.; The authors report their experience involving 72 cases of lithiasis in the child, 17 involving staghorn calcuti . Of a total of 79 staghorn calculi, 17 affected children . Such staghorn calculi in the child were almost always infected (proteus), often extensive but not associated with any impairment of renal function for a long period . No metabolic disturbance which could explain the formation of these calculi was found, in particular no cases of hyperparathyroidism . Treatment is surgical . The operation is long, difficult and delicate, always requiring peroperative contact films and often clamping of the renal pedicle in the case of nephrotomy . Such clamping is much better tolerated with the use of contact refrigeration of the kidney . On the basis of the results of quantitative renal scintigraphy, nephrotomy seemed better tolerated by the kidneys of children than by the kidneys of adults . True recurrences were rare (3/20) and small "forgotten" calculi (2/20) were often well tolerated.

Arkh Patol, 1983, 45(3), 12 - 8
{Nonclostridial anaerobic soft tissue infections}; Baliabin AA et al.; Fourteen cases of nonclostridial anaerobic infections of soft tissues caused by peptococci, peptostreptococci, bacteroids or their combinations with E . coli, Proteus, and Staphylococcus aureus were studied . They are characterized by a rapid spread of serous-suppurative inflammation and the causative agents in loose fibrous connective tissue of subcutaneous adipose tissue (cellutitis), surface fascia (fasciitis), or skeletal muscles (myositis) . Dissolution of intercellular structures of the connective tissue, extensive necroses, mild leukocyte reaction, and a wide peripheral zone of toxic edema are observed in the focus of inflammation . This is due to a high toxicity and enzymatic activity of the causative agents . Gas formation is observed when anaerobes are combined with E . coli.

Arch Intern Med, 1983 Jan, 143(1), 52 - 6
Infections associated with subclavian Uldall catheters; Sherertz RJ et al.; During a 12-month period, the use of a subclavian vein Uldall catheter (UC) for hemodialysis or plasmapheresis in 27 patients was studied prospectively . Ten patients had ten UC site infections . Organisms associated with these infections included Staphylococcus epidermidis (five), Staphylococcus aureus (four), Proteus mirabilis (two), and Enterococcus (one) . The four S aureus infections occurred 1, 2, 4, and 9 days after UC insertion, whereas the five S epidermidis infections occurred 6, 17, 17, 26, and 97 days after insertion . Five patients had associated bacteremias; in one of these patients, the bacteremia was the major cause of death . The incidence of UC site infection and bacteremia based was higher than the incidence of infection reported with any other type of vascular access for hemodialysis . Further studies are necessary to define whether the UC should be routinely employed for temporary vascular access.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jan, 36(1), 177 - 81
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin . III . Teratogenicity studies in rats}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara by Nara et al . The purified antibiotic showed a close similarity to gentamicin C complex in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . and high activity against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Teratogenicity studies of MCR in rats were carried out by intravenous injection for safety evaluation (Dose; 25, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg) . The results of studies are as follows . 1 . Fetal malformation attributable to MCR was not observed at any dose . 2 . Suppression of maternal weight gain was observed at the dose levels of 50 mg/kg and over . 3 . There was no adverse effect on new borns at any dose.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jan, 36(1), 174 - 6
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin . II . Irritation by repeated intravenous injection in dogs}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara by Nara et al . The purified antibiotic showed a close similarity to gentamicin C complex in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . and high activity against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . A study on the irritation by repeated intravenous injection in dogs was carried out for safety evaluation (Doses: 4, 10, 25, 63 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) . Bleeding, edema, vasculitis and perivasculitis were observed at injection sites both in physiological saline-treated controls and MCR-treated groups . But irritation attributable to MCR was not observed at any dose.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1983 Jan, 36(1), 150 - 73
{Safety evaluation of micronomicin . I . Subacute and chronic toxicity in dogs}; Hara T et al.; Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var . nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara by Nara et al . The purified antibiotic showed a close similarity to gentamicin C complex in physical and chemical properties . The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex . MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc . and high activity against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a . Toxicological studies of MCR in dogs were carried out by intravenous injection for safety evaluation . 1 . Study on subacute toxicity: Beagle dogs were injected intravenously with MCR at the dose levels of 4, 10, 25, 63 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for 30 days . 2 . Study on chronic toxicity: Beagle dogs were injected intravenously with MCR at the dose levels of 1.6, 4 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg for 180 days . The results of the studies are as follows: 1 . In the subacute toxicity study, animals died at the dose level of 100g/kg (3 out of 6 animals) . Main changes observed were renal disorders and ataxia which showed a close similarity to those seen during intramuscular toxicity studies in dogs . The renal histological disorders occurred at the dose levels of 10 mg/kg and over, but they were slight at the dose levels of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg . Ataxia was observed at the dose levels of 63 mg/kg and over, but its grade was slight at the dose level of 63 mg/kg . 2 . In the chronic toxicity study, animals did not die at any dose . Renal disorders occurred; they were almost similar to those observed in the subacute toxicity study and were slight at the dose level of 10 mg/kg . Ataxia was not observed at any dose . 3 . The maximum safety dose was equal to in the subacute toxicity and chronic toxicity study (4 mg/kg) . Therefore, cumulative toxicity by intravenous injection seemed very slight.

Jpn J Clin Oncol, 1983, 13 Suppl 1, 151 - 7
Efficacy of laminar air flow room with or without clean nursing for preventing infection in patients with acute leukemia; Ueda T et al.; The clinical effectiveness of bioclean rooms was studied in relation to prevention of infection during treatment for induction of remission of acute leukemia . According to the steps in clean patient care, patients were divided into three groups, Group A consisting of 106 patients who were accommodated in laminar air flow (LAF) rooms under strictly clean nursing, Group B consisting of 99 patients who were treated in disinfected rooms with LAF without any clean nursing techniques and Group C consisting of 188 patients who stayed in conventional wards . Since all patients were treated with antileukemic drugs and preventive administration of antimicrobial drugs under the same regimen, any difference between groups should be attributable to LAF or LAF and clean nursing . A marked and stepwise reduction in the incidence of infection between Groups A, B and C was observed . A statistically significant reduction in pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, periproctitis and skin abscesses was also observed in Groups A and B . As to the causative organisms, a relative increase in incidence of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and a decrease in those caused by Proteus and fungi were observed in Groups A and B, as compared with Group C . These data suggest that pneumonia etc . may be exogenous infections and that Proteus and fungi are exogenous organisms, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli are endogenous bacteria . These data seem very helpful for setting up several steps in bioclean rooms for effective and economic patient care.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {B}, 1983 Jan, 177(1-2), 113 - 26
{Suitability of current selective media for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus in food}; Becker H et al.; Three solid media (Baird-Parker-Agar (BP), BP with pig plasma instead of egg-yolk (BPP) and modified BP according to Devriese (BPA) as well as three liquid media (Brain-Heart-Infusion with 7.5% NaCl (BHIS), Liquid Baird-Parker-Medium (LBP) and Giolitti-Cantoni-Medium) were tested with regard to their suitability for the detection of Staph . aureus in foods . The following criteria were assessed: productivity for vital and thermally stressed Staph . aureus; selectivity against undesired microorganisms; practicality in routine examination . The microorganisms used in these studies were: Staph . aureus (vital and thermally stressed), "non-aureus" staphylococci, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp . Using vital strains of Staph . aureus no significant differences in the productivity of the three solid media could be observed . On the other hand BPA showed a remarkable lower productivity than BP and BPP when thermally stressed cultures of Staph . aureus were examined . LBP was the most productive liquid enrichment medium . The selectivity of BPA was distinctly superior to BP and BPP, whereas no differences could be observed between the latter ones . The selectivity of LBP and GC against coagulase negative staphylococci and gramnegative microorganisms tested was relatively poor . Each culture under examination grew in BHIS . The combination of LBP and BPA yielded better results for enumeration of thermally stressed Staph . aureus from dried milk products than the other possible combinations of media . In view of their practicality dehydrated culture media are commonly preferred in routine examination . The additional time required for the preparation of LBP or BPA (which are not commercially available as dehydrated media) is negligible and is compensated by better productivity and selectivity of these media . At present BPP is not recommendable due to the problems in providing pig plasma . On the other hand this medium has the great advantage that further testing of suspicious colonies is not necessary as it is in the case of BP and BPA.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1983, 33(6), 803 - 5
{Heterocyclics fused to pyrazine-1,4-dioxide . 3 . Synthesis and antibacterial effect of substituted pteridine--5,8-dioxides}; Binder D et al.; The synthesis of substituted pteridine-5,8-dioxides (6) via reaction of furoxanes (5) with enolizing carbonyl compounds is described . Compounds 5 are obtained either through reaction of chloro pyrimidines 1 with sodium azide, or through diazotization of hydrazino pyrimidine 2 and subsequent thermal decomposition of 3 or through nucleophilic displacement of methoxy against amino groups in 5 . The antibacterial activity of the compounds 6a and 6c is directed against some gramnegative organisms, i.e . E . coli, Klebsiella spp . and Proteus spp., with MIC values and ED50 values which do not exceed those of the corresponding pyridol {2,3-b}pyrazine-1,4-dioxides.

Cell Tissue Res, 1983, 232(1), 79 - 96
Dynamics of the cytoskeleton in Amoeba proteus . I . Redistribution of microinjected fluorescein-labeled actin during locomotion, immobilization and phagocytosis; Stockem W et al.; Fluorescein-labeled muscle actin was microinjected into Amoeba proteus and followed during intracellular redistribution by means of the image-intensification technique . The fully polymerization-competent protein becomes part of the endogenous actomyosin system undergoing dynamic changes over time periods of several hours . Single-frame analysis of long-term sequences enabled the direct demonstration of both the contractile activities and morphological transformations of microfilaments in normally locomoting, immobilized and phagocytozing specimens . In normally locomoting cells the filament layer undergoes continuous changes in spatial distribution depending on the actual pattern of cytoplasmic streaming and cell shape . The highest degree of differentiation is always maintained in the intermediate region between the front and the uroid, thus indicating this segment of the cortex to be the most important site in generating motive force for pseudopodium formation and ameboid movement . In immobilized cells contracted by the application of ruthenium red or relaxed by different anesthetics, the filament layer forms a continuous thick sheath beneath the cell surface or becomes completely disintegrated . In phagocytozing cells the local polymerization of actin at the tip of pseudopodia forming the food-cup and around the nascent phagosome points to a significant participation of the actomyosin system in the process of capturing and constricting prey organisms . Although our results provide clear evidence for the overall importance of motive force generation according to the hydraulic pressure theory, some motile phenomena exist in Amoeba proteus that cannot exclusively be explained by this mechanism.

J Urol (Paris), 1983, 89(8), 561 - 4
{Urinary tract infection in patients with calculi}; Petkovic S et al.; The authors review a series of 2,475 cases of patients operated for renal calculi and select 843 files in which the bacteriological study was performed . E . coli is the most common organism (29.8%) compared with Proteus which infects 21% of patients . 71.5% of the patients were infected . Bilateral calculi are the most heavily infected . Kidneys containing calculi which were subjected to a complex operation involving the parenchyma (nephrotomies) were the most difficult to disinfect, even in the absence of recurrence . Conversely, in the absence of recurrence, simple operations (pyelotomy, partial nephrectomy) provide disinfection in the majority of cases . In the authors' series, E . coli remains the organism most frequently encountered, even in cases of recurrence . Proteus and Pyocyanicus are the most difficult organisms to eradicate.

Acta Chir Hung, 1983, 24(4), 279 - 85
Immunity and hospital infections; Kovats TG et al.; The frequent and inappropriate use of antibiotics in hospitals increases the number of resistant hospital bacterial strains . Apart from Staphylococci and Streptococci, different Gram negatives--such as Klebsiella, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Proteus and E . coli strains--have been found in the hospitals and in the patients . Due to the resistance, it is difficult to find antibiotics against them . This fact puts forward the possibility of immunization especially by vaccination . Phenol-treated vaccine was prepared from the usual hospital strains and patients with colorectal cancer were immunized intramuscularly 7-10 days prior to the operation . The efficiency of the vaccine treatment was judged by the incidence of wound infections . The best results were obtained in patients whose previously estimated immunoreactivity was strong or normal . Immunospecificity could not be detected in the above treatment.

Arkh Patol, 1983, 45(10), 62 - 4
{Phlegmonous gastritis}; Khodasevich LS et al.; Two observations of the primary form of diffuse phlegmonous gastritis in men of 46 and 33 are described . In both cases the disease ran malignant courses with the development of peritonitis and bacterial shock . In the first case the causative agent of the disease was not established, however, it had a marked gas-producing capacity, in the other case it was Proteus.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(3), 293 - 327
Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections . II . Detailed evaluation of the results; Slopek S et al.; The results of treatment with specific bacteriophages of 184 nosologic units diagnosed in 138 cases as septic bacterial infections, presented in the first part of this report, were submitted to detailed analysis . The results obtained revealed that phage therapy may be successfully applied in the treatment of septic infections induced by Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas as well as of the digestive system infections induced by Shigella and Salmonella . They also widened the scope of phage therapy application.

Zentralbl Chir, 1983, 108(20), 1272 - 9
{Relationship of immunological status to infections complicating surgery of the large intestine}; Nagy A et al.; The patients immuno-activity has a well-known importance for the outcome of postoperative complications . The authors evaluated the immuno-activity of 95 patients before selective, radical colorectal surgery: 1) 40% of the patients were anergic compared to healthy controls . 2) The incidence of wound infections was significantly higher in the anergic groups than in normal or hyperergic ones . 3) 25% and 50% decrease in wound sepsis has been observed in anergic and normal or hyperergic groups respectively after vaccination 7 to 10 days before operation with vaccine made of E . coli, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas strains . The difference indicates the lowered immuno-reactivity on anergic patients.

J Urol (Paris), 1983, 89(5), 317 - 23
{Lithiasis of the upper urinary tract and pregnancy}; Aubert J et al.; The authors report 17 personal cases of lithiasis of the upper urinary tract discovered in the course of pregnancy . They discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic problems, taking into account the double risk of mother and foetus . The essential diagnostic sign is renal colic, with or without fever . Spontaneous excretion of these calculi is possible, but in 8 of the 17 cases, a ureteric catheter had to be passed or an operation was required . Neither the delivery nor the health of the infants delivered seemed to be harmed by this renal calculi disease . The authors recall that the most common cause of non-obstetrical abdominal pain in the course of pregnancy is in fact urinary calculi . The incidence is about 1 cases of lithiasis per 1,000 pregnancies . It appear that a physiological hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy is responsible for a hypercalciuria which could be a factor favouring the development of lithiasis during pregnancy . The important point is to know how to distinguish those forms of pyelonephritis of pregnancy which are due to a stone obstructing the upper urinary tract, as any purulent retention in the upper tract can lead to a pyonephrosis, a bacteraemia or even a septicaemia . The presence of the foetus makes interpretation of a plain abdominal film difficult . In any case, its indication is questionable, whenever the urine is septic, particularly with Proteus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Arzneimittelforschung, 1983, 33(12), 1666 - 71
Mode of interaction between immunoglobulin G and mezlocillin against beta-lactamase producing bacteria; Dalhoff A et al.; beta-Lactamase producing E . coli and Proteus spp . strains were exposed in vitro to mezlocillin (Baypen) and/or immunoglobulin G (IgG, commercially available batches of Polyglobin) . Whereas each single agent exhibited no effect against these strains, the combination of both acted synergistically resulting in a pronounced reduction in viable counts . These findings were corroborated in vivo by using the granuloma pouch technique in rats . Treatment of rats with either mezlocillin (100 mg/kg b.i.d., i.v.) or IgG (single i.v . dose of 3 ml/kg) was ineffective . In contrast, simultaneous administration of both drugs exhibited a marked antibacterial effect throughout the study period of one week . Three control experiments were run in parallel in any case: firstly, albumin (3 mg/kg) served as a protein control; its application was completely ineffective . Secondly, cefoxitin and cefotaxime, respectively (40 mg/kg b.i.d., i.v.), were administered because of their beta-lactamase stability . Both cephalosporins exhibited an antibacterial effect against the beta-lactamase producing E . coli strains, but were ineffective against Proteus spp . Thirdly, beta-lactamase negative strains were not synergistically affected by the combination of mezlocillin plus IgG . These data are to be explained on the basis of beta-lactamase inactivation by antibodies being present in the IgG preparation . Antibodies were quantified by means of the ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) technique . Furthermore, the antibody induced change in enzymic activity of various beta-lactamases was demonstrated by activity titration curves for TEM 1, TEM 2, OXA 1, OXA 2, OXA 3 beta-lactamases from E . coli.

J Antimicrob Chemother, 1983 Jan, 11 Suppl, 153 - 7
Cefotetan and beta-lactamases . II . An unusual property: the inactivation of some beta-lactamases by cefotetan; Labia R et al.; Initially, cefotetan interacts with beta-lactamases to form a classical Michaelis complex characterized by a term Ki (the inhibition constant) . In a second phase, this complex develops with time to form a new entity devoid of enzymic activity . This new entity may have the structure of an acyl enzyme with variable stability . In the case of TEM-1 and TEM-2 beta-lactamases, the process is progressively and totally reversible . The same phenomena were observed in varying degrees for Pitton's type 2 (PIT-2) penicillinase, OXA-1 and CARB-1 . The Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus vulgaris beta-lactamases are also inactivated by this same process . However, four other cephalosporinases appear to be unaffected by this mechanism.

Microbiol Immunol, 1983, 27(12), 995 - 1004
Carbenicillin-hydrolyzing penicillinases of Proteus mirabilis and the PSE-type penicillinases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Takahashi I et al.; Three carbenicillin-hydrolyzing penicillinases were found in Proteus mirabilis strains, N-3, N-29, and GN79 . The former two strains were isolated in 1978, but strain GN79 was one of our stock cultures isolated in 1965 . These penicillinases closely resembled each other, and the PSE-1 and PSE-4 enzymes produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in their substrate profiles and kinetic properties for hydrolyzing various beta-lactams . However, differences were found in their molecular weights and isoelectric points which ranged from 22,000 to 27,000 and from 6.0 to 6.9, respectively . The antiserum against the purified penicillinase of N-29 cross-reacted with the enzyme of N-3 and inhibited its activity by more than 80% . The antiserum also reacted with the PSE-1 and PSE-4 enzymes . The antiserum did not react with the penicillinase from strain GN79 and the PSE-2 and PSE-3 enzymes of P . aeruginosa . Enzyme production in N-3 and N-29 was mediated by R plasmids.

Probl Med Wieku Rozwoj, 1983, 12, 144 - 52
{Urinary tract infections and urolithiasis}; Nowakowska K et al.; 100 cases of urolithiasis in children treated in Pediatric Clinic of National Research Institute of Mother and Child in the period of 1976-1979 were analized . In 93 children the cause of urolithiasis was established . The most of them (31%) are cases of infection induced urinary stones . Among other reasons of urolithiasis the most common are: metabolic reasons in 26%, probably metabolic reasons in 13%, idiopathic oxalic lithiasis in 17% and others in 6% . At the moment of urolithiasis diagnosis in 94 children bacteriological investigations were done . In 54 cases, i.e . 57,4% infections of the urinary tract were found . 57,8% of boys and 62,2% of girls had urinary tract infections . The most frequent bacteria was urease producting Proteus sp . During 3 years of observation urinary tract infections in 67 children were found . Among bacteria causing the reinfections the most frequent were: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25,4%), Klebsiella sp . (22,4%), Proteus sp . (19,9%) and E . coli (15%) . In 9 cases the bacteriological analysis of removed stones were done . In 2 cases bacteria causing the infection were isolated from the stones, since they were not present in urine any more.

Chir Pediatr, 1983, 24(6), 404 - 10
{Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in children . Report of 4 cases}; Renouard C et al.; Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (X.G.P.) is a rare unilateral manifestation of chronic interstitial nephritis . 4 new cases of X.G.P . in children are reported . The authors review 60 cases of the literature since 1963 . The X.G.P . has no predominant sex distribution . The age extended especially between 1 to 5 years . The diffuse type is more common in boys, and the localized type in girls . The clinical signs : fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, urinary infection, abdominal mass . Proteus Mirabilis is the main organism in the diffuse form and Escherichia Coli in the focal form . Actually, the disease is often diagnosed before surgery . The treatment is always nephrectomy and the prognosis is very good (benign) . The final diagnosis of X.G.P . can only be made by histological examination . Etiopathogenesis remains obscure : urinary tract infection and obstruction, arterial and veinous lesions, local immunity deficiency.

Z Allg Mikrobiol, 1983, 23(8), 495 - 501
{Effects of 5-bromouracil and 5-bromodeoxyuridine in combination with 8-aza-adenine on the UV sensitivity of bacteria}; Jacob HE et al.; The presence of 5-bromouracil (BU) as well as 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BUdR) in the cultivation media of bacteria results in the distinct increase of UV sensitivity . With the nucleic acid base analogue 8-azaadenine (8-AA) a similar effect was confirmed, however, not so pronounced . In the experiments reported here the combined action of BU or BUdR and 8-AA on Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus was investigated . The sensitization effect of BUdR does not increase if 8-AA is present additionally during cultivation . On the contrary, a decrease of sensibilization occurs . This result may be caused by the protective effect of the adenine derivative against UV irradiation, if it is present in the cell, but not incorporated into the DNA.

Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki, 1983, (9), 26 - 9
{DNA content in bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Vibrio}; Korotiaev AI et al.; DNA content in bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio proteus at different growth condition has been studied . It has been shown that during the cultures growth DNA content is various independently of culture age and as a rule exceeds one chromosome weight and depends on growth condition.

Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1983, 17(2), 197 - 203
Crystal formation induced by uropathogenic bacteria . An in vitro study in human urine; Stegmayr B et al.; Human urine was studied in regard to precipitation of crystals under various experimental conditions . These included alkalization of the urine by adding NaOH or by inoculation with Proteus bacteria . The contents of calcium and magnesium in the urinary supernatant after incubation for 24 hours at 37 degrees C were significantly lower after inoculation with Proteus bacteria than in noninoculated urine . Microscopy of the sediments showed distinct crystalline aggregations after the bacterial inoculation . Inoculation with killed Proteus organisms did not lead to crystalline precipitation in otherwise identical experiments . The effect of other live bacteria was also studied . The mechanism of crystal formation in bacteria-inoculated urine is discussed.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1983, 77(2), 225 - 7
Development of antibody to Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in soldiers in Malaysia; Brown GW et al.; Malaysian, British and New Zealand soldiers were tested for evidence of infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi after several weeks' exposure to the infection during field exercises in Malaysia . 39 (5.0%) of 787 British and New Zealand soldiers developed immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) to R . tsutsugamushi to a titre of 1:50 and two (0.3%) to a titre of 1:100 . 11 (1.5%) of 751 Malaysian soldiers also developed low titres less than or equal to 1:100 . These low antibody levels were not correlated with clinical disease, and their significance is unknown . Seven (0.9%) of the Malaysians showed an IFA rise to greater than or equal to 1:200, and three of these experienced febrile illnesses, one lasting two weeks . An additional eight Malaysian soldiers had an IFA titre of greater than or equal to 1:400 when first tested and six of these also had a Proteus OXK agglutinin titre of greater than or equal to 1:160, indicating infection shortly before the study.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1983 Jan, 36(1), 54 - 63
Quaternary heterocyclylamino beta-lactams . III . The mode of action of L-640,876 and the effect of NaCl on membrane permeability and binding; Koupal LR et al.; L-640,876, 7-beta(1-benzylpyridinium-4-yl)amino-3-{( (1-methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio}methyl)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate, is a potent representative of a new family of beta-lactam antibiotics which are similar in some respects to mecillinam . When L-640,876 and mecillinam were compared for effects on growth and morphology of Escherichia coli, it was observed that both drugs caused the formation of lemon-shaped cells during the first 30 minutes of exposure and during this period the culture turbidity increased without an appreciable change in culture viability . Unlike mecillinam, after 60 minutes of exposure to L-640,876 the majority of the lemon-shaped cells transformed into spindle-shaped cells and in the continuing presence of the drug formed osmotically fragile spheroplasts . Membrane binding studies indicated that, like mecillinam, L-640,876 was bound to the PBP-2 of E . coli and Proteus morganii; however, some binding of L-640,876 to the PBP-3 of E . coli was detected . In Staphylococcus aureus binding differences were more evident as L-640,876 was more rapidly bound to PBP-1 and 2 whereas mecillinam was rapidly bound to PBP-3 . The reversal of inhibition of certain strains of Gram-negative bacteria by high ionic strength media could not be directly attributed to a reversal of antibiotic binding to the PBPs . Permeability studies indicated that the superior potency of L-640,876 in E . coli was partly due to its higher concentration in the periplasm which was unaffected by the simultaneous addition of drug and NaCl, however, in cells cultured in high ionic strength medium there was a marked reduction in penetration rate of all beta-lactams tested.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 1983, 31(6), 905 - 14
Lipopolysaccharide phage receptor of Proteus mirabilis 1959 strain . Site of phage-mediated hydrolysis in O-specific polysaccharide; Kaca W et al.; The oligosaccharides isolated as products of phage "otto" provoked degradation of LPS provided by the host strain P . mirabilis 1959 were investigated . The site of phage mediated hydrolysis was shown to be the linkage 1,4(2) between galactosamine and glucuronic acid in the main chain of O-specific polysaccharide . The pentasaccharide (with one lysine residue) represents one phage cleaved repeating unit in the O-specific polysaccharide P . mirabilis 1959.

Vutr Boles, 1983, 22(6), 62 - 9
{Clinico-therapeutic and microbiologic studies of the Bulgarian antibiotic cephalothin in patients with active pyelonephritis}; Astrug A et al.; A total of 38 patients with active pyelonephritis and significant bacteriuria were treated with the Bulgarian antibiotic cephalotin, the bacteria isolated from their urine manifesting susceptibility to the Bulgarian broad-spectrum antibiotic cephalotin . Twenty six from the patients were with preserved renal function, and 12 with various stages of renal insufficiency . The subjective complaints, febrility, leukocyturia and bacteriuria were best affected . The highest anti-bacterial effect was observed in the patients with uroinfections caused by E . coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella and staphylococci . Cephalotin has a good tolerance and has no adverse effects . Painful infiltrations were established in some of the patients in the region of the site of intramuscular application, with a transitory character . Cephalotin was assessed, on the base of the study, to be a good and prospective broad-scpectrum antibiotic, deserving to be widely applied in the therapeutic practice.

Scand J Infect Dis, 1983, 15(4), 361 - 5
Bacterial colonization of the lower urinary tract in women with long-term indwelling urethral catheter; Eddeland A et al.; The bacterial colonization of urethra and urine was studied over long periods in 16 hospitalized women with long-term indwelling bladder catheter . The cultured flora was polymicrobic and, except for Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli, rapidly changing . The colonization patterns showed marked inter-species variations . P . mirabilis was the species most commonly found, and in the urethra it was significantly more persistent than the other species . Unlike the other species, P . mirabilis was rarely found in urine without concomitant urethral growth . Prophylactic measures aimed to reduce the risk of permanent colonization by this pathogen, which is rendered particularly harmful by its urease production, should therefore be directed towards the urethra and the periurethral area.

Clin Ther, 1983, 5(5), 515 - 24
A comparative study of netilmicin-cefoxitin and gentamicin-cefoxitin in surgical patients with serious systemic infection; Bubrick MP et al.; A double-blind, randomized study of gentamicin and netilmicin, each in combination with cefoxitin, was done to compare their respective efficacy and toxicity in patients with serious systemic infection . Thirty-seven surgical patients were evaluated for efficacy and 46 patients were evaluated for toxicity . The most frequently cultured organisms were Escherichia coli (15), Klebsiella sp (9), Proteus sp (6), and Bacteroides sp (4) . For 23 patients treated with gentamicin-cefoxitin (G-C), the clinical response was favorable in 20/21 (95.2%) evaluable cases, and elimination or marked reduction of 33/34 (97.1%) organisms was achieved . For 14 patients treated with netilmicin-cefoxitin (N-C), the clinical response was favorable in 13/13 (100%) evaluable cases, and 19/20 (95%) organisms were eliminated or markedly reduced . Nephrotoxicity was defined as an increase in serum creatinine to greater than 25% over baseline with an absolute rise of at least 0.5 mg/100 ml to a value greater than or equal to 1.3 mg/100 ml . Based on these criteria, nephrotoxicity was seen in 2/27 (7.4%) patients treated with G-C and in 3/19 (15.8%) patients treated with N-C . Ototoxicity was defined as a greater than 20 dB loss at any frequency . Based on these criteria, ototoxicity was seen in 5/27 (18.5%) patients treated with G-C and 2/19 (10.5%) patients treated with N-C . The data show no significant difference in toxicity and suggest that netilmicin and gentamicin are both highly effective in combination with cefoxitin in patients who have serious infections after surgery.

Int J Tissue React, 1983, 5(1), 97 - 105
Studies of the antimicrobial activity of ovotransferrin; Valenti P et al.; The antibacterial activity of ovotransferrin (conalbumin) against different bacterial species was studied in vitro . The most sensitive species were Pseudomonas sp., E . coli, S . mutans; and the most resistant ones S . aureus, Proteus sp., Klebsiella . The bacteriostatic activity of conalbumin in various conditions was also tested . The presence of bicarbonate ions always increased the activity of conalbumin, while an antagonistic effect of citrate was observed in bacteria with a receptor for the iron-citrate complex . Experiments with conalbumin covalently linked to Sepharose 4B indicated that its antibacterial activity may not be due simply to the removal of iron from the medium, but probably involves other metals and an interaction with the bacterial surface . The in vitro studies carried out with conalbumin and lactoferrin demonstrated that the two proteins produced a similar inhibition of growth of E . coli and S . mutans . The in vivo studies showed that the protective effect of conalbumin in newborn guinea pigs with E . coli by gastrointestinal route was similar to that naturally provided by the lactoferrin present in milk.

Can J Biochem Cell Biol, 1983 Jan, 61(1), 8 - 14
Purification and properties of the Proteus mirabilis catalase; Jouve HM et al.; The purification of catalase from Proteus mirabilis has been described . The protein had four subunits of equal apparent molecular weight (MW 62 000) . The enzyme was found to be slightly heterogenous after electrofocusing, the main fraction having an isoelectric pH 4.8 . No detectable peroxidatic activity was observed in physiological conditions . The absorbance spectrum and the effects of pH and temperature on catalase have also been described.

Avian Dis, 1983 Jan-Mar, 27(1), 296 - 300
Septicemic proteus infection in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica); Sah RL et al.; Proteus infection was incriminated as the cause of severe depression, coma, and high mortality in successive broods of quail chicks . The pathological lesions comprised congestion of lungs, liver, and kidneys and mucus exudation in the trachea . The organism, isolated from the heart blood and lungs of affected chicks, was identified on biochemical tests as Proteus mirabilis . Pathogenicity of the isolate was tested in young albino mice and week-old quail chicks, which succumbed to infection within 48 hours of inoculation . Association of P . mirabilis with septicemic disease in Japanese quails has apparently been demonstrated for the first time.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1983 Jan, (1), 53 - 7
{Combined media for the simplified and rapid identification of bacteria of the Proteus-Providencia group}; Kalina GP; Three combined media ensuring the determination of 8 characteristics typical of bacteria belonging to the group Proteus-Providencia (tryptophane deamination, urease activity, production of hydrogen sulfite and indol, fermentation of mannitol, maltose, adonitol and inositol) are presented.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1983 Jan, 29(2), 171 - 8
Pinocytosis and locomotion of amoebae . XIX . Immunocytochemical demonstration of actin and myosin in Amoeba proteus; Stockem W et al.; The spatial distribution of cytoplasmic actin and myosin in 1 . normal locomoting, 2 . immobilized, and 3 . pinocytosing Amoeba proteus was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy . In orthotactic and polytactic cells fixed during normal locomotion actin is mainly located in a cortical layer delineating the granuloplasm from the peripheral hyaloplasm . In cell areas lacking a hyaloplasmic sheet the actin layer immediately borders the plasma membrane . The amount of actin within the continuous layer seems to increase from the advancing front to the middle cell region and to decrease again toward the uroid . The distribution of myosin is largely congruent to the display of actin, with the exception that the myosin-based fluorescence of the cortical layer gradually increases from the front to the uroid . A considerable amount of actin and myosin is also distributed around the nucleus and the contractile vacuole . In immobilized cells contracted by the external application of 10(-4)M procaine hydrochloride the cortical layer distinctly increases in thickness . In contrast to normal locomoting cells actin and myosin show a uniform distribution within the cell cortex along the entire surface . In pinocytosing cells, up to three cortical layers conspicuously rich in actin are produced during the process of channel formation . One of these layers is located in close proximity to the plasma membrane of the pinocytotic channels and the vacuoles . The immunocytochemical results are discussed with respect to earlier observations on the distribution of actin and myosin in Amoeba proteus as obtained by other methods.

Chemotherapy, 1983, 29(4), 283 - 8
Ceftriaxone - a new broad-spectrum semisynthetic cephalosporin . In vitro activity against gram-negative bacilli sensitive and resistant to gentamicin; Bremner DA; Ceftriaxone (Rocephin 13-9904) was tested against 409 isolates of gram-negative bacilli . No difference was found in the susceptibility of the 262 gentamicin-sensitive or 147 gentamicin-resistant isolates to ceftriaxone . Comparison with other third-generation cephalosporins showed that ceftriaxone was as active as or more active than lamoxactam, cefoperazone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus sp., Klebsiella . Ceftriaxone was not as active as ceftazidime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but was more active than lamoxactam, cefoperazone and cefotaxime.

Gene, 1983 Jan-Feb, 21(1-2), 25 - 31
Molecular cloning of Proteus morganii phenylalanine deaminase gene in Escherichia coli; Beck Y et al.; The gene for phenylalanine deaminase (PAD) of Proteus morganii strain 2815 has been isolated on a 6.3-kb HindIII restriction fragment and cloned within RP4-prime plasmids, pYB2321 and pYB2322, in both orientations . Expression of the cloned gene in Escherichia coli strains was comparable to that in P . morganii 2815 . The hybrid plasmids mobilized the 2815 chromosome with trajectories in reverse directions from an origin between ser-2 and ade-1, suggesting the map location of the PAD gene.

Urol Int, 1983, 38(3), 135 - 7
Randomized prospective study of the comparative efficacy of spectinomycin and gentamicin in urinary tract infections; Sasvary DH et al.; A prospective, randomized study was undertaken in 32 hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections to compare the efficacy of spectinomycin versus gentamicin . Spectinomycin was found to be of equal efficacy if not more efficacious in eradicating Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus mirabilis in our patient population . No significant side-effects were noted . A review of the literature with emphasis on the use of spectinomycin in infections other than anogenital gonorrhea is made.

Acta Microbiol Pol, 1983, 32(4), 339 - 44
Some biological features of Proteus bacilli . 1 . Comparison of Proteus mirabilis strains provided from various sources; Kotelko K et al.; Some properties which may contribute to the pathogenicity of Proteus mirabilis were compared in urinary isolates and in strains provided from soil and from culture collection . Clinical isolates revealed the higher expression of all the features examined in this report: swarming growth, haemagglutination, adherence to human uroepithelial cells, urease activity and haemolytic activity . Noteworthy is the higher mean value of adherence to the uroepithelial cells in clinical strains . Three P . mirabilis urinary isolates were detected which produce an as yet unreported filterable haemolysin . However, the loss of this ability within a few months seems to suggest the temporary presence of a plasmid rapidly eliminated by the Proteus strains.

Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1983, 172(2), 107 - 15
Multiple fimbrial haemagglutinins in Serratia species; Old DC et al.; Fifty-six strains from nine Serratia species, grown under a variety of cultural conditions, were examined in rocked-tile tests for the presence of haemagglutinins (HAs) and with the electron microscope for fimbriae . All strains were haemagglutinating; most (71%) formed two or three of the different kinds of HA detected . These were: (i) a mannose-sensitive HA (MS-HA); (ii) a mannose-resistant, klebsiella-like HA (MR/K-HA); (iii) two mannose-resistant, proteus-like HAs (MR/P-HA), one of which showed broad-spectrum HA activity against different species of erythrocytes and the other narrow-spectrum HA activity . Five types of fimbriae associated with the different HAs were observed . This description of the fimbrial HAs in nine species of Serratia is the most comprehensive so far produced and should provide a basis for future studies directed towards elucidating the ecological role of the adhesins in in-vivo colonization by serratiae as commensals or pathogens.

Arch Microbiol, 1982 Dec 3, 133(4), 283 - 8
Molybdenum cofactor from the cytoplasmic membrane of Proteus mirabilis; Claassen VP et al.; Molybdenum cofactor was extracted from membranes of Proteus mirabilis by three methods: acidification, heat treatment and heat treatment in the presence of sodium-dodecylsulphate (SDS) . Extracts prepared by the latter method contained the highest concentration of molybdenum cofactor . In these extracts molybdenum cofactor was present in a low molecular weight form . It could not penetrate an YM-2 membrane during ultrafiltration suggesting a molecular weight above 1000 . During aerobic incubation of cofactor extracts from membranes at least four fluorescent species were formed as observed in a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system . The species in the first peak was inhomogeneous while the species in the others seem to be homogeneous . In water, all fluorescent products had an excitation maximum at 380 nm and an emission maximum at 455 nm . Their absorption spectra showed maxima at around 270 nm and 400 nm . Fluorescent compounds present in the first peak could penetrate an YM-2 membrane during ultrafiltration, whereas the compounds in the other peaks hardly did . Using xanthine oxidase from milk as source of molybdenum cofactor apparently identical cofactor species were found . Cytoplasmic nor membrane extracts of the chlorate resistant mutant chl S 556 of P . mirabilis could complement nitrate reductase of Neurospora crassa nit-1 in the presence of 20 mM molybdate . However, fluorescent species with identical properties as found for the wild-type were formed during aerobic incubation of extracts from membranes of this mutant.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1982 Dec, 75(12), 879 - 84
{"Antibiotic hierarchy" oriented antibacterial chemotherapy in urinary tract infections}; Walther H et al.; The resistance of 708 germs isolated from 656 samples of ambulatory urological and gynecological origin was determined . The sensitivity of E . coli, proteus types and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to internationally used antibiotics was registered in detail as percentages . On the basis of the frequency of the germs and their resistence, an antibiotic "hierarchy" is drawn up, which can simplify the initial choice of therapy, especially in out-patient treatment.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Dec, 27(12), 26 - 9
{Comparative study of the effect of sisomicin and other aminoglycosides on the causative agents of surgical infection}; Navashin PS; Sensitivity of sisomicin was studied with respect to the causative agents of surgical infections . The microbial species belonging to the following genera were tested: Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas . The comparative studies with amykacin, tobramycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics showed that sisomicin had the highest activity against Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Proteus and Ps . aeruginosa . Its activity against E . coli was equal to that of gentamicin and tobramycin . The percentage of the strains resistant to sisomicin was lower than that of the strains resistant to the other aminoglycoside antibiotics except amykacin.

J Infect Dis, 1982 Dec, 146(6), 719 - 23
A prospective microbiologic study of bacteriuria in patients with chronic indwelling urethral catheters; Warren JW et al.; Bacteriuria is common in chronically catheterized patients and is associated with both acute and chronic complications . Of 605 consecutive weekly urine specimens from 20 chronically catheterized patients, 98% contained bacteria at high concentrations and 77% were polymicrobial . The mean interval between new episodes of bacteriuria was 1.8 weeks . Most species of bacteria caused five to seven new episodes of bacteriuria per 100 weeks of catheterization . Even though access to the catheter lumen was similar, the duration of bacteriuric episodes varied greatly by species . Of the episodes of bacteriuria caused by nonenterococcal gram-positive cocci, greater than 75% lasted less than one week . Mean durations of episodes of bacteriuria due to Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were four to six weeks, whereas those due to Providencia stuartii averaged 10 weeks and ranged up to 36 weeks . Thus, the very high prevalence of bacteriuria--virtually 100%--was a result of a high incidence caused by many different species combined with the prolonged residence of some gram-negative bacilli in the catheter and urinary tract.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1982 Dec, 75(12), 869 - 78
{Risk of infection in instrumental and surgical urologic interventions with special reference to catheter drainage}; Herrmann HD et al.; The risk of infection in instrumental and operative urological surgery is particularly high in the use of catheter drainage . Dependent on the duration of use of a fistula catheter or a transurethral catheter, infection of the urinary tract occurs in almost 100% of cases . The pathogens of hospital infection show a clearly increasing drug resistance . The occurrence of multiple resistances is remarkable . Furthermore, fluctuations in the range of pathogens can be detected . An increase of infection by Proteus and Klebsiella and a decrease of infections of the urinary tract with Escherichia coli and staphylococci have been observed . Prophylactic administration of chemotherapeutic agents cannot prevent the recurrence of iatrogenic infections of the urinary tract.

Appl Environ Microbiol, 1982 Dec, 44(6), 1395 - 403
R-plasmid transfer in a wastewater treatment plant; Mach PA et al.; Enteric bacteria have been examined for their ability to transfer antibiotic resistance in a wastewater treatment plant . Resistant Salmonella enteritidis, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli were isolated from clinical specimens and primary sewage effluent . Resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfadiazine, and tetracycline was demonstrated by spread plate and tube dilution techniques . Plasmid mediation of resistance was shown by ethidium bromide curing, agarose gel electrophoresis, and direct cell transfer . Each donor was mated with susceptible E . coli and Shigella sonnei . Mating pairs (and recipient controls) were suspended in unchlorinated primary effluent that had been filtered and autoclaved . Suspensions were added to membrane diffusion chambers which were then placed in the primary and secondary setting tanks of the wastewater treatment plant . Resistant recombinants were detected by replica plating nutrient agar master plates onto xylose lysine desoxycholate agar plates that contained per milliliter of medium 10 micrograms of ampicillin, 30 micrograms of chloramphenicol, 10 micrograms of streptomycin, 100 micrograms of sulfadiazine, or 30 micrograms of tetracycline . Mean transfer frequencies for laboratory matings were 2.1 X 10(-3) . In situ matings for primary and secondary settling resulted in frequencies of 4.9 X 10(-5) and 7.5 X 10(-5), respectively . These values suggest that a significant level of resistance transfer occurs in wastewater treatment plants in the absence of antibiotics as selective agents.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Dec, 152(3), 1042 - 8
Penicillin-binding proteins and carboxypeptidase/transpeptidase activities in Proteus vulgaris P18 and its penicillin-induced stable L-forms; Rousset A et al.; The originally penicillin-induced, wall-less stable L-forms of Proteus vulgaris P18, isolated by Tulasne in 1949 and since then cultured in he absence of penicillin, have kept the ability to synthesize the seven penicillin-binding proteins and the various DD- and LD-peptidase activities found in the parental bacteria and known to be involved in wall peptidoglycan metabolism . The stable L-forms, however, secrete during growth both the highly penicillin-sensitive, DD-carboxy-peptidase-transpeptidase penicillin-binding protein PBP4 (which in normal bacteria is relatively loosely bound to the plasma membrane) and the penicillin-insensitive LD-carboxypeptidase (which in normal bacteria is located in the periplasmic region).

J Urol, 1982 Nov, 128(5), 1077 - 80
Urolithiasis in rats with diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain rats); Kinter LB et al.; Brattleboro strain rats homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI rat) excrete nearly their body weight per day in dilute urine and yet can form bladders stones composed of struvite and apatite . Studies were undertaken to investigate this apparent paradox . The results show that DI rat urine is indeed undersaturated with respect to struvite and apatite . However, chronic infection of DI rat urine with a urease-containing organism (Proteus mirabilis) results in the rapid formation of large struvite/apatite bladder stones . It is concluded that the Brattleboro strain DI rat, like man and unlike other rats, forms struvite/apatite calculi only in the presence at chronic urinary tract infection.

Am J Otolaryngol, 1982 Nov-Dec, 3(6), 452 - 4
Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis of the head and neck; Pizzo LJ; Synergistic necrotizing cellulitis of the head and neck is a rarely reported virulent infection producing extensive involvement of the subcutaneous tissue and fascia . The reported mortality rate has been approximately 75 per cent . An additional case of a patient experiencing the synergistic effect of infections with an anaerobic streptococcus and a species of Proteus in the head and neck is reported . A review of the pertinent literature is presented.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Nov, 22(5), 728 - 34
In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of T-1982, a new semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic; Tai M et al.; The activities of T-1982 (sodium 7 beta-{(2R, 3S)-2-(4-ethyl-2, 3-dioxo-1-piperazine-carboxamido)-3-hydroxybutanamido}-7 alpha-methoxy-3-{(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thiomethyl}-3-cephem-4-carboxylate) against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were compare with those of cefmetazole, cefoxitin, cefazolin, and cefoperazone . T-1982 was active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including genera resistant to the other cephalosporins . T-1982 exhibited greater activity than did cefmetazole, cefoxitin, cefazolin, or cefoperazone against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Serratia marcescens and was also highly active against Bacteroides fragilis . T-1982 was as stable to various beta-lactamases as were cefmetazole and cefoxitin . The therapeutic activities of T-1982 in mice experimentally infected with various gram-negative bacteria were superior to those of cefmetazole, cefoxitin, cefazolin, and cefoperazone.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Nov, 22(5), 721 - 7
Antibacterial activities of SM-1652 compared with those of other broad-spectrum cephalosporins; Kato M et al.; The in vitro and in vivo activities of Sm-1652 were compared with those of other cephalosporins . SM-1652 possessed a wide antibacterial spectrum which included activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . It also exhibited potent antibacterial activities against gram-positive cocci and clinical isolates of glucose nonfermentative bacteria . Most notably, its activity against glucose nonfermentative bacteria was the highest of all of the drugs tested . The bactericidal activity of SM-1652 was compared with that of cefoperazone . The difference between the minimum bactericidal concentration and the minimum inhibitory concentration of SM-1652 was actually smaller than that of cefoperazone for Escherichia coli and clinical isolates of indole-positive Proteus spp . SM-1652 was stable for most cephalosporinases but was hydrolyzed to some extent by penicillinases . The in vivo therapeutic effect of SM-1652 against infections in mice was better than those of cefazolin and cefoxitin . The in vivo antipseudomonal activity of SM-1652 was second to that of cefsulodin.

Vopr Pitan, 1982 Nov-Dec, (6), 59 - 62
{Method of diagnosing bacteria of the genus Proteus in food products}; Enikova R; The author stresses the necessity of studying a group of microorganisms of the Proteus genus as a hygienic indicator, as well as of appropriate replacement of the Shukevich's method by that devised by the author, which makes complete diagnosis feasible . The author describes in detail the course of examination which is quite practicable . The method enables the improvement of the diagnosis and interpretation of the results during hygienic control of foods, as well as in bacterial food diseases and in some clinical microbiological studies.

J Antibiot (Tokyo), 1982 Nov, 35(11), 1594 - 602
Cefoxitin, N-formimidoyl thienamycin, clavulanic acid, and penicillanic acid sulfone as suicide inhibitors for different types of beta-lactamases produced by gram-negative bacteria; Sawai T et al.; Cefoxitin, N-formimidoyl thienamycin (MK0787), clavulanic acid, and penicillanic acid sulfone (CP45,899) were studied to determine their potency as suicide inhibitors of three very different kinds of beta-lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria: type Ib penicillinase (TEM-2 type), a typical cephalosporinase (the enzyme of Proteus morganii), and a cephalosporinase with broad substrate specificity (the enzyme of Proteus vulgaris) . All these beta-lactams were confirmed to be quite stable to the three beta-lactamases . The absolute values of the turnover numbers (kcat) for these enzyme-catalyzed hydrolyses were determined, the values ranged from 0.25 minute-1 to 660 minute-1 . All the beta-lactams studied, except cefoxitin, acted as suicide inhibitors of the typical cephalosporinase . Although cefoxitin did not exhibit such an effect, it was a powerful competitive inhibitor of this enzyme . Although the four beta-lactams acted as suicide inhibitors of the P . vulgaris cephalosporinase, the inactivated enzyme partially regained its activity after removing the effect of the free inhibitor . Type Ib penicillinase was also inactivated by the four beta-lactams, and the activity of the inactivated enzyme, except in the case of cefoxitin, was partially restored . The rate constants for enzyme inactivation or reactivation were calculated and are presented . The information obtained from this study suggests that the catalytic center of the P . vulgaris cephalosporinase is different not only from that of the penicillinase-type but also from that of the cephalosporinase-type beta-lactamases.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Nov, 27(11), 842 - 4
{Trial use of polymyxin and erythromycin for isolating cultures of the plague microbe in the Kyzyl-Kum}; Martinevskii IL et al.; It is recommended that the Hottinger agar medium with polymyxin or erythromycin be used for isolation of pure cultures of the plague microbe from specimens containing various species of microorganisms, except Proteus . Such a procedure was used in the Kizil-Kum for the bacteriological examinations with respect to plague . The procedure may be used in the natural foci with the strains resistant to these antibiotics.

Infection, 1982 Nov-Dec, 10(6), 352 - 3
Cryoglobulinaemia in a patient with Proteus mirabilis sepsis; Galli M et al.; Mixed polyclonal cryoglobulinaemia was evidenced in a 49-year-old woman admitted to our hospital because of Proteus mirabilis sepsis associated with polyarthralgia and purpuric manifestations on the lower limbs . Cryoglobulins and circulating immune complexes decreased during the second week of illness and disappeared after recovery . CH50, C3 and properdin factor B, which were low during the early phase of the illness, returned to normal; C4 was normal throughout . The rapid clearance of cryoglobulins and immune complexes and the restoration of a normal complement profile might all be explained by the gradual elimination of P . mirabilis due to chemotherapeutic treatment.

Exp Cell Res, 1982 Nov, 142(1), 207 - 13
Protein migration from transplanted nuclei in Amoeba proteus . I . The relation to the cell cycle and RNA migration, as studied by autoradiography; Mills KI et al.; Autoradiography has been used to examine the migration of proteins from a radioactively labelled amoeba nucleus following transplantation into an unlabelled homophasic amoeba . Nuclei were transferred at three times in the cell cycle coinciding with DNA synthesis (4 h post-division); a peak of RNA synthesis (25 h); and a relative lull in synthetic activity (43 h) . Six amino acids were added individually to the culture medium to label the nuclear proteins . Migration of the proteins from the donor nucleus was found to be greatest following the transfer of {3H}aspartic acid-labelled nuclei and least with protein labelled with the basic amino acids . All amino acids exhibited the greatest extent of migration following the 25-h transfers, i.e., coinciding with a peak of RNA synthesis at 26-27.5 h . Actinomycin D (actD) inhibition of RNA synthesis reduced, but did not eliminate the extent of protein migration from the transplanted nucleus, thus indicating the existence of two classes of migratory proteins . Firstly, proteins, associated with RNA transport, which migrated mainly into the host cytoplasm . The second class migrated into the host nucleus from the transplanted nucleus, irrespective of RNa synthesis . The shuttling character of the latter class of proteins is consistent with a role of regulation of nuclear activity.

Infect Immun, 1982 Nov, 38(2), 536 - 41
Alterations of mitochondrial metabolism and protein concentrations in subacute septicemia; Tavakoli H et al.; Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made septic by cecal ligation for a period of 6 days . Sham-operated rats were used as control animals . Septic rats developed gram-negative bacteremia within 18 to 24 h . Blood cultures were positive for Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., and Klebsiella spp . in all cases . Significant loss of body weight was observed in septic rats during the 6-day period, whereas control rats exhibited a steady gain in body weight after the second postoperative day . Liver and muscle mitochondria were isolated and analyzed 6 days after the operation in control and septic rats . Liver mitochondrial cytochrome a(a3), b, and c concentrations were normal in septic rats . Oxygen utilization rates in state 3 (during ATP synthesis) were also within the normal range . State 4 respiratory rates, however, were increased with glutamate and pyruvate as substrates, resulting in low respiratory control ratios in septic rats . Muscle mitochondria from septic rats exhibited several abnormalities: the yield of cytochromes b, c, and a(a3) per gram of tissue was 34% below normal in septic rats . ATP synthesis rates declined significantly with pyruvate as substrate . Respiratory control ratios were below normal with all substrates studied except glutamate . These data are in agreement with previous reports on loss of muscle proteins and abnormalities in energy fuel utilization in septic patients.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Oct, 152(1), 104 - 10
Repression of penicillin G acylase of Proteus rettgeri by tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates; Daumy GO et al.; The regulation of the penicillin acylase in proteus rettgeri ATCC 31052 was compared with that of the enzyme in Escherichia coli ATCC 9637 . Unlike the E . coli acylase, the P . rettgeri enzyme was not induced by phenylacetic acid, nor was it subject to catabolite repression by glucose . The P . rettgeri acylase appears to be expressed constitutively but is subject to repression by the C4-dicarboxylic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, succinate, fumarate, and malate.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 16(4), 656 - 8
Detection of group B streptococcal antigen in early-onset and late-onset group B streptococcal disease with the Wellcogen Strep B latex agglutination test; Ingram DL et al.; The Wellcogen Strep B latex agglutination test (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, England) was evaluated as a method of detecting group B streptococcal antigen in urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum from neonates with early-onset (less than or equal to 7 days of age) and late-onset group B streptococcal disease . Urine was the best source of antigen, which was detected in 100% of six neonates with early-onset group B streptococcal disease who had urine available in the first 12 h of illness and in 88% of 17 group B streptococcus-infected neonates with urine available in the first 48 h of illness . Antigen was not detected in any samples from patients without group B streptococcal disease except in the urine of one patient with Proteus mirabilis meningitis . The Wellcogen Strep B latex test of the lot tested compares favorably with a noncommercially available latex agglutination test.

Genetika, 1982 Oct, 18(10), 1603 - 12
{Intergeneric bacterial conjugation in crosses of Vibrio cholerae biotype proteus X Serratia marcescens}; Sokurova EN et al.; Intergeneric conjugants were obtained in crosses of bacteria Vibrio cholerae biotype proteus (donor) x Serratia marcescens . The study of exconjugants demonstrates the following characteristics: 1 . The majority of clones isolated possess some morphological characters of the donor (colourlessness and transparency of colonies) which gradually disappear during successive transfers and return to the phenotype of recipients (red colour of colonies); 2 . Exconjugants acquire a plasmid factor of the fertility of vibrios (P-factor) and may transmit it to other cells; 3 . The majority of exconjugants are agglutinated by immune sera of both donor and recipient; 4 . The factor of streptomycine resistance is transmitted from the donor to a recipient . Conjugants acquire streptomycine resistance from the donor and laevomycetine (chloramphenicol) resistance from the recipient and can grow on a nutrient medium containing both antibiotics; 5 . The conjugants isolated show a great diversity in a number of characters and, supposedly, form a genetically heterogenous group . A great part of exconjugants is characterized by a slow growth, some of them being not viable and unable to survive during transfers . In connection with instability of conjugants, we suppose that the exongenome is not incorporated into the chromosome of the recipient; more likely, it exists in a form of self-replicating duplex, or is connected with a plasmid genome.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Oct, 35(10), 2440 - 9
{Basic and clinical studies on cefmenoxime in pediatric field}; Iwata S et al.; Basic and clinical studies were made on cefmenoxime (CMX) in pediatric field, and the following results were obtained . 1 . The antibacterial activity of CMX against clinically isolated and maintained strains was examined . CMX had stronger antibacterial activity than CEZ against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but CEZ had stronger antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus . 2 . The blood concentrations of CMX, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after a one-shot intravenous injection of 20 mg/kg of CMX were 33.6, 15.1, 4.5, 2.5 and 0.6 mcg/ml, respectively, with the half-life of 1.04 hours . 3 . The blood concentrations of CMX, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after a 1-hour intravenous drip infusion of 20 mg/kg of CMX were 32.0, 55.2, 8.4, 4.2 and 1.0 mcg/ml, respectively, with the half-lite of 0.96 hour . 4 . A complete or partial clinical response to therapy with CMX was obtained in all 10 children with infectious diseases . 5 . Bacteriological examination made on 3 patients showed that all bacteria had been eradicated, and that therapy was effective . The bacteria were E . coli in 2 patients and Proteus mirabilis in 1 patient . 6 . The side effects produced were neutropenia, eosinophilia and skin eruption in 1 patient, and diarrhea in 1 patient.

Biochimie, 1982 Oct, 64(10), 891 - 7
Generation of hydrogen peroxide during the oxidation of L-phenylalanine by Proteus mirabilis isolated membranes; Sauret-Ignazi G et al.; In the process of L-phenylalanine oxidation by Proteus mirabilis cytoplasmic membrane, hydrogen peroxide was produced at a rate corresponding to 1-3 per cent of the total electron flow (30-110 nmoles min-1mg-1) . Peroxide was estimated using a fluorimetric assay with horseradish peroxidase, or by anodic oxidation on a platinum electrode . When using the former method, superoxide dismutase decreased the apparent yield of peroxide, a fact suggesting that H2O2 was in part the dismutation product of superoxide radicals . However the superoxide dismutase effect could be an artefact due to the generation of some superoxide during the peroxidatic reaction in the assay . Adrenaline was the reagent used for the detection of superoxide . There was no significant emergence of superoxide as the result of phenylalanine oxidation by the membrane (specific activity lower than 1-2 nmoles min-1mg-1) . Thus it seemed that superoxide was not an intermediate for the bulk of H2O2 formed in this system . According to the results, peroxide was probably formed at a stage of electron transport earlier than the cytochrome level . The membrane phenylalanine dehydrogenase could be a site where peroxide was evolved in these experiments.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Oct, 35(10), 2348 - 53
{Clinical study with piperacillin in the field of obstetrics and gynecology}; Ikeda M et al.; 1 . Tissue concentrations of piperacillin (PIPC) between 80 to 150 minutes after the completion of 2 g/1 hour dripping infusion were 4.6 approximately 6.4 micrograms/g in the uterus, ovary and oviduct . These concentrations were higher than 80% MIC of the causative organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, Bacteroides and Peptococcus, isolated from infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology . 2 . The PIPC concentration in the retroperitoneal space exudate reached a peak value of 34.7 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after the completion of 2 g/1 hour dripping infusion and thereafter maintained a constant level . These concentrations were sufficient for the therapy of parametritis . 3 . We administered PIPC at 4 g per day for a period of 4 approximately 8 days to 4 patients with obstetrical and gynecological infectious diseases . All cases proved to respond effectively . No adverse effects and abnormal laboratory findings were observed . From the above, we considered that PIPC was an effective and safe antibiotic against infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Oct, 128 (Pt 10), 2485 - 98
Phages C-2 and J: IncC and IncJ plasmid-dependent phages, respectively; Bradley DE et al.; Phages C-2 and J were isolated from sewage . Phage C-2 was filamentous and formed plaques on Salmonella typhimurium strains carrying various C plasmids . It also plated on Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens strains carrying particular C plasmids, but failed to form plaques on lines of Escherichia coli K12 strains harbouring most of these plasmids, although in all cases, phage multiplication on the strains was demonstrated . No phage increase occurred in any strain which lacked a C plasmid or contained plasmids of other incompatibility groups . The phage was sensitive to chloroform and, unlike other filamentous bacterial viruses, adsorbed to shafts of conjugative pili . It had a disc-like structure at the end which attached to the pilus . Phage C-2 had a buoyant density of 1 . 30 g cm-3 and a single-stranded circular DNA genome of 3 . 0 MDal . Phage J had an hexagonal head with an inter-apical distance of 40 nm and a short noncontractile tail . It was resistant to chloroform and diethyl ether . The phage formed plaques or propagated on E . coli strains harbouring some IncC plasmids and all IncJ and IncD plasmids tested . The phage did not form plaques but propagated on P . mirabilis and Ser . marcescens strains carrying these plasmids . It did not plate or propagate on S . typhimurium strains harbouring the plasmids . The plaques were very hazy and variable in size . The phage attached sparsely, at a site which appeared to be located at the base of the tail, to sides of conjugative pili.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1982 Aug, 28(1), 27 - 33
Cold enhanced secretion of a pinocytosis-regulating factor in Amoeba proteus; Arvidson G et al.; Low temperature inhibited preferentially pinocytosis induced by Na+ and Na+-like inducers, a category of inducers which are particularly dependent on the concentration of Ca++ that means susceptible to blockade by EGTA, La+++, or high Ca++ . Coldness inhibited Na+-induced pinocytosis more effectively in cells from a calcium deficient medium than in normal cells and the inhibition was abolished by Ca++ . In normally fed cells, a period of coldness prevented the subsequent induction of pinocytosis by Na+ . This block was of the same type as that observed when the concentration of Ca++ was increased in the medium of normal cells kept at room temperature . In contrast, starved cells responded to coldness by an increased capacity for pinocytosis . These effects lasted for several hours after the cells had been rewarmed and were mediated by a cell-derived soluble factor, PRF, pinocytosis regulating factor . Solubility characteristics indicated that PRF is a lipid . Ca++, low pH, and low temperature stimulated accumulation of the factor in the medium . Preincubation with PRF or addition of PRF to the inducer stimulated pinocytosis in starved or Ca++-deficient cells and reduced the sensitivity to Na+-like inducers in normal cells . The amount of PRF secreted from cold cells was sufficient to cause the Ca++-like blockade of pinocytosis in the cold, the diminished pinocytotic activity after a cold period and the activating effect of coldness on starved cells . PRF appears to be an important physiological regulator of the capacity for pinocytosis in the amoeba.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Aug, 22(2), 218 - 21
Species differences in susceptibilities of Proteeae spp . to six cephalosporins and three aminoglycosides; Penner JL et al.; Six cephalosporins and three aminoglycosides were examined for activity against 1,693 isolates belonging to six species of Proteeae . The most notable species-specific differences included the marked susceptibility of Providencia alcalifaciens and Proteus mirabilis to cephalothin, the resistance of Proteus vulgaris to cefamandole, and the resistance of Providencia stuartii to gentamicin and tobramycin . The third-generation cephalosporins cefotaxime and moxalactam were substantially more inhibitory than were cefoperazone, cefamandole, and cefoxitin . P . stuartii, generally the most resistant species, was, however, markedly susceptible to moxalactam and cefotaxime.

Z Urol Nephrol, 1982 Aug, 75(8), 579 - 85
{Bacterial spectrum and pathogen resistance in chronic primary and secondary pyelonephritis}; Hofmann W et al.; The analysis of 168 patients with chronic infections of the urinary tract served to clarify whether different findings are obtained concerning the spectrum of germs and resistance in cases of primary, secondary monoinfected and secondary superinfected pyelonephritis . It was found that in cases of secondary obstructive pyelonephritis the degree of chemotherapeutic sensitivity is reduced and especially where problem germs (proteus, pseudomonas, Klebsiella) are concerned therapy will hardly be successful except by means of aminoglycosides . In this context the recognition and senitation of multifactorial urological primary diseases which cause infection are of special importance.

Eur J Cell Biol, 1982 Aug, 28(1), 34 - 8
Lysolecithin as a modifier of induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus; Arvidson G et al.; Lysolecithin was found to modify cation-induced pinocytosis in Amoeba proteus . It is shown here that lysolecithin (LPC) in the concentration range of 10(-15) to 10(-10) g/ml has the same effect on Na+ -induced pinocytosis as cAMP and a pinocytosis regulating factor (PRF) which is secreted by the amoeba . Thus, LPC activated Na+-induced pinocytosis in starved amoebae and decreased the sensitivity to the inducer in normal cells . Pinocytosis depressed by treatment with EGTA or dibucaine became normal upon addition of LPC to the inducer . These effects were also obtained with lysolecithin isolated from the amoeba . It is suggested that PRF and amoeba LPC may be closely related and that phospholipase activity of the amoeba may regulate its capacity for pinocytosis.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Aug, 1(4), 243 - 7
Interaction of mezlocillin and cefoxitin against Proteus morganii in the granuloma pouch model; Dalhoff A; The interaction of cefoxitin and mezlocillin was studied in rats using the granuloma pouch technique . Proteus morganii strains against which cefoxitin and penicillins exhibited antagonistic antibacterial activity were selected for infection of the pouches . Animals were treated with cefoxitin and/or mezlocillin, and bacterial counts, drug levels and beta-lactamase production in the pouch exudate monitored . A significant decrease in bacterial counts was seen after administration of mezlocillin and cefoxitin in combination but not after the drugs administered alone . Drug concentrations of mezlocillin and/or cefoxitin corresponded directly to the rate of induction of beta-lactamase activity . Although both beta-lactam antibiotics induce beta-lactamase activity, administered in combination in vivo they appear to protect each other from being inactivated thus resulting in synergistic antibacterial activity.

Urologe A, 1982 Jul, 21(4), 225 - 8
{Clinical significance of bacterial beta-lactamase production in the treatment of urinary tract infections with oral beta-lactam-antibiotics}; Naber K et al.; In 649 urological patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) a total of 1114 bacterial strains were isolated and their beta-lactamase production was investigated by a qualitative, micro-iodometric method . Approximately 40% of all strains, 33% of E . coli species and 8% of Proteus mirabilis species were enzyme producers . All of the isolates of E . coli and Proteus mirabilis defined as non-producers were sensitive to ampicillin and cephalothin in the agar diffusion test . The beta-lactamase producers of these two species did not show the same pattern: almost all of them were ampicillin-resistant, but most were cephalothin-sensitive . The other species were all found to be either producers or non-producers . Therapeutic comparisons in altogether 138 UTI patients treated with ampicillin or cephalexin, two antibiotics with different beta-lactamase stability, confirmed the positive correlation between enzyme production and therapeutic failure in both groups . Cephalexin, however, tended to be more effective than ampicillin against enzyme-producing species.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jul, 16(1), 70 - 6
Determination of the range of antibacterial activity by use of viable counts; Lorian V et al.; The activity of three aminoglycosides and six beta-lactam antibiotics on strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterococci was studied . The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), and the minimal antibiotic concentrations (MACs) were determined after 5 h of incubation in broth cultures by colony-forming-unit counts . The MICs were also determined by agar dilution after 24 h of incubation . The MICs on agar after 24 h of incubation were higher than those in broth after 5 h of incubation . The differences ranged from 1.1- to 14.2-fold, but in most cases were only three- to fivefold (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001) . The MBCs at 5 and 24 h were comparable in 71% of tests . For current practice, the MBC of enterococci can be determined after 5 h of incubation with antibiotics . The aminoglycosides showed MBCs which were closer to the MICs than were those of the beta-lactam antibiotics, which required a higher multiple of the MIC to show a bactericidal effect . The MBCs of oxacillin and cefamandole for S . aureus after 5 h of incubation were greater than 128 times the respective MICs . The MACs ranged from 1/1.5 to 1/7 of the 5-h MICs . The three endpoints, MIC, MBC, and MAC, indicate the antibacterial range of an antibiotic in terms of inhibition of growth and bacterial survival . The data suggest that the antibacterial range of an antibiotic is similar for most strains of a given species and is, to some extent, a characteristic of similar antibiotics.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Jul, 35(7), 1690 - 8
{Basic and clinical evaluations of cefmetazole in postoperative wound infections}; Konaga E et al.; The time course of the concentration of cefmetazole (CMZ) in the serum and in skin and intestinal tissues was determined after a single intravenous injection of 2 g of the drug . CMZ moved into them well . Furthermore, 41 patients with postoperative wound infection (superficial in 29 and deep in 12) were treated with CMZ 2-4 g daily . Bacteriological examination of the lesions with simultaneously carried out . As a result, 101 strains of bacteria were isolated and identified . Mixed infection was found in 27 cases (65.9%) . Fifteen strains (14.9%) of E . coli, 15 (14.9%) of B . fragilis, 7 (6.9%) of Klebsiella sp . and 7 (6.9%) of Proteus sp., were the main bacteria isolated . Eight cases (19.5%) had mixed infection of E . coli and B . fragilis . The committee (3 members) evaluated CMZ to be effective in 75.6% (31 of 41 cases) and bacteria disappeared in 60.5% (23 of 38 cases) . The side effects observed were pyrosis and feeling of gastric malaise in 1 case . The results suggest that CMZ is useful, which exerts an excellent effect on postoperative wound infections.

Eur J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 1(3), 149 - 54
The radioactive thymidine incorporation method for the determination of antibiotic susceptibility of gram-negative bacilli; Amaral L et al.; The thymidine incorporation method was compared with the disc diffusion and broth dilution methods for determining the antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli (233 strains), Proteus mirabilis (72 strains) and Klebsiella species (189 strains) . The method measures changes in the rate of DNA synthesis of bacterial strains exposed to an antibiotic by comparing the amount of radioactive thymidine incorporated by these strains in relation to control strains . Good agreement was obtained between the results of the thymidine incorporation and disc diffusion methods for all antibiotics tested except streptomycin and tetracycline . Minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics determined by the thymidine incorporation method after 3 and 5 hours were generally lower than those obtained after 24 hours by the conventional broth dilution procedure . The thymidine incorporation method may be potentially useful for determining the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria a few hours after inoculation of a clinical specimen.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 15(6), 1097 - 102
Identification of Proteus penneri sp . nov., formerly known as Proteus vulgaris indole negative or as Proteus vulgaris biogroup 1; Hickman FW et al.; The name Proteus penneri sp . nov . is proposed for a group of organisms previously called Proteus vulgaris indole negative or P . vulgaris biogroup 1 . All of these strains were salicin negative, esculin negative, and chloramphenicol resistant (zone size, less than 14 mm) . DNA relatedness studies indicated that when DNA from P . penneri strain 1808-73 was labeled and tested against unlabeled DNA from 13 other P penneri strains, a highly related group was formed (88 to 99% relatedness at 60 degrees C and 67 to 99% relatedness at 75 degrees C) . Strain 1808-73 (ATCC 33519) is proposed as the type strain of P . penneri . In this study, two distinct groups of indole-positive P . vulgaris strains were also apparent . The first group (defined as P . vulgaris biogroup 2) was indole positive, salicin positive, and esculin positive, and the second group (defined as P . vulgaris biogroup 3) was indole positive, salicin negative, and esculin negative . The current type strain of P . vulgaris (ATCC 13315) belongs to biogroup 3 . The DNA from P . penneri strains was not highly related to labeled DNA from the type strain of P . vulgaris (14 to 30% relatedness at 75 degrees C) or from P . vulgaris strain PR 1 (ATCC 29905), which belongs to biogroup 2 (27 to 33% relatedness at 75 degrees C) . Strains of biogroup 2 were sensitive to chloramphenicol (zone size, greater than 19mm), and 10 of these strains formed a highly related group by DNA hybridization when DNA from PR 1 was labeled (64 to 100% relatedness at 60 degrees C and 70 to 100% relatedness at 75 degrees C), but they were not highly relatedness to the type strain of P . vulgaris (51 to 68% relatedness at 60 degrees C and 14 to 44% relatedness at 75 degrees C) . Further DNA relatedness studies are needed on strains of biogroup 3 before a definitive taxonomic proposal can be made for these two indole-positive biogroups.

Infect Immun, 1982 Jun, 36(3), 1246 - 8
Urinary virulence of Proteus mirabilis in two experimental mouse models; Peerbooms PG et al.; Two experimental mouse models were tested for their suitability in measuring urinary virulence of Proteus mirabilis . In the first model, the kidney-infecting dose and lethal dose were measured . In the second model, the kinetics of the numbers of bacteria in the kidneys and other organs of the mouse were monitored for 13 h after injection.

J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Jun, 128(Pt 6), 1163 - 9
In vitro-constructed RP4-prime plasmids mediate orientated mobilization of the Proteus morganii chromosome; Beck Y et al.; RP4-prime plasmids containing inserts of Proteus morganii strain 2815 chromosomal DNA (0.5-13 megadaltons in size) were constructed in vitro . When introduced into the latter organism, the hybrid plasmids promoted transfer of chromosomal markers in an orientated manner, with recombinant frequencies from 10(-4) to 10(-6) per donor . Transconjugants expressed the tetracycline-resistant phenotype of the plasmids . Plasmid-guided trajectories overlapped and a circular map of chromosome markers was constructed . Correspondence between size of inserted chromosomal DNA in hybrid plasmids and numbers of markers transferred suggested that homology played a role in chromosome mobilization by these plasmids.

Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg {A}, 1982 Jun, 252(2), 222 - 9
Bacteriological investigations with beta-lactamase inhibitors; Ullmann U; MIC's of beta-lactamase producing strains of P . aeruginosa, E . coli, P . vulgaris, P . rettgeri, E . cloacae, K . pneumoniae, S . marcescens are determined against piperacillin and in the case of S . aureus against amoxycillin and penicillin G . All the strains studied were resistant to these antibiotics . Their MIC's were determined in the combination with different concentrations (2, 5, 10 mg/l) of clavulanic acid and penicillanic acid sulfone respectively . The combination of piperacillin and clavulanic acid acts synergisticly against Klebsiella sp., indolpositive Proteus sp., and E . coli . Penicillanic acid sulfone was less active than clavulanic acid apart from indolpositive Proteus sp . Against S . aureus however both inhibitors showed the same synergistic efficacy . In detail both inhibitors are very active against constitutive penicillinase, they also exhibited a good activity against Type OXA-2, OXA-3 and SHV-1 beta-lactamase; they were less active to Type TEM-1 and OXA-1 enzyme and did not work against Type Ib, TEM-2 and Type IV beta-lactamase . In investigations using the biophotometer it could be demonstrated that the beta-lactamase inhibitor and the penicillin should be given simultaneously in order to obtain an optimal synergistic effect.

Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 1982 May 30, 58(10), 625 - 31
{The morphology of amphibian skins: comparison between some species in different natural habitats}; Bani G; A comparison in the morphology of the skin in different species of Amphibians has been performed in this note . Species examined had different natural habitat: some of them were closely dependent on a watery environment (Proteus anguinus, Triturus cristatus, Rana esculenta and R . graeca), whereas others were more or less adapted to life on land (Rana dalmatina, Salamandra salamandra, Bufo bufo, B . viridis and Hyla arborea) . Structural patterns of both epidermis and derm varied from species to species; namely differences in the thickness of both epidermis and loose and compact layers of the derm have been found, as well as variations in the keratinization processes . Such findings reveal in each species distinctive features of the skin, related to either a watery or to a water-free environment.

J Bacteriol, 1982 May, 150(2), 956 - 9
Scanning electron microscope observation of the swarming phenomenon of Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Belas MR et al.; Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the production of lateral flagella and the swarming phenomenon in Vibrio parahaemolyticus . Differences in the size and diameter of the sheathed, polar flagellum and lateral flagella were apparent in these preparations . Swarming of V . parahaemolyticus was found to be similar to the swarming of Proteus spp . in that swarm cells which are heavily flagellated and elongated are formed.

Z Naturforsch {C}, 1982 May-Jun, 37(5-6), 381 - 4
Purification and properties of glucosaminephosphate isomerase of Proteus mirabilis; Cifuentes B et al.; A glucosamine-P isomerase has been identified in Proteus mirabilis . The 113-fold purified enzyme exhibits a pH optimum of 7.5 with a secondary maximum at 8.5 and a temperature optimum at 37 degrees C . The apparent Km was 13.3 mM for fructose-6-P and 18.8 mM for L-glutamine . Molecular weight of the enzyme has been estimated as 120 000 and the protein can be dissociated in four subunits by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis.

Urologe A, 1982 May, 21(3), 133 - 6
{Urolithiasis in childhood}; Joost J et al.; Our experience with 95 pediatric stone patients in the years 1960-1979 is presented . 2/3 of all stones were diagnosed in the pre-school age . Leading symptoms were infection, hematuria and abdominal pain . 52% of the stones were composed of phosphate . 87.5% of the children up to the age of 6 had urinary tract infection . Phosphate stones were mostly accompanied by urea-splitting organisms . An underlying cause for the stone formation could be found in 62% (urodynamic disturbances 32%, metabolic derangements 21%, proteus infection 8%, foreign body 1%) . In 76% of the children the stones had to be removed surgically . The recurrence rate was 22% in 6.2 years . From our experience we recommend to use only a crystallographic stone analysis, to perform an exact metabolic check-up and a long term follow-up of the children.

J Clin Microbiol, 1982 May, 15(5), 954 - 8
In vitro evaluation of CENTA, a new beta-lactamase-susceptible chromogenic cephalosporin reagent; Jones RN et al.; CENTA is a newly synthesized, beta-lactamase-labile, chromogenic cephalosporin reagent which changes color from light yellow (lambda maximum ca . 340 nm) to chrome yellow (lambda maximum ca . 405 nm) concomitant with hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring . This compound offers promise as a diagnostic reagent comparable to other chromogens (PADAC and nitrocefin) for the early detection of beta-lactamase-producing clinical isolates, while retaining some antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and non-enterococcal Streptococcus spp . CENTA is relatively unaffected by commonly used microbiological media and human serum.

J Natl Cancer Inst, 1982 May, 68(5), 779 - 83
Mitogen-induced blastogenesis and receptor mobility inhibition by breast cancer serum with elevated orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein) levels; Cheresh DA et al.; Sera from cancer patients have been shown to suppress normal lymphoid cell responsiveness in vitro . In the present study, sera from breast cancer patients were demonstrated to be inhibitory to the concanavalin A (Con A)-, Proteus vulgaris-derived phytohemagglutinin-, and pokeweed mitogen-induced blastogenic responses of normal lymphoid cells . Orosomucoid (OR) (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein), an acute-phase reactant, was elevated in these sera, and a positive correlation existed between the OR level in the sera and its immunosuppressive capacity . When normal lymphoid cells were reached in fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Con A, cells that had been preincubated in breast cancer sera known to contain an elevated level of OR showed a significant decrease in Con A receptor mobility as compared to the receptor mobility of the same lymphoid cells preincubated in normal sera . Thus a component(s) from the sera of the breast cancer patients had the capacity to inhibit lymphocyte activation . This inhibition might have resulted from an interaction of OR with the membrane.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 May, 35(5), 1153 - 62
{Laboratory and clinical investigations of cefotiam in surgical biliary tract infections}; Oikawa M et al.; Laboratory and clinical comparative investigations with cefotiam (CTM) and cefazolin (CEZ) were performed to confirm efficacy and safety in surgical, biliary tract infections . The following results were obtained . 1) The MICs of CTM against organisms, 20 strains, which were isolated from bile of patients with cholecystitis, were studied, especially those of CTM against E . coli and Klebsiella were 0.2 - greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml and 0.1--12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively, considerably lower than those of CEZ . And moreover against CEZ-resistant Proteus morganii and Serratia marcescens, CTM showed potent activities, that is, MIC values, 12.5--50 micrograms/ml and 0.78 microgram/ml, respectively . 2) In cholecystectomized patients, 2 grams of CTM was injected intravenously, followed by determination of bile concentration in gallbladder, common bile duct and concentration of gallbladder and liver tissue about 2 hours after administration . The mean bile concentrations of CTM in gallbladder and common bile duct were 1,213.2 micrograms/ml and 1,287.8 micrograms/ml, respectively . The peak concentration of CTM was 2,919.0 micrograms/ml . The mean concentrations of CTM in gallbladder and liver tissue were 28.5 micrograms/g and 45.7 micrograms/g, respectively . On the other hand, the mean bile concentrations of CEZ in gallbladder and common bile duct were 138.7 micrograms/ml and 128.8 micrograms/ml, respectively . 3) Bile concentrations of CTM was compared with those of CEZ by crossover method . The concentration of CTM was 37.7 micrograms/ml even at 5 or 6 hours after 2 grams intravenously administration . CTM showed extremely higher concentration than CEZ in bile . 4) The clinical effect was studied in 6 cases of surgical, biliary tract infections . The results were excellent in 2 cases, good in 3 cases and poor in 1 case, and the clinical efficacy was 83% . 5) CTM was administered to 6 patients who showed negative to intracutaneous reaction test . Nausea, itching, and eruption were observed in each 1 case after intravenously administration of CTM 2 g, however these adverse reactions disappeared within several hours . Throughout the course of treatment, any unusual laboratory findings related to CTM were not observed.

J Bacteriol, 1982 May, 150(2), 900 - 4
Changes in the organization of the outer membrane of Proteus mirabilis during swarming: freeze-fracture structure and membrane fluidity analysis; Armitage JP; Freeze-fracture studies of short, nonswarming Proteus mirabilis revealed the characteristic gram-negative profile of fractured inner membrane with densely packed particles and sectioned outer membrane with little or no fracture plane . Long swarming cells, however, fractured easily along both the inner membrane and a second membrane, probably the outer membrane . The inner membrane had a typical profile, whereas the outer membrane had fewer but more prominent particles . Isolation and purification of the inner and outer membranes of the short and long bacteria and examination of them with electron paramagnetic resonance measurements after spinlabeling supported the above observations . The outer membrane of swarmer cells allowed higher mobility of the spin label than did the outer membrane of the nonswarming short cells, which showed a typical rigid profile . These results suggest that regions of lipid bilayer appear in the outer membrane during swarmer formation . Previous observation of the behavior and biochemistry of P . mirabilis during swarming are discussed in light of these results.

J Immunol, 1982 May, 128(5), 1950 - 4
Lipopolysaccharide receptor on rabbit peritoneal macrophages . I . Binding characteristics; Haeffner-Cavaillon N et al.; The Bordetella pertussis endotoxin, labeled with tritium ((3H)-LPS), bound irreversibly and nonspecifically to rabbit lung macrophages, but bound reversibly and specifically to both resident and elicited rabbit peritoneal macrophages . The specific binding capacity of the macrophages was saturated with about 3 X 10(4) LPS molecules per cell . The binding was inhibited with the homologous unlabeled endotoxin, but not at all with endotoxin from Proteus mirabilis, thus assessing ligand specificity . Endotoxins from other bacteria gave intermediate inhibition value . Binding of tritium-labeled pertussis endotoxin was significantly inhibited by one of the two polysaccharides (PS-1) present in this endotoxin, but neither the other polysaccharide (PS-2) nor the Lipid A fragment exhibited such activity . These results strongly suggest the presence of a lectin-like receptor for LPS on the membrane of rabbit peritoneal macrophages.

Antibiotiki, 1982 May, 27(5), 349 - 52
{Clinical and experimental study of dioxidine . Its antibacterial action}; Bekbergenov BM et al.; The effect of dioxidine on the growth of freshly isolated clinical strains of microorganisms with various levels of resistance to antibiotics was studied . It was shown that strains of Ps.aeruginosa not resistant to carbenicillin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid were most sensitive to the drug . Similar correlation was found in Proteus strains with various levels of resistance to chloramphenicol . Sensitivity of these organisms to dioxidine did not depend on their resistance to gentamicin, ampicillin and neomycin . The antibacterial effect of the drug is based on inhibition of the synthesis of nucleic acids, the level of DNA synthesis inhibition being the highest . Dioxidine had practically no effect on protein synthesis.

Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1982 Apr 30, 94(9), 235 - 40
{Bacterial nosocomial infections in urology: nosocomial urinary tract infections}; Porpaczy P et al.; The range and extent of infections acquired in hospitals depend firstly on the organisms occurring in the hospital concerned, secondly on the incidence of transmission, depending on the standard of hygiene in the hospital and, finally, on the resistance of the patient . In the past decades changes have taken place in the sphere of all three factors with a resultant unfavourable increase in nosocomial infections . Reasons for this development are found in the widespread, massive and often irrational administration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents (leading to selective resistance of hospital bacteria), in neglect of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis and also in an increased disposition of patients towards hospital infections . About 50% of all nosocomial infections affect the urinary tract and 70% of these cases are caused by catheterization of the bladder . Special attention must be paid to correct technique in placing the catheter and in deviating the urine (closed drainage systems) . The incidence of nosocomial urinary tract infections and the species of organisms involved have been favourably influenced by a new antibiotic regimen, as well as improved hygienic measures in the Urological Department of the Allgemeine Poliklinik der Stadt Wien (reduction in the mean postoperative infection rate following adenomectomy from 90 to 40%; decrease in typical hospital organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa from over 50 to below 10% and in indole-positive Proteus strains from 25 to below 5%).

Avian Dis, 1982 Apr-Jun, 26(2), 234 - 44
Isolation of salmonella and some other potential pathogens from two chicken breeding farms in Saudi Arabia; Barbour EK et al.; Different salmonella serotypes were recovered from various sources in meat (A) and layer (B) poultry-breeder farms of Saudi Arabia . On farm A, salmonella were recovered from intestines of poultry breeders (7.41%), inshelled chicken embryos (2.87%), day-old chicks (19.23%), and mice (21.43%) . Salmonellae in shell contents and on shell surfaces of hatching eggs contaminated the same percentage of eggs (1.24%), and litter and feed contaminations were 4.0% and 1.67%, respectively . On farm B, salmonella were recovered from intestines of poultry breeders (27.59%), mice intestines (15.0%), shells of hatching eggs (2.48%), hatching egg contents (0.35%), litter (33.33%), and feed (5.0%) . No salmonella were recovered from intestines of inshelled chick embryos or day-old chicks on farm B . The total number of salmonella serotypes isolated from both farms was 14, and the serotypes common to both farms were Salmonella concord and S . livingstone . Salmonella contamination of shells of hatching eggs, pooled from both farms, was higher for dirty floor eggs than for clean eggs collected from floors and nests . The percentages of hatching eggs penetrated by bacteria other than salmonella on farms A and B, respectively, were: dirty floor eggs (25.53%, 22.83%), clean floor eggs (2.67%, 2.06%) and clean nest eggs (0.00%, 1.08%) . The bacterial flora isolated from egg contents of unincubated hatching eggs (in decreasing order of frequency) were Staphylococcus, coliforms, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Salmonella, and Proteus.

Chem Biol Interact, 1982 Apr, 39(3), 339 - 50
Activity of organophosphorus insecticides in bacterial tests for mutagenicity and DNA repair--direct alkylation vs . metabolic activation and breakdown . I . Butonate, vinylbutonate, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, demethyl dichlorvos and demethyl vinylbutonate; Braun R et al.; The following organophosphates were tested for their ability to induce DNA damage in a rec-type repair test with Proteus mirabilis strains PG713 (rec- hcr-) and PG273 (wild type) and point mutations in his- strain TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium--butonate: O,O-dimethyl-(1-n-butyryloxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate; vinylbutonate: O,O-dimethyl-(n-butyryloxy-2,2-dichlorovinyl)-phosphonate; trichlorfon: O,O-dimethyl-(1-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-phosphonate; dichlorvos: O,O-dimethyl-O-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-phosphate; the demethylated derivatives--demethyldichlorvos: O-methyl-O-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-phosphoric acid; demethyl vinylbutonate: O-methyl-(1-n-butyryloxy-2,2-dichlorovinyl)phosphonic acid . Of the six compounds tested, dichlorvos and trichlorfon induced base pair substitutions and DNA damage . No mutagenicity and DNA damage were found in experiments with butonate, vinylbutonate, demethyl vinylbutonate and demethyl dichlorvos . Genotoxic activity for dichlorvos and the absence of both mutagenic and RNA damaging properties for its non-alkylating demethyl derivative favors the hypothesis that alkylation of DNA is the essential step for mutation induction by this organophosphate . Furthermore, the absence of genetic effects after treatment with vinylbutonate and demethyl dichlorvos does not support a crucial role of vinyl or allyl groups in side chains of organophosphates for genetic activity . Microsomal enzymes decreased genetic activity of dichlorvos and trichlorfon in vitro . No evidence for a role of metabolic activation in the mutagenic activity of any of these compounds was found.

Isr J Med Sci, 1982 Apr, 18(4), 469 - 73
Screening of urinary pathogens obtained from catheterized patients for mannose-specific lectin: clinical implications; Rubinstein E et al.; The adherence of bacteria to the uroepithelium is mediated partially by a lectin present on the bacterial surface and can be blocked by mannose derivatives . The presence of the bacterial lectin was sought in the urine of 170 catheterized patients . Sixty-one percent of the isolated Escherichia coli, 55% of the isolated Klebsiella sp . and 11% of the isolated Proteus sp . agglutinated yeast cells and thus had lectin on their surfaces . In most instances the agglutination could be blocked by mannose . Lectin-bearing E . coli were significantly more sensitive to cephalothin and sulfamexazole-trimethoprim than the other isolates, and they were isolated from the urine of patients who were catheterized for shorter periods of time (mean 4.0 days) and who had not received antibiotics or short antibiotic courses.

South Med J, 1982 Apr, 75(4), 509 - 10
Purulent pericarditis complicating coronary artery bypass; Rotstein C et al.; We have described the first survivor with Proteus purulent pericarditis after coronary artery bypass . Purulent pericarditis, which must be differentiated from postpericardiotomy syndrome, should be suspected in a patient with fever and pericardial effusion after bypass surgery . Pericardiocentesis established the diagnosis of purulent pericarditis . Today, with prophylactic antibiotics being used routinely, purulent pericarditis in the postoperative period may be caused by an aerobic gram-negative bacillus . Treatment consists of surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotics.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Apr, 35(4), 1068 - 71
{Transportation of cefotiam from serum to cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)}; Tokuriki Y et al.; Cefotiam (1 g) was administered by one-shot intravenous injection to the patients proceeding a brain surgery . The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were taken as a specimen, and the concentration CTM was assayed by agar-well method using Proteus mirabilis ATCC 21100 . The most high concentration of CTM was 2,273 micrograms/ml in serum, and 2.3 micrograms/ml in CSF, respectively . The concentration of CTM in serum, CSF, and CSF/serum ration were determined at the indicated time . It appears likely that CTM can pass into CSF more easily than other cephalosporins.

Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 1982 Mar 20, 112(12), 404 - 10
{Multicenter study on the status of antibiotic and chemotherapy resistance in Switzerland 1979}; Vischer WA et al.; In 1979 a three-month multicentre study of resistance of bacteria isolated from humans and animals was carried out in Switzerland with the participation of 22 institutes and laboratories . A total of 23,852 antibiograms were evaluated concerning the following bacteria: Escherichia coi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella sp., Serratia marcescens, Proteus (indole-negative), Proteus (indole-positive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterococci (streptococci of Group D) . 95.5% of the strains were isolated from human material, almost half being isolated from urine . The remaining 4.5% were obtained from animal material, more than half being isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis . Although the various institutes and laboratories did not use a uniform, standardized method, the results are closely in line with those of similar studies carried out earlier in Switzerland, Germany, Austria and the USA . No pronounced trend in the direction of increased resistance is observable.

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1982 Mar 13, 284(6318), 782 - 4
Trimethoprim resistance in hospitals; Huovinen P et al.; During November 1980 to April 1981, 1561 urinary tract pathogens were collected from Turku City Hospital, Turku University Central Hospital, and Kuopio University Central Hospital . Resistance of the strains was tested by agar-plate dilution against trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin . Resistance to trimethoprim (greater than 8 mg/l) occurred in 8.6-12.2% of strains from the university hospitals (Pseudomonas excluded) and 38.3% of strains from Turku City Hospital . Resistance of Escherichia coli occurred in 4.1-6.2% of strains from the university hospitals and 21% of strains from Turku City Hospital . Proteus mirabilis was the most resistant of the clinically important bacterial species with resistance to trimethoprim in 29-78% . Attention is called for in defining the type of hospital used for a particular study: bacterial resistance in different hospitals cannot be compared direct and one hospital is not necessarily representative for a whole country . After seven years' use of plain trimethoprim the prevalence of resistance in the two university hospitals in Finland was similar to that in a London hospital just before plain trimethoprim was registered for use in Britain.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Mar, 35(3), 789 - 93
{Clinical report of an aged patient with lung abscess who show an excellent response after long-term administration of amikacin (author's transl)}; Yamaguchi T; The patient we report here is a 71 year-old female . After hospitalization, she had clouding of consciousness as an accompanying symptom of DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) complicated by septicemia . Her clouding of consciousness caused aspiration pneumonia which developed into pulmonary abscess . Furthermore, she had a large decubital ulcer on the gluteal region . Sputum cultures revealed P . aeruginosa, Serratia and Klebsiella and those from decubital pus grew Proteus, showing to be a mixed infection due to Gram-negative bacilli which brings on medical discussion at present . To the patient, repeated intramuscular AMK was administered at a daily dose of 200 mg (Duration: 124 days, Total amount: 24,800 mg) . Chest X-P showed a marked improvement . Similarly, the large decubital ulcer was improved . No side-effects were observed in the kidney and eighth nerve though she was a patient with the advanced age of 71 . It is thought, therefore, that patients can tolerate long-term treatment with AMK.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Mar, 27(3), 191 - 5
{Comparative efficacy of prodigiozan and levamisole during allotransplantation}; Alekhin EK; Experiments with skin allotransplantation on mice showed that 2-fold administration of prodigiozan in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg increased inhibition of transplantation immunity induced by 5-fold administration of prednisolone (50 mg/kg) or its combination in a dose of 30 mg/kg with azathioprin (25 mg/kg) . An increase in the resistance of the mice used as the recipients to staphylococcal infection was observed simultaneously . Prodigiozan also lowered development of local infection caused by Proteus vulgaris in the recipients treated with the combination of prednisolone and azathioprin . When azathioprin was administered intraperitoneally 5 times in a dose of 60 mg/kg, the effect of prodigiozan on the transplant survival and animal resistance to infection was not observed . Under the same conditions levamisol in doses of 2.5 mg/kg (per os, 5 times) and 20 mg/kg (intraperitoneally, 10 times) lowered the effect of the immunodepressants within the period of the allotransplant life and slightly increased resistance of the animals to infection.

Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg), 1982 Mar, 61(3), 120 - 3
{Bacteria in the middle ear and nasopharynx in patients with chronic otitis media}; Ojala K et al.; The pre- and postoperative aural and postoperative nasopharyngeal bacteriology of 104 ears (100 patients), still moist or discharging after surgery, were studied . Preoperatively aural and postoperatively dry ears (83 patients) of reference group were registered as well . All ears had been operated on radically with obliterative technique as described by Palva (1963, 1973) because of chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma . The preoperative bacteriology of the postoperatively moist or discharging cars did not differ statistically from that of the ears in the reference group . The same bacteria were detected pre- and postoperatively in the same ears in 44.1% of the ears in the former group and this situation was noticed highly significantly often regarding Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p less than 0.001) and almost significantly often regarding Proteus sp . (p less than 0.05) . The postoperative nasopharyngeal bacteriology of the two groups mentioned did not differ statistically and only in six out of 100 cases the same pathogenic bacteria could be simultaneously cultured in the postoperatively moist or discharging ear and nasopharynx of the same patient.

Jpn J Antibiot, 1982 Mar, 35(3), 812 - 20
{Sensitivity to second-generation cephem agents of clinically isolated strains of bacteria in otorhinolaryngological field (author's transl)}; Deguchi K et al.; Clinically isolated 741 strains of 10 bacterial genus (except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which are frequent causal pathogens of infection in the otorhinolaryngological field were examined for their sensitivity to second-generation cephem agents, CTM, CXM and CMZ using the first-generation agent, CEZ, as a control . 1) The antibacterial activity of CTM, CXM, and CMZ was expanded to H . influenzae and Proteus spp . (indole positive) as compared with the first-generation agent, CEZ . CTM and CXM and strong antibacterial activity against H . influenzae . CMZ was slightly inferior to them in this activity . In contrast, against Proteus spp . (indole positive) CMZ was most effective and CTM was more effective than CXM . 2) The proportion of strains of S . aureus resistant to CEPs was 6.5% in CEZ, 4.8% in CTM, 8.1% in CXM, and as low as 1.6% in CMZ.

Nouv Presse Med, 1982 Feb 4, 11(5 Pt 2), 332 - 4
{Curative action of mezlocillin on experimental infections in mice (author's transl)}; Cremieux A et al.; The curative action of mezlocillin on 10 severe experimental infections in mice was determined and expressed as effective dose 50 (ED50) . The ED50 against infections produced by 5 strains of Gram-positive bacteria was distinctly lower than the ED50 against infections produced by 5 strains of Gram-negative bacteria . Infections due to Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the least susceptible to mezlocillin . The determination of MICs and MBCs of mezlocillin against the strains used in the experiments showed a linear relationship between MBC and ED50 for Listeria spp., E . coli spp., S . typhimurium and Pr . mirabilis . For strains of 3 species (S . pyogenes, S . pneumoniae and E . insidiosa) with very low MBCs, the ED50 was related to virulence . The diversity of the results shows that various types of experimental infections should be used when testing an antibiotic.

J Med Microbiol, 1982 Feb, 15(1), 31 - 42
Colonial variants of proteus species: their growth requirements, biochemical characters and resistance to antibacterial agents; Klemperer RM et al.; Stable small-colony variants of Proteus species were isolated and characterised . They differed from typical organisms in their morphology, biochemical properties and drug resistance . They were found most frequently in culture media of low osmolarity . Their growth rate was depressed at high concentrations of salts, which had only a small effect on typical organisms . This may be important in the routine isolation of proteus spp . and in testing of disinfectants.

J Immunol, 1982 Feb, 128(2), 600 - 7
Clonotypes of anti-phosphocholine antibodies induced with Proteus morganii (Potter) . II . Heterogeneity, class, and idiotypic analyses of the repertoires in BALB/c and A/HeJ mice; Williams KR et al.; The heterogeneity of the PC-specific IgG response of Proteus morganii (Potter) was systematically analyzed . Serum samples from individual mice were focused in paired adjacent tracks, PC-specific antibodies were detected with 125I-PC-RNase, and the resulting autoradiographs were examined for co-focusing bands . Both the number of different antibody band groups and their frequency of expression were determined . Varying qualitatively from simple to complex, the spectrotypes of 38 BALB/c and 19 A/HeJ each appeared unique . However, after thorough analysis for co-focusing bands . It was evident that each spectrotype reflected a unique combination of shared band groups rather than numerous uniquely focusing band groups . The responses of A/HeJ and BALB/c showed striking similarities qualitatively in the appearance of individual spectrotypes . The heterogeneity of the two strains was also similar quantitatively . The basis for this finite though complex heterogeneity was examined by in situ subclass analysis after IEF and idiotype analysis of IEF bands by using antibodies purified from individual BALB/c and A/HeJ . Each mouse primarily expressed IgG3, and antibody bands of this subclass ranged from pI of 6.75 to 8.2 . IgG1-positive bands ranged from pI of 6 to 7 . Minimal amounts of IgG2 and IgM were detected . In comparisons of individual mice, there was more heterogeneity apparent in the IgG3 subclass than in the IgG1 . The idiotype, IdX-M603, was found in both subclasses and also in multiple band groups focusing at different positions within each subgroup . Possible explanations for this heterogeneity among these idiotypically related antibodies are discussed.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982 Feb, 21(2), 201 - 3
Experimental infections for the evaluation of beta-lactamase resistance; Xerri L et al.; The antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of the beta-lactamase-stable cephalosporin cefuroxime and the gram-negative beta-lactamase-susceptible cephalosporin cefazolin were compared in two contrasting infection models in which Proteus morganii 82, which produces chromosomally mediated beta-lactamase, was the pathogen . In the rat paw model, characterized by high numbers of localized bacteria, cefazolin was destroyed at the site of infection and consequently did not produce a therapeutic response . In the mouse intraperitoneal model cefazolin was also inactive, despite peritoneal concentrations being unaffected by high counts of the beta-lactamase-producing P . morganii in the body cavity . In contrast the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime was unaffected by the presence of the beta-lactamase-producing P . morganii, and good therapeutic responses were seen in both models.

Am J Ophthalmol, 1982 Feb, 93(2), 218 - 23
Postoperative pseudophakic bacterial endophthalmitis; Zaidman GW et al.; Five patients who had postoperative pseudophakic bacterial endophthalmitis were treated with topical, periocular, and systemic antibiotics . Four patients also received intravitreal antibiotics and oral corticosteroids . The causative organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, S . aureus, and Proteus mirabilis . Final visual acuities ranged from 6/7.5 (20/25) to no light perception . Response to treatment and final visual acuity did not appear to be related to retention or removal of the intraocular lens.

Urologe A, 1982 Jan, 21(1), 45 - 8
{Conservative treatment of staghorn and residual calculi (author's transl)}; Burchardt P; We report about 20 inoperable patients with staghorn calculi or residual stones following previous surgery . Follow up to seven years revealed that most were accompanied by gram-negative bacteria (mainly proteus species) . All patients received stone prophylaxis regularly (allopurinol, vitamin B 6, KCl, cellulose phosphate) . Antibiotics were administered only for short durations . In no case we did observe any serious complications, in only two patients stones increased in size, but one of them was later diagnosed to have hyperparathyroidism.

Cell Tissue Res, 1982, 221(3), 505 - 19
Spatial organization and fine structure of the cortical filament layer in normal locomoting Amoeba proteus; Stockem W et al.; The fine structural organization of a cortical filament layer in normal locomoting Amoeba proteus was demonstrated using improved fixation and embedding techniques . Best results were obtained after application of PIPES-buffered glutaraldehyde in connection with substances known to prevent the depolymerization of F-actin, followed by careful dehydration and freeze-substitution . The filament layer is continuous along the entire surface; it exhibits a varying thickness depending on the cell polarity, measuring several nm in advancing regions and 0.5-1 micron in retracting ones . Two different types of filaments are responsible for the construction of the layer: randomly distributed thin (actin) filaments forming an unordered meshwork beneath the plasma membrane, and thick (myosin) filaments mostly restricted to the uroid region in close association with F-actin . The cortical filament layer generates the motive force for amoeboid movement by contraction at posterior cell regions and induces a pressure flow that continues between the uroid with a high hydrostatic pressure and advancing pseudopodia with low one . The local destabilization of the cell surface as a precondition for the formation of pseudopodia is enabled by the detachment of the cortical filament layer from the plasma membrane . This results in morphological changes by the active separation of peripheral hyaloplasmic and central granuloplasmic regions.

Probl Med Wieku Rozwoj, 1982, 11, 65 - 81
{Metabolic etiology of urinary calculi in children}; Golabek B; The analysed material includes 100 children with urolithiasis treated in the Pediatric Clinic of the National Research Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw between 1976 and 1978 . Patients' age was from 3 months to 18 years . The analysed group included 51 boys and 49 girls . Urinary tract infection was found in 54 cases, i.e . 57,4% of the analysed material . The most common bacterial strains were those producing urease . They were detected in 48 children i.e . 88,9% of cases with urinary tract infection . Mostly these were bacteria of Proteus group--sporadically Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus albus . In the analysed patients urinary tract obstruction was observed in 36 children, i.e . 36% of cases . In 77% of the analysed material, localization of concrements was in upper urinary tract in 19% in the ureters and in 4% in the lover urinary tract . While in adult patients the most common compound of urinary stones was calcium oxalate, in children the most common stone compounds were phosphates (found in 38 cases i.e . 58,4% of the analysed material) . The second frequent compound was oxalate found in 20 cases (30,7%) . Less frequent compounds were uric acid and cystine . Performed study allowed to establish the cause of urolithiasis in 93 out of 100 examined children . Metabolic reasons of urolithiasis were found in 26 cases, i.e . 26% of the analysed material . They were as follows: idiopathic hypercalciuria--12 cases, uric acid urolithiasis--8 cases, primary hyperoxaluria--3 cases, cystinuria--2 cases, and incomplete acidosis of distal renal tubuli--1 case . Urolithiasis of probably metabolic origin was detected in 13 children (13%) . Other reasons of urolithiasis in children were: infection (31%), idiopathic urolithiasis (17%) and others (6%) . In 7 cases the reason of urolithiasis was not established.

Cell Tissue Res, 1982, 227(1), 129 - 37
Correlation of mitochondrial form and function in vivo: microinjection of substrate and nucleotides; Ord MJ et al.; Microinjection of adenine nucleotides and substrates into the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus followed by EM examination has been used in an attempt to relate alterations in mitochondrial morphology with functional changes . Contracted mitochondria with dark matrix and wide cristae (Type I), and expanded mitochondria with light matrix and narrower cristae (Type II) coexist in normal active amoebae, but their numbers can be varied according to different cell activity states . Following injection of ATP, the mitochondria of the amoebae showed a time-dependent movement towards a predominately Type II form, whilst injections of ADP produced predominately the Type I form . Injection of succinate or deionised water, even in large amounts, had little effect on the numbers of Type I and Type II forms . The change induced by ATP was of long duration; that induced by ADP was influenced by both concentration injected and the cell's substrate levels . With 3 mM solutions of ADP the mitochondrial population was primarily of Type I organelles; higher ADP concentrations or the simultaneous injection of succinate, however, resulted in a switch with time to increased proportions of Type II mitochondria . The results extend the findings of previous in vivo and in vitro mitochondrial studies and are discussed in the light of these.

Antibiotiki, 1982, 27(9), 697 - 701
{Effectiveness of using cefuroxime in the obstetrics and gynecology clinic}; Voropaeva SD et al.; The clinical trials of cefuroxim in the treatment of patients with various postnatal diseases and postoperative complications caused by Staph . aureus, E . coli, Klebsiella or Proteus showed its high efficacy . No adverse reactions of the drug were observed in any of 24 patients . The drug was rapidly absorbed on its intramuscular administration . Its therapeutic concentrations in the blood, milk and urine persisted for 8 hours after a single administration . Cefuroxim may be recommended for the treatment of patients with moderately severe infections . The single dose is 750 mg administered every 8 hours . However, in patients with severe postoperative complications cefuroxim should be used in combination with antibiotics preventing directed selection of the microorganisms resistant to cefuroxim (nonsporulating anaerobic bacteria, Ps . aeruginosa).

Vet Med Nauki, 1982, 19(3), 78 - 83
{Preventive measures in the use of chicken bedding in lamb fattening}; Simov P et al.; Investigations were carried out on the composition and some properties of the manure bedding from poultry-dressing combines as well as of the complete ration offered together with some beding . High variability of the indices was established so far as the nutrient value and the contamination with occasionally pathogenic bacteria (coli, proteus, and others) and moulds were concerned . No obligatorily pathogenic bacteria and mycotoxins were established . The reasons for illness and culling of lambs fattened with such feed were shown to be associated with the status of the urinary system in the first place . The presence of fungi and bacteria in meals of deep bedding from poultry houses and the occasional presence of chemical compounds in the meat of the fattened animals have made necessary further profound studies aimed at completely elucidating their effect on the health of ruminant animals and the quality of the meat obtained.

Jugosl Ginekol Opstet, 1982 Jan-Apr, 22(1-2), 13 - 6
{The frequency of bacteriuria in pregnancy}; Zadjelovic J et al.; The authors present the results of a bacteriological urine analysis of 1774 pregnant women controlled in the Gynecological Dispensary Pescenica in Zagreb . In 2824 examined urine specimens sterile urinocultures were found in 67.6% and bacteriuria in 32.4% . Significant findings of bacteriuria were recorded in 10.5% and insignificant ones in 21.9% of the specimens . The most common bacteria were E . coli (45.24%), then Staphylococcus albus epidermidis (17.4%), Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus (14.64%), Proteus mirabilis (9.39%), and Enterococcus (5.24%) . Urine specimens were taken by the dip slide method . A rather high percentage of significant asymptomatic bacteriurias (10.5%) suggests the early detection and therapy in urinary infections as the best prevention of pyelonephritis gravidarum and gestosis . A routine bacteriological urine analysis in pregnant women should be one of the factors included in prenatal care.

Comp Biochem Physiol B, 1982, 72(4), 641 - 5
Studies of the DNA of Amoeba proteus and Amoeba indica; Friz CT; 1 . The G + C content of the DNAs of Amoeba proteus and Amoeba indica was determined by buoyant density gradient centrifugation . 2 . Generally, different clones of the same strains did not differ in the G + C content of their main DNA or their satellite DNA . 3 . The G + C content of the main DNA of the TD and XD strains of A . proteus were the same (25.3 and 29.3% respectively) as were the G + C contents of the satellite DNA (54.7 and 61.8% respectively) . 4 . The main and satellite DNAs are reversed for the F strain of A . proteus and the I strain of A . indica; the G + C contents of the main DNA being 57.4 and 59.8% respectively and those of the satellite DNA being 23.5 and 28.4% respectively . 5 . The heterologous hybrids produced by nuclear transplantation between the A strain of A . proteus and the I strain of A . indica have the same G + C content in their main and satellite DNAs as do their cytoplasmic parents . 6 . The data suggest that the occurrence of phenotypic variations does not necessarily mean an alteration in the G + C content of either main or satellite DNA . 7 . There is also evidence that the G + C content of these DNAs in under cytoplasmic control.

J Chronic Dis, 1982, 35(10), 781 - 6
Bacterial infections in a hospital-based skilled nursing facility; Gambert SR et al.; The incidence of bacterial infections occurring in 132 residents in a Veterans Administration hospital-based nursing home care unit (VA NHCU) was studied retrospectively over a 1 yr period . There were a total of 35 non-Foley-catheter-related bacterial infections documented during this time, occurring in 21 residents . Of these infections, 14 were pulmonary, 18 urinary and 3 of the integument . Of the 23 residents having indwelling urinary catheters, 47.8% became clinically symptomatic due to a urinary infection at least one time during the year . Thirty-six per cent of these infections were due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 48% were due to E . coli and Proteus mirabilis . Eighteen of 23 residents (78.3%) with Foley catheters had more than one predominant organism cultured from their urine during the year, making the practice of monthly cultures not very useful in considering treatment . If one grouped all urinary tract infections on the NHCU, the major pathogens were Pseudomonas (19.5%), Klebsiella (17.1%) . Proteus (17.1%) and E . coli (14.6%) . Documented pulmonary infections were predominantly due to Streptococcus pneumonia (50.0%) and Hemophilus influenza (35.7%) . Our data suggest that the location of the institutional setting must be considered in caring for the elderly resident in a skilled nursing facility . Future plans to establish hospital based nursing home units must consider the benefits resulting from easy access to acute health care and educational programs against problems of hospital bacterial flora.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1982, 22(3), 281 - 4
Effect of urinary acidifiers on formaldehyde concentration and efficacy with methenamine therapy; Nahata MC et al.; Twenty-seven patients with indwelling urinary catheters and chronic bacteriuria were studied for methenamine efficacy . In a crossover fashion, each patient received methenamine mandelate granules 4 g/day alone, with ascorbic acid 4 g/day, and with ascorbic acid 4 g/day plus cranberry cocktail one 1/day . Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E . coli were the common pathogens . Urinary acidifiers had no significant effect on mean urine pH, however, high urinary formaldehyde concentrations were associated with the use of ascorbic acid . Bacteriocidal formaldehyde levels were more frequently present in patients with acidic urine pH than those with alkaline pH . Although ascorbic acid increased formaldehyde levels, additional cranberry cocktail had no further effect . Despite higher formaldehyde levels, urine culture results were positive in most cases with or without urine acidification . Methenamine therapy may be of limited value in asymptomatic chronic bacteriuric patients with indwelling catheters.

Mol Gen Genet, 1982, 185(3), 481 - 6
Interspecies recA protein substitution in Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis; Eitner G et al.; With the help of recombinant plasmids carrying the recA gene of Escherichia coli or of Proteus mirabilis the ability of the recA gene products to substitute functionally for each other was studied . The recA protein of each can function in recombination, repair, induction of mutations and prophages and in regulation of its own synthesis within the foreign host nearly equally well as in the natural host . It is, therefore, suggested that recA-dependent processes act similarly in E . coli and P . mirabilis.

J Gen Microbiol, 1982 Jan, 128 (Pt 1), 177 - 84
Relationship between cyclopropane synthetase and the formation of cyclopropane fatty acids by Proteus vulgaris grown under various respiratory conditions; Jacques NA; In medium saturated with oxygen, the cyclopropane synthetase (unsaturated-phospholipid methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.16) of Proteus vulgaris was generally synthesized after the mid-exponential phase of growth . The enzyme could also be induced by rapidly limiting the oxygen supply, or by initiating respiration on nitrate or thiosulphate following an initial period of growth in a highly aerobic environment . In each of these 'step-down' situations the specific activity of cyclopropane synthetase rose to a maximum prior to the stationary phase of growth and subsequently decreased . The cyclopropane fatty acids, methylene hexadecanoic acid and methylene octadecanoic acid accumulated throughout exponential growth following the induction of the enzyme . During a 12 h period in the stationary phase there was little synthesis of either of the fatty acids, despite detectable cyclopropane synthetase activity in the cells, indicating that essentially all the fatty acid synthesis was complete prior to entering the stationary phase . When nitrate was used as a respiratory electron acceptors a twofold increase in octadecenoic acid was observed, giving rise to an increase in methylene octadecanoic acid . This increase in octadecanoic acid was not apparent in mutants unable to respire on nitrate.

J Biochem (Tokyo), 1982 Jan, 91(1), 19 - 24
The peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) of the Proteus mirabilis outer membrane: characterization of the peptidoglycan-associated region of PAL; Mizuno T et al.; The peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL) is present in the cell envelope in a form closely, but not covalently, associated with peptidoglycan in various Gram-negative bacteria . When the cell envelope or the isolated peptidoglycan-PAL complex from Proteus mirabilis, in which PAL maintains the interaction with peptidoglycan, was digested with trypsin, a polypeptide fragment with molecular weight 11,000 (11 K fragment) was obtained . However, when isolated PAL or the 11 K-fragment which had been dissociated from peptidoglycan was treated with trypsin, they were further digested . The 11 K-fragment maintained essentially the same tight interaction with peptidoglycan as intact PAL . These results indicate that the 11 K-fragment is probably derived from the peptidoglycan-associated region of the PAL molecule . The purified 11 K-fragment contained neither covalently-linked fatty acid nor glycerylcysteine, which are known to be present at the N-terminus of PAL . The N-terminal sequence of the 11 K-fragment was also determined.

Eur Urol, 1982, 8(2), 94 - 101
The problem of recurrences and infection after surgical removal of staghorn calculi; Martinez-Pineiro JA et al.; A series of 99 consecutively operated patients presenting staghorn stones has been reviewed to ascertain the factors implicated in recurrent calculogenesis . 71.7% of the calculi were infection stones; 50.7% harbored Proteus species bacteria and 33.8% Escherichia coli . Struvite stones were found in 57.6% followed at long distance (18.2%) by carbonate apatite, calcium oxalate (11.1%) and mixed (9.1%) stones . Postoperative assessment revealed 17% residual stones, which enhanced infection in 46.7% of these cases and regrew to form a new dendritic stone in 33.3%; 80% of these repeat stones were struvite . 31.5% of the patients initially freed of their calculi by the operation, had true recurrences, and 56.5% of them had resistant urinary infection, caused by Proteus or E . coli (50%-50%) . Progressive growth of the recurrent lithiasis occurred in 61.5% of the infected cases, while 87.5% of the recurrences occurring in patients with sterile urine remained stabilized . In the group of nonrecurring lithiasis (56.8%) only 16% had urinary infection . These results confirm the preponderant role played by infection in the pathogenesis of staghorn "malignant' lithiasis and move the authors to make a plea in favor of postoperative integrated therapy, including the use of long-term antibacterial agents and urease inhibitors.

Antibiotiki, 1982 Jan, 27(1), 65 - 9
{Increased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy with adaptogens in dysentery and Proteus infection in children}; Vereshchagin IA et al.; The course of the disease and the host immunological reactivity (IgA, IgM, IgG, CPhI, IgG and IgM antibody titers in the HIT, blood bactericidic properties) were studied in 258 children aged 0 to 14 year suffering from acute dysentery caused by Shigella sonnei and flexneri and enterocolitis of the Proteus etiology . 157 patients were treated with monomycin and kanamycin in combination with adaptogens, such as Eleuterococcus and Echinopanax elatum Nakai L . and 101 patients were treated with the antibiotics alone . It was shown that the use of the adaptogens decreased the periods of the diseases . It is concluded that adaptogens increase the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in children with dysentery and Proteus infection.

Dtsch Z Verdau Stoffwechselkr, 1982, 42(2-3), 70 - 8
Allergic syndrome in chronic cholecystitis and colitis, the efficiency of specific hyposensitivity with microbic allergen; Nogaller AM et al.; In more than 1000 patients with noncalculous cholecystitis, chronic colitis (nonulcerative, nonspecific ulcerative, Crohn's disease of the bowel) and with dyskinesia of intestine the participation of allergic components was investigated in the development and chronic duration of the diseases . More often was observed the sensibilization to bacteria of conditionally pathogenetic microflora (E . coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus, proteus) that was confirmed by positive skin tests, sensibilization of lymphocytes to microbic allergens, increase of the titer of microbic antibodies in blood . The sensibilization to tissue proteins and subcellular fractions (nucleus, mitochondrias, microsomes) was seldom observed . Autoimmune disorders appeared in patients with nonspecific ulcerative colitis by ascending doses of bacterial allergens of E . coli, proteus, staphylococcus, streptococcus . By means of the study of direct and remote results of specific immunotherapy there was established the dynamic of clinical and laboratory-instrumental indices of the patients state, and of immunologic tests, reflecting the nonspecific factors of defense, microbic and tissue allergy.

J Mal Vasc, 1982, 7(1), 3 - 6
{Inflammatory lesions of the aorta and its branches, Introduction and etiological aspects (excluding Takayasu's disease)(author's transl)}; Vayssairat M et al.; Acquired lesions of the aorta are not confined to atherosclerosis alone, and diagnostic, etiological, pathogenic, and therapeutic problems may be raised when confronted with less frequent infective or inflammatory processes . Syphilitic aortitis was for a long time considered to be the only infective lesion involving the aorta, but bacterial (mycotic) aneurysms were now known to exist . Many pathogenic agents may be involved: staphylococcus, Salmonella, pneumococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Brucella, more rarely KB, Rickettsia, or nematodes . Inflammatory causes have been recognized more recently, epidemiological and histological studies confirming their presence and the multiple etiologies involved: Horton's disease, rheumatic disorders, connective tissue diseases.

Arzneimittelforschung, 1982, 32(9), 1128 - 30
{Investigations on antibacterial activity of apalcillin}; Stille W et al.; In 201 clinical isolates the antibacterial activity of (2S,5R, 6R)-6-{(R)-2-(4-Hydroxy-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxamido) -2-phenylacetamido}-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo {3.2.0}heptane-2-carbonic acid (apalcillin, PC-904) a new semisynthetic broad spectrum penicillin, was tested . The activity was almost equal to piperacillin, the at present optimal penicillin derivative, but against pseudomonas apalcillin was clearly superior . Lack of activity as compared to the acylureidopenicillins was found in proteus species whilst its activity against E . coli and klebsiella species was higher . Antagonism was observed in pseudomonas aeruginosa for the combination of apalcillin and cefoxitin which also existed with azlocillin or piperacillin and cefoxitin.

Vet Med (Praha), 1982, 27(6), 363 - 70
{Advantages of using semi-solid agar medium for the isolation of Salmonellae}; Svastova A et al.; A method of salmonellae rapid isolation on semi-solid agar medium in glass U-shaped tubes was tested and the results were compared with those obtained by using the selective multiplication medium after Rappaport and Kauffmann medium with sub-cultures on agars with brilliant green and sodium desoxycholate . This method was verified by employing the collection strains of selected serotypes of salmonellae, E . coli collection strains and microorganisms of the genus Proteus . The described method was used to examine the pig carcasses infected artificially by the serotypes of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella cholerae suis v . Kunzendorf, rectal smears of calves and dogs and smears from the sanitation vehicles . The best method for isolating salmonellae from the mixtures with contaminants and for the examination of excrements, rectal smears and smears was that using the semi-solid agar medium in glass U-shaped tubes . This method is also applicable to purification of bacterial mixtures from microorganisms of the genus Proteus.

Am J Vet Res, 1982 Jan, 43(1), 130 - 3
Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas; Wooley RE et al.; Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine . Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine . Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted . A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine . The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis . These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.

Vopr Pitan, 1982 Jan-Feb, (1), 53 - 6
{Proteolytic activity of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms causing food poisoning}; Kozareva M et al.; A study was made of proteolytic activity of the microorganisms Proteus and Bac . cereus, as well as of infected extract from raw meat . Subject to study were also the effects of the temperature, storage and microbial association on the production of exoproteases . The results indicate an increase in the proteolytic activity in the course of storage at room and decreased temperatures and a lowering of the soluble protein amount in the samples, which attests to an active process of spoiling . Association of the bacteria in question appears to be a factor with a certain effect of protease repression . It is necessary to exercise control over the amount of the microorganisms in foods with a high content of protein, and to revise the times of meat storage in refrigerators.

Am J Dis Child, 1982 Jan, 136(1), 16 - 8
Rocky Mountain spotted fever . Serological evidence of previous subclinical infection in children; Marx RS et al.; Serological tests for Rocky Mountain spotted fever were performed on single serum specimens from sixth graders from Forsyth County, North Carolina, an area highly endemic for this disease . Five of 508 *.098%) sera were positive (titer greater than or equal to 1:64) using the indirect fluorescent antibody method . Elevated Proteus agglutination antibody titers (greater than 1:160) to OX-19, but not ot OX-2, were common (19.6%) in these children . No correlation of those with positive OX-19 titers could be made with the cases demonstrating elevated indirect fluorescent antibody titers or with a history of urinary tract infection . These data suggest that the increased prevalence of elevated Proteus OX-19 antibody levels makes a single high titer unreliable in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and that naturally acquired mild or asymptomatic subclinical cases of Rickettsia rickttsii infection occur.

J Bacteriol, 1982 Jan, 149(1), 22 - 8
Trimethylamine oxide respiration in Proteus sp . strain NTHC153: electron transfer-dependent phosphorylation and L-serine transport; Stenberg E et al.; Cells of Proteus sp . strains NTHC153 grown anaerobically with glucose and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were converted to spheroplasts by the penicillin method . The spheroplasts were lysed by osmotic shock, and the membrane vesicles were purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation . Vesicles energized electron transfer from formate to TMAO displayed active anaerobic transport of serine . An anaerobic cell-free extract of Proteus sp . disrupted in a French pressure cell reduced TMAO with formate and NADH with the concomitant formation of organic phosphate . The net P/2e- ratios determined were 0.1 and 0.3, respectively . The NADH- and TMAO-dependent phosphorylation was sensitive to uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (protonophores), and the formate- and TMAO-dependent serine transport was sensitive to ionophores and protonophores . We conclude that TMAO reduction in Proteus sp . fulfills the essential features of anaerobic respiration.

Boll Ist Sieroter Milan, 1982, 61(6), 513 - 5
Inhibitors of bacterial urease: microbiological considerations on hydroxyurea influenza virus; Perrone G et al.; Hydroxyurea is a well known enzyme urease inhibitor . Bacteria strains producers of enzyme urease can be the cause of struvite calculosis . Clinical studies have shown that treatment with hydroxyurea can produce acid urine in patients suffering from struvite calculosis . In this work antiurease and antibacterial activity of hydroxyurea was valued in vitro against Proteus mirabilis strains . Our results seem not to agree with the ones obtained in vivo.

Scott Med J, 1982, 27 Spec No., S10 - 6
Biochemistry and action of clavulanic acid; Cole M; The destruction of amoxycillin by beta-lactamase action represents an important mechanism of bacterial resistance to the drug . Data is presented to illustrate that clavulanic acid used in the form of its potassium salt inhibits the amoxycillin destroying action of many different types of beta-lactamase for example: the staphylococcal enzyme, the clinically important plasmid mediated enzymes of the TEM, SHV, OXA and PSE types and the chromosomally controlled enzymes produced by Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae . The mechanisms by which clavulanic acid inhibits beta-lactamases and potentiates the antibacterial action of amoxycillin are discussed.

Chemotherapy, 1982, 28(6), 444 - 53
Pharmacokinetics and antibacterial efficacy in vivo of beta-lactam combinations against Proteus vulgaris; Dalhoff A et al.; The pharmacokinetics and antibacterial efficacy of mezlocillin, cefotaxime, cefoperazone and the mezlocillin/cefalosporin combinations, respectively, were studied by adopting the granuloma pouch model in rats . Exudate concentrations of mezlocillin were higher after combined i.v . injection with a cefalosporin as determined microbiologically and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . Cefoperazone levels, however, were not affected . Not metabolized cefotaxime concentrations as determined by HPLC were also not increased following simultaneous injection with mezlocillin . Cefotaxime metabolite concentrations, however, were generally higher than unchanged cefotaxime and increased upon repeated administration of cefotaxime alone and to a greater extent when combined with mezlocillin . Antibacterial efficacy of mono- or combined chemotherapy was correlated to beta-lactamase inducibility of the test strains insofar as drugs acting as good or moderate enzyme inducers were ineffective in vivo . The combined therapy of mezlocillin with cefotaxime was effective in this case . This result was also correlated to the bioavailability of the beta-lactams in infected pouches . Due to the degree of beta-lactamase inducibility and production, drug levels were either decreased or not detectable.

Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 1982, (11), 108 - 13
{Serodiagnosis and the immunological aspects of Proteus infection . IV . Serum antibody level and the pathomorphological and bacteriological indices in experimental mixed and monoinfections of the urinary tract}; Bidnenko SI et al.; In developing the serodiagnosis of the Proteus infection of the urinary tract experimental hematogenic Proteus or Proteus-Escherichia pyelonephritis was reproduced . In this infection the time course, level and avidity of serum antibodies correlated with the isolation of the causative agents from urine samples used as seed material and with histological changes in the kidneys . The serological tests revealed high titres of H-antibodies and the presence of O-antibodies, while in cases of bacteriuria not accompanied by kidney lesions only H-antibodies in low titers were detected . The results obtained in the study of immune shifts can be used for etiological diagnosis and more exact localization of the pathological process in the urinary system.

Urol Res, 1982, 10(4), 217 - 9
Treatment of infected urinary stones in rats by a new hydroxamic acid, "N-(pivaloyl)glycinohydroxamic acid; Takeuchi H et al.; The effectiveness of a new urease inhibitor, N-(pivaloyl)glycinohydroxamic acid, in the treatment of infected urinary stones was investigated . The hydroxamic acid markedly inhibited and alkalinisation of urine and stone formation when it was administered orally to rats with urinary tract infection caused by Proteus mirabilis; its inhibitory effect was potentiated by concomitant treatment with Cephalexin . This compound may become a useful medicine for the treatment of struvite stones.

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